Reye's syndrome (RS) is generally considered a childhood disease. We report our experience with RS in adults in the metropolitan Milwaukee area. Reye's syndrome was diagnosed in seven 18- to 46-year-old adults. The diagnostic criteria were as follows: viral prodrome followed by vomiting and encephalopathy without focal neurological signs, normal cerebrospinal fluid values, increased levels of serum aminotransferases (transaminase), prolonged prothrombin time, elevated blood ammonia levels, and characteristic microvesicular fatty liver and mitochondrial changes. None of the patients was hypoglycemic. The diagnosis of RS was entertained in 22 but confirmed in only seven patients. In cases of non-Reye's encephalopathy, drug ingestion presented as one of the most difficult differential diagnostic problems, which also included alcohol abuse, collagen vascular disease, and hepatitis B surface antigenemia. Clinical jaundice, distinctly uncommon in RS, was present in only one patient who presented to us in stage V coma. In adults, RS is more difficult to diagnose and should be suspected more frequently in patients with unexplained altered behavior following a viral illness and vomiting. Liver biopsy can be performed safely and is usually mandatory in adults. Patients with RS diagnosed during stage I or II coma and treated experienced an uneventful recovery.


Background. Neuropsichiatric diseases constitute the first cause of burden of disease in Peru. Objective. The aim of this study was to describe 12 month mental health services utilization, of the 18 to 65 years old urban population in Peru. Method. As part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative (WMHSI), this research used a multistage, clustered-area probability sample of 3930 18-65 years old household residents in Lima, Arequipa, Huancayo, Iquitos and Tacna between July 2004 and December of 2005. The Instrument used was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) that produces DSM-IV/ICD-9 diagnoses by means of computerized algorithms. Results. In the last 12 months, only one of every 5 people who had a mental disorder during this period received any treatment. The average number of treatment visits per year was only three. 9.7% of those with any mental disorder received appropriate treatment. People with low education had less access to minimally adequate treatment (OR=0.1, 95% CI=0.0, 0.5). The group with substance use disorders had lower access to treatment in the last 12 months (12.7%). Discussion and conclusion. Peru presents a wide gap in mental health treatment. Mental Health treatment gap in Peru emphasizes the need to direct resources towards screening and treatment of mental disorders.


The hyperbicarbonatemia of chronic respiratory acidosis might be maintained by a reduction in filtration rate or an enhancement of tubular bicarbonate reabsorption. To investigate this question, 12 Munich-Wistar rats were exposed to a 10% CO2 atmosphere for 6-8 d. Chronic respiratory acidosis developed, with arterial pH 7.30 +/- 0.01, partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) 80 +/- 2 mmHg, and total CO2 concentration 45 +/- 1 mM. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate was normal (42 +/- 1 nl/min). Chronic hypercapnia caused absolute proximal reabsorption to be significantly stimulated (1,449 +/- 26 pmol/min) as compared with reabsorption previously observed in normal animals (1,075 +/- 74 pmol/min) or in animals subjected to acute hypercapnia (1,200 +/- 59 pmol/min). This is the first demonstration that proximal bicarbonate reabsorption can be stimulated above normal euvolemic values. When eight animals were subsequently allowed to return toward a normocapnic state (arterial pCO2 46 +/- 1 mmHg) over the course of 1-1.5 h, bicarbonate reabsorption was still significantly higher (1,211 +/- 34 pmol/min) than in similarly alkalotic, normocapnic control groups (994 +/- 45 pmol/min). In conclusion, chronic, but not acute, hypercapnia stimulates absolute proximal bicarbonate reabsorption to exceed the level found in normal euvolemic rats.


Abstract: In this paper we examine the length scales of major element diffusion in garnet during the Barrovian metamorphism. The role of diffusion in the flattening of Mn zoning profiles in garnet with increasing metamorphic grade across the Barrovian metamorphic series is ambiguous. However, the loss of distinct Mn-defined secondary compositional zoning in Barrovian garnets with increasing metamorphic grade and preservation of geochemical textures around Mn-free inclusions within high-grade Barrovian garnets provide robust evidence for c. 1000 μm Mn diffusion in sillimanite-zone garnets during the Barrovian regional metamorphism. Sillimanite-grade garnets from the Barrovian metamorphic series also preserve c. 100 μm Mn diffusion textures between sillimanite-grade rim domains and lower-grade cores. Bimodality in diffusion length scales requires bimodality in thermal time scales. Length scales of chemical diffusion are considered within the context of recent duration estimates for the Barrovian metamorphism of a few million years. We conclude that heat associated with the Barrovian regional metamorphism accumulated following numerous, short time-scale heating events responsible for the smaller-scale diffusion textures. This self-similar thermal regime was likely accommodated by the operation of shear zones in the highest-grade regions of the Barrovian metamorphic series, which concentrated small-scale episodic heat sources such as sheeted magmas, fluids and/or mechanical work. Supplementary material: A table of quantitative electron microprobe analyses, an example of the calibration curve used to produce quantitative electron microprobe maps from count maps, and Y maps are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18415.


The collective behavior of active agents, whether herds of wildebeest or microscopic actin filaments propelled by molecular motors, is an exciting frontier in biological and soft matter physics. Almost three decades ago, Toner and Tu developed a hydrodynamic theory of the collective action of flocks, or herds, that helped launch the modern field of active matter. One challenge faced when applying continuum active matter theories to living phenomena is the complex geometric structure of biological environments. Both macroscopic and microscopic herds move on asymmetric curved surfaces, like undulating grass plains or the surface layers of cells or embryos, which can render problems analytically intractable. In this work, we present a formulation of the Toner-Tu flocking theory that uses the finite element method to solve the governing equations on arbitrary curved surfaces. First, we test the developed formalism and its numerical implementation in channel flow with scattering obstacles and on cylindrical and spherical surfaces, comparing our results to analytical solutions. We then progress to surfaces with arbitrary curvature, moving beyond previously accessible problems to explore herding behavior on a variety of landscapes. Our approach allows the investigation of transients and dynamic solutions not revealed by analytic methods. It also enables versatile incorporation of new geometries and boundary conditions and efficient sweeps of parameter space. Looking forward, the work presented here lays the groundwork for a dialogue between Toner-Tu theory and data on collective motion in biologically-relevant geometries, from drone footage of migrating animal herds to movies of microscopic cytoskeletal flows within cells.


Models of category acceptance and diffusion, including Davis's technological acceptance model (TAM), have established that ease of use (EOU) is a significant determinant of technological product adoption. This supports user-centered design philosophies, where aspects of cognitive attractiveness (e.g., logical to use) and emotional attractiveness (e.g., lack of frustration in use) are essential, and contrasts traditional design practices where physical attractiveness dominates concern. These studies consider the impact of EOU on category (primary) demand. It is unclear whether firms should incorporate EOU into design and positioning strategies to differentiate their products from others in the same category that perform better on functional features. A random utility theory-based choice model is used to measure the relative value of EOU. In a new product category (DVD recorders; n?=?496) and one that is more established (cell phones; n?=?202), consumers were found to forgo functional features in preference for products better rated on EOU. With implications for segmentation, those seeking simplicity were older, female, educated, and with less product knowledge, while those already owning a complex phone made replacement decisions with less concern for EOU. The findings support EOU-based differentiation strategies as a legitimate alternative to other forms of differentiation.


A spatial hierarchical Bayesian method is developed to model the extreme runoffs over two spatial domains in Columbia River Basin, USA. This method combines the limited number of data from different locations. The two spatial domains contain 31 and 20 gage stations, respectively, with daily streamflow records ranging from 30 to over 130 years. The generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) is employed for the analysis of extremes. Temporally independent data are generated using declustering procedure, where runoff extremes are first grouped into clusters and then the maximum of each cluster is retained. The GPD scale parameter is modeled based on a Gaussian geostatistical process and additional variables including the latitude, longitude, elevation, and drainage area are incorporated by means of a hierarchy. Metropolis‐Hasting within Gibbs Sampler is used to infer the parameters of the GPD and the geostatistical process to estimate the return levels across the basins. The performance of the hierarchical Bayesian model is evaluated by comparing the estimates of 100 year return level floods with the maximum likelihood estimates at sites that are not used during the parameter inference process. Various prior distributions are used to assess the sensitivity of the posterior distributions. The selected model is then employed to estimate floods with different return levels in time slices of 15 years in order to detect possible trends in runoff extremes. The results show cyclic variations in the spatial average of the 100 year return level floods across the basins with consistent increasing trends distinguishable in some areas.


Background: The optical characteristics of fine glass strands are what make fiberoptic technology possible. When glass rods are heated and stretched to diameters of 8 to 25µ, a flexible fiber capable of transmitting light is formed. Light that enters the distal end of the fiber is reflected off the walls until it emerges at the proximal end. To keep a fraction of the light from being lost during transmission, the fiber is clad in a layer of glass that has a different optical density. This process results in total internal reflection of light entering the fiber. The light transmitted along a single fiber emerges uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area at the end. The resolution of a fiberoptic image is inversely proportional to the diameter of the glass fiber. Subjects and Methods: After overnight fasting, all patients under the study were premedicated with tab ranitidine 150mg orally and tab diazepam 10mg with sips of water 90 mins before shifting to operating theatre. Premedication with glycopyrrolate 0.2mg IM, administered 30-45 minutes prior to application of the local anesthetic. Results: At baseline, SO2 in both the groups were comparable. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to changes in SO2 after bolus infusion, during intubation and after intubation clinically. Conclusion: Patients with study (D) group had a consciousness score of 2 (eyes open on command) in 41 patients out of 50 (82%), where as in control (P) group 17 patients (34%) had score of 2 (eyes open on command). 20 patients (40%) had score of 1 (response to ear pinching),in control (P) group compared to 3 patients in study(D) group.


The food sector has seen several important developments in recent years. First, competition has become fiercer because of the increased market power of food retailing. Secondly, quality legislation has become more stringent due to a growing concern for food safety throughout the society. Third, sustainable production has become more important, and organizations are held responsible for the environmental performance of their production system. In this thesis, several aspects of these developments are studied from an Operations Management perspective. Specific questions that are addressed are: * What are the implications of capacity- and time-constrained intermediate storage on production performance? * What are the performance implications of demand characteristics like high product mix variability and lead time reductions? * How do planning decisions and process configurations influence the realization of product losses The results provide insight in the operational performance of two-stage food production systems with intermediate storage. This performance not only entails competitiveness (through the insights on lead time performance), but also sustainability (through the insight in realization of product losses).


What is already known about this subject Short sleep duration is a risk factor for obesity. Television (TV) in the bedroom has been shown to be associated with excess body weight in children. Children increasingly use other electronic entertainment and communication devices (EECDs) such as video games, computers, and smart phones.


Augmented reality has in recent years become very popular in commercial areas such as entertainment and advertising. The fastest growing field right now is augmented reality for mobile devices. This is because the rapidly increasing performance can manage the heavy operations which only desktop computers used to handle. So far traditionally standard markers have been used, but in this paper we will take a look at a different technique, natural feature tracking. The final product will be an open source augmented reality API for Android freely available online.


The vast knowledge of milk chemistry has been extensively used by the dairy manufacturing industry to develop and optimize the modern technology required to produce high-quality milk products to which we are accustomed. A thorough understanding of the chemistry of milk and its numerous components is essential for designing processing equipment and conditions needed for the manufacture and distribution of high-quality dairy products. Knowledge and application of milk chemistry is also indispensable for fractionating milk into its principal components for use as functional and nutritional ingredients by the food industry. For all these reasons, powerful analytical methods are required. Because of the complexity of the milk matrix, mass spectrometry, coupled or not to separation techniques, constitutes a key tool in this area. In the present manuscript, we review the contribution and potentialities of mass spectrometry-based techniques to assess quality of milk-based products.


This research examines the attitudes and awareness of foreign language (EFL) learners to the integration of English movies in their classes in terms improving their foreign language skills. 25 intermediate level students studying English in Faculty of Education and Humanities in Philology Department at International Black Sea University, Tbilisi, Georgia, participated in this study. Students watched the movies at home and films were analyzed at the lectures. After analyzing the films, 7 various questions were asked to students in order to obtain their awareness towards the using films in ELT classrooms. The findings of the study indicated that students have positive attitudes towards the use of movies in their classes in terms of improving their language skills. Until quite recently, it was difficult to find pedagogically sound film material to help students improve their language through watching film, and teachers had to spend many hours creating their own materials. However, with the advent of the internet there is now a wealth of online resources for both language teachers and their students. This study is remarkable for teachers who are willing to use movies in their classes as a tool to improve their learners` foreign language level.


The application of powder metallurgy (PM) technologies to the manufacturing of Oil & Gas turbomachineries' components was investigated in the course of research collaboration with the Material and Processes Engineering Department of General Electric Oil & Gas (Italy). The thesis focused on the study of the pressure-assisted Hot Isostatic Pressing technology for the processing of the corrosion resistant Ni-base alloy N07626. The densification behaviour of the N07626 metal powder in condition of pressure assisted sintering was investigated by experiments conducted on a small scale by uniaxial hot pressing condition using a Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) machine in the aim of extending the result to the initial stage of densification of HIP. The SPS exepriments demonstrated that the densification rate is strongly affected by the process temperature and it is less sensitive to the variation of applied pressure.
The microstructure and mechanical properties of full-dense HIPped N07626 alloy, produced according to a fixed proprietary cycle and several experimental deviations were analyzed. The microstructure was studied by Optical Metallography, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersed X-Ray Spectroscopy and Electron Backscatter Diffraction. The mechanical properties of the alloy were assessed by tensile testing, conventional and instrumented Charpy V-Notch testing, JIC fracture toughness tests and fatigue crack growth rate testing. The tensile and impact toughness properties resulted sensitive to the local accumulation of oxygen in Oxygen Affected Zones (OAZs), that leads to a ductile to brittle transition in the impact toughness of the material. Two models for formation of OAZs were proposed based on the phase transformation and the oxidation/reduction reactions taking place in the HIP. The mechanical properties were discussed on the base of the microstructure of the Prior Particle Boundaries (PPBs) interface, focusing of the phase transformation products, represented by a thin layer of submicrometric oxides and carbides. The fracture mode was explained by the analogy with models of ductile micro-mechanisms of void nucleation and coalescence and with fracture models of particulate reinforced metal-matrix-composite. The Charpy impact toughness and the fracture toughness were correlated to the oxygen concentration and to the density of inclusions. The fatigue crack propagation behavior was discussed focusing on the effect of clustering of inclusions on the crack propagation path. A relation between the Paris slope with the impact toughness was found. Finally the increase of processing temperature (HIP and heat treatment) was found significanty beneficial for the toughness. This effect was investigate by grain-size analysis and was proposed to be related to a reduction of density of PPBs inclusions.


Families are coregulating systems in which the daily experiences of 1 member affect the well-being of another member of the family. We examined daily, microdevelopmental processes by modeling the associations between adolescents' daily problems and emotional experiences in managing Type 1 diabetes and changes in parental negative and positive affect surrounding the illness. Using a daily diary method, 161 mothers (M age = 40 years), fathers (M age = 42 years), and early adolescents (M age = 12.4 years) rated their negative and positive emotions surrounding diabetes for 14 days. Adolescents reported, via a checklist, the number of problems they experienced in managing diabetes each day. Using dynamical systems modeling, we found that adolescents' problems and emotions were related to changes in their parents' reports of negative affect, though differently for mothers and fathers. On days when adolescents reported more problems, father's affect changed more slowly back to homeostasis. Adolescents' problems were not associated with change in mother's negative affect, but when adolescents reported greater negative daily affect, mothers were drawn to greater negative affect, displaying a higher set point. Models accounting for parental coupling effects suggested that when adolescents reported more negative affect, mother's affect changed more slowly back to homeostasis. Neither adolescents' problems nor their emotions were associated with changes in mother's or father's reports of daily positive affect. These results indicate different temporal patterns in mother's and father's negative affect that illustrate how mothers, fathers, and adolescents react differently to chronic illness within the family system. (PsycINFO Database Record


Sport management scholars have called for the application of broader research approaches, including critical social science. Such approaches help uncover the less-desirable aspects of sport and, therefore, offer a basis for positive change. While there have been advancements in the use of innovative research approaches over time, there remains little understanding of how these calls have been addressed. The purpose of this scoping review is to examine trends, gaps, and the use of critical social science and associated approaches in sport management scholarship. Two hundred sixteen relevant articles were identified through a database search (i.e., five platforms), complemented with a manual search of 419 journals. Results indicate that an increase in critical research published in sport management journals was evident following 2005. Findings suggest that there remains space for increased publication of critical social science work in sport management journals and for researchers to better articulate their research approaches in scholarly outputs.


This paper develops an error components model that is used to examine the impact of job changes on the dynamics and variance of individual log earnings. I use data on work histories drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), that makes possible to do the distinction between voluntary an involuntary job-to-job changes. The potential endogeneity of job mobility in relation to earnings es circumvented by means of an instrument variable estimation method that also allows to control for unobserved individual-job specific heterogeneity.


P2, P2 Hy dis and WΦ are heteroimmune and closely related E. coli phages that can either grow lytically or form lysogeny after infection. The developmental switch region that contains two divergent promoters, the early Pe and the lysogenic Pc promoter, and two repressors, controls the life mode of the phage. The first gene product from the lysogenic operon is the immunity C repressor protein which recognizes an operator consisting of two direct repeats (denoted half sites) flanking the -35 and -10 regions of Pe. Though the identity of the structural genes is > 96%, the immunity C repressors only show the between 43-63% identity. P2 C, P2 Hy dis C and WΦ C bind to different operators that vary in sequence, length, center-to-center spacing and location relative to the Pe promoter. The C repressors have different affinities to their operators and show different binding patterns. The binding capacity of the C proteins is not affected by point mutations of one or both half sites, which was unexpected since in vivo the proteins are unable to repress the operator where both half sites contain a point mutation. Deletions in the spacing between the half sites change the band pattern, but the repression capacity of WΦ C was unaffected. Only WΦ C is able to bind to just one half site. P2 C, P2 Hy dis C and WΦ C have the best affinity to their wild type operator, which was expected. Dissociation events of P2 and P2 Hy dis C were bi- and triphasic. Consequently, the kinetics and the nature of complexes formed show clearly that these three closely related bacteriophages have evolved in different directions. The N-terminal part of the C protein contains four α-helices, and the secondary structure predictions show two possible DNA-binding helices. According to the alanine scanning helix 3 might be the DNA-recognition helix since the mutations in this helix removed the repression capacity of the C protein in vivo.


Studies of brain-damaged patients have revealed the existence of a selective impairment of face processing, prosopagnosia, resulting from lesions at different loci in the occipital and temporal lobes. The lesions are often extensive, and it is unclear what functional aspects of face processing are normally served by the damaged areas, and whether they are uniquely devoted to the processing of faces. These issues are further addressed through a combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) study of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in normal subjects performing different tasks of face and object processing. The results indicate different patterns of cerebral activation depending on the requirements of the tasks within the processing of faces, as well as a clear dissociation of the neural substrates underlying face and object processing. These results are compared with radiological data from prosopagnosic patients, and are put in relation with the patterns of deficits observed in the patients as a function of the location of their lesions. Together, the findings offer new evidence regarding the functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing.


The subject of this study is the structure and composition of buried Phoebe zhennan wood. Through comparative studies of the anatomy and composition with modern undegraded wood, the objective was to understand any changes that have taken place in the P. zhennan buried wood samples. The P. zhennan buried wood can be identified by wood structure characteristics and volatile components analysis. It is required that the microstructural features are identical to those of modern P. zhennan wood; simultaneously, the volatile components of the wood must contain six characteristic compounds with the same peak retention time. The P. zhennan buried wood sample which was used in the experiment was dated 8035–7945 BP (95. 4% probability). Further research showed that the cell wall of P. zhennan buried wood had been damaged, the hemicellulose was heavily degraded but there was no obvious degradation of crystalline cellulose. Moisture was present mainly as free water and large amounts of mineral elements such as Fe, and Ni were detected in the ash of P. zhennan buried wood. Both the buried and modern wood of P. zhennan were acidic.


Using Doppler echocardiography (DE), we measured pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients without coexisting cardiopulmonary diseases. Accepting the normal upper limit of PASP as 30 mmHg, we found elevated PASP in 11 out of 40 (27.5%) RA patients, values being mostly 30–40 mmHg, indicating mild pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Although estimation of PASP by DE is not as reliable as cardiac catheterisation, it is possible that mild elevations in PASP may contribute to the high incidence of cardiovascular events not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors in patients with RA. Long‐term follow‐up will be obviously necessary to ascertain the impact of mild PHT on the prognosis and mortality rate of RA patients.


A pioneering work that answers the question: What do we do when we tell a story? Using examples from the Bible and popular literature, Robert Funk examines the structure of stories to uncover the underlying grammar of the narrative. With extensive diagrams and comprehensive glossaries, this is an essential tool for anyone interested in reading and using biblical narrative.


: Scabies is a common, severely pruritic, contagious disorder. Treatment must be careful and methodical to avoid continuing infestation. Patients and their contacts must be treated, and clothing changed. Failure to discover all the contacts leads to continuing spread of the disease.


Modelling population dynamics in random environment is a way of studying the fluctuations of population size that was affected by the stochasticity of the outside factors like weather. Marion et al. (2002) showed the ability of this environmental Brownian noise (if we assume weather effect follows Brownian noise) in suppressing population explosion, using model that is restricted by its hypothesis. Consequently, this restriction excludes model like power law logistic model. On the other hand, power logistic model has emerged as a good model for variety of natural phenomenas. Thus the exclusion of this model from Marion et al. (2002) model really define a gap in literature that need further work in order to adapt a new hypothesis. Thus this thesis expands their work in three different perspectives that is adapting new assumption to include power law logistic model, improving the existing estimate by means of addition and changing the way the noise is perturbed especially noise that is independent of population size, thus establishing a new way of proving nonnegative global solution and how to detect population extinction. Finally constant delay is also included into the model with some modification from the original model which the followed by the study of its nonnegative global solution, boundedness in s-th moment, asymptotic behaviour and also the intensed noise that may lead to population extinction.


Substantial work has been done by Geospatial Information and Communications Technology (GeoICT) and Disaster Management communities to evaluate and develop tools and applications that integrate the complex inter-relationships that are required for adequate preparedness, planning, mitigation, response, and recovery from extreme situations. GeoICT technologies have contributed and are contributing to saving life and property throughout the globe. Over the past decade, extensive research has resulted in more advanced GeoICT technologies. This has helped to maximize the demand for these tools, with a noticeable pattern of adoption and expanding user community. This paper will provide an overview of selected rising stars in GeoICT technology and their applications in Disaster Management. This discussion will evaluate the trends in technology development, with emphasis on data collection, processing, and visualization.


Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces gene-specific silencing in organisms from fungi to animals, a phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi represents an evolutionarily conserved system to protect against aberrant expression of genes and a powerful tool for gene manipulation. Despite reports that RNAi can be induced in vertebrates, severe sequence-non-specific effects of long dsRNA have been documented in various systems. It has recently been shown in cultured mammalian cells that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of 21-23 nt can mediate RNAi but bypass the non-specific response induced by longer dsRNAs. However, the effectiveness of siRNAs has not been demonstrated in living vertebrates. In addition, the mechanism of siRNA suppression of gene expression in vertebrate cells remains to be elucidated. Here we show that synthetic 21 nt siRNAs can specifically inhibit the expression of exogenously introduced as well as endogenous genes in the embryos of Xenopus laevis. siRNAs significantly reduced the steady-state amount of both the mRNA and protein of the cognate gene target. Moreover, co-injection of siRNA with the target RNA transcript specifically suppressed the activity of the latter. Taken together, our findings establish siRNA-mediated post-transcriptional suppression of gene expression in Xenopus embryos.


Study Strategy A retrospective clinic study. Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of conservative and surgical treatment for lumbosacral tuberculosis. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed 53 patients with lumbosacral tuberculosis who were treated in our institution between January 2005 and January 2011. There were 29 males and 24 females with average ages of 37.53 ± 17.28 years (range 6–72 years). 11 patients were given only anti-TB drugs; the remainder underwent anterior debridement, interbody fusion with and without instrumentation, or one-stage anterior debridement combined with posterior instrumentation. Outcome data for these patients included neurologic status, lumbosacral angle, erythrocyte sedimentation rate value(ESR) and C-reactive protein value(CRP) were assessed before and after treatment. Results The mean lumbosacral angles were 23.00°± 2.90°in the conservatively treated patients and 22.36°± 3.92o in the surgically treated patients. At the final follow-up, this had improved to 24.10o ± 2.96°in the conservatively treated patients and 28.13° ± 1.93°in the surgically treated patients (all P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences before and after treatment in terms of ESR and CRP (all P < 0.05). All patients achieved bone fusion. The mean follow-up period was 32.34 ± 8.13 months (range 18 to 55 months). The neurological deficit did not worsen in any of the patients. Conclusions It has been proven that conservative and surgical treatments are safe and effective and produce good clinical outcomes for patients with lumbosacral tuberculosis. The advantages of operation include thoroughness of debridement, decompression of the spinal cord, and adequate spinal stabilization.


1.Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. .firstname.lastname@example.com 3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Abstract In this paper a novel process monitoring scheme for reducing the type І and type ІІ error rates in the monitoring phase is proposed. First, the proposed approach uses an augmented data matrix to implement the process dynamic. Then, we apply independent component analysis (ICA) transformation to the augmented data matrix, and eliminate the outliers using the local outlier factor (LOF) algorithm. Finally, the control limit based on the LOF value of the cleaned data are obtained. In the monitoring phase, if the LOF value of each sample exceeds the control limit, fault has occurred; otherwise, data is normal. The proposed method is applied to fault detection in both a simple multivariate dynamic process and the Tennessee Eastman process. In both processes, type І and type ІІ error rates are witnessed to reduce by considering the process dynamic and performing the LOF algorithm. Results clearly indicate better performance of the proposed scheme compared to the alternative methods.


The Information and Communication Technology tools are nowadays invaluable to support e-learning and b-learning programs. The Remote and Virtual Laboratory in development at the Department of Informatics Engineering of the University of Coimbra (Portugal), RVL@DEI-UC, is a web-based platform that allows users to perform a large set of experiments in different areas and contexts, such as in education or training. This paper aims to describe the inherent potential of this platform in secondary education, engineering and lifelong learning courses. The conceptualization, architecture and implementation of the web platform for real and virtual experiments, which is remotely accessed using the Internet, are presented and the relevance of the labâ??s integration in an intelligent tutoring system is also highlighted, mainly in what regards the requirements of adaptation and customization to different usersâ?? profile in different learning contexts.


Background The causal relationship between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular diseases is still unknown. We hypothesized that hyperuricemic patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) had a higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Methods This was a large-scale multicenter cohort study. We enrolled patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) after PCI between April 2013 and March 2019 using the database from the Clinical Deep Data Accumulation System (CLIDAS), and compared the incidence of MACE, defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for heart failure, between hyperuricemia and non-hyperuricemia groups. Results In total, 9,936 patients underwent PCI during the study period. Of these, 5,138 patients with CCS after PCI were divided into two group (1,724 and 3,414 in the hyperuricemia and non-hyperuricemia groups, respectively). The hyperuricemia group had a higher prevalence of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, history of previous hospitalization for heart failure, and baseline creatinine, and a lower prevalence of diabetes than the non-hyperuricemia group, but the proportion of men and age were similar between the two groups. The incidence of MACE in the hyperuricemia group was significantly higher than that in the non-hyperuricemia group (13.1 vs. 6.4%, log-rank P < 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analyses revealed that hyperuricemia was significantly associated with increased MACE [hazard ratio (HR), 1.52; 95% confidential interval (CI), 1.23–1.86] after multiple adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left main disease or three-vessel disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, history of myocardial infarction, and history of hospitalization for heart failure. Moreover, hyperuricemia was independently associated with increased hospitalization for heart failure (HR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.69–2.83), but not cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction after multiple adjustments. Sensitive analyses by sex and diuretic use, B-type natriuretic peptide level, and left ventricular ejection fraction showed similar results. Conclusion CLIDAS revealed that hyperuricemia was associated with increased MACE in patients with CCS after PCI. Further clinical trials are needed whether treating hyperuricemia could reduce cardiovascular events or not.


There is a growing interest in the utilization of sweet sorghum as a renewable resource for biofuels. During the biofuel production process, large quantities of biomass are generated, creating a rich source of bioactive compounds. However, knowledge of sweet sorghum stalk is lacking. We measured the phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu assay), antioxidant activity (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay), and phytochemical composition (LC-MS) in both the pith and dermal layer of the stalk. We further tested the antiproliferative (5-bromo-2'- deoxyuridine assay) and proapoptotic (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay) activities of these extracts using HCT116 cells and colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) with and without the tumor suppressor gene p53. For the first time, we show that the dermal layer extract of sweet sorghum contains more of the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins apigeninidin and luteolinidin than the pith, and this is associated with more anticancer activity. Furthermore, luteolinidin suppressed CCSC proliferation more than apigeninidin. In addition to being renewable biofuel, sweet sorghum may also serve as a source of health-promoting compounds.


The decrease in protein nitrogen and in the activity of solutions of crystalline pepsin at pH 1.8 and 45°C. has been determined. The decrease in activity, as measured with eleven different methods, is in exact proportion to the decrease of protein nitrogen of the solution. The measurements were continued until less than 5 per cent of the original protein remained. These results indicate that none of the split products of the protein molecule possess any appreciable activity compared to that of the original protein.


The LHCb experiment offers a complementary phase space to ATLAS and CMS to study electroweak processes, thanks to the forward acceptance and the large bandwidth of the trigger allowing low energy thresholds. For this reason electroweak measurements at LHCb can provide unique constraints to the Parton Distribution Functions.
In these proceedings the latest measurements on $W$ and $Z$ bosons production performed during the LHC Run I and Run II data taking are presented.


Purpose: The purpose of this article is to estimate the potential economic value of the 2010 Soccer World Cup for South Africa. Problem investigated: The Soccer World Cup (SWC) is regarded as the largest sporting event to be hosted and South Africa is investing billions of Rand in the hosting thereof. Based on this the question that comes to mind is, what is the potential economic value of such an event? Previous research attempts to determine the economic value were limited in their focus on what should be included when economic modelling of events is conducted. Most of these studies were done by consultants on behalf of various government departments and consequently, the results of these attempts are criticised for their over-inflating and overestimations by various other researchers. Methodology: The literature review identified many aspects that need to be taken into account when modelling the economic impact of such an event together with aspects identified in the literature review. Lessons from the 2002 Korea/Japan and 2006 Germany Soccer World Cups were used as premise for our estimations. In this article, Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling is used to estimate the potential economic value. Findings: The results showed that the 2010 Soccer World Cup would in all probability have positive impacts on the economy of the country in terms of GDP growth and employment, with possible negative effects that include higher inflation and net export losses. Value of research: The value of this research lies in the approach that was followed firstly, by introducing lessons learned from previous World Cups as well as aspects not taken into consideration previously in economic modelling and secondly, by using CGE modelling in determining the economic value. Conclusion: The hosting of the 2010 Soccer World Cup is a major achievement not only for South Africa, but also for the rest of Africa, especially from a marketing point of view. From an economic point of view, this study shows positive results. However, compared to other studies conducted on the 2010 SWC, the findings are more conservative. The latter is supported by the results of a similar study conducted one year after the 2006 Soccer World Cup in Germany supporting the notion that various variables have to be taken into account when economic modelling for hallmark events is done.


Bias-motivated aggression, particularly driven by sexual orientation, continues to have deleterious effects on society. Past research has identified perpetrator prejudice and victim nonconformity as risk factors for aggressive behavior. The current study sought to investigate effects of pepetrator sexual prejduice and gender conformity on aggression and social distancing toward women based on sexual orientation and gender expression. One hundred fifty-one undergraduate men and women participated in a competitive reaction-time task, during which they had an opportunity to shock an ostensible opponent as a measure of aggression. Participants were assigned to one of four opponent conditions (masculine, lesbian; feminine, lesbian; masculine, straight; feminine straight). Analyses revealed high prejudice women aggressed more toward heterosexual than lesbian opponents and that low gender conforming men aggressed more toward feminine than masculine opponents. Additionally, findings emerged regarding men's distancing behavior toward women. Findings are discussed in terms of variables that encourage or inhibit aggressive responding.


Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment option for neurodegenerative diseases that mostly affect geriatric patients who often suffer from comorbidities requiring multiple medications. However, not much is known about the interactions between stem cells and drugs. Here, we focus on the potential interactions between drugs used to treat the comorbidities or sequelae of neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal stem cells to reveal potential effects on drug safety and efficacy. To determine the potential effects of drugs frequently used in geriatric patients (analgesic, antibiotic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antihypertensive drugs) on neuronal stem cell differentiation and proliferation, we systematically searched PubMed to identify nonreview articles published in English in peer‐reviewed journals between January 1, 1991, and June 7, 2018. We identified 5,954 publications, of which 214 were included. Only 62 publications provided the complete data sets required for meta‐analysis. We found that antidepressants stimulated neuronal stem cell proliferation but not differentiation under physiologic conditions and increased the proliferation of stem cells in the context of stress. Several other potential interactions were identified, but the limited number of available data sets precludes robust conclusions. Although available data were in most cases insufficient to perform robust meta‐analysis, a clear interaction between antidepressants and neuronal stem cells was identified. We reveal other potential interactions requiring further experimental investigation. We recommend that future research addresses such interactions and investigates the best combination of pharmacological interventions and neuronal stem cell treatments for more efficient and safer patient care. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:1202–1211


INTRODUCTION
Riso National Laboratory is getting more and more requests from The Danish government
on how to save energy. One of the main issue is saving money on power,special when it
comes to streetlight. Before the end of the year 2012,1500 street lamps around Copenhagen
will be changed for light sources with low power consumption. Technical and Environmental
turn down the energy as a part of Copenhagen's goal of reducing the city's CO2 emissions
by 20 percent by the end of year 2015. But how much power will the new lamps comsume?
And can a street lamp produce sufficient power even in Denmark? Here will a low cost &
lowpower[1] Datalogger come handy.
DESIGN
The data logger is an electronic device that records earthquakes(Sensor network), Wind
,daylight ,power used/produced on the street lamp over time. Data will then be uploaded via
a wireless radio MESH[4] network(868 Mhz) to a database server for later analyze. The
Prototype is developed on two microcontrollers(AVR and ARM Cortex-A8) with the low
power and with fault tolerant in mind, equipped with extra storage for offline catching(like a
uSD(16/32Gb)).The ARM CortexA8-board is running a full version of Ubuntu(OMAP), with
Apache-webserver,PHP and MySQL-database for local catching of data, in case of the
network is offline. Data will then be sync with the database server then there is connectivity.
Controlling the Datalogger device can be done from the control center's webinterface or on
the device it self(via Web or SSH). The device can even be used for other purposes like a
(MESH) WIFI net, something like freifunk in Berlin & WNDW[3,2]. In a catastrophe area the
"lamp-network" will still be running (because it is off-grid), even when the infrastructure is
destroyed or very heavy loaded.
HOW LOW IS LOW?
How low cost? In a price range of around max.100 $ pr. main-unit and around 30$ for each
868 mhz-node(max.253). A data logger with the same functions can be something like the
DT82E[3] datalogger(no nodes!) from DataTaker that have a price of £752 pr. Unit.(like 1190
$) please note that's in 2012 exchange rate. How low power ? The main board is running on
max.4 Watt-5volt with a 500(720) Mhz Cortex-A8 and the 868 mhz-nodes is running on
max.1 watt-3.3volt. The goal is a very low/non power-footprints on the measurements ,in this
case a street lamp.
REFERENCES
1. Michael Holik. Diploma Thesis, Ultra Low Power Datalogger, University of West Bohemia,
Pilsen, 2009.
2. Wireless Networking in the Developing World: http://wndw.net/
3. FreiFunk-Berlin: http://berlin.freifunk.net/.
4. DT82E: http://www.microdaq.com/datataker/6-analog-input-channels.php
5. Environmental Monitoring System with Wireless Mesh Network Based on
Embedded System. Fifth IEEE International Symposium on Embedded Computing


Mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complex (PDC) is a key metabolic assembly responsible for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. PDC comprises a central pentagonal dodecahedral core of 60 dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and 12 E3 binding protein (E3BP) molecules. E2 is thought to form the edges of the icosahedral core structure while a single E3BP molecule is thought to occupy each of the 12 pentagonal faces. Both E2 and E3BP have a modular multi-domain organisation and are responsible for the attachment of up to 30 pyruvate decarboxylase (El) heterotetramers and 6-12 dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) homodimers, respectively. The formation of highly specific E2/E1 and E3BP/E3 subcomplexes is characteristic of PDC from eukaryotes and critical for normal complex function. This thesis describes the large-scale purification of tagged, recombinant human PDC proteins E2, E3 and E3BP as well as several truncated E2 and E3BP constructs. Due to the limited solubility of recombinant human El, the protein was obtained by purification from native bovine PDC. The ability to purify relatively large amounts of proteins enabled the characterisation of the individual proteins as well as their subcomplexes using a variety of biochemical and biophysical techniques. Truncated E3BP, full-length E3 and their resultant subcomplex were analysed in solution by analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). The stoichiometry of interaction was determined to be 2:1 (E3BP:E3) using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), AUC, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), thus implying the existence of a network of E3 "cross-bridges" linking pau's of E3BP molecules across the surface of the E2 core assembly. A low resolution structure for E3 obtained by SAXS shows significant differences to the crystal structures obtained previously for human and yeast E3s. The low resolution structure determined for the truncated E3BP/E3 subcomplex was surprisingly anisometric, indicating the asymmetric distribution of lipoyl domains within the subcomplex. Rigid-body modelling with homology models of E3 and the individual E3BP domains resulted in a structure in which only one of the E3BP lipoyl domains was docked into the E3 active site. This new level of architectural complexity in mammalian PDC has important implications for the catalytic mechanism, overall complex efficiency and regulation by its intrinsic PDC kinase. Analogous to the E3BP/E3 subcomplex, initial investigations of the interaction of truncated E2 with El using AUC also seem to indicate the formation of 2:1 subcomplexes, cross-linking neighbouring E2 molecules on the PDC core surface. However, the relatively low stability of bovine El - as revealed by AUC - has hampered the investigation of E2/E1 subcomplex formation. Until recently, mammalian PDC core was thought to consist of 60 E2 and 12 E3BP molecules (the "addition" model). The relatively recent publication of an alternative, "substitution" model by Hiromasa and colleagues (2004), where E3BP replaces 12 E2 molecules, resulting in a 48:12 (E2:E3BP) core structure, initiated the search for experimental approaches able to distinguish between the PDC core models. SAXS data, even in conjunction with ab initio reconstruction techniques were deemed insufficient for this purpose, while small angle neutron scattering (SANS) in combination with contrast matching of selectively deuterated components gave promising initial results and could be used in future for the resolution of this fundamental problem in PDC subunit organisation.


Intraoperative monitoring of cranial nerves is performed to minimize postoperative cranial nerve dysfunction. We performed electrophysiological monitoring of motor cranial nerves with a NIM 2 unit from Xomed Treace and a patient multiplexer developed in our clinic. This multiplexer allows simultaneous monitoring of 4 cranial nerves and is additionally equipped with a bipolar stimulation mode. This intraoperative monitoring was employed during 102 skull base operations. Of these 102 operations, 44 were acoustic neuroma removals by translabyrinthine approach and 36 by a middle fossa approach. Various operations including removal of tumours of the jugular foramen and the infratemporal fossa were performed in the remaining 22 patients. The facial nerve, being the most frequently monitored nerve, was evaluated both pre- and intraoperatively. Electrophysiologic data were evaluated with respect to their predictive value for postoperative facial nerve function. The relative per cent decrease in amplitude of the EMG after resection compared to that observed before resection seems to be of some predictive value for postoperative facial nerve function. A 50-60% decrease or more is associated with an increase in the House classification. Intraoperative monitoring is a useful tool in skull base surgery allowing for safer and faster identification of motor nerves in pathologic anatomic conditions. It allows the surgeon a degree of comfort by providing immediate information regarding the status of the nerve. It may also improve post-operative nerve function and shorten operating time. Additionally, neuromonitoring provides some information about expected postoperative facial nerve function.


Luciana Paes de Barros Machado, Natalia Silva Alves, Jaqueline de Oliveira Prestes, Gabriela Ronchi Salomón, Daiane Biegai, Thais Wouk, and Rogério Pincela Mateus (2017) Esterases are a diversified group of isozymes that performs several metabolic functions in Drosophila. In the D. repleta group, this class of enzymes was well described in cactophilic species, existing a lack of studies considering substrate speci city and life cycle expression in the non-cactophilic species. The larvae of cactophilic species of the D. repleta group develop in rotting cacti cladodes, but adults are generalists. Thus, different patterns expression can be found for esterases throughout development. In this work we analyzed esterase pro le and substrate speci city during development, and genetic variability aspects in D. mercatorum pararepleta, a non-cactophilic and generalist species of D. repleta group that was understudied hitherto. Samples of 3rd (F3) and 104th (F104) generations of three D. mercatorum pararepleta strains, obtained after collections in xerophytic enclaves of southeastern Brazil (ITI and SER in São Paulo state and RIP in Paraná state), and of D33 strain (obtained from Cristalina-GO, Midwest of Brazil, and established in the laboratory in 1987) were analyzed. Eight esterase loci, EST-1 to EST-8, were detected. EST-1 and EST-2 were adult exclusive. Only EST-3 and EST-8 were monomorphic; all the others presented between two (EST-6) and six (EST-7) alleles. EST-7 was the only dimeric locus and also the only one that showed to be a preferably β-esterase regarding affinity to α- and β-naphthyl acetates as substrates. The other seven loci were divided into three classes: α-esterase exclusive (EST-2); preferably α-esterase (EST-3, EST-4, EST-5 and EST-8); and α/β-esterase (EST-1 and EST-6). The EST-3, EST-5 and EST-6 loci were not detected in all samples, suggesting that they could have become pseudogenes due to the mutation accumulation after the gene duplication. The allele frequency of EST-7 locus, which showed the highest number of alleles, in adults of D33 and SER-F3 evidenced a higher variability and diversity in the oldest strain (six alleles, Ho = 0.46) than in the youngest ( five alleles, Ho = 0.26). Moreover, the analysis of SER-F104 revealed that this locus became monomorphic. The higher variability in the strain established in the laboratory at least two decades ago, together with the allele fixation in the SER-F104, indicate that the SER strain probably suffered a more severe action of founder effect/bottleneck when it was established in the laboratory and, therefore, even if the maintenance afterwards was performed using a high number of individuals, it did not assured the conservation of the existing genetic variability.


This paper introduces a new approach to power system fault analysis using synchronized sampling. A digital fault recorder with a Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite receiver is the source of data for this approach. Fault analysis functions, such as fault detection, classification and location are implemented for a power transmission line using synchronized samples from two ends of a line. This technique can be extremely fast, selective and accurate, providing fault analysis performance that can not easily be matched by other known techniques.


This paper will review the top down technique of ICP etching for the formation of nanometer scale structures. The increased difficulties of nanoscale etching will be described. However it will be shown and discussed that inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technology is well able to cope with the higher end of the nanoscale: features from 100nm down to about 40nm are relatively easy with current ICP technology. It is the ability of ICP to operate at low pressure yet with high plasma density and low (controllable) DC bias that helps greatly compared to simple reactive ion etching (RIE) and, though continual feature size reduction is increasingly challenging, improvements to ICP technology as well as improvements in masking are enabling sub-10nm features to be reached. Nanoscale ICP etching results will be illustrated in a range of materials and technologies. Techniques to facilitate etching (such as the use of cryogenic temperatures) and techniques to improve the mask performance will be described and illustrated.


This paper looks at indirect complaints in Japanese and English from a conversational analysis perspective. It is a study of 83 indirect complaints from Japanese and English conversations. In section one, I will discuss how complainers deal with the negativity that is associated with indirect complaints. Issues of face and self-presentation will be discussed. Section two examines the role that the non-affected party of a complaint has in the construction of complaints. It looks at their responses as well as other ways in which they contribute to complaints. I will talk also about conversational preference in section two and will look at what happens when multiple preferences in regards to responses to complaints are at variance with each other. Furthermore, I will discuss how knowledge functions in indirect complaints. Section three focuses on how complaints are not limited to one complainer or one complaint at a time. Complaints may consist of multiple complainers. Furthermore, separate but related complaints may occur simultaneously or in succession. In the final section, I will talk about the function of complaints and explore how complaints do conversational work beyond venting frustrations. It will be seen that though complaining in itself is an action, other actions can be performed as well when complaining. Some of the general findings of this dissertation are as follows. Indirect complaints are the result of co-construction between the parties involved and their outcome is highly subject to negotiation between these parties. Both complainers and addressees may adjust their tone and stance as they negotiate the complaint. Furthermore, this study reveals how indirect complaints fit within the scheme of negative and positive conversational acts. While speakers approach complaints as if they are doing a negative conversational act, complaints are actively pursued by speakers as they have positive aspects as well. Finally this dissertation shows that interpretation stands as an integral part of the construction of complaints. While a particular speech phenomenon may consistently appear in the context of complaints, the function of that phenomenon may vary greatly from complaint to complaint and is subject to interpretation.


'Georgia-09B' (Reg. No. CV-110, PI 658595) is a new high-yielding, high-oleic, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-resistant, medium-seeded, runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar that was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations in 2009. It was developed at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Georgia-098 originated from the first backcross (BC 1 ) made between 'Georgia Green' and F 2:3 (Georgia Green x GA 942004). Pedigree selection was practiced within the early segregating generations. Performance testing began in the BC 1 F 4:6 generation with the advanced pure-line selection, GA 032902, the experimental designation of Georgia-09B. During three years (2006―2008) averaged over 27 multiple location tests in Georgia, Georgia-09B had significantly less TSWV disease incidence, higher yield and percent total sound mature kernels (TSMK) grade, larger seed size, and greater dollar value return per hectare compared to the check cultivar, Georgia Green. Georgia-09B has also showed significantly higher TSMK percentage and dollar value than 'York', 'AT-3085RO', and 'McCloud' and was found to have a medium runner seed size as compared to the larger high-oleic, runner-type check cultivars, 'Florida-07', AT-3085RO, and McCloud. Georgia-09B combines the excellent roasted flavor of Georgia Green with the high-oleic trait for longer shelf life and improved oil quality of peanut and peanut products.


article: "The media of most arteries is avascular; vasa vasorum in these arteries are limited to the adventitia. In the thoracic aorta of large mammals" (including humans), "and to a lesser extent in coronary and femoral arteries, vasa vasorum enter the media from the adventitial surface and are found in the outer layers of the media." Unless diabetes induces vasa vasorum to grow into the media it is hard to conceive that microangiopathy can play any role in the medial calcifications of the distal limb arteries as found in diabetes.


Monoclonal anti-subclass antibodies were used in a micro-ELISA method to determine rubella-specific IgG subclass antibodies in serum from 22 subjects who had acute rubella or had been vaccinated, from 10 infants with congenital rubella, and in serum and synovial fluid samples from 21 patients with chronic arthritis. In nearly all samples IgG1 was the only type of IgG antibody detected. In acute infections it was present within 10 days of the onset of the rash. IgG4 antibody was detected in sera from two immune individuals. Rubella-specific IgA1 subclass antibody was detected by the same technique in sera from 6 of 12 subjects with acute rubella as early as 3 days but not later than 28 days after the appearance of the rash.


Elizabeth Gundrey is an enthusiastic advocate of voluntary work. For would-be volunteers' her easily read book is a useful and instructive starting point. The author's journalistic and stereotypical portrayal of professional social work gets the book off to an inauspicious start. The description of the professional worker as an emotionally distant hit and run visitor is not only inaccurate but unhelpful. As a guide, however, this is an accessible and informative book which would-be volunteers should find encouraging and helpful. :


ABSTRACT Building on the growing interest among Translation Studies scholars in 'intralingual translation' and hoping to contribute to it by some data-driven descriptive work, this paper sets out to investigate the specific case of rewritings of Shakespeare in modern English. Examples will be taken from Romeo and Juliet (c. 1595), a play for which more than a dozen such versions have been found. These are born from a perceived need to bridge the comprehension gap between Shakespeare's play and later audiences. The paper will look into the nature of this comprehension gap and the various (other) ways of dealing with it, before comparing the corpus of modernized versions of Romeo and Juliet. A great variety of translational approaches emerges from the study, and there is no less variety as to how these rewritings appear to be labelled or classified, suggesting that they belong in a generic no-man's land. The idea of translating Shakespeare into modern English generally invites negative reactions; the main arguments used in these controversies and their underlying political and cultural assumptions are also briefly examined.


The current technological development of science and knowledge can easily be provided through various media. Learning media have become part of the learning and teaching process. In its use these media can be anything such as videos, motion animations, power points, including games. Educational games can be used as learning media in schools so that learning activities can be more interesting and enjoyable. Games made as learning media are certainly not merely entertainment but must contain elements and educational values. The purpose of this research is to make an educational game of natural science where the questions / questions in the quiz section can be scrambled by themselves. The design of the construction of this environmental quiz game uses the method of Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) and Fisher Yates Shuffle algorithm for randomization of questions. This environmental game contains natural science lessons about the organization of life systems, the interaction of living things with the environment and environmental pollution. Components in this game are in the form of material and quiz games, puzzles and drag and drop. In this study there are 10 questions that will be randomized to each quiz. The result of the implementation of the Fisher Yates Shuffle algorithm in this quiz section is that the quiz questions that come out can be scrambled, so the questions / questions that come out are different and the user does not easily guess the next question. Keywords: Quiz Game, Adobe Flash, Actionscript, Fisher Yates Shuffle


Single skinned fibers were prepared from muscle biopsies of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and other neuromuscular diseases. The activation of the contractile system by calcium or strontium ion and the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were studied. In many fibers of the biopsy specimens from patients with DMD, activation by strontium revealed a pattern intermediate between those shown by the usual type 1 and type 2 fibers. These fibers were generally of smaller diameter and produced less maximal tension than type 1 and 2 fibers. The study of muscle of newborn animals suggests that this unusual pattern of activation might reflect either arrested development or incomplete regeneration after muscle necrosis in the disease.


: With the motivation of extending incremental inverse reinforcement learning ( I2RL ) to real-world robotics applications with noisy observations as well as an unknown observation model, we introduce a new method ( RIMEO ) that approximates the observation model in order to best estimate the noise-free ground truth underlying the observations. It learns a maximum entropy distribution over the observation features governing the perception process, and then uses the inferred observation model to learn the reward function. Experimental evaluation is performed in two robotics tasks: (1) post-harvest vegetable sorting with a Sawyer arm based on human demonstration, and (2) breaching a perimeter patrol by two Turtlebots. Our experiments reveal that RIMEO learns a more accurate policy compared to (a) a state-of-the-art IRL method that does not directly learn an observation model, and (b) a custom baseline that learns a less sophisticated observation model. Furthermore, we show that RIMEO admits formal guarantees of monotonic convergence and a sample complexity bound.


We experimentally study the intensity of caseworker direction given to eligible voucher recipients selecting a job-training program. Requiring counseling led some to forgo training, but those assigned to the most directive approach had higher survey-reported earnings seven years after study entry, with targeting implications: dislocated workers did no worse with optional counseling, while disadvantaged workers earned less. Although impacts on earnings were inconsistent for dislocated workers when using administrative data, they were consistent for disadvantaged workers. Finally, using simulations, we find that changing caseworker direction can have impacts that are similar in magnitude to participating in any job training.


Uniform quasicubic alpha-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles enclosed by six identical {110} planes were synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. TEM investigations revealed that they were formed through oriented attachment of primary nanocrystals assisted by Ostwald ripening, and PVP surfactant played an important role in control over the final morphology of the products. These quasicubic nanoparticles could catalyze oxidation of almost 100% CO at a temperature of 230 degrees C, much lower than those of nanophases with flowerlike, hollow, or other forms of irregular external morphologies having various crystal planes exposed to the gas, indicating that the external morphology and especially the exposure crystal planes of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) nanocatalyst affect the catalytic activity more significantly than the traditionally accepted factors (such as high BET surface area, hollow structure, etc.) do for CO catalytic oxidation.


This paper proposes a novel topology of hybridizing battery, supercapacitor and hybrid capacitor for optimum utilization of energy in electric vehicles. Hybridization of energy storage has been the theme of much research in the field of power electronics as it is an effective economic solution towards improving the utilization of energy. Batteries have fallen short in comparison to both supercapacitors and hybrid capacitors because of their low power density and limited charge-discharge cycle. Most of the previous research in this field focuses on hybridizing either supercapacitor or hybrid capacitor with the battery but not both. This paper deals with the combination of both supercapacitor and hybrid capacitor with the battery thus addressing the problem of the lack of autonomy between two recharge points in supercapacitors, three hybridization techniques are considered and the balance point of the supercapacitor and hybrid capacitor banks is presented. The prospects of using a multiple-input DC-DC converter is also analyzed. An experimental electric vehicle profile was used to verify the proposed topology and the results are presented. The application of the novel hybridization of the three energy storage devices can be extended to other applications having a load profile with high crest factors.


Statistical model selection using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and similar criteria is a useful tool for comparing multiple and non-nested models without the specification of a null model, which has made it increasingly popular in the natural and social sciences. Despite their common usage, model selection methods are not driven by a notion of statistical confidence, so their results entail an unknown degree of uncertainty. This paper introduces a general framework which extends notions of Type-I and Type-II error to model selection. A theoretical method for controlling Type-I error using Difference of Goodness of Fit (DGOF) distributions is given, along with a bootstrap approach that approximates the procedure. Results are presented for simulated experiments using normal distributions, random walk models, nested linear regression, and nonnested regression including nonlinear models. Tests are performed using an R package developed by the author which will be made publicly available on journal publication of research results.


Alterations in pulmonary function and in hemodynamics were studied in dogs with high pulmonary blood flow resulting from systemic pulmonary artery shunts. In order to facilitate elevation in pulmonary artery pressure, the vascular bed was reduced in some cases by obstructing branches of the pulmonary artery with Teflon clips or by lobectomy. Results in 30 control dogs and in 30 animals that survived 5–36 months (average 16) following creation of shunts indicated that pulmonary function was not significantly altered by increased pulmonary blood flow until pulmonary artery hypertension developed. When systolic pulmonary artery pressure exceeded 40 mm Hg, there was a decrease in arterial Po 2 , an increase in venous admixture percentage of cardiac output, and an increase in the A-a O 2 difference during three levels of O 2 breathing, indicating both abnormal venous admixture and abnormal diffusion. Possible explanations for these findings are presented. Evidence in one dog suggests that these alterations are reversible. Submitted on August 10, 1960


Weak Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are prime candidates for the dark matter in the universe. The ArDM experiment consists of a 1t liquid argon detector to search for WIMPs interacting elastically with argon nuclei. Both scintillation light and ionization charge from nuclear recoils are measured. The 128 nm light is reflected and shifted into the visible range by wavelength shifting foils and detected by 8" photomultipliers immersed in the liquid. The charge will be detected above the liquid surface by a double stage large electron multiplier. The detector is being developed at CERN on the surface before being moved to an underground site. ArDM was filled for the first time in spring 2009 and operated for more than one month. Preliminary results lead to a light collection efficiency of about 0.3 photoelectrons / kev for nuclear recoils, which shows that our goal of reaching a detection threshold of 30 keV can be achieved,


In this paper, a novel design-for-manufacture-aware detailed routing algorithm that seeks to minimize the thickness range of the chip surface after copper damascene process is proposed. The paper is based on an electroplating (ECP) and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) model and predictors for final thickness range are abstracted. The proposed detailed routing is implemented in a W-shape multilevel full-chip routing framework using depth first search and branch-and-bound techniques in maze backtracking. Experimental results show that compared to maze routing (MR) (that does not consider CMP), the improvements in the average metal density standard and the average amount of dummy fill are 12.0% and 6.99% respectively. Compared to density-driven maze routing (DMR) that considers only CMP but does not consider ECP, the improvements in the average metal density standard and the average amount of dummy fill are 0.53% and 0.72%, respectively. So, the proposed algorithm can obtain improvement in optimizing CMP while the wire length and vias are not increased clearly and the completion rate is guaranteed. Therefore, the yield of chips is improved.


This study presents a theoretical exposition and cases that describe the role, influence, and contribution (or not) of information, specifically in the context of marketing. Concepts five blocks of the relationship between information and Marketing, a) information assisting in the planning, construction and conception of Marketing processes, b) use of misleading information in Marketing c) how information can shake already established Marketing d) actions that aim to inhibit Marketing actions that use misleading information e) how ethical issues influence all these relationships. How to use it, the study identifies that information can represent a great ally to the marketing sector, when using the precise and quality form, however the scenario can be removed, causing losses in the establishment of marketing. Regardless of the type of information disclosed by the marketing processes, this professional must always consider ethical issues, especially technical and the everyone's well-being.


The first stage of four different species belonging to three families of the super family; Coccoidea were described and illustrated by using the scanning electron microscope. These species: Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) and Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti), pertaining to the family Diaspididae; Pulvinaria psidii (Maskell) (Family: Coccidae) and lcerya seychellarum seychellarum (Westw.) of the family Margarodidae. The dimensions of the first stage (crawler), as well as some taxonomical aspects were examined and discussed. The obtained data showed that the first instar of the mealybug, I. seychellarum seychellarum gave the largest diameter of 299.33 +/- 0.94 pm in length and 183.44 +/- 0.17 microm in width followed by the diaspidid species, F. fioriniae recorded 208.1 +/- 0.78 microm in length and 178.96 +/- 2.34 pm in width; while the coccid species, P. psidii measured 119.17 +/- 0.85 microm in length and 74.83 +/- 1.03 microm in width and the smallest first stage crawler was for the diaspidid, M. personata measured 85.50 +/- 0.41 microm in length and 63.88 +/- 0.27 microm in width. The modes of assigned insects in protecting their eggs were also discussed briefly.


Preface Colin Renfrew, Michael J. Boyd and Iain Morley 1. 'The unanswered question': investigating early conceptualisations of death Colin Renfrew Part I. Intimations of Mortality: 2. Non-human animal responses towards the dead and death: a comparative approach to understanding the evolution of human mortuary practices Alex Piel and Fiona Stewart 3. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic mortuary behaviours and the origins of ritual burial Joao Zilhao 4. Upper Palaeolithic mortuary practices: reflection of ethnic affiliation, social complexity and cultural turn-over Francesco d'Errico and Marian Vanhaeren Part II. Mortality and the Foundations of Human Society: Sedentism and the Collective: 5. Gathering of the dead? The Early Neolithic sanctuaries of Gobekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey Jens Notroff, Oliver Dietrich and Klaus Schmidt 6. Death and architecture: the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A burials at WF16, Wadi Faynan, Southern Jordan Steven Mithen, Bill Finlayson, Darko Maricevic, Sam Smith, Emma Jenkins and Mohammad Najjar 7. Corporealities of death in the central Andes (c.9000-2000 BC) Peter Kaulicke 8. Mediating the dominion of death in Prehistoric Malta Simon Stoddart 9. House societies and founding ancestors in Early Neolithic Britain Julian Thomas Part III. Constructing the Ancestors: 10. Constructing ancestors in Sub-Saharan Africa Timothy Insoll 11. Different kinds of dead: presencing Andean expired beings George F. Lau 12. Putting death in its place: the idea of the cemetery Anthony Snodgrass 13. Becoming Mycenaean? The living, the dead and the ancestors in the transformation of society in second millennium BC southern Greece Michael J. Boyd Part IV. Death, Hierarchy and the Social Order: 14. Life and death in late-prehistoric to early historic Mesopotamia Karina Croucher 15. The big sleep: early Maya mortuary ritual Norman Hammond 16. De-paradoxisation of paradoxes by referring to death as an ultimate paradox: the case of the state-formation phase of Japan Koji Mizoguchi 17. Death and mortuary rituals in mainland southeast Asia: from hunter-gatherers to the god kings of Angkor Charles F. W. Higham Part V. Materiality and Memory: 18. How did the Mycenaeans remember? Death, matter and memory in the early Mycenaean world Lambros Malafouris 19. Eternal glory: the origins of eastern jade burial and its far-reaching influence Li Shuicheng 20. Eventful deaths - eventful lives? Bronze age mortuary practices in the late prehistoric Eurasian steppes of central Russia (2100-1500 BC) Bryan Hanks, Roger Doonan, Derek Pitman, Elena Kupriyanova and Dmitri Zdanovich Part VI. Intimations of Immortality: Glimpsing Other Worlds: 21. Northern Iroquoian deathways and the re-imagination of community John L. Creese 22. Locating a sense of immortality in early Egyptian cemeteries Alice Stevenson 23. Buddhist mortuary traditions in ancient India: stupas, relics and the Buddhist landscape Julia Shaw 24. Killing mummies: on Inka epistemology and imperial power Terence N. D'Altroy Part VII. Responses and Reactions: Concluding Thoughts: 25. Death shall have no dominion: a response Timothy Jenkins 26. Comments: death shall have no dominion Paul Wason 27. The muse of archaeology Ben Okri.


: Thirty years ago chlordiazepoxide was used in psychiatry for the first time. Benzodiazepines, a therapeutic class with a large spectrum of activities, are now used regularly by 5 to 15% of adults. In France 15% of prescriptions include at least 1 benzodiazepine and 5 compounds of this class appear among the 30 most frequently prescribed of state reimbursed medications. In a developing country like Tunisia sales of psychotropic drugs increased by 84% between 1984 and 1987, benzodiazepines representing half of the prescriptions. Criticisms were voiced as early as in the years 1970. Ralph Nader himself led a campaign against those drugs used in suicidal attempts, provoking car accidents and industrial injuries, memory deficits and dependence. Later, several side effects were pin-pointed: amnesia, which has been used with criminal intent in a few dramatic cases; in fact it should be differentiated from the cognitive troubles resulting from anxiety itself; tolerance: for instance in drug addicts using high doses; it concerns only some effects of the drug; dependence: which remains rare when contrasted with the large consumption of benzodiazepines; withdrawal reaction should be differentiated from teh relapse of anxiety once the drug has been discontinued. In the public opinion one is supposed to bear any pain--and never complain--when it is psychic and not somatic. Benzodiazepines that alleviate psychic pain were considered with spite and then grudge, to use the terminology of erotomania. Actually, benzodiazepine treatment should be a part of a larger therapeutic program taking into account the characteristics of each individual patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


This report presents detailed information on deaths in custody in Australian states and territories in 2003 (calendar year) for all custodial deaths, deaths in prison custody and deaths in police custody and custody-related police operations, with particular regard to demographic factors and the circumstances surrounding the deaths. The report also provides comparisons by jurisdiction. Information is presented on demographics, including Indigenous status, gender, and age at death; cause and manner of death; most serious offence leading to custody; and location of death. Trends in custodial deaths, 1990 to 2003, are also reported. The total number of deaths in police and prison custody in 2003 was 68. The majority of deaths (39) occurred in prison custody, with 29 occurring in police custody. Indigenous deaths accounted for 25%, or 17, of the overall number in 2003. There were no deaths in juvenile detention in Australia during 2003.


The aim of this study was to integrate existing mitochondrial DNA data relating to the deep-sea blue and red shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) with data obtained by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). A total of 145 AFLP polymorphic loci were scored in 236 specimens collected from one Atlantic and seven Mediterranean sample sites. AMOVA results revealed that the overall genetic variation among-populations was lower (11.81%) than within-populations (88.19%). The genetic variation between the Atlantic and Mediterranean samples was found to be not significant ( Φ CT = − 0 . 007 ; N.S.), indicating that the transition area between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea does not act as a barrier to gene flow. Bayesian analysis also demonstrated the absence of genetic differentiation between the Atlantic and Mediterranean populations and within the Mediterranean basin. The results are in agreement with those previously published using mitochondrial markers. Some considerations on the life history traits of the species are discussed.


Increasingly, we are exhorted to listen to the student voice, and hitherto, Information literacy teaching has not been an area where this has seemed like a major concern. The professional literature concentrates on specific skills which have been acquired within the artificially constructed environment of an information literacy session in the university. This, however, does not take into account other factors which influence student perceptions of the usefulness of information literacy. These may include their past experiences, its place in the curriculum, the way information literacy is taught, peer attitudes, and its relationship to the˜real world. Additionally, librarians have often evaluated the usefulness of their sessions from their own viewpoint rather than from that of the students themselves. During the years 2006-11, I undertook a Doctoral thesis which attempted to discern what value was attributed value to information literacy by groups of nursing students. As part of this work I used a phenomenographic approach which entailed the use of a series of interviews to obtain rich data. The issues discussed were derived from both group and individual interviews and help to shed valuable light on areas such as:

• Nursing culture versus Academic culture
• Group size and timing of sessions
• Influence of peers on learning
• Library anxiety
• Assumptions and expectations made by Librarians
• Informal learning

This presentation discusses selected key findings from the research and potential implications for future information literacy teaching and those who teach it. It considers the need for more collaborative working to ensure that the use and value of information literacy is better understood


ABSTRACT Fire regimes are needed for healthy forest ecosystems, but citizens who live parallel to public forests do not always understand or favour the mechanisms land managers use for fire prevention and preparation. One way that land managers and citizens may share concerns and overcome barriers is through effective communication, allowing both parties to adequately prepare for a wildfire event. While collaboration between land managers and citizens has been well studied, the research on communication between citizens and among land managers is less prevalent yet equally important. The lack of research on communication between these parties creates an incomplete picture of the spectrum of communication that takes place in preparation for a wildland fire event. This paper reviews the current literature on communication between and among citizens and land managers before a wildfire event.


A band-limited signal can be represented by the real and complex zeros of the signal. By simple invertible techniques, it is possible to convert the signal into another one which has only real (physical) zeros. Based on a zero-based representation, a spectrum analyzer is proposed. The spectrum analyzer samples the zero crossings of the signal waveform and uses this information to determine the discrete Fourier transform coefficients in software. The zero-based spectrum analyzer alleviates many of the shortcomings of the conventional A/D converter-based spectrum analyzer. In particular, the hardware is simple and the dynamic range and speed limitations of the A/D converter are reduced. The results of a computer simulation study of the error aspects of the spectrum analyzer are presented.


Introduction :
 People with prehypertension that is systolic blood pressure (BP) over 120 mmHg or diastolic BP over 80 mmHg are known to be at increased risk for stroke compared to normotensive people. For primary prevention of stroke, community-level interventions that equip prehypertensive individuals with relevant knowledge and self-care strategies are of paramount importance, and may lead to substantial reduction in morbidity and economic burden due to stroke. This study assessed effectiveness of an educational intervention utilizing individualized risk assessment and highlighting importance of self-initiated lifestyle modifications on stroke awareness and compliance with self-BP monitoring and healthy lifestyle for stroke prevention.

 Methods :
 This was a single blinded, randomized, pretest, posttest study with 47 participants (23 in the intervention group and 24 in the control group) recruited by a convenience sampling in community culture centers and churches in two urban areas. The intervention consisted of 3- weekly, 2-hour face to face educational sessions accompanied by an individualized counseling session on individual stroke risk assessment using Framingham stroke risk profile; and 2 booster sessions by telephone calls. The intervention aimed to improve participants' awareness about stroke and their own risk of stroke; and active involvement in self-care management of their own health as primary prevention of stroke. All participants completed pretest, 4 weeks and 12 weeks measurements after intervention including stroke awareness, self-BP monitoring and lifestyle modification of regular physical activity and low-fat diet. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ
 2
 test, two sample and paired t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA with PASW statistics 18.0.

 Results :
 Mean age of experimental group participants was 46.5 (standard deviation (SD) 10) and of control group, participants, 48.3 (SD 18). Mean BPs in experimental and control groups were 123.8 (SD 12.1) and 125.7 (SD 13.1) mmHg, respectively. After the intervention, significant improvements were found in the experimental group for stroke awareness (p=.001), self-BP monitoring and record keeping (P < .001), and lifestyle modification of regular physical activity and low-fat diet (p =.017). Effects of stroke awareness and self- BP monitoring were sustained over time.

 Conclusions :
 Results indicate effectiveness of a stroke prevention intervention to promote awareness of the key risk factors and their control for people with prehypertension on taking responsibility for their own self-care behavior on a daily basis. Further studies are warranted to refine and validate intervention strategies for sustained lifestyle modification.


This paper approaches the opportunity of the use of medium and high spatial resolution satellite images for the study of the extent and structure of the vegetation cover for a certain geographic area. A computerized system for the classification of vegetation was created based on vegetation indices determined from various combinations of spectral bands from high resolution multispectral satellite images. The comparative study and analysis of vegetation indices in a given image, the acquirement of statistical data and their export to a database are reported


Numerous disciplines are now trying to analyse and represent the processes and products of organisational memory, in order to clarify what tangible representations future knowledge managers will work with. This short paper begins by reflecting briefly on the nature of systematic representations, as a reminder of the commitments that are made in any classification process. It is argued that there are important political dimensions to such classification, with implications for knowledge modelling. The paper then identifies three processes by which organisational expertise is shared. These processes may represent both a challenge and an opportunity for knowledge modelling approaches. The closing discussion pinpoints formalisation as a particularly important process in knowledge management, considers technologies that support incremental formalisation as holding particular promise, and proposes the principle that only stable, sanctioned knowledge should be formalised, in order to avoid the many problems caused by premature formalisation of organisational knowledge.


In this study, we present results of precise orbital geodetic parameter estimation using satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations for the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) associate analysis center (AAC). Using normal point observations of LAGEOS-1, LAGEOS-2, ETALON-1, and ETALON-2 in SLR consolidated laser ranging data format, the NASA/GSFC GEODYN II and SOLVE software programs were utilized for precise orbit determination (POD) and finding solutions of a terrestrial reference frame (TRF) and Earth orientation parameters (EOPs). For POD, a weekly-based orbit determination strategy was employed to process SLR observations taken from 20 weeks in 2013. For solutions of TRF and EOPs, loosely constrained scheme was used to integrate POD results of four geodetic SLR satellites. The coordinates of 11 ILRS core sites were determined and daily polar motion and polar motion rates were estimated. The root mean square (RMS) value of post-fit residuals was used for orbit quality assessment, and both the stability of TRF and the precision of EOPs by external comparison were analyzed for verification of our solutions. Results of post-fit residuals show that the RMS of the orbits of LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2 are 1.20 and 1.12 cm, and those of ETALON-1 and ETALON-2 are 1.02 and 1.11 cm, respectively. The stability analysis of TRF shows that the mean value of 3D stability of the coordinates of 11 ILRS core sites is 7.0 mm. An external comparison, with respect to International Earth rotation and Reference systems Service (IERS) 08 C04 results, shows that standard deviations of polar motion and are 0.754 milliarcseconds (mas) and 0.576 mas, respectively. Our results of precise orbital and geodetic parameter estimation are reasonable and help advance research at ILRS AAC.


In 2-D van der Waals heterostructures, interactions between atomic layers dramatically change the vibrational properties of the hybrid system and demonstrate several interesting phenomena that are absent in individual materials. In this paper, we have investigated the vibrational properties of the heterostructure between transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on gold film at low- and high-frequency ranges by Raman spectroscopy. Nineteen Raman modes have been observed from the sample, including a new interlayer coupling mode at 28.8 cm−1. Compared to reported experimental results of tungsten disulfide (WS2) on SiO2/Si substrates, the Raman spectrum for WS2 on hBN/Au emerges a blue shift of about 8 cm−1. Furthermore, a remarkable enhancement of Raman intensity can be obtained when tuning hBN thickness in the heterostructure. Through systematic first-principles calculations, numerical simulations, and analytical calculations, we find that the 28.8 cm−1 mode originates from the shearing motion between monolayer TMD and hBN layers. In addition, the gold substrate and hBN layers form an optical cavity and the cavity interference effects enhance the obtained Raman intensity. This paper demonstrates the novel vibrational modes of 2-D van der Waals heterostructure as an effective tool to characterize a variety of such heterostructures and reveals a new method to enhance the Raman response of 2-D materials.


Ten patients with blunt heart rupture arrived in our emergency center alive during an 11-year period ending in 1984. Ages ranged from 19 to 65 years (mean, 35), and seven patients were male. Six patients presented with tamponade, three with hemorrhagic shock, and one with combined symptoms. Associated injuries averaged 2.25 organ systems per patient. All but one patient had surgery within 90 minutes of arrival. All patients had primary closure of the defect without cardiopulmonary bypass, five patients had subxiphoid window followed by sternotomy, two had right thoracotomy, two underwent left thoracotomy, and one patient was subjected to immediate sternotomy. Seven patients survived. Three deaths were due to irreversible hemorrhagic shock, two secondary to heart injury, and one from an associated liver injury. Prompt pericardial window with subsequent median sternotomy was successful for patients presenting with tamponade and immediate thoracotomy for those bleeding into a pleural cavity.


Thermal properties of graphene and graphite have been investigated by employing the analytical expressions for the phonon dispersion relations and the vibrational density of states derived by Nihira and Iwata, which are based on the semicontinuum model proposed by Komatsu and Nagamiya. The thermal conductivities of graphene and graphite are computed within the framework of Callaway's effective relaxation time theory. The Normal-drift contribution (the correction term in Callaway's theory) produces a significant addition to the result obtained from the single-mode relaxation time theory, clearly suggesting that the single-mode relaxation time approach alone is inadequate for describing the phonon conductivity of graphene. Its contribution to the thermal conductivity arises from the consideration of the momentum conserving nature of three-phonon Normal processes and is found to be very important for explaining the magnitude as well as the temperature dependence of the experimentally measured results for graphene and graphite. This model has not been implemented before for studying the thermal conductivity of graphene. Also the model has been applied to compute the thermal conductivity of graphene, graphite basal planes, and graphite c-axis. This has further been used to investigate the evolution of thermal properties from graphene to graphite as a function of layer thickness and temperature. The effects of isotopes and tensile strain on the graphene thermal properties have been examined within this model and compared with other available studies.


We use Chandra data to map the gas temperature in the central region of the merging cluster A2142. The cluster is markedly nonisothermal ; it appears that the central cooling Ñow has been disturbed but not destroyed by a merger. The X-ray image exhibits two sharp, bow-shaped, shocklike surface brightness edges or gas density discontinuities. However, temperature and pressure proÐles across these edges indicate that these are not shock fronts. The pressure is reasonably continuous across these edges, while the entropy jumps in the opposite sense to that in a shock (i.e., the denser side of the edge has lower temperature, and hence lower entropy). Most plausibly, these edges delineate the dense subcluster cores that have survived a merger and ram pressure stripping by the surrounding shock-heated gas. Subject headings : cooling Ñows È galaxies : clusters : individual (Abell 2142) È intergalactic medium È X-rays : general