Three levels of erythrocytes suspensions, 1.5%, 1% and 0.5% respectively from goat and guinea pig, were compared to conventional 0.5% chicken erythrocytes, in an attempt to investigate the suitability for the two sources of mammalian erythrocytes as indicators for Newcastle disease virus haemagglutination (HA) tests. The results showed that the guinea pig erythrocytes, were associated with the same HA titre (8 log 2); with HA times being 30, 50 and 35 minutes respectively and elusion times were 120, 85 and 105 minutes respectively. The data therefore established biometric and qualitative similarities between the control and these two test dilutions of erythrocytes. In HI tests on sera from commercial poultry, the guinea pig indicator was consistently associated with 2 to 5 fold higher HI titres than the other indicators in some of the flocks tested. A retrospective flock health analysis revealed that the higher titres were associated with confirmable Newcastle Disease (ND) outbreaks in the affected flocks. These findings therefore suggested that the use of standardised guinea pig erythrocytes in parallel with chicken erythrocytes as indicators, might facilitate field ND diagnosis and thus obviate the problem posed by the delay in the requirement for paired sera from acute and convalescent phases of outbreaks in vaccinated flocks, as in existing procedure. The generally recognised simplicity and economy of HI serology would continue to favour its application in preference to other laborious and complicated virologic techniques, especially in medium scale laboratories, as well as in rural developmental and epidemiologic studies. Key Words: Mammalian erythrocytes, haemagglutination tests, diagnosis, Newcastle disease. Trop. Vet. Vol.22: (1) 26-32 (2004)


In order to evaluate the implications of climate change for the Nile a model of the Blue Nile was developed. The Blue Nile drains the Ethiopian highlands and provides roughly 50% of the Main Nile flow. The Blue Nile model was driven with the temperature and precipitation changes from three General Circulation Model climate scenarios. The differences in the resulting magnitude and direction of changes in runoff highlight the inter-model differences in future climate change scenarios. A "dry' case, "wet' case and Composite case produced -8%, +22% and -0.4% changes in mean annual runoff in the Blue Nile, respectively. None of the scenarios suggested any change in the seasonal distribution of runoff. Sensitivity analysis with hypothetical climate changes show that runoff is more sensitive to changes in precipitation than temperature. This sensitivity is affected by the runoff ratio, with grid cells possessing low runoff ratios being more sensitive than those with high ratios


In this paper, we disprove claims by proponents of increased Internet regulation that Broadband Service Providers ("BSPs") - such as AT&T, Verizon, Sprint-Nextel, Qwest, Comcast, and Time Warner Cable - make "record profits," "substantial profits," and "soaring profits." By reference to the most widely used measures of profitability, we find that the data show that the profitability of the larger BSPs is generally equal to or below average for firms in the S&P 500. Thus, "'typical' is more accurate than 'substantial' as a description of these profits." As for "record" or "soaring profits," the data show that 2009 profitability ratios are largely typical of recent profitability for the larger BSPs. The data further show that the profitability of the larger BSPs has been relatively stable over the past five years. We additionally demonstrate that content firms like Google and EBay are substantially more profitable than BSPs, implying the BSPs are not benefiting as much as others in the Internet eco-system from the surge in broadband adoption and use. Across all measures of profitability, Google and Ebay are two-to-four times more profitable than the better performing broadband providers. To put these numbers into context, we also looked at the profitability of several large firms outside of the broadband space. We found that, for example, both Wal-Mart and Colgate-Palmolive have much higher profits than BSPs (with the exception of net profit margin for Wal-Mart), leading us to conclude that "[s]elling consumers staples and toothpaste appears to be more profitable than selling them broadband connections."


Implementations of tracking systems have become prevalent issues in modern technology due to its advantage of location detection of objects. Objects are usually tracked using trackers based on GPS, GSM, RFID and Bluetooth signal strength implementation. These mechanisms usually require line- of-sight operations, limited coverage and low-level programming language for accessing Bluetooth signal strength. This paper presents an alternative technique for tracking the movement of indoor objects based on Bluetooth communication technology, principles of motion and least square statistical method. Algorithms are designed and implemented using Java.


In caring-science several methods are described for nurses to practice in helping patients encourage health and relieve suffering. Individualized care is highlighted as desirable and-, therefore there is a need for different kinds of methods for symptom relief. Previous studies have shown that yoga can reduce different physical and psychological symptoms .The aim of this study was to explore peoples´ experiences of yoga as symptom relief. The study was designed as a literature based study in which results from seven qualitative studies were reviewed and compiled. The analysis of the peoples´ experiences of yoga resulted in three head themes and ten subthemes: Physical experiences with the subthemes relaxation, body awareness, pain and mobility and negative experience. Emotional experiences with subthemes acceptance, calmness, self–acceptance and negative experience and Social life with subthemes positive group influence and social interaction. This literature based study indicates that yoga reduces suffering and increases quality of life for people with different kinds of symptoms. The results support yoga being used as a self-care method recommended by nurses in practice, although more research on the subject is needed.


Immune responses in humanized mice are generally inefficient without co-transplantation of human thymus or HLA transgenes. Previously, we generated humanized mice via the intra-bone marrow injection of CD133+ cord blood cells into irradiated adult immunodeficient mice (IBMI-huNSG mice), which could mount functional immune responses against HTLV-1, although the underlying mechanisms were still unknown. Here, we investigated thymocyte development in IBMI-huNSG mice, focusing on the roles of human and mouse MHC restriction. IBMI-huNSG mice had normal developmental profiles but aberrant thymic structures. Surprisingly, the thymic medulla-like regions expanded after immunization due to enhanced thymocyte expansion in association with the increase in HLA-DR+ cells, including CD205+ dendritic cells (DCs). The organ culture of thymus from immunized IBMI-huNSG mice with a neutralizing antibody to HLA-DR showed the HLA-DR-dependent expansion of CD4 single positive thymocytes. Mature peripheral T-cells exhibited alloreactive proliferation when co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Live imaging of the thymus from immunized IBMI-huNSG mice revealed dynamic adhesive contacts of human-derived thymocytes and DCs accompanied by Rap1 activation. These findings demonstrate that an increase in HLA-DR+ cells by immunization promotes HLA-restricted thymocyte expansion in humanized mice, offering a unique opportunity to generate humanized mice with ease.


The biogenesis of lipid droplets (LD) induced by serum depends on group IVA phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α). This work dissects the pathway leading to cPLA2α activation and LD biogenesis. Both processes were Ca2+-independent, as they took place after pharmacological blockade of Ca2+ transients elicited by serum or chelation with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester). The single mutation D43N in cPLA2α, which abrogates its Ca2+ binding capacity and translocation to membranes, did not affect enzyme activation and formation of LD. In contrast, the mutation S505A did not affect membrane relocation of the enzyme in response to Ca2+ but prevented its phosphorylation, activation, and the appearance of LD. Expression of specific activators of different mitogen-activated protein kinases showed that phosphorylation of cPLA2α at Ser-505 is due to JNK. This was confirmed by pharmacological inhibition and expression of a dominant-negative form of the upstream activator MEKK1. LD biogenesis was accompanied by increased synthesis of ceramide 1-phosphate. Overexpression of its synthesizing enzyme ceramide kinase increased phosphorylation of cPLA2α at Ser-505 and formation of LD, and its down-regulation blocked the phosphorylation of cPLA2α and LD biogenesis. These results demonstrate that LD biogenesis induced by serum is regulated by JNK and ceramide kinase.


There has been a rapid proliferation of empirical research on the relationship between sport participation and mental health. As a result of this movement, there has been an increased focus on the constructs that can predict or explain mental health outcomes in sport. Psychological safety in sport is among the constructs surfaced in the movement. Despite this, there is a considerable lack of conceptual clarity regarding how to define psychological safety and how it can be fostered in sport. As such, the aim of this study was to provide conceptual clarity of the term psychological safety in the context of sport. To achieve this aim, we first systematically searched for all currently available studies that have discussed psychological safety in a sport context. Then, a concept analysis approach was applied wherein the definitions, attributes, antecedents, and consequences were thematically analysed across 67 studies. As a result of this synthesis, psychological safety in sport was conceptualised as a continuous, group level construct that is perceived (and reported) at an individual level. We also provide a descriptive model of psychological safety in sport that we hope lends clarity and debate to the field moving forward.


Times and bodies in the childhood philosophy

This article discusses some of the results of an action based-research project developed in 2007 and 2008. We dedicated ourselves to the experience of installing "small children communities with thoughts of their own" in a rural public school, and in early childhood education classrooms in El Bolson and Bariloche, both located in the province of Rio Negro which lies in the Argentinean Patagonia region. This article presents our considerations about the temporal dimension prevailing in the spaces and mechanisms used when "philosophizing" with small children: a temporal dimension answering more to the aionic character of time more than to the chronological one in the act of thinking; of a thinking built as a joint result of the whole group, in which the corporal manifestations during the process of expressing their thoughts are quite evident. During this project we could also confirm the efficiency of the mechanisms used: weekly encounters of 40 or 50 minutes, the circle, the use of a microphone or other symbolic ways used for the distribution of speech, attentive listening, respect for the words of others, a climate of confidence, the offering of any type of proposition or question without the fear of being mocked, and focusing the discussion on an interesting theme for all. In this way, the experience was also one of democratic dialogue and collective thought building; a way to create something "in common" for the group in question, allowing for the construction of cultural referents of their own, and allowing for better knowledge of themselves and of others. We initiate this article by discussing some of the proposals expressed in the virtual dialogue between D. Kennedy and W. Kohan which appeared in the previous volume of this revue.


Large prospective studies on dexamethasone‐induced changes in eating behavior, energy, and nutrient intake are lacking in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We prospectively studied eating behavior, energy, nutrient intake, and the effect on leptin and adiponectin levels during dexamethasone administration in children with ALL.


Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a ubiquitous microorganism that is highly prevalent in the general population. This prevalence and the oral manifestations put dentists, dental hygienists and dental patients at risk of being accidentally infected with HSV. This brief review highlights some of the basic properties of HSV, its transmission and pathogenesis. As well, common HSV oral infections are reviewed and suggestions are put forward to prevent the accidental transmission of HSV.


The discourse stating that the profound changes in ICT of the last decade have also radically altered the way our students learn, and that they can all now be considered digital natives, is increasingly prevalent. However, this paper argues that these changes are not as immediate, automatic or beneficial as the dominant political and technological discourse on the benefits of ICT would have us believe, and that they give rise to many different situations that characterize university teaching and learning practice. Using the ratings of three Likert questionnaires on information processing and communication in three different environments (Moodle, Tuenti and the classroom itself), and applying multivariate techniques (factor analysis and cluster analysis), we have found four clusters: pro-ICT students, anti-ICT students, listless student and neutral student. The presence of such segments of students allows us to conclude that, although computers are nowadays taken for granted in Higher Education classrooms, we are perhaps overestimating both the real impact of ICT on teaching and students' digital competencies, and that this false perception of reality benefits technology vendors but not methodological and pedagogic innovation, which can only be achieved through the necessary reflection on education matters from educational principles


Emotion recognition in conversation (ERC) is a crucial component in affective dialogue systems, which helps the system understand users' emotions and generate empathetic responses. However, most works focus on modeling speaker and contextual information primarily on the textual modality or simply leveraging multimodal information through feature concatenation. In order to explore a more effective way of utilizing both multimodal and long-distance contextual information, we propose a new model based on multimodal fused graph convolutional network, MMGCN, in this work. MMGCN can not only make use of multimodal dependencies effectively, but also leverage speaker information to model inter-speaker and intra-speaker dependency. We evaluate our proposed model on two public benchmark datasets, IEMOCAP and MELD, and the results prove the effectiveness of MMGCN, which outperforms other SOTA methods by a significant margin under the multimodal conversation setting.


ABSTRACT A model was developed to explore the relationship between the personal characteristics of rural community residents, their social involvement, and their social awareness. Specific personal characteristic variables were educational level, gender, gross family income, and marital status. Social involvement variables were personal impact of farm financial strain, knowledge of a financially strained farm operator, and number of voluntary association memberships. Of the 527 rural community residents surveyed, 12.3% were not involved in any voluntary association, and 41% were members of only one voluntary association. Personal characteristic variables weighed heavily in determining the total number of voluntary association memberships. Education and gross family income were significantly related to the total number of voluntary association memberships, while gender and marital status were not significantly related. Of greatest importance in determining awareness of social issues was the degree to which the farm crisis had an impact on the residents personally. Based on this study, community change agents need to consider the use of relationship networks when attempting to disseminate information and advance social change. Change agents must also take into account the fact that persons with less education or with lower gross family incomes will be less likely to hold voluntary association memberships. (JHZ)


A technique of interproximal reduction for posterior teeth using an air rotor has been devised and demonstrated. This involves the customising of commercially available tungsten carbide burs and using them to reduce enamel on the interproximal surfaces of posterior teeth. The surface of the tooth adjusted in this way is smoother than the surface obtained by adjusting with a finishing diamond. In addition, a marginal ridge form can be developed which allows for easy finishing with fine abrasive polishing discs, so as to leave a surface which approximates that of the original tooth surface for marginal ridge form and smoothness.


Children's time use is of great interest for both parents and policy makers. The concern is because allocation of time by the young people between productive and unproductive activities, their social patterns and their habits of active and passive leisure shapes their personality and has important long-term consequences on their academic and employment success. Many economic studies have reported on how the family environment affects how young people spend their time. The household type, the parents' characteristics and family customs are related with the way in which young people spend their time. An interesting issue in this context is how the parental education affects the time-use patterns of children. The time use's patterns associated with the human capital acquired by the parents along with their relations with the family's socioeconomic status, the social networks and the access to information constitute alternative scenarios that determine the activities of young people throughout the day and have an economic impact in the future. The main objective of this paper is to analyse these topics for Spain, paying special attention to the effects of parents' education on children's time use. The empirical analysis use data from Time Use Survey (INE). This dataset is suited for the purpose of this study since it uses a statistical measure called "time budget" that records the sequence and duration of activities conducted by a person over a period of 24 h, and provides information about the personal characteristics of the household members. The specification and estimation of censored regression models will be the methodology applied.


Recently there has been enormous progress in couple infertility treatment and diagnostics. Some couples cannot conceive despite the fact that there seems to be no objective somatic or immunologic reasons. In such situations gynaecologists are helpless and couples may be overwhelmed by a sense of defeat and hopelessness. Thus, consulting a psychologist or therapist on how to cope better with the problem may be a good solution. The objective of the following paper is to discuss the dilemmas of couples undergoing infertility treatment, related psychological problems, and to determine the need for psychological and therapeutic support. The study demonstrates numerous infertility causes and concludes that there is no universal method of dealing with them. Very frequently psychological and somatic problems overlap. Psychological causes are often the primary factors, but sometimes they are secondary derivatives of the therapeutic process. A wide scope of factors must be considered to attempt psychological analysis of patients treated for infertility including the influence of the family and relations within, reaction to the diagnosis and suggested treatment, the influence of religion on the treatment, the evaluation of the relations in the family of procreation, sexual life assessment, the sense of a woman's self-esteem and self-acceptance. Basing on empirical analysis it was concluded that all women treated for infertility want to create a full family. They have problems in coping with emotional liability during treatment and a sense of fear and failure. Understanding the psychological mechanisms observed in patients treated for infertility might help to diagnose the causes of their problems with facing the new, extremely difficult situation.


Aims: Today, the issue of older adults' well-being has become a serious challenge of policy-making and a key subject of researches. The complexity, multidimensionality, and multileveled nature of the concept of well-being have resulted in numerous objective and subjective indexes at the micro and macro levels. The aim of the article is to assess and measure the well-being of Iranian elderly using the AgeWatch index. Materials and Methods: The method of the study was a secondary analysis of various data sources using Excel and SPSS25 software in the methodological framework of the Global AgeWatch index. This method assesses the well-being of Iranian older adults at the national and provincial levels for 2016. The index provides a holistic view of older people's lives in four dimensions included income security, health status, capability, and the enabling environment. Results: The results indicated the significant provincial differences in the AgeWatch index and its various dimensions, especially income security, and health status. The AgeWatch index scores ranged from 6.5 in Sistan and Baluchestan province to 77.9 in Tehran province. In general, the highest rank goes to the provinces of Tehran, Semnan, and Fars, respectively, and the lowest rank goes to the provinces of South Khorasan, Ilam and Sistan and Baluchistan, respectively. The results showed a significant correlation between AgeWatch index and human development index in Iran. In addition, the results showed Iran is ranked 64th among 97 countries in AgeWatch index. Iran was the best in terms of health status (43rd) and worst in terms of capacity dimension (88th). Conclusion: Economic and social policies supporting the employment, income, health, and independence of older adults play an important role in increasing the well-being and welfare of older adults. Therefore, dimensions of financial security, such as the development of universal coverage of pensions and poverty reduction, as well as capacity dimension, such as providing elderly self-employment and promoting the education and training of the elderly, should be a policy priority.


Background—Increased expression of osteopontin (OPN), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), and their type-1 receptor (FGFR-1) is associated with neointima formation and atherosclerosis. This study tested the hypothesis that ligand activation of FGFR-1 stimulates OPN expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs), explored the signaling pathway involved, and assessed the functional consequences of activating this pathway on adventitial fibroblast (AF) migration in vitro. Methods and Results—Exogenous FGF-1 stimulated expression of OPN mRNA and protein in RASMCs in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. OPN mRNA induction by FGF-1 was completely inhibited by either actinomycin D or cycloheximide, selective inhibitors of RNA polymerase and protein synthesis, respectively. OPN mRNA induction by FGF-1 was attenuated by PD 166866, a highly selective and potent FGFR-1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Addition of either PP2 or PD98059, specific inhibitors of Src and mitogen-activated extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, respectively, attenuated FGF-1–stimulated OPN mRNA expression. FGF-1 treatment of RASMCs enhanced RASMC-conditioned medium-stimulated AF migration; this effect was inhibited by pretreatment of RASMCs with either PD166866 or PP2. Immunodepletion of OPN from RASMC-conditioned medium inhibited both basal and FGF-1–stimulated AF migration. Conclusions—This in vitro study provided a first indication that ligand-activated FGFR-1 plays a significant role in upregulation of OPN expression at the transcriptional level via signaling to Src/MEK/MAP kinases in RASMCs and that this pathway is functionally significant in mediating AF migration via stimulation of OPN expression.


This site presents selected articles, books, electronic documents, and other sources that are useful in understanding historic photographs especially of Arizona and the Southwest.


Australia now has FTAs with investment provisions with ASEAN, Japan and Korea – the China agreement is now in its 20th round of negotiations and investment is, according to reports, a major issue. Australia is both a major exporter to developing countries and a recipient of substantial amounts of investment from developed and developing countries, particularly from China. It is also the subject of an investor-State arbitration (through the Hong Kong BIT). The paper addresses trade and investment regulations involving China, Australia and the Asia-Pacific. Although Australia cannot be placed in the category of a Southern country, its middle-level economy, and its role as a recipient of capital investment, presents some rather different issues to the developing-developed country analysis.


Optical waveguides based on organic materials have been fabricated in a laboratory environment but the scaling and manufacturing processes needed to produce these waveguides have been scant. The volume production of low loss organic waveguides in a conventional state of the art Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing plant has proven to be challenging both from processing and equipment set perspectives. In collaboration with IBM and Dow Chemicals, Endicott Interconnect (EI) has developed scalable processes that can be implemented in a manufacturing environment. Our contribution is to refine and adapt the processes developed by our collaborators to provide the basic frame work required for the volume manufacturing of organic optical waveguides. The resulting organic optical waveguide yields and cost are the most important consideration in this development work. In this paper, we will show various organic optical waveguide samples using the fabrication methods developed in this work. A detailed discussion of: all the processes, materials and equipment sets that are employed in the fabrication of the organic optical waveguides will be presented. The preparation of substrates to be used as the base for waveguide build up layers is described. The need for clean room processing steps for the subsequent fabrication of optical layers will be explained. Rational of fabrication tool set and process selection will be discussed. Loss measurement test equipments and test strategy of organic optical waveguides will also be described. Finally, waveguide reliability and loss measurement results will be presented.


Alterations in noradrenergic and serotonergic function in the central nervous system (CNS) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Based on changes in norepinephrine and serotonin metabolism in the CNS, it has been postulated that subgroups of patients with differential responses to norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors may exist. Alpha-methylparatyrosine (AMPT), which causes rapid depletion of brain catecholamines, has been used as a noradrenergic probe to test the hypothesis that changes in neurotransmission through the catecholamine system may underlie the therapeutic response to norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Brain serotonin is dependent on plasma levels of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Rapid tryptophan depletion, in the form of a tryptophan-free amino acid drink, has been used as a serotonergic probe to identify therapeutically responsive subsets of patients. Using these probes, we have recently examined the behavioral effects of reduced concentrations of brain monoamines on depressed patients treated with a variety of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or the relatively norepinephrine-selective antidepressant desipramine, during 3 different states: drug-free and depressed; in remission on antidepressant drugs; and drug-free in remission. The results of a series of investigations confirm the importance of monoamines in the mediation of depressed mood, but also suggest that other brain neural systems may have more of a primary role than previously thought in the pathophysiology of depression. Noradrenergic and serotonergic probes may be used in time to identify subsets of depressed patients to determine which patients might respond differentially to the new selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs.


Kurzfassung: In this work, we propose an unsupervised monaural Arabic speech enhancement method that is based on two different techniques. The main idea is to determine an exact threshold value in the wavelet domain depending on the voicing state of the Arabic speech signal. Our proposed voiced/unvoiced decision algorithm based on the Multi-scale Product (MP) analysis is used. The MP is based on the multiplication of wavelet transform coefficients at three successive dyadic scales. Then, we apply a denoising technique based on the thresholding of the discrete wavelet transform coefficients. The threshold values change either when the signal is voiced or unvoiced. Further, a subspace decomposition-based post-processing technique is implemented. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the obtained frames is decomposed into three subspaces: sparse, low rank, and the remainder noise components. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms the compared speech enhancement methods for noise-corrupted Arabic speech at low levels of SNR. Beside, we present the evaluation results for automatic recognition on enhanced Arabic speech signal. We reconstitute the clean Arabic speech from noisy observations based on a sparse imputation technique. It employs a non-parametric model and finding the sparsest combination of exemplars that jointly approximate the reliable features of a noisy Arabic utterance.


The surface structures associated with the very early stages of pitting corrosion on stainless steels have been studied using a set of such surface analytical techniques as XPS, ToF-SIMS and SAM combined simultaneously with EDXA. Two types of 316 stainless steel, having minor variation in chemical composition were prepared for this work and passivated chemically in a solution of 0.5 M H2SO4 + 0.5 M NaCI + 0.08% H2O2. Survey and narrow scan XP spectra were acquired from the samples using a V. G. Scientific ESCALAB (II) in Angular XPS format. The survey scans were examined with emphasis on the essentials of the background slope caused by electron energy losses. The narrow scans of the peaks of significance, i.e., C1s, 01s, Cr2p and Fe2p were used for quantitative analysis in which the compositions of the surface species were determined. An angular and a depth profile were constructed as a basis for obtaining a layer sequence of the surface structures. ToF-SIMS analysis of the passive film was undertaken to validate the Angular XPS data. The program GOOGLY has been employed in fitting the oxide and metallic components of chromium and iron as well as oxygen and carbon, using the intrinsic shape parameter, k. The use of peaks of identical shape, position and background for each electron take-off angle facilitates the dependency of the residual extrinsic background on angle. The use of a polynomial function, that approximates the Tougaard background, has been included in the fitting routine. This function has been utilised in defining a background slope parameter that assigns different background tails to the components in a multiple peak. The rationale behind the use of the extrinsic background is to enable surface structures to be placed in depth-wise order with only a minor extension to the conventional peak-fitting routine. The work has shown also that it is possible to extract information from the background close to the peak, which can be used to develop a useful approach for the estimation of overlayer thickness. Pitting initiation at non-metallic inclusions on the steel surface, i.e., sulphide and mixed oxide particles have been examined by employing the high spatial resolution afforded by SAM in conjunction with the depth analysis offered by EDXA. Many of the multi-oxide inclusions, composed of silicates, remained inert to the solution. A small number that contained calcium silicate and oxide, however, showed evidence of attack. Inference was therefore made that the corrosion pathway, involving insoluble silicate inclusions, is largely dependent on soluble calcium containing phases within the inclusions. Scanning Auger microscopy has been utilised in demonstrating that the relatively high susceptibility of sulphide inclusions to pitting attack in corrosive media stems from the alloy distribution. The data obtained supports the proposal that depletion of chromium, exclusively in the immediate neighbourhood of the sulphide inclusions, leads to favourable ingress of aggressive ions. The GOOGLY program has been used to extend the intrinsic shape and background slope consideration to fit the FeLMM Auger peaks of both air-formed and passive films on stainless steel. Quantification of the peaks was complicated but the fits showed a reasonable correlation with those from Angular XPS. The much-reduced spot size obtainable on a high resolution (V. G. Scientific Sigma Probe) XPS instrument has been utilised in a localised characterisation of the passive film on stainless steel. The spectra acquired from different points on the steel surface have displayed a high degree of similarity to each other. The results obtained have been reasonably satisfactory.


This study investigates the differences in precautionary savings between black and white Americans using the theories of reasoned action and individualism and collectivism. A sample of 626 participated in the survey - 229 blacks and 397 whites. Study finds the reason for difference in savings between the groups is due to the influence of individualism and collectivism, which affects the saving decisions of the groups. While subjective norm and attitude affects saving behavior regardless of race, behavioral intent mediates the effects of both toward saving behavior. Attitude moderates the effect of individualism on saving behavior while subjective norm moderates the effect of collectivism on saving behavior. Blacks are highly different in collectivism compared to whites. Therefore, the influence on subjective norm and attitude and the relationship in moderation affects saving decisions differently between the groups, hence a difference in the precautionary savings behavior and outcome between blacks and whites.


The everbearing strawberry cultivar 'Natsuakari' produces high-quality fruits and can be harvested in summer and autumn. However, flowering-defective individuals have been recently found at some farms in the Tohoku region. To solve this problem, we first investigated the behavior of flowering-defective individuals collected from three places in Aomori, Akita, and Miyagi prefectures and confirmed that the non-flowering phenomenon reproducibly occurred during summer and autumn. Next, we analyzed the genotypes of flowering-defective individuals using highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers suitable for cultivar discrimination and SSR markers linked to the everbearing gene. As a result, flowering-defective individuals showed the same genotype as the original 'Natsuakari', and the fragment linked to the everbearing gene was not detected in flowering-defective individuals. It was suggested that cultivar contamination was not the cause of the non-flowering phenomenon, and that mutations may be present in flowering-defective individuals. To confirm the effects of previous history before transplanting on the flowering and runner development of normal flowering plants and the flowering-defective mutants, the influence of potting time of the daughter plant and overwintering conditions were investigated. The potting time had no effect on flowering or runner development. Inflorescences in the normal flowering plants continuously emerged, especially in summer and autumn under both heated and non-heated conditions during overwintering. The mutants hardly flowered in the summer and autumn under both conditions, although the inflorescences emerged in the early summer under the heated condition during overwintering. The number of runners observed in the mutants was higher than that in the normal plants throughout the study, especially in the summer, while in both heating during overwintering led to much less runner development in May through July. According to these results, although the mutants were suitable for plant propagation, defective flowering persisted in subsequent years. Therefore, to ensure stable production, it is important to observe flowering types in mother plants with adequate chilling and to select mother plants exhibiting flowering in summer and autumn.


UEFA is the sports governing body for football (soccer) in Europe with 53 national associations as members of a democratic organization. UEFA is also the most important member of FIFA, which is the international governing body for football. UEFA organizes all European Championships and Youth Championships, as well as two trans-European playoffs every year between the best teams from the national leagues. The better teams from the 53 national leagues are, with some playoffs for the positions, playing in these two leagues. And the better the teams from a national league are performing, the more teams qualify the following year. Up to a certain maximum though, this is a political matter to decide upon. The most important league is UEFA Champions League (ChL), the "second league" is named UEFA Cup. Additionally UEFA governs soccer in Europe, developing programs, law, lobbyism etc.


Over many decades, neuroimaging which included structural, functional and molecular modalities—have provided invaluable insights into the mechanisms underlying Parkinson disease (PD). These studies have shown changes in brain structure and metabolic activity. Although it is now considered to be complex, still neuroimaging modalities are recommended for routine use in clinical practice. Special sequences such as susceptibility weighted and proton density sequences are recommended for characterization. Now, the world is switching more towards the deep brain stimulation so the neuroimaging also helps in pretreatment planning and post treatment complications assessments. This chapter discusses the radiological anatomy, sequencing and imaging appearances. It will also discuss new approaches with potential applicability to clinical practice.


The use of econometric models for policy planning and decision-making is wide-spread in many developed as well as developing countries. One of the most vexing problems of such an exercise is to construct a model that could adequately reproduce the dynamic behaviour of an economy. The recent experience in modelling has shown that policy objectives could be achieved only by recognising the complex relationship between real and monetary variables. Such an integrated framework .could be used not only to compute impact and dynamic multipliers and to determine the stability of the model, but also to evaluate the relative importance offiscal and monetary policies. In the present paper, this objective is achieved by constructing a linear yet dynamic macro-econometric model of Pakistan's economy.' This model although has a Keynesian structure, but it could easily and meaningfully be solved to determine the values of endogenous variables especially income in terms of pure exogenous variables. In order to establish the dynamic stability of the model, we seek to present the "necessary conditions" that will depend not only on the structure of the model, but also on the estimated paramters of structural equations. After establishing the stability of the model, the next step is policy evaluation. In this regard the impact and the dynamic multipliers will be computed. These multipliers will then be used to assess the relative importance of fiscal and monetary policy variables on income and other dependent variables such as consumption and investment. The time period under consideration ranges between 1959-60 and 1987-88 which includes dramatic events like two wars with India, nationalisation, the oil price hike, recession and floods.


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We present the first evidence of low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs) associated with the deep extension of the transpressional Alpine Fault beneath the central Southern Alps of New Zealand. Our database comprises a temporally continuous 36 month-long catalog of 8760 LFEs within 14 families. To generate this catalog, we first identify 14 primary template LFEs within known periods of seismic tremor and use these templates to detect similar events in an iterative stacking and cross-correlation routine. The hypocentres of 12 of the 14 LFE families lie within 10 km of the inferred location of the Alpine Fault at depths of approximately 20-30 km, in a zone of high P-wave attenuation, low P-wave speeds, and high seismic reflectivity. The LFE catalog consists of persistent, discrete events punctuated by swarm-like bursts of activity associated with previously and newly identified tremor periods. The magnitudes of the LFEs range between ML - 0.8 and ML 1.8, with an average of M L 0.5. We find that the frequency-magnitude distribution of the LFE catalog both as a whole and within individual families is not consistent with a power law, but that individual families' frequency-amplitude distributions approximate an exponential relationship, suggestive of a characteristic length-scale of failure. We interpret this LFE activity to represent quasi-continuous slip on the deep extent of the Alpine Fault, with LFEs highlighting asperities within an otherwise steadily creeping region of the fault. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.


Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) biomass is being evaluated as a potential alternative to pine bark as the primary potting component in containerized nursery crops. Substrates composed entirely of switchgrass have higher pH than what is considered desirable in container substrates. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of elemental S, sphagnum moss, and municipal solid waste compost (MSC) as amendments for reducing substrate pH and buffering it against large changes over time. Three experiments were conducted; the first two experiments were conducted using annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus 'Pacifica Blush') to quickly assess how pH was affected by the three amendments, and the final experiment was conducted with blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum 'Duke') to assess the long-term effects of substrate amendments. Summarizing across the three experiments, elemental S was effective in reducing substrate pH; however, rates 1 lb/yard3 or greater reduced pH below the recommended level of 5.5 and lower S rates did not maintain lowered pH over time. Sphagnum moss and MSC together at 20% and 10% (v/v), respectively, were effective at reducing substrate pH and buffering against change. Sphagnum moss and MSC provided the additional benefit of improving physical properties of the switchgrass substrates.


Background and aims The incidence of locally acquired hepatitis E has increased in recent years across Europe. There are only few data on hepatitis E in Romania. The purpose of our research was to describe and compare hepatitis E and hepatitis A in adult patients. Methods We included all consecutive adult patients with hepatitis E and hepatitis A admitted to the Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania between January 2017 and August 2019. Results Hepatitis E incidence increased in 2018–2019 compared to 2017. The average age in hepatitis E (n=48) patients was 50.6 versus 39.1 years in hepatitis A (n=152, not including 262 minors) and two-thirds of the patients in both groups were men. Compared to hepatitis A, patients with hepatitis E presented significantly less modified AST and ALT, bilirubin, prothrombin index and INR levels. We found more comorbidities in hepatitis E patients adjusted for age and gender. Severe forms were found in 5 (3.3%) hepatitis A patients, compared to 12 (25%) of hepatitis E patients, of which 3 died. Ribavirin treatment was considered in 9 patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis E, immunosuppression, cancers or neurological manifestations, showing good results. Conclusions We observed an increased number of hepatitis E cases. Although laboratory results were less modified compared to hepatitis A, we found a higher number of severe hepatitis E cases. Ribavirin treatment seems to be beneficial in patients with preexisting conditions.


Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) as complication of multiple pregnancies occurs in 1 : 100 monochorionic twins. Aim of this case was a description of diagnosis and treatment the triplets pregnancy complicated with TRAP. 32 year-old women (GII.PII) was diagnosed at the 20 weeks of gestation and the monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) TRAP sequence combined with a singleton third fetus was recognized. The biometry of both normal triplets was equal to gestational age and the concordant their growth. Arterial and venous Doppler flows was normal in both fetuses, echocardiography examination revealed the normal heart anatomy and function also in both (cardiovascular profile score was – 10 points). Due to polyhydramnios in amniotic sac of pump twin we performed amniodrainage twice and the patient was qualified to invasive treatment in Leuven, Belgium. At 22 weeks of gestation was attempted the fetoscopy bipolar cord occlusion of a TRAP fetus, part of MCDA TRAP sequence. The polyhydramnios from the pump twin was drained (2090 ml) for that purpose, the other on infused (950ml). There were good well-being of pump and noninvolved twin through the procedure. After management patient was in good condition. In 23rd weeks of gestation has iatrogenic PROM developed, without any signs of intrauterine infection. Ultrasound examination performed at 26th weeks of gestation showed a normal, concordant growth, normal amniotic fluid and normal artery and venous Doppler, the same as echocardiography examination. Antibiotic therapy was applied. Amniopatching was planned, but at 26 weeks of gestation patients developed uterine contractions together with increasing leucocytosis and CRP elevation. A first injection of Celestone was administered (12mg). Infants were delivered vaginally at the same day with birth weigh 760g and 895g. Preterm newborns were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and discharged from the hospital after three months treatment without any complications.


Training Everyday Missionaries and Disciple-making Disciples with Irvine Presbyterian Church Gabriel C. Fung Doctor of Ministry School of Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary 2016 The purpose of this doctoral project was to implement a pilot missional community as one way of helping Irvine Presbyterian Church live out their mission, "to make disciples who make disciples." It proposed helping congregants shift their understanding from church as a place to church as a people by training and equipping them to be everyday missionaries and disciple-making disciples within the vehicle of a missional community, which can be described as an extended family following Jesus on mission together. To test this thesis, a pilot missional community was launched in March 2014 and is currently ongoing with around thirty participants. Through an exploration of Scripture, this project identified God as the original missional community. Accordingly, God's people are called to join him on his mission in the world: Jesus' disciples are missionary disciples and the Church is the Spirit-led and empowered sent people of God. This project further argued that discipleship and mission are to be practiced in community. It examined the New Testament oikos/household churches as a biblical basis for missional communities, and considered some sociological insights and missiological applications in proposing the adaptation and implementation of a pilot missional community within the Irvine church. Testing of this thesis is ongoing and an initial assessment is planned for mid2016. However, the full results of this project will not be evident for several years given the investment of time and relational energy needed to practice discipleship and mission in community, particularly in light of the challenges posed by the individualism and busyness so common to life in suburban Southern California. Nevertheless, initial progress has been encouraging, and this project commends to the Irvine church as well as the larger Church in their respective contexts the further adaptation and implementation of missional communities in their efforts to make disciples. Content Reader: Gareth Icenogle, DMin Words: 299 To my parents, Ronald and Amy Fung


In this paper, a boundary layer analysis is presented for the slip flow of three types of incompressible viscous nanofluids past a permeable wedge in the presence of a magnetic field. Due to the appearance of a slip boundary condition at the surface, local similarity solution of the reduced nonlinear ordinary differential equation is obtained by the HAM coupled with minimizing the square residual error. The effects of pertinent parameters, such as the magnetic parameter, the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles, the slip parameter and the type of nanofluid on the flow, are analyzed and studied in details. It is found that Ag-water has the highest skin friction coefficient at the surface compared with the others.


Background: There is some controversy in the literature regarding the role of surgical joint distraction (SJD) in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Question: What are the benefits of SJD in knee OA? Methods: A Cochrane Library and PubMed (MEDLINE) search related to the role of SJD in knee OA was analyzed. The chief criteria for election were that the articles were centered on the aforementioned question. Results: 377 articles were found until April 30, 2017; however, only 9 were selected and reviewed because of their focus on clinical experience with SJD in knee OA. Two were considered level of evidence I-II, whereas 7 had a lower level of evidence (III-IV). SJD provides considerable clinical and structural ameliorations to patients with knee OA, postponing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for at least 2 years. Conclusions: SJD provides benefits in delaying TKR for at least 2 years, but there is a risk of pin tract infection. Moreover, of the 9 articles reviewed in this paper, 7 were reported by Dutch authors, potentially limiting the generalizability of the results. My view is that the role of SJD in knee OA is currently quite controversial and should not be recommended until further research is conducted.


The suitability of wheat for breadmaking is determined to a large extent by the properties of the major storage proteins. The wheat storage proteins are classified into two groups, glutenin and gliadin, based on extraction and solubility of the Osborne method (Shewry et al 1986). In general, glutenin imparts elasticity to the bread dough, whereas gliadin is viscous and gives extensibility (Payne et al 1984; Shewry et al 1986). When glutenin is treated with a reducing agent such as mercaptoethanol, it dissociates into several subunits that were classified into HMW and LMW (Payne et al 1984). A close relationship between the LMW subunits and gliadins was indicated by several studies (Shewry et al 1986; Jood et al 2000). The presence of certain HMW subunits of glutenin was significantly associated with several quality tests (Payne et al 1981, 1987; Luo et al 2001; Zhu and Khan 2002; Tohver 2007). HMW subunits also occur in allelic variants that differ in mobility on SDS-PAGE. Payne et al (1981, 1987) have shown that breadmaking quality is particularly associated with variation at the Glu-D1 and Glu-A1 loci. In the Glu-D1 locus, good quality is specifically associated with the 5+10 pair of subunits (Payne et al 1981; Luo et al 2001 ) compared with the poor quality allelic subunits 2+12, suggesting differences in amino acid sequences that could affect the structure and physical properties of gluten (Halford et al 1992). Another two allelic subunits encoded by the Glu-A1 locus that occur in bread wheats are A1-1 and Al-2 * . Payne et al (1979, 1980, 1981) initially showed that subunits A1-1 and A1-2 * were correlated with good quality when compared with the null (silent) allele, using SDS-sedimentation as an indirect measurement of breadmaking quality. It is generally agreed that HMW-GS alone are insufficient to account for differences in quality and LMW-GS must also be taken into consideration (Luo et al 2001; Flaete and Uhlen 2003). However, the total effect of Glu-1 loci is relatively larger than that of Glu-3 loci (Gupta and MacRitchie 1994; Luo et al 2001). The selection for LMW-GS is not commonly used in wheat breeding programs because it requires specific technical expertise to properly separate and identify individual alleles (Flaete and Uhlen 2003). While a substantial amount of research has been dedicated to establishing the relationship between HMW-GS composition and important dough viscoelastic properties and breadmaking quality, very limited work has been dedicated to examining basic mechanical properties as related to elastic properties of wheat kernels (Ponce-Garcia et al 2008). This study will address the basic mechanical and viscoelastic properties of wheat kernels by measuring the elasticity of the wheat directly from intact kernels and analyzing its relationship to sedimentation volume (as a rough measurement of the baking strength) and glutenin allelic composition. The objective of this study was to evaluate individual alleles of HMW and LMW glutenin subunits in a set of 26 bread wheat samples and their possible influence on the elastic properties of intact wheat kernels and sedimentation volumes.


The mevalonate pathway plays a critical role in multiple cellular processes in both animals and plants. In plants, the products of this pathway impact growth and development, as well as the response to environmental stress. A forward genetic screen of Arabidopsis thaliana using Ca 2+ -imaging identified mevalonate kinase (MVK) as a critical component of plant purinergic signaling. MVK interacts directly with the plant extracellular ATP (eATP) receptor P2K1 and is phosphorylated by P2K1 in response to eATP. Mutation of P2K1-mediated phosphorylation sites in MVK eliminates the ATP-induced cytoplasmic calcium response, MVK enzymatic activity, and suppresses pathogen defense. The data demonstrate that the plasma membrane associated P2K1 directly impacts plant cellular metabolism by phosphorylation of MVK, a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. The results underline the importance of purinergic signaling in plants and the ability of eATP to influence the activity of a key metabolite pathway with global effects on plant metabolism. Products of the mevalonate pathway support plant development. Here the authors show that the extracellular ATP receptor P2K1 phosphorylates mevalonate kinase and this affects the mevalonate pathway.


Abstract Recently collected material of the monotypic schizaeaceous fern genus Phialopteris is described including for the first time the in situ spores. The complex nomenclatural history of the type species is discussed, resulting in the designation of the new combination Phialopteris heterophylla (Sternberg ex Göppert, 1836) comb. nov. as type. This delicate fern has so far only been found in the Hettangian of Bavaria (Germany). Along with a comparison with contemporary schizaeaceous ferns and extant members of Schizaeaceae, and with dispersed spores, the possibility that this fern might have been a climbing fern, similar to some living Lygodium species, is briefly discussed.


The deer repellent literature is fhgmented and hard to interpret because there is no standard method to measure repellent effectiveness. Instead, studies differ in (1) which repellents were tested, (2) which plant or food was used as a carrier, (3) repellent concentration, (4) test duration, (5) experimental design, and (6) criteria for success. Despite these difficulties, we analyzed the literature seeking over-arching trends in repellent effectiveness. Deer-Away Big Game Repellenta (BGR) and predator odors were usually more effective than other repellents. In most field tests, the best repellents usually reduced deer damage by < 60%. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of area repellents and contact repellents. Factors affecting repellent effectiveness include relative palatability of the plant to be protected, size of local deer populations, availability of alternative forage, weather, amount and concentration of repellent used, and test duration. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (0. hemionus) may respond differently to predator odors; with the exception of this, differences among deer and elk (Cervus c d e n s i s ) in their responses to various repellents were not statistically significant.


It is increasingly common for workers in the EU to take up paid work after retirement. This trend adds an important dimension to the current discourse on extending working lives. Facilitating work after retirement for those who want to work can contribute to sustainable pension systems. This Eurofound study investigates retirees' motivations for seeking paid work and their opportunities for gaining employment. It examines the extent to which work after retirement is related to income adequacy among the retired population. It also explores the types of paid employment that retirees take up and identifies ways in which companies seek to recruit and retain retirees. The report concludes with recommendations for governments, employers and retirees. An executive summary is also available.


The goal of the PRISM project is the development of infrastructure and algorithms for the parallel solution of eigenvalue problems. We are currently investigating a complete eigensolver based on the invariant Subspace Decomposition Algorithm for dense symmetric matrices (SYISDA). After briefly reviewing the SYISDA approach, we discuss the algorithmic highlights of a distributed-memory implementation of an eigensolver based on this approach. These include a fast matrix-matrix multiplication algorithm, a new approach to parallel band reduction and tridiagonalization, and a harness for coordinating the divide-and-conquer parallelism in the problem. We also present performance results of these kernels as well as the overall SYISDA implementation on the Intel Touchstone Delta prototype and the IBM SP/1.<<ETX>>


Inspection systems for wide web materials have been unable to effectively image fine defects as they are detected. The amount of data produced by highly parallel video inspection cameras can exceed 400 MBytes/sec. The system described in this paper is capable of analyzing and displaying a detected image within seconds of the event using a single frame grabber and a 386 computer. The system can operate at processing speeds of greater than 400 MBytes/sec since it makes use of a novel post processing algorithm within the camera itself. The video cameras are based on TDI (Time Delay and Integration) technology to provide high grey scale resolution at high data rates and low light levels. The system has an adjustable resolution ranging from 256 to 24,000 pixels per line scanned. The scanning rate is adjustable to a maximum of 20,000 lines scans per second.


Anchoring force is vital to ensure the acceptable performance of a pile anchor system when supporting deep foundation excavation. The soft soil has several physical properties, such as low shear strength, high water content, large void ratio, and high flowability. Traditional grouting and anchoring techniques have demonstrated technical limits to deal with these soil properties in engineering projects, and accordingly, the anchoring force in the pile anchor system is difficult to meet design requirements. This paper conducted an experimental investigation on the performance improvement in a pile anchor system using the electroosmotic chemical treatment method, with an emphasis on the deep foundation application. Experimental tests and field studies were designed to enhance anchor capacity of a pile anchor system using self-designed devices. The laboratory experiments utilized a simplified anchor system in which anchors were designed as the electrodes to conduct the electroosmotic chemical treatment and consolidate the soft marine soil collected from the project site. In addition, static load tests were conducted on the tested soil to measure the anchoring force. Finally, parametric analyses were performed to investigate effects of several parameters on anchoring force in terms of the ultimate pull-out capacity of the anchor, identifying critical parameters for the field study. Based on laboratory test results, field studies were carried out in the Yingkou city. The results from field studies were compared with laboratory test results to validate feasibility of electroosmotic chemical treatment for a pile anchor system.


Summary Anti-bovine lymphocyte serum (ABLS) had been prepared in horses with calf thymocytes as antigen and its effects in calves following parenteral administration were studied. The optimal dose was found to be one ml/kg body weight. The A BLS suppressed both the T and B cell functions. The former was indicated by the disturbed response to sheep erythrocytes injections, by the decreased number of spontaneous E rosette forming lymphocytes, the prolonged survival of skin allografts and the significant inhibition of the delayed hypersensibility skin reaction (tuberculination) following administration of Mycobacterium microti. The latter was based on the disturbed response to a subcutaneous dose of tetanus toxoid. The reaction of lymphocytes of ABLS treated calves to phytohemagglutinin and poke weed mitogen was also inhibited. The disturbed reactions of the T and B cells might be among others based on the strong reduction of lymphocytes in the blood circulation by ABLS (up to 10-20%). Suggestions with regard to further applications and studies with ABLS were given.


Developing wireless sensor networks can enable information gathering, information processing and reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. It is however necessary to agree upon a basic architecture for building sensor network applications. This paper presents a general classification of sensor network applications based on their network configurations and discusses some of their architectural requirements. We propose a generic architecture for a specific subclass of sensor applications which we define as self-configurable systems where a large number of sensors coordinate amongst themselves to achieve a large sensing task. Throughout this paper we assume a certain subset of the sensors to be immobile. This paper lists the general architectural and infra-structural components necessary for building this class of sensor applications. Given the various architectural components, we present an algorithm that self-organizes the sensors into a network in a transparent manner. Some of the basic goals of our algorithm include minimizing power utilization, localizing operations and tolerating node and link failures.


: Twenty-seven cases were treated with BB-K8, a new derivative of kanamycin acylated with l-(-)-gamma-amino-alpha-hydroxybutyric acid at the C-1 amino group of the 2-deoxystreptamine moiety. The majority of them were acute primary pyoderma and acute secondary pyoderma. BB-K8 was effective in 23 cases (85.2%) out of 27 cases treated and no side effect was encountered. BB-K8 had antibacterial activity against not only Staphylococcus but also Pseudomonas and Klebsiella. Thus, BB-K8 was considered to be effective in acute pyodermic condition.


Agricultural supply chains, especially those from producer to first handler, are relatively mature institutions. While agricultural economists often observe the evolution of marketing structures in developing nations, it is a rare opportunity to research a developing market within North America. The emerging bioenergy industry—which relies on non-food crops such as straw—provides the potential to research and potentially impact the development of new supply chains. Here, we briefly review the literature related to biomass supply chains, pose a transaction cost approach to studying their development, and then discuss the procurement strategies of an industry leader: the Iogen Corporation.


Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) has been identified for LTE as the main instrument for interference control. With ICIC, quality requirements can be guaranteed while avoiding the complexity of coordinated baseband processing approaches. However, most ICIC schemes proposed so far rely on centralized multi-cell scheduling algorithms that involve very heavy signaling overhead and, as a result, cannot be used for dense cellular layouts. In this paper, we propose H2(IC)2, a novel ICIC scheme that, in contrast to previous approaches, incurs very low overhead and is practical for dense deployments. H2(IC)2 is based on the Almost Blank SubFrame (ABSF) approach specified by 3GPP, which controls interference by avoiding data transmission in some subframes. Our scheme follows a two-tier approach, consisting of (i) the local schedulers, which perform the scheduling decisions locally and compute ABSF patterns, and (ii) a central coordinator, which supervises ABSF decisions. As a result of such a two-tier design, the scheme requires very light signaling to drive the local schedulers to globally efficient operating points. We analyze the convergence of distributed ABSF/scheduling decisions by using game theoretical tools and show that H2(IC)2 performs fairly close to the benchmark provided by a centralized omniscient scheduler.


We present a systematic computational study which provides a plausible route to control the rotation of organic linkers in isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (IRMOF) by using an external electric field in order to manipulate the diffusion of molecules in nanopores. We achieve this by halogenating the organic linkers of IRMOF-1 and IRMOF-7 to create permanent dipole moments on the linkers, hence making them responsive to changes in the strength and direction of an electric field. More importantly we show that by varying the ligand size and the halogen type, number and substitution positions, the strength of the electric field required to control the rotation of linkers can be reduced significantly. Cl substitution is most effective in making the organic linkers electric field responsive since a greater dipole moment is created compared to those obtained by F or Br substitution. Cl substitution of a larger organic linker, i.e. 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate (IRMOF-7) rather than 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (IRMOF-1), results in a greater dipole moment and reduces the electric field strength required for the rotation of the ligand. Furthermore, double Cl substitution and the optimization of the Cl substitution positions enable controlled rotation of the IRMOF-7 linkers with an electric field strength as low as 0.5 V nm−1. Finally, using the electric field induced rotation of organic linkers we show that it is possible to enhance the diffusion of methane molecules in a chosen direction while limiting their mobility in other directions. Our study hints at the potential of using MOFs for flow control in nanofluidic systems.


Obesity has been associated with poorer performance on the Grooved Pegboard (GP) among healthy older adults. The GP is widely used in South Africa, among others for the assessment of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Obesity is growing among the younger adult population inSouth Africa, which is the group also most at risk for HIV. It is not clear what the interaction between body mass and GP performance would be among a group of healthy younger adults. This study investigated whether body mass might affect fine psychomotor skills. A sample of 850 healthy adults (20 - 49 years) completed the GP and had their Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated. The relationship between GP and BMI was examined using ANOVA and correlation coefficients. The expected gender differences in GP performance found elsewhere were demonstrated in this sample. No significant interactions between BMI categories and GP times were found, and no significant correlations between BMI continuous scores and GP times were found either. In spite of the presence of a wide weight spectrum among the participants and the absence of any history of known medical disease, the lack of significant BMI-GP interactions suggest that the effect of BMI may generally be discounted when interpreting GP results.


The introduction defines the concept of 'Co-Creation' as a participatory knowledge practice involving artists, researchers, and non-academic communities in the creation of collaboratively produced artefacts and shared understanding. The first section reflects on the urgency of engaging civil society groups and communities carrying knowledges related to the epistemologies of the Global South in knowledge production for a better understanding of processes of urban marginalisation and resistance to oppression. After discussing how Co-Creation, as defined in this volume, compares with concurrent terms such as co-production and other uses of co-creation, the authors introduce a set of ten principles designed to guide the ethos and practical methods of Co-Creation practice. The next section explores, through practice into its methodology, how Co-Creation can work towards challenging marginalisation and empowering communities to effectuate lasting change towards more socially-just cities. The final section explains the structure of the book, outlining the aims of the two main parts and briefly summarises each chapter.


In a hybrid camera system combining an omnidirectional and a Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) camera, the omnidirectional camera provides 360 degree horizontal field-of-view, whereas the PTZ camera provides high resolution at a certain direction. This results in a wide field-of-view and high resolution camera system. In this paper, we exploit this hybrid system for real-time object classification and tracking for traffic scenes. The omnidirectional camera detects the moving objects and performs an initial classification using shape-based features. Concurrently, the PTZ camera classifies the objects using high resolution frames and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features. PTZ camera also performs high-resolution tracking for the objects classified as the target class by the omnidirectional camera. The object types we worked on are pedestrian, motorcycle, car and van. Extensive experiments were conducted to compare the classification accuracy of the hybrid system with single camera alternatives.


The nano-scale precipitate microstructures and properties of age-hardenable aluminum alloys such as Al-Cu, Al-Mg-Si and Al-Zn-Mg alloys were investigated using conventional electrical resistivity and hardness measurements, TEM and 3D-AP techniques. To increase mechanical strength and ductility of the alloys nano-scale precipitates were effectively controlled by applying new type heat treatments and microalloying elements. In the initial stage of phase decomposition of the alloys containing microalloying elements several types of nanoclusters were formed and distinctly detected by the 3D-AP technique. These nanoclusters greatly affect the nucleation of the subsequent precipitates and resultantly mechanical properties. In Al-Mg-Si and Al-Zn-Mg alloys complicated two-step aging behaviors were found to be originated in the positive or negative effect of the nanoclusters with different structures.


This paper considers the design of seat adjustment controls, as part of an EPSRC-funded research project investigating the future of Human?Machine Interfaces (HMIs) in the premium automotive industry. The study takes a user-centred approach to collecting customer data relating to controls on existing vehicles, and applies sensory science techniques in an automotive engineering arena to address the affective elements of seat adjustment control design. A 101-participant customer clinic event was therefore held, with additional data sourced from a commercial survey. The data sets are analysed to make recommendations relating to functional and emotional aspects of seat adjustment control design.


Since 2006 the Regional Environmental Agency (ARPA) of Tuscany has found Cr(VI) concentration in groundwater above the maximum acceptable con- centration (5 ppb) according to the Italian regulation (D.M. 25 October 1999, n. 471). Recently, hydrogeological investigations (Grassi, 2009) confirmed high total Cr and Cr(VI) contents in soils and waters related to ultramafic rocks from coastal Tuscany. To study the release of Cr(VI) to water from geogenic sources we examined the spring waters, soils and bedrocks compositions within two serpentinized bodies of the coastal Tuscany, namely Santa Luce and Querceto. These selected sites are characterized by Cr(VI)-free and Cr(VI)-bearing spring waters, respec- tively. The prevalence of Mg-HCO3 waters at these sites indicates that waters are primarily interacting with serpentinites. Samples from Querceto are enriched in Mg suggesting the leaching of brucite. Soil profiles and bedrocks were analysed for major and trace elements by XRF to assess the fate of Cr during weather- ing. Detailed petrographic and chemical analyses of both soil and rock samples revealed that Cr is mainly hosted within chromites. Chemical data and alteration features indicate a metasomatism coeval to the oceanic serpentinization leading to a Mn-enrichment of the alteration products of primary spinel. The co-occur- rence of Mn-bearing and Fe-rich oxides with Cr-rich spinels creates a chemical system potentially able to promote the Cr(III) to Cr(VI) oxidation. However, the occurrence of Mn-rich minerals seems to be not correlated to the oxidation state of chromium in the spring waters. In fact, they are ubiquitous in both the study localities, while Cr(VI) has been detected only at Querceto. Unlike Santa Luce, serpentinites from Querceto contain a significant amount of Fe-rich brucite and show evidence for ongoing brucite dissolution coupled with precipitation of hydromagnesite crusts and veinlets. Formation of complex hydroxy-carbonate min- erals could be an alternative way for producing the proper environment for oxidative leaching of chromium from serpentinites to spring waters.


Previously, we selected bacterial strain ISE14 through a sequential selection procedure that included radicle, seedling, and in planta assays and field tests. This strain not only suppressed a destructive soilborne disease, Phytophthora blight, caused by Phytophthora capsici but also increased fruit yields of pepper plants in the fields. This study was conducted to identify strain ISE14 by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and to characterise biocontrol and plant growth promotion activities of the strain in pepper plants. Strain ISE14, identified as Chryseobacterium sp., significantly reduced disease severity in plants inoculated with Ph. capsici and promoted plant growth (lengths and dry weights of shoots and roots) compared with those in plants treated with Escherichia coli DH5α (negative control) or MgSO4 solution (untreated control). This strain effectively colonised pepper plant roots as assessed by bacterial population analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy; it enhanced soil microbial activity and biofilm formation, but not the production of indole acetic acid. Strain ISE14 also solubilised organic or inorganic phosphate by production of acid and alkaline phosphatases or reduction in pH, resulting in enhanced pepper plant growth. This strain exhibited similar or greater activity in disease control and plant growth promotion tests compared with positive control strains Paenibacillus polymyxa AC-1 (biocontrol) and Bacillus vallismortis EXTN-1 (plant growth). Therefore, Chryseobacterium sp. ISE14 may be a phosphate-solubilising and plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) strain that suppresses Phytophthora blight of pepper. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a phosphate-solubilising PGPR strain of Chryseobacterium sp. that suppresses the pepper disease.


Usability is a critical measure of a system's success. This study focuses on evaluating the usability of Agent99 Trainer, a Web-based multimedia training system for deception detection training. Common measures and evaluation methods for system usability are reviewed. After briefly introducing the design of Agent99 Trainer, this paper focuses on presenting the evaluation methods used in the study and the results. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using questionnaires for testing the following system usability attributes: learnability, usefulness, ease of use, effectiveness, and user satisfaction. The results of this evaluation indicate that Agent99 Trainer is a well-designed system with good usability. Several features that make Agent99 Trainer a useful and valuable tool are discussed, and lessons learned from this evaluation for future system improvement are summarized.


An Odyssey IIb autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) made by Bluefin Robotics, Inc., was acquired by the Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, to conduct research in underwater acoustics as well as provide a platform for other scientific studies. The original Odyssey IIb tail cone was replaced with a ducted fan, vectored thrust system installed on vehicles currently sold by Bluefin. In initial sea tests with the new thrust system, the acoustic self noise levels of the vehicle while underway were 20 to 50 dB higher than typical ocean background noise levels, preventing the vehicle's use as a receiver of low level sounds. Controlled tests were performed to characterize the radiated and vibration noise of the AUV propulsion and actuators. Once this baseline was established, changes were made, mostly to the tail cone propulsion, to decrease the vehicle's self noise. The resulting self noise levels of the AUV from 10 Hz up to 10 kHz measured while underway by a hydrophone mounted on the AUV's inner shroud now are at or below typical shallow water background noise levels except in three bands; below 250 Hz, around 500 Hz, and from 0.9 to 2.0 kHz. The goal of this paper is to describe these changes and their effects in lowering vehicle noise levels.


Based on the SeismoStrcut model of full-scale, four-story, 2D infilled reinforced concrete frame, this paper set the infill walls at different locations in the structure to obtain vertical stiffness irregular frames with weak layer. The displacement response of different weak layer frames is studied by input the same seismic waves. The results show that the vertical stiffness of the infill wall frame structure will greatly affect the response and interlayer drift. The displacement of concrete frames contains weak-layers is lager than the common ones. When the bottom layer has no infill wall, the top displacement is larger than other cases. The presence of the infill wall can limit the interlayer deformation of the frame structure.


Gravitational wave astronomy will require the coordinated analysis of data from the global network of gravitational wave observatories. Questions of how to optimally configure the global network arise in this context. We have elsewhere proposed a formalism which is employed here to compare different configurations of the network, using both the coincident network analysis method and the coherent network analysis method. We have constructed a network model to compute a figure-of-merit based on the detection rate for a population of standard-candle binary inspirals. We find that this measure of network quality is very sensitive to the geographic location of component detectors under a coincident network analysis, but comparatively insensitive under a coherent network analysis.


The February 2020 parliamentary election marked a significant moment for Slovakia after years of public dissatisfaction with endemic corruption, political mismanagement, and unaccountable leadership associated with the political hegemony of Smer-SD and its leader Robert Fico. The resounding victory of the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities Party offers the country an opportunity to not only address the problems with Slovakia's political culture of corruption and oligarchism, but also to strengthen democracy, the rule of law, and good governance. However, contrary to international expectations, the electoral demographic that chose Zuzana Čaputová as Slovakia's new president in 2019 failed to secure enough votes to place any liberal democratic party in parliament, leaving the current legislature dominated by a collection of conservative, populist, and Eurosceptic parties. While seen by some analysts as a setback, the prognosis for Slovakian politics appears rather optimistic. This article assesses the outcomes of the February election and notes a continued pattern of political entrepreneurialism where the most successful parties tend to be those that promote broad-based issues of policy instead of any particular ideology, conservative or liberal. Slovakian politics might have been significantly influenced by a number of nationalist and conservative parties over the past three decades, but actual policy has been directed by opportunists instead of ideologues. This has enabled these larger entrepreneurial parties to adopt conservative elements into their programmes for electoral advantage instead of from actual conviction. This leaves open the possibility that entrepreneurial parties might gravitate towards more liberal democratic and even progressive policies should advantageous opportunities arise in the future. Given the current efforts by Slovakian political actors to break with past patterns of oligarchism, coupled with the discrediting of entrenched political elitism and the visible-yet-manageable threats from Slovakia's far right, such outcomes are increasingly likely.


This paper uses a comprehensive experimental design to investigate the influence of various traffic count sampling plans for Bangladesh on the performance of the Freight Origin-Destination Synthesis model with Mode Choice (FODS-MC) developed by Kalahasthi et al. FODS-MC estimates a national-level freight demand model including trip distribution, mode choice, empty truck trips, and empty rail trips, where one of the key inputs is the freight truck and rail, traffic counts. The traffic count sample comprises three types of road links (national, regional, and zilla) and one category for the rail link across the country. A Box–Behnken Design (BBD) with a response surface for each of four FODS-MC parameters (distribution, mode choice, truck empty trips, and rail empty trips) is constructed. The results showed that the response surfaces are nonlinear planes for all parameters. There is no single optimal sampling plan for FODS-MC as each model parameter demands different distribution across the truck and rail links. The random and stratified samples perform almost similarly if less than 20% of the sample is collected. Minimizing the loss functions between the estimated and true parameters shows that a random sample between 20% and 25% of the truck and rail links estimates the best freight demand model. Overall, this research develops a framework to assist public practitioners in the optimum usage of the limited time and resources in collecting the traffic count data that could estimate the freight demand and mode choice models effectively.


Alexithymic individuals have difficulties processing emotional stimuli, including faces, and may require more resources to process such stimuli. Alexithymia may interact with task characteristics, like perceptual load, which modulates the processing capacity allocated to task-relevant, versus task-irrelevant stimuli. We examined effects of load and distractor type (face, object) and valence (threatening, neutral), and alexithymia on performing a letter-search task. We assessed reaction time, accuracy, and heart rate to index arousal and cognitive effort. Perceptual load, distractor presence, type and valence showed expected effects. Alexithymia did not meaningfully affect reaction time, but was associated with decreased accuracy when distractors were threatening, under low perceptual load. HR did not suggest changes in resources mobilized depending on alexithymia level. Results suggest that alexithymic individuals perceived emotional stimuli and were able to maintain intact reaction time, though this came with a cost in accuracy. Absence of HR effects suggests that no additional resources were recruited to remedy this difficulty. Overall, results suggest that emotional stimuli are perceived in alexithymia at early stages, but resources are not appropriately allocated to prevent performance impairment.


The random walk behaviour of exchange rates in Ghana is explored by employing parametric and non-parametric variance ratio tests based on ranks and signs. The paper fills an important gap by using various time series techniques to investigate the efficiency of the foreign exchange market in Ghana. The conclusive evidence based on non-parametric variance ratio tests indicates that the behaviour of monthly Cedi/US dollar exchange rates is inconsistent with the random walk process and the weak-form efficient market hypothesis. This supports prior findings of the validity of long-run purchasing power parity and predictability of exchange rates in Ghana.


In 1909, the Australian Senate conducted a Select Committee of Inquiry on Press Cable Services to Australia in response to claims that a monopoly of such services was in operation and had been organised by a cartel of key Australian newspapers in conjunction with Reuters Telegraph Company. Its report, and the extensive transcripts of evidence that accompany it, provide a detailed insight into arrangements for the receipt and distribution of overseas news in Australia between 1895 and 1909. The Inquiry, in its majority report, declared the arrangements to be 'a complete monopoly' in that they ensured that there was only one source of supply in Australia of press cables from the outside world. This paper analyses the findings of the Australian Senate Inquiry and the evidence put before it in terms of the light these shed on Reuters' modus operandi in Australia. It also provides an early case study of Australian government media policy development.


An A-Z of Modern America is a comprehensive cultural dictionary which defines contemporary America through its history and civilization. The book includes entries on: key people from presidents to Babe Ruth American life, customs, clothing and education legal, religious and governmental practices multiculturalism, minorities and civil rights An A-Z of Modern America offers accessible and lively definitions of over 3,000 separate items. The book is cross-referenced and thus provides associated links and cultural connections while the appendices contain essential extra information on American institutions, structures and traditions.


Preparation of the new Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Lithuania requires critical evaluation of previous Lithuanian and European legal practice and theory in this sphere. The concept of evidence is very important. It encompasses two basic categories i.e. data of facts embodied in a special forma i.e. sources of evidence. Superficial evaluation of data of facts, when attention is paid only to the quantity of sources, is often the cause of judicial errors. The list of evidence consolidated in part 2 of Article No. 74 of Code of Criminal Procedure is considered exhaustive. In the absence of clear–cut criteria of division of sources of evidence this concept is incompatible with the principle of free evaluation of evidence. When evaluating the quality of evidence sources, attention should be paid to the means they were obtained. One of the requirements for the means of evidence gathering should be their formal consolidation in the law i.e. evidence should be obtained "in accordance with the law´. The practice of European court of human rights is orientated in this direction. After exhaustive regulation of sources of evidence is declined, the present concept of evidence could be transferred to the new Code of Criminal Procedure, because the authors of the draft Code of Criminal Procedure propose a vague term of information to define evidence i.e. in the sense of report. This gives real preconditions for abuse in the process of arguing. The use of scientific term of information in criminal procedure and its application in the theory of evidence would be progressive and welcome if this is done systematically, linking the term of information with categories of signal, source of information and other categories of theory of information.


A Fep/Cu composite coating was developed based on laser cladding process in immiscible liquid system. The microstructure of the coatings is characterized by a homogeneous distribution of Fe-rich spherical particles dispersed in the Cu-rich matrix. The size of the Fe-rich spheres decreases and their number density increases with the decrease of the heating input. The micro-hardness and wear resistance results show that the micro-hardness of the composite coating (spherical particle (380 ~ 450 HV0.2) and the Cu-rich matrix about 200 HV0.2) is far better than that of the copper (70 HV0.2), the wear resistance of the composite coating is almost twice of the copper. Such Fep/Cu structure composite coating have a good combination of high strength and corrosion resistance (Fe-rich phase) and high electric and thermal conductivities (Cu-rich phase) with many potential advanced applications in electronic devices.


This paper examines event-triggered data transmission in distributed networked control systems with packet loss and transmission delays. We propose a distributed event-triggering scheme, where a subsystem broadcasts its state information to its neighbors only when the subsystem's local state error exceeds a specified threshold. In this scheme, a subsystem is able to make broadcast decisions using its locally sampled data. It can also locally predict the maximal allowable number of successive data dropouts (MANSD) and the state-based deadlines for transmission delays. Moreover, the designer's selection of the local event for a subsystem only requires information on that individual subsystem. Our analysis applies to both linear and nonlinear subsystems. Designing local events for a nonlinear subsystem requires us to find a controller that ensures that subsystem to be input-to-state stable. For linear subsystems, the design problem becomes a linear matrix inequality feasibility problem. With the assumption that the number of each subsystem's successive data dropouts is less than its MANSD, we show that if the transmission delays are zero, the resulting system is finite-gain Lp stable. If the delays are bounded by given deadlines, the system is asymptotically stable. We also show that those state-based deadlines for transmission delays are always greater than a positive constant.


Abstract Purpose: To utilise stakeholder input to inform the structure, format and approach of a multiple sclerosis (MS) balance, safe mobility and falls management programme. Materials and methods: Using a three-round nominal group technique, participants individually rated their agreement with 20 trigger statements, followed by a facilitated group discussion and re-rating. Three mixed groups included service users (n = 15) and providers (n = 19). Quantitative analysis determined agreement, whilst qualitative responses were analysed thematically. Results: Median scores for each of the 20 trigger statements did not change significantly over sequential rounds, however, deviations around the medians indicated more agreement amongst participants over time. Key recommendations were: Aims and approach: The programme should be tailored to the needs of people with MS. Falls and participation-based outcomes are equally important. Structure and format: The programme should balance expected burden and anticipated benefit, moving away from models requiring weekly attendance and promoting and supporting self-efficacy. Optimising engagement: Support to maintain engagement and intensity of practice over the long term is essential. Sustainability: Adequate funding is necessary. Staff should have MS specific knowledge and experience. Conclusions: Participants collaboratively identified critical components of a MS balance, safe mobility and falls management programme. They also highlighted the importance of a collaborative, user-centred, MS-specific approach. Implications for Rehabilitation People with multiple sclerosis need condition-specific interventions focussed on maximising balance and safe mobility and reducing falls. Programme design should support self-efficacy and flexible engagement. Adequate support and funding are seen as essential by both service users and providers.


This deliverable focuses on the design of an interface between MLMC algorithms, the scheduling engine, and problem solvers. For this purpose an API definition is proposed together with a basic reference implementation in Python. This work serves as a first step for the development of the ExaQUte MLMC Python engine. It includes: • API definition • Demonstrator code and description • Example of usage


In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating general and commodity-specific inflation rates by the stochastic approach considered in Clements and Izan (1987) and Selvanathan (1989). In order to achieve identification of commodity-specific rates, a linear constraint usually is imposed, and to make it operational, the constraint is generally imposed at an average over the time periods in the series. This paper uses recently developed methodology for estimation of econometric models with time-varying constraints (O'Donnel, Rambaldi, and Doran) to relax the constraint imposed at average shares and to derive commodity-specific inflation rates.


We used a transgenic HeLa cell line that reports cell cycle phases through fluorescent, ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicators (Fucci), to produce a reference dataset of more than 270 curated single cells. Microscopic images were taken from each cell followed by RNA-sequencing, so that single-cell expression data is associated to the fluorescence intensity of the Fucci probes in the same cell. We developed an open data management and quality control workflow that enables users to replicate the processing of the sequence and microscopic image data that we deposited in public repositories. The workflow outputs a table with metadata, that is the starting point for further studies on these data. Beyond its use for cell cycle studies, We also expect that our workflow can be adapted to other single-cell projects using a similar combination of sequencing data and fluorescence measurements.


Abstract. Exchange of non-CO2 trace gases between the land surface and the atmosphere plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. Recent studies have highlighted its importance for interpretation of glacial-interglacial ice-core records, the simulation of the pre-industrial and present atmosphere, and the potential for large climate-chemistry and climate-aerosol feedbacks in the coming century. However, spatial and temporal variations in trace gas emissions and the magnitude of future feedbacks are a major source of uncertainty in atmospheric chemistry, air quality and climate science. To reduce such uncertainties Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) are currently being expanded to mechanistically represent processes relevant to non-CO2 trace gas exchange between land biota and the atmosphere. In this paper we present a review of important non-CO2 trace gas emissions, the state-of-the-art in DGVM modelling of processes regulating these emissions, identify key uncertainties for global scale model applications, and discuss a methodology for model integration and evaluation.