In this study, Onera M6 wing has been optimized by two parameters, the wing section and the taper ratio, by combining the recent mostly preferable popular approaches, i.e. parallel computing and evolutionary techniques. For the 3‐D models, developed during the optimization stages, the mesh required has been generated by using dynamic mesh technique. The code developed for this is robust and faster than the codes that produce mesh only by classical techniques. An Euler flow solver (ACER3D) is used to obtain the flow parameters for each member. From the results, it is observed that the optimization process is working as expected. During the optimization process, the lift coefficient and the thickness ratio are tried to be maintained close to the design values determined at the beginning. The taper ratio becomes smaller and converges to a certain value, while the code tries to minimize the drag force. Additionally, this study can be used as a reference for 2‐D or 3‐D aerodynamic body optimization by using heuristic‐type algorithms, since all details are outlined, referenced, and interpreted with their advantages and disadvantages. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Context: With the increasing specialisation of services, integration has become important for health and other welfare organisations in order to address the complex problems of their patients or clients. This is particularly in care of the elderly, psychiatric care and vocational rehabilitation. The following presentation reports a review of literature on integration in vocational rehabilitation, focusing on models of integration as well as barriers and facilitators.Methods: The review was based on a search in scientific journals from 1995 to 2010. It generated 13132 articles, which were reduced to 1005 after an initial overview. The abstracts were read by members of the research group. Each abstract was read by two members independently. If they agreed the article was included or excluded, but if not the whole group discussed the abstract. This procedure reduced the number of articles to 205, which were read in full text. Finally, 62 articles were included for thematic content analysis.Results: Most of the studies came from Sweden, while others came from Canada, Australia, UK, Netherlands, Norway and Denmark. In these studies different models of integration were identified. They were classified as structural or process oriented. The structural models included case management, partnerships, co-location and financial coordination, while the process oriented models included informal contacts, interorganisational meetings and multidisciplinary teams. There were also a number of barriers as well as facilitators of integration. The barriers included structural and cultural differences, while communication, trust and continuity were important facilitators.Discussion: There are different models of integration, but also many combinations. Case management is often combined with interorganisational meetings or multidisciplinary teams. There are also informal contacts in all models. There is a clear mirror effect between the different barriers and facilitators. Leadership may be either a barrier or a facilitator. In the same way, differences between organisations may be both barriers and facilitators. These results seem to be valid also for other fields of integration, for example care of the elderly, psychiatric care, and other forms of community care.


We investigate the relationship between the Dynamical Systems analysis and the Lie Symmetry analysis of ordinary differential equations. We undertake this investigation by looking at a relativistic model of self-gravitating charged fluids. Specifically we look at the impact of specific parameters obtained from Lie Symmetries analysis on the qualitative behaviour of the model. Steady states, stability and possible bifurcations are explored.


The evidence-based guideline 'Diagnosis and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm' is applicable to all patients with an atherosclerotic fusiform or ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (AAA) and can be found on www.vaat-chirurgie.nl, click on Richtlijnen. An AAA with a diameter < 5.5 cm is treated conservatively and monitored by sonographic surveillance. All patients are advised secondary prevention with antiplatelet therapy, a statin, treatment of hypertension and smoking cessation. Depending on comorbidity, the indication for an operation is an AAA diameter of 5.5 cm. The anatomical characteristics of the AAA guides the choice for an open operation or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). In view of the lower perioperative mortality, EVAR is the treatment of choice. Due to the high prevalence of AAA in siblings of patients with an AAA the screening of these family members should be considered. The minimum number of elective operations per hospital per year has been set at 15.


In order to protect a solid surface exposed to high temperature gaseous flows, e.g. gas turbines and rocket engines, a second gas at lower temperature may be introduced into the hot boundary layer, i.e. one obtains a three temperature problem. The impact of the film cooling on a prototype vane due to variation in blowing ratio, the shape of the hole-outlet and position has been experimentally investigated. The semi-infinite and low conductive test object, initially at a uniform temperature, was exposed to a sudden step change in main flow temperature and a time-resolved surface temperature was measured using an IR camera. By assuming constant values of the heat transfer coefficient and the film cooling effectiveness over time, the heat equation was solved using least squares.The prototype vane was tested for different film cooling row positions on the pressure and suction side. Both cylindrical as well as fan shaped holes were investigated with and without showerhead cooling.The resulting heat transfer coefficient and film cooling effectiveness on the pressure side is compared to flat plate studies and to the results from the suction side. Also, the applicability of using superposition on showerhead cooling and on single/double rows is investigated. Furthermore, the results are compared to other published airfoil film cooling experiments and to CFD analysis for which conclusions are drawn on quantitative and qualitative capabilities of this tool.© 2012 ASME


A lifetime history of alcohol dependence has been associated with elevations in neuroticism in Mexican American young adults. The identification of genetic markers associated with neuroticism and their influence on the development of alcohol use disorders (AUD) may contribute to our understanding of the relationship between personality traits and the increased risk of AUD in Mexican Americans. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between neuroticism and 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR) 5-subunit (CHRNA5) and 3-subunit (CHRNA3) genes in young adult Mexican American men and women. Participants were 465 young adult Mexican American men and women who are literate in English and are residing legally in San Diego County. Each participant gave a blood sample and completed a structured diagnostic interview. Neuroticism was assessed using the Maudsley Personality Inventory. The minor alleles of four CHRNA5 polymorphisms (rs588765, rs601079, rs680244 and rs555018) and three CHRNA3 polymorphisms (rs578776, rs6495307 and rs3743078) showed associations with neuroticism. Several of these SNPs also displayed nominal associations with DSM-IV alcohol and nicotine dependence, but tests of mediation suggested that these relations could be partially explained by the presence of co-occurring neuroticism. These findings suggest that genetic variations in nicotinic receptor genes may influence the development of neuroticism, which in turn is involved in the development of AUDs and nicotine dependence in Mexican American young adults.


We have recently developed a novel III-V integration scheme, where III-V material is grown directly on top of Si within oxide nanotubes or microcavities which control the geometry of nanostructures. This allows us to grow III-V material non-lattice matched on any crystalline orientation of Si, to grow arbitrary shapes as well as abrupt heterojunctions, and to gain more flexibility in tuning of composition. In this talk, applications for electronic devices such as heterojunction tunnel FETs and microcavity III-V lasers monolithically integrated on Si will be discussed along with an outlook for the future.


In the past, social workers have taken a lead in working with individuals involved with justice agencies and advocating for system change. Despite the fact that offender populations continue to increase in size and need, today there appears to be minimal involvement in this system by social workers. Using a mail survey of 400 social workers belonging to one of two U.S. professional organizations, we explore the impact of social work education on the likelihood of professionals choosing to practice with criminal offenders. Results indicate that social workers exposed to offender issues through specific coursework or offender internships during education are more likely to choose to work in justice settings. Implications of these findings for social work education are addressed.


Conducting polymers have recently been studied as a new class of materials for the corrosion protection of metals. Polyaniline (PANI) is the best candidate to perform this function due to its high environmental stability and simple preparation. Polyaniline was synthesized by polymerizing aniline monomer with various inorganic oxides and with several ratios of phosphoric acid doping. The prepared samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction Meter (XRD) and the morphology of these samples was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Electrical conductivity of the samples was measured using a multimeter. Besides, pigments dispersion stability was observed in ethanol medium at six increasing times (0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours). The prepared samples were used as anti-corrosive pigments by blending with commercially available acrylic paint. The blended pigments and acrylic paint were then applied on carbon steel panels by simple dip coating method. The coated steel panels were then dried at room temperature for two days. Once the coatings were fully dried, the steel panels were immersed in 5% NaCl solution for 60 days and left in salt spray chamber for 35 days according to standard ASTM G31 and ASTM B117 respectively. The degree of corrosion for full immersion test samples were evaluated by calculating the corrosion rate from weight loss method and by visual observation for samples exposed in salt fog chamber. The adhesion strength was measured according to ASTM D3359 standard. Sample that was most affected by corrosion, has lower adhesion strength
iii
with metal. The degrees of corrosion on the steel panel are related to the pigment used in paint and thus the best PANI composite pigment for corrosion protection was PANI-Silicone dioxide (PANI-SiO2) while the best nano form in terms of corrosion protection was PANI nanofiber. This was due to its highest electrical conductivity and good adhesion strength for PANI-SiO2 and better dispersion stability for PANI nanofibers.


Orofacial examination was applied in 39 patients with myotonic dystrophy. We made an original table with a scale of punctuation. The group showed a deficit of 43.70%. The female group was 6.16% better than male's. The maternal inherited cases were 3.63% better than the paternal ones. When we separated the groups by decades, there was a tendency to an increasingly better performance as the age of the beggining of symptoms was later. The performance was 10.68% better in the group of patients with 1 to 10 years than in the group with 11 to 20 years of disease. We concluded that the phonoaudiological affection in myotonic dystrophy was less intense in patients with later onset of symptoms and less than 10 years of disease.


– The current research environment is witnessing the
emergence of a prevalent method in the analysis of secondary
data. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is becoming
one of the most valued methods of generating reliable
information. The implementation of SLR requires the
formulation of research questions (RQs) for the review
purposes, which will be used to guide the search and
extraction process. In this study, SLR has been utilised to
extend the studies regarding Green ICT practice and
organisational sustainability. Sustainability is not a new word,
and the same goes with Green IT practice. Many areas of
study are now focused on the matter of sustainability in an
attempt to minimise compromising the well-being of future
generations. Furthermore, organisational sustainability allows
the organisations to reach their goal. Nevertheless, this effort
requires a good care of the economic, societal and
environmental welfare. From the SLR, 57 out of 150 studies
have been identified to discuss the issues of Green IT and the
organisation. From 57 studies, only 18 studies focused on
Green IT practice. 12 out of the 18 studies, discussed the types
of Green IT practice. The studies concentrated on factors that
influence the implementation of Green IT. A total of 17
factors were identified from five different sources. This study
also looked at the measurement used to assess organisational
sustainability that includes Green IT practice. This paper will
be useful for the organisation as a guide to bring greener
technologies and more environmentally responsible practices
and strategies in organising.


The aim of this study was to investigate the technical characteristics of oesophageal manometry systems and to improve the performance of these systems.The investigation of the characteristics of oesophageal manometry systems with non-perfused catheters or catheters perfused with a flow generated by a syringe pump did not show properties which fullfilled the requirements for accurate pressure measurements. The bandwidth of the pressure mesurement system was limited by the high compliance of the syringe perfusion pump. The characteristics of perfused systems were improved by the design of a low-compliance perfusion pump. The frequency characteristics of a pressure measurement system utilizing the low-compliance perfusion pump seemed to be determined by the properties of the cathetermanometer system. The frequency content of oesophageal peristaltic pressure was studied by use of a measurement system including the low-compliance perfusion pump. This investigation showed that a bandwidth of about 8 Hz or more is necessary for accurate measurements, which bandwidth can only be obtained with a low-compliance system. In a clinical study a non-perfused system and a system perfused with a syringe pump were compared simultaneously to a system with the low-compliance perfusion pump. The non-perfused system and the system perfused with the syringe pump gave lower peristaltic and sphincter pressure amplitudes than the system with the low-compliance perfusion pump. Since the oesophageal sphincter pressure varies in different radial directions, a pressure transducer has been devised, the mechanical design of which gives an integration of a radial pressure profile. The transducer has a linear static and dynamic transfer function.


Six hundred (600) women were investigated for the type and frequencies of anemia Three hundred (300) of pregnant women and (300) of non pregnant women. A venous blood of 5 ml was collected, 2.5ml in EDTA containers and investigated for a complete blood count (CBC), retics count and hemoglobin electrophoresis. The other volume of 2.5 ml of blood collected to obtain serum for biochemical tests, including; serum iron, serum ferritin and total iron binding capacity. The mean age of patients was (25 year) for non pregnant women and (30 year for pregnant women. The results showed that the only type of anemia was hypochromic microcytic anemia, mainly is iron deficiency anemia. Percentage of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant and non pregnant women were (68.8%) and (63.3) respectively. The percentage of anemia decreased in pregnant women whom take iron therapy during pregnancy, while was high in pregnant women that did not take the iron. There is no significant deference between the mean of Hemoglobin in pregnant women with therapeutic dose and non pregnant women.


The role of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is rapidly changing from a traditional fresh human food commodity to an efficient crop for agro-industrial processing in many parts of Asia. Varietal improvement for higher yield and root dry matter content is bringing additional cash income to a great number of small farmers. We documented the yield component data of breeding populations through five evaluation stages with and without selection. We define a best selection scheme based on the genetic, interaction, and error parameters obtained. Important conclusions are (i) broad-sense heritability and phenotypic correlations obtained at a given selection stage may lead to erroneous selection schemes, (ii) regression across evaluation stages gives the most useful information, (iii) in early evaluation stages, eliminating inferior phenotypes is more beneficial than selecting superior phenotypes, (iv) selection for root dry matter content can be conducted without serious effects on other yield components, (v) harvest index has consistently high heritability at each evaluation stage, while biomass and yield have low heritability, (vi) genotype x evaluation stage interaction for yield is greatest between single-row and plot trials, while that of harvest index is much smaller [selection at single-row trials (SRT), usually the second stage of evaluation, is most crucial to the final success of selection for higher yield], and (vii) indirect selection for yield through harvest index is more effective than direct selection by yield itself especially in the early evaluation stages. Realized selection confirmed the conclusions. Actual cultivar dissemination testifies the usefulness of this methodology.


Suppressing glutaminolysis does not always induce cancer cell death in glutamine-dependent tumors because cells may switch to alternative energy sources. To reveal compensatory metabolic pathways, we investigated the metabolome-wide cellular response to inhibited glutaminolysis. We conducted metabolic profiling in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MB-MDA-231, treated with different dosages of glutaminase inhibitor C.968 at multiple time points. We found that multiple molecules involved in lipid catabolism responded directly to glutamate deficiency as a presumed compensation for energy deficit. Accelerated lipid catabolism, together with oxidative stress induced by glutaminolysis inhibition, triggered autophagy. We therefore simultaneously inhibited glutaminolysis and autophagy, which induced cancer cell death. Our study emphasizes the potential of non-targeted metabolomics to characterize and identify metabolic escape mechanisms contributing to cancer cell survival under treatment. Our findings add to the increasing evidence that combined inhibition of glutaminolysis and autophagy may be effective in glutamine-addicted cancers.


Sir, We read with interest the article by Malki et al . [ 1 ] , where the authors have concluded that patients with incidentally detected pelvi-ureteric obstruction or with minimal symptoms do not deteriorate ' silently ' beyond 2 years from the diagnosis. The authors, therefore, suggest that these patients do not require further follow-up if they do not have functional deterioration in the fi rst 2 years. For all those patients who deteriorated while on conservative management, the mean time from diagnosis to deterioration was 55.6 months. Out of them, all the patients who had ' silent ' deterioration did so within 2 years, whereas the authors observed that symptomatic deterioration can be seen as late as 10 years from diagnosis. However, the authors have not discussed the possible explanation for this observation and whether these two groups represent two distinct pathological entities or the variable profi le of the same disease.


Background Eclampsia manifests as seizures and is unique to the pregnant state. It remains an important cause of maternal mortality especially in resource-challenged countries that lack access to prenatal care. Aims The aim of our study was to compare maternal and foetal outcomes in mothers with eclampsia with the administration of either magnesium sulphate or phenytoin in a resourcechallenged situation. Method The work was conducted from January 2012 to December 2012. A total of 80 patients were assigned alternately to two groups – one group was treated with magnesium sulphate (Group-M; n=40), and the other treated with phenytoin (Group-P; n=40) (Figure 1). The magnesium sulphate was administered according to Pritchard's regimen; phenytoin administered according to Ryan's regimen. With either regimen, anticonvulsant therapy was continued for 24 hours postpartum or 24 hours after the last convulsion, whichever was later. Results Fifty-four per cent of patients regained consciousness within eight hours of treatment onset in Group-P compared to 5.3 per cent in Group-M (p=0.0001, χ 2 =19.24). Seven patients in Group-P had recurrence of convulsions as compared to none of the 40 women assigned to Group-M (p=0.032, χ 2 =4.62). The incidence of Caesarean section was greater (62.5 per cent) in Group-M compared to Group-P (25 per cent; p=0.001, χ 2 = 9.96). No statistically significant differences were found in the foetal outcomes between the two groups. Conclusion Phenytoin use may be reconsidered in selective cases in low and middle income countries (LMIC) as it has been found simpler to use, has several benefits and also curtails treatment cost. Magnesium sulphate is substantially more effective than phenytoin with regard to recurrence of convulsions. Proper training in the management of eclampsia should be given to all health care workers to ensure appropriate management of eclamptic mothers. Thus, the treatment of this disease calls for more research especially in resource-challenged settings.


The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between spinal cord injury (SCI), wheelchair users' satisfaction, perceptions of their community participation and quality of life (QoL).Thirty-one community wheelchair users with SCI were administered the Chinese version of the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology (C-QUEST), the abbreviated Hong Kong version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO QoL-BREF (HK)) and selected items of 'Participation Restrictions' and 'Environmental Factors' of the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF). Only a weak correlation was found between the C-QUEST services sub-scores and one ICF environmental factor, that is, health-related professionals (Spearman's r = 0.453; p < 0.05). The C-QUEST device sub-scores were also weakly correlated with four domain scores of the WHO QoL-BREF (HK) (Spearman's r = 0.412-0.567; p < 0.05). Social relationship, participation in leisure and driving activities had a moderate association with scores of the WHO QoL-BREF (HK) (-0.405 > Spearman's r > -0.583; p < 0.05). It is concluded that community participation (e.g. use of transportation) and human environment (e.g. friends and peers) were more related to QoL, than to users' satisfaction with a wheelchair. Further research with a larger sample is recommended to examine the variables related to SCI and QoL.


Modularity in total hip arthroplasty design is an evolving concept that continues to receive citation in the clinical literature. The advantages of these systems include off-the-shelf flexibility for customizing proximal and distal canal filling, as well as accommodation of difficult situations of femoral deformity and bone loss. Clinical concerns in the application of modular femoral stem hip designs include the maintenance of anatomical stability within the femoral canal component dissociation, structural compromise at metal-metal interconnections due to cyclic microdisplacements (fretting), and the increased potential for metallic-wear debris generation. This article reviews the rationale and performance of typical modular systems.


We present a framework for the verified programming of multi-tape Turing machines in Coq. Improving on prior work by Asperti and Ricciotti in Matita, we implement multiple layers of abstraction. The highest layer allows a user to implement nontrivial algorithms as Turing machines and verify their correctness, as well as time and space complexity compositionally. The user can do so without ever mentioning states, symbols on tapes or transition functions: They write programs in an imperative language with registers containing values of encodable data types, and our framework constructs corresponding Turing machines. As case studies, we verify a translation from multi-tape to single-tape machines as well as a universal Turing machine, both with polynomial time overhead and constant factor space overhead.


Person re-identification has been widely studied due to its importance in surveillance and forensics applications. In practice, gallery images are high-resolution (HR) while probe images are usually low-resolution (LR) in the identification scenarios with large variation of illumination, weather or quality of cameras. Person re-identification in this kind of scenarios, which we call super-resolution (SR) person re-identification, has not been well studied. In this paper, we propose a semi-coupled low-rank discriminant dictionary learning (SLD2L) approach for SR person re-identification. For the given training image set which consists of HR gallery and LR probe images, we aim to convert the features of LR images into discriminating HR features. Specifically, our approach learns a pair of HR and LR dictionaries and a mapping from the features of HR gallery images and LR probe images. To ensure that the converted features using the learned dictionaries and mapping have favorable discriminative capability, we design a discriminant term which requires the converted HR features of LR probe images should be close to the features of HR gallery images from the same person, but far away from the features of HR gallery images from different persons. In addition, we apply low-rank regularization in dictionary learning procedure such that the learned dictionaries can well characterize intrinsic feature space of HR and LR images. Experimental results on public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of SLD2L.


The Vietnamese community in New Orleans has experienced various challenges ranging from poverty to disasters and from refuge trauma experience to children's education. Nonetheless, the community has remained strong, which has been manifested in its response after Hurricane Katrina and the BP oil spill. This article adopts the historical trauma framework to better understand the resilience of this ethnic community. The Vietnamese community in New Orleans had been studied by scholars in the field of sociology, ethnic studies, geography, health and mental health, to name the major ones. This author selected 42 publications by searching major databases of social sciences and public health (PubMed). Publications were then reviewed and analyzed according to such themes as shared group experience of trauma, intergenerational transmission of trauma, and community capacity and resilience. The Vietnamese refugee community in New Orleans suffers from collective trauma experience of war and repeated disasters. Although second-generation of Vietnamese refugees did show certain behavior and identity challenges during growing up, children's behavior issues are not manifested or perceived as intergenerational transmission of trauma. Native language, cultural norms and practice, religious belief, collective mindset of self-sufficiency, and strong networks are often cited as unique community resilience characteristics. The Vietnamese community's resilience is derived from the history of refuge and resettlement. A model that incorporates both community resilience and historical trauma framework is proposed to help better understand the community dynamics and the impact of community resilience on individuals and families.


According to the endosymbiont hypothesis, mitochondria have lost the autonomy of their prokaryotic ancestors. They have to import most of their proteins from the cytosol because the mitochondrial genome codes for only a small percentage of the polypeptides that reside in the organelle. Recent findings show that the sorting of proteins into the mitochondrial subcompartments and their folding and assembly follow principles already developed in prokaryotes. The components involved may have structural and functional equivalents in bacteria.


By including explicitly the electronic configurations with three simultaneously excited electronic orbitals, we have successfully extended the BSCI (B-spline based configuration interaction) method to estimate directly the effects of inner shell core-excitation to atomic transitions. In particular, we are able to carry out detailed ab initio investigation on the core polarization effects without the need of employing parameterized model potential. We present in this paper quantitatively the change in atomic transition rate due to the core excitations for four-electron systems, especially for transitions involving doubly excited states and transitions with small oscillator strengths. Our numerical results using length and velocity gauge typically agree to better than 1%.


Submerged arc welding is widely used in the fabrication of pressure vessels, pipe lines and offshore structures because of its higher metal deposition rate, good strength of the joint and good surface appearance. The properties of the welded joint such as strength, toughness can be improved by controlling the microstructure of the welded joint. The element transfer from the flux has major influence on weld metal composition and weld metal properties. To predict weld metal properties, it is necessary to determine the weld composition, which primarily depends upon wire, flux, parent metal, slag metal reactions, process parameters, dilution and electrochemical reactions. Numerous investigators have attempted to determine, which flux components are of most importance in establishing the final weld chemistry. The weld chemistry is decided by the metallurgical reactions in SAW but to decide the extent of metallurgical reaction in saw is very difficult because of large variations in cycle temperature, reaction time, high heat input. In SAW due to short reaction time during SAW the reaction is not reached to its thermodynamic equilibrium, so the exact prediction of weld metal chemistry is difficult. The purpose of this literature review is to focus on an innovative approach which is needed while deciding weld chemistry. It would be worthwhile if one could develop a frame work to predict the Mn, Si, carbon, oxygen and other elements in the final weld metal, from a given combination of electrode, flux and base metal. The work done so far on Element transfer study is very limited.Much published information is not available about fluxes made by Industry professionals as they do not disclose the composition of the flux for which they claim higher strength and better mechanical properties. This literature review will provide the basis for researchers in the field of SAW.


In this article the author argues that the globalization and independent professionalization makes it imperative that archivists and arsiparis are engaged in a joint enterprise hence differ in the status of independence and the relationship within the government institution. This paper presents Participatory Action Research (PAR) which is an approach to research in communities that emphasizes participation and action. It seeks to understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and following reflection. Informants of seven record managers in Indonesia are the source of data on this research. In developing this argument, the common roots of archivist and arsiparis are examined its emergence of archives in Indonesia in the 1950s and their subsequent divergence over the next three decades. The author identifies the common ground that archivist and arsiparis share in dealing with recorded information. This common ground, which includes records integrity, archive provenance, and archive original order over time, is linked into a single unifying theme by the importance of the contextual relations. Arsiparis, record manager, and archivist are considered as two ways of managing document in organization under the same roof of governing government. The article concludes with a call for archivists and arsiparis to participate in the design of independence professionals, in order to ensure that archivists and arsiparis are acceptance within the competition of global market under the protection of independence professional association, and legitimized by the regulation of government under the constitution.


Fermentations for the overproduction of citrate and isocitrate with S. lipolytica in media containing both glucose and n-alkanes as mixed C-source have been performed. Biomass and product yields strongly depend on the C-source of the inoculation culture. If the inoculation culture had been taken from media containing glucose as sole C-source both glucose and n-alkanes were utilized for cell growth in the main culture whereas only glucose was utilized if the inoculation medium contained only n-alkanes. For idiophasic citrate and isocitrate production both glucose and n-alkanes were consumed independently of the C-source of the inoculum but that C-source was preferentially utilized which has been the C-source of the inoculation culture. These findings are reflected by the activities of the isocitrate lyase and the pyruvate carboxylase, respectively. In S. lipolytica both anaplerotic pathways are coexisting but the C-source of the inoculation culture determines the level of the specific activities even if the ratio of the cell-mass of the inoculum to the cell mass of the main culture at the end of the growth phase is about 1:35.


The study was developed with the aim of to understand the determinants of adoption of improved stove in rural household energy consumption. Survey was a method of data collection using appropriate instruments such as structured questionnaire based interview technique. The survey was covered a random sample of 120 household heads selected from three rural villages. Probit model and t-test was used to analyze determinants of adoption of improved stove technology using STATA software. Biomass source of energy are found the main source of energy used for cooking food and baking injera (Ethiopian bread) in the study area. The consequence of uses of biomass energy sources lead forest degradation, deforestation, and lands degradation all severe environmental problems. Farm size, awareness about improved stove, proximity household to the health extension center were positive effect on the adoption of improved stove decision of households at statistically significance level of 1%.  In addition, livestock ownership, households access to credit services, educational status of household head also positively statistically significant to adopt improved stove. However, age of household head, sex of household head, economic characteristics of households (occupation and per capita expenditure) were not significant relationship with adoption. To enhance adoption of improved stove it was recommended that: all stakeholders (government and development partners) should plan different strategies to its use through demonstrations, posters, and a radio/TV advertisement is vital.


A major crisis in the profession of school psychology has emerged from the body of recent empirical studies in psychology and education. Research on school psychology assessments has suggested that little, if any, data are produced in these evaluations which is useful for the remediation of students' educational problems. Likewise, psychoeducational treatments of the behavior and learning problems of school children have empirically shown only weak, if any, efficacy. An examination of some of the fundamental philosophical, theoretical, and practical foundations of school psychology yielded reasons for the crisis in the profession. The underlying assumptions of externalism and resulting faulty notions about objectivity and value neutrality were shown to be major contributors to the problems of school psychology. The failure to find any relatively exceptionless laws of behavior from which psychological practice can be based was presented as another of the reasons for the crisis. Mechanistic theories of the person, which are prevalent in experimental psychology, have invaded the thinking of school psychologists and other educators with unfortunate results. Semantic, diagnostic, research, and measurement problems in school psychology have evolved from these underlying philosophical and theoretical errors. The following alternative foundational concepts were offered for the practice of school psychology: (a) reality is an undivided whole; (b) reality is constructed through the dialectical process by the community of observers; (c) shared knowledge is developed out of social consensus; (d) personal knowledge exerts a major influence on the Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout permission. person's behavior; (e) human beings possess purposes and intentions; (£) human beings have moral status; and (g) the overriding purpose of education should be to facilitate the student's search for personal meaning for her/his life. From this set of basic concepts a model for the practice of school psychology was developed. The model designated (a) the purpose of school psychology, (b) the ways in which the school psychologist enriches her/his clients, (c) a democratic approach to decision making, (d) the expansion of what counts as knowledge in the profession, and (e) the virtuous school psychologist as less of an expert and more of a moral leader. A series of case histories was presented to demonstrate the model in action. Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout permission.


BACKGROUND
Xpert MTB/RIF is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for a rapid and simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and rifampicin resistance specific to patients who have symptoms and signs.

METHODS
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic significance possessed by various assays specific to the detection of Mtb. This study included 345 suspected TB patients who received treatment at the Shandong Public Health Clinical Center during May 2019 and August 2019. Related data included demographics, gender, age, past medical history (PMH), country of birth, country of residence, clinical information and laboratory test outcomes. The smear method was performed three times, the BD960 method was conducted two times and the MTB/ RIF and Xpert Ultra (phlegm precipitation) assays were performed once. All methods were completed simultaneously.

RESULTS
The Xpert Ultra MTB (phlegm precipitation) method exhibited the highest consistency and sensitivity, followed by the Xpert MTB, Mtb culture, and smear methods, respectively. The Xpert Ultra MTB method also exhibited a significantly higher detection rate relative to the smear method (X2 = 13.411, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Xpert MTB/RIF along with Xpert Ultra (phlegm precipitation) exhibited higher sensitivity specific for the diagnosis of TB and rifampicin-resistance. The combined effects of these four methods showed outstanding sensitivity compared with single methods alone.


According to research, peer assessments in education can significantly contribute to the learning experience of pupils through establishing motivation, confidence and essentially dynamic higher order learning skills. This inquiry specifically focussed on exploring the role of success criteria within peer assessment as an effective learning tool for pupils. The research comprised of a group of 30, year 7 science pupils from an Ofsted rated "outstanding" school. Research findings support the use of success criteria as an effective learning tool, so long as it is used correctly. It suggests that the efficacy of success criteria is dependent on its transparency, rigidity and explicitness. The findings from the study reveal that pupils are more likely to connect with their cognitive and intellectual processes to reach suitable judgements in the absence of rigid, explicit success criteria – and that the use of broader guidelines is more appropriate, to enhance and guide the learning of pupils.


ABSTRACT Investigation of crime is central to the function and purpose of law enforcement. Contemporary investigation depends on a sophisticated arsenal of theories and techniques interacting with law and its institutions in a variety of ways, including authorised unlawful activity. Drawing on Foucault, this article re-imagines the investigation and associated legal architectures as apparatus; a rationality and strategy of governance shaped by intersecting knowledge formations. The paper considers the key characteristics of investigation and its relationship with law, concluding that investigations practices are a form of apparatus, and that aspects of these practices are grounded in a theological dynamic based on surveillance.


BACKGROUND The amino acid glutamine is the preferred respiratory fuel for rapidly proliferating cells under normal conditions. Recent research has suggested a number of roles for glutamine during critical illness. This research has been largely performed in experimental animals and in adults in a variety of disease settings. There is little information on the role of glutamine in children and infants, or whether glutamine supplementation is beneficial in preterm babies. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of glutamine supplementation on morbidity and weight gain in preterm babies. SEARCH STRATEGY Searches were made using the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline and Embase electronic databases from 1980 - June 2001 (MeSH terms: glutamine, preterm, newborn, nutrition), handsearching of selected English language journals (Pediatrics, Journal of Pediatrics, Archives of Disease in Childhood and Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition) from 1990 - June 2001, and cross-referencing from publications where necessary. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing glutamine supplementation to no glutamine supplementation in preterm babies at any time from birth to discharge from hospital. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data regarding clinical outcomes including duration of parenteral nutrition, time to full enteral nutrition, rate of weight gain, rate of positive blood cultures and duration of hospital stay were extracted by both reviewers. Analysis was performed by the primary reviewer (TRJT) in accordance with the standards of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. MAIN RESULTS Three trials met the selection criteria. Data on proportion of babies having one or more of positive blood cultures were available from all three studies. Meta-analysis showed no significant difference between glutamine-supplemented and non-supplemented babies; RR = 0.73 (95% CI 0.44, 1.23), RD = -8.8% (95% CI -23.2, 5.5). Data for other outcome variables were pooled from two studies. There were no significant differences between glutamine-supplemented and non-supplemented babies for days to full enteral nutrition (WMD 0.4 days, 95% CI -3.0, 3.8), rate of weight gain (WMD 0.6 g/kg/d, 95% CI -1.6, 2.8) or days of hospital stay (WMD -2.4 days, 95% CI -14.9, 10.2). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence from randomised trials to support the routine use of parenteral or enteral glutamine supplementation in preterm babies. A large randomised controlled trial should be performed to determine whether or not glutamine supplementation enhances gut integrity and reduces sepsis rate.


People form mental models about robots' behavior and intention as they interact with them. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of different interaction styles on self-efficacy in human-robot interaction (HRI), people's perception of the robot, and task engagement. We conducted a user study in which a social robot assists people verbally while building a house of cards. Data from our experimental study revealed that people engaged longer in the task while interacting with a robot that provides person related feedback than with a robot that gives no person or task related feedback. Moreover, people interacting with a robot with a person-oriented interaction style reported a higher self-efficacy in HRI, perceived higher agreeableness of the robot and found the interaction less frustrating, as compared to a robot with a task-oriented interaction style. This suggests that a robot's interaction style can be considered as a key factor for increasing people's perceived self-efficacy in HRI, which is essential for establishing trust and enabling Human-robot collaboration.


With the rapid development of Chongqing Municipality directly under the People's Republic of China Central Government, Chongqing Municipality is more and more focused and well-known all over the country. And the construction aim of "wu ge Chongqing" arouses the interest of more people and is widely discussed. However, to internationalize Chongqing Municipality and to attract more foreign people's eyes, the publicity is crucial and first and foremost. To attract more foreigners, the translation of materials of publicity is decisive and pivotal. Consequently, in this article it is to analyze English translation of "wu ge Chongqing", and discover the principles and approaches in translating materials of governmental publicity, so as to advance the translation practice of governmental publicity translation and to improve foreigners' awareness and understanding of governmental publicity.


[1] The present study examines seasonal variations of large-scale field-aligned current (FAC) systems in terms of the dipole tilt and clock angles. Magnetic field measurements from the DMSP F7 and F12-F15 satellites are used. This data set consists of a total of ∼185,000 auroral oval crossings, out of which ∼121,000 crossings were selected for the present analysis. Focus is placed on the latitude at the demarcation between the region 2 (R2) and region 1 (R1) currents and the intensities of these currents. It is found that the dayside FAC moves poleward and equatorward in the summer and winter hemispheres, respectively, and the nightside FAC has the opposite seasonal dependence. In the midday sector the peak-to-peak variation of the FAC latitude over the entire range of the dipole tilt is ∼5°, whereas it is ∼4° around midnight. In the flank sectors the average FAC latitude is higher around the solstices than around the equinoxes irrespective of hemisphere. The corresponding dependence on the dipole clock angle can actually be found for almost all local time sectors, although the peak-to-peak variation of the expected semiannual variation, 2° around noon and <1° in other local time sectors, is smaller than that of the annual variation except for the flank sectors. A comparison with a model magnetic field strongly suggests that the dipole tilt effect on the magnetospheric configuration is the primary cause of the annual variation, whereas the semiannual variation is inferred to reflect the fact that geomagnetic activity tends to be higher around the equinoxes. The average dayside FAC intensity is larger in the summer hemisphere than in the winter hemisphere, which can be explained in terms of the seasonal variation of the ionospheric conductivity. The dayside R1 current intensity depends more strongly on the dipole tilt than the dayside R2 current intensity, and it changes by a factor of 2–3 over the entire range of the dipole tilt angle. In contrast, the annual variation of the nightside FAC intensity is more complicated, and the nightside R2 current seems to be more intense in the winter hemisphere than in the summer hemisphere. The dependence of the FAC intensity on the dipole clock angle is less significant especially for the R1 system. Nevertheless, the result suggests that the FAC tends to be more intense around the equinoxes, which is consistent with the semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity.


Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to contribute to the efforts for forming a database including the natural radiation levels throughout the country and developing a foundation for radiation safety. Karasu portion of the Euphrates valley within the provincial border of Erzincan was chosen for the investigation and natural radiation levels were detected by analyzing the samples taken in terms of radioactivity, natural environment's radiation streams. Throughout the region of Karasu, 29 different samples from the water and 17 from the soil were taken and their total alpha, beta activities were detected. To take samples from the water and then they were measured by low background counter (Berthold brand LB770 10-channel counter). Total alpha and beta analyses were made according to the standard methods. Average values of alpha and beta concentrations of samples were measured as 0.0421 Bq/L and 1.806 Bq/L, respectively. For the soil samples HPGe gamma spectrometer system was used and radioisotope activity concentrations were found within the intervals of 2.7-27.8 Bq/kg for Ra; 3.2-39.4 Bq/kg for Th; 98-714 Bq/kg for K; < 0.4-57.8 Bq/kg for Cs, respectively. Different radioisotopes were detected in some of the samples taken from streaming beds joining river water.


The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the secondary products present in the plant although, it is usually not attributed to a single compound but a combination of the metabolites. The medicinal actions of plants are unique to a particular plant species or group, consistent with the concept that the combination of secondary products in a particular plant is taxonomically distinct.The screening of plants usually involves several approach; ethno botanical approach is one of the common methods that are employed in choosing the plant for pharmacological study. In the present review paper, antimicrobial properties of various medicinal plants were reviewed. The present review deals with the antibacterial activity of various medicinal plants.


Subjective perceptions about a product affect consumer choice. Accordingly, acquiring the underlying demand characteristics that consumers find desirable is vital for firms planning future marketing strategies. However, the extent to which product-specific perceptions affect consumer choice is poorly understood. New agricultural standards for organic livestock were introduced in Japan in November 2005 and are expected to influence the market significantly. Choice modeling (CM) is used to explore how consumers evaluate the latent demands and conventional attributes (or tangible values) of organic milk. The results suggest that latent demands, along with socioeconomic characteristics and conventional attributes, provide strong incentives for consumers to move from the purchase of conventional milk to organic milk. The analysis indicates that latent demands reflecting the safeness of organic milk, the better taste of organic milk, the image of environmental friendliness in the production process, and the image of the health and comfort of the cows are important factors that influence consumers' purchasing decisions. However, each specific factor has a corresponding conventional tangible attribute that needs to be targeted in marketing strategy.


ObjectiveThis study describes the current state of family therapy training in a sample of child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship programs.MethodChild and adolescent psychiatry fellows (N=66) from seven training programs completed a questionnaire assessing demographics, family therapy training experiences, common models of treatment and supervision, attitudes about family therapy, and perspectives on clinical training and clinical skill.ResultsFellows ascribed a high degree of importance to family therapy skills, yet most had not seen more than one outpatient family with family therapy supervision during their training. They identified structural family therapy and family psychoeducation as the primary family treatment orientations in their programs.ConclusionAlthough child psychiatry fellows believed that strong family therapy skills would benefit their patients, most had limited supervised experiences with families. Child and adolescent psychiatry training programs appear to offer exposure to family therapy without sufficient opportunities to develop proficiency. The author discusses educational implications for child and adolescent psychiatry.


Although the prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age in Tanzania remains high, there have been documented improvements. It declined from 47.2% in 2004-05 to 40.1% 2010, but by 2016 it has risen again to 44.8%, according to the nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys from those years. Women's anemia can lead to many detrimental consequences, including decreased work productivity, mortality, postpartum hemorrhage, and adverse birth outcomes. Thus, it is important to document the factors that may have contributed to improvements in anemia status. Using a regression decomposition approach, which previously has been applied to identifying potential drivers of changes in stunting, we examine which improvements in the underlying determinants of anemia contributed to improvements in the overall prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age in Tanzania. This study is the first known application of this methodology to understanding changes in the prevelance of anemia. Among all adult women, the largest contributers of change from factors we could include in our models were increases in wealth and education, use of hormonal contraceptives, and the decrease in the proportion of women who are currently pregnant or postpartum (i.e., from the decrease in fertility rates). Notably, use of hormonal contraceptives was least common among the poorest quintile. Additionally, change was attributable to reductions in infection, specifically fever and improvements in open defecation. Among older adolescent girls (15-19 years), the largest share in the improvements in anemia were attributable to education and wealth increases. Among postpartum women, we were limited by the sample size, but found that attending all four antenatal care visits and being administered medications to prevent malaria during pregnancy were important determinants of improved hemoglobin levels.


We first review our recent simulation work on dynamic heterogeneity and supercooled liquid rheology. We then treat a supercooled polymer melt to study the stress relaxation function, transient stress evolution, shear thinning, and elongation of chains.


BACKGROUND: Juvenile xanthogranuloma is an infrequent, benign histiocytic lesion, the recognition and diagnosis of which by fine needle aspiration biopsy are important for ascertaining whether a case will have a benign course or spontaneous regression. CASE: A case of juvenile xanthogranuloma was located in the upper lip of a newborn male. CONCLUSION: Juvenile xanthogranuloma has characteristic cytologic features that may allow recognition in fine needle aspiration cytology smears. (Acta Cytol 2000;44:385–388)


Faced with less than optimal voluntary initiatives and in the absence of binding legislation, what mechanisms can interested stakeholders use as leverage to force corporations to take a more proactive role in safeguarding human rights, particularly due diligence issues in the supply chain? Can new disclosure and procurement requirements provide enough incentives to have a measurable impact on the behavior of transnational corporations based in the United States?
This Article argues that federal and state governments should take advantage of the fact firms are adapting to more rigorous transparency and due diligence demands from socially responsible investors, international stock exchange listing requirements, and enterprise risk management processes.
Corporations respond to incentives and penalties. Governments can and should require stronger procurement contractual terms for contractors and subcontractors. The contract could require: (1) executive level, Sarbanes-Oxley like attestations regarding human rights policies due diligence on impacts within the supply chain; (2) an audit by certified third parties and (3) suspension or debarment from contracts as well as clawbacks of executive bonuses and a portion of board compensation as penalties for false or misleading attestations.
Companies that do not want to participate in government contracting programs will not have to complete the attestation or due diligence process but the benefits of participating will outweigh the costs. The large number of participating firms will likely lead to the practice becoming an industry standard across sectors, thereby forestalling additional legislation, shareholder resolutions and name and shame campaigns thus eventually leading to benefits for all stakeholders including those most directly affected.


Objectives: The goal of the present study was to compare the extent to which children with hearing loss and children with normal hearing benefit from mismatches in target/masker sex in the context of speech-in-speech recognition. It was hypothesized that children with hearing loss experience a smaller target/masker sex mismatch benefit relative to children with normal hearing due to impairments in peripheral encoding, variable access to high-quality auditory input, or both. Design: Eighteen school-age children with sensorineural hearing loss (7 to 15 years) and 18 age-matched children with normal hearing participated in this study. Children with hearing loss were bilateral hearing aid users. Severity of hearing loss ranged from mild to severe across participants, but most had mild to moderate hearing loss. Speech recognition thresholds for disyllabic words presented in a two-talker speech masker were estimated in the sound field using an adaptive, forced-choice procedure with a picture-pointing response. Participants were tested in each of four conditions: (1) male target speech/two-male-talker masker; (2) male target speech/two-female-talker masker; (3) female target speech/two-female-talker masker; and (4) female target speech/two-male-talker masker. Children with hearing loss were tested wearing their personal hearing aids at user settings. Results: Both groups of children showed a sex-mismatch benefit, requiring a more advantageous signal to noise ratio when the target and masker were matched in sex than when they were mismatched. However, the magnitude of sex-mismatch benefit was significantly reduced for children with hearing loss relative to age-matched children with normal hearing. There was no effect of child age on the magnitude of sex-mismatch benefit. The sex-mismatch benefit was larger for male target speech than for female target speech. For children with hearing loss, the magnitude of sex-mismatch benefit was not associated with degree of hearing loss or aided audibility. Conclusions: The findings from the present study indicate that children with sensorineural hearing loss are able to capitalize on acoustic differences between speech produced by male and female talkers when asked to recognize target words in a competing speech masker. However, children with hearing loss experienced a smaller benefit relative to their peers with normal hearing. No association between the sex-mismatch benefit and measures of unaided thresholds or aided audibility were observed for children with hearing loss, suggesting that reduced peripheral encoding is not the only factor responsible for the smaller sex-mismatch benefit relative to children with normal hearing.


Atmospheric deposition is recognized as a potentially large source of inorganic nutrients to many ecosystems. In marine systems, where nitrogen (N) is the nutrient typically limiting phytoplankton growth, rainwater is often a significant source of N. Although a considerable portion of atmospheric N deposition is in the form of organic N, only the inorganic N in rainwater has been considered by most previous studies. Laboratory experiments presented here indicate that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) from rainwater can stimulate productivity of coastal marine bacteria and phytoplankton. A large percent of rainwater DON was potentially biologically available; 45–75% was rapidly utilized by the microorganisms. The magnitude of the response of bacterial and phytoplankton biomass to equivalent amounts of DON‐N or ammonium‐N was similar. However, the community composition of phytoplankton at the end of the experiment differed in treatments receiving DON and inorganic N. Diatoms and dinoflagellates accounted for >90% of the phytoplankton biomass in treatments receiving rainwater DON. In contrast, small (≪2 μm) monads accounted for >85% of the biomass in the treatments receiving ammonium. The results indicate that DON in rainwater can be an important source of N to ecosystems.


Statistical modelling of tongue motion during speech using cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides key information about the relationship between structure and motion of the tongue. In order to study the variability of tongue shape and motion in populations, a consistent integration and characterisation of inter-subject variability is needed. In this paper, a method to construct a spatio-temporal atlas comprising a mean motion model and statistical modes of variation during speech is presented. The model is based on the cine MRI from 22 normal speakers and consists of several steps involving both spatial and temporal alignment problems independently. First, all images are registered into a common reference space, which is taken to be a neutral resting position of the tongue. Second, the tongue shapes of each individual relative to this reference space are produced. Third, a time warping approach (several are evaluated) is used to align the time frames of each subject to a common time series of initial mean images. Finally, the spatio-temporal atlas is created by time-warping each subject, generating new mean images at each time, and producing shape statistics around these mean images using principal component analysis at each reference time frame. Experimental results consist of comparison of various parameters and methods in creation of the atlas and a demonstration of the final modes of variations at various key time frames in a sample phrase.


We have seen pseudorandom generators, functions and permutations, as well as Message Authentication codes, CPA and CCA secure encryptions. This week we will talk about cryptographic hash functions and some of their magical properties. We motivate this by the bitcoin cryptocurrency. As usual our discussion will be highly abstract and idealized, and any resemblance to real cryptocurrencies, living or dead, is purely coincidental.


A generic classification of singularities of wave fronts was given by Arnol'd and Zakalyukin. They showed that the generic singularities of wave fronts in R are cuspidal edges and swallowtails (see [1], for example). Recently, there are numerous studies of wave fronts from the viewpoint of differential geometry, for example [7, 11, 12, 15, 17]. Cuspidal edges are fundamental singularities of wave fronts in R. The singular curvature and the limiting normal curvature for cuspidal edges are defined in [15] by a limit of geodesic curvatures and a limit of normal curvatures, respectively. On the other hand, the umbilic curvature is defined in [9] for surfaces in Euclidean 3-space with corank 1 singularities, by using the first and second fundamental forms. So, the umbilic curvature is defined for cuspidal edges. It is shown in [9] that if the umbilic curvature κu is non-zero at a singular point, then there exists a unique sphere having contact not of type An (for example, D4, E6 etc) with the surface in that point: the sphere with center in the normal plane of the surface at the point, with radius equal to 1/κu and in a well defined direction of the normal plane. Therefore, the singular, the limiting normal and the umbilic curvatures are invariants defined by using fundamental tools of differential geometry of surfaces and singularity theory, and they are fundamental invariants of cuspidal edges. Needless to say, the curvature and torsion of a cuspidal edge locus as a space curve in R are also fundamental invariants. In this paper we clarify the relations amongst of these invariants and also make a list of invariants which determine cuspidal edges up to order three. We show that, in the case of cuspidal edges, the umbilic curvature κu coincides with the absolute value of limiting normal curvature κn (Theorem 4.3). In this sense, the umbilic curvature is a generalization of the normal curvature for surfaces with corank 1 singularities. It should be remarked that the umbilic curvature does not require a well-defined unit normal vector, and it is meaningful as a geometric invariant of surfaces with corank 1 singularities in general. We show that the singular curvature κs and the limiting normal


Twenty-eight boys and 28 girls at each of the Piagetian preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational cognitive stages were given an interview focusing on their concepts of family. Half of each group were from intact families, and half were from divorced families. Interviews were scored for two structural aspects of the concept of family: conceptual level, and use of dimensions that structure the concept. The complexity of children's concepts was strongly related to cognitive stage and, to a lesser degree, to sex. Frequency of use of concept dimensions was strongly affected by general developmental level, though not specifically cognitive stage, and by intactness of family, but to a lesser degree by sex. Specific information is provided on the effect of these factors on perceptions of family composition, parental roles, and breadth of family activities.


Background: Advances in technology in the field of health are increasingly increasing, enabling everyone to use existing technology. Today, advances in information technology that allow for the development of professional nursing services, and the attention of current epidemiology and sociodemography, are very important for nurses. to become familiar with health information systems
Methods: The conceptual framework proposed was to look at the theory and empirical literature used in nursing studies and its benefits, which were reviewed from several research results from 2013 to 2018. This study used 17 journals that were reviewed against it.
Results: Several innovations in the field of information technology in the field of nursing have been developed and evaluated for its benefits. Based on what is in the literature in this article, Nurse Calling Systems (NCSS), EHR and CDSS, MDTT, computers and infusion management systems are a number of innovations that have been developed for developing technology to provide better quality services. The benefits obtained when using these innovations, namely more efficient management, more effective use of costs, improved planning programs, increased utilization of nurses. The benefits of information systems in nursing more time with, patients and less time in station nurses, reducing the use of paper nursing care automatically the same standard in care (nursing process) reduce the cost of nursing services can be measured
Conclusion: it takes several innovations in the field of nursing that have been widely applied, which are carried out on benefits that provide enormous benefits in the practice of nursing services.
So it is recommended that in the future Indonesia can implement innovations that can help improve nurse performance in Indonesia according to existing needs
Keywords: Innovation, Nursing Information System, Benefits


Marriage is one of the Islamic personal practices which the Prophet (pbuh) encouraged within the Muslim Ummah (community). Especially for those who could afford it. An eminent fyrelationship has been observed between Islam and the custom of the Pakhtun people. In Pakhtun apart from Islamic injunctions, the Pakhtunwali ( pakhtun social organization) serves as a pillar of society and tends to bring social harmony and integrity through the socio-cultural, economic, religious and political aspects of Pakhtuns living in their demarcated territory. The current study focuses on different customs of Pakhtun which have been misconceived with regard to Islamic injunctions and which are the prevalent laws of the Pakhtun and of course the regulator of Pakhtunwali . The research particularly emphasizes customs of marriage which are barriers to marriages in contemporary Pakhtun Muslim society. The paper juxtaposes the Pakhtun customary practices relating to marriage with Islamic injunctions. In order to do so, different types of respondents in the area of Peshawar Pakistan were interviewed. In the end, the paper recommends that Prophetic traditions should be introduced in marriages in the Pakhtun area of Pakistan.


Context: Bariatric surgery is an effective method in inducing significant weight loss in patients suffering from obesity. Despite the strong evidence on its clinical effects, the data on its mid- and long-term follow-ups and durability are limited. This study is to evaluate the impact of bariatric surgical procedures on weight loss and resolution of comorbidities after surgery. Subjects and Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study including 1468 participants in whom laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, one-anastomosis gastric bypass, and balloon were performed between 2010 and 2019. Standardized weight loss measures were compared using an analysis of covariance. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of patients involved in this study is 43.41 ± 12.09 years with a preoperative weight and body mass index (BMI) of 117.23 ± 23.027 and 44.93 ± 8.02, respectively. The mean follow-up period is 2.9 years (0.83–9 years). Patients reported a mean percentage total weight loss (%TWL) of 8.1 ± 15.66%, percentage excess weight loss (%EWL) of 18.92 ± 40.56, and excess BMI loss of 18.38 ± 42.7 at the follow-up point of 9 years. The remission of diabetes was significantly improved by 17%. 0.89% of patients adhered to follow-up visits till the end of the study. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery demonstrated a beneficial association resulting in substantial weight loss and remission of diabetes. Further large, multi-site cohort studies on Indian population are needed to substantiate the evidence.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the sensitivity of a high-glucose load in a meal as an alternative to the standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in detecting impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and the relationship of body composition to insulin resistance in the PCOS cohort.

METHODS
In this prospective, single-center study, women with PCOS who were being followed up as out-patients were recruited. The study was performed between November 2007 and March 2008. All participants underwent OGTT before study enrollment. Participants were given a meal including carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Glucose and insulin levels were measured every 30 minutes for 2 hours after completing the meal. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

RESULTS
Thirteen of the 15 participants completed the meal tolerance test and the body composition study. Four of 13 participants (31%) had abnormal glucose tolerance with the meal test compared with 2 of 8 participants (25%) who completed the OGTT. Those who had insulin resistance on OGTT were detected with the meal test. The 2-hour insulin levels following the meal were 38% higher than with the OGTT. Of 10 participants with insulin resistance, 9 had a total body fat mass greater than the 90th percentile, whereas 1 of 3 participants (33%) with normal body composition was insulin resistant.

CONCLUSION
Administration of oral glucose load via a meal is an effective alternative to the OGTT in diagnosing impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance and may be more sensitive, without the adverse effects of the oral glucose load in the OGTT. PCOS is an independent risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, regardless of body composition.


PURPOSE
To emphasize and measure the effect of post-cataract surgery Systane treatment.

SETTING
Eye Clinic - Central Clinical Hospital - Bucharest, Romania.

METHODS
Six months clinical, observational, prospective, double-masked study on two groups of patients with cataract surgery (phacoemulsification technique) performed by the same surgeon. Group A (19 patients) received topic treatment with Systane and group B (17 patients) topic treatment with purified water (both with the same presentation form), associated with classical postoperatively treatment. Each patient answered a standardized questionnaire about subjective symptoms of ocular discomfort Several clinical tests were performed for both groups: Schirmer 1 test, tear break-up time (TBUT) and fluorescein staining showing epithelial defects. The groups were homogeneous about the age and sex distribution.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA
any ocular or general associated disease. Statistic analyse: t-student test.

RESULTS
First examination (after one week treatment) show that 73,68% patients treated with Systane did not have subjective symptoms comparing with 47,05% patients without Systane. Final tests (3 week examination) results for subjective symptoms were improved in both groups: 94,73% group A and 70,58% group B (p<0,001). Abnormal values (under 10 mm) for Schirmer 1 test were found in 17,64% of group B patients comparing with 11,76% patients of group A at the first examination. Final Schirmer 1 test results are statistically better in group A 100%-normal values, comparing with 88,23%-normal values in group B. The stability of tear film (TBUT) is altered in 52,94% of purified water treated patients; only in 21,05% of Systane patients existing this problem at the first examination (p<0,001). After 3 weeks treatment 23,52% group B patients and 5,26% group A patients had TBUT altered. Initially fluorescein staining is present in 4 group B patients and in 1 group A patient, comparing with only 1 group B patient in final tests.

CONCLUSIONS
Cataract surgery can affect ocular tear film production and stability by many factors including postoperatively anti-inflammatory classical treatment. Systane prevents the signs and symptoms of tear film insufficiency, decrease post surgery complications and improve epithelial repair. Systane gives a higher satisfaction to the patient associated with a healthy and stable ocular surface.


Along with the mature of the China stock market day by day, as well as background of the internationalization and the marketability, the investment funds, the qualified foreign investor, society guarantees institutional investors and the insurance fund become the leading force of the stock market, which has made the market investment idea reformed. Therefore, our country stock market gradually changed from the to the fundamental plane analysis value investment way. Stock investment's primary purpose is the income, as a rational investor, what we must first choose is these the superior stock about fundamental planes. Therefore, assessment method research of the stock investment value is meaningful. Through using the niche, we evaluate the stock investment value of the corporation in china. Finally we gave the pointed investment countermeasure, which has a very vital role to stock market's steady progression and investor's income.


Mountain areas are often subject to conflicts between different user interests and protection. The authors examine land use planning processes in Norway applied in accordance with the Planning and Building Act and the Nature Diversity Act and discuss how they might be improved. They find that although influenced by trends of decentralization, inclusion and integration, and principles for multilevel governance, the land use planning approaches for use and protection are still performed in the shadow of instrumentalism and hierarchy with little awareness of their limitations in practical use. The "communicative turn" has stimulated comprehensive participation processes, but these consensus-oriented processes have to some extent been able to handle conflicting interests. The authors conclude that in future planning it will be vital to establish common arenas as trading zones for coordinated municipal, regional and national planning, combining instrumental and communicative practices with agonistic approaches in a multilevel governance network.


A new approach to the modeling of wireless propagation in buildings is introduced. We treat the scattering by walls and local clutter probabilistically through either a relaxation-time approximation in a Boltzmann equation or by using a diffusion equation. The result is a range of models in which one can vary the tradeoff between the complexity of the building description and the accuracy of the prediction. The two limits of this range are ray tracing at the most accurate end and a simple decay law at the most simple. By comparing results for two of these new models with measurements, we conclude that a reasonably accurate description of propagation can be obtained with a relatively simple model. The most effective way to use the models is by combining them with a few measurements through a sampling technique.


This study aims to analyze the applicability of econometric analysis to project evaluation of two projects that are ongoing now in Uzbekistan in the water supply and sewage services: the project "Water Supply, Sanitation and Health" ongoing from1997 in the Republic Karakalpakstan and Khorezm Oblast, in two regions most severely affected by the Aral Sea crisis and the project "Bukhara and Samarkand Water Supply" ongoing from 2002 in two ancient cities of Uzbekistan. The main theoretical concern for econometric analysis is to choose the outcome variable and to test whether the causing variable is exogenous and if it is not the case to find appropriate instruments to fix endogeneity from causal relationship. From practical point of view the main concern is to collect the most detailed pre-treatment and post-treatment data on municipalities' level that would be sufficient to apply matching methods for program evaluation.


Military landscapes and battlefields are important part of cultural heritage and identity of society. As a part of common social memory, military landscape could be assessed as an associative landscape according UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Before nature and culture heritage could be treasured, it first had to be recognised. Therefore, the paper focuses on identification of historical and cultural values of military landscapes, especially battlefields. Different types of values are discussed and demonstrated on the model area of battlefield Austerlitz/Slavkov near Brno. The battle was held in 1805 and several cultural values are identified there. Identification of cultural historical values is based on detailed analysis of the old and present maps and land cover assessment, study and analysis of archival sources and grey literature and detailed terrain research. Generally, we distinguished several types of values: elements forming the setting of the battlefield; elements tied with the battle (i.e. features and objects that served for purposes of the battle during the fights and are preserved until today); elements created after the battle. Once the associative landscapes are allocated together with their associative patterns, certain values should be given to particular elements in order to secure their protection. Then each planning activity within the site should be given a level of effect on the associative element. This simple matrix implemented in local planning development plans and policies could be a source for rational decision within the associative landscapes.


A joining technology in railways construction is described, related both to: (a) welding process (MIG welds of Al extruded profiles to modules); and (b) to milling operations required on the side walls to fabricate windows, doors or other openings (floor, roof, body shell), using the same gantry robot whose offline programming techniques, thanks to special sensor signals, give the possibility to cover the deviations by means of continuous control and to withstand mechanical shops. In particular the following items are the keys: material used; openings geometry to be machined; milling tools newly designed besides other parameters like adherence to pre-defined relative height torch/workpieces; need to match a rigorous accuracy of the welding modules shape after welding; and precise position of the openings for robots milling operations. Special focus is set to exceptional situations that could induce misuse of the system. The performance criteria commonly applied by Europe's Railways Authorities for process assessment have been taken into account for evaluating the new technology together with the estimated economic advantages.


/ The part of the Doubs River between Montbeliard and Dole (France), i.e., downstream from the confluence with the Allan River, will be affected by the Rhine- Rhone connection project. In order to improve the understanding of the Doubs ichthyofauna, aquatic environments of the Doubs were sampled by electrofishing. Fish diversity and the presence of some rheophilic species demonstrated the good ecological quality of some stretches of the Doubs. This quality was due to alternating areas with very diversified aquatic environments (riffles, islands and side-arms, backwaters) and a considerable range of flow velocities. The differences in the structure of the fish communities of the different types of aquatic environments were more qualitative (fish species) than quantitative (number of species and number of fish). However, the mean number of fish was statistically lower in the canals (Freycinet canal and channelized part of the Allan River) than in the main course and in the backwaters. The natural parts of the Doubs (unnavigable reaches) showed the most diversified environmental structure and had the most rheophilic fish communities. Thus, the rheophilic species were well represented, but they proved also the most vulnerable to river regulation. However, the most abundant fishes throughout the Doubs River were generalists with no special requirements for food sources or spawning substrate.KEY WORDS: Fish communities; Regulation; Restoration; Floodplain; Large ship canal; Doubs River


Design-based solutions to confront technological privacy threats are becoming popular with regulators. However, these promising solutions have left the full potential of design untapped. With respect to online communication technologies, design-based solutions for privacy remain incomplete because they have yet to successfully address the trickiest aspect of the Internet — social interaction. This Article posits that privacy-protection strategies such as "Privacy by Design" face unique challenges with regard to social software and social technology due to their interactional nature. This Article proposes that design-based solutions for social technologies benefit from increased attention to user interaction, with a focus on the principles of "obscurity" rather than the expansive and vague concept of "privacy." The main thesis of this Article is that obscurity is the optimal protection for most online social interactions and, as such, is a natural locus for design-based privacy solutions for social technologies. To that end, this Article develops a model of "obscurity by design" as a means to address the privacy problems inherent in social technologies and the Internet.


To determine patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility among enterococci and to assess molecular characteristics of vancomycin-resistant enterococci, 157 clinical blood isolates of enterococci from 10 hospitals in Cincinnati, Ohio, were prospectively collected during a 6-month period from February to July 1995. The isolates included 108 (69%) E. faecalis isolates, 46 (29%) E. faecium isolates, and 1 isolate each of E. avium, E. durans, and E. gallinarum. The E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates differed in their susceptibilities to ampicillin (100 versus 20%), ampicillin-sulbactam (100 versus 13%), vancomycin (100 versus 57%), imipenem (94 versus 2%), and high levels of gentamicin (59 versus 83%). Supplemental susceptibility testing of the 21 vancomycin-resistant isolates showed that 21 (100%) were susceptible to chloramphenicol and that only 7 (33%) were susceptible to doxycycline. Nineteen (90%) of the vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolates were of the VanB phenotype, with vanB resistance genes detected by PCR and hybridization with gene-specific probes; and the E. gallinarum isolates demonstrated the VanC phenotype with the vanC1 gene. One vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolate was highly resistant to both teicoplanin and vancomycin, corresponding to the VanA phenotype; however, it was found to have the vanB gene. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed that all of the 19 E. faecium isolates with the VanB phenotype had identical to closely related banding patterns. Hybridization of restriction enzyme-digested DNA separated by PFGE with a vanB gene probe demonstrated differences in the locations of vanB genes that corresponded closely to the PFGE banding patterns. Our study has documented that the emerging vancomycin resistance in our city was mainly due to the clonal dissemination of a single strain of E. faecium VanB.


In this study, we demonstrate a simple and low cost method to synthesize N/P/K co-doped porous carbon microfibers (CMFs) from a sugar-rich byproduct (cane molasses) as the precursor material. A two-step method for the synthesis of N/P/K co-doped porous CMFs involving electrospinning of precursor material followed by simple carbonization at various temperatures (773.15–1173.15 K) was successfully applied. The N/P/K co-doped porous CMFs exhibited high specific surface area ( 580 m g ) and hierarchical porous structure. The potential application of N/P/K co-doped porous CMFs as supercapacitor electrodes was investigated in a two-electrode configuration employing aqueous K2SO4 solution and ionic liquids/acetonitrile (ILs/ACN) mixtures as the electrolytes. A series of electrochemical measurements include cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and cycling durability all confirmed that the CMF-1073.15 supercapacitor exhibited good electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of 171.8 F g 1 at a current load of 1 A g 1 measured in 1.5 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4)/ACN electrolyte, which can be charged and discharged up to a cell potential of 3.0 V. The specific energy density and power density of 53.7 W h kg 1 and 0.84 kW kg 1 were achieved. Furthermore, the CMF-1073.15 supercapacitor showed excellent cycling performance with capacitance retention of nearly 91% after 2500 charge–discharge cycles, characterizing its electrochemical robustness and stable capacitive performance.


Current approaches to asset-liability management employ a sequence of distinct procedures to value liabilities and determine the asset allocation. First, a discount rate that is usually dic-tated by accounting standards is used to value liabilities. Second, the asset allocation is determined by maximizing some objective function in the surplus of assets over liabilities, taken as given the valuation of liabilities. We introduce a model that allows for the joint valuation of liabilities and the determination of the optimal asset allocation using discount rates that ap-propriately reflect default risk. We focus on the case of a defined benefit pension plan.


In this paper, an infinite family of irreducible sign patterns that are spectrally arbitrary, for which the nilpotent-Jacobian method does not apply, is given. It is demonstrated that it is possible for an irreducible sign pattern to be refined inertially arbitrary and not spectrally arbitrary. It is observed that not every nonzero spectrally arbitrary pattern has a signing which is spectrally arbitrary. It is also shown that every superpattern of the reducible pattern $\T_2 \oplus \T_2$ is spectrally arbitrary.


This paper discusses the characteristics of organizational roles. We point out differences between the concept of a role as it is commonly used in software development, and the concept of a role as it is implemented in an organization. Roles in organizations have their own identity and do not depend on role players for their existence. We define some characteristic properties of both roles and players in organizational contexts, and show how the functional boundary between a role and its player varies depending on the level of autonomy the player is allowed. Possible implementation strategies for both roles and players are then discussed.


Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metallic contaminant that negatively affects plant metabolism and causes reductions in productivity. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that regulates various physiological processes and is involved in response to biotic/abiotic stresses. This work investigated the effects of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, application on Cd toxicity in black poplar (Populus nigra). Black poplars were exposed to individual/combined CdCl2 and SNP treatments for 21 days by complete randomized design with three replications. Cd concentrations increased in leaves, bark, and roots at Cd treatments, whereas Cd + SNP applications had alleviative effects on Cd exposures, except for leaves. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, a + b and carotenoids) reduced with Cd treatments in leaves, while they increased in Cd + SNP applications. Similarly, plant biomass was reduced with Cd treatments, but Cd + SNP application prevented these reductions. SNP also alleviated malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in leaves under Cd treatments. Catalase (CAT, EC 18.104.22.168) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 220.127.116.11) activities were also affected by Cd and Cd + SNP applications. Cd exposure also decreased Zn2+, Fe2+ and Mn2+ levels in leaves, bark and roots, while it increased Cu2+ level in leaves and roots. This study concludes that Cd toxicity caused a reduction of plant growth and mineral nutrition parameters. However, SNP indicates great potentials for improving the growth under Cd toxicity in P. nigra.


Precedents in Architecture provides a vocabulary for architectural analysis that will help you understand the works of others, and aid you in creating your own designs. Here, you will examine the work of internationally known architects with the help of a unique diagrammatic technique, which you can also use to analyze existing buildings. In addition to the sixteen original contributors, the Second Edition features seven new, distinguished architects. All 23 architects were selected because of the strength, quality, and interest of their designs. Precedents in Architecture, 2/e is an invaluable resource offering: * Factual graphic information on 88 buildings that represent a range of time, function, and style accompanied by detailed analysis of each building * A reference for a technique of graphic analysis as a tool for understanding and designing architecture Whether you are a novice or a seasoned professional, Precedents in Architecture, 2/e will enrich your design vocabulary and give you an invaluable tool for the ongoing assessment of buildings you encounter every day.


Programming by Example (PBE) targets at automatically inferring a computer program for accomplishing a certain task from sample input and output. In this paper, we propose a deep neural networks (DNN) based PBE model called Neural Programming by Example (NPBE), which can learn from input-output strings and induce programs that solve the string manipulation problems. Our NPBE model has four neural network based components: a string encoder, an input-output analyzer, a program generator, and a symbol selector. We demonstrate the effectiveness of NPBE by training it end-toend to solve some common string manipulation problems in spreadsheet systems. The results show that our model can induce string manipulation programs effectively. Our work is one step towards teaching DNN to generate computer programs.


: Face recognition and detection are unimaginable inventions in today's world when it comes to experiencing every crime. Protection, surveillance, entertainment sites, and criminal identification are just a few of the amazing applications. This device is particularly useful for customer screening in banks, airports, and other businesses. CNN needs more data for deep learning because it is still a facial recognition system, which is particularly problematic in the case of applications such as criminal investigations (murder, robbery, etc.). As a result, this project incorporates a face- recognition system that makes it easier and more reliable to scan for offenders, thus assisting police officers effectively and organization. In this paper, we implement the Deep Metric Learning to construct the face embedding for recognition process usingdib face recognition library


Variation in some physical and mechanical properties of the wood in four less utilised tree species native to Uganda was examined. One mature tree each of Antiaris toxicaria, Celtis mildbraedii, Maesopsis eminii and Alstonia boonei was selected from Budongo forest in Masindi district and felled using a chain saw. Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and stem length for each tree were measured before and after felling. Each log was cross cut into three 150 cm long billets at 5-10% of stem length (breast height 1.3m), 45% of stem length and 75% of stem length. Billets were sawn by through and through method for basic density and strength properties determination. International Standard Organisation (ISO) 3129 (1975) and ISO 3349 (1975) standards were followed to prepare test specimens and moisture content determined in accordance with ISO 3130 procedures. Strength properties were determined using a Monsanto Tensometer wood-testing machine. Tests were based on International Standard Organisation (ISO) procedures BS 373 (1957) and ISO 3133 (1975). Testing was carried out in a laboratory under temperatures of 20 3 C and relative humidity of 65 3 % based on British Standards BS 373 (1957). Basic density and strength properties of modulus of rapture, modulus of elasticity, shear strength, cleavage strength and compressive strength varied significantly (P<0.05) in the radial and axial directions within individual tree species. The properties also decreased moderately from the butt end to the top end. Basic density and strength properties decreased moderately from the pith to the centre of the radius, then increased to the bark. The strength properties of C. mildbraedii were comparable with those of M. excelsa and Khaya anthotheca that are well known and commercially utilised species. It was concluded that some lesser-utilised species are of equivalent or superior strength properties compared to commercially valued tree species such as mahogany. Lesser-utilised species should therefore be promoted as substitutes for other commonly utilised hardwoods within the range, thereby reducing pressure on the well-known and valued timbers.


A channel-coded physical-layer network coding strategy is refined for practical operation. The system uses frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation and operates noncoherently, providing advantages over coherent operation: there are no requirements for perfect power control, phase synchronism, or estimates of carrier-phase offset. In contrast with analog network coding, which relays received analog signals plus noise, the system relays digital network codewords, obtained by digital demodulation and channel decoding at the relay. The emphasis of this paper is on the relay receiver formulation. Closed-form expressions are derived that provide bitwise log-likelihood ratios, which may be passed through a standard error-correction decoder. The role of fading-amplitude estimates is investigated, and an effective fading-amplitude estimator is developed. Simulation results are presented for a Rayleigh block-fading channel, and the influence of block length is explored. An example realization of the proposed system demonstrates a 32.4% throughput improvement compared to a similar system that performs network coding at the link layer. By properly selecting the rates of the channel codes, this benefit may be achieved without requiring an increase in transmit power.


We present a simple, robust, and automated molecule extraction technique based on a centrifugal microfluidic platform. Fast and facile extraction of a food adulterant (melamine) from a complex sample medium (milk) on a SERS substrate is demonstrated. The unique characteristic of the detection method is the obtained "filter paper/chromatographic" effect which combines centrifugal force and wetting properties of the SERS substrate. The work addresses issues related to SERS-based detection of analytes in complex media, which is important for realizing next generation SERS platforms applicable for a broad variety of real-life applications.