A three-dimensiona1 nonlinear finite element analysis(FEA) mode1 of radial tire,which includes the materia1 nonlinearity and the geometric nonlinearity of the 1arge deformation, is established to analyze the effective factors on the wear resistance of 195/60R14 tire.It shows that the distribution of the friction force in the ground-contact area gradually changs from greater inside and smaller outside to greater outside and smaller inside with the increase of the 1oad of tire. It also shows that the maximum friction force, which decreases at first and increases later as the angle of belt cord increases, occurs in the shoulder area. The static friction force in ground-contact area is symmetrically distributed. On the one hand, the over inflation pressure leads to the increase of the maximum friction force resulting in the premature wear in the middle of crown under the same load. On the other hand, the under inflation pressure leads to the phenomena of bridge effect, which is resulted in the uneven wear in the tread.


Sri Lankan architect Geoffrey Bawa, born 1919, fused local construction traditions with modern forms and sensibility to create harmonious and pleasurable buildings that have become legendary in the region and influential around the world. This volume is a documentation and appreciation of the man and his work. Part One contains three chapters on Bawa's early life, the history of Sri Lankan architecture and Bawa's first firm, which he eventually took over. Part Two, comprising four chapters, is the heart of the book and presents all Bawa's major works by project, through extensive texts, drawings and plans. Part Three features two chapters: a long, single chapter devoted to Bawa's two life-long projects - his house in Colombo and his estate Lunuganga - which came to encapsulate his entire oeuvre; and a postscript which sums up the work and describes its relevance to contemporary architectural practice.


Data mining is a method that is used to find data that are precise, previously uncertain, and logical values from a comprehensive set of information. Data mining is used as a tool for determining the accuracy of classifications of data obtained in the field of bioinformatics by using different algorithm approaches. In this study, the data mining method was used to classify the accuracy of different algorithms and predict the types of compulsive behavior of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Data collected from a total of 164 people, 70 males and 94 females, were analyzed. The age range of the people participating in the study was between 7 and 73, and the calculated mean age was 32.4. Data about sociodemographic characteristics, course of disease, treatments, family histories, obsession, and compulsion types of the participants were collected through data collection instruments. Classification algorithm methods found in WEKA software were chosen to process the data. The effect of the types of obsession on the types of compulsion was determined using regression models. The levels of success of the generated models were compared. The results of the study demonstrated the presence of a moderate positive correlation (.35) between these two variables. According to the coefficient of determination, obsession explained 11% of the variance in compulsion. These findings supported the established hypothesis that the effect of the types of obsession was effective on the types of compulsion.


Stereo vision is one of the most important topics in computer vision. The goal is to compute depth information of a scene seen by two or more video cameras from different viewpoints. The key problem consists of identifying features in stereo images that are generated by the same physical feature in the three-dimensional space. In this paper we present a genetic approach to the stereo correspondence problem where a new solution encoding is proposed. To evaluate a solution, the fitness function is defined from three competing constraints, such that best matches correspond to its minima. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for localizing moving objects of a scene seen by a linear stereoscopic sensor.


This thesis used pupillometry to investigate whether pupils respond differently to faces that differ in familiarity. We aimed to see whether pupillometry measures cognitive processes involved in face processing, and whether it could be applied forensically.

We started by evaluating three explanations for pupillary changes that occur when processing faces. The first was cognitive load (mental effort), because faces that have only been seen briefly are more difficult to recognise than well-known faces. The second was cognitive engagement (interest), because faces contain socially-important information. The third was memory strength (forensically applicable), as eyewitnesses have to recall a perpetrator's face in an attempt to identify them if they appear in a lineup. While pupillary responses reflected cognitive engagement to some extent, cognitive load best accounted for decreasing pupil sizes when learning new faces, and memory strength explained the pupillary changes seen in lineups. The theories all had some influence on pupil sizes, but their influence varied according to context, saliency, and the task at hand.

Then we investigated whether pupillometry measured implicit recognition of a perpetrator in a lineup, and found that it did. Pupil sizes reflected memory strength in participants who believed their memory to be strong: there were differences in pupil sizes (between looking at the perpetrator and the distractors) in participants who identified him, but not in those who did not. The pupillary responses of participants who 'guessed' indicated that they were indeed guessing. There were no pupillary changes when the perpetrator was not in the lineup, even when participants misidentified a distractor. We concluded that pupillary responses are independent of explicit identification responses, and could be used forensically to support traditional measures of eyewitness identification and credibility.


The development of integrated photonic circuits utilizing gallium phosphide requires a robust, scalable process for fabrication of GaP-on-insulator devices. Here, we present the first GaP photonic devices on SiO2. The process exploits direct wafer bonding of a GaP/Al<italic>x</italic>Ga1-<italic>x </italic>P/GaP heterostructure onto a SiO2-on-Si wafer followed by the removal of the GaP substrate and the Al<italic>x</italic>Ga1-<italic>x</italic>P stop layer. Photonic devices such as grating couplers, waveguides, and ring resonators are patterned by inductively coupled-plasma reactive-ion etching in the top GaP device layer. The peak coupling efficiency of the fabricated grating couplers is as high as −4.8 dB. Optical quality factors of 20 000 as well as second- and third-harmonic generation are observed with the ring resonators. Because the large bandgap of GaP provides for low two-photon absorption at telecommunication wavelengths, the high-yield fabrication of GaP-on-insulator photonic devices enabled by this work is especially interesting for applications in nanophotonics, where high quality factors or low mode volumes can produce high electric field intensities. The large bandgap also enables integrated photonic devices operating at visible wavelengths.


ABSTRACT Soft, highly reduced, fluid-like muds are accumulating at an average rate of 10 cm/yr on a seabed at Cape Lookout Bight that is neither below wave base during frequent winter storms nor subjected only to negligible fairweather tidal currents. Much of the sediment settling to the bottom is in the form of enormous (up to 1 cm long) aggregates of "marine snow" that are generally believed to occur only in quiet oceanic environments. Field measurements show that near-bottom currents are typically 25-50 cm/sec with directions that appear to be decoupled from the well-defined rise and fall of tide. A tendency toward extended ebb flows (missed floods) suggests that sediments may be transported into the bight from Barden Inlet for prolonged periods of time. The lack of correlation between susp nded-sediment concentration and near-bottom current speed or direction indicates that little or no resuspension occurs during tidal flows or during 1-2 hr storms with winds in the 15-20 m/sec (30-40 kt) speed range. High vertical flux of marine snow, together with an apparent resistance of bottom sediments to resuspension, offer an explanation for this and other backbarrier mud deposits that are impossible to explain by the settling of individual particles and difficult to explain by the settling of salt-floc-sized aggregates.


Observation of phase delay from GPS satellites, combined with advanced software processing, allows the quantity of water vapour in the atmosphere to be continuously monitored. This paper reports on four years of measurements and analytical studies directed towards establishing the accuracy of the technique. It also examines the role of horizontal gradients of wet delay in determining accuracy, and evaluates the potential of extending the technique to measurement of radio refractivity gradients using a tomographic inversion technique.


SIR,-Dr Appelman (Gut 1990; 31: 1161) has asked how we determined that the carcinoma within the rectal cuff surrounding an ileoanal reservoir that we described in our article' was a primary one and not a metastatic tumour. If one were only to assess the histology presented then the question would be extremely difficult to answer, as he has pointed out. In standard clinical practice, however, difficult diagnoses such as this are generally made by the clinician and pathologist in concert, considering both clinical and pathological features. Thus, if we do so in this case we believe we can defend the argument that we have put forward. To establish a diagnosis of metastatic cancer we would have to accept that the original cancer which was resected in 1977 metastasised 10 years later in 1987. Moreover, the pattern of metastases would have been a selective transcoelomic spread to predominate within the cuff of the new pouch with no evidence of other metastases to the true pelvis or to the remainder of the abdominal cavity. Although this is technically possible, the combination of events would be extraordinarily unlikely. In favour of a new primary cancer the following evidence can be considered. The tumour predominated grossly within the cuff. Secondly, the original indication for the pouch procedure was for severe dysplasia in the remaining rectal stump. Although it is not possible to clearly distinguish the two diagnoses on microscopy alone, the weight of evidence is sufficiently compelling in favour of a primary tumour developing in the mucosal fragments of the rectal cuff that we feel justified in the submission of the title of this article and its substance.


It is well-established that listeners will shift their categorization of a target vowel as a function of acoustic characteristics of a preceding carrier phrase (CP). These results have been interpreted as an example of perceptual normalization for variability resulting from differences in talker anatomy. The present study examined whether listeners would normalize for acoustic variability resulting from differences in speaking style within a single talker. Two vowel series were synthesized that varied between central and peripheral vowels (the vowels in "beat"–"bit" and "bod"–"bud"). Each member of the series was appended to one of four CPs that were spoken in either a "clear" or "reduced" speech style. Participants categorized vowels in these eight contexts. A reliable shift in categorization as a function of speaking style was obtained for three of four phrase sets. This demonstrates that phrase context effects can be obtained with a single talker. However, the directions of the obtained shifts are not reliably predicted on the basis of the speaking style of the talker. Instead, it appears that the effect is determined by an interaction of the average spectrum of the phrase with the target vowel.


Background: Digital clinical measures based on data collected by wearable devices have seen rapid growth in both clinical trials and healthcare. The widely-used measures based on wearables are epoch-based physical activity counts using accelerometer data. Even though activity counts have been the backbone of thousands of clinical and epidemiological studies, there are large variations of the algorithms that compute counts and their associated parameters – many of which have often been kept proprietary by device providers. This lack of transparency has hindered comparability between studies using different devices and limited their broader clinical applicability. ActiGraph devices have been the most-used wearable accelerometer devices for over two decades. Results: Recognizing the importance of data transparency, interpretability and interoperability to both research and clinical use, we here describe the detailed counts algorithms of five generations of ActiGraph devices going back to the first AM7164 model, and publish the current counts algorithm in ActiGraph's ActiLife and CentrePoint software as a standalone Python package for research use. Conclusion: We believe that this material will provide a useful resource for the research community, accelerate digital health science and facilitate clinical applications of wearable accelerometry.


The main purpose of this study was to provide validity evidence to support the creation and use of three instruments theorised to measure the existence of the form-meaning link between three sets of nonwords, and their assigned meanings within an experiment. The experimental study used a counterbalanced Latin square design to examine and compare three conditions of deliberate vocabulary study (word cards and two variations of tablet-based augmented reality) across three thematically constrained sets of controlled nonwords. The collected data gathered with the three delayed post tests conducted for each of the sets from the experiment were subjected to separate Rasch analyses, which are described in this study. The findings serve as evidence of construct validity and show: (1) the instruments performed as predicted by two a priori hypotheses, (2) the items were found to display good fit as to the expectations of the Rasch model, (3) each of the three instruments were found to be unidimensional, and (4) with no changes, these three instruments are expected to yield similar results if they were to be used to measure participants within a similar context from the same population.


Purpose To identify disease-causing gene mutations in 21 northern Chinese families with congenital cataracts. Methods Medical record collection and ophthalmologic examinations were conducted for 21 families with congenital cataracts. A volume of 5 ml of peripheral blood was drawn from each participant for genomic DNA isolation. Thirty-four known candidate genes for congenital cataracts were analyzed in the probands of 21 families with targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Bioinformatics analysis of the sequence variants was performed through computational predictive programs. Sanger sequencing was used to perform the cosegregation analysis. Genotyping and haplotype analyses were performed in two patients with a p.V44M mutation in the GJA8 gene. Results Twelve disease-causing mutations were detected in 13 of the 21 patients, and the mutation detection rate was 61.9%. The 12 gene mutations included one nonsense, one splice site, seven missense, and three insert and deletion (INDELs) mutations. Four mutations were novel. Of the 13 patients with pathogenic gene mutations, five (38.5%) were affected by mutations in lens crystallin genes, three (23%) were affected by mutations in connexin genes, three (23%) were affected by mutations in transcription factor genes, one (7.7%) was affected by a mutation in a transmembrane transporter gene, and one (7.7%) was affected by a mutation in a chromatin-modifying protein gene. Two families carried the p.V44M mutation in the GJA8 gene. Haplotype analysis revealed a chromosome region of 475 kb containing the mutation in the GJA8 gene was harbored by two families. Conclusions Compared with traditional Sanger sequencing, targeted NGS for genetic testing of congenital cataracts markedly increases the mutation detection rate and is cost-effective. The p.V44M mutation in the GJA8 gene was the most common mutation and was due to a founder effect within the Chinese cohort studied. The results of this study expand the gene mutation spectrum of congenital cataracts.


Abstract One of the most challenging issues for the TBM (Test Blanket Module) testing campaign foreseen in ITER is the operation of TES (Tritium Extraction Systems). This is essential not only to prove the ability to manage correctly the bred tritium but also to validate and qualify the neutronic codes for the prediction of tritium production in view of their use in future fusion plants. Two are the European candidates to be tested in ITER: the HCPB (Helium Cooled Pebble Bed) TBM and the HCLL (Helium Cooled Lithium Lead) TBM. For both these TBM concepts the following points have been addressed in this work: a) the gas stream to be processed by TES b) the TES process flow diagram c) a first assessment of the required space


We provide an ex-post econometric examination of the harmonization and tightening of the EU Maximum Residues Limit (MRL) on aflatoxins in 2002, and its impact on African exports of groundnut products. We show that the MRL set by the EU has no significant trade impact on groundnut exports from Africa across various methods of estimation. African domestic supply plays an important role in the determination of the volumes of trade and the propensity to trade. Our findings suggest that the trade potential of African groundnut exporters is more constrained by domestic supply issues rather than by limited market access.


Health anxiety has been infrequently examined in individuals with diabetes. In this study, individuals with Type 1 or 2 diabetes (n = 414) completed questionnaires assessing health anxiety and related constructs. Elevated health anxiety was reported by 24.1 percent of the sample and was greater among younger individuals, females, unmarried participants, and those recently diagnosed with diabetes. The construct was related to trait anxiety, fear of diabetes complications, poorer adherence to dietary and exercise self-care activities as well as lower physical quality of life. The research improves our understanding of health anxiety among individuals with diabetes.


The clinical application of silicone rubber is based on a high degree of tolerance by the body and the lack of foreign-body reaction. This material has been used in plastic correction of facial bony defects and nasal deformities, soft tissue augmentation, tubes and valves for the relief of hydrocephalus, heart valve prostheses, and in repair of meningoceles and defects of the dura mater. Silicone rubber has been considered an ideal substitute for soft tissues. 1 It appears to be inert and nonirritating, to cause minimal fibrous tissue formation, and no foreign-body reaction. In this experiment Dacron, calendered with Silastic of 0.007 in. thickness—a fine, nonporous, resistant fabric—was studied, first to observe its fate as a partial pericardial prosthesis, and second to show the resultant neighboring tissue reaction in surgically produced pericardial defects. In a previous experiment, 2 the lack of peritoneal adhesion to a tubular drain and the occasional


Having chosen this topic, and attempted to fulfill my original proposal, I sometimes wonder if I should have discarded this idea and chosen something else to examine There are two main reasons, however, why I did choose this particular topic, which essentially analyses Germany's position in World Trade competitiveness. One stems from a general interest in employment law and international trade, both of which I have studied as third-level subjects in Ireland and Germany. The second reason is derived from an interest in the country of Germany itself. I have studied there for one year, and have spent countless months there, both working and trying to improve my language skills. I have become curious about the integration of East and West Germany, and would like to observe the implications this unification has on the renowned strong German economy. So, hoping soon to enter into the Worldwide business circuit myself, I feel it is important to understand the events which are happening, and how increasing legislation in the EU is affecting competitiveness in World Trade.

After my initial statement, the reader may believe that I have not enjoyed the making of this thesis. This, however, is not the case. Many interesting issues and topics were drawn to my attention as I examined labour costs in Germany,
Japan and the USA, and I think perhaps this was the problem. What I discovered, was that within the area of international competitiveness, there are countless avenues of exploration, from wage costs and union negotiations, to economic factors and productivity measures. So, perhaps half-way through this report, I suddenly realised exactly how enormous the scope of this particular topic is, and with the limit of 10,000 words, it would not be possible to effectively address all the pertinent issues in World Trade competitiveness. today. So instead of trying to prove that high labour costs alone are leading to Germany's uncompetitiveness in World Trade, I am looking at the possibility that these costs contribute to the problem.

I also encountered other difficulties during the writing of this thesis. Because of my research sample, viz. Germany, Japan and America, it was difficult to find relevant information, which I could compare between the three countries.
However, the Internet helped enormously - (without it I think I would have had to discard this topic!)

For the primary research, i.e. the questionnaires and telephone interviews, I also met difficulty in the form of language barriers. I felt it necessary to translate my questionnaires into German for the German sample, but unfortunately I could not do this for the Japanese sample. Thus, there was some confusion regarding some of the questions and issues which I raised. However, thanks to the wonder of the e-mail, these difficulties were eventually by-passed, and I got most of the information I needed.

I hope you enjoy reading this thesis, and that I have included enough information for it to be objective, interesting and a somewhat fresh view of the current World Trade situation regarding labour costs.


Polarization switching and domain dynamics in unpoled and poled crystals of bismuth titanate by applying electric field along the crystallographic c axis were investigated through polarization measurements and domain observations by optical microscope and piezoelectric force microscope. Poled crystals showed a well-saturated polarization hysteresis with a remanent polarization of 4.4 μC/cm2 and a coercive field of 4.7 kV/cm. Domain observations reveal that lenticular domain acts as an initial nucleus during polarization switching. The sidewise motion of the lenticular-domain walls and resultant single domain state were easily established for the poled crystals, while the lenticular domains observed in unpoled crystals were clamped even though a high electric field was applied to them.


This paper proposes two applications of quantitative tomography. Assuming that the attenuation ratio of the x-ray beam throughout the investigated sample can be evaluated with high accuracy, this paper deals with quantitative characterization of glass wool structure. In a first part, we measure the 3D spatial distribution of density in a sample that has been extracted from a glass wool plate. The calibration is performed and an experimental validation of the technique is realized. The heterogeneity of the material is characterized and explained in relation to manufacturing methods. In a second step, we follow the evolution of this distribution during a mechanical test. For this purpose, an original device has been developed in the laboratory in order to perform a tomographic process during a mechanical load. The proposed method compares the density distribution between two different compression steps and determines the evolution of density inside the sample. The local strain is evaluated along the stress direction. These first results allow assumptions about the relationships between structure and properties to be expressed.


Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a common, acute, highly contagious and infectious viral epidemic disease of small ruminants which has caused significant economic losses in Nepal. Total of 247 suspected serum samples from 13 outbreaks from 8 districts of the Midwestern region of Nepal in 2015 were confirmed by using antibody ELISA test and in case of dead animals, the tissue samples were further confirmed by using antigen ELISA test. Out of 247 serum samples, 153 (61.9%) samples showed PPR antibody positive. The Ecozone wise distribution of PPR showed that the PPR outbreak were reported the highest in mountain followed by hills and the lowest in Terai. The highest outbreaks in mountain may be due to excessive movements of nomadic herd of sheep and goat, common pasture, low vaccine coverage in mountain whilst in hill region due to geographic difficulty and low sero-conversion of vaccine. Hence, strategic vaccination campaigns, proper biosecurity, movement control, risk analysis and early diagnosis need to be implemented for the control of PPR in the country.


Constipation is very common in Parkinson's disease. It is still not known whether constipation is due to a slow transit of the colon or an outlet obstruction. We examined 25 patients (11 women, 14 men, mean age 62 years) with newly diagnosed idiopathic Parkinson's disease. All patients had typical clinical symptoms (with an average score of 11.4 points on the Webster scale); the diagnosis was confirmed by 18F-Dopa-PET. In all patients the colon transit time was measured with radioopaque markers. Pudendal nerve lesions were excluded by neurography of the pudendal nerve. Electromyography of the external anal sphincter was performed with concentric needle electrodes in the right and left lateral position. Colon transit time in the patients averaged 3.7 days, with pathologically prolonged transit (> 4 days) in 6 patients (24%). Four patients (16%) showed mild neurogenic changes on sphincter EMG (16%). In three other cases (12%) long duration and large amplitude of motor unit action potentials (MUAPs), and a reduced interference pattern during maximal voluntary effort indicated a severe neurogenic lesion. One patient presented with involuntary contractions of the external anal sphincter at rest, which increased during strain (anism).


This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of choosing between Article 6 (Right to a fair trial) or/and Article 8 (Right to family life) of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter 'ECHR') when being applied by the European Court of Human Rights (hereafter 'ECtHR') in parent-child relationship cases. The main purpose of this research is to understand these provisions and their interplay. There is no particular systematization of literary sources and approaches for solving this problem because it is new. The analysis of applications lodged before the ECtHR indicates that the applicants usually raise both provisions for the reason of procedural safety. What is the response of the ECtHR? The investigation in this paper concerning the topic 'what is protected by which provision, and is there any pattern in the application of Articles 6 and 8 in cases involving both provisions?' is carried out in the following logical sequence: Relevant legal framework (Section 2); Research interest and question (Section 3); Research methodology (Section 4); Parental authority, custody, and access/contact, regarding cases respectively involving Articles 6 and 8 ECHR (Section 5). The methodological tool of the research method was the ECtHR Hudoc database. The object of the research is the ECtHR, because, namely, this institution interprets Article 6 and Article 8 of the ECHR. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis of 212 judgments delivered by the ECtHR during the last twenty years. These showed that, with regard to the interplay between Articles 6 and 8 ECHR, there are some trends in its case-law which give guidance to the applicants, the judges and other practitioners concerned, as well as to scholars. The results of the research can be useful in efficiently analyzing, applying, defending, and adjudicating these rights.

Keywords: right to a fair trial, right to family life, parental authority, parental care, access/contact, European Convention on Human Rights.


The high power electrical switching properties of a polymer current limiter device configured to switch at only one electrical contact are studied as a function of applied voltage. It is shown that a dramatic change in switching behavior occurs at a characteristic voltage. Below this voltage, the device switches to a high resistance state whereas at higher applied voltages it does not. It is shown that the high voltage, low resistance state has similar electrical characteristics to an arc discharge and a qualitative model for the state is proposed. Material variation experiments are also described which demonstrate that the voltage at which the observed change in switching behavior occurs depends sensitively on the composite material composition and fabrication parameters.


The rise of e-commerce caused by the growing popularity of the world wide web, electronic gadgets, and social  media,  has  led  to  a  constant  upward  trend  in  online  shopping  in  Pakistan. Home  delivery  is  crucial  to  online  shoppers  because  if  the  product  does not reach their desired destination, the purchase made will be conceived as inconvenient by the buyer. This study aims to identify how five kinds of conveniences, i.e., decision convenience, access convenience, transaction convenience, benefit convenience, and post benefit convenience, impact how satisfied customers are by the services provided by online retailers during home delivery. 110 individuals who availed a  home  delivery  service  over  the  past  year  took  part  in  the  study,  and  customer  experience  was observed as they were offered different conveniences at the various stages of home delivery. After performing a regression analysis, results show that four independent variables have a positive and significant  impact  on  the  dependent  variable,  while  the  impact  of  benefit  convenience,  the  fifth variable, is insignificant. These results show us that the timely and correct delivery of products does not impact satisfaction as long as the provider offers a convenient post purchase return policy. They  also  show  that  decision  convenience,  post  benefit,  and  transaction  convenience  have  the  greatest  impacts  on  customer  satisfaction.  Access convenience and benefit convenience are also shown to have a high impact on the dependent variable. Based on these findings, we recommend that  online  retailers  pay  more  attention  to  offering  convenience  services  to  their  customers  to improve satisfaction.


This paper describes ramp rate control of a photovoltaic (PV) generator with an electric double-layer capacitor. The capacitor absorbs rapid fluctuations of PV generation, and allows the generator to change its output at a limited ramp rate. The output is mainly determined by a moving average of the PV generation, but the capacitor voltage is also counted to keep the voltage at a specified value, and accordingly, to make the capacitor small. An expression for the capacitor size is derived. The feedback gain of the capacitor voltage is also examined to maintain enough energy storage in the capacitor. Some experiments are executed to demonstrate and validate the proposed method.


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to affect millions of people around the globe. As data emerge, it is becoming more evident that extrapulmonary organ involvement, particularly the kidneys, highly influence mortality. The incidence of acute kidney injury has been estimated to be 30% in COVID-19 non-survivors. Current evidence suggests four broad mechanisms of renal injury: Hypovolaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome related, cytokine storm and direct viral invasion as seen on renal autopsy findings. We look to critically assess the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of kidney injury in COVID-19.


Abstract The effect of the time and duration of retinoid treatment on the inhibition of Stage II tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was studied in CD-1 mice. All mice were initiated with 400 nmol of benzo(a)pyrene an d received Stage I tumor promotion (3.2 nmol of TPA twice weekly for 2 wk). Animals were then randomized into groups which received 13-cis-retinoic acid during early, middle, or late Stage II promotion. 13-cis-Retinoic acid pretreatments starting on Day 1, Wk 8, or Wk 23 of Stage II promotion resulted in 47, 28, or 19% inhibition, respectively, of TPA-induced tumor formation. One-half of the mice receiving 13-cis-retinoic acid at Day 1 or Wk 8 were removed from the retinoid treatments at Wk 23, the time of cessation of TPA promotion. The inhibition of tumor formation remained constant during the 15-wk observation period after cessation of retinoid treatment, suggesting that retinoid inhibition of mouse skin tumor promotion is stable in the absence of further promotion and preceded the step of irreversible conversion of promoter dependence to promoter independence.


It is shown that acute alcohol intoxication in the tissues of white mice accelerates riboflavin metabolism. In this case arrival of the exogenous vitamin with accompanying depletion of its endogenous resources is observed to intensify.


According to Schumpeter, the creativity and motivational ability of distinguished entrepreneurs drive innovation in enterprises. It is the individual entrepreneur who comes up with new ideas and paves the way for their realization. Conversely, social enterprises are regarded as making decisions in a collaborative manner and in close participation with stakeholders. Accordingly, the question arises as to how participative governance and the loss of the individual business leader's importance is reflected in the innovativeness of social enterprises. Does collaborative decision-making hamper the development of innovative solutions or do social enterprises benefit from their capacity to innovate? This question guided a cross-case analysis of four social enterprises, and the results are presented in this paper. The investigation revealed that participatory governance can have different consequences for the innovative strength of social enterprises. While the involvement of internal stakeholders (members, employees) appears to be beneficial for developing novel solutions but generates limited social impact, close collaboration with external stakeholders, such as local communities or regional authorities, is less advantageous with respect to identifying new trends, ideas, and opportunities. However, the involvement of external stakeholders in decision-making is beneficial concerning the safeguard of community interests and the legitimization of social enterprise activities. The results suggest that a balanced involvement of both internal and external stakeholders would be beneficial for enhancing the social innovativeness of social enterprises.


Direct measurements of total inorgan~c carbon, total alkalinity and pH \yere obtained together with salinity, temperature and current velocities in a coral reef at Bora Bay, Miyako Island in the Ryukyu Islands in October 1993, March 1994 and July 1994. The 3 parameters of the carbonate system showed good internal consistency using carbonate acid dissociation coefficients from the literature, although the total alkalinity values observed in July were lower than the calculated values. Comparison of calculated values of the fugacity of CO2 in the coral reef waters and in the outer oceanic waters suggested that, particularly where water flows out of the lagoon and back to the ocean, biological actlvity within the reef-lagoon system may be releasing CO2 to the reef waters. However, a more careful consideration of biological inorganic and organic carbon production showed that the reef flat was a strong sink for aqueous CO, in July The lagoon, on the other hand, appears to be a slight source of CO, in October and March. K E Y MiORDS: Coral reef. Coral metabolism . Calcification Total inorganic carbon . Carbonate cycle


[1] Over the last 10 years, downscaling techniques, including both dynamical (i.e., the regional climate model) and statistical methods, have been widely developed to provide climate change information at a finer resolution than that provided by global climate models (GCMs). Because one of the major aims of downscaling techniques is to provide the most accurate information possible, data analysts have tried a number of approaches to improve predictor selection, which is one of the most important steps in downscaling techniques. Classical methods such as regression techniques, particularly stepwise regression (SWR), have been employed for downscaling. However, SWR presents some limits, such as deficiencies in dealing with collinearity problems, while also providing overly complex models. Thus, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) technique, which is a penalized regression method, is presented as another alternative for predictor selection in downscaling GCM data. It may allow for more accurate and clear models that can properly deal with collinearity problems. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to compare the performances of a classical regression method (SWR) and the LASSO technique for predictor selection. A data set from 9 stations located in the southern region of Quebec that includes 25 predictors measured over 29 years (from 1961 to 1990) is employed. The results indicate that, due to its computational advantages and its ease of implementation, the LASSO technique performs better than SWR and gives better results according to the determination coefficient and the RMSE as parameters for comparison.


This paper discusses the use of simple good sense in the spatial prediction of rainfall measurements in Switzerland. The method consists of a forecast based on the values of the available observations combined with topographic knowledge of the Swiss territory. Comparison of our subjective estimates with the true measurements is completed and yields surprisingly good results.


PURPOSE
It has been shown that intravenously administered epinephrine can increase the rate of aqueous humor flow in sleeping humans. This experiment was conducted to determine if this stimulatory effect can be blocked by the beta-adrenergic antagonist timolol.

METHODS
Twenty normal human subjects were studied for one sleep cycle at night. Epinephrine was infused intravenously at a rate of 1 microgram/min. One eye received a single drop of 0.25% timolol, and the fellow eye received a placebo. Aqueous humor flow was measured by the rate of disappearance of fluorescein from the eye.

RESULTS
The rate of aqueous humor flow was 14% lower in the timolol-treated eye than in the placebo-treated eye during 6 hours of sleep. This difference was interpreted as being due to blockage of part of epinephrine's effect on aqueous humor flow by topical timolol.

CONCLUSION
It was concluded that the effect of systemically administered epinephrine on aqueous humor flow is at least partly mediated locally on the eye and that some portion of timolol's well-known effect on daytime aqueous humor flow could be due to inhibition of the ocular effects of epinephrine.


Background/Objective:
Cancer studies have helped us understand recurrent chromosome abnormalities leading to tumor progression. One such recurrent genomic aberration found in breast cancer is chromosome 8q24.3 (Chr. 8q24.3) amplification. We identified Tonsoku Like, DNA Repair Protein (TONSL) located within this amplicon as an immortalizing oncogene, with TONSL-overexpressing cells exhibiting distinctively upregulated homologous recombination (HR). Further experiments have shown that cancer cells with TONSL amplification are sensitive to the FACT inhibitor CBL0137, which is in early phase of clinical development. Based on known functions of TONSL in promoting dsDNA repair, we hypothesized that drug combinations targeting multiple pathways of DNA repair would synergize to kill chromosome 8q24.3 amplified breast cancer cell lines.
Methods:
Chr.8q24.3-amplified breast adenocarcinoma cell line TMD436 was utilized in this study. Cells were treated with various drugs targeting DNA repair pathways such as ATR inhibitor (VE-822), PARP inhibitor (Talazoparib), and PI3K inhibitor (BYL719). Cell proliferation rates were measured using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation ELISA.
Results:
Thus far, the use of PI3Ki and PARPi combination has had an additive effect - the combined effect of the two drugs is equal to the sum of the effect of each agent given alone. The effect of ATRi and PARPi combination was antagonistic.
Conclusion/Potential Impact:
This study establishes the potential feasibility of using DNA repair signaling inhibitors in the treatment of TONSL-overexpressing breast cancer. Future studies extending the range of drug concentrations and newer combinations may ultimately lead to translation of these drugs to in vivo models and clinical trials. By targeting multiple DNA repair pathways, similar approaches may sensitize patients to lower doses of chemotherapeutics, thus decreasing unwanted side effects. Moreover, negative data concerning the ATRi/PARPi combination helps to further refine which drugs may be used to treat Chr. 8q24.3 amplified tumors and to understand signaling pathways active in TONSL-overexpressing breast cancer.


This paper presents a novel learning algorithm that finds the linear combination of one set of multi-dimensional variates that is the best predictor, and at the same time finds the linear combination of another set which is the most predictable. This relation is known as the canonical correlation and has the property of being invariant with respect to affine transformations of the two sets of variates. The algorithm successively finds all the canonical correlations beginning with the largest one. It is shown that canonical correlations can be used in computer vision to find feature detectors by giving examples of the desired features. When used on the pixel level, the method finds quadrature filters and when used on a higher level, the method finds combinations of filter output that are less sensitive to noise compared to vector averaging.


Cross-lingual transfer learning has become an important weapon to battle the unavailability of annotated resources for low-resource languages. One of the fundamental techniques to transfer across languages is learning language-agnostic representations, in the form of word embeddings or contextual encodings. In this work, we propose to leverage unannotated sentences from auxiliary languages to help learning language-agnostic representations. Specifically, we explore adversarial training for learning contextual encoders that produce invariant representations across languages to facilitate cross-lingual transfer. We conduct experiments on cross-lingual dependency parsing where we train a dependency parser on a source language and transfer it to a wide range of target languages. Experiments on 28 target languages demonstrate that adversarial training significantly improves the overall transfer performances under several different settings. We conduct a careful analysis to evaluate the language-agnostic representations resulted from adversarial training.


Adherence to turkey tracheal mucosa and agglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes were determined for 20 strains of Bordetella avium. Ten type-I strains, 7 type-II strains, 2 transposon-induced mutants, and 1 revertant were evaluated. All type-I strains adhered readily to tracheal mucosa and agglutinated erythrocytes, whereas no type-II strains adhered to trachea or caused hemagglutination (HA). Two mutants selected for loss of HA activity were less adherent to tracheal mucosa, compared with the parent strain. Reversion of one mutant to HA-positive status was accompanied by reconstitution of much of its adherence capacity. Results of this study provide preliminary evidence that tracheal adherence and HA of B avium are closely related.


This PhD project investigates a method for taking theoretical models, mainly New Keynesian models for business cycle analysis, to the data. The cointegrated vector autoregressive (CVAR) model is used as a statistical framework, which provides the possibility of testing aspects of theoretical New Keynesian models. Additionally, it may be used as an alternative method for estimating these models, contrary to what is mainly used. In particular, there is no need to alter the non-stationary macroeconomic variables prior to estimation and the theoretical steady state of the model may be tested as restrictions on the long-run relationships of the CVAR model. In chapter two and three, properties of theoretical New Keynesian models are tested in the CVAR model. Chapter two includes a New Keynesian model which explains price- and wage setting, while the New Keynesian model in chapter three includes the housing market. The theoretical model in chapter two is mostly in line with what is found in the data, while there is a gap between the theoretical model in chapter three and the empirical observations. Hence, the CVAR framework is found to be a valuable tool in testing properties of the theoretical models, and may be used in order to assess the empirical relevance of the model before using it for policy analysis.The final chapter finds evidence in favor of a bubble in the US housing market prior to the financial crisis starting in 2008, due to explosiveness in house prices using a theoretical model for the housing market. This may explain the deviations between the model and the empirical observations in chapter three. It also implies that the CVAR model can be used in order to monitor the housing market


As two white female teachers, we look back on our teaching experiences in Hong Kong and Northern Alberta to disrupt problematic diversity narratives from our first classrooms. Through critical auto-ethnographic approaches and cellphilming (cellphone + video-production), we analyze our engagement with privilege within our classrooms. We found that we both promoted uncomplicated conceptions of diversity, and each engaged in what Eve Tuck (2009) has described as damaged-centered approaches—teaching practices that established, "harm or injury in order to achieve reparation" (p. 413). We see these experiences as a case study in how to look back productively to change the way we teach in the present and future toward visions of justice.


Diarrhea, hyperglycemia, anemia, depigmentation of the hair, and rash are common side effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Neurological side effect like hallucination due to pazopanib is exceptionally rare in literature cases. Herein, we reported a case of hallucination related to pazopanib in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. A 47-year-old male patient with renal cell carcinoma developed repetitive hallucinations on the following days of pazopanib initiation. There was no other significant finding in the differential diagnosis of hallucination. Neurological symptoms disappeared after termination of pazopanib. We aimed to emphasize that neurological side effect like hallucination may rarely occur during the treatment of pazopanib and take note that physicians should be aware of this infrequent side effect in the patients treated with pazopanib.


Jaccard similarity is widely used as a distance measure in many machine learning and search applications. Typically, hashing methods are essential for the use of Jaccard similarity to be practical in large-scale settings. For hashing binary (0/1) data, the idea of one permutation hashing (OPH) with densification significantly accelerates traditional minwise hashing algorithms while providing unbiased and accurate estimates. In this paper, we propose a strategy named "re-randomization" in the process of densification that could achieve the smallest variance among all densification schemes. The success of this idea naturally inspires us to generalize one permutation hashing to weighted (non-binary) data, which results in the socalled "bin-wise consistent weighted sampling (BCWS)" algorithm. We analyze the behavior of BCWS and compare it with a recent alternative. Extensive experiments on various datasets illustrates the effectiveness of our proposed methods.


In this paper, we study physician specialty decisions using several unique data sets which include information on almost all Canadian physicians who practised in Canada between 1989 and 1998. Unlike previous studies, we use a truly exogenous measure of potential income across general and specialty medicine to estimate the e¤ect of income on physicians' specialty choices. Furthermore, our estimation procedure allows us to purge the income-e¤ect estimates of non-pecuniary specialty attributes which may be correlated with higher paying specialties. Understanding the e¤ect of potential income (and other variables) on choices is necessary if the desired mix across generalists and specialists as well as across specialties is to be achieved. Our results show that physicians respond to di¤erences in income when making their specialty decisions. More speci...cally, our simulation exercise suggests that provinces could increase the proportion of graduates who select a surgical specialty by increasing the fees they pay to them. JEL classi...cation: I10, I18, J24, C30


Nomenclatural and taxonomic changes are proposed for American Apomecynini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). New synonymies: Parmenonta valida Thomson, 1868, type species of Parmenonta Thomson, 1868, is transferred to Adetus LeConte, 1852, making obligatory the synonymy of Parmenonta with Adetus; Adetus cylindricus Bates, 1866 = A. inaequalis (Thomson, 1868); Adetus leucostigma Bates, 1880 = Adetus binotatus (Thomson, 1868); Adetus tuberosus Galileo and Martins, 2003 = Typophaula melancholica Thomson, 1868; Adetus latericius Belon, 1902, and Adetus irregularis (Breuning, 1939) = Adetus nanus (Fairmaire and Germain, 1859). New records: Adetus binotatus for Chiapas, Guerrero, Tamaulipas, and Quintana Roo (Mexico), new state records; A. inaequalis for Amapá (Brazil), new state record; A. punctatus for Brazil (Rondônia), and Suriname, new country records; Adetus bacillarius Bates, 1885 for Mexico, new country record, and Brazil, new country record; Adetus insularis Breuning, 1940 for Mexico, new country record; Adetus nanus, for Brazil (Pará), new state record, Colombia and Venezuela, new country records. Adetus validus (Thomson, 1868) comb. nov. (from Parmenonta Thomson, 1868). New genera and new species: Adetus x-fasciatus Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes, from Paraguay and Argentina; Adetus monteverdensis Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes, from Costa Rica; Adetus pseudobacillarius Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes, from Costa Rica; Adetus clinei Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes, from Bolivia; Adetaptera Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes, new genus, with A. albisetosus (Bates, 1880) comb. nov. designated as type species; Adetaptera schaffneri Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes, from Mexico; Morrisia Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes, new genus, for M. squamosa (Chemsak and Noguera, 1995) comb. nov., transferred from Adetus LeConte, 1852 and designated as type species, and M. pulchra Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes, from Mexico; Skillmania Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes, new genus, with S. obrienorum Santos-Silva, Nascimento and Wappes comb. nov., from Mexico, designated as type species. New combinations: The following 15 species are transferred from Parmenonta to Adetaptera: A. albosticta (Galileo and Martins, 2003), A. chapadensis (Martins and Galileo, 1999), A. fulvosticta (Bates, 1885), A. insularis (Fisher, 1930), A. laevepunctata (Breuning, 1940), A. lenticula (Galileo and Martins, 2006), A. maculata (Martins and Galileo, 1999), A. minor (Bates, 1880), A. ovatula (Bates, 1880), A. parallela (Lameere, 1893), A. punctigera (Germar, 1823), A. strandiella (Breuning, 1940), A. thomasi (Linsley and Chemsak, 1985), A. wickhami (Schaeffer, 1908), and A. dominicana (Galileo and Martins, 2004).


SUMMARY: Spores of Bacillus larvae White germinate and make initial vegetative growth best in a limited range of low redox potentials, but later growth and sporulation occur best aerobically. Different media needed for best results with each phase of development of the bacillus are described. Spores of
B. larvae germinate in the mid-gut contents of honey-bee larvae up to 2 days old. The vegetative forms then migrate and become closely applied to, but do not penetrate, the mid-gut epithelium. Most organisms seem to be voided with the contents of the intestine when an infected larva defaecates shortly before it pupates. A few organisms are presumably left in the intestine and probably invade the tissues of the larva as it pupates.


Two models of technical inefficiency with a stochastic production frontier are considered in this paper. In the first model, it is assumed that the frontier itself does not vary with time, while in the second, the frontier is allowed to move. These models are applied to four years of panel data on wheat farmers in four districts of Pakistan Faisalabad and Attock in the Punjab, Badin in Sindh, and Dir in the NWFP. Using essentially the same stochastic frontier production function in each of the four districts involved, different stochastic specifications for the inefficiency effects are obtained for die different districts. Technical efficiencies of production of the individual farmers are predicted in each year in which they are observed. Varying patterns of technical inefficiency are observed. The null hypothesis (of no technical inefficiency) cannot be rejected in only one district. In the other districts, while inefficiencies appear to be present in all of them, they are declining at a fairly rapid pace in one. The results highlight the importance of analysis at a disaggregated level because it is clear that both the rate of technical change and relative efficiencies vary across regions and explicit cognisance must be taken of this both in research and policy formulation.


Abstract Objective To examine the associations between neuraxial anaesthesia or general anaesthesia and clinical outcomes, length of hospital stay, and readmission in adults undergoing lower limb revascularisation surgery. Design Comparative effectiveness study using linked, validated, population based databases. Setting Ontario, Canada, 1 April 2002 to 31 March 2015. Participants 20 988 patients Ontario residents aged 18 years or older who underwent their first lower limb revascularisation surgery in hospitals performing 50 or more of these surgeries annually. Main outcome measures Primary outcome was 30 day all cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital cardiopulmonary and renal complications, length of hospital stay, and 30 day readmissions. Multivariable, mixed effects regression models, adjusting for patient, procedural, and hospital characteristics, were used to estimate associations between anaesthetic technique and outcomes. Robustness of analyses were evaluated by conducting instrumental variable, propensity score matched, and survival sensitivity analyses. Results Of 20 988 patients who underwent lower limb revascularisation surgery, 6453 (30.7%) received neuraxial anaesthesia and 14 535 (69.3%) received general anaesthesia. The percentage of neuraxial anaesthesia use ranged from 0.6% to 90.6% across included hospitals. Furthermore, use of neuraxial anaesthesia declined by 17% over the study period. Death within 30 days occurred in 204 (3.2%) patients who received neuraxial anaesthesia and 646 (4.4%) patients who received general anaesthesia. After multivariable, multilevel adjustment, use of neuraxial anaesthesia compared with use of general anaesthesia was associated with decreased 30 day mortality (absolute risk reduction 0.72%, 95% confidence interval 0.65% to 0.79%; odds ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.83; number needed to treat to prevent one death=139). A similar direction and magnitude of association was found in instrumental variable, propensity score matched, and survival analyses. Use of neuraxial anaesthesia compared with use of general anaesthesia was also associated with decreased in-hospital cardiopulmonary and renal complications (odds ratio 0.73, 0.63 to 0.85) and a reduced length of hospital stay (−0.5 days, −0.3 to−0.6 days). Conclusions Use of neuraxial anaesthesia compared with general anaesthesia for lower limb revascularisation surgery was associated with decreased 30 day mortality and hospital length of stay. These findings might have been related to reduced cardiopulmonary and renal complications after neuraxial anaesthesia and support the increased use of neuraxial anaesthesia in patients undergoing these surgeries until the results of a large, confirmatory randomised trial become available.


From the perspective of socialization theory, one aspect of the family environment that has been hypothesized to be one of the strongest predictors of offspring's substance use is parenting style. This study examined the associations between offspring's perspectives of fathers' and mothers' parenting styles and the polysubstance use (PSU) in biological and adoptive families by youth and young adults. Long-term influences of the parenting styles of fathers and mothers were also investigated by using longitudinal data on offspring's PSU. Results of structural equation modelling analyses showed that offspring's time 1 PSU scores were significantly related to both positive and negative parenting styles, whereas overall time 2 PSU scores were more strongly related to offspring's age and gender than parenting. In both time 1 and time 2 models, different paths were found to be significant for paternal and maternal parenting models. Only adopted offspring PSU scores were found to be significantly influenced by parenting of both fathers and mothers when offspring became older. These findings confirm: (a) the uniqueness and potential vulnerability of adopted offspring in relation to PSU, (b) the difference in influence for fathers' and mothers' parenting on offspring's PSU, and (c) the long-term influences of parenting style on adopted offspring.


Shrimps is one of the main export commodities of the country and earns about more than 40 crores 47 lac US $in 2017. Black Tiger (BT) shrimp alone contributes about 67 % to the total shrimp export per year. Aquaculture shrimps are being processed in the land-based processing plant while wild catch is being processed onboard (fishing vessels) in the Bay of Bengal. A study was conducted to compare the yield and economic loss/gain of headless shell-on (HLSO) shrimp during processing by labor and crews at onboard (sea) and land based (land) factories. A total of twelve samples were examined; six for land and six for sea that was designated as "P" and "V", respectively. After beheading to produce HLSO, individual shrimp weight was measured. The average weight of an individual BT was 50.25 ± 4.174 g for V and 51.13 ±3.66 g for P. Average yield from individual shrimp was 1.19 g higher in P compared to V. Found 23.10 g less production from 1 kg BT in V compare to P which is statistically significant (P=0.057). Our estimated results indicated that one vessel got 649.89 Kg less product valued BDT 1,381,016 compare to land based processing plants due to processing by crews on board. Whole scenario predicts that more economic loss if we consider for 37 shrimp trawlers in operation.


This investigation has been made to study of heat and mass on three-dimensional boundary layer flow of an incompressible fluid due to inclined non-linear stretching sheet with convective boundary conditions. The effect of thermophoresis and chemical reaction has been taken into account. Numerical solution has been obtained for the set of non-linear coupled ordinary equations which are reduced by using similarity transformations from non-linear partial differential equations. Transforms system of equations has been solved using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth–fifth order method along with shooting technique. Effects of various parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles have been obtained. These results have been presented through graphs and also our analysis explores the physical quantities of interest through the tables.


Meniere's disease is a disorder of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear manifesting as vertigo, tinnitus, sensory neural hearing loss and aural fullness of known or unknown origin. The aim of this chapter is to estimate the prevalence of Ménière's disease (MD) and its relationship with demographic factors, symptoms and conditions that are known. Few articles have been published on the epidemiology of Meniere's disease from 1975 to 1990, studies from Japan indicated a fairly constant prevalence of 17 cases per 100,000 population. These studies were undertaken by a Research Committee on Meniere's Disease. Kotimaki and colleagues analysed the Finnish population of five million people between 1992 and 1996. A prevalence of 43/100,000 and an average yearly incidence of 4.3/100,000 popula‐ tion were found by the authors. MD is 1–3 times higher in women than in men and also observed a higher prevalence in adulthood and white people. MD seems to be much more common in white adults with higher body mass index categories, in their fourth and fifth decade. However, in recent years, especially in the last decades, there have been several safe and effective medical and surgical therapies for the treatment of the disease and its sequels.


Genetic change, and hence the evolution of new species, is commonly thought to result from small, random mutations in individual genes, but a growing wealth of data emphasizes that that perception is wrong. Indeed, the mutations leading to evolutionary change can involve the wholesale shuffling or duplication of the genetic material, changes that can affect the expression of genes or free up duplicated genes to evolve new functions. What9s more, these changes may not be totally random: Researchers have found, for example, that some parts of the genome are more likely to be duplicated or moved to another place than others, depending on the nature of their DNA sequences. They are also learning that the enzymes that copy and maintain the DNA introduce changes in some parts of the genome and not others, creating hotspots of mutation that increase the efficiency of evolution.


Oral lactose and glucose/galactose loading tests were done in Bantu children convalescing from kwashiorkor and pellagra. Small bowel biopsies and disaccharidase estimations were performed in all except 2 patients. Lactose absorption was more impaired and intestinal lactase levels were lower in the pellagra than in the kwashiorkor group. The fact that diarrhoea after admission to hospital was less common in pellagra than kwashiorkor was ascribed to a lesser lactose load due to the early introduction of a mixed diet in the former group, in comparison with milk feeds only in the latter group. The absence of troublesome diarrhoea while on moderate quantities of lactose in the diet, in the presence of low intestinal lactase levels, but evidence of lactose malabsorption after loading, has a bearing on preventive and therapeutic nutrition programmes in non-Caucasian children. Lactase deficiency is not necessarily synonymous with symptomatic lactose intolerance if the threshold is not exceeded. Concern is expressed that excessive caution against the use of milk may lead to a worsening of infantile malnutrition in developing countries.


The usefulness of stored soils from long‐term experiments is often questioned because of changes that might occur during storage. We examined changes during long‐term storage (8–69 years) in the chemical properties of soils with a range of pH values (3.4–8.1 in water) from woodland and grassland experiments at Rothamsted Experimental Station in the UK. No significant changes during storage were measured for total C and N. Large but erratic changes in exchangeable Na+ content between 1959 and 1991 were probably caused by contamination of the 1959 samples by perspiration and from sodium‐based glassware. Exchangeable K+ increased during storage but only by a small amount. Small changes in exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were measured in some samples but not in others. Generally the amount of exchangeable cations increased slightly during storage. This is probably linked to the decreases of  0.4 units in the pH of acid soils, which we attribute to the hydrolysis of approximately 0.25% of the exchangeable Al3+. A doubling of the amount of exchangeable Mn2+ during storage for 32 years was probably caused by re‐equilibration of Mn species. The most practicable way to prepare soil samples for long‐term storage is to dry them in air. However, those who study changes in soil by re‐analysing samples of the soil stored for a long time must (i) use the same methods of analysis, or (ii) demonstrate that different methods lead to the same results, and (iii) know what changes can arise during storage.


Two outbreaks of Pseudomonas infections involved 14 patients in a pediatric intensive care unit during a six-month period. Organisms of the same pyocine type were isolated from three of four patients infected during the second outbreak. Introduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the unit was suspected to have occurred by patients transferred from outlying hospitals. Epidemiologic studies failed to reveal a contaminated fomes, and hospital personnel likely served as intermediaries to spread the organism within the unit. Statistically, newborn infants wre much more likely to become infected and to die from Pseudomonas infections than older patients. This report stresses the epidemic potential inherent in pediatric intensive care units, particularly those dealing with neonates. A suggested scheme for surveillance is presented.


We present time-resolved studies of glass densification created by an acoustic phenomenon: collision of the transverse and longitudinal sound waves inside glass. Localization of the permanent denisfied region has a lateral cross section ∼ 0.4 μm and is approximately half of the wavelength of femtosecond laser pulses which were used to generate breakdown and launched shock waves inside glass. Controlled time delay between two closely spaced irradiation spots reveals dynamics and relaxation (electronic, thermal, stress) of glass after excitation. The observed phenomenon is important for femtosecond direct laser writing and recording of waveguide couplers using multiple beams.


A microstrip patch employing cement substrate for possible implementation as low profile Rectenna system is presented. Design and development of RF energy harvesting systems has renewed research interest in rectenna research domain. A rectangular cement substrate based patch resonating at 1 GHz is analysed for its receiving characteristics. The root mean square (RMS) AC voltage developed at antenna terminal (terminal voltage) upon plane wave incidence is the parameter under consideration. Simulated results employing High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), are observed, and the voltages are in the range 0–5 mV. Experiments are conducted on a prototype structure with cement substrate, and the observed return loss and terminal voltage measurements are encouraging. A terminal voltage of around 5–7 mV is observed for direct plane wave incidence. In practice, direct RF energy incidence is unlikely. Nevertheless, the experimental results are encouraging, and further studies on available terminal voltage over a period of time needs to be undertaken. Development of cement based antennas provides a low profile front end implementation for rectenna systems, thereby enhancing implementation of RF energy harvesting systems in commercial and residential infrastructure.


In this study, leachate recirculation effects are investigated on waste degradation and landfill gas component. Test cells with (H2) and without (H1) leachate recirculations were constructed for this study at Odayeri Sanitary Landfill and they were operated for 950 days to investigate the effect of leachate recirculation on waste stabilization. CH4, CO2, O2 and H2S components of landfill gas in the test cells were monitored. The highest value of H2S component in landfill gas, which is an important operational parameter, was observed to be 50 ppm and it was consumed in 300 days and 400 days for H2 and H1, respectively. CH4 concentration in landfill reached to 50% due to refuse placement on day 200, and its concentration remains almost constant till end of the operation. CO2 component was around 70% for both of the cells at the beginning of operation, and it fluctuated between the values of 40-50%. The results obtained from the study showed that CH4 production at H2 test cell is more stabile than H1 with increasing the moisture content of leachate recirculation.


Horticultural crops are currently exposed to multiple abiotic stresses because of ongoing climate change. Abiotic stresses such as drought, extreme temperatures, salinity, and nutrient deficiencies are causing increasing losses in terms of yield and product quality. The horticultural sector is therefore searching for innovative and sustainable agronomic tools to enhance crop tolerance towards these unfavorable conditions. In a recent review published in Agronomy, "Biostimulants Application in Horticultural Crops under Abiotic Stress Conditions", Bulgari and colleagues discussed the main pieces of evidence of the use of biostimulants to manage abiotic stresses in vegetable crops. The intent of this editorial was to focus the attention on aspects related to the stress development in plants (i.e., timing and occurrence of multiple stress factors), in combination with the application of biostimulants. The large number of factors potentially involved in the enhancement of crop tolerance toward stress calls for an intensification of research activities, especially when conducted in field conditions and with well-defined protocols. This must be seen as a mandatory task for a successful implementation of biostimulant products among the available agronomic tools for the management of abiotic stresses in horticultural crops.


The last project of modification of the regulation on new foods contained a categorization of the risk, which included traditional non-European products. This categorization established the characteristics of what was defined as "new food". In particular, reference was made to the requisite of counting with a "sure use history" of the product. The product's sure use history should be documented and proven. This situation could affect the marketing of food products, the ancestral consumption of which in Latin American, African, Asian, or any other non-European country is not proved "objectively", and in many cases is not documented. These are foods that form part of the culture of the people themselves, which consumption has been taught from generation to generation and transmitted in many cases by means of oral tradition. The documentation of the history of sure use of a product has as purpose the evaluation of the risk to categorize it, as established in the principle of risk analysis. Nevertheless, have traditional European products been subjected to these evaluations? Which criterion permits the establishing that one traditional European product is surer than a non-European product? Why do we part from the assumption of uncertain risk of non-European traditional products? Even if the project of modification of the Novel Food Regulation is filed, the following depth discussion continues in force: if the European food legislation establishes the principle of equivalence for imported products, why are the requisites for placing a product in the market not the same for traditional non-European and European products? If traditional European products are not considered within the Novel Food Regulation as products with an uncertain risk , why is it considered that traditional non-European products do.


Stress has long been established as a major cue in word segmentation for English infants. We show that enabling a current state-of-the-art Bayesian word segmentation model to take advantage of stress cues noticeably improves its performance. We find that the improvements range from 10 to 4%, depending on both the use of phonotactic cues and, to a lesser extent, the amount of evidence available to the learner. We also find that in particular early on, stress cues are much more useful for our model than phonotactic cues by themselves, consistent with the finding that children do seem to use stress cues before they use phonotactic cues. Finally, we study how the model's knowledge about stress patterns evolves over time. We not only find that our model correctly acquires the most frequent patterns relatively quickly but also that the Unique Stress Constraint that is at the heart of a previously proposed model does not need to be built in but can be acquired jointly with word segmentation.


OBJECTIVES
To provide practical strategies to enhance the quality of communication in the palliative and end-of-life medical care settings.

DATA SOURCES
Published articles, textbooks, and reports.

CONCLUSION
The components of effective and compassionate care at the end of life require successful communication with patients, families, and members of the health care team. Unfortunately, few health care professionals are formally trained in communication skills.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE
Nurses who possess self-awareness and are skilled in effective communication practices are integral to the provision of high-quality palliative care for patients and families coping with advanced malignancies.


BACKGROUND
Dysphagia (swallowing problems) are common after stroke and can cause chest infection and malnutrition. Dysphagic, and malnourished, stroke patients have a poorer outcome.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness of interventions for the treatment of dysphagia (swallowing therapy), and nutritional and fluid supplementation, in patients with acute and subacute (within six months from onset) stroke.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (February 2012), MEDLINE (1966 to July 2011), EMBASE (1980 to July 2011), CINAHL (1982 to July 2011) and Conference Proceedings Citation Index- Science (CPCI-S) (1990 to July 2011). We also searched the reference lists of relevant trials and review articles, searched Current Controlled Trials and contacted researchers (July 2011). For the previous version of this review we contacted the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists and equipment manufacturers.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in dysphagic stroke patients, and nutritional supplementation in all stroke patients, where the stroke occurred within six months of enrolment.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently applied the inclusion criteria, assessed trial quality, and extracted data, and resolved any disagreements through discussion with a third review author. We used random-effects models to calculate odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and mean differences (MD). The primary outcome was functional outcome (death or dependency, or death or disability) at the end of the trial.

MAIN RESULTS
We included 33 studies involving 6779 participants.Swallowing therapy: acupuncture, drug therapy, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, pharyngeal electrical stimulation, physical stimulation (thermal, tactile), transcranial direct current stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation each had no significant effect on case fatality or combined death or dependency. Dysphagia at end-of-trial was reduced by acupuncture (number of studies (t) = 4, numbers of participants (n) = 256; OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.46; P < 0.0001; I(2) = 0%) and behavioural interventions (t = 5; n = 423; OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.88; P = 0.01; I(2) = 22%). Route of feeding: percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding did not differ for case fatality or the composite outcome of death or dependency, but PEG was associated with fewer treatment failures (t = 3; n = 72; OR 0.09; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.51; P = 0.007; I(2) = 0%) and gastrointestinal bleeding (t = 1; n = 321; OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.69; P = 0.007), and higher feed delivery (t = 1; n = 30; MD 22.00; 95% CI 16.15 to 27.85; P < 0.00001) and albumin concentration (t = 3; n = 63; MD 4.92 g/L; 95% CI 0.19 to 9.65; P = 0.04; I(2) = 58%). Although looped NGT versus conventional NGT feeding did not differ for end-of-trial case fatality or death or dependency, feed delivery was higher with looped NGT (t = 1; n = 104; MD 18.00%; 95% CI 6.66 to 29.34; P = 0.002). Timing of feeding: there was no difference for case fatality, or death or dependency, with early feeding as compared to late feeding. Fluid supplementation: there was no difference for case fatality, or death or dependency, with fluid supplementation. Nutritional supplementation: there was no difference for case fatality, or death or dependency, with nutritional supplementation. However, nutritional supplementation was associated with reduced pressure sores (t = 2; n = 4125; OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.96; P = 0.03; I(2) = 0%), and, by definition, increased energy intake (t = 3; n = 174; MD 430.18 kcal/day; 95% CI 141.61 to 718.75; P = 0.003; I(2) = 91%) and protein intake (t = 3; n = 174; MD 17.28 g/day; 95% CI 1.99 to 32.56; P = 0.03; I(2) = 92%).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There remains insufficient data on the effect of swallowing therapy, feeding, and nutritional and fluid supplementation on functional outcome and death in dysphagic patients with acute or subacute stroke. Behavioural interventions and acupuncture reduced dysphagia, and pharyngeal electrical stimulation reduced pharyngeal transit time. Compared with NGT feeding, PEG reduced treatment failures and gastrointestinal bleeding, and had higher feed delivery and albumin concentration. Nutritional supplementation was associated with reduced pressure sores, and increased energy and protein intake.


The study investigated the effects of constructivist problem based learning technique on the academic achievement of physics students with low ability levels in Nigeria secondary schools. Pre-test-Post-test control group design was adopted for the study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 2 schools out of 40-co-educational secondary schools in Taraba state. 105 senior secondary school II physics students were used for the study. Physics Achievement Test (PAT) and physics Ability Level Test (PALT) were used to collect data. The kuder-Richardson coefficient of internal consistency for PAT and PALT were 0.72 and 0.76 respectively. Three hypotheses were tested at p The result of the findings showed that the physics students with low ability level taught with problem based learning technique performed significantly better than those taught with conventional learning method. Also, student taught with problem based learning technique performed significantly better than those taught with conventional method. There was no significant gender difference in the performance of students taught with problem based learning technique. It is recommended that problem-based learning technique should be used in schools to teach various concepts in physics.


Abstract:"How do you define rape?" When one does research on rape, this question is one of the most basic and common. Ostensibly, the question is about methodology. But if we scratch beneath the surface, it is fundamentally an ontological question: what is rape? This article explores where the threshold which separates sex that is okay from sex that is rape comes from. Does it come from a deeply embodied sense of being violated, a normative limit that is socially and/or legally constructed—or something else? Ultimately, the article suggests a reimagining of rape as a sexual trespass on the boundaries of being.


What Is Known? The lumbar multifidus muscle has been characterized using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) in normal populations, and people with spinal pathology. The reliability1, and validity of the technique have been demonstrated. Morphological features quantified for multifidus include cross-sectional area (CSA), linear dimensions (muscle depth/thickness and width) and shape ratios, with normal reference ranges established. Multifidus shape at the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) is usually round or oval but a triangular muscle may indicate hypertrophy. At L5 the muscle usually appears triangular due to the shape of adjacent bony surfaces. Linear dimensions are predictive of CSA but the strength of this relationship is influenced by regularity of shape and wasting. The CSA is symmetrical sides) in normal populations and marked asymmetry occurs with acute low back pain (LBP)5 and idiopathic scoliosis.6 Recovery of size after LBP is not automatic and requires specific rehabilitation of multifidus. Size measurements and description of shape are potentially useful for clinical evaluation, and research into the effects of pathology and interventions. What Is Unknown? While data on multifidus morphology are increasing, different normal populations need to be studied to document the effects of factors such as ethnicity and habitual physical activity, particularly in sporting groups. Size is highly correlated with strength in some muscles but this relationship is difficult to quantify in multifidus, as isolated force cannot be measured. The relationship between changes in muscle thickness and electrical activity is also unknown. The quality of the image can be poor in the presence of spinal pathology and in older people, possibly due to infiltration of fat and other noncontractile tissue, which needs to be quantified. The mechanism of wasting and whether it is a cause or effect of injury are unknown. What Are the Future Directions and Research Priorities? If RUSI is to become a routine aid to physical therapy practice and a robust research tool, standardized protocols for obtaining measurements are needed. The validity of using linear measurements to assess the CSA of irregularly shaped muscles requires attention. Comprehensive studies of different normal populations are needed to generate reference databases for assessing changes due to pathology and effects of interventions. Longitudinal epidemiological studies of multifidus are needed to determine those at risk of developing LBP, whether wasting occurs before the onset of injury/pain and to help elucidate the mechanisms of wasting. The contribution of noncontractile tissue to CSA needs to be quantified to determine true muscle size, particularly with pathology and aging. The sonographic technique of elastography is potentially useful for distinguishing the biomechanical behavior of these tissues.


73 This article considers military security in the Eastern Baltic. The research focuses on the economic sustainability of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the context of military spending. The authors maintain that an increase in military spending can either strengthen or weaken national economic and technological potential. In Germany or Sweden, military spending accounts for a smaller proportion of the GDP or budget revenues, but it is integrated into the general model of innovative and technological development. In the case of the Baltics, it is advisable to estimate military spending as a proportion of budget revenues rather than that of GDP — this recommendation applies to all smaller states. The authors stress that the central component of any national military and economic development is a focus on general national objectives rather than solely military ones. Economically advanced countries integrate defence spending into their investment and innovation strategies and industrial policies. Smaller countries — and the Baltics are no exception — do not apply this principle. Their military spending does not contribute to the technological and economic agenda. The article shows that the military spending of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia undermines their investment potential and serves as a critical factor in their national and governmental development. The authors suggest estimating military spending as a proportion of budget revenues rather than that of GDP.


The adsorption of hydrogen molecules on different zeolites at near room temperature and extremely high pressures has been simulated employing Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method. Some important physical amounts under different temperatures and pressures, such as adsorption isotherms, adsorption amounts, and isosteric heats were studied. We predict the storage capacity of hydrogen in ZON and CHA zeolites at different conditions. The results show that the hydrogen storage capacity of CHA is superior to that of ZON. The different hydrogen adsorption behavior between them is explained by the isosteric heats of adsorption at different temperatures. These results may help us to understand different hydrogen adsorption properties of these two zeolites, thus facilitate exploring new hydrogen storage candidates experimentally.


Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) was identified as the humoral autoantigen in coeliac disease, but whether it can also serve as T cell autoantigen is still unknown. We aimed, therefore, to firstly explore the presence of TG2-specific T cells in peripheral blood of ten adult patients (four active, i.e. carrying both serological and histological features of the disease; four treated, i.e. with proven mucosal recovery and disappearance of specific antibodies after an adequate period of gluten free diet; and two potential coeliacs, i.e. carrying the serological stigmata of the disease, but not the intestinal lesions), and four healthy controls (two carrying the HLA-DQ2 haplotype of susceptibility to the disease), and secondly to carry out a detailed in vitro characterization of the isolated antigen-specific T cells. T cell lines were first established by means of weekly stimulation with human recombinant TG2 followed by generation of T cell clones through distribution of T cells on plates at one cell/well limiting dilution and further rounds of stimulation. Antigen specificity and HLA-DQ2 restriction were both assessed by evaluating the proliferative response to TG2 in the absence and presence of human sera blocking HLA-DQ2 molecules, after exclusion of impurities in the antigen preparation. Immune phenotyping of T cell clones was performed by flow cytometry, and the expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TGF-β, IFN-γ and TNF-α was determined by ELISA assay on the supernatants of these clones. A total of 91 T cell clones were isolated from the three HLA-DQ2-positive, active patients, but none from the other patients and controls. The immune phenotyping showed that the majority of them (85.7%) were CD3/CD4+ and only a small percentage (14.3%) were CD3/CD8+, all carried the TCR αβ, and had a memory phenotype. The cytokine profile showed high levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 that, together with the absence of IL-4, placed these T cell clones in the T helper type 1-like category. Further in vitro analysis was carried out on 32/91 CD4+ clones and showed a specific and dose-dependent proliferative response towards TG2 and an HLA-DQ2 restriction. Finally, when incubating duodenal mucosal specimens of treated patients with the supernatant of TG2-specific T cell clones, characteristic disease lesions were found, indicating a role for TG2-specific cellular immune response in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.


Abstract This paper examines the short-term evolution of a cuspate foreland with diminished sediment supply in the western Gulf of St. Lawrence. Topographic light detection and ranging and airborne light detection and ranging bathymetry are used to provide an overall analysis of the foreland system at Paspébiac, Quebec, including high-resolution digital morphology of combined subaerial and subaqueous components, between 2003 and 2006. Results indicate large differences in coastal stability around the foreland. The western barrier exhibits a stable shoreline (net change  =  +0.3 m·y−1), a moderate beach slope (0.12–0.18), and no subtidal bar system. The morphodynamic response in this sector is influenced by jetties and alongshore variability and is related to beach planform readjustments to varying wave conditions. The eastern barrier has higher wave exposure, high erosion rates (<6.7 m·y−1), wave washover, and an intermediate barred-beach profile, with higher beach slopes (β  =  0.16–0.24). The alongshore variability is controlled, at length scales of about 500 to 700 m, by differences in relaxation time between distal and proximal sections of the foreland. At shorter length scales (∼100–500 m), alongshore variation is related to inner bar morphology, higher erosion rates being observed near rip channels or in the absence of an inner bar. Sand transport patterns reflect wave energy and approach and include a reversal in transport direction along the eastern barrier under storm waves from the SW. We show that, under declining sediment supply, sediment is being lost to a shoal and deep water off the tip of the foreland and erosion on the eastern barrier is not compensated by the slow accretion on the western side of the point.


The human skin provides an ample, always-on surface for input to smart watches, mobile phones, and remote displays. Using touch on bare skin to issue commands, however, requires users to recall the location of items without direct visual feedback. We present an in-depth study in which participants placed 30 items on the hand and forearm and attempted to recall their locations. We found that participants used a variety of landmarks, personal associations, and semantic groupings in placing the items on the skin. Although participants most frequently used anatomical landmarks (e.g., fingers, joints, and nails), recall rates were higher for items placed on personal landmarks, including scars and tattoos. We further found that personal associations between items improved recall, and that participants often grouped important items in similar areas, such as family members on the nails. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for design of skin-based interfaces.


CONTEXT
There is growing recognition that bipolar disorder (BPD) has a spectrum of expression that is substantially more common than the 1% BP-I prevalence traditionally found in population surveys.

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the prevalence, correlates, and treatment patterns of bipolar spectrum disorder in the US population.

DESIGN
Direct interviews.

SETTING
Households in the continental United States.

PARTICIPANTS
A nationally representative sample of 9282 English-speaking adults (aged >or=18 years).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Version 3.0 of the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview, a fully structured lay-administered diagnostic interview, was used to assess DSM-IV lifetime and 12-month Axis I disorders. Subthreshold BPD was defined as recurrent hypomania without a major depressive episode or with fewer symptoms than required for threshold hypomania. Indicators of clinical severity included age at onset, chronicity, symptom severity, role impairment, comorbidity, and treatment.

RESULTS
Lifetime (and 12-month) prevalence estimates are 1.0% (0.6%) for BP-I, 1.1% (0.8%) for BP-II, and 2.4% (1.4%) for subthreshold BPD. Most respondents with threshold and subthreshold BPD had lifetime comorbidity with other Axis I disorders, particularly anxiety disorders. Clinical severity and role impairment are greater for threshold than for subthreshold BPD and for BP-II than for BP-I episodes of major depression, but subthreshold cases still have moderate to severe clinical severity and role impairment. Although most people with BPD receive lifetime professional treatment for emotional problems, use of antimanic medication is uncommon, especially in general medical settings.

CONCLUSIONS
This study presents the first prevalence estimates of the BPD spectrum in a probability sample of the United States. Subthreshold BPD is common, clinically significant, and underdetected in treatment settings. Inappropriate treatment of BPD is a serious problem in the US population. Explicit criteria are needed to define subthreshold BPD for future clinical and research purposes.


We describe the Student Electronic Notebook and the process of porting IBM's AIX 1.1 to run on it. We believe that portable workstation-class machines connected by wireless networks and dependent on a computational and informational infrastructure raise a number of important issues in operating systems and distributed computation (e.g., the partitioning of tasks between workstations and infrastructure), and therefore the development of such machines and their software is important. We conclude by summarizing our activites, itemizing the lessons we learned and identifying the key criteria for the design of the successor machines.


This academic work, which is comprised of three artefacts, responds to Maxine Greene's "Spaces of Aesthetic Education" (1986). The main artefact is a syllabus, from an era of increasingly standardized syllabi, which imagines its aesthetic and educative attributes otherwise. In doing so, it reconsiders the kinds of learning a syllabus might prompt. It stems from a series of conversations we, the co-creators, shared about the ways curricular structures can come to prompt critical, creative and aesthetic attention. We had pursued those intersections in the past from our respective disciplinary perspectives and decided to collaborate on an art/research project, one that could inform and provoke a series of future curricular conversations. As our work unfolded, we spoke of curricular experiences that were meaningful and those were not and tried to articulate what we meant by "aesthetic experience". We came to lament institutional demands for standardized curricular documents in our respective teaching contexts, especially mandated templates for syllabi. We wondered about the educative and aesthetic consequences of limiting their expression to a series of prescribed descriptors. Eventually we had an opportunity to experiment with the form through a fourth-year course on curriculum theory and practice, an ideal venue for introducing a parallel, yet supplementary, syllabus. That syllabus is displayed in full in this issue of the journal. It is also accompanied by an audio file and a corresponding transcription. Through that recording, we address some of the aesthetic considerations we incorporated into the design, delineate certain curricular choices, and explain the artefact's discursive significance.


The interplay between individual creative ability and the way to enhance it – through monetary and nonmonetary incentives – is an issue with tremendous potential for economic analysis. In this survey, we dwell into the issue by focusing on the methodological advantages of economic experiments. We provide a review of the literature in experimental economics on creativity, identifying six main directions of analysis. Namely, the impact on creativity of: (1) low vs high monetary incentives, (2) the interplay of monetary incentives and tasks, (3) within-group competition, (4) within-group cooperation, (5) cultural factors, and (6) non-monetary social incentives. In the spirit of a "meta-study," we classify the works in our review not only according to the aforementioned research questions, but also disentangling by the type of creative task that the experimental subjects face, the way in which creativity is assessed, and other key features of standard experimental procedures in economics. This multidimensional comparison allows us to conclude that the current lack of robust findings on the determinants of creativity in economics might be due to the absence of comparable experimental studies under the same experimental conditions. We conduct our analysis without neglecting the psychological roots of creativity research and their way through management, underlying how both disciplines have heavily outlined the work of experimental economists in the topic of creativity.