Ricklefs and O'Rourke compared the diversity of appearance (aspect diversity) in samples of moths attracted to ultraviolet lights in Colorado, Arizona, and Panama. The more species‐rich Panamanian assemblage of moths exhibited proportionately greater diversity of color and form, which supported stronger frequency‐dependent selection by predators to diversify the strategies that moths adopt to achieve crypsis in an ecological space composed of resting backgrounds. Comparable analyses of 15 additional samples obtained from Ecuador to Canada fail to support Ricklefs and O'Rourke's original result. In the present analysis, two measures of the volume of aspect space were unrelated to the number of species per sample and did not differ between temperate and tropical localities. Either frequency‐dependent (apostatic) selection is not a powerful force in diversifying moth appearance, or it does not vary with latitude, or potential resting backgrounds and cryptic strategies are similarly constrained in temperate and tropical regions.


Background/context There is growing evidence that simulation-based training (SBT) is effective as an educational intervention.1 However, most evidence relates to learner satisfaction and knowledge acquisition, which are the lower Kirkpatrick levels of impact. Although there is evidence of translation of learning to the workplace,2 there is still a relative lack of evidence of whether patient outcome is improved. This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between exposure to SBT, self-assessed performance in managing an acute event, and perceived patient outcome. Methodology A retrospective, cross-sectional e-survey, constructed as three Likert-type scales, was sent to trainees working in three hospitals in the UK, to determine whether they had been involved in the management of specified critical events and whether management of these events and patient outcomes were attributed to their exposure to SBT. The respective Likert scales measured: Performance in managing the acute event Self-assessed effect of SBT on performance Patient outcome after the acute event Negative opinions were scored 1–2, positive 4–5 and neutral 3. Amalgamated scale results were treated as continuous data, from which means and confidence intervals were calculated.3 Results/outcomes One hundred trainees of all grades from 8 different medical specialties completed the questionnaire. Of the 92 who had been exposed to SBT, 39 had done so within the last 3 months, 18 in 3–6 months, 26 in 6–12 months, and 11 in > 12 months. Results are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Self-assessed performance in managing an acute patient event, effect of SBT on management, and perceived patient outcomes after exposure to SBT at various time periods. Scores greater than 3 indicate a positive opinion. (To be presented on poster). Conclusions and recommendations Although there was a tendency to positively associate performance in managing an acute patient event, and good patient outcomes, with recent exposure to SBT, there is no significant difference in the effect of SBT at any time period less than 24 months (p > 0.05). References Lorello G, Cook D, Johnson R, Brydges R. Simulation-based training in anaesthesiology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJA 2014;112(2):231–45 . Boet S, Bould MD, Fung L, et al. Transfer of learning and patient outcome in simulated crisis resource management: a systematic review. CJA 2014;61: 571–582 Carifio J, Perla R. Resolving the 50-year debate around using and misusing Likert scales. Med Educ. 2008;42:1150–52


Abstract : The research and development on microwave power combinatorial techniques for active semiconductor devices covered in this report is significant to the Air Force because it delineates the problems and limitations of quasi-optical approaches for high power, microwave power sources. The general approach investigated under this program was primarily directed toward broadband operation and utilizing arrays of simple reflection amplifier elements and non-resonant power combiner structures. The combiners investigated under this program contained no networks of transmission lines or other additional circuit elements, hence; the approach was essentially quasi-optical. The work concentrated on a broadband reflection power amplifier comprised of a 5 by 5 array of elements and included some work, for further experimental support, on circular arrays of both 8 and 24 elements. The individual amplifier elements and combiners designed, fabricated, and tested under the program met the bandwidth objectives of the program; (i.e., 10% bandwidth of center frequency). However, the complete active power combiner could not be made to function as a useful amplifier because of spurious signals. These spurious signals were concluded to be caused by mutual interaction between the wide band amplifier elements. This interaction, resulted in undesirable input impedance variations with frequency. These input impedance variations with frequency together with the strong nonlinearities in the diodes results in the generation of many spurious signals by parametric interactions.


G2MPLS is a network control plane architecture that implements the concept of grid network services. In the framework of the 1ST Phosphorus project, GNS allows the provisioning of network and grid resources in a single step through a set of seamlessly integrated procedures. The implementation of GNS imposes a number of requirements in the control planes of the underlying network infrastructure. This article describes services such as GNS set up and restoration, GNS resource and service discovery, and advance reservation services, which are the main trigger factors of the G2MPLS control plane architectures. The article provides an overview of overlay architecture prior to turning to the main focus of the article, which is the integrated architecture through service procedures and the grid-enabled network interfaces provided by the Phosphorus project.


With advances in genetic technology, there are increasing concerns about the way in which genetic information may be abused, particularly in people at increased genetic risk of developing certain disorders. In a recent case in Hong Kong, the court ruled that it was unlawful for the civil service to discriminate in employment, for the sake of public safety, against people with a family history of mental illness. The plaintiffs showed no signs of any mental health problems and no genetic testing was performed. This was the first case concerning genetic discrimination in common law jurisdictions, therefore the court's judgment has implications for how genetic discrimination cases may be considered in the future. The court considered it inappropriate to apply population statistics or lifetime risks to individuals while examining fitness for work. It recommended an individualised assessment of specific risks within the job, relative to other risks posed by that workplace.


Description: Titles from this issue: Associations between peer victimization and academic performance; The biological underpinnings of peer victimization: understanding why and how the effects of bullying can last a lifetime; Cyberbullying: what does research tell us?; Teacher–student agreement on "bullies and kids they pick on" in elementary school classrooms: gender and grade differences; Understanding homophobic behavior and its implications for policy and practice; The influence of psychosocial factors on bullying involvement of students with disabilities; The role of social-emotional learning in bullying prevention efforts; Preventing bullying through positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS): a multitiered approach to prevention and integration; The critical role of school climate in effective bullying prevention; Bullying prevention and social justice.


Cashew apples are by-products in the production of cashew nuts, which are mostly left to rot in the fields. Cashew apple juice (CAJ), a highly nutritious beverage, can be produced from them. It is rich in sugars and ascorbic acid, but its high polyphenol content makes it bitter and astringent, and therefore difficult to commercialize. The kingdom of fungi contains more than 2000 yeast species, of which only a few species have been studied in relation to their potential to produce aroma compounds. The aim of this research was to develop a new low-alcoholic fermented beverage to valorize cashew apples. For this purpose, a screening was carried out employing non-conventional yeast species and some species of the genus Saccharomyces for comparison, followed by a more detailed study with four selected strains cultured at different conditions. The production of volatile aroma compounds as a function of the presence of oxygen, temperature, and yeast species was investigated. The results showed that the more diverse aroma profiles appeared at 25 °C under anaerobic cultivation conditions, where Saccharomyces cerevisiae WUR 102 and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii CBS 2567 excelled in the synthesis of certain aroma compounds, such as β-phenylethanol and its acetate ester (rose aroma). Further studies are needed to test consumer acceptance of these new products.


The strength of a green compacts formed through warm powder compaction route is strongly dependent on the forming load and temperature. As the forming load increases, the powder particles move from its initial position by sliding among them and die wall. This movement results in new arrangement and packing order of the particles. However, due to this movement, pores among the particles are generated that affects the mechanical properties of the green compacts. Having pores in green compacts lead to strain intensification at ligaments between pores during sintering at later stage, hence serve as areas for crack initiation. Therefore, as the powder forming relates directly to the load and temperature, strength to porosity relationship has to be analyzed based on those parameters. This paper presents the effect of porosity to the strength of green compacts formed at different load and temperature (70 kN to 130 kN; 30°C to 200°C). The bending strengths of green compacts are measured while Scanning Electron Microscopy is used for porosity evaluation. It has been found from the results that porosity and strength are related to each other at all forming parameters. In addition, high forming load and temperature give better strength due to porosity reduction.


We determined whether ultrasonographic left internal mammary artery (LIMA) findings correspond with 64 multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in patients 12 years after coronary artery bypass grafting. We included 34 patients (63.2"9.2 years), 16 with conventional single LIMA (group I) and 18 arterial T-grafts (group II), in a cross-sectional study. Patients underwent transthoracic proximal LIMA ultrasonography at rest and during the Azoulay maneuver, transthoracic echocardiography of the left ventricle and 64-MSCT, 11.5"1.4 years postoperatively. MSCT scans showed three string sign LIMA grafts (19%) in group I and three distal string sign LIMA grafts (17%) and 16 occluded T-graft anastomoses (22%) in group II. LIMA diameters and areas are significantly larger in group II in the origin, 3.5"0.7 vs. 2.5"0.5 mm, Ps0.00007 and 0.09"0.04 vs. 0.05"0.02 cm , Ps0.00019 and in the third intercostal space, 3.4"0.7 vs. 2.5"0.5 mm, Ps0.00009 and 2


SIR,-We do not agree with Dr C R Kirk and others (30 April, p 1236) that penicillin is so much the drug of choice in treating gas gangrene that a test dose should be given to confirm reported allergy. Their comment that other agents are ineffective because of poor penetration of tissues cannot be substantiated. Metronidazole penetrates tissues well, achieving concentrations equivalent to those found in serum.' Dose is important in determining tissue concentrations, and we are not told the doses of metronidazole or amoxycillin trihydrate and clavulanic acid that were given in this case. In a murine model of gas gangrene responses to metronidazole were highly dose dependent,2 and survival of mice treated with penicillin was not significantly better than that of untreated controls in spite of very high serum concentrations. Antibiotics and hyperbaric oxygen have an adjunctive role in the management of clostridial gas gangrene, with surgical debridement offering the mainstay of treatment. It is not appropriate to give a drug, even as a test dose, to a patient with a possible allergy when the drug has not been shown to have clear benefit. Metronidazole may offer a good alternative to penicillin in such cases.


This article aims to demonstrate that environmental variables can assume differentiated values over a given period and associate themselves to form configurations of different contexts. Knowing the possible configurations of the organizational environment, we are able to identify which indicators are most appropriate to measure innovation, thus meeting the basic condition to manage innovation: to measure accurately the phenomenon under analysis. Thus, with the empirical data analysis from Brazil and the states of Sao Paulo, Parana and Sergipe, we are able to highlight and characterize the different environmental configurations and their reflexes for the innovation measurement process. It should be emphasized that the environmental configuration appears as a relevant factor that must be considered in the process of measurement and management of innovation aiming at competitiveness.


Background: Sexual violence on women is a serious social problem. It may cause various impacts including biological, reproductive, psychological, and social impacts. There is a need for behavioral change to deal with the impact of sexual violence. This study aimed to explore the biopsychosocial impacts and coping behaviors among female sexual violence victims. Subje cts and Method: This was a qualitative descriptive research using case study method. The study was conducted in Sukoharjo from 15 June to 25 July 2017. Key informants were included female sexual violence victims and close persons, Chairman of NGO Alliance of Concern in Women's Welfare (APPM), volunteers of One Heart Disability Society, staff of Office for Women's Empowerment, and Head of  Women and Child Protection Unit, and medical personnel. The data were collected by in-depth interview, observation, and document review. Interactive analysis included data collection, reduction, display, and verification. Results: The age of female victims of sexual violence ranged between 15 and 21 years. They had no schooling or junior high school education. All of them came from Sukoharjo, Central Java. The forms of sexual violence were sexual harassment and rape. The perpetrators were close persons of the victim. The biological, reproductive, and psychological impacts of the victim included fear, irritation, trauma, worry, self-imprison, self-contain, feelings of revenge, emotion, stress, pain during urination, fever, unwanted pregnancy, and complications of childbirth. The social impacts included isolation, gossiping, and negative stigma of the victim. The victim's behaviors in coping with the biopsychosocial impacts included routine medical check up, attempt to forget, taking for granted, and avoidance of bringing up the incidents of sexual violence, preoccupation with positive activities, seeking support of the close person, being more careful of the opposite sex, and avoidance of mingling with unrecognized people in a strange environment. Conclusion : Female sexual assault cases suffered undesireable biological, reproductive, psychological, and social impacts. The impacts of biological and reproductive health take the forms of health problems, unwantted pregnancy, and complications of childbirth. There is a need for support to help overcome the biopsychosocial impacts of sexual violence victims. Keywords: Health Belief Model , biopsychosocial impacts, sexual violence Correspondence:  Isna Rahmawati Retnaningsih. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: email@example.com. Mobile: +6285640533107. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(3): 218-231 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.03.03


In this paper we study the connection between growth and human capital for the Italian regions in a convergence regression framework. We confirm the usual result on Italian regional convergence: using a sample 1963-94, we show that this process began to diminish or fail after about 1975. We include a measure of human capital in the convergence regression as a stock rather than a flow. We find this variable is significant if and only if we control for the size of the Public Sector. Moreover, we find educating women leads to faster growth. The Public Sector is itself strongly negative. We also find exhaustive evidence of two convergence clubs: the South and the North-Centre. Both areas seem to be converging to different levels of GDP per capita and the role of the human capital is different in the two "clubs". While in the North-Centre human capital is never positive and significant our empirical analysis shows large returns of human capital in the southern area of the country. Even if this results do not confirm the usual assumptions of most of the theoretical models on growth and education they are consistent with the microeconometric literature on private returns to schooling, where returns to education are higher the lower the level of education and in more disadvantaged areas.


In literature, the microbial diversity of hot spring waters has been the focus of extensive research, while there is a paucity of studies on thermal water distribution network of spa centres and, as yet, no studies have been carried out on the bacterial population of thermal muds. In this context, the aim of our study is to characterize the microbial community of sulphurous-bromine-iodine thermal water and mud within an Italian spa complex using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies. This is the first report of microbiome characterization along a water supply network from the spring to points of use within a spa. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis, our data highlight the presence of a typical microbial community, mainly composed of sulphur-cycling bacteria belonging to Desulfomonile , Thermodesulfovibrio, Geothermobacterium, Thermus, Thiofaba and Syntrophomonas genera. In addition, the characterization and evolution of the bacterial community in thermal muds during the maturation process is investigated for the first time. Interestingly, the microbiome of mature mud resulted dominated by bacteria capable of lipid biosynthesis, suggesting that these bacteria may play a role in the anti-rheumatic properties of thermal mud.


Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of enveloped, RNA viruses that circulate in mammals and birds. Three highly pathogenic strains have caused zoonotic infections in humans that result in severe respiratory syndromes including the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV (SARS), and the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we describe a panel of synthetic monoclonal antibodies, built on a human IgG framework, that bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19), compete for ACE2 binding, and potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2. All antibodies that exhibited neutralization potencies at sub-nanomolar concentrations against SARS-CoV-2/USA/WA1 in Vero E6 cells, also bound to the receptor binding domain (RBD), suggesting competition for the host receptor ACE2. These antibodies represent strong immunotherapeutic candidates for treatment of COVID-19.


ABSTRACT Autophagy is an important component of host innate and adaptive immunity to viruses. It is critical for the degradation of intracellular pathogens and for promoting antigen presentation. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection induces an autophagy response, but this response is antagonized by the HSV-1 neurovirulence gene product, ICP34.5. This is due, in part, to its interaction with the essential autophagy protein Beclin 1 (Atg6) via the Beclin-binding domain (BBD) of ICP34.5. Using a recombinant virus lacking the BBD, we examined pathogenesis and immune responses using mouse models of infection. The BBD-deficient virus (Δ68H) replicated equivalently to its marker-rescued counterpart (Δ68HR) at early times but was cleared more rapidly than Δ68HR from all tissues at late times following corneal infection. In addition, the infection of the cornea with Δ68H induced less ocular disease than Δ68HR. These results suggested that Δ68H was attenuated due to its failure to control adaptive rather than innate immunity. In support of this idea, Δ68H stimulated a significantly stronger CD4+ T-cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity response and resulted in significantly more production of gamma interferon and interleukin-2 from HSV-specific CD4+ T cells than Δ68HR. Taken together, these data suggest a role for the BBD of ICP34.5 in precluding autophagy-mediated class II antigen presentation, thereby enhancing the virulence and pathogenesis of HSV-1.


A VCR with built-in integrated receiver decoder (IRD) has been developed for recording and playing back DISH Network digital broadcast. The system is based on the D-VHS format and can record MPEG as a bit-stream. D-VHS is an evolutional expansion of the VHS format and makes possible various types of recording applications that meet the demands of the digital age while preserving the VHS infrastructure. This paper describes IRD built-in recorder and the recording and playback systems based on D-VHS MPEG format.


In all continental European countries there exist non-market mechanisms that determine or "regulate" wage rates for the low-paid. We consider the experience of three countries that have national minimum wages France, Belgium, and the Netherlands--and three where low wage rates are determined through widespread collective bargaining--Germany, Italy, and Denmark. We find that overall there is less inequality (both wage and income) and less poverty than in the United Kingdom and the United States, where low wages are less regulated. Furthermore, patterns of labour-market adjustment--employment, unemployment, and gross job flows--vary greatly, suggesting that there is no one-to-one mapping between the presence of mechanisms to regulate low wages and labour-market performance. Furthermore, wage shares have been falling since the early 1980s. It is therefore difficult to attribute high and persistent rates of unemployment found in certain countries to the existence of mechanisms to "regulate" low wages. Copyright 2000 by Oxford University Press.


Quark matter at sufficiently high density and low temperature is expected to be a color superconductor, and may exist in the interior of neutron stars. The properties of two simplest possible color-superconducting phases, i.e., the color-flavor locked (CFL) and two-flavor superconducting (2SC) phases, are reviewed. The effect of a magnetic field on the pairing dynamics in two-flavor color-superconducting dense quark matter is investigated. A universal form of the gap equation for an arbitrary magnetic field is derived in the weakly coupled regime of QCD at asymptotically high density, using the framework of Schwinger-Dyson equation in the improved rainbow approximation. The results for the gap in two limiting cases, weak and strong magnetic fields, are obtained and discussed. It is shown that the superconducting gap function in the weak magnetic field limit develops a directional dependence in momentum space. This property of the gap parameter is argued to be a consequence of a long-range interaction in QCD.


Temperature is a primary environmental control on ecological systems and processes at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The surface temperature of organisms is often more relevant for ecological processes than air temperature, which is much more commonly measured. Surface temperature influences—and is influenced by—a range of biological, physical, and chemical processes, providing a unique view of temperature effects on ecosystem function. Furthermore, surface temperatures vary markedly over a range of temporal and spatial scales and may diverge from air temperature by 40°C or more. Surface temperature measurements have been challenging due to sensor and computational limitations but are now feasible at high spatial and temporal resolutions using thermal imaging. Thus, significant advances in our understanding of plant and ecosystem thermal regimes and their functional consequences are now possible. Thermal measurements may be used to address many ecological questions, such as the thermal controls on plant and ecosystem metabolism and the impact of heat waves and drought. Further advances in this area will require interdisciplinary collaborations among practitioners in fields ranging from physiology to ecosystem ecology to remote sensing and geospatial analysis. In this overview, we demonstrate the feasibility, utility, and potential of thermal imaging for measuring vegetation surface temperatures across a range of scales and from measurement, analysis, and synthesis perspectives.


Development economics has become increasingly quantified in recent years, reflecting the aspirations of economists to practise hard science. We argue that standard applied econometric methodology lacks one key feature of the claim of science to be scientific, namely replication as part of independent confirmation of findings. Replication plays a large role in understanding the confidence we can place in the quantitative studies on which much policy advice rests, which is particularly salient in a UK context given the emphasis placed on evidence-based policy-making by the UK Department for International Development.


Understanding the abundance and distribution of fish in tidal energy streams is important for assessing the risks presented by the introduction of tidal energy devices into the habitat. However, tidal current flows suitable for tidal energy development are often highly turbulent and entrain air into the water, complicating the interpretation of echosounder data. The portion of the water column contaminated by returns from entrained air must be excluded from data used for biological analyses. Application of a single algorithm to identify the depth-of-penetration of entrained air is insufficient for a boundary that is discontinuous, depth-dynamic, porous, and varies with tidal flow speed. Using a case study at a tidal energy demonstration site in the Bay of Fundy, we describe the development and application of deep machine learning models with a U-Net based architecture that produce a pronounced and substantial improvement in the automated detection of the extent to which entrained air has penetrated the water column. Our model, Echofilter, was found to be highly responsive to the dynamic range of turbulence conditions and sensitive to the fine-scale nuances in the boundary position, producing an entrained-air boundary line with an average error of 0.33 m on mobile downfacing and 0.5–1.0 m on stationary upfacing data, less than half that of existing algorithmic solutions. The model's overall annotations had a high level of agreement with the human segmentation, with an intersection-over-union score of 99% for mobile downfacing recordings and 92–95% for stationary upfacing recordings. This resulted in a 50% reduction in the time required for manual edits when compared to the time required to manually edit the line placement produced by the currently available algorithms. Because of the improved initial automated placement, the implementation of the models permits an increase in the standardization and repeatability of line placement.


Helical nanostructures are important nanoscale building blocks. While only a few methods are available for synthesizing helical metal nanostructures, those involving collective twisting behaviour are even fewer. Here, we report a solution synthesis of Au nanowire bundles with hierarchical helical constructions. Ultrathin nanowires with diameters of only about 10 nm formed huge ribbon bundles that have a width of 0.5-1 μm and thickness of a few hundreds of nanometres. These bundles extended to hundreds of micrometres and curled into helices. Mechanism studies revealed that the white floccules formed by Au(i) and a thiol ligand are of critical importance for both the nanowire growth and helical bundle formation. The nanowire growth took place in the floccules following the previously reported active surface growth mode, and the bundle formation was due to the splitting of the active surface. Most importantly, the floccules assisted the strain-induced curling process that yielded helices. As the length of the bundles keeps increasing and they break out from the surrounding floccules, they would have to pass through the pores of the floccules. The imbalanced squeezing at the pore caused the bundles to curl into helices.


This paper analyses the complex battle between RED and REDD policies and the resulting global consequences on land use, agricultural production, international trade flows and world food prices. A key methodological challenge is the representation of land use and the possibility to convert forestry land into agricultural land as REDD policies might prevent the use of forestry and wood lands for agriculture. The paper introduces a flexible land supply function allowing large changes in the total potential land availability for agriculture due to environmental considerations such as reducing emissions from deforestation. The parameters of the new land supply function are defined as variables of the model. In the paper, we simplify the implementation of the REDD policies as a shift in potential availability for agricultural land in various regions in the world. Both analysed policies are designed to save emissions but their land use impacts are opposite. The paper shows that global RED policies expand global land use with 3% relative to the baseline. Land abundant countries such as Canada, USA and Indonesia extend their use of agricultural land and their agricultural production. Severe REDD policies that protect all forest and woodlands in especially tropical land abundant regions such as Central and South America, South Africa and Indonesia imply a global reduction of agricultural land by 5% and lead to higher food and land prices. REDD policies reverse production and trade patterns as previous land abundant countries become land scarce countries.


Innovativeness has been believed to be a significant psychological construct underlying individual differences in adopting novel ideas, experiences or approaches. Although few recent studies have contributed to identifying the factors that predict innovativeness, there is a lack of research showing the impacts of implicit theories and goal orientations on innovativeness. This study aimed to investigate this matter. A sample comprising 315 staff members working in three Finnish higher educational institutions completed self-reported questionnaires. The results showed that the mastery goal orientation fully mediated the effect of both the entity theory of ability and personality on innovativeness. However, both entity theories failed to predict the performance-avoidance goal orientation, while the performance-avoidance goal orientation showed to be a significant, negative predictor of innovativeness. This study presents a promising framework for examining innovativeness in the higher educational context where further research is suggested.


This article examines the operation of "reasonable steps" as a statutory standard for analysis of the availability of the defence of belief in consent in sexual assault cases and concludes that application of section 273.2(b) of the Criminal Code, as presently worded, often undermines the legal validity and correctness of decisions about whether the accused acted with mens rea, a guilty, blameworthy state of mind. When the conduct of an accused who is alleged to have made a mistake about whether a complainant communicated consent is assessed by the hybrid subjective-objective reasonableness standard prescribed by section 273.2, many decision-makers rely on extra-legal criteria and assumptions grounded in their personal experience and opinion about what is reasonable. In the midst of debate over what the accused knew and what steps were "reasonable," given what the accused knew, the legal definition of consent in section 273.1 is easily overlooked and decision-makers focus on facts that are legally irrelevant and prejudice rational deliberation. The result is failure to enforce the law. The author proposes: (1) that section 273.2 be amended to reflect the significant developments achieved in sexual consent jurisprudence since enactment of the provision in 1992; and (2) that, in the interim, the judiciary act with resolve to make full and proper use of the statutory and common law tools that are presently available to determine whether the accused acted with mens rea in relation to the absence of sexual consent.


Untargeted metabolomic studies are revealing large numbers of naturally occurring metabolites that cannot be characterized because their chemical structures and MS/MS spectra are not available in databases. Here we present iMet, a computational tool based on experimental tandem mass spectrometry that allows the annotation of metabolites not discovered previously. iMet uses MS/MS spectra to identify metabolites structurally similar to an unknown metabolite, and gives a net atomic addition or removal that converts the known metabolite into the unknown one. We validate the algorithm with 148 metabolites, and show that for 89% of them at least one of the top four matches identified by iMet enables the proper annotation of the unknown metabolite. iMet is freely available at http://imet.seeslab.net.


Understanding the fundamental properties of fluids under confinement in templated porous media is important for the rational design of materials with tailored functions. However, theoretical descriptions remain elusive. Although a number of approaches have been developed within the replica Ornstein-Zernike (ROZ) formalism, they have thus far been limited mainly to simple species. Another challenge is associated with the general applicability of integral equation theories, originally developed for bulk liquids, to confined systems in general and, in particular, to molecular systems confined in templated structures. In this work, we extend our previous theory of molecular species adsorbed in a templated porous material (a ROZ solution to a reference interaction site model) to systems with attractive interactions. We explore the scope and applicability of direct routes toward the chemical potential in combination with several well-established closures, such as Percus-Yevick, mean spherical approximation, hypernetted chain closure (HNC), partially linearized HNC (PLHNC), and Martynov-Sarkisov. The relative accuracy, thermodynamic consistency, and ease of convergence are explored. Although only semiquantitative agreement can be expected from these approximate closure relations, we demonstrate that the proposed theory predicts templated molecular recognition with reasonable accuracy.


Understanding how cells form tissues is not only central to developmental biology, but is also crucial to elucidate tissue and organ function and their dysfunction in disease. Increasing appreciation of this is causing a shift in systems biology to scale up to higher levels of biological organization and, in particular, to integrate molecular with cellular and multicellular systems. This requires novel computational tools that facilitate the construction, simulation and integration of multiscale multicellular models in reproducible and reusable ways. A major challenge in this field is to provide flexibility while maintaining usability and support an effective workflow in the collaboration and model sharing between modelers and biologists. Morpheus is a user-friendly application for the modeling, simulation and integration of cell-based models, ordinary differential equations and reaction-diffusion systems that allows rapid and flexible development of complex multiscale models without programming [1]. It separates modeling from implementation by using a declarative domain-specific markup language for multicellular modeling. This language allows users to describe their complex models in familiar biological terms and mathematical expression using common infix notation and symbolic identifiers, similar to SBML. Morpheus automates multiscale model integration by appropriately mapping data between spatial models as well as scheduling numerical updates according to the dependencies between symbolic identifiers. The graphical user interface streamlines the modeling workflow by providing tools for model construction, simulation and model exploration as well as archiving and batch processing. Due to its modular design, Morpheus facilitates the simulation of a range of disparate modeling formalisms, combining algebraic or differential equations, cell-based models and reaction-diffusion systems. To date, it has been applied to the study of collective motion in bacteria, cell fate decisions and pattern formation in the pancreas as well as vascular morphogenesis. The ease of use of this modeling and simulation environment has also proven to be useful in education, for mathematicians and physicists as well as biologists. [1] J. Starrus, W. de Back, L. Brusch, A. Deutsch, Morpheus: a user-friendly modeling environment for multiscale and multicellular systems biology, Bioinformatics , 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt772, 2014.


Although used as green manure, one of the challenges the cultivation of Crotalaria juncea is the low availability of quality seeds in the market. The harvest at the right time contributes to the achievement of better quality seeds. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the storability and characterize the physical and physiological changes of the seeds harvested at different times. The statistical design was completely randomized with three replications. Treatments consisted of four harvest seasons and two storage periods (0 to 8 months). The samples were collected when the plants reached 40, 60, 80 and 100% of dried pods. The following characteristics were evaluated: time for drying, moisture content, dry matter accumulation, physical purity, yield, uniformity testing, seed coat coloring, germination, germination first count test, percentage of hard seeds, speed index and percentage of seedling emergence. Data from ripening stages were submitted to regression analysis. The effect of storage within each time it was analyzed by the joint analysis of variance of the results and the Tukey test (p≤0.05). The determination of the sampling point based on the percentage of dried beans is efficiently. The physiological maturity of the seeds is achieved when the plants have about 86.1% of dry beans, with the Crotalaria juncea seeds harvesting is performed at the point where the plants have between 80 and 100% of dried pods. The storage for eight months reduces dormancy up to 75.4%.


The effective functioning of a research ethics committee (REC) can be evaluated using self-assessment tools. The Middle East Research Ethics Training Initiative (MERETI) tool can be used by one member, typically the Chair, to score an REC. The consistency of these scores across several members of an REC has never been evaluated. This study examined whether results would be consistent irrespective of who conducts the assessment. One REC's effective functioning was assessed by several members (n = 13). The Chair's scores were compared with scores of other members in relation to their duration of REC membership, research ethics training, gender, and employer's institutional affiliation to the REC. The Chair's overall score was higher than the other members' scores by 11%. No significant differences in scores were obtained in relation to duration of REC membership (p = .72), interval since last research ethics training (p = .94), and gender (p = .27). The MERETI tool is thus consistent irrespective of who performs the assessment.


This research is about West Malaysians perceptions of holidaying, their knowledge of Australian and Northern Territory's tourism product, their interest in visiting Australia generally and the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia particularly. The research commenced in September 1998 and had to be undertaken on a part time basis. As is endemic in an industry like tourism, the period from initiation to completion of the thesis was dynamic and complex. For example, as an outcome of significant changes in Australian airspace – Malaysian Airline flight from Kuala Lumpur to Darwin route was suspended in February 2002. There were organisational changes within Australian Tourist Organisations and therefore some of the initial marketing purposes established 4–5 years ago are no longer valid. Events like the terrorists attack in Bali in October 2002 and reduction of international airline flights from Darwin have impacted the circumstances to travel into or out of Darwin. This could well be a temporary slump in the local travel and tourism industry. However, the core of the thesis - an examination of socio-demographic variables like gender and marital status, ethnicity, education and age, and income as determinants of market demand, still remains. The results from the analysis of West Malaysian's general attitudes towards holidaying and expectations from a holiday still hold substantial convincing information. The research using a survey technique through administration of a structured questionnaire and face to face interviews, held in Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Kelang, and Seremban, accumulates information from six hundred and seventy five respondents. The respondents were residents of Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Perak, Johor, Terengganu, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Negeri Sembilan, etc. An attempt has been made in the study to assess why West Malaysians were not coming to Northern Territory (NT) for a holiday, despite direct international flights for several years and short travelling time. Why is it that world renowned tourist icons of the NT (i.e. Uluru, Kakadu, Katherine Gorge) were failing to attract holidaymakers from West Malaysia? What particular West Malaysian attitude/s may aid the promotion of the NT tourism product? To what degree does the NT have a tourism product suited to the West Malaysian market? Did West Malaysian average income groups represent a suitable market for the NT tourism product? To what extent factors such as – knowledge of their language, Halal food, places for religious worships, suitable visa fee and accommodation important determinants of holiday destination for West Malaysian travellers? What segment/s of the West Malaysian population possesses positive attitude towards Australia xv and the NT and what implications might this have in the promotion of the NT to the West Malaysian market? The statistical analysis of the data using SPSS conveys that there is keen interest generally amongst the respondents to travel to Australia and the NT. The interest did not vary with gender, however, unmarried young people were found to have a greater zest to visit the NT and Australia. Although all three major ethnic groups namely Chinese, Malays and Indians are eager to visit the NT, the enthusiasm is greater amongst the Chinese followed with Indians then the Malays. The findings also reveal that West Malaysians in the age group of 20–29 years show greater enthusiasm to visit the NT followed by the 30–39 years age group. The older age groups above 40 years are not so eager to visit the NT. The assumption that the NT may not be attractive for the 'high income' group of West Malaysians has been supported by the findings of the study. The 'average' and 'above average' income groups in West Malaysians have shown to be very interested to visit the NT followed by the 'below average' income group. The 'high income' earners did not show any interest to visit the NT comparatively. Finally, the research has covered multiple aspects of attitudes of West Malaysians towards holidaying and features of the NT's tourism and holiday product to find the compatibility, however, like Alice in Wonderland the question arises of which way …to go from here?


Qualitative methods can enhance our understanding of constructs that have not been well portrayed and enable nuanced depiction of experience from study participants who have not been broadly studied. However, qualitative data require time and effort to train raters to achieve validity and reliability. This study compares recent advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) models with human coding. This web-based study (N=1,253; 3,046 free-text entries, averaging 64 characters per entry) included people with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), their siblings, and a representative comparison group. Human raters (n=6) were trained over multiple sessions in content analysis as per a comprehensive codebook. Three prompts addressed distinct aspects of participants' aspirations. Unsupervised NLP was implemented using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), which extracts latent topics across all the free-text entries. Supervised NLP was done using a Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model, which requires training the algorithm to recognize relevant human-coded themes across free-text entries. We compared the human-, LDA-, and BERT-coded themes. Study sample contained 286 people with DMD, 355 DMD siblings, and 997 comparison participants, age 8-69. Human coders generated 95 codes across the three prompts and had an average inter-rater reliability (Fleiss's kappa) of 0.77, with minimal rater-effect (pseudo R2=4%). Compared to human coders, LDA does not yield easily interpretable themes. BERT correctly classified only 61-70% of the validation set. LDA and BERT required technical expertise to program and took approximately 1.15 minutes per open-text entry, compared to 1.18 minutes for human raters including training time. LDA and BERT provide potentially viable approaches to analyzing large-scale qualitative data, but both have limitations. When text entries are short, LDA yields latent topics that are hard to interpret. BERT accurately identified only about two thirds of new statements. Humans provided reliable and cost-effective coding in the web-based context. The upfront training enables BERT to process enormous quantities of text data in future work, which should examine NLP's predictive accuracy given different quantities of training data.


One of the devastating social problems associated with HIV/AIDS is the increasing number of children who are orphaned within relatively short periods of time. The increasing number of orphans resulting from AIDS calls for a review of the support and care systems available for them. This article addresses fostering as a traditional care and support system for orphans in Ghana, especially those whose parents have died of AIDS. Strengthening of, and support for, foster care through governmental and community efforts is advocated. The enormous nature of the burden of care and support for such orphans calls for individual, community, societal, and even global efforts.


Open methods for coordinating (OMC) education policies in the EU rely on a number of techniques, one of which is policy learning. This article examines how policy learning and governance transform each other. More specifically, policy‐learning in the education OMC becomes differentiated into four distinct learning styles: mutual, competitive, surface and imperialistic learning. While they overlap with some forms of policy learning discussed in the literature, they are also different by focusing upon interactions and political dynamics between the European Commission and the member states. In seeking to understand how governing through learning occurs, we argue that any 'impact' of EU‐level policy‐learning is co‐constructed by both the European Commission and the member states. The analysis of this article is grounded in a discourse analytical and institutionalist perspective. It draws on qualitative data derived from semi‐structured interviews with officials from the Directorate General for Education and Culture in the European Commission and on EU documents generated during policy‐learning activities.


Nanocrystalline ZnO and Zn2TiO4 porous film electrodes were prepared by sol-gel method and spin coating method, and the nanocrystalline porous films were characterized by XRD and SEM. Using ZnPc dye and PbS quantum dots as sensitizers. The nanocrystalline film electrodes of ZnO series and Zn2TiO4 series were prepared separately, and their absorption characteristics observed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that ZnPc dye and PbS quantum dots could well sensitize the film electrodes, and the effect of ZnPc dye and PbS quantum dots composite sensitization was optimal. Then, the solar cells were fabricated. In simulation sunlight, the overall photoelectric conversion efficiency by Zn2TiO4/Q-PbS/ZnPc electrode increased by 22%, relative to the ZnO/Q-PbS/ZnPc electrode's.


We propose a near real-time face recognition system for embedding in consumer applications. The system is embedded in a networked home environment and enables personalized services by automatic identification of users. The aim of our research is to design and build a face recognition system that is robust for natural consumer environments and can be executed on low-cost hardware. For enabling distribution of computations, we propose a processing pipeline for face recognition, which consists of (1) face detection by stepwise pruning; (2) coarse-to-fine facial feature extraction for face normalization; and (3) face identification by cascaded discriminant analysis. The system has been applied in varying environments, such as an experimental home network, and achieves over 95% recognition rate and 34 frames/s processing speed. Index Terms — Biometrics, face detection, face recognition, facial feature extraction, smart home.


This thesis addresses the problem of representing, matching, and generalising descriptions of complex structured physical objects, in the absence of functional and domain-specific knowledge. A system called GRAM is described, which includes a representation scheme, an instance-constructor, a matcher, and a generaliser. These components incorporate and extend ideas from a number of other structured-object learning systems, as well as introducing several new ideas. A central contribution of this thesis is to show that descriptions of complex physical objects can be matched and generalised effectively and efficiently by exploiting their structure. GRAM does this by a number of means, such as by representing objects at multiple levels of detail; using 'neighbour relationships' to allow a more flexible traversal of object graphs during matching; explicitly distinguishing between substructure and context to allow partial matching and a simple form of disjunction; and using an explicit representation of groups to describe several similar objects as a single descriptive entity. A second contribution is to show that complex objects can be matched without having to enforce consistency between object correspondences. This is possible partly because of the richness of physical objects, and partly because GRAM represents concepts as simple entities defined by relationships with other concepts, rather than as a complete set of subcomponents defined locally within the concept description itself. This scheme leads to greater simplicity, efficiency, and robustness.


A case of a patient with renal schistosomiasis and clear cell renal carcinoma involving the same organ is reported herein. To our knowledge, the foregoing association has not been reported in the literature.


This paper is a survey of the literature on applications of evolutionary algorithms for vehicle routing problems. It reports about genetic algorithms, evolution strategies and particle swarm optimization, when applied to the classical capacitated vehicle routing problem and many of its variants. The performance of evolutionary algorithms is also compared with the best alternative problem-solving approaches on benchmark instances.


Four strain-gage instrumented bored piles were constructed in a sedimentary, dense to very dense, fine to medium sand in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Two of the test piles were the normally used bored pile constructed with bentonite slurry and two piles were Bauer Full Displacement Pile (FDP). One of each pair was equipped with the Expander Body, an inflatable steel cylinder that on pressure-grouting provides an enlarged pile toe. Head-down static loading test were performed on three of the piles and a bidirectional test was performed on the fourth pile, a standard pile with Expander Body and a bidirectional cell placed immediately above the EB. The latter pile was tested in 3 phases. First by activating the cell, second, by a head-down test, and, third, by a repeat bidirectional cell test. The static loading tests proved the shaft resistance of the FDP pile to be about twice that of the standard bored pile and that the Expander Body more than doubled the toe stiffness. The strain-gage records showed that the standard bored piles had multiple bulges and neckings, which affected the evaluation of the axial stiffness and load distribution of the piles. The testing programme was used for a prediction event with 60 persons, ahead of the tests, submitting predictions of the load-movement curves for the test piles and also a capacity appraised from the curves.


Both hyaluronidase and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 play a significant role in the development of prostate cancer. In this study, the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell death by hyaluronidase and TGF-β1 was investigated. Preexposure of L929 fibroblasts, prostate LNCaP cells, and epithelial Mv 1 Lu cells to hyaluronidase for a minimum of 12 h resulted in significant enhancement of cell death by TNF. Phosphorylation of p42 and p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases was found by stimulation of L929 cells with hyaluronidase for 30 min, indicating that the Raf/MAP kinase-extracellular signal-regulating protein kinase (MEK)/MAP kinase pathway was activated. However, blocking the activation of upstream MAP kinase kinase (MEK 1 and 2 kinase) by PD-98059 failed to inhibit the hyaluronidase-enhanced TNF killing of cells, suggesting that hyaluronidase-mediated degradation of extracellular matrix and membrane components may elicit multiple signaling pathways. As a potent stimulator of extracellular matrix protein synthesis, TGF-β1 blocked the hyaluronidase-enhanced death of L929 and LNCaP cells mediated by TNF. TGF-β1 activated protein-tyrosine kinases in L929 cells, in which the tyrosine kinase inhibitors lavendustin A and tyrphostin blocked the activation as well as the TGF-β1 inhibition of hyaluronidase effects. Functional antagonism was also observed between hyaluronidase and TGF-β1 in cell growth regulation. For example, TGF-β1-mediated suppression of epithelial Mv 1 Lu cell growth was abolished by hyaluronidase. Overall, it is demonstrated in this study that hyaluronidase reciprocally antagonized TGF-β1 in the modulation of cell proliferation and TNF-mediated death.


Abstract This study focuses on cataloging quality and how it is defined by information professionals, specifically university library catalogers. Although there is no single and objective definition of 'cataloging quality,' research aims to specify its core characteristics. The goal is to define the modern cataloging environment, as well as the tools and opportunities it provides, and to improve the success of academic library services for both professional catalogers and users, who are the final consumers of the information. Regarding methodology, a sample survey was chosen. The survey results revealed that the quality of cataloging is determined by several factors, including technical features of the data, adherence to standards, the cataloging process, user satisfaction, and the development of a general quality culture.


Climate change without adaptation is projected to impact strongly the livelihoods of the rural communities. Adaptation to climate change is crucial for developing country like Ethiopia due to high population and dependency on agriculture. Hence, this study was initiated to examine the barriers to and determinants of the choice of crop management strategies to combat climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) concepts of climate change adaptation provided the framework. Stratified and snowball sampling techniques were employed to select a sample of 398 households. The household survey was employed to collect data on current adaptation strategies. Logistic regression was used to analyse the determinants of choice of adaptation strategies. Logistic regression analyses were carried out at p≤0.05. Small farmland size, agro-ecology, farmland location, financial constraints, and lack of skills were the major barriers to adoption of crop management strategies. Age, farming experience, income, family size, government experts' extension services, agro-ecology, and crop failure history of households were significantly related to the choice of most of the crop management strategies. Socio-economic and institutional factors determined rural communities' ability and willingness to choose effective adaptation strategies. Policy priority should be given based on agro-ecology and households demand of policy intervention such as providing extension services and subsidizing the least adopted strategies due to financial constraints.


Synthesis of type I LacNAc (Galβ1 → 3GlcNAc) oligosaccharides usually suffers from low yields. We herein report the efficient synthesis of type I LacNAc oligosaccharides by chemoselective glycosylation. With 16 relative reactivity values (RRVs) measured thiotoluenyl-linked disaccharide donors and acceptors, chemoselective glycosylations were investigated to obtain optimal conditions. In these reactions, the RRV difference between the donors and acceptors had to be more than 6311 to obtain type I LacNAc tetrasaccharides in 72-86% yields, with minimal occurrence of aglycon transfer. The threshold of RRV difference was further applied to plan the synthesis of longer glycans. Because it is challenging to measure the RRVs of tetrasaccharides, anomeric proton chemical shifts were utilized to predict the corresponding RRVs, which consequently explained the outcome of glycosylations for the synthesis of type I LacNAc hexasaccharides. The result supported the idea that elongation of glycan chains has to proceed from the reducing to the nonreducing end for a better yield.


Microbial heat generation (Qf ) is an important parameter to control a biological process. Qf can be determined by various methods. In this study, a system for online calorimetric measurements for activated sludge is developed: a pilot scale bioreactor of 100 L volume as a calorimeter. The calorimetric measurements were calibrated using the heat production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae consuming glucose so that Qf can also be measured using the relation of oxygen transfer rate OTR and the combustion enthalpy of glucose ( cH ) (Q H f c 0 OTR). Next, the Qf of activated sludge with glucose as substrate is measured using the verified experimental set. A constant value for OTR to calculate Qf could not be detected because the activated sludge comprises a mixture of organic and unknown substrates and a heterogeneous flora of microorganisms. Heat energy production decreased during the experiment, pointing to a declining of microbial activity due to endogenous oxidation of the sludge.


lnformation on the degree of clustering and aggregation behavior of whales is extremely Limited. To obtain such information within various survey areas would not only be of help in understanding cetacean ecology, but also in optimizing the survey design in order to obtain abundance estimates with minimal variance. The clustering and aggregation patterns of minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata were examined using the data derived from systematic sighting surveys in 3 major feeding grounds in Antarctic waters. Distribution patterns showed that minke whales clustered in the Antarctic feeding grounds but were relatively randomly distributed within the aggregations, with the possibility that schools within the aggregation tend to avoid each other Higher clustering was observed in areas within bays (Ross Sea and Prydz Bay) than In areas of open water (Weddell Sea) . Mean school sizes were positively correlated with density. Aggregation patterns in relation to density and abundance in Antarctic waters are presented


An optical fiber component and setup were developed to insert and remove gases from hollow-core optical fibers, allowing gas/light mixing over the length of the fiber for gas sensing applications. Transmitted signals acquired at the output of the fiber contain information regarding absorption occurring inside the fiber, providing a spectroscopic signature of the gas or gases in the fiber. Spectra for 1 atm of acetylene (C2H2) around 1525 nm and 1 atm of carbon dioxide (CO2) around 1432 nm were obtained and compared to HITRAN data, showing good agreement. The setup can also be used to prepare gas cells.


Community groups can be settings which enable people to come together, meet with peers and engage in positive activities and support. Little is known about community groups for young men who are fathers and young men can often feel marginalised in and from other services and family support settings. This report therefore details findings from a qualitative research project into two different projects which are providing groups for young men who are fathers. The research is based on interviews with stakeholders and participants within the two projects and this report looks at key themes and findings around the use and value of groups for young dads.

The research shows that groups can be a useful way to create peer support, and that youngmen enjoy spending time with other young dads and having spaces to relax away from home. Groups can help improve skills, increase confidence and help develop parenting practices so can have multiple benefits. Working with young dads in group settings requires careful consideration of the context of young men's lives, how the group is facilitated, and having an activity focus seems to be effective.

This report then sets out the possible use of community groups, offers the voices of young men about their experiences of groups and makes suggestions of areas for consideration for those thinking about working with young men.


A nephroblastoma was diagnosed in a 6-month-old, male rat which died unexpectedly. The right kidney was replaced by a large, white, irregularly shaped mass. Microscopically, the mass consisted of an embryonic blastema showing epithelial differentiation into immature tubules and glomeruloid structures. An aortic aneurysm and aortic rupture were present within the thoracic cavity. It was suspected that the aortic rupture was secondary to hypertension mediated through the renin-angiotensin system.


Objectives: The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of diplophonia on jitter and shimmer and to identify measurement limitations with regard to material selection and clinical interpretation. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and ninety-eight audio samples of sustained phonations were analyzed. The audio samples were assessed for the grade of hoarseness and the presence of diplophonia. Jitter and shimmer were reported with regard to perceptual ratings. We investigated cycle marker positions exemplarily and qualitatively to understand their implications for perturbation measurements. Results: Medians of jitter and shimmer were higher for diplophonic voices than for nondiplophonic voices with equal grades of hoarseness. The variance of jitter for moderately dysphonic voices was larger than the variance observed in a corpus from which diplophonic samples had been discarded. The positions of cycle markers in diplophonic voices did not match the positions of the pulses, indicating that the validity of jitter and shimmer values for these voices were questionable. Conclusion: Diplophonia biases the reporting of dysphonia severity via perturbation measures, and their validity is questionable for these voices. In addition, diplophonia is an influential source of variance in jitter measurements. Thus, diplophonic fragments of voice samples should be excluded prior to perturbation analysis.


Author(s): Bernstein, Katherine | Advisor(s): Kramsch, Claire J | Abstract: "Little kids are like sponges," goes the saying. While young children are commonly believed to be naturally good language learners--and have often been used in second language research as a homogeneous comparison group for older learners--this dissertation paints a more complex picture. It examines the process of learning English as a second language for young children in their first year of preschool and takes a practice perspective (Bourdieu, 1977, 1992) to understand how language learning relates both to the social context and to the classroom identities that students developed in their classrooms. This ethnography takes place in a mostly English-speaking, former Rust Belt city, where a new and growing population of resettled refugees has made many teachers into de facto ESL teachers. After briefly investigating this changing landscape, including the historical and economic factors that led to the present demographics, the study zeros in on one Head Start classroom that reflects these city-level changes. It follows parents, teachers, and the class of children--including 11 Nepali speakers and one Turkish speaker--across the school year. Data were collected one full day per week for 27 weeks, through field notes, video recordings, and interviews. Data were coded thematically to understand parents' and teachers' histories and perspectives on language and learning; then, through a combination of coding and discourse analysis, I used the data to explore how four focal students were positioned as more or less competent and authoritative within the classroom. Finally, video data were analyzed to construct a linguistic corpus for each focal student in order to analyze their English language growth. Findings show that students in the classroom who were seen as socially and academically competent were also seen as linguistically competent--by teachers, by peers, and even by me--regardless of their actual level of English. This was because what mattered in day-to-day interaction was what students could do with language. Competence meant the ability to assemble linguistic resources in real-time in order to accomplish social tasks, to be listened to, and to be taken seriously. Within the classroom, language was understood and assessed as a social practice. When at the end of the year, I compiled corpora of student talk and analyzed them for growth in vocabulary and syntax, a different picture emerged: The most socially successful student had learned much less language than her teachers (or I) had thought, and one of the most peripheral students had in fact learned much more. By accounting for language both as social practice and as a system of vocabulary/syntax, this study shows that the two versions of success do not always align and it raises questions about what should count as successful language learning in schools, as well as what kinds of interactions support this learning. One implication of this work is that teachers must understand that how one defines language changes how one measures success. Cultivating teachers' ability to see language more than one way may provide a much-needed balance to the tendency of schools to measure success as the individual accumulation of words and structures. Additionally, since the same social conditions that made some students successful in language-as-social-practice were those that kept them from having the comparable success in acquiring language-as-a system, it is equally important to help teachers to understand how different conditions can lead to different kinds of growth.


In this research we investigate the problem of searching for a Lost Person (LP) in wilderness using an autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The problem of search with a UAV is often treated as gridded environment search where the state of each grid (cell) is examined individually for the presence or absence of the target. However, this idealised way of search fails to exploit many potentially valuable dependencies and secondary cues — such as material deposited or left by the LP or topographical features such as natural tracks (trails) — which could significantly aid the search process. We discuss the need for such a system and review the current state-of-the-art work. Since key to a quick and successful search is a well defined initial distributions. We further argue the need to generate the initial distribution over the trajectory of the LP, not merely the end location, usually done in literature. We propose a search framework consisting of three key phases: information gathering, initial distribution generation and search. In the information gathering phase, we collect detailed information related to both the LP and the search environment. Then in the initial distribution generation phase, using the information gathered, we generate distribution over the LP's trajectory using particles. Each particle represented by an agent model of LP movement with sampled parameters, navigating and interacting with the environment represented using data-sets in the form of terrain elevation, topography and vegetation. To ensure, the agent model is a good representation of the LP behaviour, we calibrate its parameters using the method called SMC2 . Finally in the Search phase, a UAV is deployed to explore the search area and detect the LP, any evidence features or changes in the environment. All information detected are localised and used to update the distribution over the LP trail until either the LP is located or the search is terminated.


In view of the demands in multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) of valve products, the MDO model for valves is established, which takes account of mechanical analysis, fluid mechanics analysis, thermal-mechanical coupled analysis and seismic analysis. On this basis, the MDO integrated system is constructed combined with some new techniques to solve the common and critical problems of optimal design of valves. The system takes interplay and coupling of each discipline into account, applies effective optimization strategy, information transmitting and concurrent design to get the synergistic effect produced by interaction of each discipline, and finally obtains the total optimum solution of valves, which, moreover, could provide technical reference for the practicality and commercialization of the integrated system in valves design optimization.


Supernova remnants are at the nexus of many important, comtemporary,
astrophysical problems: the late stage of stellar evolution, supernovae, the formation of compact objects, nucleosynthesis, collisionless shocks, particle acceleration and possibly gamma-ray bursts.

The major focus of this thesis is on the thermal X-ray emission. This is an important part of SNR studies as most of the initial mechanical energy is radiated as thermal X-ray emission.
The shocked environment and the interface between hot and cold gas give rise to X-ray plasma conditions unique to SNRs. Transient non-equilibrium ionisation (NEI) plasmas are expected to occur due to the low density and
corresponding long average collision time. They have been unambiguously detected in young SNRs. Among the most
conspicuous spectroscopic manifestations of NEI plasmas are emission from open-shell ionic species and spectral lines that arise from inner-shell excitation and ionisation. These features are marginal in ionisation equilibrium plasmas. High resolution and imaging spectroscopy, as highlighted in this thesis, are invaluable tools in unraveling SNR properties. Spatially resolved spectroscopy with high resolution and throughput, as is available with Chandra and XMM-Newton, also offers an opportunity to investigate a host of physical effects in greater detail than before.

The intrinsic brightness of the young Galactic SNR Cas A, coupled to the high sensitivity of the solid state (EPIC-MOS and EPIC-pn) X-ray camera's of XMM-Newton,make it possible to perform a detailed, spatially resolved, spectral analysisof the thermal emission of Cas A on a 20"x20" pixel scale.
The bandwidth (up to 15 keV) offers an unique opportunity toassess the origin of the hard X-ray continuum. Detailed electron temperature, ionisation age and Doppler maps of Cas A have been derived for the first time,
providing a wealth of information on the remnant's dynamics and details of the shock heating process. Observations with the Reflection Grating spectrometer (RGS) of SNR B0540-69.3, N 103B and DEM L71 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) are among the first highlyresolved X-ray spectra of SNRs. The capability of the RGS for highresolution spectroscopy of sources of moderate angular extent is well matched tothe typical angular sizes of SNRs in the LMC. The high dispersion of the RGSallows almost all of the X-ray spectral features emitted by these remnants to be
resolved. Detailed spectroscopic modeling permits independent measurements ofastrophysical quantities that affect line shape and production, such as electrontemperature, density and elemental abundance profiles.
Previous X-ray analysis of SNRs in the Small Magellanic cloud (SMC) have been limited to detections only, except for the bright IKT 22 (SNR 1E0102-72). The large bandwidth and sensitivity of XMM-Newton is a crucial aspect for a spectroscopic assesment of SNR properties in the SMC. We presented a synoptic study of 13 SNRs in the SMC.


STUDY DESIGN
A case series of 6 athletes with a suspected sports hernia.

BACKGROUND
Groin pain in athletes is common, and 1 source of groin pain is athletic pubalgia, or a sports hernia. Description of this condition and its management is scarce in the physical therapy literature. The purpose of this case series is to describe a conservative approach to treating athletes with a likely sports hernia and to provide physical therapists with an algorithm for managing athletes with this dysfunction.

CASE DESCRIPTION
Six collegiate athletes (age range, 19-22 years; 4 males, 2 females) with a physician diagnosis of groin pain secondary to possible/probable sports hernia were referred to physical therapy. A method of evaluation was constructed and a cluster of 5 key findings indicative of a sports hernia is presented. The athletes were managed according to a proposed algorithm and received physical therapy consisting of soft tissue and joint mobilization/manipulation, neuromuscular re-education, manual stretching, and therapeutic exercise.

OUTCOMES
Three of the athletes received conservative intervention and were able to fully return to sport after a mean of 7.7 sessions of physical therapy. The other 3 athletes reached this outcome after surgical repair and a mean of 6.7 sessions of physical therapy.

DISCUSSION
Conservative management including manual therapy appears to be a viable option in the management of athletes with a sports hernia. Follow-up randomized clinical trials should be performed to further investigate the effectiveness of conservative rehabilitation compared to a homogeneous group of patients undergoing surgical repair for this condition.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapy, level 4.


Exposure of persons to high concentrations of radon and its progeny levels for a long period leads to pathological effects like the respiratory functional changes and the occurrence of lung cancer. It is indicated that the inhalation of short-lived Rn daughters seems to be the most important component of the radiation exposure of the population from natural sources. According to an estimate, Rn gas may be the major source of public radiation exposure, perhaps accounting for between 5 and 20% of all lung cancer deaths. In view of this an attempt has been made for the measurements of radon and thoron by using solid state nuclear track detector based dosimeters. The average annual dose to the population of Bangalore city due to radon and thoron daughter activity works out to be 1.98m Sv y. All India mean effective dose equivalent is 2.49m Sv y and the global effective dose equivalent is 2.4m Sv y. Seasonal variations in the concentration of indoor radon/thoron and their progeny concentrations are observed with higher values in winter and lower in summer. A strong correlation coefficient was observed between Rn, Rn and their progenies. 2010 Trade Science Inc. INDIA


Today more than ever innovation seems vital for us to anticipate the future and adapt to our rapidly changing world. But what is innovation and how is it accomplished? How can the mind generate innovative ideas? To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the human capacity to innovate, the present study aims at answering two basic questions: first, 'what makes innovation possible?' and second, 'why are innovative ideas unusual?'. These questions are addressed within the framework of Peircean semiotics, in particular in the light of Peirce's conception of inference. Different types of inferences are studied to determine the mode of reasoning which is central to innovative thought. While creativity and innovation are often analysed through the prism of abduction, this study puts forward an alternative approach drawing a parallel between modes of inferences and types of hypoicons. It claims that what makes innovation possible is metaphoric reasoning underlying induction.


This proposal presents a new error robust strategy for encoding redundant pictures for the H.264/AVC standard. The method is based on providing motion vectors as redundant data, i.e. providing extra protection to the motion information of the encoded stream. The proposed system is implemented based on the existing redundant coding algorithm of the scalable extension of H.264/AVC. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using various objective quality measurements under both error free and error prone Internet protocol (IP) packet network environments. The proposed algorithm increases the bandwidth utilization with slight degradation in the primary picture quality for error free conditions, compared to the existing redundant coding method of JSVM (joint scalable video model). Furthermore, the simulation results under packet loss environments show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing redundant picture coding of JSVM.


The production of three major components of cellulase (FPase, CMCase and 13-glucosidase) by Chaetomium globoslim strain 414 was studied in a shake flask
experiment. The effects of physical and chemical treatments on the oil palm empty fruit
bunch (OPEFB) fibre for subsequent use as substrate for cellulase production were
investigated. The effects of different types and concentrations of nitrogen sources on
cellulase production were also examined. The optimized medium composition obtained
from the shake flask experiment was used for cellulase production in a 2L stirred tank
ferrnenter (impeller tip speed = 1.64 mls) where the effect of different levels of dissolved
oxygen tension (DOT) at a fixed agitation speed on cellulase production was
investigated. The experimental data obtained from batch fermentations in a shake flask
and the fermenter using the optimized medium were analysed to form the basis for a
kinetic model ofthe process. The partially purified cellulase preparation from this fungus
was used for the saccharification of OPEFB fibre. The effect of different methods of
treatment of OPEFB fibre on the rate and degree of hydrolysis was investigated.The use of2-mm OPEFB fibre increased cellulase production about two fold
compared to 10-mm fibre. Chemical treatment significantly increased the cellulose and
reduced the lignin contents. Cellulase activities, obtained from fermentation using
OPEFB fibre treated with 0.5% RN03 followed by autoclaving were about three
times higher than those obtained in fermentation using pure celluloses. The cellulase of
C. globosum strain 414 contained a high proportion of l3-glucosidase with the ratio of
specific activity of l3-glucosidase to FPase of about 8. Peptone gave the highest
cellulase production followed by yeast extract, urea, KN03 and (NH4)2S04' A good
agreement between the calculated data and the experimental data for both cell growth
and cellulase production were observed, suggesting that the proposed model based on
logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations is sufficient to describe the growth of C.
globosum strain 414 and cellulase production. The maximum activities of FPase,
CMCase and l3-glucosidase obtained from fermentation with 50% DOT were 2.5, 59.5
and 12.8 U/m), and these gave the overall productivities of20.8, 495 and 53.3 U/L.h,
respectively. Cellulase production in stirred tank fermenter were significantly higher
than that obtained in shake flask. The yield and overall productivity of the
saccharification of the autoclaved OPEFB fibre treated with 2% NaOH were 0.7600 g
reducing sugar/g OPEFB and 0.0178 g reducing sugar/g cellulose.h, respectively.


This article applies theories of foreign policy change to the question of Russia's `strategic realignment' following the events of 11 September. In terms of Russian foreign policy change, 11 September was not fundamentally significant. It simply made overt and explicit the underlying trends and pressures that shape Russia's strategic orientation. However, 11 September has allowed President Putin to consolidate Russia's decisive strategic realignment Westwards. And it has demonstrated the gulf, which had widened through the 1990s, between Russia's stated foreign and security policy objectives and preferences and its financial, military and institutional capacity to achieve those objectives. While accepting that a Russian strategic realignment has occurred under Putin, the article identifies its conditional nature and points to factors that could reverse the quality and depth, if not orientation, of such a realignment.


The circadian rhythm of certain functional indicators of the cardiovascular system was investigated in 141 patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), of whom 65 had post-infarction cardiosclerosis and in 26 healthy subjects. The obtained data were processed by an ES-1020 computer according to a special "Cosinor" programme. Specific circadian rhythm was determined of certain haemodynamic indicators, sinus node excitability, impulse conduction, myocardial supply (according to ECG data) and of the blood clotting system. In healthy subjects, the coincidence of the acrophases of circadian rhythms of functional indicators of the cardiovascular system was found; these indicators reached their maximum level during the day and in the evening. In patients with IHD (with prior myocardial infarction as well as without), there were found shifts in the circadian rhythm of bioelectrical processes in the myocardium, with the maximum values shifted to the night and morning hours. These shifts are a consequence of changes in myocardial nutrition and of worsened coronary flow during the day and in the early evening hours, when the patients exhibit also a tendency towards increased activity of the blood clotting system, as well as fibrinolysis depression.


New observational data related to the X1.1/2N solar flare of 17 July 2004 were investigated and compared with some old data for other powerful flares and non-flare regions. Observations were carried out with the Echelle spectrograph of the Kyiv University Astronomical Observatory. The Stokes I ± V profiles of several metallic lines with different effective Lande factors geff have been analyzed including the FeI 5434.5 line with very low magnetic sensitivity (geff = –0.014). The obvious evidences of the emissive Zeeman effect were found as in lines with great and middle Lande factors as in FeI 5434.5 line. On the basis of all analyzed data one can conclude that upper magnetic field limit in flares can reach 70 - 90 kG, i.e. about more order higher than the well-known magnetic fields in great sunspots. The possible physical nature of such superstrong fields is discussed.


Background Musculoskeletal conditions often affect patients' mobility and ability to participate in health behaviors such as exercise, potentially affecting their systemic health. The purpose of this research is to determine how frequently cardiac-related comorbidities present in a veteran population with musculoskeletal service-connected disability and how this affects musculoskeletal health care utilization. Methodology A retrospective cohort of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans who received a Veterans Affairs (VA) disability determination for service-connected musculoskeletal disability were categorized according to the diagnosis of cardiac comorbidity including diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity, and atherosclerosis disease documented by ICD-9 codes in the VA administrative data. Among veterans with musculoskeletal service-connected disability, logistic regression was modeled to determine if musculoskeletal clinic utilization was associated with also having a cardiac comorbid condition. Results Veterans with musculoskeletal disability had a comorbid cardiac disorder 43% of the time. Post-traumatic arthritis was the only musculoskeletal condition positively associated with comorbid cardiac conditions. Veterans with comorbid cardiac diagnoses had 26-37% higher odds of receiving care by physical and occupational therapy, physical medicine, and orthopaedic surgery clinics compared to veterans without comorbid cardiac disease. Conclusions Veterans in this cohort with musculoskeletal service-connected disability, plus cardiac conditions had greater clinic use for musculoskeletal and rehabilitation services compared to those without cardiac conditions. These results have implications for the rehabilitation and other health service needs of a new generation of veterans.


Freshwater mussel populations in North America have been declining over the past two centuries due to a variety of land-use changes and anthropogenic water quality degradation. The Tippecanoe River, located in northcentral Indiana, was once home to the world's largest population of clubshell mussels. Currently, the river supports six federally listed species. The Indiana Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) partnered with Purdue University to design and implement an outreach and education campaign to raise awareness about and promote protection of these imperiled species. This article details how researchers used the principles of community-based social marketing to create and evaluate the campaign. Lessons learned and recommendations for future campaigns are provided.


Family physicians can do a great deal more to help patients face infertility assessment and treatment, but they must first recognize how their patients may be emotionally and physically affected by the diagnosis, a therapist told a recent workshop in Toronto. Strategies used by medical counsellors can be adapted by FPs and specialists to help patients address infertility issues.


Future high-performance virtual machines will improve performance through sophisticated online feedback-directed optimizations. This paper presents the architecture of the Jalapeno Adaptive Optimization System, a system to support leading-edge virtual machine technology and enable ongoing research on online feedback-directed optimizations. We describe the extensible system architecture, based on a federation of threads with asynchronous communication. We present an implementation of the general architecture that supports adaptive multi-level optimization based purely on statistical sampling. We empirically demonstrate that this profiling technique has low overhead and can improve startup and steady-state performance, even without the presence of online feedback-directed optimizations. The paper also describes and evaluates an online feedback-directed inlining optimization based on statistical edge sampling. The system is written completely in Java, applying the described techniques not only to application code and standard libraries, but also to the virtual machine itself.


Several employment options are available to job seekers in Côte d'Ivoire. Four employment options are offered according to the market structure. This makes reference to the public sector, formal private sector, non-agricultural informal sector, and the agricultural informal sector. This study aims at analysing the determinants for youth labour market participation and sectoral choices. The data is drawn from the National Survey on the Employment Situation and Child Labour (ENSETE) conducted in 2013 by the Agency for Studies and Job Promotion (AGEPE). In this study, two econometric tools have been used. The binary probit model by selection reveals that age, gender and place of residence impacts negatively the participation of the youth in the labour market. The individual multinomial probit model underlines the negative influence of gender on employment in the formal sectors (public sector and formal private sector). However, the young women have up to 18% chance of being absorbed in the non-agricultural informal sector. In the event that the urban area is conducive for all sorts of economic activities, the young women's chances increase to more than 50% in terms of their likelihood to conduct non-agricultural informal businesses. The probability of a youth getting employed in public or non-agricultural formal sectors decreases as he or she continues to age. These phenomena create employability problem as underscored by the outcomes obtained with the duration of unemployment period.


This volume offers a profoundly new interpretation of the impact of modern diasporas on democracy, challenging the orthodox understanding that ties these two concepts to a bounded form of territory. Considering democracy and diaspora through a deterritorialised lens, it takes the post-Euromaidan Ukraine as a central case study to show how modern diasporas are actively involved in shaping democracy from a distance, and through their political activity are becoming increasingly democratised themselves. An examination of how power-sharing democracies function beyond the territorial state, Democracy, Diaspora, Territory: Europe and Cross-Border Politics compels us to reassess what we mean by democracy and diaspora today, and why we need to focus on the deterritorialised dimensions of these phenomena if we are to adequately address the crises confronting numerous democracies. As such, it will appeal to scholars of sociology and politics with interests in migration and diaspora, political theory, citizenship and democracy.


Testing is conducted after developing each software to detect the defects which are then removed. However, it is very difficult task to test a non-trivial software completely. Hence, it's important to test the software with important test cases. In this research, we developed a machine learning based software test case selection strategy for regression testing. To develop the method, we first clean and preprocess the data. Then we convet the categorical data to its numerical value. The we implement a natural language processing to calculate bag of features for text feature such as testcase title. We evaluate different machine learning models for test case selection. Experimental results demonstrate that machine learning based models can aovid manual labour of the domain experts for test case selection.


A painstaking political survey by a socialist determined to be objective. He has crammed abundant facts into few pages, thirty for example being given to Malaya. One wonders how long even history will be interested in parties that have achieved initials of unexampled fecundity: M.D.U., M.N.P., A.P.I., P.M.C.J.A., P.E.T.A., P.M.C.P., P.A.P. Surely of all the legacies of colonialism this proliferation of initials is the most irritating for mind and eye.


The performance of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system depends strongly on the scattering environment and antenna spacing. The use of dual-polarized antennas is a promising alternative both in terms of diversity and effective use of space. In this paper we investigate the performance of the Golden code with polarization diversity; where the two spatially separated antennas are replaced by a single dual polarised antenna. We analyse the performance of the Golden code in terms of an angle between the channels corresponding to the two receivers, which allows us to predict performance without necessarily needing to resort to simulations. Analysis and simulation results show that with the introduction of polarization diversity the performance of the Golden code can be made consistently good across both rich scattering and line of sight (LOS) conditions.


How can education authorities and organisations develop empowered, highly respected, strongly performance-normed, contextually embedded teaching professionals who cultivate student learning? This challenge is particularly acute in many low- and middle-income education systems that have successfully expanded school enrolment but struggle to help children master even the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic. In this primer, we synthesise research from a wide range of academic disciplines and country contexts, and we propose a set of principles for guiding the journey toward an empowered, effective teaching profession. We call these principles the 5Cs: choose and curate toward commitment to capable and committed teachers. These principles are rooted in the fact that teachers and their career structures are embedded in multi-level, multi-component systems that interact in complex ways. We also outline five premises for practice, each highlighting an area in which education authorities and organisations can change the typical status quo approach in order to apply the 5Cs and realise the vision of empowered teaching profession.


AIMS
To describe light exposure, sleep-wake patterns, mood, pain and their relationships in adult medical inpatients.

BACKGROUND
The hospital environment may contribute to patient discomfort by providing a lighting structure that interferes with circadian rhythmicity, sleep, mood and pain.

DESIGN
A descriptive correlational design was used in this preliminary study.

METHODS
Between May 2011-April 2012, data were collected from a convenience sample of 23 women and 17 men admitted to a large academically affiliated hospital in the United States. Over 72 hours, light exposure and sleep-wake patterns were continuously measured with wrist actigraph/light meters for each participant. Mood was measured daily using the Profile Of Mood States Brief™ Form. Subjective pain scores were abstracted from medical records.

RESULTS
Light exposure levels were low: mean daytime light intensity was 104·80 lux. Sleep time was fragmented and low: mean 236·35 minutes of sleep/night. Intra-daily stability scores indicated little sleep-wake synchronization with light. Fatigue and total mood disturbance scores were high and inversely associated with light. Pain levels were also high and positively associated with fatigue, but not directly with light exposure. Low light exposure significantly predicted fatigue and total mood disturbance.

CONCLUSION
Medical inpatients were exposed to light levels insufficient for circadian entrainment. Nevertheless, higher light exposure was associated with less fatigue and lower total mood disturbance in participants with pain, suggesting the need for further investigation to determine if manipulating light exposure for medical inpatients would be beneficial in affecting sleep-wake disturbances, mood and pain.


This paper intends to be a methodological contribution to the comparison of results obtained inventory management through formal modeling and those implemented through simulation and optimization processes, particularly using genetic algorithms (evolutionary). The development focuses primarily on backorder situation for models of reorder point, periodic review and (S, s, R) where the demand per unit time and lead time are normal distributions. The analyses are realized for a set of heuristics applied to the management of a durable fast moving item. The main limitations in modeling and optimization of numerical nature are refereed. Keywords Heuristics, Simulation, Optimization, Evolutionary algorithms, Reorder point policy, Periodic review policy, (S, s, R) policy.


From the Publisher:
Internet-based business transactions can be broken down into a series of independent steps. This workflow often involves tools from an array of fields, such as network modeling, scheduling, distributed systems, artificial intelligence, software agents, and Java. This book serves as a single, comprehensive resource for IT practitioners and students that covers all these vital aspects of workflow management.


In order to atomize a liquid, the authors have investigated the behavior of air-water jets. In a series of experiments, we have discovered a strange phenomenon that the water jet accompanied with air suction from the free surface has made a periodic radial splash of water drop. The purpose of the present paper is to clear out the origin of this phenomenon and the behavior of water jet accompanied with air suction. The behavior of water jet has been photographed by a digital camera aided with a flashlight and high-speed video camera. Those experiments enable us to find the origin of a periodic radial splash due to a formation of single air bubble at the flow separation region inside the nozzle and due to explosive expansion of the bubble after injected in the free space. In order to analyze the radial splash of water, we have conducted the equation of spherical liquid membrane. The numerical results obtained have been compared with the experimental results and good agreement has been obtained in radial expansion velocity.