Both PCG (Phonocardiogram) and Electrocardiogram (ECG) carry helpful features that aid in the fundamental analysis of heart-related disorders. Although they contain varying physical characteristics, some characteristics may predict some parameters better than the other. The research of such electrical and mechanical signals reveals a beneficial topic for any researcher. Hence, the study for automated detection and prediction of an anomaly of the heart using PCG and ECG signal is essential. The proposed method introduced modified preprocessing techniques along with features extraction techniques using both ECG and PCG datasets at tandem based on a different classification approach. The preprocessing of ECG signals comprises of the delineation and elimination of noise and artifacts whereas, the preprocessing of PCG signals includes the removal of unwanted noise and murmurs by applying a band-pass filter. The time-frequency features using PCG signals were extracted based on wavelet decomposition, Homomorphic filtering, Hilbert transforms, and Power spectral density. Using the ECG signals, the QRS based feature extraction method based on the Pan-Tompkins algorithm was performed. The extracted features from PCG and ECG signals were independently trained and tested using different classifiers (SVM, KNN, and Ensemble). Finally, the merged features of both the PCG and ECG signals were again trained and tested. The proposed model was validated using publicly available data-sets 'A' of PhysioNet 2016/CinC challenges that comprise of both ECG and PCG data-sets. The results show that ECG and PCG signals can efficiently be employed for predicting cardiovascular disorders.


Cash flows were developed to verify, over a 15-year period, the effect of anticipating puberty (using feedlot and nutritional supplementation) and pregnancy diagnosis (using conventional transrectal ultrasound or color Doppler) on the net present value (NPV) of farms dedicated to producing Nellore ( Bos taurus indicus ) or Nellore x Angus ( Bos taurus taurus ) crossbred calves. In addition, in order to determine the effect of input prices on the viability of the enterprise, an economic analysis was carried out with the historical prices paid and received by Brazilian farmers over a 10-year period. Multiple regression was the statistical technique used to construct models that adequately described the relationships between the various independent variables (genetic group, nutritional strategy, pregnancy diagnosis technique, and relative market prices) and the dependent variable, which was represented by the NPV economic indicator. The fact that Nellore x Angus females reached puberty earlier than Nellore females favored the number of weaned calves and therefore, the NPV of the enterprise. Conducting pregnancy diagnosis earlier increased the project's NPV by R$ 2.7 million (≈ US$ 0.77 million). Although feedlot and supplementation represent 65% of production costs, obtaining reasonable growth rates by providing animals with proper feeding improved the NPV significantly. Finally, after analyzing the effect of historical prices of the main inputs in the system, we concluded that the cost of inputs affects the performance of the enterprise the most.


We analyze new online gradient descent algorithms for distributed systems with large delays between gradient computations and the corresponding updates. Using insights from adaptive gradient methods, we develop algorithms that adapt not only to the sequence of gradients, but also to the precise update delays that occur. We first give an impractical algorithm that achieves a regret bound that precisely quantifies the impact of the delays. We then analyze AdaptiveRevision, an algorithm that is efficiently implementable and achieves comparable guarantees. The key algorithmic technique is appropriately and efficiently revising the learning rate used for previous gradient steps. Experimental results show when the delays grow large (1000 updates or more), our new algorithms perform significantly better than standard adaptive gradient methods.


A micro-EDM equipment which can fabricate three-dimensional micro-structures is developed. A method of electrode wear compensation on-line which is very important to micro 3D structures machined by micro-EDM is presented. In this method, the wear of electrode can be predicted by the statistics law of open rate of discharge status, therefore, its precise model which is very difficult to build as well as the special CAD/CAM system is hardly necessary. At the same time, the micro-EDM CAD/CAM technology which applies the universal CAD/CAM software for milling is also researched and experienced on Unigraphics (UG). At last, micro 3D structures, a micro hemisphere with diameter ∅150+m and a micro 3D beam which is very popular in MEMS, are machined on silicon wafer by this way, which proves the wide useful of this method and the promising application in MEMS.


We study the trajectory of an allele that affects a polygenic trait selected toward a phenotypic optimum. Furthermore, conditioning on this trajectory we analyze the effect of the selected mutation on linked neutral variation. We examine the well-characterized two-locus two-allele model but we also provide results for diallelic models with up to eight loci. First, when the optimum phenotype is that of the double heterozygote in a two-locus model, and there is no dominance or epistasis of effects on the trait, the trajectories of selected mutations rarely reach fixation; instead, a polymorphic equilibrium at both loci is approached. Whether a polymorphic equilibrium is reached (rather than fixation at both loci) depends on the intensity of selection and the relative distances to the optimum of the homozygotes at each locus. Furthermore, if both loci have similar effects on the trait, fixation of an allele at a given locus is less likely when it starts at low frequency and the other locus is polymorphic (with alleles at intermediate frequencies). Weaker selection increases the probability of fixation of the studied allele, as the polymorphic equilibrium is less stable in this case. When we do not require the double heterozygote to be at the optimum we find that the polymorphic equilibrium is more difficult to reach, and fixation becomes more likely. Second, increasing the number of loci decreases the probability of fixation, because adaptation to the optimum is possible by various combinations of alleles. Summaries of the genealogy (height, total length, and imbalance) and of sequence polymorphism (number of polymorphisms, frequency spectrum, and haplotype structure) next to a selected locus depend on the frequency that the selected mutation approaches at equilibrium. We conclude that multilocus response to selection may in some cases prevent selective sweeps from being completed, as described in previous studies, but that conditions causing this to happen strongly depend on the genetic architecture of the trait, and that fixation of selected mutations is likely in many instances.


OBJECTIVES
The traditional Tanzer-Brent method, which uses the integral engraving of costal cartilage, provides insufficient three-dimensional sensation and is characterized by poor firmness of the auricle framework. This tends to cause the absorption deformation of the auricle framework after surgery. In order to reduce the absorption deformation as well as make the reconstructed auricle more three-dimensional and the ear shape more realistic, our ear reconstruction team invented a novel method to make an auricle framework with autologous costal cartilage. The auricle framework made by this novel method has been applied to auricle reconstruction and has achieved excellent surgical results.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Clinical data and postoperative data were collected for patients with unilateral microtia who received auricle reconstruction using the novel method of auricle framework construction in Plastic Surgery Hospital from January 2020 to June 2022. The therapeutic effect of this novel method was evaluated by the satisfaction rate of patients and their families and by the prevalence of postoperative complications.

RESULTS
A total of 60 patients were enrolled in this study. The average age was (10.95 ± 2.97) years old. The mean follow-up time was 24.02 ± 1.52 months. The satisfaction rate of patients and their families was 96.7%. In terms of postoperative complications, two patients had postoperative infection, one patient had framework exposure, no patients had framework absorption and deformation, two patients had postoperative hematoma, and three patients had scar hyperplasia.

CONCLUSION
This novel method of making the auricle framework is more standardized, easier to master for plastic surgeons, and more conducive to the clinical application of plastic surgery. Through this study, we believe that this novel method offers significant therapeutic advantages and can be used as a unified standard for construction of an auricle framework using autologous costal cartilage.


Berger and Colmez introduced a theory of families of overconvergent \'etale (Phi,Gamma)-modules associated to families of p-adic Galois representations over p-adic Banach algebras. However, in contrast with the classical theory of (Phi,Gamma)-modules, the functor they obtain is not an equivalence of categories. In this paper, we prove that when the base is an affinoid space, every family of (overconvergent) \'etale (Phi,Gamma)-modules can locally be converted into a family of p-adic representations in a unique manner, providing the "local" equivalence. There is a global mod p obstruction related to the moduli of residual representations.


This article traces the history of early female screenwriters in Germany and highlights the influence of professional female screenwriter Ruth Goetz and her movie Die Dirnentragodie (also: Women without Men, 1927). It shows how the movie represented certain political, cultural and legal debates on the New Woman and reconfigured the myth by implementing ambivalent gender roles in the plot. Furthermore, the representation of the role of female sex workers in Weimar society in Weimar street films is described and the way of transforming cultural and political discourses about gender equality into silent movies is discussed. Ruth Goetz and her professional screenwriting work is revisited through the lens of New Film History and the importance of the early professional female screenwriters' contribution in Weimar cinema is underlined.


Abstract : Analytic solutions are presented for two- and three-dimensional steady-state diffusion problems with constant coefficients. Assumptions of the mathematical model used are: (1) source concentration is known in the source plane, (2) rate of absorption of material into the surface or deposit of material upon the surface is known and is proportional to concentration, (3) concentration at any point is steady state (i.e., independent of time), (4) wind velocity is constant, and (5) the coefficient of diffusion (K) is constant. A general steady-state two-dimensional solution is determined for an arbitrary source concentration function and is given in terms of convolution integrals. The solution is given for sectionally linear discontinuous source concentration functions in terms of dimensionless parameters. A method is developed to extend the two-dimensional results of parts 1 and 2 to three dimensions. Solutions are given for three-dimensional planar source concentration functions symmetric in the plane perpendicular to the wind. (Author)


This paper provides an annotated bibliographic guide to the work of the late Dr Herbert Christian Addo, Third World intellectual and one of the founding fathers of dependency theory. His broad research agenda concentrated primarily on the Third World, but it also focused specifically on issues of small states. His peers note that he single-handedly captured the attention of international researchers throughout international studies since there are few thinkers who have tackled this issue from this unique perspective; no literature review, therefore, is complete on the topic without referencing his work. This guide seeks to echo and amplify the voice of Addo, beyond his writings, to re-awaken a focus on his quest for the greater acceptance of the study of both the Third World in general, and small states in particular, in the discipline of International Political Economy. This interest has been ignited by the fact that since his death the issues and challenges which plague small dependent states have become multifarious and have impacted significantly on their ability to survive in the era of globalization. Rekindling such an interest not only permits us to illustrate the continuing relevance of Addo's work to contemporary research in international studies, but it serves as a catalyst for once again taking these issues more seriously.


Computer graphics have made it possible to create very realistic images and is widely used in various fields. To generate the desired images, the user has to appropriately set the parameters used for computing the color of each pixel. The user should be familiar with the algorithm and the meanings of the parameters. Even so, the parameters are determined in most cases through tedious trial and error. Moreover, the cost for rendering images is expensive in general. This time-consuming process interrupts the user's thinking and makes it difficult to determine the optimal parameter values. To address the problem, this paper proposes a computer-aided system for setting parameters interactively. The usefulness of our system is demonstrated by using it to render synthetic images of sky.


This paper derives preference-free option pricing equations in a discrete time economy where asset returns have continuous distributions. There is a representative agent who has risk preferences with an exponential representation. Aggregate wealth and the underlying asset price have transformed normal distributions which may or may not belong to the same family of distributions. Those pricing results are particularly valuable (a) to show new sufficient conditions for existing risk-neutral option pricing equations (e.g., the Black-Scholes model), and (b) to obtain new analytical solutions for the price of European-style contingent claims when the underlying asset has a transformed normal distribution (e.g., a negatively skew lognormal distribution). Copyright (c) 2003 by the American Finance Association.


This paper highlights how the contrasting founding principles of local government in Germany and England has affected the capacity of municipalities in both countries since 1800. Drawing on detailed interviews with practitioners in the 'twin towns' of Newcastle and Gelsenkirchen, as well as academic literature discussing the history of local governance in the two countries, it takes a historical institutionalist perspective (March and Olsen 1989; Pierson 2000) to show how the reasons why modern local authorities were created have shaped their future activities and capacity. For example, the British Government established municipalities in England for reasons of political expediency (primarily to deal with the public health crisis caused by the Industrial Revolution), whereas their German counterparts were set up to provide a means of civic representation and foster local pride. The result is that English local authorities have generally acted as functional agents that deliver services on behalf of central government, whilst German councils are more readily viewed as the democratic embodiment of local communities.

This perception, combined with the legal and resource parameters within which they operate, has meant that English local authorities have significantly less institutional capacity than their German counterparts – and therefore they usually require external support to address a particular public policy issue effectively. In contrast, German municipalities are much more able to exert hierarchical authority and shape their communities directly.


Background: Infeliximab is a form of chimeric antibody which neutralizes the most important inflammatory cytokine, TNF-  , in inflammatory disorders. The aim of current study was to pilot expression of chimeric infliximab in Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Methods: In this research study, pVITRO2-neo-mcs vector that consist of infliximab light chain and heavy chain was used to transform into the E.coli by CaCl 2 method. The plasmid was then purified and transfected to cultured CHO cells by Lipofectamine 2000® (Invitrogen GmbH, Germany). Transfected cells were selected upon G-418 treatment after 2 weeks and the level of expression, based on standard curve, was measured using IgG ELISA kit after 48 hours for each clone. High level expressed clone was then cultured in roller bottles and recombinant chimeric product was purified by protein A affinity chromatography. The purity of the product was analyzed by 10% gel SDS-PAGE from eluted samples. The efficacy of the purification was analyzed by ELISA before and after purification step. This article is a master's student thesis from February 2015 to August 2016 in pharmaceutical technology development center, Tehran Results: The purified plasmid was analyzed on 2% agarose gel. After selective pressure of G-418, 10 stable transfect clones were assessed for infliximab secretion by IgG ELISA kit at 450 nm. The maximum and minimum expression which detected by ELISA were 23 ng/ml and 6 ng/ml, respectively. The band width of infliximab fraction during purification procedure was observed at 0.7-0.8 min. The efficiency of the purification by ELISA was 70%. On SDS-PAGE analysis, two bands, 25 and 50 kDa, respect to light and heavy chains of Infliximab, was confirmed the expression of recombinant protein. Conclusion: In the current study, the construct for infliximab monoclonal antibody production was designed using genetic engineering techniques and the expression was confirmed by conventional molecular biology methods. The high yield production was carried out in semi-industrial scale using roller bottles with a 70 percentage of purification efficiency. Abstract


Nitration in Inert Fluids Traditional methods of nitration have several disadvantages including the environmental problem of disposal of the spent acid. A main aim of this work was to investigate alternative methods for nitration while minimising the amount of acid required. Perfluorocompounds have been used as bulking agents to replace partially the acid solvent. They are chemically inert and may be reused without the need for purification. Mechanistic and synthetic studies of nitration reactions have been made. Toluene was successfully nitrated to trinitrotoluene using less sulfuric acid than in traditional methods. Benzene, styrene and trans-stilbene have been nitrated using nitric acid or dinitrogen pentoxide in perfluorocompounds. Kinetic results have been obtained for the homogeneous nitrations by N(_2)O(_5) in perfluorodecalin of substrates including 4-chloroanisole, 4-bromophenetole, 4- bromophenol and various chlorophenols. The rate constants have been determined and some mechanistic conclusions have been made. The nitration of various amines using dinitrogen pentoxide or nitric acid in perfluorocarbons has been studied. Nitrated derivatives of morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, oxazolidinone and pyrimidine were successfully obtained using N-(^t)butoxycarbonyl, acetyl or silyl amines.


Resilient patients from pathological backgrounds can manifest an ability to defy unacceptable relational experience and replace it with a wished-for way of relating: the "fantasy relationship." Through the negation of each bad interaction, the fantasy of a potential good interaction is necessarily created, contributing to the evolving construction of an idealized parent–child dyad in the imagination. Attempts to actualize a fantasy relationship in reality involve occupying either of the 2 roles in the dyadic fantasy—that of the ideally loved child or the ideally loving parent—a phenomenon described as "role exchangeability." The fantasy relationship is an improvement on the repetition of maladaptive relational patterns, but because fantasy involves more flawless idealization than pragmatic experience, applying it leaves one vulnerable to rage reactions if others refuse to correctly occupy the accompanying role. Through a successful therapeutic process, an alternative form of relating can develop, one that is sufficiently idealizable, yet flexible, forgiving, and pragmatically attainable.


Nowadays, when most people consider it desirable for a family medicine practice to be a "patient-centered medical home" (PCMH) and to involve "care teams," such terms tend to be used somewhat loosely. People often use the terms without fully understanding them – and, of course, it's tempting to think that one's practice is already a PCMH if it has a care team in place, even though a PCMH requires much more than that. The more the concept of team care seeps into the spirit of the day, the more likely one is to hear doctors referring to "my team." The mere appellation does not make a group a team, however. As Berdi Safford, MD, and Cynthia Manning, MA, make clear in the cover story (see page 26), a care team in the current sense of the word is a group unified by open communication, shared values, and a shared aim. And for a care team, that shared aim needs to be taking the best care possible of patients, not pleasing the boss or making money or anything else. Team members are not only cross-trained but ready and willing to fill in for others; they must shore up each other's weaknesses and capitalize on each other's strengths; even more, they need to be able to trust and respect one another as contributors to the common effort. They can't consider their jobs "just a job." They need to have ideas for improvement and be ready to share them. They need to feel empowered to point out errors – including errors made by physicians – without pointing blame. The importance of the care team is emphasized throughout the NCQA standards for PCMH recognition. Basically, if you don't have a highfunctioning care team, you don't have a PCMH. And difficult as it may be to implement an electronic health record, teamwork can't be installed as easily. While the first requisite for a good care team is certainly to have the right team members – including a physician who actually views himself or herself as a team member – such teams are made, not born. They require training, nurturing, and (pardon the rather hackneyed expression) team building. For now, such teams are still pretty rare, although practices across the country are working on developing them. If you haven't started, now is the time to begin. We'll try to help with more articles like the one in this issue and those in our "Care Team & Staffing" collection (http:// www.aafp.org/fpm/careteam). When Is a Team Not a Team? EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Robert L. Edsall


To match the NBER business cycle features it is necessary to employ Generalised dynamic categorical (GDC) models that impose certain phase restrictions and permit multiple indexes. Theory suggests additional shape restrictions in the form of monotonicity and boundedness of certain transition probabilities. Maximum likelihood and constraint weighted bootstrap estimators are developed to impose these restrictions. In the application these estimators generate improved estimates of how the probability of recession varies with the yield spread.


PurposeThis study aims to investigate the complex relationship between corporate–nonprofit partnership characteristics (type, duration and source of communication); attitude toward the corporation (pretest and posttest); partnership evaluation; and stakeholders' willingness to engage in anti-corporate behaviors when a corporation behaves irresponsibly and negatively impacts an individual's community. The three partnership characteristics are evaluated, individually and collectively, to discern which, if any, characteristics protect or buffer a corporation from stakeholders' engagement in negative communication behaviors when controlling for how stakeholders evaluate the partnership and the corporation.Design/methodology/approachThe study used an online experiment with 970 participants who were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design.FindingsContrary to some previous research findings, this study found that individuals who evaluate either the corporation or the partnership favorably are more likely to engage in anti-corporate behaviors. Neither the partnership type nor communication source provides a buffering effect. The only partnership characteristic to generate a buffering effect was duration and that only occurred if the partnership lasted three years. This study concludes that when corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) co-occur, an amplification rather than mollifies stakeholders' willingness to enact anti-corporate communication behaviors in instances of CSI.Originality/valueThis study advances scholarly understanding of CSR and CSI as in-tandem concepts and practices. The findings challenge previous claims that corporate–nonprofit partnerships can buffer corporations from negative events. In contrast, we find that partnerships are limited in their ability to reduce stakeholders' willingness to engage in anti-corporate behaviors in instances of CSR. It also answers calls that CSR research should use non-fictitious companies to increase ecological validity of the study design.


This paper argues that there is a revolution afoot in the developmental science of gene–environment interplay. We summarize, for an audience of developmental researchers and clinicians, how epigenetic processes – chromatin structural modifications that regulate gene expression without changing DNA sequences – may offer a strong, parsimonious account for the convergence of genetic and contextual variation in the genesis of adaptive and maladaptive development. Epigenetic processes may play a plausible explanatory role in understanding: divergent trajectories and sexual dimorphisms in brain development; statistical interactions between genes and environments; the biological embedding of early psychosocial adversities; the linkages of such adversities to disorders of mental health; the striking individual variation in the strength of those linkages; the molecular origins of critical and sensitive periods; and the transgenerational inheritance of risk and protection. Taken together, these arguments converge in a claim that epigenetic processes constitute a promising and illuminating point of connection – a 'synapse' – between genes and environments.


With the epidemic rise in obesity and related health issues in children and adolescents there have been numerous types of treatments established to slow or reverse this trend. In an effort to examine the effect of responses to the methods used for treatment, a systematic review of the current literature was performed. From 32 included studies, 120 distinct treatment groups were selected based on the treatment methods used to assess the effect for that treatment, with effect for each treatment based on the effect size (ES) for eliciting changes in body morphology, blood lipid profiles, and hormones (insulin, leptin, adiponectin) that have been linked to metabolic issues. Additionally, treatments were compared for effectiveness in eliciting changes in the aerobic capacity and for eliciting changes in caloric balance. In total three distinct ES patterns were observed, the first based on treatment and therapeutic ES the use of patterns of physical activity and exercise (endurance, ET, or resistance, RT) are more effective than dieting alone. The second, including organized exercise, showed to be a more effective treatment than a general physical activity program. The third including those treatments that were most effective in eliciting a caloric deficit which did not show the greatest impact on effectiveness of improving health status (e.g., hormone levels, blood lipids, and cardiorespiratory fitness). Thus, children and adolescent who are overweight should be encouraged to engage in organized bouts of physical activity that is meant to establish chronic stimulus for physiological response to the exercise stimulus and not rely solely on the establishment of an acute caloric deficit.


The assembly of macromolecular structures consisting of proteins and DNA lies at the core of many fundamental cellular processes, such as transcription, recombination and replication. A common theme to all these processes is DNA looping, which provides the backbone for the required long-range interactions on DNA and results in further complexity that is exceptionally difficult to tackle with traditional quantitative approaches. Here, recent advances in mathematical and computational methods to study the assembly of protein-protein/DNA complexes with loops and their effects in the cellular behaviour through gene regulation are reviewed. The interplay between multisite DNA looping and DNA bending regulatory proteins, such as the catabolite activator protein (CAP), and on its physiological consequences is focused on. It has become clear in the last few years that the complexity that looping brings about can actively control transcriptional noise and cell-to-cell variability. Here, it is shown that the DNA looping, through the effects of CAP, can also control the balance between robustness and sensitivity of the induction of gene expression.


This paper describes the results of a pilot project set up to develop the concept behind DoDesign. DoDesign is a design tool and platform aimed at stimulating designers towards innovative designs (as contrasted with 'routine designs'; see Dym, 1994) and thereby stimulating new economic activities in the corporate sector (innovation). DoDesign combines the knowledge of designers and companies with regard to materials and processing techniques. This knowledge is structured and diffused in ways that are innate to both groups. The concept and structure of DoDesign has been developed on the basis of a theoretical study and tested in the contexts of a number of focusgroups and workshops. Finally, the working of DoDesign as a network between designers and companies is explained and illustrated using some design cases.


Purpose: This is a developmental research study that aims to develop a model of polytomous scoring based-on weighting for multiple correct items in the subject of physics. Weighting was analytically applied based on question complexity and imposed penalties on wrong answers. Research Methods: Within the development model, Fenrich's development cycle, consisting of analysis, planning, design, development, implementation, evaluation, and revision, was selected throughout the cycle. The multiple correct items used have 3–4 options. The items were implemented to 140 upper secondary school students and 410 first-year undergraduate students. The students' physics ability was analyzed using the Quest program, and the results of dichotomous and polytomous scoring were compared. Findings: The results of this study showed that the analytical weighting scoring based on a complexity and penalty system on the developed assessment items generated a higher number of scoring level categories (three to seven categories) than that of dichotomous scoring (only two categories), estimated students' physics abilities more accurately and in greater detail, had an approximate distribution closer to the normal distribution, and produced a standard deviation smaller than that of dichotomous scoring. Thus, the analytical weighting scoring for multiple correct items in this study was able to produce a more accurate estimation of physics ability than those using dichotomous scoring. Implications for Research and Practice: It is recommended that the assessment of physics ability using multiple-correct items on a large scale can apply the analytical weighting scoring based on the complexity of the content and a penalty system.


Recent initiatives across Europe have shown that political projects drawing on the work of Gramsci, especially as interpreted by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, can be the source of strong growth in support for the left. Chantal Mouffe and leading Podemos strategist Íñigo Errejón here discuss the rise of Podemos, and the ways in which the party has drawn on the theoretical contribution made by Laclau and Mouffe. The first part of the discussion looks at the dominance across Europe of the centrist consensus, and the response to that of right-wing populism, stressing the need for an equivalent act of boldness on the left in shifting away from the centre. The second part looks at the relationship between the 15 May movement and the emergence of Podemos, and offers an insightful analysis that has implications for our understanding of how social movements and political parties interact.


Critics of standards-based reform often cite an accountability policy environment that disproportionately affects teachers compared with principals and district officials. We directly examine this disproportionality. In our three study states of Texas, Ohio, and Kentucky, we use survey analysis to understand how policy environments for district officials, principals, and teachers differ. We find that in all three states, teachers report experiencing significantly more accountability than do principals. Teachers in every state also report significantly lower authority toward their state's standards. In Texas, these authority gaps predict less coverage of English language arts standards.


Like her crown, which according to the story shines in a constellation, L'Arianna as a work of art shimmers as a distant and mysterious object, and the loss of Monteverdi's score, apart from the famous lament, makes it one of the great 'if onlys' of the history of music. Artistic responses to L'Arianna range wide. In Gabrielle d'Annunzio's novel Il fuoco, Stellio Effrena and his group of aesthetes in fin de siècle Venice embrace Monteverdi, and Arianna's lament in particular, as a home-grown antidote to Wagner, elevating 'Lasciatemi morire' to the status of an Italian precursor of the 'Liebestod'. Recently Alexander Goehr gave a new lease of life to Ottavio Rinuccini's libretto in his opera Arianna, first performed in September 1995, and, as if not to desecrate a hallowed object, he included in the opera a recording of the opening of Monteverdi's surviving fragment sung by Kathleen Ferrier.


Objectives
• To compare self-reported and police-recorded serious violence using data from a longitudinal UK birth cohort linked to local (Avon and Somerset Constabulary) police records
• To assess the risk of police-recorded serious violence according to study participation status across the lifecourse
ApproachWe linked data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to local police records on charges, cautions and other out of court disposals. We compared the risk of self-reported serious violence at 8 time points from 15 to 25 years to police-recorded serious violence at these ages. We then compared the risk of police-recorded serious violence among those actively participating in ALSPAC to those not participating at various time points from pregnancy onwards. We used logistic regression to examine whether differences in risk could be explained by socio-demographic and family characteristics associated with ALSPAC participation.
ResultsThe sample included 12,662 participants who had received fair processing materials and had not opted out of linkage to police records. They linked to a total of 6,283 offences, of which 933 were classified as serious violence (involving a total of 530 individuals). Self-reported serious violence in the past year was particularly high at 15 years (23.5%); at other ages it ranged from 3.7% (22 years) to 8.7% (20 years). Police-recorded serious violence was lower at all ages, peaking at 1.0% at 17 and 18 years. The risk of police-recorded serious violence was higher among those not participating in ALSPAC than among active participants, particularly during adolescence and early adulthood. This difference was only partially explained by socio-demographic and other factors.
ConclusionA key advantage of linkage to police records is it enables outcomes to be measured irrespective of study participation status as relying only on active participants leads to bias. Combining self-reported and police-recorded outcomes allows us to derive measures of offending that take account of the biases inherent in each.


Murderous Maths has been given a gorgeous new cover look! For readers floundering with their formulas, the next in the unchallenged Murderous Maths series, the Perfect sausage, reveals how to make the perfect fried egg, get your fair share of the gangster's leftover pizza and what makes money really interesting. Can the Mathsmobile take the pace? Using a host of hilarious characters, Kjartan Poskitt presents all the tricks, tips and shortcuts to maths they don't teach at school.


A case of multiple giant cell tumors is reported. Neither of the lesions was malignant. The clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features of giant cell tumors are discussed.


This work describes an application of 1,2,4-triazine methodology for the synthesis of novel cyclometallated Pt (II) complexes of C^N type. It is shown that addition of a cyclopenteno unit into the complex structure not only facilitates the fabrication of efficient solution-processed OLED devices (EQEmax = 10.7%), but also imposes structural changes leading to even more soluble derivatives. Finally, it was shown that by varying the number of fused benzene rings in the C^N ligand it is possible to tune the emission from green-blueish (ΦPL = 0.15–0.43) to yellow-orange (ΦPL = 0.25). 1,2,4-Triazine methodology gives unique opportunity to fuse additional benzene ring into the pyridine ring and provided the ligand L5 that contained previously unexplored large aromatic system. It was shown that such benzannulation is an effective way to achieve redshift in emission and give rise to solution-processable, single dopant OLED device showing emission spectrum resembling candle light.


Common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) is the most farmed freshwater fish worldwide. In recent years, use of natural products in fish diets has become popular in aquaculture, to improve fish health and growth performance. The present study investigated the effects of essential oil from the leaves of Monterey cypress ( Cupressus macrocarpa ; CMEO) on growth performance and blood parameters in common carp fingerlings. Identification of 96.1% of the CMEO total volatile components was achieved, with the highest contents for terpinen-4-ol and α-pinene, at 22.9% and 47.7%, respectively. After 60 days of feeding of the fingerlings with supplemented diets without CMEO (CMEO 0%) and with CMEO at 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%, the best growth performance was seen for those fish fed with the CMEO 0.5% diet. No significant differences were seen for the haematological parameters and blood cell indices versus CMEO 0%. Serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly reduced in the fingerlings fed with the CMEO 0.5% diet versus CMEO 0%. Thus, CMEO oil as a 0.5% dietary supplement can be used to improve the growth performance and health status of the common carp without any adverse effects seen.


: Kerosene is an ideal endothermic hydrocarbon. Its pyrolysis plays a significant role in the thermal protection for high-speed aircraft. Before it reacts, kerosene experiences thermal decomposition in the heat exchanger and produces cracked products. Thus, to use cracked kerosene instead of pure kerosene, knowledge of their ignition properties is needed. In this study, ignition delay times of cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air were measured in a heated shock tube at temperatures of 657–1333 K, an equivalence ratio of 1.0, and pressures of 1.01 × 10 5 –10.10 × 10 5 Pa. Ignition delay time was defined as the time interval between the arrival of the reflected shock and the occurrence of the steepest rise of excited-state CH species (CH*) emission at the sidewall measurement location. Pure helium was used as the driver gas for high-temperature measurements in which test times needed to be shorter than 1.5 ms, and tailored mixtures of He/Ar were used when test times could reach up to 15 ms. Arrhenius-type formulas for the relationship between ignition delay time and ignition conditions (temperature and pressure) were obtained by correlating the measured high-temperature data of both fuels. The results reveal that the ignition delay times of both fuels are close, and an increase in the pressure or temperature causes a decrease in the ignition delay time in the high-temperature region (> 1000 K). Both fuels exhibit similar high-temperature ignition delay properties, because they have close pressure exponents (cracked kerosene: τ ign ∝ P − 0.85 ; kerosene: τ ign ∝ P − 0.83 ) and global activation energies (cracked kerosene: E a = 143.37 kJ  mol − 1 ; kerosene: E a = 144.29 kJ  mol − 1 ). However, in the low-temperature region (< 1000 K), ignition delay characteristics are quite different. For cracked kerosene/air, while the decrease in the temperature still results in an increase in the ignition delay time, the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of ignition delay does not occur, and the low-temperature ignition data still can be correlated by an Arrhenius-type formula with a much smaller global activation energy compared to that at high temperatures. However, for kerosene/air, this NTC phenomenon was observed, and the Arrhenius-type formula fails to correlate its low-temperature ignition data. At temperatures ranging from 830 to 1000 K, the cracked kerosene ignites faster than the kerosene; at temperatures below 830 K, kerosene ignition delay times become much shorter than those of cracked kerosene. Surrogates for cracked kerosene and kerosene are proposed based on the H/C ratio and average molecular weight in order to simulate ignition delay times for cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air. The simulation results are in fairly good agreement with current experimental data for the two fuels at high temperatures (> 1000 K). However, in the low-temperature NTC region, the results are in very good agreement with kerosene ignition delay data but disagree with cracked kerosene ignition delay data. The comparison between experimental data and model predictions indicates that refinement of the reaction mechanisms for cracked kerosene and kerosene is needed. These test results are helpful to understand ignition properties of cracked kerosene in developing regenerative cooling technology for


pulation rate (see definitions) is usually considered as less sensitive to specific legal and institutional features than other indicators. This rate is calculated annually through a survey conducted under the auspices of the Council of Europe, and produces a relatively stable classification of countries over the years. The Scandinavian countries have the lowest rates, ranging from 40 per 100,000 inhabitants for Iceland to 78 for Sweden. The highest rates are found in the former Soviet Union countries, with up to 577 for the Federation of Russia. Eastern European countries formerly under Soviet domination have high rates as well. Western European countries are somewhere in between, on the whole, but with some significant differences: Belgium has a prison population rate of 90 per 100,000 whereas the Netherlands are at 134 and England and Wales at 143 per 100,000. This brief summary of findings that may be further accentuated by mapping should not conceal the fact that some countries outside Scandinavia have also relatively low rates, such as Switzerland (82), Slovenia (57) and even Greece (87).


IMPORTANCE
Return to work after stroke is an important rehabilitation outcome. Vocational rehabilitation may support people with stroke to return to work.

OBJECTIVE
To report the return-to-work rate of people with stroke who completed a local community-based vocational rehabilitation program and to describe the program's impact on their community reintegration.

DESIGN
Retrospective database study.

SETTING
Community-based voluntary welfare organization.

PARTICIPANTS
Fifty-eight men and women ages 21 to 55 yr, formally diagnosed with stroke, with no significant cognitive impairment, and fit to undergo rehabilitation.

INTERVENTION
A pilot community-based interdisciplinary vocational rehabilitation program implemented between 2014 and 2017. The program included physical rehabilitation, psychosocial support, employment support, and caregiver support services.

OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Return-to-work rate and community reintegration as measured by the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ).

RESULTS
Fifty participants completed the program. Their median age was 44 yr, and most were male (n = 37; 74%). Forty-four participants (88%) returned to work after completing the program. Statistically significant differences (p < .001) were found between their CIQ scores at program enrollment and at completion.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The program appeared to benefit people with stroke in their return-to-work process. Future studies are recommended to determine the effectiveness of such programs and identify features contributing to their success. Potential implications for occupational therapy practice are that vocational rehabilitation interventions can be initiated earlier, comprehensive return-to-work programs can better address the unique needs of people with stroke, and interdisciplinary evaluations are needed to assess suitability for return to work.

WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS
One of occupational therapy's unique goals is to facilitate performance and participation in valued activities such as work. Occupational therapists can play a pivotal role across the continuum of care to support their clients to explore and achieve their vocational goals after stroke.


In this article, we will explain the traditional medicine methods for treating diseases among Turkmen in Golestan province in northeastern Iran.The use of traditional medicine in the beliefs of these folks is of particular importance. The function of treatment methods and techniques for treating patients who do not have a proper mental condition or those who have pain in their various organs due to mental stress.The purpose of this article is to study the behavioral aspects of therapists and patients from the medical anthropology point of view. This article tries to describe the components of each healing ceremony of Turkmens and to examine the extent of this ethnic group's tendency toward healing rituals.Moreover, another part of this articleis allocated to studying the behavior and feeling of patients in the rate of human recovery and their tendency to treatment of shamans.


Taking a process research approach, we have followed a government agency in the railroad industry over a six-year-period as they have engaged in an IT-based innovation project. Providing empirical insights into this process and using path creation theory to analyse our case, we further our understanding of how IT-based innovations evolve over time by highlighting its multi-dimensional nature. We conclude that IT-based innovations cannot be fully understood from the material design dimension alone, i.e., by only focusing on the artefact. IT-based innovation affects and is affected also by what mental models we bring and what actors are engaged in the process. Our work thus contributes to the innovation research by showing that a focus on the material dimension only is insufficient and may result in a prolonged struggle that will not be resolved until looked upon also from a cognitive and/or organisational dimension. The inclusion of all these three dimensions from the outset may lessen the friction involved in IT-based innovation projects.


Social media has become an increasingly important political domain in recent years, especially for campaign advertising. In this work, we develop a linear model of advertising influence maximization in two-candidate elections from the viewpoint of a fully-informed social network platform, using several variations on classical DeGroot dynamics to model different features of electoral opinion formation. We consider two types of candidate objectives—margin of victory (maximizing total votes earned) and probability of victory (maximizing probability of earning the majority)—and show key theoretical differences in the corresponding games, including advertising strategies for arbitrarily large networks and the existence of pure Nash equilibria. Finally, we contribute efficient algorithms for computing mixed equilibria in the margin of victory case as well as influence-maximizing best-response algorithms in both cases and show that in practice, as implemented on the Adolescent Health Dataset, they contribute to campaign equality by minimizing the advantage of the higherspending candidate.


Forward by John Bruel and John Lainhart: On behalf of the IBM Center for The Business of Government, we are pleased to present this report, 'Cybersecurity Management in the States: The Emerging Role of Chief Information Security Officers,' by Marilu Goodyear, Holly T. Goerdel, Shannon Portillo, and Linda Williams. The importance of safeguarding information created and shared on computers and the internet has increased significantly in recent years, as society has become increasingly dependent on information technology in government, business, and in their personal lives. Both corporations and government have responded by creating a new role in their organizations to lead the safeguarding efforts - chief information security officers. The role of these officers is still under development. Do they safeguard best by using law enforcement techniques and technological tools? Or are they more effective if they serve as educators and try to influence the behaviors of technology users? This report is a significant contribution to the discussion of the roles and responsibilities of chief information security officers (CISOs) in state governments across the United States. It identifies both strategies and activities used by successful state CISOs, and thereby provides a good road map to success for all state CISOs.The report cites the Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC), which has been championed since its inception by the New York state chief cybersecurity officer as one key cybersecurity collaboration success. The MS-ISAC initiative has yielded measurable results and provided a means of consistent communication across sectors in society. The report also emphasizes that while a technical education remains important for CISOs, state cybersecurity officials need to be proficient in nontechnical skills as well, including collaboration, communication, managerial, organizational, policy alignment, and political skills. Finally, the report emphasizes the need for state cybersecurity officials to devote increased attention to data management as the defined system/network perimeter has dissolved and the future success of cybersecurity relies on the CISOs, chief information officers, data owners, records managers and archivists to jointly focus on data management to achieve effective business processes. This report also emphasizes the importance of effective IT governance - We hope that you find this report both timely and informative. We believe its insights and recommendations are relevant to CISOs at all levels of government.


Abstract Sea-floor topography can constrict, deflect, or reflect turbidity currents resulting in a range of distinctive deposits. Where flows rebound off slopes and a suspension cloud collects in an enclosed basin, ponded or contained turbidites are deposited. Ponded turbidites have been widely recognized in slope mini-basins and on small, structurally confined basin floors in strike-slip and foreland-basin settings. They can have a variable internal structure the significance of which remains poorly understood in terms of flow behavior. New experiments demonstrate that the ponding process can comprise up to four phases: 1) cloud establishment, 2) inflation, 3) steady-state maintenance, and 4) collapse. The experiments explored the behavior of sustained turbidity currents draining into small basins and show that the ponded suspensions that form are characterized by an important internal interface; this divides a lower outbound-moving layer from an upper return layer. The basal layer evolves to constant concentration and grain size, whereas the upper layer is graded (concentration and grain size decrease upward). During the cloud inflation stage, the concentration and velocity profiles of the ponded suspension evolve, and this phase can dominate the resulting deposit. Outbound internal waves can travel along the interface between the outbound and return layers and impinge against the confining slope, and their amplitude is highest when the density contrast between layers is greatest, e.g., when the input flows are thin and dense. The experiments show that flow reversals can arise in several ways (initial rebound, episodic collapse of the wedge of fluid above the counter slope, "grounding" of the internal velocity interface) and that despite steady input, velocities decay and the deposit grades upwards. Internal waves emanate from the input point, i.e., do not form as reflections off the counter slope. The internal grain-size interface within the suspension may dictate textural trends in sands onlapping the confining slopes. Where flows are partially ponded, internal waves can generate pulsing overspill to basins down dip.


OBJECTIVE
To determine safety of lung biopsy in healthy cattle and compare 3 biopsy instruments for suitability of use.

DESIGN
Prospective study.

ANIMALS
60 healthy cows.

PROCEDURE
Bilateral lung biopsy through the ninth intercostal space was attempted in all cows. The procedure was performed with cows standing and restrained by an assistant. To study the short-term effects of lung biopsy, 50 cows were slaughtered 1 day after the procedure and examined. To study the long-term effects of lung biopsy, the remaining 10 cows were examined daily for 10 days and then slaughtered. Three biopsy instruments--the Autovac biopsy cannula, the Tru-Cut needle, and the Bard Biopty-System--were evaluated.

RESULTS
2 cows collapsed momentarily during the procedure but recovered quickly. The remaining cows did not develop adverse effects, and general attitude and condition were not affected. Postmortem examination of the 50 cows slaughtered 1 day after the procedure revealed lesions < or = 5.0 mm long and with a surface area < or = 4.0 mm2 at 108 of 154 (71%) biopsy sites involving the pulmonary pleura. Biopsy specimens were obtained during 48 of 50 (96%) procedures in which the Tru-Cut needle was used, during 38 of 39 (97%) procedures in which the Bard Biopty-System was used, and during only 1 of 11 biopsy procedures in which the Autovac cannula was used. At postmortem examination of the 10 cows slaughtered 10 days after the procedure, lesions were seen as small scars; adhesions were not observed.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Percutaneous lung biopsy is a safe procedure in healthy cows.


AIM: Isolation is a key factor in island biology. It is usually defined as the distance to the geographically nearest mainland, but many other definitions exist. We explored how testing different isolation indices affects the inference of impacts of isolation on faunal characteristics. We focused on land bridge islands and compared the relationships of many spatial and temporal (i.e., through time) isolation indices with community‐, population‐ and individual‐level characteristics (species richness, population density and body size, respectively). LOCATION: Aegean Sea islands, Greece. TIME PERIOD: Current. TAXON: Many animal taxa. METHODS: We estimated 21 isolation indices for 205 islands and recorded species richness data for 15 taxa (invertebrates and vertebrates). We obtained body size data for seven lizard species and population density data for three. We explored how well indices predict each characteristic, in each taxon, by conducting a series of ordinary least squares regressions (controlling for island area when needed) and a meta‐analysis. RESULTS: Isolation was significantly (and negatively) associated with species richness in 10 of 15 taxa. It was significantly (and positively) associated with body size in only one of seven species and was not associated with population density. The effect of isolation on species richness was much weaker than that of island area, regardless of the index tested. Spatial indices generally out‐performed temporal indices, and indices directly related to the mainland out‐performed those related mainly to neighbouring islands. No index was universally superior to others, including the distance to the geographically nearest mainland. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The choice of index can alter our perception of the impacts of isolation on biological patterns. The nearly automatic, ubiquitous use of distance to the geographically nearest mainland misrepresents the complexity of the effects of isolation. We recommend the simultaneous testing of several indices that represent different aspects of isolation, in order to produce more constructive and thorough investigations and avoid imprecise inference.


In this international bestseller, Orzel explains the key theories of quantum physics, taking his dog Emmy's anarchic behaviour as a starting point. Could she use quantum tunnelling to get through the neighbour's fence? How about diffracting round a tree to chase squirrels? From quarks and gluons to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, this is a uniquely entertaining way to unlock the secrets of the universe.


This article reflects on audiovisual representations of the events of 1968 and its aftermath in three national contexts through two archive-driven historical documentaries I have produced exploring this period: RFK Must Die (2008) and Children of the Revolution (2010). RFK Must Die investigates the assassination of Bobby Kennedy through both witness testimony and the hours of network footage available from the crime scene. Children of the Revolution charts the audiovisual historiographies of two female revolutionaries from the 1968 student movements in Germany and Japan to become leaders of the Baader Meinhof Group and the Japanese Red Army. Both women were journalists who used film to fight a propaganda battle against state broadcasters, through collaborations with independent filmmakers or demanding screen time through the television commissioning process. By choosing to frame their stories 'through the eyes of their daughters,' who are also journalists, the making of the film became a struggle for editorial control with key contributors and a round of complex negotiations to secure access to archive materials on such a highly-politicized and hotly-contested subject.


The Vrolik Museum is the Amsterdam anatomical museum, and originates from the private collection of Gerard Vrolik (1775-1859) and his son Willem (1801-1863). Over the years the attitude towards anatomical specimens has changed and the museum changed along with it. Since 1984 the museum has been located in the Amsterdam Academic Medical Centre. It is closed at the moment until May 2012 for refurbishment and is receiving a facelift. Not only will the permanent exhibitions be expanded, new displays about the history of the museum and its collectors will be added. After the refurbishment the museum hopes to reach the general public more than has been possible in the past.


The effect of guanidinium compounds on the catalytic mechanism of pig kidney and lentil seedling amine oxidases has been investigated by polarographic techniques and spectroscopy. Guanidine does not inhibit the lentil enzyme and is a weak inhibitor for pig kidney amine oxidase (Ki=1 mM), whereas aminoguanidine is an irreversible inhibitor of both enzymes, with a Ki value of 10(-6) M. 1,4-Diguanidino butane (arcaine) is a competitive inhibitor for both pig and lentil amine oxidases. Amiloride is a competitive inhibitor for pig enzyme, but upon prolonged incubation with this drug the enzyme gradually loses its activity in an irreversible manner.


Sandwich sheet rolling process is investigated using an analytical method (slab method) and a numerical method (finite element method). The horizontal stress distribution in the layers, the rolling pressure along the contact interface and the neutral point between the roll and the sheet are investigated. Then the affects of the parameters such as the friction between the sheet and the roll, shear yield stress ratio of the matrix and clad layers, front and back tensions on the rolling characteristics such as the pressure and neutral point position are studied. The results demonstrate that the finite element method results are very near to the slab method resultsand extra simplifying assumptions in the slab method cause low deviance in the results. In both methods As the friction coefficient increases, the rolling pressure increases and the neutral point nears the entrance of the roll gap. As the shear yield stress ratio increases, the rolling pressure increases but the neutral point doesn't transmitted. As the front or back tensions is applied on the sandwich sheet, the rolling pressure decreases and the neutral point transmitted inverse of the tension direction.


A theoretical model of positioned, positioning, and repositioning is used to conceptualize the evolving process of the internationalization of Chinese higher education and answer the following three questions: (a) How have the quantitative trends of Chinese students studying abroad and international students studying in China changed over the past 30 years? (b) What are the differences between Chinese students studying abroad and international students studying in China in recent years, in terms of the host and sending countries, the level of study, and the fields of study, and what do the differences mean when compared to those in other countries? (c) What are the challenges, opportunities, and strategies in the years to come? To answer the first question, a compilation of descriptive quantitative data is used from numerous large national and international data sources, which reports a long-term upward trend (with some fluctuations) of inbound international students in China and outbound Chinese international students around the world over the past 30 years. To answer the second question, using general international mobile student profiles for context, data were compared of inbound international students in China and the United States in terms of both level of study and field of study. These revealed imbalanced patterns: Chinese outbound students are more likely to be in certain fields (e.g., STEM, business) and at graduate levels, but international students in China are more likely to be undergraduate students and non-degreed students in the humanities and language studies. Based on the data for the first two questions, the issues are synthesized in order to present the opportunities and challenges regarding the continuation of China's internationalization of its higher education, especially with respect to inbound international students. In terms of issues and opportunities, economic and other impacts (such as political, financial, and pandemic related) are highlighted and call China's attention to maintaining and expanding the strengths of its higher education system while considering competition from neighboring countries. Six major challenges are identified in this area, and suggestions are provided.


Composite scaffolds with increased hydrophilicity were prepared for cancellous bone regeneration by the freeze-extraction method. As a construction material, a poly–L–lactide (PLLA) was applied. As a hydrophilic, modifying agent a methacrylic acid copolymer, trade name Eudragit®, was used. A preliminary investigation and optimization of the process were performed. For the obtained scaffolds, regression equations determining the effect of: Eudragit®E100/PLLA weight ratio; volume ratio of methanol (porophore)/PLLA solution in dioxane on interconnected porosity and mass absorbability of obtained implants were calculated.


To date, there are no publicly available, validated tools or industry accepted guidelines for the assessment of Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) fatigue of rigid Jumper (spool) systems. The existing state of practice has been to treat rigid jumper systems as free spanning pipelines and apply the associated design principles in DNV GL recommended practice DNV-RP-F105/DNVGL-RP-F105 (Free Spanning Pipelines). However, widely used rigid jumper systems such as the M-shape jumper systems are subjected to complex flow fields around their legs and bends and fall outside of the test data used to generate the free-span response model in DNV GL Recommended Practice (RP). A Joint Industry Project (JIP) 'Jumper VIV JIP' that included BP, ExxonMobil, Petrobras, Saipem and DNV GL was conducted between Dec. of 2014-2016 to collectively tackle the technical issues related to the VIV design of rigid jumper systems.
 Through the JIP study, measured responses from ExxonMobil's jumper tow test data were used to develop new response curves for jumper systems in pure-current condition. Curves for in-line and cross-flow responses were initially developed by classifying the measured responses into in-line or cross-flow directions and compared against the existing DNVGL-RP-F105 response curves. Due to potential ambiguity in classification and application to Jumper Design, a more general curve that does not rely on directional classification has also been generated. Due to the differences in behavior of rigid jumper systems to that of free spanning pipelines, a new VIV guidance report was developed as part of the JIP deliverable. Principles and philosophies in the DNV-RP-F105 were followed in the development, but with the intent of identifying unique behavior of jumper systems for a subsequent update of the RP.
 This paper presents the Guidance notes from the JIP and forms the first release of Jumper VIV fatigue assessment approach to the Industry. ExxonMobil's model test data, the only known test data available in the industry, was used in the development of unique response model and the new design guidance. The paper includes the new response model along with VIV screening, safety factors and unique considerations required for fatigue assessment of jumper systems.


Histone modifications, especially histone acetylation and methylation, are important for gene expression regulation in diabetic nephropathy. However, the general epigenetic changes in mesangial cells have not been characterized. We examined Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) and Histone Methyltransferases (HMTs), representative histone-modifying enzymes, during transient and persistent stimulation with High Glucose (HG) in Rat Mesangial Cells (RMCs). RMCs were incubated with 5.5 or 30 mmol/L Dglucose and were divided into 4 groups according to glucose stimulation over 24 h periods: group 1, no HG; group 2, initial HG followed by Low Glucose (LG); group 3, alternative HG and LG; group 4, persistent HG. The mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL1β were significantly higher in group 4 than group 1, indicating that transient and persistent exposure to HG could induce an inflammatory response. Both classes I (HDAC2, 3, 8) and II (HDAC4, 5) HDACs decreased as exposure to HG increased, and this decrease was particularly strong for HDAC2. However, class III HDAC levels did not differ among groups. Sirt1, 2, and 3 differed only slightly among groups. Mixed Lineage Leukaemia (MLL) 1, MLL2, and MLL3 were not affected by HG exposure, but other HMTs, e.g. G9a, Setdb1, and Suv39h1, showed a decrease. In conclusion, transient or persistent HG stimulation induced changes in inflammatory and histone-modifying deacetylase and methyltransferase in RMCs. These results suggested that HG decreased classes I and II HDACs and repressive HMTs, which could upregulates gene expression in RMCs.


The contributions in this special issue focus on different phenomena and conceptual approaches dealing with "the Posthuman" as a discourse of renegotiating nature-culture-relationships that has emerged over the past decades. The selected articles from fields of sociology, political science, and social anthropology demonstrate how to work with and discuss posthumanistic and post-anthropocentric perspectives, but also how to irritate and criticize universal assumptions of particular posthuman approaches empirically and theoretically. The introduction aims to position the particular contributions in a field of tension between de- and re-centering human beings and human agency.


This article compares the real GDP per capita of the Cape Colony and Natal between 1861 and 1909 with that of Australia's two most developed colonies, Victoria and New South Wales. Estimates of European and non‐European GDP per capita for both South African colonies are also provided. Together, this information allows for the first time an evaluation of the growth performance of these important parts of the South African economy in the colonial era. The article concludes that South African performance in this period was stronger than often assumed and that by the beginning of the twentieth century European South Africans, now more fully integrated into a British World economy, operated at a level of GDP per capita that matched and in some places may have exceeded that of Australians. Non‐European South Africans, however, did not share in these same advances.


It is difficult to track the philosophy foundation and epistemology of systemic functional grammar (SFG) formulated by Halliday in the 1980s as this kind of grammar views language as a systemic resource for meaning. Besides, it has had global impacts on linguistics and flourished in contemporary linguistic theory. Anyone who is familiar with Halliday's work realizes that his SFG is an approach designed to analyze English texts. Halliday (1994: xv) explicitly states that "to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken or written, in modern English." The aim of this study is not about the applicability of SFG to text analysis as many researchers and scholars do. Our efforts are made to clarify the philosophical foundation of Halliday's SFG. The paper presents on triangle: (i) language, mind and world; (ii) and empiricism in Halliday's SFG.


A map showing proposed extensions of the railway line in the Eastern Cape, from the junction at Round Hill siding to Peddie Station, with Jokweni's Location, Matomela's Location, Umthouli's Location, Newton Dale Mission Station, the Great Fish River mouth, Waterloo Bay, Peddie town, German Village, Palmiet Fort and Star Fort, rivers, farms, roads, outspans, trigonometrical stations and place names. Some colour. Scale 1 inch to 1 mile. The sheet includes a section drawing "shewing approximate average grades and distances on proposed railway." Scale horizontal 1 inch to 4 miles. Scale vertical 1 inch to 200 feet.


The standard picture for the formation of disk galaxies has come to face a number of problems related to angular momentum. Numerical simulations produce disks that are too small, and analytical models predict too much low angular momentum compared to observations. In addition, angular momentum distributions of proto-galaxies in numerical simulations reveal large mass fractions with negative specific angular momentum, which implies that the gas cannot conserve its detailed distribution of specific angular momentum when cooling to form the disk. This crumples one of the main pillars of our standard picture, and indicates that a new spin on the angular momentum acquisition of disk galaxies may be required.


The synthesis of 3-trinitromethyl-5-nitramino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (1) is described. This triazole is a powerful energetic compound due to its high nitrogen- and oxygen-content. Selected nitrogen-rich salts were also prepared in order to tune the performance and sensitivity values. The compounds are characterised by vibrational and NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The structure of 1 was determined by X-ray diffraction. The sensitivities were measured according to BAM standards and energetic performances calculated by EXPLO5 6.03.


The paper examines the spillover and linkage effects from the presence of foreign firms in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. A comprehensive panel data consisting of nearly 200 firms from 1989 to 2000 was used in the current study. The recent semi-parametric estimation methods as suggested by Olley and Pakes (1996) and Levinsohn and Petrin (2003) were adopted to account for the endogeneity in the input demand. Our results suggest the existence of positive and significant spillover from the foreign equity ownership in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. However, we also found negative and significant spillovers from the backward linkages with foreign firms. The negative spillovers from the backward linkages suggest the possibility of large technology and efficiency gap between local and foreign firms. The results also suggest that institutional arrangements that protect intellectual property rights such as product patents as opposed to process patents will be important for establishing positive linkages and spillovers between local and foreign firms in the Indian pharmaceutical industry.


In a recent paper, a realizability technique has been used to give a
semantics of a quantum lambda calculus. Such a technique gives rise to an
infinite number of valid typing rules, without giving preference to any subset
of those. In this paper, we introduce a valid subset of typing rules, defining
an expressive enough quantum calculus. Then, we propose a categorical semantics
for it. Such a semantics consists of an adjunction between the category of
distributive-action spaces of value distributions (that is, linear combinations
of values in the lambda calculus), and the category of sets of value
distributions.


This last
decade, Burkina Faso has been confronted with yellow fever confirmed cases,
mainly from Western part of the country. In 2010, National Reference laboratory
of yellow fever received 970 sera of suspected cases from the 65 Health
Districts of the country. We found 11 positive results by ELISA test
researching specific IgM against yellow fever. An aliquot of these eleven
positive sera were sent to Dakar for confirmation by sero neutralization and RT-PCR.
Eight have been confirmed by regional laboratory of Pasteur Institute of Dakar
and three were classified as doubtful. Confirmed cases were manly notified by
Sindou (4/8) and Mangodara (3/8) Health Districts and the last one came from
Nongr-masson health District situated in the central part of the country. Three out of the four confirmed cases
in Sindou Health District were resident from neighboring village in Ivory Cost.
Conformed cases coming from neighboring villages of Ivory Cost were difficult
to manage because of the relative lack of coordination between the two health
centers responsible in two different countries. The three cases were not
notified to Ivory Cost Health authorities and, in addition, they didn't benefit
from the Burkina Faso
response plan. The goal of this work is to present results from National Reference
yellow fever laboratory in 2010 in
Burkina Faso and stressing trans-frontier cases management problems in order to
suggest a multinational mechanism of response to fight against this disease
more effectively.


To provide reliable validation data for computational aeroacoustics methods that predict bluff-body sound, the far-field sound pressure and fluctuating surface pressure were measured in detail for a simplified mock-up model of an automobile door mirror (a quarter-section sphere mounted on a half-circular cylinder placed on a flat plate). The surface flow on the model was visualized using an oil flow method. The Reynolds number based on the upstream uniform wind velocity and the diameter of the half-circular cylinder was varied from 1.4×105 to 2.4×105 for model yaw angles of 0 and 15 degrees. The pressure fluctuations on the model surface and flat plate indicated the existence of large-scale vortical motion with a non-dimensional frequency, calculated on the basis of the model width and the free-stream velocity, of 0.16. The frequency spectra of the sound pressure fluctuations had a weak peak apparently due to the large-scale vortical motion. However, unlike the flow around a two-dimensional circular cylinder, the peak was not intense enough to alter the overall level of the sound radiated from the model. When the model was rotated 15 degrees, the power spectra of the sound pressure increased in the non-dimensional frequency range between 1 and 2.


Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term survival and risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patient survival in Central China. Between December 2006 and June 2011, incident and retreatment adult MDR-TB patients were enrolled in the present study. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors affecting survival. The total follow-up period was 270 person-years (PY) for 356 MDR-TB cases in Wuhan. Of the 356 cases, 103 patients died, yielding an average case fatality rate of 381.2 per 1000 TB patients per year. Using adjusted Cox regression analysis, older age (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) >3.0 starting from 30 years) and low education level (primary and middle school; aHR 1.67 (95% CI 1.01–2.77)) were independently associated with lower survival. Diabetes mellitus profoundly affected the survival of MDR-TB patients (aHR 1.95 (95% CI 1.30–2.93)). Our data demonstrate that coexistent diabetes significantly and negatively impacted MDR-TB patient survival. In addition, MDR-TB patients aged 60 years or older exhibited a greater risk of mortality during follow-up. Our findings emphasise that MDR-TB patients with comorbidities that increase their risk of death require additional medical interventions to reduce mortality.


The Sequence Kernel Association Test (SKAT) is widely used to test for associations between a phenotype and a set of (usually rare) genetic variants. Evaluating tail probabilities or quantiles of the null distribution for SKAT requires computing the eigenvalues of a matrix related to the genotype covariance between markers. Extracting the full set of eigenvalues of this matrix (an n × n matrix, for n subjects) has computational complexity proportional to n3. As SKAT is used when n > 104 is common, this step becomes a major bottleneck in its use. We propose fastSKAT, a new computationally-inexpensive but accurate approximations to the tail probabilities, in which the k largest eigenvalues of a weighted genotype covariance matrix or the largest singular values of a weighted genotype matrix are extracted, and a single term based on the Satterthwaite approximation is used for the remaining eigenvalues. While the method is not particularly sensitive to the choice of k, we also describe how to choose its value, and show how fastSKAT can automatically alert users to the rare cases where the choice may affect results. As well as providing faster implementation of SKAT, the new method also enables entirely new applications of SKAT, that were not possible before; we give examples grouping variants by topologically assisted domains, and comparing chromosome-wide association by class of histone marker.


Electromagnetic induction heating (EMIH) is a novel rapid thermal processing technique that uses microwave and radio frequency (RF) radiation to directly heat silicon wafers. Heating rates of 125/spl deg/C/s have been achieved and 75 mm diameter wafers have been heated above 1000/spl deg/C using only 950 W of power. EMIH has been used to activate shallow implanted dopants with minimal diffusion of the junction depth. It is speculated that the exposure of the wafer to intense electric fields during the anneal may provide an additional driving force for dopant activation, allowing for higher activation at lower temperatures. Post-anneal junction depths less than 25 nm with sheet resistances between 700 and 1000 ohms/square have been achieved without the use of a controlled low oxygen ambient. The EMIH Rs-Xj curve penetrates the SEMATECH 100 nm technology box and with further optimizations may satisfy the 70 nm technology node.


Abstract : New relations for the flow of water in partially frozen soils are now being incorporated into frost heave models. The thermodynamic equilibrium equations for freezing soil water are well established but the partition of the soil system stresses within freezing zones is poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that the hydraulic conductivity of water in frozen soils is small but non-zero. Over time spans of several years, which are appropriate for new large scale engineering projects in cold climates, water flow in frozen soils will be significant. The experimental work has shown that Darcy's law is valid for film water flow in ice-free frozen soils and is a reasonable approximation for frozen soil with ice if the ice pressure gradient is negligible. The capability of deriving the freezing-zone moisture characteristics for a frost-susceptible soil, demonstrated here, is important in the theoretical prediction of the amount of segregated ice in a freezing soil.


The figures of merit of femto- and nanosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry applying near infrared, middle ultraviolet, and far ultraviolet radiation at 795 nm, 265 nm, and 193 nm, respectively, for the quantitative multi-element analysis of glass materials were compared. Major, minor, and trace elements of four glass reference materials including NIST612, BCR-2G, GSE-1G, and BAM-S005A were quantified against NIST610 applying Ca or Si as an internal standard. Deviations between measured element concentrations and literature values were compared and it was demonstrated that all systems provide similar results when using Ca as an internal standard. By contrast, concentrations obtained by femtosecond laser ablation at 795 nm with Si as an internal standard showed deviations by up to 20% under the operating conditions chosen. Furthermore, Si-normalized fractionation indices calculated for nanosecond laser ablation at 193 nm as well as femtosecond laser ablation at 795 nm and 265 nm suggested these discrepancies to be, on the one hand, due to changes in the composition and/or particle size distribution of aerosols formed over the sampling time. On the other hand, Ca-normalized fractionation plots for femtosecond laser ablation at 795 nm turned out to be less informative with respect to quantification accuracy and, in addition, questioned their general significance. An adaptation of instrumental parameters was found to result in fractionation indices closer to unity signifying that both fluence and spot size are crucial parameters, controlling compositions and/or particle size distributions.


This study seeks to understand how a group of boys in a Durban township achieved exceptional educational results despite the severe financial, social and educational constraints they faced. Their high school typified the worst failings of the South African educational system, but they achieved academic success in the matriculation and at university. Using resilience theory as a framework, it seeks to explore the strategies employed by the group and assesses the nature of their resilience. The group formed from a recognition that they were failing in their education. They responded by developing both individual and collective strategies to guide their learning. The strategies consisted of individual study, the debating of problems in their group, using whatever extra classes were available, locating material resources and taking on tutoring and teaching roles. The study draws on a series of interviews, focus group discussion and documentary evidence over the period 2011 to 2018. A thematic analysis of the data identifies four key themes: (1) Education and society have failed us (2) Responding to failure, we develop strategies and we appropriate resources (3) "Learning is within our blood" and (4) Our success. The only possible advantage the group enjoyed over their peers was that their families valued their education. In the process they developed confidence in their deep understanding of the subjects they studied and in their own intellectual capacity. It is argued that the principles they developed hold within them the potential for ongoing transformation of the systems that disadvantaged them. The significance of this study is that it demonstrates the need for officials, principals and teachers to value and support the capacity of young people in African contexts to achieve the fullest grasp of disciplinary knowledge.


Abstract. Airline route maps show the flights an airline operates between destination airports. Maps like these tend to become cluttered quickly. The clutter depends on the amount of flights to display; the routes of flight paths, the balance between shorter (e.g., domestic) and longer (e.g., intercontinental) flights, and the geographic locations of route endpoints each influence the amount of clutter. Flights are typically shown as semantically uniform, despite having varied characteristics such as departure or arrival times, frequencies, or passenger volumes, among others. Most maps only indicate the existence of a connection since the main purpose is to impress the customers with the connectivity of the airline in question (i.e., the order or size of the network graph, corresponding to the number of locations served and the number of flight connections, respectively). What are good strategies to design an airline route map? To answer this question, we looked at hundreds of airlines map from the past. From these maps we identified seven distinct strategies. Some rely on geometric transformations (i.e., typically warping or scaling, or the use of abstract space), while others use significant artistic freedom in symbol selection and design. 1. Projection Selection. A common strategy is to select a map projection that spreads or "unravels" the network. Figure A shows the JAL network in a polar azimuthal projection, in which regions farther away from the north pole are increasingly spread out, opening up map surface space for nodes, edges, and labels. Uncommon projection choices can help deal with networks containing routes that cross polar regions, or that have dense sets of connections in a region whose area the projection expands. 2. Topographic Manipulation. Segments of the map such as whole continents can be brought closer together, selectively scaled, or displaced to emptier areas of the map, to open up map surface space in a manner that is convenient for the network being drawn. In Figure B, Egypt has been conveniently moved into the Atlantic Ocean to allow for a more spread-out network of routes to locations in Europe. This strategy is frequently used when there are relatively spatially-distinct but densely-packed clusters of endpoints in the network (e.g., multiple European and multiple North American destinations, but little elsewhere), or when moving one or a few topologically-central endpoints away from mass of its connecting nodes conveniently fans-out the network edges, such as in the provided Egyptian case. 3. Insets and Blow-Ups. The use of a main map for global connections and insets for smaller, busy areas or domestic networks is another frequently executed strategy. Figure C displays Pan Am's global network with insets for Europe and the eastern US. This strategy is particularly useful for networks that are "multiscale", in that their routes tend to cluster across short-haul, local tiers and long-haul, distant tiers. 4. Schematization. Schematic maps, where space is selectively distorted to produce relatively rectilinear or angular shapes, and exemplified by many public transport maps, are used as well. Usually, both the networks and the basemaps are schematized. Geographic distortions are varied, but generally ubiquitous. An example is found in Figure D, showing Air Canada's network. Schematization applies broadly, since geometric distortions can be selected at the designer's convenience, given the network in question. 5. Leaving Out Basemaps. Some airline route maps only show connections between destinations, leaving out any contextualizing basemap. The layout of network endpoints is not always consistent; they are sometimes planimetrically precise according to some map projection, and sometimes systematically or arbitrarily distributed across the map surface. The New York Air map in figure E is an example. Leaving out basemaps creates more whitespace on the map, which is either useful for drawing network information more densely, or left bare as an aesthetic choice. 6. Abstract Diagrams. Finally, one can find non-map solutions, using diagrammatic techniques to visualize the network, even though these are frequently similar or evocative of maps. The characteristics of the geography in question, such as scale or directions, tend to be lost. Figure F show the connectivity of Turkish Airlines as a radial diagram; the globe in the center is decorative and suggestive only. For reasons similar to schematization, this strategy applies broadly, though it is interesting to note that it is relatively uncommon, perhaps because it tends to not produce maps. 7. Point Locations Only. A simple and minimalist approach sometimes taken is to plot destinations on a map while leaving out connection lines. As with leaving out basemaps, this creates more whitespace. Figure G shows an example for Air France. The strategy applied appears to depend in part on the order and size of the network (i.e., number of endpoints and connections) and the geographic extent of the network. Smaller, more local airlines have less design challenges compared to global carriers. How can we benefit from the existing design solutions described above to decide on a fitting design for illustrating any given airline's full network? Can we include and make use of further information from an airline's timetable in the map to visualize characteristics such as flight frequency, scheduling and duration?


Aphid landing rates, species composition and abundance on lucerne (Medicago sativa), maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) were determined in a small-scale field trial to identify potential crops as prospective border plants for seed potatoes to reduce the spread of Potato virus (PVY) in South Africa. Aphids were sampled using green bucket traps to estimate aphid landing rates, whereas leaf counts and sweep-netting were used to identify colonizing species. Of the 34 species or species groups collected with green bucket traps, 18 were previously known vectors of PVY. The most abundant vector species or species groups were Acyrthosiphon pisum, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion spp. The only other species that occurred in high numbers, but whose vector status is unknown, were Acyrthosiphon kondoi and Tetraneura fusiformis. Landing patterns suggest that A. kondoi, A. pisum and M. dirhodum may be able to discriminate between plant species and select their preferred host plant, if available within a habitat patch, in the pre-alighting phase, whereas other species such as R. padi seemed less selective. Results on aphid landing together with colonization of the crops evaluated suggest that maize and wheat show the highest potential as possible crop border plants in regions where aphids colonizing Poaceae, and lucerne in regions where aphids colonizing Fabaceae are abundant. Soybean appears to be less suitable because cultivars with a high trichome density, which reduces colonization by aphids, are preferentially planted in South Africa.


A method was established for the determination of six compounds of zearalanol and related mycotoxins in pork and its products. After hydrolysis of the target compounds in the pork by beta-glucosidase/sulfatase, they were extracted with methanol aqueous solution and further purified by an HLB column. The separation was performed on a BEH C18 column with gradient elution using acetonitrile-water as mobile phases. The analytes were determined by mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative scan mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. alpha-Zearalenol-D7 and beta-zearalenol-D7 were used as internal standards. The good linearities (r > 0. 999) were achieved for the six compounds over the range of 1. 0 - 100 microg/L based on the internal standard calibration. The detection limits of the method were 0.03 -0.09 microg/kg. The mean recoveries of the six target compounds spiked at three levels from 1. 0 - 10. 0 microg/kg ranged from 76. 7% to 100. 5% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 20%. The proposed method is simple, sensitive, reproducible, and complies with the regulations for the determination of trace contaminant residues in food matrice.


Background: Several studies have suggested that prevalence of diabetes in India is increasing, a large number of people remain undiagnosed, and overall glycemic control is poor among patients with diabetes. Although there is paucity of data from large population studies. Current study was aimed at analyzing the data collected during the One Nation, One Day, One Million Tests campaign by the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI)
 Methodology: Data collected from the One Nation, One Day, One Million Tests campaign by the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) was retrospectively analyzed. A total data of 225955 adults was included in the analysis out of which 142391 (63%) were males while 83564 (37%) were females.
 Results: 78694 (34.8%) subjects reported to have preexisting diabetes while 21380 (9.5%) were detected to have diabetes for the first-time during the screening program. Total prevalence of diabetes in the cohort was 100074 (44.3%) .
 Among people with preexisting diabetes, 68669 (87.3%) reported to be on treatment for diabetes. 17646 of them presented in fasting state and 14834 (21.6%) of them had fasting sugar above 130 mg/dl. Random blood sugar was tested for 423diabetic subjects on treatment, out of which 28335 (41.3%) had random blood sugar more than 180 mg/dl. Overall, 62.9% (43169) of diabetes patients on treatment had their blood sugar values beyond target range.
 Conclusions: High prevalence of newly detected diabetes in the cohort re-emphasizes the need for aggressive screening for early detection of diabetes in the Indian population. Although the number of people who reported to be on treatment for diabetes was better in this cohort compared to earlier studies, only one third of these subjects had their sugar levels under control.

 R.M.Parikh: None. R.R.Kovil: None. P.M.Chawla: Speaker's Bureau; Biocon, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eris Lifesciences Ltd., Novo Nordisk, Sanofi. A.Gupta: Speaker's Bureau; Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Medtronic, Novartis AG, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi. B.D.Saboo: None. V.K.Ch: None. S.Agarwal: Speaker's Bureau; Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi, USV Private Limited. B.M.Makkar: None. S.Bhattacharyya: None. S.Chittawar: None. A.Nanditha: None.


Introduction: Anthropometry is applied to obtain measurements of living subjects for identifying age, stature, proportions body and/ or face and various dimensions related to particular race or an individual. Facial anthropometric studies have got vast implications in health related fields and are useful for orthodontists, plastic surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons for their treatment plans to evaluate treatment prognosis and determine treatment outcome. Prior to advent of cephalometric radiography, orthodontists often used anthropometric measurements to establish facial proportion. Although for orthodontists, this method was largely replaced by cephalometric analysis for many years, the recent emphasis on soft tissue proportions has brought soft tissue evaluation back into prominence. When there are questions about vertical facial proportions, it is better to make the measurement clinically rather than cephalometric analysis, because the soft tissue proportions, as seen clinically determine the facial appearance. Objective: To evaluate morphological facial height and to establish the upper & lower facial height proportions in Bangladeshi adult and to compare with similar data of various nations & ethnic groups. Method: This study was a descriptive observational cross sectional study by convenient sampling, conducted in AFMI (Armed Forces Medical Institute) among the 500 participants of Bangladeshi by birth with equal sex distribution aged 18-25 years. The anthropometric landmarks the nasion(n), subnasale (sn) and ganthion (gn), were marked on the participant's face with a dermographic pen. With the help of a digital vernier sliding calipers, the measurements were taken in millimeters and the participant was in centric relation when measuring the facial height. The distance from 'n' to 'sn' is upper facial height (UFH), from 'sn' to 'gn' is lower facial height (LFH) and total facial height (TFH) is the sum of UFH and LFH. Conclusion: There is strong correlation among upper, lower and total facial height. The facial height proportion found in this study matches with ideal facial proportion widely practiced in clinical orthodontics for treatment planning and to determine treatment outcome. The findings of this study may help to establish the norms of facial proportion in Bangladeshi adult which will be helpful for treatment planning in orthodontic and reconstructive surgery without chephalomtric means. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.10(2) 2014


Crystallisation is an industrially important unit operation for purifying and separating chemical mixtures. A generic crystallisation modelling framework has been implemented in the general process modelling system (gPROMS) software (of PSE, UK). This framework can be used to model the batch cooling crystallisation of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (FSH). The parameter estimation and sensitivity of the predicted results with various numerical parameters was studied for batch crystalliser. An Excel "front-end" to the gPROMS model was developed to facilitate the interactive use of the model. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering