Background: Everywhere around the world there are involuntarily childless couples and individuals. In order to get a child, 86 percent of them start searching for medical help. For homosexual male couples, single men, and women who are unable to carry a child, surrogacy is the only option available that gives them the opportunity to have a complete or partial genetic link with their future child. If people choose for surrogacy to get a child they go through a surrogacy journey consisting of four phases; orientation-, concrete plans-, pregnancy-, and after birth phase. It is likely that when people go through this journey they do not have all the required knowledge available from the start, leaving them with questions and information needs during their journey. To find answers to these questions people are nowadays likely to search online.
Study goal: The aim of this study is to identify the information needs of intended parents and (aspirant) surrogate mothers in order to adjust the online information provision of Fiom to the information needs of the target groups.
Method: To identify the information needs of intended parents and (aspirant) surrogate mothers 11 interviews were conducted on three groups; intended parents, (aspirant) surrogate mothers, and a Fiom social worker. All interviews consisted of a semi-structured interview and a small questionnaire about demographic variables. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and subsequently encoded by two independent coders.
Results: The results of this study indicate that intended parents and (aspirant) surrogate mothers search for information about the medical-, juridical-, financial-, and psychological aspects of surrogacy. They also like read experience stories of others. While reading these stories they obtain information about all four former mentioned aspects. They mainly used the Internet as a source for information. To a lesser extent they use professionals (i.e., lawyers) or books. The wishes they express about a new website are focused on more extensive and complete information about the surrogacy journey within the Netherlands and abroad, more juridical and financial information, opportunities for counselling, and opportunities to interact with peers. To structure information they would like to see a tailored step-by-step plan where all the things they have to arrange are extensively described per phase of the surrogacy journey.
Conclusion: In order for Fiom to adjust their information provision to the information needs of the target groups they should provide them with extensive information about all phases of the surrogacy journey, structured in a tailored step-by-step plan which chronologically follows the surrogacy journey.


False recognition in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm was assessed following manipulation of encoding context. Undergraduate students at Simon Fraser University participated. Experiment 1 replicates the DRM effect using 5-item lists; Experiment 2 demonstrates that a false recognition effect also occurs for 3-item lists specifically developed to later bias the encoding context of DRM lists used in Experiment 1. Experiment 3 investigates false memory upon manipulation of list context; participants studied 8-item lists, in which either the first or last 3 items (bias items) of the list were in a different context than the remaining 5 DRM items. Findings revealed no differences in false recognition due to encoding context. Two accounts of the DRM effect are discussed: the associative activation account, and the discrepancy-attribution hypothesis.


This Meeting was organized to implement the recommendation of the second Research Coordinated Meeting (RCM) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Coordinated Research Project (CRP) "Primary Radiation Damage Cross Sections" to analyse the accuracy and consistency of the radiation damage-relevant nuclear data in the major nuclear data evaluations with the eventual goal of identifying the most reliable data and provide quantitative uncertainty estimates. Participants have considered the status of the primary nuclear data, such as recoils spectra in the latest releases of ENDF, JEFF, JENDL, FENDL, ROSFOND and TENDL, the ways of deriving the damage quantities KERMA, NRTor arc-dpa and gas production cross sections as well as the recipes for an assessment of their uncertainties. This report contains the contemporary view of the Meeting participants on these issues in the form of a consolidated set of statements, recommendations and individual summaries.


Abstract Ilemoraspis kirkinskayae is a poorly known genus of Osteostraci (stem-gnathostome) yet is one of the most distinct in terms of its anatomy and biogeography. It is paleobiogeographically isolated from all but one other genus of Osteostraci on the Altaid microcontinents and is one of the few genera to survive into the Middle Devonian. Discovery of a new locality in Khakassia, Russia, has yielded a number of exceptionally well-preserved specimens of the genus and subsequently a wealth of new anatomical information. A new reconstruction of Ilemoraspis is provided, including postcranial anatomy and a sensory line extending onto the trunk. The latter is a novel observation for the Osteostraci and allows the proposal of a scenario for the evolution of trunk lateral lines. New anatomical data for I. kirkinskayae allow testing of established hypotheses on its affinity. Our analyses yield two equally parsimonious solutions that appear unlikely on the basis of comparative anatomy or paleobiogeographic grounds, respectively. This situation is likely to be a consequence of the sporadic sampling of osteostracans in central Asia.


Abstract. Structured-light (SL) techniques are emerging as popular noncontact approaches for obtaining three-dimensional (3-D) measurements of complex objects for real-time applications in manufacturing, bioengineering, and robotics. The performance of SL systems is determined by the emitting (i.e., projector) and capturing (i.e., camera) hardware components and the triangulation configuration between them and an object of interest. A generic design methodology is presented to determine optimal triangulation configurations for SL systems. These optimal configurations are determined with respect to a set of performance metrics: (1) minimizing the 3-D reconstruction errors, (2) maximizing the pixel-to-pixel correspondence between the projector and camera, and (3) maximizing the dispersion of the measured 3-D points within a measurement volume, while satisfying design constraints based on hardware and user-defined specifications. The proposed methodology utilizes a 3-D geometric triangulation model based on ray-tracing geometry and pin-hole models for the projector and camera. Using the methodology, a set of optimal system configurations can be determined for a given set of hardware components. The design methodology was applied to a real-time SL system for surface profiling of complex objects. Experiments were conducted with an optimal sensor configuration and its performance verified with respect to a nonoptimal hardware configuration.


Background: Web application development differs from the development of traditional software in several significant ways. Therefore, Requirements Engineering for Web (WebRE) needs to be fitted in a proper way to deal with some distinctive aspects that must be addressed in the development. Aiming to be a good communication channel between stakeholders and developers, WebRE methods should be lightweight, but to be useful to developers and to allow metric application, they should have expressive modeling constructions. Aim: Based on this context, this paper presents a part of the method Web-SEMP – Web System Elicitation, Modeling and Planning, proposed to help in these three activities of a Web application development process. Method: The most quoted WebRE methods in the literature were analyzed aiming to reuse and to extend them to compose the proposal here presented. Results: The method Web-SEMP was applied in the development of a real web application and the results showed that the method gives support for a more systematic WebRE process. Conclusion: The results provide insights that the method can help to improve the development process quality of Web


The per capita consumption of livestock products is rising fastest in regions where there is urbanization and rapid income growth as people add variety to their diets. Urban consumers are the key movers of small ruminants' meat demand. Past research studies have focused mainly on production aspects with little focus on the small ruminants' meat consumption patterns. Thus, this study aims at filling the gap by providing information on patterns of small ruminants' meat consumption among different categories of urban consumers with respect to its own-price, price of other meats and total expenditures. Multistage and simple random sampling procedures were used to select a total of two hundred respondents from Dagoretti, Kibera, Central and Pumwani divisions in Nairobi County. This study employed descriptive statistics and an extended ideal demand system model to determine the patterns of small ruminants' meat consumption. In all the income groups, own price-price elasticities were negative and high for small ruminants' indicating that price for mutton and chevon greatly influence the demand for small ruminants' meat. The income elasticities for small ruminants' meats are greater than one in all income groups, implying that mutton and chevon are luxury goods for all income groups irrespective of their income levels. Dissemination of these findings is important to both the scientists and extension workers to educate and encourage the producers to increase production which would result in increased income and improved livelihood of the people


Objective To investigate the expression and regulation of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) in peripheral blood of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); to examine the correlation of the mRNA levels between PD and BTLA in NSCLC. Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of PD1 and BTLA on the surfaces of CD8+ T cells and γδ+ T cells in the peripheral blood samples collected from 32 in-patients with stage IV NSCLC and 30 healthy individuals. We compared the expression of PD1 and BTLA on the surfaces of γδ+ T cells in the NSCLC patients with bone metastasis before and after the treatment of zoledronic acid. The correlations of PD1 and BTLA, as well as their ligands were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis with the cBioPortal data platform. Results The frequency of PD1 on the surfaces of CD8+ T cells was significantly higher than that of the γδT cells in both healthy controls (t=2.324, P=0.024) and NSCLC patients(t=2.498, P=0.015). The frequency of PD1 on CD8+ T cells, rather than on γδ+ T cells, was significantly upregulated in advanced NSCLC patients compared with that in healthy controls (t=4.829, P<0.001). The PD1+ BTLA+γδT cells of the healthy controls were significantly lower than that of the NSCLC patients (t=2.422, P=0.0185). No differences in percentage of PD1+γδ+ and BTLA+γδ+ T cells were observed in 7 NSCLC patients with bone metastasis before and after zoledronic acid treatment. PD1 was positively correlated with BTLA in both lung adenocarcinoma (r=0.54; P<0.05) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (r=0.78; P<0.05). Conclusions The upregulation of co-inhibitory molecules occurs on the surfaces of both CD8+ T cells and γδT cells in advanced NSCLC, suggesting that these molecules were involved in regulating the inactivation of CD8+ T cells and γδ+ T cells, immune escape and tumor invasion.


Introduction of water into the combustion chamber has been recognized as an effective measure reducing NOx emissions from medium-speed marine diesels. There are two practical methods of water injection into the cylinder, FWE (Fuel Water Emulsion) and DWI (Direct Water Injection). However, optimization of these water injection systems has not been established yet. In this study, to observe spray propagation and combustion process of fuel-water emulsion and DWI system, experiments were carried out using a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine (RCEM) with an electronic controlled double-needle type injector. Simulation of spray propagation and combustion processes were also carried out using three-dimensional CFD code: KIVA3V in order to evaluate the effect of water vapour distribution on cylinder temperature and NOx formation. In the DWI system, numerous and immiscible droplet collisions should happen inside the merging sprays from closely-located injection holes for water and fuel. Authors had developed the new collision models for simulating the complicated colliding behaviour of these immiscible droplets and implemented into KIVA3V code. Concentric water-in-oil type droplet had to be newly introduced as an outcome of oil and water droplet coalescence. And different treatments in calculating its breakup and evaporation processes were considered. Concentric water-in-oil type droplets were injected as an emulsion fuel in case of emulsion system. It has been concluded that when the water was injected appropriately, the temperature of flame became lower than in conventional diesel combustion. NOx emissions were reduced up to 40% with water addition of 25% of fuel mass in both the water injection technologies. The computational results were in agreement with experimental measurements and provided detailed information on the mixing process.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this exploratory study was to understand the extent that consumers report purchasing wine on mobile devices and to empirically examine potential drivers of m-wine purchasing across six countries to guide theoretical research enquiry moving forward. Purposive sampling was employed. An online survey involving 2853 respondents from France, Germany, Greece, Canada, US and South Africa forms the basis for the current study. The results of the study indicate that though mobile phone usage, wine consumption and purchasing rates are high, mobile-wine purchasing prevalence is low within all six countries. While technology hype has us believe an online presence is essential for business revenue growth and performance; the current study indicates wineries should carefully consider consumer readiness towards mobile-wine purchasing. Limitations and recommendations for future research are identified.


One hundred and twenty seven patients were treated by nasobiliary drainage, or stenting, to prevent biliary obstruction after endoscopic failure to clear stones from the common bile duct. At presentation, 91 (72%) patients were jaundiced and 39 (31%) had cholangitis. Placement of either a nasobiliary drain or stent was successful in 124 (98%) patients. One hundred and twenty one (95%) patients were followed up. Clearance was ultimately achieved endoscopically in 52 and surgically in 25 patients after (mean) 2.4 months. Thirty day mortality was 3%. There were no complications of nasobiliary drainage, but two of 39 patients treated by temporary stents developed cholangitis, both successfully managed by endoscopic duct clearance. Forty two patients unfit for surgery or further endoscopic attempts at duct clearance were followed with stents in situ for a mean 15.9 months (range 2.5-37.5). Cholangitis developed in four patients and was successfully managed by stent change. These results indicate that longterm stenting can be useful for poor risk surgical patients and that nasobiliary drainage or temporary stenting permits further elective rather than urgent endoscopic or surgical treatment.


Porous polymeric beads were obtained by the suspension polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads were characterized by surfacearea measurements, swelling studies, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis. Poly (HEMA–EGDMA) beads had a specific surface area of 56 m2/g. SEM observations showed that the poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads abounded macropores. Poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads with a swelling ratio of 55%, and containing different amounts of Reactive Red 120 (9.2–39.8 μmol/g) were used in the adsorption/desorption of human serum albumin (HSA) from aqueous solutions and human plasma. The nonspecific adsorption of HSA was very low (0.2 mg/g). The maximum HSA adsorption amount from aqueous solution in phosphate buffer was 60.1 mg/g at pH 5.0. Higher HSA adsorption value was obtained from human plasma (up to 95.7 mg/g) with a purity of 88%. The equilibrium monolayer adsorption amount, Qmax was determined as 172.4 mg/g. The dimensionless separation factor (RL) value shows that the adsorption behavior of HSA onto the Reactive Red 120 attached poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads was favorable (0 < RL < 1). Desorption of HSA from Reactive Red 120 attached poly (HEMA–EGDMA) beads was performed using 0.1M Tris/HCl buffer containing 0.5M NaCl. It was observed that HSA could be repeatedly adsorbed and desorbed with Reactive Red 120-attached poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads without significant loss in the adsorption amount. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007


A fluorescent derivative of polymyxin (DANSP) was prepared by coupling 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulphonyl chloride with the γ amino group of αγ diaminobutyric acid radicals in the polymyxin molecule. As in the case of polymyxin, DANSP is readily absorbed by polymyxin-sensitive organisms and is rapidly bactericidal; cells can be protected against this bactericidal activity by pretreatment with certain cations. Mechanical disintegration of DANSP-treated cells showed that the fluorescent compound was associated with two fractions: (a) cell walls and (b) small particles. Fractionation of three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that the fluorescent conjugate was equally distributed between the two fractions, but in the case of three Gram-positive, lysozyme-sensitive, organisms 90 % of the fluorescent conjugate was found in the small particle fraction; controlled lysozyme treatment of these cells showed that the DANSP was associated with a membrane underlying the cell wall from which the small particle fraction is formed on mechanical disintegration.


We revisit the gauge-covariant canonical formalism by separating explicitly physical and gauge degrees of freedom. We show in particular that the gauge-invariant linear and angular momentum operators proposed by Chen et al. can consistently be derived from the standard procedure based on Noether's theorem. Finally, we demonstrate that this approach is essentially equivalent to the gauge-invariant canonical formalism based on the concept of Dirac variables. Because of many similarities with the background field method, the formalism developed here should also be relevant to general relativity and any metric theories.


The multi-temperature zone distributed drying method solves the problem of uneven drying of the conventional belt dryer. Multi-temperature zone belt dryer is widely used in the drying of aquatic feed products. This paper presents a numerical simulation method for multi-temperature zone belt dryer. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to simulate the drying process of materials in a multi-temperature zone belt dryer. The user-defined function (UDF) was used to study the moisture-heat coupling drying process to predict the airflow filed of the multi-temperature zone belt dryer. The results showed that there were vortexes in each drying chamber so that airflow velocity distribution of the material layer was not uniform. However, the multi-temperature zone distributed drying method can maximize the drying efficiency through the bilateral distribution of the air inlet. The temperature distribution in each temperature zone was relatively uniform, and the temperature difference between the two sides of the feed layer was massive. The moisture content of the materials in each temperature zone was very uniform, the drying unevenness was less than 1.0%, and the dryer has excellent moisture content uniformity.


We deposited Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Oy (Bi-2212) superconducting thin films on MgO substrates with or without Al2O3 particles by the rf magnetron sputtering method. From the results, we found that optimum target-substrate distance, rf powers and substrate temperature for obtaining the Bi-2212 films on the MgO substrates were 5mm, 150W and 830°C, respectively. The Bi-2212 films were Bi-2212 single-phase and had the Tc of about 54K . The particle size and the distribution density of Al2O3 were controlled by annealing temperature. The Bi-2212/Al2O3/MgO film showed Bi-2212 single-phase, whereas did not show zero-resistance.


Abstract
Several protein analysis techniques are described in this review to give insight into the potential applications for research. Protein analysis can be performed in several ways. All techniques are derived from the same general principle, the migration of charged particles in an electrical field. Electrophoresis of biomolecules, like proteins, provides the possibility to identify and characterise the molecules based upon different chemical properties. Immobilisation of the proteins after electrophoresis on paper is necessary to allow easy handling of the materials (blotting). These techniques also provide information on the state of a protein, whether it is activated or inactivated. To show the use of the described techniques in cardiology, two applications are provided in this review.


In this paper, a novel frequency domain multi-user detector is proposed for a time division-code division multiple access (TD-CDMA) up-link. Unlike conventional frequency domain detectors, the proposed detector first transforms the system matrix of TDCDMA systems into a circulant matrix by cyclic truncation. It subsequently uses a new method to convert the circulant matrix into a frequency domain block diagonalized matrix through discrete Fourier transforms and permutations. Therefore, the proposed detector can utilize the channel frequency domain coherence to further decrease its computational complexity with a controlled performance loss. Moreover, a novel approach is proposed to calculate the frequency domain correlation matrix and matched filter. With the help of this novel approach, the proposed detector expresses significant complexity advantage over other frequency domain detectors for a real TDCDMA system in a short-time-dispersive channel.


Abies fraseri (FF) is a North American conifer which is crucial for growers of Christmas trees. This species suffers 100% mortality after infection of root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. The hybrid material A. cilicica × A. cephalonica (CZ) and A. koreana × (A. cilicica × A. cephalonica) was utilized as mother trees for applications of Abies fraseri pollen. In addition to resistance to fungal disease, a long-term monitoring of growth of young seedlings along with the impact of artificial crossing on morphology of the progeny is covered. Except for increased resistance, some offspring has also exhibited a remarkable heterosis effect at younger age and different growth habit and different shape of their needles. All this may offer in the future a wide range of applications, both for crops under strong anthropogenic pressure with changing climatic conditions and for crops grown for production of Christmas trees and outstanding ornamental cultivars. An- nual crossing success was determined in present study using X-ray imaging. The most successful combinations in 2012 were those of CZ1 × FF25 and CZ1 × FF76 with 7% of full seeds, followed by CZ2 × FF25 with 6% and CZ2 × FF31 with 4% of the full seeds. The evaluation of young seedlings from control crossing in 2007 highlighted significant accented height growth of complicated hybrid (A. koreana × (A. cilicica × A. cephalo- nica)) × FF PC. Morphology of needles showed variability in their length as compared with the needle width which was found to be less appropriate characteristic for distin- guishing between different combinations.


The work presented in this paper introduces Aquivion as a potential candidate for additive manufacturing of ionomeric polymers for the application of IPMCs. First, Aquivion was characterized and compared with Nafion to show that it has the similar qualities, with the major difference being the ionic conductivity. Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) were fabricated using off-the-shelf membranes of Nafion and Aquivion. The actuation tests showed improved performance for an IPMC with Aquivion as the base compared to an IPMC with a Nafion base. With these results in mind, additive manufacturing of unique shapes using Aquivion filament was studied. A 3D printer was modified to work with Aquivion filament and the polymer was printed into various shapes. Using the printed membranes, IPMCs were fabricated using an electroless plating process. Nafion-based and printed Aquivion-based IPMCs were tested for their performance in back relaxation, frequency driven actuation, blocking force, and mechano-electric sensing. The printed Aquivion-based IPMCs performed comparably to Nafion-based IPMC in back relaxation and showed significantly improved performance in frequency driven actuation, blocking force generation, and mechano-electric sensing.


At the Indian artisans show in Santa Clara Pueblo, Cecelia Bluespruce sits with her wares in the middle of a row of booths--a good place to catch buyers. She is a successful Native American artist, a sculptor and potter of renown. But Cecelia is in the middle of something deeper than an art show, for she has become trapped by dreams and shadows of her past. Night Sky, Morning Star is a story of remembrance and reconciliation in one Native American family separated by time and chance. Cecelia's grown son, Jude, now wants to learn about the father he has never known. Political activist Julian Morning Star, imprisoned twenty years for a crime he did not commit, is unaware that his son even exists. Troubled by dreams, lies, and denial of the past, Cecelia is guided toward wholeness by family and friends who have their own pasts to confront. This compelling novel plunges readers into the hubbub of the Indian arts market and into the grim reality of prison life. Evelina Zuni Lucero introduces us to experiences we may find unfamiliar: diverse Native American traditions, life on a BIA Indian agency compound, the making of an Indian activist. But she also reintroduces us to two things we all live for: the power of story and the power of love. Night Sky, Morning Star is the fiction winner of the 1999 First Book Awards competition of the Native Writers' Circle of the Americas.


The continuing growth in the mobile phone arena, particularly in terms of device capabilities and ownership, is having a transformational impact on media consumption. It is now possible to consider orchestrated multistream experiences delivered across many devices, rather than the playback of content from a single device. However, there are significant challenges in realizing such a vision, particularly around the management of synchronicity between associated media streams. This is compounded by the heterogeneous nature of user devices, the networks upon which they operate, and the perceptions of users. This paper introduces IMSync, an open interstream synchronization framework that incorporates human factors to capture the quality of experience (QoE). IMSync adopts efficient monitoring and control mechanisms, alongside a QoE perception model that has been derived from a series of subjective user experiments. Based on an observation of lag, IMSync is able to use this model of impact to determine an appropriate strategy to catch-up with playback while minimizing the potential detrimental impacts on a users QoE. The impact model adopts a balanced approach: Trading off the potential impact on QoE of initiating a resynchronization process compared with retaining the current levels of nonsynchronicity, in order to maintain high levels of QoE. A series of experiments demonstrate the potential of the framework as a basis for enabling new immersive media experiences.


We present a new analysis of the properties of the young massive star clusters (YMCs) forming profusely in intense starburst environments, which demonstrates that these objects are plausible progenitors of the old globular clusters (GCs) seen abundantly in the Local Group. The method is based on the tight relationship for old GCs between their V-band luminosities, L V , and (central) velocity dispersions, σ 0 . We improve the significance of the relationship by increasing the GC sample size and find that its functional form, L V /L ○. σ 1.57±0.10 0 (km s -1 ), is fully consistent with previous determinations for smaller Galactic and M31 GC samples. The tightness of the relationship for a GC sample drawn from environments as diverse as those found in the Local Group implies that its origin must be sought in intrinsic properties of the GC formation process itself. We evolve the luminosities of those YMCs in the local Universe which have velocity dispersion measurements to an age of 12 Gyr, adopting a variety of initial mass function (IMF) descriptions, and find that most YMCs will evolve to loci close to, or to slightly fainter luminosities than the improved GC relationship. In the absence of significant external disturbances, this implies that these objects may potentially survive to become old GC-type objects over a Hubble time. The main advantage of our new method is its simplicity. Whereas alternative methods, based on dynamical mass estimates, require one to obtain accurate size estimates and to make further assumptions, the only observables required here are the system's velocity dispersion and luminosity. The most important factor affecting the robustness of our conclusions is the adopted form of the IMF. We use the results of N-body simulations to confirm that dynamical evolution of the clusters does not significantly alter our conclusions about the likelihood of individual clusters surviving to late times. Finally, we find that our youngest observed clusters are consistent with having evolved from a relation of the form L V /L ○. σ 2.1+0.5-0.4 0 (km s -1 ). This relation may actually correspond to the origin of the GC fundamental plane.


An efficient Doppler compensated correlator and a method of low Doppler interference removal are presented. Post-correlation Doppler compensation in the delay domain enables the correlator to achieve a large processing advantage over pre-correlation compensation. Simulation results are included to demonstrate that this correlator preserves the delay - delay rate ambiguity surface. The low Doppler interference removal technique removes low Doppler contacts from detection display grams. Both the advantages and limitations of this process are discussed.


30th Annual Conference of South African Society for Atmospheric Sciences (SASAS), Potchefstroom, 1-2 October 2014. Due to copyright restrictions, the attached PDF file only contains the abstract of the full text item. For access to the full text item, please consult the publisher's website.


The effect of supplementing grass silage with fishmeal on growth, muscle composition and the rate of muscle protein synthesis was investigated in young Friesian steers with and without oestradiol implants. The effect of the β-adrenergic agonist cimaterol was simultaneously investigated in animals fed on silage alone. Treatments lasted for 9 or 10 weeks. Fishmeal supplementation significantly increased animal growth rates (P < 0.001) and the weights of three dissected muscles (P < 0.001) compared with the silage-fed controls. These effects were further enhanced in animals also implanted with oestradiol. Muscle weights expressed as a proportion of body-weight were increased by fishmeal, suggesting that protein deposition had been enhanced. No further increase in the proportional muscle weights was obtained with oestradiol. Muscle dry matter content tended to be increased in both implanted and non-implanted animals receiving fishmeal compared with controls, but the proportions of protein, fat and ash were relatively constant. The intramuscular lipid composition was slightly altered by fishmeal. Muscle protein fractional synthetic rates (FSR), measured by continuous infusion of [3H]tyrosine, were increased by fishmeal in all three muscles of both implanted and non-implanted animals. There were no differences, however, due to oestradiol, over non-implanted fishmeal animals. This suggests that oestradiol may increase muscle accretion by reducing protein degradation rate. Cimaterol significantly increased longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05) and vastus lateralis (P < 0.01) muscle weights but had no effect on semitendinosus muscle weight or live-weight gain. The proportion of protein was increased (P <0.001) and the fat content reduced (P < 0.05) in all three muscles but intramuscular lipid composition was not markedly affected. Whilst methylhistidine: creatinine excretion was reduced by cimaterol, FSR were increased in the I. dorsi and v. lateralis muscles suggesting β-agonists have effects on both protein synthesis and protein degradation.


The Tour de France's economic and symbolic importance has turned it into a distorting mirror of how cycling works, particularly regarding doping and its treatment. There are indeed a lot of good reasons that cause one to find doping in the Tour de France because it is such a hard race that it pushes the sport of cycling – more generally – to extremes. But doping is not just taking products to enhance performance or maintain one's position. It is also a scandal or a social or health problem once these performance-enhancing practices become subject to rules, when a sport decides to ban certain products out of concern for equity between competitors, or once they become subject to the law when the State considers it must ban the consumption of certain products because they are dangerous to individuals' health or because it gives a bad image to an activity that should set a good example. The relationship of doping and the Tour de France is not simply one that links a demanding competition and the means employed by riders to face up to that. It is one where a sports event, because of its popularity, is a site where the problem will be aired in public. The Tour de France is the occasion when doping is defined and when the array of measures to deal with it will be set in train. It is therefore where the ability of sports governing bodies and political authorities to deal with it and resolve it will be judged, in dramatic fashion.


PT Pertamina Lubricant unit has the largest lubricants production units that PUG (Production Unit
Gresik). As part of the manufacturing industry often experience problems on PUG electoral system and
assessment of supplier. Inaccuracies in selecting supplier results the selected supplier failed to deliver an
order continually. One of the solutions of this problem is to improve the supplier selection system.
Therefore, this research aims to develop supplier selection model with involves the Pertamina Oil Centre
and PUG. An earlier stage of the research is to determine the criteria and subcriteria of the supplier
selection obtained through Questionnaires I. The second stage was composing the hierarchy of the
problem that was found in the company. The third stage was composing Questionnaires II wich
translating AHP scale into triangular fuzzy number. The fourth stage aggregated appraisement of the
whole of the respondents. The fifth stage calculated the value of the degree of possibility. The final stage
calculated the value of consistency ratio from the opinion of the decision makers. After criteria and sub
criteria of the selection and assessment suppliers has been developed. Then it used to choice the supplier
of industrial lubricant drum. This research resulted eight criteria selection and assessment of supplier
quality criteria, price, delivery, service, innovation, safety and working environment, flexibility,
organization with a total combined all the criteria as much as sub criteria 29 sub criteria. The highest
weighting is quality's criteria (1.00), while the highest one is claims replacement good's subcriteria
(1.00). The results from supplier assessment indicated that the supplier Y was the chosen supplier.
Keywords: Suppliers, Selection Criteria, Group decision Analitycal Hierarchy Process, Fuzzy Triangular
Number, Extent Analysis.


Two basic approaches namely "independent lesson approach" and "integration approach" appear in teaching media literacy. Media literacy is regarded as a separate lesson in the education program like mathematics and social sciences in "independent lesson approach". However, in "integration approach", activities and outcomes of media literacy are related in an existing course. It has been observed that by the 1990s, media devices and messages started to have a stronger impact on the life of a society which in turn resulted in adoption of inte- gration approach in teaching media literacy by developed countries. Such countries specifically related media literacy specifically with teaching L1. In this study, the countries which were regarded as leaders in teach- ing media literacy namely England, Canada (the state of Ontario), USA, and Australia L1 teaching programs were taken into consideration in terms of relating L1 teaching with teaching media literacy; therefore, common themes were identified in their programs. A total number of 487 pages of document and 497 gains of L1 teaching programs of these countries were investigated by means of document investigation method. To analyse the data, content analysis was used. In this respect, the first analysis dealt with countries and further analysis identified the common themes of media literacy gains in L1 teaching programs. To analyse the data a qualitative data analysis program MAXQDA® was used. The results indicated that the investigated teaching programs involved media literacy gains and activities at an important level with the ratio of 37.2%. Approximately, two thirds of media literacy gains are related with "comprehension" component of media literacy whereas the rest deals with its "production" component. The component of "comprehension" includes the gains in four basic themes namely "understanding the genre of the text", "questioning the text", "identifying the information and ideas in the text", and "thinking the impact of media messages on the other people" in 21 sub-themes. The component of "produc- tion" includes the gains in four basic themes namely "forming content", "using methodological information in production", "common production and interaction", "evaluating the own product of message" in 14 sub-themes.


The conditions of the Anthropocene, and the relative novelty of renewable energy forms, demonstrate the experimental plasticity of our era. Existing infrastructures of energy, political power, and capital can resist the more revolutionary ambitions of renewable energy to mitigate climate change and promote collaborative energy production, such as community-owned wind parks. Even when states adopt bold energy transition targets, as Mexico has done, the methods of transition can be deeply problematic.


In this letter, the sub-1 V low power, wide range operation of an injection-locked frequency divider with a common-gate configuration is presented. The performances in terms of locking range and power consumption have been improved in the sub-1 V low supply voltage. Two set of prototypes, performing divide-by-2 and divide-by-3, have been fabricated in CSM 0.18 mum CMOS process to verify the proposed designs. In the proposed units, a locking range of 40% has been achieved with a power consumption of 0.24 mW in the 0.8 V supply voltage. The operating range of 2.2 GHz to 5.2 GHz has been achieved with a power consumption of 1.1 mW for a 1.5 V supply voltage.


The effect of a closed magnetic core structure on an integrated inductor was investigated by winding two series connected inductors around a stretched hexagonal ring of CoTaZr. The 8.5 and 17.5 turn inductors were fabricated using standard silicon process, and simulations were performed using Ansoft HFSS software. The resulting inductance of the device showed no improvement over two inductors without the closed magnetic cores, indicating that the closed core structure was insufficient to enhance the mutual inductance between the two devices. This was attributed to the uniaxial anisotropy of the magnetic film, which prevented the film from routing the generated flux circularly around the core. Therefore, while the physical shape of the magnetic film was closed, the effective magnetic shape maintained an air gap.


This article reports on a pilot project to train 20 Deaf learners in an attempt to equip them with the skills and knowledge required for interpreting assignments, including how to manage visual communication in various service settings and apply ethical standards to their interpreting practice. This is the first time such training has been delivered in a tertiary environment in Victoria, Australia. The project chose three non-language-specific units of competency from the national qualification of Diploma of Interpreting under the Public Sector Training Package. In addition to outlining the curriculum design and student learning outcomes, this article presents insight and qualitative feedback collected from semistructured interviews with the educators engaged for the project. Recommendations made at the conclusion of this project serve as a stepping-stone to delivery of a full Diploma of Interpreting for Deaf learners in the near future.


For ubiquitous computing environments, an important parameter is whether all the components in the specific environment can connect with one another. Given this capability, we can share various kinds of content across mobile terminals. This paper introduces an effective scheme to manage multimedia sharing based on specially designed profiles and a virtual community. A virtual community is defined as any specific group of users connected for a common interest. Specifically the proposed scheme consists of two layers, i.e., a community construction layer and a multimedia sharing layer, based on personal spaces, which are responsible for constructing and managing the multimedia sharing community. The community construction layer, which is designed to be run on the mobile terminals, provides an effective way to find community members simultaneously, based on specially designed profiles, such as a user profile and an abstract profile. The multimedia sharing layer is responsible for sharing multimedia content, and is constructed as a specially designed scheme based on locality. The proposed scheme provides an effective multimedia sharing mechanism within a community. Simulation results show that the number of messages and the time required for community member discovery is reduced by 32% and 73%, respectively, in comparison with the conventional DHT-based scheme. The approach also reduces the time to exchange content by 50% with respect to the same baseline.


AIM
The first aim of this study was to assess how changes in the mechanical characteristics of the foot/shoe-ground interface affect spatio-temporal variables, ground pressure distribution, sagittal plane kinematics, and running economy in 8 experienced barefoot runners. The second aim was to assess if a special lightweight shoe (Vibram Fivefingers) was effective in mimic the experience of barefoot running.

METHODS
By using an instrumented treadmill, barefoot running, running with the Fivefingers, and running with standard running shoe were compared, analyzing a large numbers of consecutive steps. Foot/shoe-ground interface pressure distribution, lower limb kinematics, V.O(2) and heart rate data were simultaneously collected.

RESULTS
Compared to the standard shod condition when running barefoot the athletes landed in more plantarflexion at the ankle. This caused reduced impact forces and changes in stride kinematics. In particular, significantly shorter stride length and contact times and higher stride frequency were observed (P<0.05). Compared to standard shod condition, V.O(2) and peak impact forces were significantly lower with Fivefingers (P<0.05) and much closer to barefoot running. Lower limb kinematics with Fivefingers was similar to barefoot running with a foot position which was significantly more plantarflexed than in control shoe (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The data of this study support the assumption that changes in the foot-ground interface led to changes in running pattern in a group of experienced barefoot runners. The Fivefingers model seems to be effective in imitating the barefoot conditions while providing a small amount of protection.


International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center (CIMMYT) projects on new resource-conservation technologies (RCTs) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Nepal aimed to strengthen equity of access, poverty reduction, and gender orientation in current rural mechanisation processes – more specifically, to promote machine-based resource conservation and drudgery-reduction technologies among smallholder farmers. These projects, together with other projects and other actors, gave rise to an informal 'coalition' project, which used participatory technology development (PTD) approaches, where farmers, engineers, scientists, and other partners worked towards equitable access to new RCTs. This experience showed that PTD projects need to be flexible, making use of learning and change approaches. Once successful adoption is occurring, then what? Such projects need to ensure that everyone is benefiting in terms of social inclusion and equity; this might necessitate new unforeseen work.


We consider longitudinal clinical data for HIV patients undergoing treatment interruptions. We use a nonlinear dynamical mathematical model in attempts to fit individual patient data. A statistically-based censored data method is combined with inverse problem techniques to estimate dynamic parameters. The predictive capabilities of this approach are demonstrated by comparing simulations based on estimation of parameters using only half of the longitudinal observations to the full longitudinal data sets.


ABSTRACT Skeletal muscles are a mosaic of slow and fast twitch myofibers. During embryogenesis, patterns of fiber type composition are initiated that change postnatally to meet physiological demand. To examine the role of the protein phosphatase calcineurin in the initiation and maintenance of muscle fiber types, we used a "Flox-ON" approach to obtain muscle-specific overexpression of the modulatory calcineurin-interacting protein 1 (MCIP1/DSCR1), an inhibitor of calcineurin. Myo-Cre transgenic mice with early skeletal muscle-specific expression of Cre recombinase were used to activate the Flox-MCIP1 transgene. Contractile components unique to type 1 slow fibers were absent from skeletal muscle of adult Myo-Cre/Flox-MCIP1 mice, whereas oxidative capacity, myoglobin content, and mitochondrial abundance were unaltered. The soleus muscles of Myo-Cre/Flox-MCIP1 mice fatigued more rapidly than the wild type as a consequence of the replacement of the slow myosin heavy chain MyHC-1 with a fast isoform, MyHC-2A. MyHC-1 expression in Myo-Cre/Flox-MCIP1 embryos and early neonates was normal. These results demonstrate that developmental patterning of slow fibers is independent of calcineurin, while the maintenance of the slow-fiber phenotype in the adult requires calcineurin activity.


: An analysis of morbidity of the population in the course of 3 influenza A/Hong-Kong epidemics showed a pronounced decrease in influenza affection of adult population in the last epidemic in 1971--1972. Comparative studies of the diagnostic value of CFR and HIT demonstrated identical sensitivity of CFR as a method of influenza diagnostics in both the epidemic and interepidemic periods. HIT was suitable for the detection of influenza only in the epidemic period. In the interepidemic period, the percentage of influenza infection diagnosed by means of HIT ammounted to only 23--24 of all serologically confirmed cases of influenza. The highest percentage of virus isolation was observed when material from patients with serologically confirmed influenza was used. All strains of influenza A virus isolated in 1969 and 1970 were similar in their sensitivity to inhibitors of animal sera. During the last influenza epidemic, 2 of the 136 isolated strains were found to be resistant to gamma inhibitors and highly sensitive to the inhibitors showed their close relationship to gamma inhibitors. Antigenic analysis of the influenza A strains isolated during the 3 influenza epidemics revealed changes in the antigenic structure of the agents of the influenza epidemic in Leningrad in comparison with the standard strain A/Hong-Kong/I/68 (H3N2).


ABSTRACT Flexibility in heat generation and dissipation mechanisms provides endotherms the ability to match their thermoregulatory strategy with external demands. However, the degree to which these two mechanisms account for seasonal changes in body temperature regulation is little explored. Here, we present novel data on the regulation of avian body temperature to investigate how birds alter mechanisms of heat production and heat conservation to deal with variation in ambient conditions. We subjected dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) to chronic cold acclimations of varying duration and subsequently quantified their metabolic rates, thermal conductance and ability to maintain normothermia. Cold-acclimated birds adjusted traits related to both heat generation (increased summit metabolic rate) and heat conservation (decreased conductance) to improve their body temperature regulation. Increases in summit metabolic rate occurred rapidly, but plateaued after 1 week of cold exposure. In contrast, changes to conductance occurred only after 9 weeks of cold exposure. Thus, the ability to maintain body temperature continued to improve throughout the experiment, but the mechanisms underlying this improvement changed through time. Our results demonstrate the ability of birds to adjust thermoregulatory strategies in response to thermal cues and reveal that birds may combine multiple responses to meet the specific demands of their environments. Summary: Dark-eyed juncos maintain normothermia in the cold by modifying separate physiological traits at different time points in response to external temperature cues.


SATO, S., YAJIMA, A., YAMAUCHI, R., SAKAHIRA, H., WAKISAKA, T., MORI, T., SuzuKI, M. and KIKUCHI, A. The Effects of Postoperative Radiotherapy in Cases of Invasive Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1982, 138 (1), 111-116 An investigation was made of the effects on cure rate of postoperative radiotherapy following radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy for cases of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix performed over 7 years between 1969 and 1975 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Hospital. For cases in which resection was complete but the cancer extended to the pelvic wall, the 5 year survival rate was similar to that in comparable cases of the same clinical stage regardless of whether or not postoperative radiotherapy was employed. The 5 year survival rate in cases undergoing postoperative radiotherapy because of lymph node metastasis was lower than that of cases where the lesion approached the pelvic wall and for which postoperative radiotherapy was employed. An investigation of the 5 year survival rate among those cases with lymph node metastasis and receiving postoperative radiotherapy indicated that survival in cases with metastasis to only one lymph node was similar to that of cases of the same clinical stage which received the operation only, whereas the survival rate of cases with multiple lymph node involvement was markedly lower. -cervical cancer; postoperative radiotherapy; treatment of cervical cancer; external irradiation


Background: Cancer-related fatigue and loss of physical functioning are distressing symptoms which negatively impact the quality of life of people with advanced cancer. Physical activity has been shown to have positive effects on these symptoms in early stage cancer, but previous research has demonstrated an incongruence between people with advanced cancer's expressed interest and actual participation in a physical activity intervention. Aim: The aim of this two-phase, cross-sectional study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the experience of activity and quality of life in people with advanced cancer, using a classic grounded theory approach. Methods: Phase One involved participants wearing an activPAL™ activity monitor and filling out a daily record sheet for seven days duration; Phase Two involved face-to-face, semi-structured interviews using the daily record sheets and activity monitor outputs as qualitative probes. From an outpatient department of a tertiary cancer centre in Alberta, Canada, theoretical sampling was used to recruit a total of 15 people with advanced cancer and a median survival of 100 days. Data analysis employed classic grounded theory procedures, including core category emergence, constant comparison of indicators to theoretical saturation, and conceptual memoing. Findings: Maintaining responsibility emerged as the main concern of participants in this study, and downsizing to the critical threshold of responsibility accounted for how this concern was managed. The grounded theory explains how the critical threshold is influenced by conditions unique to people with advanced cancer, and how it is facilitated through activity and other mechanisms. Conclusion: Knowledge of this mid-level theory enables researchers and clinicians to understand activity as a mechanism through which the critical threshold of responsibility is managed, and to inform future behavioural interventions using a theoretical framework which is aligned with the advanced cancer experience.


Compliance Aids have gained widespread use to assist patients in managing their medicines, with a view to addressing the issue of adherence. However, although patient outcomes may have been improved through better use of compliance aids, it has been highlighted that there are limited data on the stability of medicines, when removed from the original container and repackaged in a compliance aid. Exposure of medicines to heat, light, moisture and air (oxygen) may impact on both their chemical and physical stability, resulting in the potential for quality of the medicine and thus the safety for the patient being compromised. It is also uncertain whether the compliance aid can provide the same protection from these environmental conditions as the manufacturer's packaging, even though the time frame for repackaging is only 28 days. This paper presents a comprehensive review and detailed discussion of the available literature on the stability implications of repackaging medicines into compliance aids. The importance of repackaging is thus highlighted by its ability to impact on therapeutic outcomes for patients.


The ion density distribution in the reaction chamber was diagnosed by a Langmuir probe. The rules of the ion density distribution were obtained under the pressures of 9 Pa, 13 Pa, 27 Pa and 53 Pa in the reaction chamber, different radio-frequency powers and different positions. The result indicates that the ion density decreases as the pressure increases, and increases as the power decreases. The ion density of axial position z = 0 achieves 5.8 × 1010 on the center of coil under the power of 200 w and pressure of 9 Pa in the reaction chamber.


Introduction: Consumption of cocoa flavanols (CF) has been shown to increase flow-mediated vasodilation, and cerebral blood flow/velocity as measured by arterial spin labelling and transcranial doppler acutely at rest. Acute effects on cognition following ingestion of CF have also been shown during performance of mentally demanding tasks.

Objectives: The present randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced-crossover study investigated the acute effect of CF consumption on cognition, mental fatigue and cerebral blood flow during completion of a 30 minute version of a mentally demanding paradigm.

Method / Design: Twenty healthy, young, adults consumed a cocoa drink containing 500 mg CF or a matched control in a counterbalanced order. Cognition and mental fatigue were assessed with a shortened version of the Cognitive Demand Battery previously shown to be sensitive to CF supplementation in its 60 minute form. Tasks were completed at baseline and following a 60 minute absorption period. Changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin were monitored throughout via near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), with their combined total providing a proxy for cerebral blood flow (CBF).

Results: Compared to placebo, the consumption of 500 mg CF significantly increased deoxygenated and total haemoglobin levels throughout a 60 minute absorption period and during task completion, with more pronounced elevations during cognitive tasks. No effects on cognition or mental fatigue were observed. In addition, no positive correlations between CBF and behaviour were observed following CF.

Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the ability of CF to increase CBF during performance of cognitive tasks. Replication of previously identified cognitive effects was not achieved. The present results suggest that previously demonstrated improvements to cognition and mental fatigue following CF consumption may not be related to increases in CBF parameters. It is also possible that behavioural effects may only become apparent following prolonged task completion, when neural resources are depleted.


This article focuses on difficulties that people with disabilities and reduced work capacity experience in employment and social participation, and on their rehabilitation goals, in order to make recommendations for policy and social and vocational rehabilitation service provision. A semi-structured interview procedure, which included the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, was used to conduct initial needs assessments with 85 persons in Estonia. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered and analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results revealed that participants experienced multiple difficulties, which they mostly ascribed to unstable health conditions, that limited their abilities to participate in employment and social activities. A large number of participants also identified themselves as unemployed for health reasons and linked their rehabilitation goals to health restoration rather than becoming employed. Difficulties such as lack of work skills, unsuitable work tempo, mobility limitations, and emotional problems were also mentioned. To support people with disabilities in obtaining and maintaining employment, services must correspond to the persons´ need; and comprehensive, person-centred rehabilitation assessment, service planning, and budgeting mechanisms are needed. Supportive legislation, flexibility in service provision, and the availability of needs-based rehabilitation and other services, including lifelong learning opportunities, are also necessary to help people learn new work skill


BACKGROUND
To encourage evidence-based practice, an Annals of Internal Medicine editorial called for a new professional on clinical teams: an informationist trained in science or medicine as well as information science.

OBJECTIVES
The study explored the effects of informationists on information behaviors of clinical research teams, specifically, frequency of seeking information for clinical or research decisions, range of resources consulted, perceptions about access to information, confidence in adequacy of literature searches, and effects on decision making and practice. It also explored perceptions about training and experience needed for successful informationists.

METHODS
Exploratory focus groups and key interviews were followed by baseline and follow-up surveys conducted with researchers and clinicians receiving the service. Survey data were analyzed with Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS
Comparing 2006 to 2004 survey responses, the researchers found that study participants reported: seeking answers to questions more frequently, spending more time seeking or using information, believing time was less of an obstacle to finding or using information, using more information resources, and feeling greater satisfaction with their ability to find answers. Participants' opinions on informationists' qualifications evolved to include both subject knowledge and information searching expertise.

CONCLUSION
Over time, clinical research teams with informationists demonstrated changes in their information behaviors, and they valued an informationist's subject matter expertise more.


The paper presents a new technology for assisted evaluation of the health status in terms of visual function, referring to screening evaluation for a sample of about 30 persons, aged between 20 and 30 years. It invokes to use a specific equipment for visual parameters evaluation, connected to a PC, having the possibility to run different tests, specific to the activities and jobs most often practiced: reading, driving, sportive activities, working to the PC etc. The procedure consisted into evaluation of each tested subject, by successively running of more tests, in same environment conditions (luminosity, temperature, humidity) and about at the same times. The stored data were statistically processed due to a software application, developed in the research activity. The aim is to highlight (by percentage) the cases of visual problems reported to different lifestyles. To highlight the cases of medical problems, the software application allows the comparative calculus of the visual function parameters, due to the previous registered data. In the actual stage it proceeds to software application programming for the data processing. Due to the statistic data that will be obtained, it will be possible to draw a conclusion on the medical problems incidence by categories of persons with different lifestyles.


Abstract Herpes virus infections cause disbalance of the interferon system, suppress cellular andphagocytic reactions. This paper deals with modern classifications of immunomodulators and substantiates their application for the treatment of viral infections. Also, it demonstrates high efficacy of cycloferon as an additional agent for the treatment and prevention (immunorehabilitation) of recurrent genital herpes. Cycloferon exerts antiviral and immunomodulating action, does not interact with other medications, and is fairly well tolerated by the patients.


Highly maneuverable aircraft has redundant electrohydraulic actuators that generate the forces to drive the aircraft control surfaces. Two problems are important in these actuators. First, during reconfiguration of the actuator channels the hydraulic system works in the full range of its parameters. It leads to strongly nonlinear models of the redundant servo. Second, the frequency bandwidth of elements, which are located in the feedback loop of the servo, should be as wide as possible. Therefore, it is necessary to choose proper control method for actuator, where the controller of control system adjusts the set point signal. The advanced control methods can ensure the new quality of the systems. The new, advanced methods can cope with such problem in practical applications. There are available: adaptive methods, predictive methods, etc. and first of all, the robust control methods. These methods are robust on external disturbance. The causes of disturbances are very different: the inaccuracy in the mathematical and simulation model, the change of the operation point, the weather and temperature conditions, etc. We have designed such models in the Matlab/Simulink environment and we divided the full actuator into small subsystems.


Abstract Electron-microprobe geochronology on detrital monazite grains from fluvial sandstones of the Lower Cretaceous Chaswood Formation onshore Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and from fluvial and deltaic sandstones of the Missisauga and Logan Canyon formations of the offshore Scotian basin was determined to understand sediment dispersal patterns and paleogeography. After removing grains showing Th or U mobility and single analyses that were extreme outliers, ages from 393 analyses from 78 monazite grains were interpreted. In addition, monazites were classified into six types based on their rare-earth element abundance, determined by electron microprobe analysis, and six types of chemical zoning, interpreted from backscattered electron and wavelength dispersive spectrometer images. Detrital monazite grains from southern New Brunswick yielded Silurian ages exclusively, whereas in central Nova Scotia, Ordovician ages predominate, with a few grains of Cambrian or latest Neoproterozoic ages in eastern Nova Scotia. Monazite in the Scotian basin is predominantly of Ordovician age, with a significant number of Mesoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic grains. Monazite grains with well-developed zoning from southern New Brunswick and eastern Nova Scotia have a high-grade metamorphic source; common grains with patchy, low contrast zoning have a source from low-to intermediate-grade metamorphic rocks; and unzoned monazite grains that predominate in central Nova Scotia, with Y-rich rims, may have a granite or migmatite source. Variations in detrital monazite age and composition suggest that several rivers transported sediment southwards from multiple bedrock sources. One supplied southern New Brunswick, one central Nova Scotia, at least one in eastern Nova Scotia, and one or more rivers draining western Newfoundland were the principal source of monazite to the main depocentre near Sable Island.


This document records the address to the Board of Governors made by Robert S. McNamara to the President of Bank at the 1977 annual meetings. In his speech, progress in both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of life of the vast majority of developing countries Development has brought death rates down in those countries, but a corresponding adjustment in the birth rate is not automatic, and to date has been negligible.


Tasks such as distinguishing or identifying individual objects of interest require the production of dense local clouds at the scale of these individual objects of interest. Due to the physical and dynamic properties of an underwater environment, the usual dense matching algorithms must be rethought in order to be adaptive. These properties also imply that the scene must be observed at close range. Classic robotized acquisition systems are oversized for local studies in shallow water while the systematic acquisition of data is not guaranteed with divers. We address these two major issues through a multidisciplinary approach. To efficiently acquire on-demand stereoscopic pairs using simple logistics in small areas of shallow water, we devised an agile light-weight dedicated system which is easy to reproduce. To densely match two views in a reliable way, we devised a reconstruction algorithm that automatically accounts for the dynamics, variability and light absorption of the underwater environment. Field experiments in the Mediterranean Sea were used to assess the results.


The process of planning and budgeting for public institutions has been a topic of recent interest as budgetary constraints have mandated reduced funding for state agencies and publicly funded educational institutions. The most recent budget outlook in Minnesota suggests that funding for the University of Minnesota will be reduced significantly in the next biennium. This outlook is renewing the call for increased efficiency and cost control for publicly funded educational institutions such as the University of Minnesota. The authors have been involved with a project in which cost functions and economic relationships were examined within the College of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences at the University of Minnesota. This paper is an extension of these efforts and attempts to address the questions relating to instructional revenue sharing.


We investigated relationships between cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropairing and CMV prophylaxis on graft outcome in recipients of solid organ transplants. Transplants carried out from 1985 to 2002 and reported to the Collaborative Transplant Study were analyzed. In cadaver kidney recipients, CMV prophylaxis was significantly associated with improved graft survival only in the seronegative‐recipient/seropositive‐donor combination (at 3 years: 79.4% with prophylaxis vs. 73.5% without prophylaxis; RR 0.80, p < 0.0001). Among patients who had a functioning graft at 1 year, significantly fewer patients who received CMV prophylaxis received rejection treatment in the preceding year (26.3%), compared with patients who did not receive prophylaxis (32.4%) (p = 0.0001), suggesting an inhibitory effect of CMV prophylaxis on acute rejection. Significant improvements in graft survival after CMV prophylaxis were found also in CMV‐negative recipients of CMV‐positive heart, and lung or heart‐lung transplants, but not liver transplants. The age of the recipient had a differential effect on graft and patient survival after CMV prophylaxis. Use of antilymphocyte antibodies or mycophenolate mofetil was not associated with an enhanced CMV effect on graft outcome. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the influence of pretransplant CMV serology on the effect of CMV prophylaxis.


Probability models on graphs are becoming increasingly important in many applications, but statistical tools for fitting such models are not yet well developed. Here we propose a general method of moments approach that can be used to fit a large class of probability models through empirical counts of certain patterns in a graph. We establish some general asymptotic properties of empirical graph moments and prove consistency of the estimates as the graph size grows for all ranges of the average degree including $\Omega(1)$. Additional results are obtained for the important special case of degree distributions.


Reliable simulations of molecules in condensed phase require the combination of an accurate quantum mechanical method for the core region, and a realistic model to describe the interaction with the environment. Additionally, this combination should not significantly increase the computational cost of the calculation compared to the corresponding in vacuo case. In this review, we describe the combination of methods based on coupled cluster (CC) theory with polarizable classical models for the environment. We use the polarizable continuum model (PCM) of solvation to discuss the equations, but we also show how the same theoretical framework can be extended to polarizable force fields. The theory is developed within the perturbation theory energy and singles‐T density (PTES) scheme, where the environmental response is computed with the CC single excitation amplitudes as an approximation for the full one‐particle reduced density. The CC‐PTES combination provides the best compromise between accuracy and computational effort for CC calculations in condensed phase, because it includes the response of the environment to the correlation density at the same computational cost of in vacuo CC. We discuss a number of numerical applications for ground and excited state properties, based on the implementation of CC‐PTES with single and double excitations (CCSD‐PTES), which show the reliability and computational efficiency of the method in reproducing experimental or full‐CC data.


External fields (e.g. electromagnetic field, electric field, etc.) are often applied to modify the solidification structure of metallic alloys. The dynamic process of structure modification is invisible because of the opacity of metallic alloys. To understand the modification mechanism, it is necessary to discover the microstructure evolution during solidification. In present paper, we focus on studying the influence of pulsed electric current (PEC) on dendrite growth of Sn-Bi alloy by insitu and real time observation using the third synchrotron X-ray source at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) in China. The modification mechanism of PEC on solidification structure is analyzed based on a series of real time observations.


One of the serious problems that make the flaw identification in a multi-layered thick composite panel more difficult is the interference effect of the upper layer. To take care of such a problem, here we propose an image enhancement approach that can get rid of such an interference effect to ultrasonic C-scan images by a normalization of the acquired signals by a reference signals, and demonstrate its performance in the experiments. Specifically, three specimens with artificial flaws are prepared and ultrasonic C-scan images are acquired experimentally to eliminate the undesired interference effect. Great successes are observed in the present study demonstrating the high potential of the proposed algorithm as a practical image enhancement tool in many practical situations.


Distinct notions of message integrity (authenticity) for block-oriented symmetric encryption are defned by i n tegrity goals to be achieved in the face of diferent t ypes of attacks. These notions are partially ordered by a �dominance" relation. When chosen-plaintext attacks are considered, most integrity goals form a lattice. The lattice is extended when known-plaintext and ciphertext-only attacks are also included. The practical use of the dominance relation and lattice in defning the relative strength of diferent integrity notions is illustrated with common modes of encryption, such as the �infnite garble extension" modes, and simple, non-cryptographic, manipulation detection code functions, such as bitwise exclusive-or and constant functions.


Roundup, and other glyphosate-based herbicides, are the most heavily used pesticides in the history of the USA and globally. In March 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as a "probable human carcinogen". A portion of the 695,000 Americans then living in 2015 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) became aware of IARC's decision. Several thousand Roundup–NHL lawsuits had been filed by the end of 2017, rising to 18,400 by July 2019 and 42,000 by November 2019. Three cases have gone to trial, each won by the plaintiffs. The author has served as an expert witness for the plaintiffs in this litigation and has been compensated for his time spent. The impact of the litigation on the independent assessment of the science useful in determining whether glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicide exposures are linked to NHL is reviewed, as is why the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and IARC reached such different judgements regarding glyphosate human cancer hazard and risk. Two important "lessons learned" regarding the EPA versus IARC assessment of glyphosate cancer hazard and risk are highlighted. The first arises from differences in the magnitude of applicator risks from mostly dermal exposures to formulated glyphosate-based herbicides compared to just dietary exposures to technical glyphosate. The second relates to missed opportunities to markedly lower applicator exposures and risks with little or no impact on sales via reformulation, added warnings and worker safety provisions, company-driven stewardship programmes and greater determination by the EPA in the 1980s to compel Monsanto to add common-sense worker protection provisions onto Roundup labels (eg "wear gloves when applying this product"). Policy reforms designed to alleviate systemic problems with how pesticide hazards, exposures and risks are analysed, regulated and mitigated are described.


Quantum mechanical calculations of barriers to rotation within push-pull π-conjugated molecules involving strong electron donors (D) and acceptors (A) using the generally accepted approach fail to reproduce the experimental barriers determined by temperature-dependent NMR spectra. On the examples of seven derivatives of this type with substituents of varying electron donating and accepting strength, we find that determination of one of the rotational barriers, for instance, that of the acceptor substituent, requires not only the energy calculation of the respective transition state of this substituent, but also the transition state of the donor and the transition state involving both donor and acceptor substituents. Calculations of the rotation barriers using B3LYP and APFD functionals considering three transition states produce the results with mean absolute deviations from 10 experimental barriers of 0.28-0.19 kcal mol-1 depending on the basis set.


Emergency and disaster management involves four stages: mitigation (planning), preparedness, response and relief. Concerned authorities at different levels (central, state, district, etc.) play different roles and have different responsibilities in each phase of emergency and disaster management. Geographic information system (GIS) based tools have been shown to be useful in the response and recovery phases of an emergency. In this paper we propose how GIS based simulation tools can be used in the mitigation and preparedness phases of emergencies and disasters. For the mitigation phase, we try and quantify the cost of building assets that can be used during an emergency and estimate the value (of the assets in terms of persons saved/benefited) based on simulations of certain types of emergencies. We also discuss how this tool can be used by policy makers, decision makers and city planners in modelling and visualising the results of various types of emergencies and plan the response for the same. We then propose a way to use this tool during the preparedness phase for training personnel who would be responders in an emergency. We conclude by describing the challenges associated with developing such tools.


In some earlier papers (Savage, Coy, and Townsend, 1982; Carroll and Johnson, 1984), the design of spur gear sets based on minimum size has been addressed considering the interaction of bending and contact stress constraints. In this paper, we present a new approach to the spur gear problem. The new method makes use of some newly defined dimensionless parameters. In the resulting design space, the optimal dimensionless design (which defines the optimal tooth geometry) is independent of load and speed requirements of the gear set. However the optimum is dependent on the physical properties of the materials used. We introduce a new quantity called the Material Properties Relationship Factor, C MP . In the problem formulation presented here, we show that the optimum will always be constraint bound and it will occur at one of three possible constraint intersections. C MP is used to identify which of three possible constraint intersections is the correct one. After the dimensionless optimum is found, we present an example which shows how to transform the solution back into the real design space considering the load and speed requirements of the gear set along with discrete value constraints on the number of teeth and the diametral pitch. Tabulated optimal dimensionless designs are included for some standard sets of tooth proportions.


BACKGROUND
Deep brain stimulation provides significant symptomatic benefit for people with advanced Parkinson's disease whose symptoms are no longer adequately controlled with medication. Preliminary evidence suggests that subthalamic nucleus stimulation may also be efficacious in early Parkinson's disease, and results of animal studies suggest that it may spare dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

OBJECTIVE
We report the methodology and design of a novel Phase I clinical trial testing the safety and tolerability of deep brain stimulation in early Parkinson's disease and discuss previous failed attempts at neuroprotection.

METHODS
We recently conducted a prospective, randomized, parallel-group, single-blind pilot clinical trial of deep brain stimulation in early Parkinson's disease. Subjects were randomized to receive either optimal drug therapy or deep brain stimulation plus optimal drug therapy. Follow-up visits occurred every six months for a period of two years and included week-long therapy washouts.

RESULTS
Thirty subjects with Hoehn & Yahr Stage II idiopathic Parkinson's disease were enrolled over a period of 32 months. Twenty-nine subjects completed all follow-up visits; one patient in the optimal drug therapy group withdrew from the study after baseline. Baseline characteristics for all thirty patients were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that it is possible to recruit and retain subjects in a clinical trial testing deep brain stimulation in early Parkinson's disease. The results of this trial will be used to support the design of a Phase III, multicenter trial investigating the efficacy of deep brain stimulation in early Parkinson's disease.


We investigate the dynamics of the entanglement and quantum discord of two qubits in liquid state homonuclear nuclear magnetic resonance. Applying a phenomenological description for nuclear magnetic resonance under a relaxation process, and taking a group of typical parameters of nuclear magnetic resonance, we show that when a zero initial state experiences a relaxation process, its entanglement disappears completely after a sequence of so-called sudden deaths and revivals, while the quantum discord retains remarkable values after a sequence of oscillations. That is to say, the quantum discord is more robust than entanglement.


To estimate variation of stress state and sediment consolidation in the Nankai plate subduction zone off southwest Japan, we measured the P-wave to S-wave velocity ratio ( V P = V S ) and S-wave splitting along the seismic line extending from the trench to the seismogenic zone. For this purpose, we used active-source seismic data recorded by multicomponent ocean bottom seismometers (OBS). Because it is difficult to identify the PS-converted reflection waveforms for each of the geological boundaries in this deep offshore region, we focused on the more easily identified PPS-refracted waveforms that register the conversion of the up-going P-waves to S-waves at the igneous crust surface. We estimated the average V P = V S ratio within the sedimentary section by using the time lag between the P-refracted waves and PPS-converted waves. This V P = V S ratio changes abruptly at the trough axis (i.e., the deformation front of the accretionary prism) arguably because of compaction associated with the accretion process. We observed relatively high V P = V S around the seismogenic megasplay fault, which may partially indicate the abnormal pore pressure and intensive fractures associated with the fault. To estimate the stress-induced fracture orientation and stress magnitude, we computed the fast S-wave polarization direction and estimated S-wave velocity anisotropy by applying the crosscorrelation method to the PPS-converted waves. To improve signal-to-noise ratio of the waveform for S-wave splitting analysis, we stacked PPS-converted waveforms on receiver gather. These anisotropic characteristics change at the seismogenic mega-splay fault: the fast polarization direction is nearly parallel to the subduction direction seaward of the megasplay fault and is perpendicular to the subduction direction landward of the megasplay fault. This velocity anisotropy is especially strong around the megasplay fault. These results imply that the preferred fracture orientation, as well as the principal stress orientation, is oblique to the direction of plate subduction near the megasplay fault.


Abstract Background Data on the age-specific incidence of esophageal cancer are lacking. Our aim was to investigate the age-stratified incidence, treatment, and survival trends of esophageal cancer in the Netherlands, with a focus on adults <50 years. Material and methods Patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer were included from the nationwide Netherlands Cancer Registry (1989–2018). Follow-up data were available until 31 December 2018. Annual percentage changes of incidence were analyzed according to age group (<50, 50–74, and ≥75 years) and histology type: adenocarcinoma (EAC) and squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Treatment trends and relative survival rates (RSR) were estimated by age and stage grouping. Results A total 59,584 patients were included. In adults <50 years, EAC incidence tripled (mean increase per year: males 1.5%, females 3%), while the incidence of ESCC decreased (mean decrease per year: males −5.3%, females −4.3%). Patients <50 years more often presented with advanced disease stages compared to older patients and were more likely to receive multimodality treatments. Most patients <50 years with potentially curable disease were treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared to patients 50–74 and ≥75 years (74% vs. 55% vs. 15%, respectively; p < .001), and received more frequent systemic therapy once staged with palliative disease (72% vs. 54% vs. 19%, respectively; p < .001). The largest RSR improvement was seen in patients <50 years with early-stage (five years: +47%), potentially curable (five years: +22%), and palliative disease (one year: +11%). Over time, a trend of increasing survival difference was seen between patients <50 and ≥75 years with potentially curable (five-year difference: 17% to 27%) and palliative disease (one-year difference: 11% to 20%). Conclusion The incidence of EAC is increasing in adults <50 years in the Netherlands. Differences in the use of multimodality treatments with curative or life-prolonging intent in different age categories may account for increasing survival gaps.


We present a mechanism to compute a sketch (succinct summary) of how a complex modular deep network processes its inputs. The sketch summarizes essential information about the inputs and outputs of the network and can be used to quickly identify key components and summary statistics of the inputs. Furthermore, the sketch is recursive and can be unrolled to identify sub-components of these components and so forth, capturing a potentially complicated DAG structure. These sketches erase gracefully; even if we erase a fraction of the sketch at random, the remainder still retains the `high-weight' information present in the original sketch. The sketches can also be organized in a repository to implicitly form a `knowledge graph'; it is possible to quickly retrieve sketches in the repository that are related to a sketch of interest; arranged in this fashion, the sketches can also be used to learn emerging concepts by looking for new clusters in sketch space. Finally, in the scenario where we want to learn a ground truth deep network, we show that augmenting input/output pairs with these sketches can theoretically make it easier to do so.


A transient analysis mathematic model was established via ANSYS. The variation laws of magnetic induction density, induced eddy current and electromagnetic force in molten steel changing with the high frequency sine exciting current were investigated. The results indicate that the magnetic induction density and induced eddy current in molten steel vary at the same frequency as exciting current. Moreover, the variations of magnetic induction density and induced eddy current are not in step with exciting current. This proves that the high frequency electromagnetic field in mold and steel is not a time-harmonic wave. The electromagnetic force varies at the double frequency of the exciting current. When the exciting current reaches the amplitude value, the electromagnetic force is close to the max value, whereas when the exciting current returns to zero, the electromagnetic force is not zero. At the same time, there is partial electromagnetic force reversing its direction. If the reversed electromagnetic force is expanded seriously, the fluctuation of liquid level is induced, so it must be controlled.


ABSTRACT Zheng, C.W.; Liang, F.; Yao, J.L.; Dai, J.C.; Gao, Z.S.; Hou, T.T., and Xiao, Z.N., 2020. Seasonal extreme wind speed and gust wind speed: A case study of the China seas. In: Zheng, C.W.; Wang, Q.; Zhan, C., and Yang, S.B. (eds.), Air-Sea Interaction and Coastal Environments of the Maritime and Polar Silk Roads. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 99, pp. 435-438. Previous researches have made great contribution to the evaluation of annual extreme wind speed and annual gust wind speed. However, the research on the extreme wind speed and gust wind speed of different season is extremely scarce, which is urgently needed in disaster prevention and reduction, navigation, ocean exploitation, etc. This study calculates the extreme wind speed with return period of 50-yr (U50) and 100-yr (U100) in each season and annual value by using the ERA-interim gust data and the Gumbel curve method, and the China seas were taken as case studies. The results show that, (1) Both the annual U50 and U100 have a good consistency with the multi-year average maximum gust as a whole, with the large area mainly located in the mid-low latitude (15°∼30°N) and the large center is located in the broad ocean surrounding the Volcano Islands (35-55 m/s in maximum gust, 50-75 m/s in U50 and U100). (2) The maximum gust, U50 and U100 exhibit noticeable seasonal difference. The large areas in January are located in the mid-high latitude, about north of 20°N, including the Japan Sea, south waters of Japan, Ryukyu Islands. The large areas in April are located in the mid-high latitude (north of 25°N) and the south of Volcano Islands, while in the broad ocean between 15°N and 30°N in both July and October.


This report is the outgrowth of a policy research project conducted at the School during the 1982-83 academic year. The study, funded in part by the Middle Rio Grande Development Council and the Lyndon B. Johnson Foundation, examined issues relating to water resource management in an international setting. This volume is an annotated bibliography outlining articles, monographs, and books on topics relating to water resources management along the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo border of Mexico and Texas.


Abstract Deep‐focus earthquakes in the Tonga–Fiji subduction zone make up greater than 66% of the globally recorded deep seismicity. The high number of deep‐focus seismicity in this active subduction zone allows us to search for deep‐focus similar earthquake pairs and repeating earthquakes. We compile a waveform dataset for deep earthquakes with magnitude above 4.7 occurring in the Tonga–Fiji–Kermadec subduction zone recorded teleseismically between 1990 and 2009. We identify 8 similar clusters and 18 similar doublets with an average cross‐correlation coefficient greater than 0.8 among more than 45,000 potential earthquake pairs. These similar doublets and clusters are located in the central part of the Tonga–Fiji slab at the depth range of 480–650 km. A master event relocation algorithm is used to determine the precise relative location and depth among these similar earthquake pairs. We estimate and superpose circular fault areas for these similar clusters and doublets and find that one similar doublet appears to be a deep repeating earthquake pair. This deep doublet has a small separation less than 0.4 km and overlapping rupture areas, indicating that the same fault appears to slip. Other deep similar earthquake pairs are spatially offset or do not exhibit overlapping rupture areas. Time separation is on the order of years for the majority of similar earthquake pairs. Thermal (plastic) shear instability is more likely to explain these deep repeating earthquakes and similar earthquake pairs.


Most of us know that we can reduce our risk of disease by eating a healthy diet, getting enough exercise, and not smoking. But did you know that your family history might be one of the strongest influences on your risk of developing heart disease, stroke, diabetes, or cancer? Even though you cannot change your genetic makeup, knowing your family history can help you reduce your risk of developing health problems. Family members share their genes, as well as their environment, lifestyles and habits. Everyone can recognize traits that run in their family, such as curly hair, dimples, leanness or athletic ability. Risks for diseases such as asthma, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease also run in families. Everyone's family history of disease is different. The key features of a family history that may increase risk are • Diseases that occur at an earlier age than expected (10 to 20 years before most people get the disease); • Disease in more than one close relative; • Disease that does not usually affect a certain gender (for example, breast cancer in a male); • Certain combinations of diseases within a family (for example, breast and ovarian cancer, or heart disease and diabetes). If your family has one or more of these features, your family history may hold important clues about your risk for disease. People with a family history of disease may have the most to gain from lifestyle changes and screening tests. You can't change your genes, but you can change unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, inactivity, and poor eating habits. In many cases, adopting a healthier lifestyle can reduce your risk for diseases that run in your family. Screening tests (such as mammograms and colorectal cancer screening) can detect diseases like cancers at an early stage when they are most treatable. Screening tests can also detect disease risk factors like high cholesterol and high blood pressure, which can be treated to reduce the chances of getting disease.


Working with teenagers is the world's driving judgment, particularly in agrarian countries, and Pakistan is in like way an overcomer of this making generally wonder for various reasons that are the legitimization the purposeful or amazing improvement of kid work. Youngster's work has prompted various results that have confused the social arrangement it has with the framework, and the progress of its decisions makes the Pakistani Government aware of take-away the finest and most sensible actions to combat this affront. The sign of this statement is to see the monetary and diplomatic purposes behind teenagers' work out and to research the matter via a mix of inspection procedures utilizing Confederation upgrades towards getting the veritable pith offered appraisal at multilateral spaces of income. The appraisal additionally reviews the ideas and evaluations made by philosophy creators for their execution.


This report presents an introduction to grassroots coworking by members of a community
working and living in an Outer Melbourne city. The aim of the study was to explore how cities
might extend their focus on people and innovation and aim for the individual/collective
cultivation of living and working spaces that foster coworking and mobility of communities of
future workers. Melbourne has an international reputation as one of the worlds most livable
cities. However, rapid growth in outer Melbourne suburbs has meant that these suburbs often lag
behind the rest of Melbourne in terms of the availability of physical infrastructure and other
services. Drawing on an exemplar of grassroots coworking in Outer Melbourne, this report presents the
findings from four focus group discussions conducted during Spring 2017 and serves as a first
step in an ongoing investigation into the potential to innovate and nature of coworking issues
facing people in outer Melbourne suburbs. Most of the twenty-five participants were members of
a grassroots coworking hub, and either intended to be or were already involved, in small
enterprises. The participants were mostly white-collar, skilled professionals living in pockets
throughout the Wyndham, Melbourne area.


A new generation of leaders and new models of effective leadership have emerged to manage the flatter organizational structures of the modern lean and agile companies. Research has shown that the roles of leaders change during the implementation of a lean transformation. There is a decision-making phase when change is initiated and leaders in this phase have to provide the vision and guidance, in addition to the resources, to enable the employees to understand the need for change and to accept and understand the reason for change. This calls for strategic, or transformational, leadership where goals and policies are clearly defined. Once defined, these can then be deployed and cascaded throughout the organization.


Because medical illness is associated with malnutrition, it might contribute to the poor outcomes seen in malnourished children. This study explored relations between frequency of mild illness and development in 133 mild-to-moderately malnourished school-age Kenyan children. Morbidity information was collected for one year. Concurrent assessments of cognitive status and playground behaviors were obtained. Nutritional and environmental variables were also assessed. Girls with more reported days of mild illness performed less well on developmental measures than did their healthier female peers. They were less cognitively advanced, and, on the playground, girls with more mild illness were less active, happy, and social. Furthermore, relations between frequency of mild illness and playground behaviors (but not cognitive score) in the girls remained statistically significant when other variables, such as socioeconomic status, parental literacy, food intake, and anthropometry, were considered. For the boys, frequency of mild illness was not related to cognition or play behaviors.