Artemy Pozanenko — Analyst, Project and Educational Laboratory for Municipal Administration, Higher School of Economics. Address: 20, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation. E-mail: email@example.com ecovillage movement in Russia began to emerge shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union, 25 to 30 years after the global ecovillage trend began. The Russian movement is far from homogenous and varies by many parameters, e.g. ideology, governance, lifestyle. Ecovillage communities and settlements began to form as а way of isolating their inhabitants in one way or another from modern society. The process accelerated in the 2000s spurred by the publication of Vladimir Megre's book Anastasia (1996), the first book in the Ringing Cedars of Russia series (of which ten volumes have been published so far with more than 11 million copies sold). 'Anastasian' settlements, the so-called kin's domain settlements (consisting of family-owned homesteads), rapidly became the prevailing type of ecovillages in Russia. However, until recently this phenomenon has remained relatively underresearched, and this article attempts to fill in this gap by exploring these communities in the context of Russia's ecovillage movement. The work is based on field research carried out by the author in 2012–2015 in nine ecovillages located in Western Russia and the Urals. It is based on 32 in-depth interviews with 54 respondents and overt observations. Additional interviews were conducted with the inhabitants of neighbouring non-ecovillage communities, and people possessing expert knowledge on the subject in question (V. Hiltunen, expert on ecovillages, and the functionaries of the municipalities where the surveyed communities are located). The author reveals the social structure of ecovillage communities, their subsistence models, sources of income, self-organization and governance, as well as relations with local and government authorities, and the inhabitants of neighboring villages. Fundamental differences between ecovillage communities and traditional rural communities are identified with regard to the origin of the inhabitants, their education, demographic characteristics, subsitence and farming practices.


Behavioural studies have shown that dyslexics are a heterogeneous population and between-group comparisons are thus inadequate. Some subjects do not develop dyslexia despite having a deficit implicated in this disorder, which points to protective factors. Dyslexia co-occurs with ADHD, DCD, SLI, and SSD, so that future behavioural studies will need to screen and/or statistically control for other disorders. Studies of multiple cases of DPs with other developmental disorders are necessary. Neuroimaging findings show structural and/or functional brain abnormalities in language areas, V5/MT and the cerebellum. Future neuroimaging studies need to investigate the whole reading network and multiple cases. Six dyslexia risk genes have been found, mostly involved in neural migration, which may suggest dyslexia is a deficit of neuronal migration. However, it is not clear how these genes can restrict migration to specific brain areas. As a complex and heterogeneous disorder, dyslexia is likely to be associated with several mutated genes. ADHD and SSD are characterised by genetic risk factors which are partially shared with dyslexia, resulting in comorbidity. Future genetic studies need to focus on identifying other risk genes and pleiotropic genes involved in comorbidities, and linking genotypes implicated in dyslexia with brain structure. Any theory of dyslexia needs to take into account a multitude of risk and protective factors across behavioural, neural and genetic domains.


Pervasive computing research is mainly focused on technology as such, while more human-centric issues are being addressed only recently. One such issue is trust and its management is getting crucial for further and wider acceptance of pervasive computing solutions. In IT domain trust was first addressed some fifteen years ago, but the suggested approaches were actually addressing security. After a few years, more advanced and rational agents assuming methodologies emerged that were based on Bayesian statistics. These were followed by Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence and its derivatives, e.g. subjective algebra, together with some game theoretic attempts. However, trust is a manifestation of (frequently non-rational) reasoning and assessment processes; it has to be treated in line with this fact and adequately supported in interactive computing environments. This requires a commonly accepted and agreed methodology for trust research to enable scientifically sound evaluations of proposed methodologies, which is the first motivation behind this paper — in this area we are lacking experimental verification of developed trust management technologies to check how well they meet users' mental models and expectations. On this basis a cognitive ergonomics focused methodology, called qualitative assessment dynamics (QAD), has been developed, being the second motivation behind this paper. QAD complements existing trust management methodologies.


The quantification of the soilborne pathogen Fusarium virguliforme inoculum in soil is important for epidemiological studies of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS). Classical dilution plating methods to determine inoculum density in soil have yielded inconsistent results due to slow growth, variable colony morphology of the pathogen, and the presence of other fungi with similar phenotype. A TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was developed based on sequences of the FvTox1 gene of F. virguliforme. The gene differed by four single-nucleotide proteins from the other SDS-causing species. Assay specificity was tested on 48 fungal isolates that varied in taxonomic relatedness. Assay sensitivity was appraised on 10-fold serial dilutions of genomic DNA, conidia suspensions, and soil spiked with conidia. Applicability of the assay was evaluated on field and greenhouse soil samples, and on roots of symptomatic plants. The assay detected only DNA sequences specific to F. virguliforme. The detection limit of the assay was 5 pg/μl, 1,000 conidia/ml, and 1,000 conidia/g soil for genomic DNA, conidial suspensions, and soil with conidia, respectively. The assay was specific to F. virguliforme and was used successfully to quantify inoculum density in soil and soybean roots. The assay can be used as a diagnostic tool for rapid screens of field and greenhouse soil, and for symptomatic and asymptomatic plants.


Thank you very much for downloading 6000 years of housing. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their chosen books like this 6000 years of housing, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious virus inside their laptop. 6000 years of housing is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our book servers hosts in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the 6000 years of housing is universally compatible with any devices to read.


This article documents the challenges that young children face as they move from kindergarten to first grade and the important role that elementary school counselors can play in working with students, parents/caregivers, and teachers during this critical period of development. Research- and practitioner-based recommendations for effective interventions are discussed.


The matrix (M1) protein of influenza virus is a major structural component, involved in regulation of viral ribonucleoprotein transport into and out of the nucleus. Early in infection, M1 is distributed in the nucleus, whereas later, it is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and the influenza virus mutant ts51, we found that at the nonpermissive temperature M1 was retained in the nucleus, even at late times after infection. In contrast, the viral nucleoprotein (NP), after a temporary retention in the nucleus, was distributed in the cytoplasm. Therefore, mutant M1 supported the release of the viral ribonucleoproteins from the nucleus, but not the formation of infectious virions. The point mutation in the ts51 M1 gene was predicted to encode an additional phosphorylation site. We observed a substantial increase in the incorporation of 32Pi into M1 at the nonpermissive temperature. The critical role of this phosphorylation site was demonstrated by using H89, a protein kinase inhibitor; it inhibited the expression of the mutant phenotype, as judged by M1 distribution in the cell. Immunofluorescence analysis of ts51-infected cells after treatment with H89 showed a wild-type phenotype. In summary, the data indicated that the ts51 M1 protein was hyperphosphorylated at the nonpermissive temperature and that this phosphorylation was responsible for its aberrant nuclear retention.


This research aimed to improve creative thinking ability and to reduce misconception on ecology in the students of X MIPA 3 of SMA Negeri 6 Surakarta in the academic of 2014/2015 through the application of e-module based on Problem-Based Learning. This research was a Classroom Action Research conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consisted of four stages: planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. The subject of research was the X MIPA 3 graders of SMA Negeri 6 Surakarta in the academic of 2014/2015 consisting of 9 boys and 21 girls. Techniques of collecting data used were essay test to measured creative thinking ability, open ended reasoning of two-tier diagnostic test to measure misconception, observation and interview as the proponent data. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative technique consists of three components: data reduction, data presentation, and taking the conclusion. Data validation of this research was triangulation method. Target of the research is an increase 20% on creative thinking aspects and decrease misconception 20% on ecology concepts at the end of the cycle. The result of research showed that there was an increase in each aspect of creative thinking ability: 24.68% of fluency, 34.17% of flexibility, 50% of originality, and 21.67% of elaboration. On the other side, the  result of research also showed that there was a decrease in misconception in the important concepts of ecology including: 43.42% of population, 32.78% of community, 20.6% of food chain and web, and 47.92% of the ecology concept in science, environment, technology and community (salingtemas). The conclusion of this research described that the application of e-module based on Problem-Based Learning is able to improve the ability of creative thinking and reduce the students' misconception in ecology. Keywords: e-module b ased on Problem-Based Learning, mis conception , creative thinking


Logistics centres of huge capacity and having the ability to create added value have emerged in
recent decades. These centres have become network nodes between the co
-
operating
organizations which accomplish the management of supply chains (networks) b
y connecting
different modalities and networks with their infrastructure and informatics. The effective
operation of logistics centres presented in business networks are usually managed by logistics
supplier businesses (3PL/4PL). Defining the supply net as
a complex network, logistics centres
may be called hubs, the routes and relationships connecting the centres or
–
by borrowing the
term used in network theory
–
may be called edges. Hub management provides core supply
chain execution and visibility. Takin
g into consideration earlier results of network research we
are searching for correlations between its proven principles and the growth possibilities of the
centres (hubs) operated by logistics service providers. In addition, the results concerning cell
ne
tworks provide further, new insights and increasing opportunities to consider the logistics
systems within the field of theoretical network science. The present paper has developed as a
result of the logistics supplier companies' strategic responses to the
challenges of a rapidly
changing environment, both on local and global level.


Hepatocyte-based biological therapies are increasingly envisioned for temporary support in acute liver failure and provision of specific-liver functions in liver-based metabolic deficiency. One of the hurdles to develop such therapies is severe shortage of human livers for hepatocyte isolation. To address the issue, we have focused on reversible immortalization of human hepatocytes. Such technology can allow rapid preparation of functional and uniform human hepatocytes. Here we present our strategy to construct transplantable human hepatocyte cell lines.


Background Patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) are at higher risk than other patients of having problems, injuries and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with their drug treatment. Purpose To identify and categorise drug-related problems (DRPs) in an intensive care unit, using a standardised tool modified for use in critically ill patients. Materials and Methods The Integrated Medicines Management model (IMM) was used as a standardised tool for both medicines reconciliation and medication reviews. All patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Levanger Hospital, Norway, during a 12-week period in 2011 were asked to participate in the study. DRPs identified by the pharmacist were discussed with the physicians in charge and changes in drug treatment were recorded. Results A total of 23 patients were included in the study and 94 medication reviews were conducted (1–25 reviews per patient). One or more DRPs were identified for 16 of the patients. Overall 150 DRPs were identified by the pharmacist. Out of these 41% were related to discrepancies with the medicines list, 18% were non-optimal doses, 8% clinically relevant interactions and 8% non-optimal treatment. Input from the pharmacist was upheld by the physician and the medicine changed as suggested for 18% of the DRPs related to the medicines reconciliation and discrepancies with the medicines list and for 76% for DRPs identified in the medication review. Conclusions DRPs were frequently identified in this cohort of ICU patients by the use of a standardised assessment tool. The majority of DRPs identified in the medication reviews were accepted by the physician. This indicates that the inclusion of a clinical pharmacist in the ICU multidisciplinary team may contribute to the quality of both acute and prophylactic drug treatment in critically ill patients. No conflict of interest.


Below we present a simple and quick TSS quantification protocol, MAPCap (Multiplexed Affinity Purification of Capped RNA) that enables users to combine high-resolution detection of transcription start-sites and differential expression analysis. MAPCap can be used to profile TSS from dozens of samples in a multiplexed way, in 16-18 hours. MAPCap data can be analyzed using our easy-to-use software icetea (https://bioconductor.org/packages/icetea), which allows users to detect robust TSS using replicates, and perform differential TSS analysis.


In this paper an engineering approach is followed to investigate the feasibility of developing a method in which information provided by standard CFD turbulence models can be employed as the basis of an airflow noise prediction technique. To this end, experimental results obtained by previous investigators have been processed and compared with CFD predictions. The turbulence-based predictive technique investigated was based on the relationship between the acoustic power radiated due to the interaction of airflow and a spoiler and the turbulent kinetic energy generated in the region of the spoiler. The sound power level of regenerated noise determined experimentally was related to the turbulent kinetic energy in the vicinity of spoiler provided by CFD simulations of the relevant configurations. A collapse of the data from the simulation models was obtained against the experimental data. The data collapse for a particular spoiler was generally excellent for the higher Strouhal numbers but was less good at lower Strouhal numbers where considerable scatter was observed.


This paper mainly discusses the performance of three typical data dissemination schemes in opportunistic sensor networks, which include rumor spread protocol, direct dissemination protocol and the protocol based on evolvement strategy. The main idea of the protocol based on evolvement strategy is that in the process of data dissemination, those nodes with higher dissemination validity are dynamically to substitute the node with lower dissemination validity. This paper makes detail theory analysis on the performance of these protocols. The performance of these protocols also is compared with simulation experiments further more.


Recently Web 2.0 has emerged as a framework to study collaborative learning. Assessing learning in team projects is one mechanism used to improve teaching methodologies and tool support. Web 2.0 technologies enable automated assessment capabilities, leading to both rapid and incremental feedback. Such feedback can catch problems in time for pedagogic adjustment, to better guide students toward reaching learning objectives. Our courseware, SEREBRO, couples a social, tagging enabled, idea network with a range of modular toolkits, such as wikis, feeds and project management tools into a Web 2.0 environment for collaborating teams. In this paper, we first refine a set of published learning indicators into communication patterns that are facilitated in SEREBRO. We apply these indicators to student software development team discussions regarding their collaborative activities. We show how the refined patterns, captured by SEREBRO's Web 2.0 modules, are catalysts to the learning process involved in software development.


This paper deals with the error analysis of a novel
navigation algorithm that uses as input the sequence of images acquired
from a moving camera and a Digital Terrain (or Elevation) Map (DTM/DEM). More
specifically, it has been shown that the optical flow derived from two
consecutive camera frames can be used in combination with a DTM to estimate the
position, orientation and ego-motion parameters of the moving camera. As
opposed to previous works, the proposed approach does not require an
intermediate explicit reconstruction of the 3D world. In the present work the
sensitivity of the algorithm outlined above is studied. The main sources for
errors are identified to be the optical-flow evaluation and computation, the
quality of the information about the terrain, the structure of the observed
terrain and the trajectory of the camera. By assuming appropriate
characterization of these error sources, a closed form expression for the
uncertainty of the pose and motion of the camera is first developed and then
the influence of these factors is confirmed using extensive
numerical simulations. The main conclusion of this paper is to establish that
the proposed navigation algorithm generates accurate estimates for
reasonable scenarios and error sources, and thus can be effectively used as
part of a navigation system of autonomous vehicles.


Baby walkers are a potential cause of accidents in infants from 6 months to 1 year of age. We conducted a study to determine the patterns of walker use, the different points of view of the parents and the baby walker-related injuries in our health district. For this purpose, between November 1, 1992 and January 31, 1993, a questionnaire was given to 207 parents of infants between the ages of 3 and 24 months in order to evaluate the socioeconomic situation and to determine the patterns of walker use. We found that 42% of the infants between 4.3 and 13.4 months of age had a baby walker and 46.7% of them used it daily. There was a significant inverse relationship between the walker usage and the maternal level of education. Of the infants who used walkers, 24.9% had experienced an accident (falls 76.2%, injuries 14.3% and hospital admission 4.8%). The accidents were significantly more common in boys. The advantages reported by parents (for using walkers) were: 46.3% none, 34.2% comfort, 10.9% infant amusement, 12.9% help to walk earlier. Dangers reported by the parents included: 27.2% none, 33.5% leg deformities, 43% accidents (33.5% injuries and 12% falling down stairs). In conclusion, our results show a slightly lower number of walker users and walker related accidents when compared to other reports. Parents have mistaken notions about the use of baby walkers. Hence, the need for continued health education campaigns related to this subject remain.


In Maritime Terrorism and the Role of Judicial Institutions in the International Legal Order, Md Saiful Karim offers a critical analysis of the role of judicial institutions in combating maritime terrorism.


During the 10 years from 1964 to 1973, fifteen patients with severe syphilitic aortic regurgitation were treated surgically at the National Heart Hospital. In thirteen the valve was replaced and in two it was repaired. In addition four had replacement of an aneurysmal ascending aorta with a Dacron graft and seven some form of plastic repair to the coronary ostia. Three patients died within 1 month of surgery and a further six during the follow-up period which varied from 1 to 55 months (mean 25-5). The six survivors have been followed-up for an average of 33 months. Factors contributing to this high mortality were analysed and it was found that the mean duration of effort dyspnoea was 22 months in the survivors compared with 48 months in those who had died. Similarly the average duration of nocturnal dyspnoea was 4 months in the survivors compared with a mean of 8 months in those who had died. Only six out of the fifteen patients had angina; this was present in two of the survivors and in four of the fatalities. The pulse pressure, heart size, and haemodynamic findings were similar in the two groups. The prognostic value of an elevated erythocyte sedimentation rate was also examined. It was concluded that preoperative investigations should include aortography, coronary arteriography, an assessment of left ventricular function, and whenever possible myocardial biopsy. These data were interpreted as suggesting that patients should be referred for surgery at an earlier stage in the disease--certainly before the onset of cardiac failure and--and that if this more aggresive attitude was adopted, as it has been in non-syphilitic cases of aortic valve disease, the present high mortality in this group would be reduced.


Traditionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been regarded as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism. However, in recent years it has become apparent that plants actively produce ROS as signalling molecules. ROS are able to mediate adaptive responses to various environmental stresses as well as processes such as stomatal closure and development. Downstream signalling events that are modulated by ROS include calcium mobilisation, protein phosphorylation and gene expression. This study investigated signalling proteins acting downstream of ROS, in order to understand how ROS are perceived and transduced to elicit such a wide range of responses. To establish a molecular profile provoked by ROS, a microarray experiment of Arabidopsis plants exposed to exogenous H(_2)O(_2) was analysed. Of the 895 differentially expressed transcripts, a substantial proportion had predicted functions in cell rescue and defence, including heat shock, disease resistance and antioxidant genes. Genes encoding candidate H(_2)O(_2) signalling components were identified from this microarray experiment and their H(_2)O(_2) - induced expression was verified by northern RNA-blot analysis. Two transcription factors of the ethylene response factor (ERF) family (AtERFS [At5g47230]) and AtERF6 [At4g17490])and an ankyrin protein kinase (APK [At4g18950]) were selected for further study. Northern blot analysis and comparison with publicly available transcriptome data sets demonstrated that the expression of these three genes was induced by various stress treatments, such as UV-B irradiation, cold and elicitor challenge. To unravel the potential in vivo function of these proteins, loss- and gain-of-function lines were generated and analysed. No abnormal plant phenotypes were observed during development or in response to the stress and hormone treatments tested. A high level of functional redundancy may exist between AtERFS and AtERF6. Microarray analyses were performed on the over-expression lines. Genes that were differentially regulated in APK over-expressor lines gave no indication of its function. However, the microarray analyses revealed that AtERFS and AtERF6 have roles in the plant pathogen defence response, since their over-expression induced defence gene expression. Analysis of cis elements in the promoters of the ERF-differentially regulated genes revealed that both transcription factors displayed GCC box binding activity. However, the GCC box was not over-represented in the promoters of H202-differentially regulated genes, which suggests that this element has a ROS independent regulation.


The paper focus on DC-gear motor position control system for the proposed human interactive robot application. It is based on PID (proportional, integral and derivative) control tuning algorithms and PWM output for the DC motor driving system. The research design includes 3-DOF (degree of freedom) robotic arm and mobile vehicle to drive and remove the unwanted things which is hazardous. In this paper, the results were performed for three joint position response curves with the load of robotic arm design using PID tuning algorithms. The gain tuning PID parameters are determined by experiment at the laboratory in the Department of Electronic Engineering. By using these parameters, the controller output response curves for each joint are very compatible to reach the desired position for robotic arm because the response is accomplish the designed criteria of the control system.


As structured graphs are widely used in various application areas for conceptual modeling, the need for interactive layout adjusting methods is clearly recognized in the domain of graph drawing applications. We present a graph manipulation method where the process of adjusting and manipulating graphs is broken down into a group of direct and interactive tools. The tools are visualized as large tool-specific mouse cursors that are easily adjustable. Colors and highlighting are used to identify different tools and their operating ranges. According to the usability studies, the tools proved to be reasonably easy to use with only a short introductory time. The users could also select appropriate tools for each manipulation task without problems and were satisfied with the functionality as well as the visualization of the tools. The usefulness of the tools in manipulating graph drawings was also recognized.


We have developed the convergence system that can control an appliance based on the mobile phone and an internet. The system can display the GPS information received from the satellite. In order to communicate between the mobile phone and the PC, UI(User Interface) have several control functions about the LCD, matrix and motor, so on.


A quantitative method to determine glycocalyx production by strains of viridans group streptococci from patients with endocarditis is presented. There is good correlation between this new tryptophan quantitative assay and qualitative assays employing polysaccharide stains (ruthenium red, periodic acid-Schiff, and Cellufluor) or the Molisch test. The quantification of the glycocalyx production in glucose substrate in vitro by viridans group streptococci correlates with the size of cardiac vegetation and ease of antimicrobial sterilization in experimental endocarditis. The relationship of in vitro quantification of glycocalyx to maintenance of infection, morbidity of infection, and antimicrobial treatment is discussed.


Abstract The Upper Olentangy Shale of Ohio, a green pyritic shale interbedded with thin dark gray shale beds, disconformably overlies the lithologically similar Middle Devonian Lower Olentangy Shale. The muds were deposited in a quiet offshore environment on the distal margin of the Appalachian Basin during the Late Frasnian through Early Famennian. The Upper Olentangy Shale contains abundant and diverse conodonts of MN Zone 13 and the Middle triangularis Zone. The Frasnian-Famennian boundary is 4–8 cm below the base of the Huron Shale at the Olentangy Shale type section in Delaware, Ohio. The boundary interval is a green shale containing a mixed highest Frasnian (e.g., Palmatolepis bogartensis, P. linguiformis) and lowest Famennian (e.g., P. delicatula, P. subperlobata, P. triangularis) conodont fauna. An ash horizon, pyritic bed, finely laminated dark shale, and a thin green-blue shale comprise the upper 3 cm of the Olentangy, and contain a conodont fauna indicative of the Middle triangularis Zone.


This paper proposes a model for teacher preparation in the context of Islamic education using a critical pedagogy perspective. The constantly increasing social injustice combined with sectarian frictions has placed Indonesian society in a fragile situation and, it, therefore, needs a closer attention, and more so in the field of education. This paper argues that reforms in education should begin from the very vital component of education, i.e. teacher since teacher contributes significantly to the development of students in almost all aspects. Also, the traditional approach of instruction does not seem able to provide solutions for most of the social problems, even though Islamic teachings strongly endorse equality, justice, and respect for differences. This conceptual paper, therefore, develops a model for reforms in teacher education starting from philosophical foundation of teaching to critical pedagogy practices. In this paper, this critical pedagogy approach is argued to enable teachers to become change agents for promoting education for social justice.


Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is the most common type of inflammation of the mucosa of the sinonasal cavity. Approximately 65%–90% of CRSwNP cases exhibit eosinophilic inflammation. Patients with CRSwNP respond to corticosteroids but tend to have more severe diseases with higher recurrence rates. We aimed to determine the histopathological types of CRSwNP in patients who underwent surgery at Asir Central Hospital in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia, and compared patients admitted from 2013 to 2016 and 2018 to 2020 to identify changes in their histological patterns. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively examined medical records of patients who underwent surgery to remove nasal polyps during two different time periods (2013–2016 and 2018–2020). A pre-structured data collection sheet was used to extract data from medical records to ensure consistency. A histological review of nasal polyp tissue was collected during the surgery, immediately fixed in 10% formalin, and sent for histopathology. All specimens were processed in the same pathologic laboratory using the same histopathologic techniques. The average number of eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells per high-power field (HPF) for each sample was recorded. Tissue eosinophil histopathologically defined when tissue eosinophil was >10/HPF. Results: Among the patients with CRSwNP admitted for surgical intervention, 162 and 92 patients were admitted from 2013 to 2016 (Group A) and 2018 to 2020 (Group B), respectively. Neutrophilic polyps were present in 30.2% of Group A patients compared to 27.2% of Group B patients. There were significantly more eosinophilic polyps diagnosed in Group B than in Group A (51.9% vs. 72.8%, respectively; P = 0.001). Significantly more polyps were benign in Group B than in Group A (97.8% vs. 71.6%, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusions: There was an increase over time in eosinophilic nasal polyps among cases of CRSwNP in the Asir region. The frequency of neutrophilic polyps decreased over 7 years.


Within the scope of the SUSPER project, an analysis of vegetable consumption was carried out in 2002. It dealt with both the quantitative (evolution of consumed quantities) and qualitative aspects (medical risks associated with vegetable consumption) of vegetable consumption. With nearly 6 million tons consumed per year, vegetables represent in volume the second foodstuff in Vietnam after rice. The total increase in consumption results both from population growth (2% per year) and individual consumption increase (54 kg/capita/year). However, the value of consumed vegetables represents less than 5% of the total food consumption value. The consumption of vegetables is higher for urban consumers than for rural consumers (+17%), and increases in proportion to household income. Vegetables constitute a major component of Vietnamese cooking. Cooking techniques seem to be changing, however, especially in urban areas. This is because vegetables are increasingly served with meat (the consumption of which is also increasing) or in meals prepared by street restaurants. Another important point is that 88.5% of all Hanoi residents interviewed considered vegetables to be a health hazard due to the increasing use of agrochemical input. This fact does not seem to affect vegetable consumption because vegetables are thought of as having high nutritional qualities. Consumers also put their faith in their own practices when it comes to choosing and preparing vegetables in order to avoid health risks. (Resume d'auteur)


Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively investigated as a potential antiinflammatory treatment in many inflammatory‐related diseases; however, it remains unclear whether MSCs could be used to treat acute allergic rhinitis. A rat model of allergic rhinitis was treated with MSCs. The effect of MSCs on the inflammation of allergic rhinitis was evaluated by sneezing, nose rubbing, the pathology of the nasal mucosa, and the expression of interleukin 4, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and immunoglobulin E in the serum of rats. Also, the population of MSCs isolated from umbilical cords of humans was evaluated to determine if they could inhibit the symptoms and inflammation of acute allergic rhinitis in a rat model. We observed that this population of cells inhibited sneezing, nose rubbing, and changes in the pathology of the nasal mucosa. Intriguingly, we observed that MSCs reduced the expression of interleukin 4, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and immunoglobulin E in the serum. Furthermore, MSCs reduced the expression of histamine and the recruitment of macrophages in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis rats. We reasoned that the effect of MSCs on allergic rhinitis might be through its regulation of the secretion of related cytokines from macrophages during the process of acute allergic rhinitis. This work suggested that MSCs from the umbilical cords of humans could be used as a positive clinical therapy for the human disease.


BACKGROUND
Food insecurity is defined as having limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate food. Approximately 10.5% of U.S. households are food-insecure. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence and postoperative implications of food insecurity in a diverse group of colorectal surgery patients admitted to a hospital in an area with a higher-than-average median income.

METHODS
The 6-question Household Food Security Survey was added to the colorectal surgery ERAS program preoperative paperwork. Patient demographics, comorbidities, operative parameters, length of stay, and postoperative outcomes were collected by review of electronic medical records.

RESULTS
A total of 294 ERAS patients (88.8%) completed the survey over an 11-month period. Thirty-three patients (11.2%) were identified as food-insecure. Food-insecure patients were more likely to be non-white (P = .003), younger (P = .009), smokers (P = .004), chronic narcotic users (P < .001), unmarried (P = .007), and have more comorbidities (P = .004). The food-insecure population had more frequent postoperative ileus (P = .044). Hospital length of stay was significantly longer in food-insecure patients (8.6 days vs 5.4 days, P < .001). Food-insecure patients also had higher rates of >30-day mortality (P = .049).

DISCUSSION
Food insecurity was found to occur in patients that lived in communities deemed both affluent and distressed. These patients had longer hospital stays and higher mortality. A food insecurity questionnaire can easily identify patients at risk. Further investigations to mitigate these complications are warranted.


Spot weldability of dissimilar metal joints between stainless steels and nonstainless steels was investigated. The aim was to determine the spot welding parameters for the dissimilar metal joints and to characterize the mechanical properties of the joints. Metallographical investigations, microhardness measurements, peel tests, lap shear tests, cross-tension tests, corrosion fatigue tests, and stress corrosion cracking tests were performed. It was found that in the dissimilar metal joints between stainless steel and nonstainless steel, the failure load of the cross-tension specimens was around 72-78% of that of the lap shear specimens. The weld nugget of the dissimilar metal joints was fully martensitic, but it was ductile enough so that the failure type was plug failure in both lap shear and cross-tension tests. In the case of the corrosion fatigue testing of the spot welded joints, different strength levels of the base materials did not have an effect on the corrosion fatigue strength, but the sheet thickness had a significant effect. The fatigue strength of a spot welded specimen increased with the increasing sheet thickness. Electro-coating of the test specimens did not have an effect on the corrosion fatigue properties of the spot welded joints. Stress corrosion cracking tests showed that the stainless steel EN 1.4318 and zinc-coated nonstainless steel ZStE260BH dissimilar metal joints are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement in 3.5% sodium chloride solution at room temperature. Comparable cracking was also observed in the stainless-stainless steel joints, when they were galvanically coupled to zinc. The reason for hydrogen embrittlement of the dissimilar metal welds is that the weld nugget is fully martensitic and the corrosion potential is low due to the zinc plating.


Hydroxyapatite (HAp) also shows the high absorption ability for proteins with low degradations. In this study, to modify the absorption ability and to obtain high surface area, metal ions (Zn, Mg, Fe) were introduced in preparing the HAp nanocrystals, and porous microparticles were subsequent fabricated by a spray drying method. HAp microparticles with Zn, Mg, Fe ions had a single phase of low crystalline HAp. The specific surface area of the HAp, Mg-HAp, Fe-HAp and Zn-HAp were 87, 150, 152, 167 m2/g, respectively. In the adsorption experiment of a lysozyme as a basic proteine, Zn-HAp showed the highest adsorption ability. On the other hand, the HAp microparticles witn metal ions showed higher adsorption ability for BSA as a acitic protein than pure HAp microparticles.


As for the miso and the soy sauce, the soybean fermentation food which has long history in our country is typical. Peculiar flavor and a taste are given in the process of the fermentation, and such traditional foods form the taste culture which is characteristic of Japan. As for the soybean fermentation food done like this, an unpleasant taste such as astringency and an astringent taste is improved in the process of the fermentation. This is expected by the microorganism involved in brewing in the process of the fermentation having resolved the unpleasant taste element of the soybean. So, when the separation of the lactic acid bacteria was done from soybean fermentation food, it got the Streptococcus sp. S85-4 which had an effect on improvement of the unpleasant taste. It could get the fermentation food which had a refreshing taste when it went by using Streptococcus sp. S854 which separated through the fermentation of the soybean milk. And, fermented flavors such as acetoin and diacetyl wasn't recognized by using Streptococcus sp. S85-4. The effect on environment in the intestine was suggested because raffinose and stachyose, couldn't degraded by the separated Streptococcus sp. S85-4. Furthermore, soybean oligo-saccharide and isoflavon were thought to have the effect on prevention from many adults' disease because these beany component couldn't degraded in the process of the fermentation by Streptococcus sp. S85-4, too. (Received Nov. 14, 2001; Accepted Mar. 4, 2002)


This research aims at finding the types of swearing expressions and linguistic forms of English swearing used in Richard Wright's Black Boy. This is a descriptive qualitative research since it describes the phenomena of swearing used in the novel. The data of the research are all the conversations or sentences used swearing in the novel written by Richard Wright namely Black Boy as the main data source. The method of collecting data in this research is observation and teknik lanjut catat. After all the data had been collected then they are coded using the coding system such as data number/title of novel/chapter/page/data. There is no data reduction since all the data are analyzed in this research. This research used theory triangulation. Kind of swearing expressions found in this novel dealing with God and religion terms, name of  animals and plants, part of body, racial terms, stupidity terms, name of occupation, sexual terms, family terms. The linguistic forms of English swearing used in this novel are word, phrase, and clause. The swearing in the form of words consists of (1) noun referring to place, person, occupation, animal, and idea (2) verb and (3) adjective. Phrase consists of (1) noun phrase with swearing functioning as headword, modifier, and both headword and modifier, (2) adjective phrase with swearing functioning as modifier. Swearing expression is also found in the form of sentence.


Effects of surface roughness, axial conduction, viscous dissipation, and rarefaction on heat transfer in a two–dimensional parallel plate microchannel with constant wall temperature are investigated numerically. Roughness is simulated by adding equilateral triangular obstructions with various heights on one of the plates. Air, with constant thermophysical properties, is chosen as the working fluid, and laminar, single-phase, developing flow in the slip flow regime at steady state is analyzed. Governing equations are solved by finite element method with tangential slip velocity and temperature jump boundary conditions to observe the rarefaction effect in the microchannel. Viscous dissipation effect is analyzed by changing the Brinkman number, and the axial conduction effect is analyzed by neglecting and including the corresponding term in the energy equation separately. Then, the effect of surface roughness on the Nusselt number is observed by comparing with the corresponding smooth channel results. It is found that Nusselt number decreases in the continuum case with the presence of surface roughness, while it increases with increasing roughness height in the slip flow regime, which is also more pronounced at low-rarefied flows (i.e., around Kn = 0.02). Moreover, the presence of axial conduction and viscous dissipation has increasing effects on heat transfer with increasing roughness height. Even in low velocity flows, roughness increases Nusselt number up to 33% when viscous dissipation is considered.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Exploring a new phase of two-dimensional (2D) materials with novel electronic and catalytic properties is of particular importance for both fundamental research and practical applications in clean energy. Herein, we report a new phase of the InP3 monolayer with a phosphorene-like structure for the hydrogen evolution reaction on the basis of density functional theory calculations. Our results demonstrate that 2D phosphorene-like InP3 (P-InP3) can be obtained by exfoliating the (0−1 1) surface of the InP3 bulk with a cleavage energy of 1.08–1.37 J m−2, which is more stable energetically than the 2D graphene-like InP3 (G-InP3) monolayer by −0.17 eV per atom. The P-InP3 monolayer is a semiconductor with a direct band gap of 0.53 eV and anisotropic carrier mobility, while its bilayer and trilayer are metallic. In particular, the P-InP3 monolayer, bilayer and trilayer show high catalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) comparable to Pt and 1T′-MoS2 on the basis of the calculated Gibbs free energy. Besides, the G-InP3 bilayer and trilayer also exhibit similar catalytic activity. The calculation of the microkinetic process of the HER indicates that both Volmer–Tafel and Volmer–Heyrovsky reactions are possible, but the latter one is more feasible for both P-InP3 and G-InP3. The P-InP3 monolayer is structurally dynamically stable, confirmed with the calculated phonon spectrum and Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulation in an aqueous environment at 300 K. These findings imply the great potential of the 2D P-InP3 monolayer in electronics, optoelectronics, and catalytic HER.


Organismal traits such as ecological specialization and migratory behaviour may affect colonization potential, population persistence and degree of isolation, factors that determine the composition and genetic structure of communities. However, studies focusing on community assembly rarely consider these factors jointly. We sequenced 16 nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene from Caucasian and European populations of 30 forest‐dwelling avian species that represent diverse ecological (specialist–generalist) and behavioural (migratory‐resident) backgrounds. We tested the effects of organismal traits on population divergence and community assembly in the Caucasus forest, a continental mountain island setting. We found that (i) there is no concordance in divergence times between the Caucasus forest bird populations and their European counterparts, (ii) habitat specialists tend to be more divergent than generalists and (iii) residents tend to be more divergent than migrants. Thus, specialists and residents contribute to the high level of endemism of Caucasus forest avifauna more than do generalists and migrants. Patterns of genetic differentiation are better explained by differences in effective population sizes, an often overlooked factor in comparative studies of phylogeography and speciation, than by divergence times or levels of gene flow. Our results suggest that the Caucasus forest avifauna was assembled through time via dispersal and/or multiple vicariant events, rather than originating simultaneously via a single isolation event. Our study is one of the first multilocus, multispecies analyses revealing how ecological and migratory traits impact the evolutionary history of community formation on a continental island.


Summary Objectives: This paper draws attention to: i) key considerations for evaluating artificial intelligence (AI) enabled clinical decision support; and ii) challenges and practical implications of AI design, development, selection, use, and ongoing surveillance. Method: A narrative review of existing research and evaluation approaches along with expert perspectives drawn from the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Working Group on Technology Assessment and Quality Development in Health Informatics and the European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) Working Group for Assessment of Health Information Systems. Results: There is a rich history and tradition of evaluating AI in healthcare. While evaluators can learn from past efforts, and build on best practice evaluation frameworks and methodologies, questions remain about how to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of AI that dynamically harness vast amounts of genomic, biomarker, phenotype, electronic record, and care delivery data from across health systems. This paper first provides a historical perspective about the evaluation of AI in healthcare. It then examines key challenges of evaluating AI-enabled clinical decision support during design, development, selection, use, and ongoing surveillance. Practical aspects of evaluating AI in healthcare, including approaches to evaluation and indicators to monitor AI are also discussed. Conclusion: Commitment to rigorous initial and ongoing evaluation will be critical to ensuring the safe and effective integration of AI in complex sociotechnical settings. Specific enhancements that are required for the new generation of AI-enabled clinical decision support will emerge through practical application.


Neonatal encephalopathy remains a significant cause of death and disability worldwide. Therapeutic hypothermia has become a mainstay of therapy and has demonstrated the potential for neuroprotection and repair after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. However, it has become apparent from published trials that hypothermia alone will not serve as complete protection nor benefit all neonates. The complicated cascade of events in a hypoxic-ischemic insult lends itself to multiple types of therapy, making a multi-faceted approach to treatment attractive. This review critically discusses the broad range of medical therapies currently being studied and summarizes the animal and human studies that have been done to date. Therapies that may act synergistically with cooling therapy are also discussed.


Periodical cicadas have proven useful in testing a variety of ecological and evolutionary hypotheses because of their unusual life history, extraordinary abundance, and wide geographical range. Periodical cicadas provide the best examples of synchronous periodicity and predator satiation in the animal kingdom, and are excellent illustrations of habitat partitioning (by the three morphologically distinct species groups), incipient species (the year classes or broods), and cryptic species (a newly discovered 13‐year species, Magicicada neotredecim). They are particularly useful for exploring questions regarding speciation via temporal isolation, or allochronic speciation. Recently, data were presented that provided strong support for an instance of allochronic speciation by life‐cycle switching. This speciation event resulted in the formation of a new 13‐year species from a 17‐year species and led to secondary contact between two formerly separated lineages, one represented by the new 13‐year cicadas (and their 17‐year ancestors), and the other represented by the pre‐existing 13‐year cicadas. Allozyme frequency data, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and abdominal colour were shown to be correlated genetic markers supporting the life‐cycle switching/allochronic speciation hypothesis. In addition, a striking pattern of reproductive character displacement in male call pitch and female pitch preference between the two 13‐year species was discovered. In this paper we report a strong association between calling song pitch and mtDNA haplotype for 101 individuals from a single locality within the M. tredecim/M. neotredecim contact zone and a strong association between abdomen colour and mtDNA haplotype. We conclude by reviewing proposed mechanisms for allochronic speciation and reproductive character displacement.


Fiber metal laminates provide superior mechanical properties over conventional metal alloys. However, they show a very poor recyclability due to its composite nature. Unique recycling technique is developed to recycle both the glass fiber and the aluminum alloy. The process consists of a thermal delamination and an alloy refining step. In this paper, two fiber metal laminates were presented for their thermal delamination behavior and metal recyclability: Lacomet and GLARE. The results indicate that the thermal delamination is robust and energy-efficient, and the aluminum alloy has very high recovery rate and can be used in its original applications. The recovered glass fiber can be re-used in similar or non-critical applications.


Abstract The research paper is focused on how to choose the most suitable renewable energy solution using multi-criteria analysis for a district heating system. Making choices is based on indicators – economic, environmental and social. In this case, the study used five indicators: resources costs, totals investments, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, specific weight of renewable energy resources and impact on utilized land. Three situations have been compared – current situation: gas boiler, planned: solar collectors 21 595 m2 + accumulation tank 8000 m3 and alternatives: solar PV panels 5504 m2 – heat pump COP 3 are used in the estimation. The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that solar collectors 21 595 m2 + accumulation tank 8000 m3 are considered as the best alternative. The methodology is based on choosing a solution for a district heating company in Latvia.


This study aimed to compare three approaches for predicting the service life of full-scale GAC adsorbers for the removal of micropollutants. The approaches included (i) rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs), (ii) two pilot-scale sampling approaches, and (iii) predictive correlations that consider micropollutant properties and background water matrix characteristics. The RSSCT could predict full-scale performance only if a micropollutant-specific fouling index was applied. At the pilot-scale, water samples were collected (1) over time at the top sampling point only (empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 1 minute) to minimize time to breakthrough (method 1) and (2) at different column depths at a single time point (method 2). Breakthrough curves obtained with method 2 more closely matched those obtained at the full-scale. In addition, method 2 is more convenient since it requires only one sampling campaign. Method 2 was used as a prognostic tool to predict breakthrough curves for micropollutants without full-scale data and a comparison with an existing prediction model gave satisfactory results for 6 out of 13 compounds.


Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate how patients with schizophrenia and their relatives learn about the diagnosis and to study their feelings and degree of satisfaction with the process of delivering that information. Method: A total of 16 individuals who had been recently diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 15 of their relatives were interviewed. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using grounded theory. Results: Twenty-six (86%) patients and relatives reported having first learned about the diagnosis by reading the patient's release form or during an incidental encounter with personnel. Most patients and their relatives disagreed with the diagnosis and reported negative feelings about the way in which they learned about it. Only four (14%) patients and relatives fully understood why medications were prescribed. Relatives who received the diagnosis incidentally were more dissatisfied with the disclosure process and had poorer adherence to treatment. Conclusions: Development of empirical-based guidelines for delivering difficult news in psychiatry is needed to improve the way of communicating the diagnosis to patients and their relatives.


Previous studies have demonstrated that dense coatings of CVD mullite (3Al2O3×2SiO2) provide excellent oxidation protection for Si3N4 and SiC in a high pressure, steam environment. In this study the mechanical properties of CVD mullite coated silicon nitride materials from different vendors (AS800, NGKSN88, Kyocera SN281) were evaluated following ASTM test procedures. The dynamic fatigue tests werep erformed in ambient air at temperatures of 850 and 1200°C under fast (30 MPa/s) and slow (0.003 MPa/s) load rates. The static fatigue tests were carried out at a constant load of 350 MPa for 1000h at 1200°C. The cyclic fatiguetests at 850°C consisted of a loading ramp from 20 to 400 MPa in 30 seconds followed by unloading ramp from 400 to 20 MPa. A total of 10,000 cycles were applied to the fatigue test specimens before fast fracture tests were conducted at room temperature. The strength test results indicated that CVD mullite coatings showed excellent adhesion during dynamic fatigue tests and exhibited no creep behavior. Minor flexure strength reduction observed at low stressing rate and at high temperatures appeared to be related to Si3N4 properties such as SCG (slow crack growth) susceptibility. During cyclic and static fatigue tests, a glassy silica/aluminosilicate phase was formed due to oxidation. This resulted in localized coating separation and buckling. However, accumulation of this corrosion layer was not critical since the coated specimens showed a flexure strength increase of ~7-9.5%.


Service continuity is of basic importance in the definition of the quality of the electrical energy, for this reason, the research in the field of faults diagnostic for distribution systems is spreading ever more. In this paper, a new methodology for diagnostic management of automated distribution systems is presented. The technique is based on the solution of a circuital model of the electrical system resulting from the composition of distributed parameters quadripoles. The solution gives as a result the identification of the type of fault, of its characteristic parameters and location. The paper shows an application to line to line grounded and ungrounded faults in which also its precision and robustness to parametric variations are tested. The methodology can be extended to all the must common types of faults. Finally other runs show the comparison between the distributed parameters model.


The BovineSNP50 genotyping array is a product with a wide range of applications in cattle such as genome-wide association studies, identification of copy number variation and investigation of genetic relationships among cattle breeds. It also holds potential for genomic selection, especially for traits that are expensive and difficult to measure. The successfulness of this chip for any of these applications depends on the degree of polymorphisms in the cattle breeds. The SNP50 array has not been validated in any South African cattle population and this could lead to overestimating the number of polymorphic SNPs available for application in it. This study is a first attempt to evaluate the Bovine64SNP50 genotyping array in the South African cattle population. Ninety six bovine samples, consisting of 45 Holstein, 29 Nguni, 12 Angus and 10 Nguni x Angus crossbred animals, were genotyped with the BovineSNP50 infinium assay. The results of this study demonstrated that 40 555 SNPs were polymorphic (MAF >0.05) in these breeds and indicate potential for application in South African cattle populations. Genomic information generated from the BovineSNP50 can now be applied in genetic prediction, genetic characterization and genome-wide association studies.


At a time when food producers have to make significant changes to their businesses in order to survive, a review of benchmarking in agriculture and discussion of its future potential is critical. This book meets that need by providing an overview of existing benchmarking practices in agriculture and the food supply chain, and evaluating the potential of these practices to drive sustainable innovation in food and farming. Increasing pressures from commodity markets, corporate buyers, government and rising input prices (particularly fuel prices) are creating an environment in which farmers and their advisors are keen to make greater use of performance information for survival and growth. Where farmers are diversifying into alternative production methods, non-agricultural enterprises and on-farm production and sales, the greater the interest in a wider range of accounting tools for decision making. Lisa Jack and her contributors draw on a wide range of data and sources from Australia, New Zealand, the USA, the UK and Europe to provide critical evaluations of what might be considered 'state of the art' benchmarking practices at this time, including recent strategic developments such as the use of non-financial measures in balanced scorecards. The food and farming industry is unusual in that benchmarking takes place among large numbers of small, family-owned businesses working in a global industry. Not only, therefore, is this book important for those working in food supply chain businesses, but also for those involved in the general practice of benchmarking.


The emergence of Internet-based social media has made it possible for a personto communicate with thousands of other people to increase the communicationeffectiveness, collaboration among internal organization and knowledge sharing.By engaging employees through social media such as Facebook as a two-waycommunications tool, employers can reach a larger audience and build credibilitywith techno-savvy workers. Although it is clear that Facebook is a very powerfultool for communication, many employers are unable to identify the functionalityof Facebook in terms of developing strategies and to allocate the resourceseffectively. Taking this into account this study sought to identify the usage ofFacebook Functionality building blocks. This survey involved 55 academic staffsfrom the Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Unisel. Theseven functional building blocks identified were Identity (M=3.39), Relationships(M=3.39), Groups (M=3.6), Presence (M=3.28), Sharing (M=3.06), andConversations (M=2.90), Reputation (M=2.05). This study suggests that theability to identify the functional building blocks itself is very important in anorganization in terms of developing their communication strategies. It is hopedthat the results of the study will be applicable to the instituition, current users,and potential users of Facebook.


The thixotropy of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) water suspensions is intrinsically dependent on the hierarchical structure of the suspension. The diverse hierarchies that comprise individual CNC nanoparticles and mesophase liquid crystalline domains, chiral nematic and nematic structures, contribute selectively to the rheological material response. Here, we combine rheology with polarized light imaging (PLI) to elucidate the thixotropic behavior of CNCs suspended in water. The simultaneous monitoring of PLI and rheological tests enables the observation of mesogens and their orientation dynamics. Creep, dynamic time sweep, ramped hysteresis loop, and thixotropic recovery tests combined with PLI aim to differentiate the contribution of the different hierarchical levels of CNC suspensions to their thixotropy. The range of concentrations investigated comprised biphasic (4 and 5 wt. %) and liquid crystalline phase suspensions (6, 7, and 8 wt. %). The CNC suspensions exhibited complex thixotropy behavior, such as viscosity bifurcations in creep tests and overshoot in ramped hysteresis loop tests. The restructuring and destructuring appeared to correspond to different levels of their hierarchical structure, depending mainly on the phase, in agreement with previous studies. Restructuring was attributed to re-organizations of an individual CNC, e.g., in the isotropic fraction of biphasic suspensions and at the mesogen interfaces in liquid crystalline phase suspensions. However, by increasing liquid crystalline fraction in the biphasic concentrations, restructuring could also involve mesogens, as indicated in the creep tests. For flow conditions above the yield stress, as evidenced by the ramped hysteresis and thixotropy recovery tests, destructuring was dominated by orientation in the flow direction, a process that is readily observable in the form of PLI "Maltese-cross" patterns. Finally, we show that a simple thixotropy model, while unable to capture the finer details of the suspension's thixotropic behavior, could be employed to predict general features thereof.


In this paper, to implement the locomotion of the microrobot in the organ of digestion or small area such as blood vessels, we designed a wireless microrobot with 3DOFs in pipe with characteristics of multi-functions, controllability, and stability. In addition, the microrobot has light weight and simple structure, simple control method, and good dynamic performance in the water. Firstly, we developed the novel type microrobot using a magnetic sheet to implement stable motion and lightweight structure, which could swim wirelessly by using outside magnetic field as the moving energy. This kind of microrobot has two motion mechanisms, which are spiral motion and fin motion. Based on these two motions, we proposed a hybrid motion with wireless control. Secondly, we proposed the three axes helmholtz coil system to enable multi DOFs locomotion to the microrobot and carried out some experiments to evaluate its characteristics. The experimental results indicated that this coil system could generate regular magnetic flux density within 0.15 meters between center-to-center distances in the pare coils. So, we confirmed that the microrobot could move under regular magnetic field by using this coil system. Thirdly, by applying the outside magnetic field, we evaluated its swimming speeds for rotating motion and driving motion in a pipe. The results indicated when the frequency changed from 0Hz to 10Hz, the fin motion was superior to the spiral motion; when the frequency was over 10Hz, the spiral motion was superior to the fin motion. This microrobot will play an important role in both industrial and medical applications.


A solar drying system designed on the principles of convective heat flow, constructed from local materials was employed in drying yam (Dioscorea Alata). A glass collector having an efficiency of about 0.63 was used along with an absorber for absorbing the heat energy. The drying chamber consisted of drying trays. A chimney fitted at the top centre of the drying chamber enhanced airflow. Air passing through the collector heated up and dried the foodstuff in the drying chamber. The latitude of Ilorin is 8.26oN and the collector angle could be varied . 56o C, 41o C and 71o C were obtained as the maximum attainable temperatures for the drying chamber, ambient and collector respectively. Two samples of yam chips, each weighing 1560g and having an average size of 1cm thick, were dried both inside the dryer and outside the dryer within its surrounding. The initial moisture content of the yam was 70.3% (wet basis) and its final moisture content was 9% (wet basis).The result was compared to natural sun drying. It was observed that the drying time was reduced from 52 hours for sun drying to 45 hours for solar drying. The total cost of the construction was 6, 105 Naira.


Background Children with critical illness have increased intestinal permeability and a period of immunoparalysis, mediated by elevated circulating endotoxin. Whether children with less severe infections have similar changes is uncertain. Methods We conducted a proof-of-concept pilot study, enrolling children 6–59 months of age hospitalized for noncritical infections (cases, n = 11) and noninfected controls (n = 19). Intestinal permeability was measured by lactulose–mannitol recovery. Plasma endotoxin, blood monocyte and neutrophil immunophenotypes and cytokine elaboration following 24-hour whole-blood culture with antigens targeting distinct innate pathogen recognition receptor signaling pathways were evaluated. Results Cases had higher intestinal permeability and plasma endotoxin levels than controls. Among cases versus controls, fewer monocytes expressed human leukocyte antigen DR isotype (HLA-DR) (87.1% vs. 96.4%, P = 0.001), and more expressed CD64 (99.6% vs. 97.6%, P = 0.041). Following zymosan stimulation of whole blood, cases versus controls produced less interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) (median 1101 vs. 2604 pg/mL, P = 0.048) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (2342 vs. 5130 pg/mL, P = 0.031). Children with higher (≥0.1 endotoxin unit (EU)/mL) versus lower (<0.1 EU/mL) circulating endotoxin had fewer monocytes expressing CD86 (69.8% vs. 92.4%, P = 0.003) and less expression of CD64 following 24-hour zymosan stimulation (median fluorescence intensity (MFI) 1514 vs. 2196, P = 0.022). Conclusions Children hospitalized with noncritical infections had increased intestinal permeability, endotoxemia and altered monocyte phenotype and function. Collectively, these changes are typical of immunoparalysis seen in children with critical illness and may increase the risk of subsequent infections.


Nonpoint-source pollution of surface water by N is considered a major cause of hypoxia. Because Corn Belt watersheds have been identified as major sources of N in the Mississippi River basin, the fate and transport of N from midwestern agricultural watersheds have received considerable interest. The fate and transport of N in the shallow ground water of these watersheds still needs additional research. Our purpose was to estimate denitrification in the shallow ground water of a tile-drained, Corn Belt watershed with fine-grained soils. Over a 3-yr period, N was monitored in the surface and ground water of an agricultural watershed in central Illinois. A significant amount of N was transported past the tile drains and into shallow ground water. The ground water nitrate was isotopically heavier than tile drain nitrate, which can be explained by denitrification in the subsurface. Denitrifying bacteria were found at depths to 10 m throughout the watershed. Laboratory and push-pull tests showed that a significant fraction of nitrate could be denitrified rapidly. We estimated that the N denitrified in shallow ground water was equivalent to 0.3 to 6.4% of the applied N or 9 to 27% of N exported via surface water. These estimates varied by water year and peaked in a year of normal precipitation after 2 yr of below average precipitation. Three years of monitoring data indicate that shallow ground water in watersheds with fine-grained soils may be a significant N sink compared with N exported via surface water.


Although phosphoantigen-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells appear to play a role in antimicrobial and anticancer immunity, mucosal immune responses and effector functions of these gammadelta T cells during infection or phospholigand treatment remain poorly characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that the microbial phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) plus IL-2 treatment of macaques induced a prolonged major expansion of circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells that expressed CD8 and produced cytotoxic perforin during their peak expansion. Interestingly, HMBPP-activated Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells underwent an extraordinary pulmonary accumulation, which lasted for 3-4 mo, although circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells had returned to baseline levels weeks prior. The Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells that accumulated in the lung following HMBPP/IL-2 cotreatment displayed an effector memory phenotype, as follows: CCR5+CCR7-CD45RA-CD27+ and were able to re-recognize phosphoantigen and produce copious amounts of IFN-gamma up to 15 wk after treatment. Furthermore, the capacity of massively expanded Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells to produce cytokines in vivo coincided with an increase in numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ alphabeta T cells after HMBPP/IL-2 cotreatment as well as substantial perforin expression by CD3+Vgamma2- T cells. Thus, the prolonged HMBPP-driven antimicrobial and cytotoxic responses of pulmonary and systemic Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells may confer immunotherapeutics against infectious diseases and cancers.


Abstract. We consider the effect of slowly varying depth on the values of skewness and kurtosis of weakly nonlinear irregular waves propagating from deeper to shallower water. It is known that the equilibrium value of kurtosis decreases with decreasing depth for waves propagating on constant depth. Waves propagating over a sloping bottom must continually adjust toward a new equilibrium state. We demonstrate that weakly nonlinear waves may need a considerable horizontal propagation distance in order to adjust to a new shallower environment, therefore the kurtosis can be notably different from the equilibrium value for each corresponding depth both on top of and beyond a bottom slope. A change of depth can provoke a wake-like spatially non-uniform distribution of kurtosis on the lee side of the slope. As an application, we anticipate that the probability of freak waves on or near the edge of the continental shelf may exhibit a rather complicated spatial structure for wave fields entering from deep sea.


Background and purpose: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine complications in thalassemic patients. Several studies investigated the prevalence of diabetes in Iranian patients with thalassemia major and reported different results but no overall estimate was calculated. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to study the prevalence of diabetes in patients with thalassemia major in Iran. Materials and methods: This review study was conducted by PRISMA checklist. Electronic databases including Magiran, Iranmedex, SID, Medlib, IranDoc, Scopus, Pubmed, Science direct, Cochrane, Web of Science, Springer, Online Library Wiley and Google Scholar were searched in chronological order without time limit, in January 2016, using relevant keywords. Two researchers independently performed article selection and data extraction. All studies meeting our inclusion criteria were investigated. Data analysis was done using random effect model in Stata Ver.11.1. Results: Overall, 6380 patients were studied in 42 articles. Prevalence of diabetes in patients with thalassemia major in Iran was 9.5% (CI: 95%, 7.8-11.3). The minimum and maximum prevalence of diabetes were found in West (10.3%) and North of Iran (8.3%), respectively. The prevalence rate in male and female thalassemia major patients were 12.6% (CI: 95%, 6.1-19.1) and 10.8% (CI: 95%, 8.2-14.5), respectively. Conclusion: Prevalence of diabetes in Iranian patients with thalassemia major was found to be high. Therefore, routine blood tests should be done every six-month for early diagnosis of diabetes in this population.


Photon spectroscopy from plasmas has proven to give new insights into the dynamics of the hot plasmas through multifaceted observations using absolute intensity and wavelength measurements. The spectroscopy observations have given a multitude of comparisons of theoretical modeling with experimental observations. Doppler, Zeeman and Stark effects have proven to be important ingredients in the observed spectra from the visible to the x-ray region.


We developed and evaluated a feature that allows users to control what types of clinical information are delivered to them. Using a paper or web-based configuration form, users turn individual alerts and sets of results on or off, and set how they are delivered. We used usage rates to evaluate this feature. Of 16 residents who had received clinical information from our clinical event monitor, 4 (25%) made at least one change (range 10-25). Of 41 interns, 5 (12.2%) made at least one change (range 5-91). The difference was borderline significant (p < 0.1). 5/7 web users changed preferences through a dial-up connection from home. More users used the web-based preference form than the paper form. This difference may be due to the better accessibility of the web-based form. A survey established that this feature was not as highly utilized as anticipated partly because the initial (default) preference setting was acceptable and partly because the users were too busy to customize their alert settings. We conclude that user configuration of a system that delivers information using a web-based preference form is feasible and may become important as the volume of information and number of available communication channels increase.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is often observed in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). In addition, the association of MetS and OSA substantially increases sympathetic nerve activity. However, the mechanisms involved in sympathetic hyperactivation in patients with MetS + OSA remain to be clarified. We tested the hypothesis that chemoreflex sensitivity is heightened in patients with MetS and OSA.

DESIGN
Prospective clinical study.

PARTICIPANTS
Forty-six patients in whom MetS was newly diagnosed (ATP-III) were allocated into: (1) MetS + OSA (n = 24, 48 ± 1.8 yr); and (2) MetS - OSA (n = 22, 44 ± 1.7 yr). Eleven normal control subjects were also studied (C, 47 ± 2.3 yr).

MEASUREMENTS
OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15 events/hr (polysomnography). Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was measured by microneurography technique. Peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity was assessed by inhalation of 10% oxygen and 90% nitrogen (carbon dioxide titrated), and central chemoreflex sensitivity by 7% carbon dioxide and 93% oxygen.

RESULTS
Physical characteristics and MetS measures were similar between MetS + OSA and MetS - OSA. MSNA was higher in MetS + OSA patients compared with MetS - OSA and C (33 ± 1.3 versus 28 ± 1.2 and 18 ± 2.2 bursts/min, P < 0.05). Isocapnic hypoxia caused a greater increase in MSNA in MetS + OSA than MetS - OSA and C (P = 0.03). MSNA in response to hyperoxic hypercapnia was greater in MetS + OSA compared with C (P = 0.005). Further analysis showed a significant association between baseline MSNA and peripheral (P < 0.01) and central (P < 0.01) chemoreflex sensitivity. Min ventilation in response to hyperoxic hypercapnia was greater in MetS + OSA compared with C (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION
OSA increases sympathetic peripheral and central chemoreflex response in patients with MetS, which seems to explain, at least in part, the increase in sympathetic nerve activity in these patients. In addition, OSA increases ventilatory central chemoreflex response in patients with MetS.


The purpose of conducting this research is to examine the significance of Human Capital (HC) in automobile sector of Pakistan because leading automobile firms of the world have claimed that HC has major role beyond their success. This is quantitative research which is based on philosophy of positivism. The primary data of this study was collected from management and crucial employees of main Light Transport Vehicle automobile firms of Pakistan. Result of this research indicates that there is strong impact of human capital on firm performance; it performs the function of oxygen in hard-hitting competition where every firm is busy to take a lead in open market. This study is very constructive not only for the automobile industry but this work will also create awareness and need of HC in all manufacturing firms of Pakistan in the scenario of globalization.


WA's outback tracks are increasingly popular with domestic and international travellers, singly, in groups and in organised tours. Outback travel provides a unique and demanding form of adventure travel and a range of experiences for travellers. From the unique natural and social history of these tracks to the cultural experience of the present day, outback travel is a valuable and fragile product on the Australian tourism scene.

Track Care WA emerged in 1996 out of concerns by individuals and tour operators for the deteriorating conditions on the Canning Stock Route (CSR). Increasing traffic over the CSR during recent years has seen an accumulation of rubbish and some track damage. Track Care aims to provide a program of maintenance and environmental protection while promoting the education of future visitors for all off-road tracks in WA, not just the CSR. Thus, consistent with the link to Tread Lightly!, Track Care WA has evolved to include the broader goal of encouraging responsible use of off road vehicles, in particular 4WDriving. At the same time, and working closely with DOLA and CALM, Track Care WA has taken on a key role in the management of other outback and historic tracks in WA.

This paper will outline this history, including the 1998 program on the CSR, work on the Holland Track by the LandCruiser Club and some of the social and political dynamics involved.


This paper describes the implementation of a full-scale pronunciation lexicon for Turkish using finite state technology. The system produces at its output, a parallel representation of the pronunciation and the morphological analysis of the word form so that morphological disambiguation can be used to disambiguate pronunciation. The pronunciation representation is based on the SAMPA standard and also encodes the position of the primary stress. The computation of the position of the primary stress depends on an interplay of any exceptional stress in root words and stress properties of certain morphemes, and requires that a full morphological analysis be done. The system has been implemented using XRCE Finite State Toolkit.


Swedish police officers experience an increased incidence of musculoskeletal injury, but little is known of the underlying cause. This paper explores police officers' own perceptions of the most common types of musculoskeletal injury sustained in the workplace and explores what police themselves feel are the major causes of such injuries. A nominal group process technique was used because of its benefits in generating and prioritising ideas. Six focus group sessions were conducted involving 33 police from three different regions in Sweden. Police perceived lower back pain as the most common musculoskeletal injury sustained in the workplace. Seven specific areas were perceived as contributing to an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury; duty belt, clothing, shoes, working hours, safety vests, physical condition and patrol vehicles.


Adhesion to the vascular endothelium precedes or is a necessary prelude to leukocyte migration into the underlying tissue. Constitutive lymphocyte trafficking through lymphoid organs is controlled by tissue-specific interactions between molecules expressed on the surface of the lymphocyte (homing receptors) and ligands (vascular addressins) expressed on endothelial cells (HEV) within lymphoid tissues. Preliminary evidence suggests that lymphocytes may employ related but distinct interactions in their entry into some chronic sites of inflammation. Other leukocytes, such as neutrophils and monocytes, express molecules related or identical to lymphocyte homing receptors, and these molecules are exquisitely regulated by chemotactic factors and appear to be involved in the homing of these cells to inflamed tissues. In addition, inflammation in vivo induces increased endothelial cell adhesiveness for leukocytes that undoubtedly plays a key role in regulating leukocyte extravasation. Tissue- and inflammation-specific leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion molecules constitute attractive targets for suppression or manipulation of the early stages of tissue inflammation.


Abstract The concept of a 'primordial homeland' has been at the centre of Sri Lanka's armed struggle, in which both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalisms have used claims of ancient and ethnically determined territories to justify their right to self-determination, territorial sovereignty and armed struggle. Through an analysis of historical power-sharing arrangements and the subsequent failures, this article will examine why there has been much difficulty in adapting power-sharing arrangements to the rigidity of the hegemonic ethnic order of Sri Lanka and how this, in turn, has had detrimental consequences for democratic stability and peace making. While recognising the role played by various international actors in pushing for power sharing in Sri Lanka, the article concludes with an analysis of India's role in this debate, while analysing how devolution has become an important factor in shaping India's foreign policy towards Sri Lanka.


Nearly a century ago--as the Red Sox and White Sox held sway over the American League, and the National League was dominated by teams in the Northeast corridor--the United States found itself in a super-heated atmosphere of patriotic fervor. In the spring of 1917, the continuing and expanding German pugnacity on the high seas coupled with the revelation of the nefarious Zimmerman telegram, forced an agonized President Woodrow Wilson to abrogate his reelection pledge to stay out of the fight. In early April, he asked Congress for and received a declaration of war against Germany. With America's participation as an active combatant now a reality, the nation's mobilization lurched into high gear, and to remove any trace of doubt as to the worthiness of the United States's commitment to the conflict, the Wilson administration sought to encourage--others would say coerce--a skeptical public into supporting the war effort. Legislation, in the form of the Alien Act, the Trading with the Enemy Act, the Sedition Act, and the Espionage Act, was adopted to squelch dissent of any kind among the populace, while the propaganda machinery embodied in the Committee on Public Information, created by the administration and fronted by George Creel, was chief among the instruments of promoting, indeed enforcing, patriotism. Associations such as the American Protective League, described by the historian David Kennedy as practicing "the excesses of a quasi-vigilante organization" with the blessing of the Justice Department, intimidated the United States citizenry into toeing the patriotic line so that the ultimate defeat of the Central Powers could be hastened. (1) In 1917, baseball became immersed in this cauldron. The exigencies of the time dictated that young men be conscripted into the armed services or otherwise employed in war industry, such as working in a shipyard, munitions plant, or steel mill, to prepare the American military for action in Europe. On May 19, 1917, the government officially instituted the Selective Service Act, subjecting men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty--later expanded to a range of eighteen to forty-five years--to conscription. Eventually 24 million men (44 percent of all American males) would be registered; 6.5 million were deemed fit for service, with 2.7 million finally serving in the army during hostilities. (2) Given these numbers, it was only natural that a swelling of the military ranks would include athletes from the worlds of baseball, football, boxing, and tennis. As the national pastime lost increasing numbers to the war effort, baseball became increasingly resistant to the drain of players from its teams' lineups. A nationwide Army Registration Day, held on June 5, 1917, was an unqualified success because Secretary of War Newton Baker and Provost Marshal General Enoch Crowder employed the small tendrils of local draft boards overseen by men who in most cases were friends, neighbors, or at least acquaintances of many of their regional enlistees, thus avoiding the poor response rates that Baker and Crowder knew had hampered Union conscription attempts during the Civil War, in which high-ranking--and imposing--military officers comprised the committees that decided what men were to be inducted into the army. For baseball's part, however, two weeks before Registration Day, National League president John Tener wrote to the NL club owners opining that he felt "no obligation, either fixed or moral, that we should depart from our daily routine of business" of playing scheduled games. (3) Days later the National Commission--comprised of Tener, American League president Ban Johnson, and commission head August Herrmann--asked that each team "co-operate heartily" with the registration event not by postponing games but by ensuring that "bands be engaged to play patriotic music ... where games are scheduled on that day." (4) Those obligated to register could do so from seven o'clock in the morning until nine o'clock that evening, and rather than overplay their patriotism by postponing contests, the commission felt that music would sufficiently convey "public expression of the willingness on the part of major league baseball clubs to serve the country at this vital crisis of its history. …


We consider stationary consensus protocols for networks of dynamic agents with fixed topologies. At each time instant, each agent knows only its and its neighbors' state, but must reach consensus on a group decision value that is function of all the agents' initial state. We show that the agents can reach consensus if the value of such a function is time-invariant when computed over the agents' state trajectories. We use this basic result to introduce a non-linear protocol design rule allowing consensus on a quite general set of values. Such a set includes, e.g., any generalized mean of order p of the agents' initial states. As a second contribution we show that our protocol design is the solution of individual optimizations performed by the agents. This notion suggests a game theoretic interpretation of consensus problems as mechanism design problems. Under this perspective a supervisor entails the agents to reach a consensus by imposing individual objectives. We prove that such objectives can be chosen so that rational agents have a unique optimal protocol, and asymptotically reach consensus on a desired group decision value. We use a Lyapunov approach to prove that the asymptotical consensus can be reached when the communication links between nearby agents define a time-invariant undirected network. Finally we perform a simulation study concerning the vertical alignment maneuver of a team of unmanned air vehicles.


Differentiation of the infecting organism is important in determining effective therapy for vaginitis. The utility of a simple, dehydrated culture strip in detecting Candida infections was assessed by culturing specimens from 203 patients, 83 with symptoms of vaginitis. Parallel culture (Sabouraud's medium) and identification were performed in every fourth case by an independent clinical laboratory; KOH preparations for Candida were examined in every case. In 48 of 50 cases, the strip agreed with Sabouraud's culture; one culture was lost due to laboratory error, and one strip did not become positive until after 48 hours' incubation. Only 70% of KOH preparations revealed Candida when the strip culture was positive. Diagnostically superior to the KOH preparation and nearly equal to a Sabouraud's culture, the strip was simple to use, inexpensive, and reliable; as such, it is a useful addition in the ob-gyn office or clinic for routine screening for vaginal candidiasis.


Downy mildew of broccoli is caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Peronospora parasitica. Cool damp weather with high humidity is highly favorable for sporulation, dissemination of spores, and infection by this pathogen. The severity of disease is affected by the duration of weather conditions favorable for disease development. Potential new fungicides were evaluated for disease control in field trials conducted during 1994 and 1995. Downy mildew did not occur in the 1994 trial. In 1995, disease was moderate and all tested fungicides provided significant disease control compared to no treatment at all. Three new fungicides, Fluazinam, Dimethomorph, and iCIA -5504, show promise as potential new materials for control of downy mildew on broccoli.


A diagnosis of cerebral palsy was made for 229 one-year-old children enrolled in a large longitudinal study. Of these children, 118 were free of motor handicap at the age of 7 years. Mild early cerebral palsy, and the monoparetic, ataxic/dyskinetic, and diplegic forms of the disorder, resolved with high frequency. Normalization of motor signs was observed more frequently in black than in white children. However, 13% of white children and 25% of black children whose motor signs resolved were mentally retarded (IQ below 70) at 7 years of age. Nonfebrile seizures, abnormalities in speech articulation and extraocular movements, and certain abnormalities of behavior were more frequent among children who "outgrew" cerebral palsy than in the general population of the study.


Abstract This paper was a continuation of one read before the Society last year, in which the Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Post-tertiary deposits and fossils were described by Capt. Godwin-Austen, Mr. Davidson, and Mr. Etheridge. In this communication Capt. Godwin-Austen confined himself to the Carboniferous formation, which was shown by him to have, in the Valley of Kashmere, a thickness of more than 1500 feet. The upper portion of this mass contained but few fossils, except in one particular bed near the entrance of the ravine above the village of Khoonmoo; but the lowest portion, or Zèwan bed, is made up chiefly of the remains of Brachiopoda and Bryozoa; and a higher stage, though still near the base of the formation, contains abundant remains of Producta. The position of a limestone containing Goniatites is not very clearly determined, but it is probably a member of the Zèwan series. The sections in which the relative positions of the different beds were exhibited were described in detail, and plans and a map were given showing their geographical relation. Mr. Davidson described the Brachiopoda forwarded with the paper, stating that they abound particularly at Barus and Khoonmoo, but are rarely in a very good state of preservation. Among them are several common and wide-spread European and American species, with a few that have not hitherto been noticed. They appear to be of Lower Carboniferous age. In the introduction Mr. Godwin-Austen gave a synopsis of the more remarkable facts brought forward in the paper, and in a Résumé be gave lists of the fossils which had as yet been determined. These were forty-six in number, forty-two of which had specific names, and twenty-two of which are well-known forms; eight are common to the Punjaub and Kashmere, seven of them being also European species. Of the Kashmere list, full half the species are found in British Carboniferous beds; and Mr. Godwin-Austen remarked on the support given to the notion of the approximate contemporaneity of distant formations containing the same fossils by the occurrence of these European Lower Carboniferous species near the base of the Carboniferous formation of Kashmere.


Generally, ecological research has considered the aboveground and belowground components of ecosystems separately. Consequently, frameworks for integrating the two components are not well developed. Integrating the microbial components into ecosystem ecology requires different approaches from those offered by plant ecology, partly because of the scales at which microbial processes operate and partly because of measurement constraints. Studies have begun to relate microbial community structure to ecosystem function. results suggest that excluding people and livestock from the MMNR, or preventing heavier livestock from grazing around settlements, may not change the general structure of the ecosystem (soils, plant structure), but can change the numbers and diversity of wildlife, nematodes and microbes in this ecosystem in subtle ways. Additional publication details Publication type Book chapter Publication Subtype Book Chapter Title From bacteria to elephants: Effects of land-use legacies on biodiversity and ecosystem structure in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem: Chapter 8 DOI 10.7208/chicago/9780226196336.001.0001 Year Published 2015 Language English Publisher Chicago University Press Publisher location Chicago, IL Contributing office(s) Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Larger Work Type Book Here's how you know From bacteria t elephant : Effects of land-use legacies on biodiversity and ecosystem structure in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem: Chapter 8 Larger Work Subtype Monograph Larger Work Title Serengeti IV: Sustaining biodiversity in a coupled human-natural system Other Geospatial Serengeti-Mara ecosystem DOI Privacy Policy | Legal | Accessibility | Site Map | Contact USGS U.S. Department of the Interior | DOI Inspector General | White House | E-gov | No Fear Act | FOIA Studies have begun to relate microbial community structure to ecosystem function. results suggest that excluding people and livestock from the MMNR, or preventing heavier livestock from grazing around settlements, may not change the general structure of the ecosystem (soils, plant structure), but can change the numbers and diversity of wildlife, nematodes and microbes in this ecosystem in subtle ways.... From bacteria to elephants: Effects of land-use legacies on biodiversity and ecosystem structure in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem: Chapter 8. From bacteria to elephants: Effects of land-use legacies on biodiversity and ecosystem structure in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem: Chapter 8. DOI. 10.7208/chicago/9780226196336.001.0001.


Background Cognitive therapy has been found to be effective in decreasing the recurrence of suicide attempts. A theoretical aim of cognitive therapy is to improve problem-solving skills so that suicide no longer remains the only available option. This study examined the differential rate of change in problem-solving appraisal following suicide attempts among individuals who participated in a randomized controlled trial for the prevention of suicide. Method Changes in problem-solving appraisal from pre- to 6-months post-treatment in individuals with a recent suicide attempt, randomized to either cognitive therapy (n=60) or a control condition (n=60), were assessed by using the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised, Short Form. Results Improvements in problem-solving appraisal were similarly observed for both groups within the 6-month follow-up. However, during this period, individuals assigned to the cognitive therapy condition demonstrated a significantly faster rate of improvement in negative problem orientation and impulsivity/carelessness. More specifically, individuals receiving cognitive therapy were significantly less likely to report a negative view toward life problems and impulsive/carelessness problem-solving style. Conclusions Cognitive therapy for the prevention of suicide provides rapid changes within 6 months on negative problem orientation and impulsivity/carelessness problem-solving style. Given that individuals are at the greatest risk for suicide within 6 months of their last suicide attempt, the current study demonstrates that a brief cognitive intervention produces a rapid rate of improvement in two important domains of problem-solving appraisal during this sensitive period.