As conservation theory and practice moves away from excluding resource users to creating partnerships with them, it is becoming increasingly clear that marine conservation is as much about understanding people as it is about understanding ecological processes. Social, economic, and cultural factors can influence whether and how individuals and communities overexploit resources or cooperate to conserve them. Many marine conservation projects may fail because they do not adequately understand, address, and incorporate the socioeconomic needs and concerns of stakeholders. These issues are especially pertinent in the Western Indian Ocean; a region where poverty and the geopolitics of biodiversity conservation acutely intersect.


Summary Aim: Radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) after (near-)total thyroidectomy (TE) is a key element in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The use of exogenous TSH stimulation (rhTSH) prior to RRA has shown promising results as compared to conventional thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW). As yet, the efficacy of RRA after brief THW and single rhTSH administration has not been assessed. Patients, methods: The study sample comprised 147 patients with DTC referred to our center between May 2008 and September 2010. All patients received TE with subsequent RRA. None of these 147 patients had evidence of distant metastasis. 93 patients had endogenous TSH stimulation 4–5 weeks after surgery (group I) and twenty-six received two rhTSH injections (group II). 28 patients were treated with a single rhTSH injection after a brief THW (group III). RRA-Efficacy was assessed three months after therapy by diagnostic whole-body scan and measurement of the tumour marker thyroglobulin (Tg) under TSH stimulation. Results: Three categories of success were defined for remnant ablation. Based on the definition of successful remnant ablation no visible uptake and a Tg ≤ 2.0 ng/ ml (category 1) was seen in 62/93 patients in group I, in 17/26 patients in group II (p = n.s.) and in 12/28 patients in group III (p < 0.05). Visible radioiodine uptake and a Tg ≤ 2.0 ng/ml (category 2) was seen in 16/28 patients of group III and thus significantly more frequent than in group I (28/93 patients) (p < 0.01). However, patients in group III (16/28 patients) and group II (8/26 patients) showed no significant difference in this category (p = n.s.). Visible radioiodine uptake and a Tg > 2.0 ng/ml (category 3) was found in 3/93 patients in group I and 1/26 patients in group II but in no patient in group III. Conclusion: The third strategy of remnant ablation using a single injection of rhTSH after a brief THW period resulted in a significant higher rate of patients with residual uptake in the thyroid bed and a Tg level below 2 ng/ml three months after remnant ablation in comparison to THW. However, the overall efficacy of the third protocol was not significantly different as compared to two rhTSH injections. Under the aspect of the supply shortage of rhTSH the combined endogenous and exogenous TSH stimulation may be an attractive alternative for remnant ablation in differentiated thyroid cancer.


Shoulder arthrography in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is performed to differentiate between a rheumatoid flare and limitation of motion secondary to tear in the rotator cuff. Accurate diagnosis is important because of the therapeutic implications. The arthrographic findings characteristic of rheumatoid involvement of the shoulder joint are nodular filling defects of the joint, the subacromial and subdeltoideal bursa in case of rotator cuff tear, irregular capsular attachment, contracted joint space and visualized lymphatic drainage. A dilatation of the biceps tendon sheath has not been shown.


Galois fields are widely used in cryptographic applications. The detection of an error caused by a fault in a cryptographic circuit is important to avoid undesirable behaviours of the system that could be used to reveal secret information. One of the methods used to avoid these behaviours is the concurrent error detection. Multiplication in finite field is one of the most important operations and is widely used in different cryptographic systems. The authors propose in this study an error-detection method for composite finite-field multipliers based on the use of Karatsuba formula. The Karatsuba formula can be used in GF((2)) field to decrease the hardware complexity of the finite-field multiplier. The authors propose a novel finite-field multiplier with concurrent error-detection capabilities based on the Karatsuba formula. How the errordetection capabilities of this multiplier are able to face a wide range of fault-based attacks is also shown.


A valve is device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of fluid by opening, closing or partially obstructing various passage ways. Knife valve is a type of a gate valve. These types of valves are commonly used in pulp industries, pharmaceutical industries, where these valves handle slurry type fluids. The advantage of this type valve is easy operation and maintenance. In the world of advanced technology and globalization the organization are moving towards the optimization using advanced technique. The objective of the paper is to design the knife valve for design condition. The finite element analysis is used to check the design adequacy of the model. The stress analysis of valve is done using finite element software ANSYS 17.


Animals and plants use the same enzyme to detect carbon dioxide. Plants and animals sense and respond to carbon dioxide (CO2), but the means by which they do so have not been well defined. Plants detect and respond to an increase in environmental CO2 concentration by closing the gas valves in their leaves (thus conserving water), but the CO2 sensing mechanism has been debated. Fruit flies, mosquitoes, and moths sense CO2 to find food resources such as decaying fruits, human prey, and flowers, respectively, but as well, the sensing mechanisms are not yet fully characterized. Pressurized CO2 is used in many food products, such as carbonated beverages, but it is not clear how humans sense the gas, nor what advantage this might serve. It is particularly interesting that two recent studies have unraveled, independently, how organisms as diverse as plants and mammals sense CO2, and come up with a similar mechanism whose output triggers responses not previously linked to CO2 detection (1, 2).


In a video processing system where motion vectors are estimated for a subset of the blocks of data forming a video frame, and motion vectors are interpolated for the remainder of the blocks of the frame, a method includes determining, for at least at least one block of the current frame for which a motion vector is not estimated (204), whether a block to the left or right has an estimated zero motion vector (206), determining whether the at least one block had an estimated zero motion vector in a previous frame (206), and if both determinations are affirmative (208), providing a predetermined motion vector for the at least one block. The predetermined motion vector may be a zero motion vector (208).


The standard petroleum industry technique of treating faults as opaque barriers in structure and unit modeling does not provide the accurate models and hardcopy maps required today for hydrocarbon exploration and production efforts. The shortcomings of these old methods is especially apparent when attempting to develop cost-effective models of small hydrocarbon reservoirs. The process of incorporating fault surfaces into digital subsurface models is going through a period of rapid change as new techniques for incorporating fault geometry into structure and unit modeling applications have been introduced over the last few years. These methods, which are reviewed in this chapter, provide superior solutions to the problem of incorporating faults into subsurface modeling and mapping efforts than techniques which simply treat faults as opaque barriers. However, these methods represent only interim solutions. Inevitably, full 3-D subsurface modeling in faulted environments will replace the two-dimensional programs now available. Experimental algorithms have been developed for modeling and editing structures which have multiple depth values for single (X,Y) coordinates, such as structures cut by reverse faults or structures that include over-turned folds. At the same time, geophysicists are exploring new methods for determining both structure shapes and rock properties from seismic data.


In this paper, the mechanical design process of a star spherical parallel robot that we call Zippy Wrist is illustrated. The Zippy Wrist is a 3-RRP spherical parallel manipulator and can perfonn many industrial applications such as, orienting a tool or a workpiece in machine tools, solar panels, space antennas and telescopic mechanisms, flight simulator mechanism and camera devices. The forward and inverse kinematics problem, isotropy design, singularity analysis, accuracy analysis, stiffness analysis, inverse and direct dynamic analysis of this manipulator have previously been investigated by Enferadi and Akbarzadeh and reported in four journals. Our goal was to build a laboratory version of the Zippy Wrist to test theoretical results and to perform additional dynamical and control testing. The selected mechanical design is based on the isotropic design because it is the superior design. The design results in a relatively large workspace, good accuracy and high stiffness. The mechanical design process consists of joints design, structural analysis of main components, geometry determination of components, material selection and safety issues. The controller allows PID control as well as running the system in torque mode. This allows us to directly input the calculated torque, from robot dynamic equations to motors. Structural analysis is performed by finite element models considering load capacity and other design goals. Dynamic and motion of the robot is simulated using hypothetical trajectories to obtain desired kinematic parameters such as speed and acceleration. The robot is assumed to carry an average load of 1kg, mostly due to carrying measurement tools such as accelerometer, laser tool or camera. All mechanical components are designed using commercial solid modelling software and manufacturing processes are briefly discussed.


Set in 1943 in Nazi-occupied Denmark, this striking picture book tells the story of a community of townspeople who work together to aid Jews hiding from the Nazis. As the story opens, Anett's mother informs Anett that there are "new friends in the cellar" and sends the girl down with breakfast for Carl and his mother, who will soon depart by boat. When Anett gathers supplies from likeminded villagers, the baker provides extra bread, the librarian provides extra books, and the farmer provides extra food ("'Wish them well,' he whispered back, giving me extra eggs"). Soldiers begin to search for hidden Jews in the village, and it looks like the dark of the moonless night will keep Carl and his mother from making it to the harbor; fortunately, Anett comes up with the idea of directing the pair through whispers, and the villagers stand on their doorsteps and whisper "This way" to guide the two to a waiting boat. Elvgren's focused, unsentimentalized narrative is an ideal selection for introducing younger children to the many who stood up to do what was right during the Nazi regime. The spare storytelling style is perfectly matched with the sophisticated yet accessible illustrations, composed of black lines, fields of digital color, and scratchy pen details. A limited palette wherein grays and blues dominate plays to the mystery of the story while the contrasting splashes of dark red add interest. An author's note provides background information and links the events of the story to an actual occurrence in the fishing village of Gilleleje. This is a notable early introduction to the Danish resistance that deserves wide readership. HM


State machine replication (SMR) is a software technique for tolerating failures using commodity hardware. The critical service to be made fault-tolerant is modeled by a state machine. Several, possibly different, copies of the state machine are then deployed on different nodes. Clients of the service access the replicas through a SMR protocol which ensures that, despite concurrency and failures, replicas perform client requests in the same order. Two objectives underly the design and implementation of a SMR protocol: robustness and performance. Robustness conveys the ability to ensure availability (liveness) and one-copy semantics (safety) despite failures and asynchrony. On the other hand, performance measures the time it takes to respond to a request (latency) and the number of requests that can be processed per time unit (throughput). In this thesis, we present two contributions to state machine replication. The first contri- bution is LCR, a uniform total order broadcast (UTO-broadcast) protocol that is throughput optimal in failure-free periods. LCR can be used to totally order the requests received by a replicated state machine. LCR has been designed for small clusters of homogeneous machines interconnected by a local area network. It relies on a perfect failure detector and tolerates the crash failures of all but one replicas. It is based on a ring topology and only relies on point-to-point inter-process communication. We benchmark an implementation of LCR against two of the most widely used group communication packages and show that LCR provides higher throughput than them, over a large number of setups. The second contribution is Abstract, a new abstraction to simplify the design, proof and implementation of SMR protocols. Abstract focuses on the most robust class of SMR protocols, i.e. those tolerating arbitrary (client and replica) failures. Such protocols are called Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocols. We treat a BFT protocol as a composition of instances of our abstraction. Each instance is developed and analyzed independently. To illustrate our approach, we first show how, with our abstraction, the benefits of a BFT protocol like Zyzzyva could have been developed using less than 24% of the actual code of Zyzzyva. We then present Aliph, a new BFT protocol that outperforms previous BFT protocols both in terms of latency (by up to 30%) and throughput (by up to 360%).


This research has shown that the use of authentic children's literature is an effective and motivating ESL classroom strategy. However, this study investigated the use of children's stories in EFL elementary classrooms where the teaching methods are very traditional and the resources are limited. This study was carried out in an elementary school in an Arab town in Israel. Approximately a hundred fifth and sixth grade pupils filled in a questionnaire expressing their attitudes towards being taught through stories. Teacher trainees taught the classes, wrote reflections, filled in questionnaires and were observed by the researchers. This information has been collected and served as the data for the study. Results suggest that the use of this strategy is very positive and should be carefully considered by EFL teachers, EFL trainees and teacher educators.


Thermodynamic analysis was carried out for theoretical reaction of hydrogen produced from dimethyl ether (DME) auto-thermal reforming by using the minimum of GIBBS energy. The volume content of various gases were calculated at adiabatic condition as function of air to DME ratio (0.2~0.8), H2O to DME ratio (1~6) and pressure (0.1~0.6MPa). The result proves that the volume content of H2 decrease with the increasing of pressure. With the increasing of the H2O to DME ratio and the O2 to DME ratio the volume of H2 increases first then decreases. With the increasing of the H2O to DME ratio the volume of CH4 and CO decreases, the volume of CO2 increases. The model reliability was verified experimentally on self-designed equipment. The experiments data are closed to simulation results.


The microelectronics industry has seen explosive growth during the last thirty years. Extremely large markets for logic and memory devices have driven the development of new materials, and technologies for the fabrication of even more complex devices with features sizes now down at the sub micron level. Recent interest has arisen in employing these materials, tools and technologies for the fabrication of miniature sensors and actuators and their integration with electronic circuits to produce smart devices and MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS). This effort offers the promise of:
 1. Increasing the performance and manufacturability of both sensors and actuators by exploiting new batch fabrication processes developed for the IC and microelectronics industry. Examples include micro stereo lithographic and micro molding techniques.
 2. Developing novel classes of materials and mechanical structures not possible previously, such as diamond like carbon, silicon carbide and carbon nanotubes, micro-turbines and micro-engines.
 3. Development of technologies for the system level and wafer level integration of micro components at the nanometer precision, such as self-assembly techniques and robotic manipulation.
 4. Development of control and communication systems for MEMS devices, such as optical and RF wireless, and power delivery systems.


State-of-the-art pretrained contextualized models (PCM) eg. BERT use tasks such as WiC and WSD to evaluate their word-in-context representations. This inherently assumes that performance in these tasks reflect how well a model represents the coupled word and context semantics. We question this assumption by presenting the first quantitative analysis on the context-word interaction being tested in major contextual lexical semantic tasks. To achieve this, we run probing baselines on masked input, and propose measures to calculate and visualize the degree of context or word biases in existing datasets. The analysis was performed on both models and humans. Our findings demonstrate that models are usually not being tested for word-in-context semantics in the same way as humans are in these tasks, which helps us better understand the model-human gap. Specifically, to PCMs, most existing datasets fall into the extreme ends (the retrieval-based tasks exhibit strong target word bias while WiC-style tasks and WSD show strong context bias); In comparison, humans are less biased and achieve much better performance when both word and context are available than with masked input. We recommend our framework for understanding and controlling these biases for model interpretation and future task design.


Two previous English translations of this classic essay by Georg Simmel have been in wide circulation, shaping the worldwide reception of Simmel's urban theory. Both rendered Simmel's philosophical idiom in psychologistic terms, translating Seele (soul) as 'psyche' and Geist (spirit) as 'mind'. With their overtones of behaviourism, earlier translations bear the clear mark of their time. This translation seeks to return, as much as is possible without sacrificing lucidity, to Simmel's original idiom, in the hope that this will contribute to an imaginative rediscovery of this classic text. The introduction to the new translation gives an overview of the publication's historical and intellectual context, its reception and influence, and the distinctiveness of Simmel's approach.


We studied an appropriate annealing condition of Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (PCMO) thin film that can show good resistive switching characteristics for resistance random access memory applications and also tried to elucidate the mechanism of the resistive switching of PCMO thin film at room temperature. We could observe that crystal structure of PCMO film was changed by oxygen annealing. From x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, we can conclude that the excess of oxygen by oxygen annealing of PCMO film leads to an increase of Mn4+ content at the PCMO surface with a subsequent change in the Mn4+∕Mn3+ ratio at the PCMO surface. The resistance ratio of high resistance state and low resistance state was increased by oxygen annealing of PCMO thin film. This can be explained as follows. The change of the Mn4+∕Mn3+ ratio at the PCMO surface by oxygen annealing leads to the change of characteristics of Au-PCMO interface domain and therefore results in the change of the resistance ratio.


Abstract
Rationale: Bronchial thermoplasty reduces airway smooth muscle mass, bronchoconstriction and symptoms in severe, persistent asthmatics. Despite its application only to larger airways (> 3 mm), it is not known if small airways are also affected by bronchial thermoplasty.
 Objective: To determine if thermoplasty also affects the smaller airways (< 3 mm in diameter) before and after bronchial thermoplasty. Methods: Lung resistance, static and dynamic lung compliance were measured using the esophageal balloon technique before and after undergoing bronchial thermoplasty in 5 patients.
Results: All patients described improved symptoms and reduced use of short-acting bronchodilators within a few weeks following completion of bronchial thermoplasty. Pre-thermoplasty, all patients exhibited significant frequency dependency of lung compliance, with dynamic lung compliance decreasing to as much as 75% of baseline static compliance value at maximum respiratory rate. In 4 of 5 patients, post-thermoplasty values for dynamic lung compliance were higher than pre-thermoplasty over the range of respiratory rates. Post-thermoplasty, static lung compliance did not change significantly from pre-thermoplasty values. Lung resistance during quiet breathing (baseline) decreased in 4 of 5 patients following thermoplasty, and decreased at higher respiratory frequencies in 4 of 5 patients.
Conclusions: Patients with severe persistent asthma exhibit increased resting lung resistance and frequency dependence of compliance, the magnitudes of which are in ameliorated following bronchial thermoplasty, and associated with variable frequency dependence of lung resistance not apparent before bronchial thermoplasty. Bronchial thermoplasty likely exerts its effects on small as well as large airways.


Police officers experience a high level of stress that results from operational and organisational pressures associated with their professional occupation (Hart & Cotton, 2002). This can result in harmful consequences for the individual, the workplace and their family, with a plethora of literature outlining the increase in work / family conflict for police officers. The police and stress literature also indicates that police officers can be prone to utilising unhelpful coping skills, such as avoidance, to manage their stress. The current research project describes the implementation and investigation of a worksite stress management intervention called Mindfulness-based Emotional Intelligence Training (MBEIT) intervention. MBEIT was designed to promote emotional well-being and workplace effectiveness, and improve interpersonal relationships (personal and workrelated) amongst NSW police officers. The intervention is based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999). ACT promotes emotionally intelligent behaviour by increasing people's ability to utilise emotions as information, and to act effectively in the context of emotions and emotionally charged thoughts. This is accomplished through mechanisms such as acceptance and defusion whilst pursuing personally meaningful values. A total of 123 police officers were randomly assigned to either the MBEIT condition or the control condition. The MBEIT intervention consisted of a total of 4 days of training that was completed over 4 months. Outcome (i.e., mental health, innovativeness, sick leave) and process of change (i.e., acceptance) measures were administered at baseline (Time 1), at the completion of the training after four months (Time 2), and again 3 months later (Time 3). Participants in the MBEIT intervention group also completed a Personal Values Questionnaire (Blackledge & Ciarrochi, 2005) at Time 1 and Time 2 in order to ix examine their values and the impact of MBEIT on values over time. Facilitators were also monitored in order to assess adherence to MBEIT. Results indicated that adherence to the MBEIT protocols by facilitators was satisfactory. Participants in the MBEIT intervention showed significantly greater improvements in their general mental health compared to those in the control condition over the 4 month training period (T1 to T2). It was predicted that an increase in psychological flexibility, or acceptance, would mediate this effect but mediation was not found. Over the 4 month period, participant's increased their level of success in pursuing their family relationship values, and also indicated that they chose their relationship values for more intrinsic reasons over time. There were no other significant changes in any of the other outcome measures over time or between groups. The study found modest evidence for the effectiveness of the MBEIT intervention. There was no supporting evidence to indicate that the intervention is mediated by acceptance, although trainers were assessed as adhering to an ACT protocol. A potential explanation for the relatively modest effects of the intervention was that the sample of police officers who were assessed had high psychological functioning and positive mental health prior to the program commencing. The theoretical and practical implications of this research along with the applicability of a worksite stress management program for police populations are discussed. Further research is necessary to examine the effectiveness of the program with police officers with lower initial levels of mental health, using a larger sample size, and trialing a program of shorter length.


Hinterlands and Regional Dynamics in the Ancient Southwest is the first volume dedicated to understanding the nature of and changes in regional social autonomy, political hegemony, and organizational complexity across the entire prehistoric American Southwest. With geographic coverage extending from the Great Plains to the Colorado River, and from Mesa Verde to the international border, the volume's ten case studies synthesize research that enhances our understanding of the ancient Southwest's highly variable demographic, land use, and economic histories. For this volume, ?hinterlands are those areas whose archaeological records do not disclose the ceramic, architectural, and network evidence that initially led to the establishment of the Hohokam, Chaco, and Casas Grandes regional systems. Employing a variety of perspectives, such as the cultural landscapes approach, heterarchy, and the common-pool resource model, as well as technical methods, such as petrographic and stylistic-attribute analyses, the volume's contributors explore variation in hinterland identities, subsistence ecology, and sociopolitical organization as regional systems expanded and contracted between the 9th and 14th centuries AD. The hinterlands of the prehistoric Southwest were home to a substantial number of people and were often used as resource catchments by the inhabitants of regional systems. Importantly, hinterlands also influenced developments of nearby regional systems, under whose footprint they managed to retain considerable autonomy. By considering the dynamics between hinterlands and regional systems, the volume reveals unappreciated aspects of the ancient Southwest's peoples and their lives, thereby deepening our awareness of the region's rich and complicated cultural past.


Communication networks in power systems are a major part of the smart grid paradigm. It enables and facilitates the automation of power grid operation as well as self-healing in contingencies. Such dependencies on communication networks, though, create a roam for cyber-threats. An adversary can launch an attack on the communication network, which in turn reflects on power grid operation. Attacks could be in the form of false data injection into system measurements, flooding the communication channels with unnecessary data, or intercepting messages. Using machine learning-based processing on data gathered from communication networks and the power grid is a promising solution for detecting cyber threats. In this paper, a co-simulation of cyber-security for cross-layer strategy is presented. The advantage of such a framework is the augmentation of valuable data that enhances the detection as well as identification of anomalies in the operation of the power grid. The framework is implemented on the IEEE 118-bus system. The system is constructed in Mininet to simulate a communication network and obtain data for analysis. A distributed three controller software-defined networking (SDN) framework is proposed that utilizes the Open Network Operating System (ONOS) cluster. According to the findings of our suggested architecture, it outperforms a single SDN controller framework by a factor of more than ten times the throughput. This provides for a higher flow of data throughout the network while decreasing congestion caused by a single controller's processing restrictions. Furthermore, our CECD-AS approach outperforms state-of-the-art physics and machine learning-based techniques in terms of attack classification. The performance of the framework is investigated under various types of communication attacks.


With the tremendous developments in Information Technology (IT), many organizations in private sectors use IT to transform their services and operation. Like any other sectors, the health sector has been benefited from the adoption of IT in transforming their services for society well-being. The applications of IT have greatly improved accessibility, quality and cost-effectiveness of healthcare. Clinical Information Systems (CIS) are one of the examples of the applications of IT in healthcare. CIS are computer applications that support the operations of clinicians engaged in providing care to patients. However, CIS does not always improve the outcomes and performance of the health professionals, but might bring about negative impacts on their performance and practices. Studies on medical errors have shown that errors in healthcare and medicine are not rare and may bring about severe harm to patients. This paper aims to understand the use of CIS in hospitals and their impact on patient safety. Using interviews with medical practitioners in private hospitals in Malaysia, the findings provide insights for system developers and hospital managers on the usability of CIS to ensure the delivery of better patient care since error reduction is one of the dimensions of health service quality.


Abstract This is a cross-cultural comparative analysis of the domestic violence policies of Nicaragua and Russia. While these two countries have striking differences, they both had socialist revolutions that established workers and farmers governments. The Soviet Union was the main economic and political support for Nicaragua following the 1979 Frente Sandinista Para Liberacion Nacional (FSLN--Sandinista Front for National Liberation) revolution. This article examines the domestic violence policies of post-Soviet Russia and Nicaragua. While both countries have serious domestic violence problems, only Nicaragua is taking an aggressive stance to eradicate the problem. The Russian government barely even acknowledges that there is a problem. My thesis is that the Nicaraguan government has a more progressive approach to ending domestic violence because there is a strong, independent woman's movement in Nicaragua, which is lacking in Russia. Keywords: domestic violence policy, Nicaragua, Russia Introduction Domestic violence is any behavior within an intimate partner (1) relationship that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm to unfairly gain power or to maintain the misuse of power, control, and authority (World Health Organization [WHO], 2002). It affects the lives of women throughout the world regardless of race, ethnicity, class, educational status, or geographic location. It is becoming widely recognized as a serious public health problem with grave implications for the physical and psychological well being of women and children (Ellsberg, Pena. Herrera, Liljestrand, and Winkvist, 2000). Although there is little information about the extent of domestic violence throughout the world, available research indicates that there is no country in which there is an absence of domestic violence (WHO, 2002). In most countries, 10% to 69% of women have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner at least once in their lives (Ellsberg, Winkvist, Pena, and Stenlund, 2001; WHO, 2002). Research shows that violence against women is exacerbated by the indifference of state officials who fail to seriously investigate and prosecute cases of domestic violence (Human Rights Watch [HRW], 2000). In that context, I will compare the domestic violence policies of Nicaragua and Russia, which both have serious domestic violence problems. The Russian government has chosen to ignore its problem while the Nicaraguan government has been seeking ways to eradicate the abuse of women. I suggest that the difference in these approaches is due to a strong independent women's movement in Nicaragua, which is lacking in Russia. An independent women's movement is one that is independent of the government. While Nicaragua and Russia have striking differences, they also share many similarities. Their differences are the following. Russia is geographically the largest country in the world whereas Nicaragua is tiny. In Russia, there are 142.5 million people; 53.1% are women. There are 5.5 million people in Nicaragua; 51 are women (United Nations [U.N.], 2008). Russia is a developed industrialized economy whereas Nicaragua is the second poorest country in the Americas. Nearly half of its population lives in poverty, with over 15% living in extreme poverty (The World Bank, 2006). Notwithstanding these differences, there are many similarities between the two countries. Both had socialist revolutions led by Marxist-Leninist parties who aimed to establish socialist societies. In 1917, the Bolshevik Party overthrew the czar, and the Frente Sandinista Para Liberacion Nacional (FSLN--Sandinista Front for National Liberation) overthrew the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza in 1979. Although neither country ever met its goal of a socialist society, workers and farmers governments were established in both countries. Because of those similarities, the Soviet Union became Nicaragua's main advisor and supporter after the FSLN revolution. …


One important partition of algorithms for controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) in multiple testing is into offline and online algorithms. The first generally achieve significantly higher power of discovery, while the latter allow making decisions sequentially as well as adaptively formulating hypotheses based on past observations. Using existing methodology, it is unclear how one could trade off the benefits of these two broad families of algorithms, all the while preserving their formal FDR guarantees. To this end, we introduce $\text{Batch}_{\text{BH}}$ and $\text{Batch}_{\text{St-BH}}$, algorithms for controlling the FDR when a possibly infinite sequence of batches of hypotheses is tested by repeated application of one of the most widely used offline algorithms, the Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) method or Storey's improvement of the BH method. We show that our algorithms interpolate between existing online and offline methodology, thus trading off the best of both worlds.


Abstract Distance learners are a unique target-population for the marketing of library services and resources. Because these patrons do not visit the library often, if at all, it is crucial to actively promote the library resources and services available to them. Marketing strategies for distance learning library services need to take a multifaceted approach to reach distance learners in as many ways as possible, and collaboration with various groups and departments on campus is an important part of the process. Promotion of distance library services can take advantage of high-tech options, but it should also work in the realm of "traditional" publicity as well.


In the present work, effects of elements vanadium and niobium on the microstructure of the conventional indefinite chilled rolls made by small vertical centrifugal caster were investigated, using optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, Jeol 6400), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS, Cu-K radiation) to identify the type, morphology, and to measure the volume fraction and the distribution of carbides and graphites formed during solidification. Microstructural analysis indicates that, the amount of graphite is dramatically reduced by adding V element. The volume fraction of the square-like carbides NbC increases with the Nb content increasing. However, if Nb content is over a critical point, large amount of the square-like NbC carbide can be seriously segregated in the out part of the section.


1.3 to 31.6). We found no differences between late preterm infants and controls in RNFL thickness (96.5 μ vs. 98.7 μ; P = 0.31), macular thickness (279 μ vs. 283.3 μ; P = 0.15) and abnormal Bender test (14.3% vs. 6.4%; P = 0.42). All the late preterm children with abnormal Bender test were born SGA. Conclusions: Although late preterm had worse perinatal outcome, neuronal and cognitive suboptimal development after 6 years are more associated with late onset growth restriction rather than late prematurity.


Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss and illustrate how the use of software available in digital virtual worlds of consumption, including wish lists, watch lists, and digital virtual goods (DVGs), interact with consumer desiring practices. We draw on a data set of three interpretative studies with technology users living in the South of England. Our study makes a unique contribution to our understanding of consumer desire and digital virtual consumption by bringing to the fore the often-neglected role of non-human agents in the practice of consumer desire. In particular, it shows (1) the assemblage of consumer desire in human–non-human hybrids (composed of consumers and online wish lists, online auction tools, and video-game resources; (2) the redistribution of competence and skills in human–software hybrids; (3) the r-distribution of affect and commitment in human–software hybrids; and (4) the refocusing of desire in human–software hybrids. Based on our findings, we conclude that, over time, the use of software in the construction and actualisation of desire reconfigures consumer desire practices into a goal-orientated task, where the focus is not daydreaming activity or material commodities per se but rather the software itself. Here, the software not only presents things to be desired, but also absorbs some of the skill and competence needed to conjure up desire. Ultimately, these configurations appear to create breaks in the experience of desire that weaken the hold previously binding consumers to objects of desire.


Using a monoclonal antibody, we have identified and characterized a previously unknown cell surface protein in chicken that we call neogenin and have determined its primary sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence and structure of neogenin characterize it as a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Based on amino acid sequence similarities, neogenin is closely related to the human tumor suppressor molecule DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer). Neogenin and DCC define a subgroup of Ig superfamily proteins structurally distinct from other Ig molecules such as N-CAM, Ng-CAM, and Bravo/Nr-CAM. As revealed by antibody staining of tissue sections and Western blots, neogenin expression correlates with the onset of neuronal differentiation. Neogenin is also found on cells in the lower gastrointestinal tract of embryonic chickens. DCC has been observed in human neural tissues and has been shown to be essential for terminal differentiation of specific cell types in the adult human colon. These parallels suggest that neogenin, like DCC, is functionally involved in the transition from cell proliferation to terminal differentiation of specific cell types. Since neogenin is expressed on growing neurites and downregulated at termination of neurite growth, it may also play an important role in many of the complex functional aspects of neurite extension and intercellular signaling.


It is becoming increasingly apparent that all forms of communicationincluding voicewill be transmitted through packet-switched networks based on the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the design of modern devices that rely on speech interfaces, such as cell phones and PDAs, requires a complete and up-to-date understanding of the basics of speech coding. Outlines key signal processing algorithms used to mitigate impairments to speech quality in VoIP networks Offering a detailed yet easily accessible introduction to the field, Principles of Speech Coding provides an in-depth examination of the underlying signal processing techniques used in speech coding. The authors present coding standards from various organizations, including the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). With a focus on applications such as Voice-over-IP telephony, this comprehensive text covers the most recent research findings on topics including: A general introduction to speech processing Digital signal processing concepts Sampling theory and related topics Principles of pulse code modulation (PCM) and adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) standards Linear prediction (LP) and use of the linear predictive coding (LPC) model Vector quantization and its applications in speech coding Case studies of practical speech coders from ITU and others The Internet low-bit-rate coder (ILBC) Developed from the authors combined teachings, this book also illustrates its contents by providing a real-time implementation of a speech coder on a digital signal processing chip. With its balance of theory and practical coverage, it is ideal for senior-level undergraduate and graduate students in electrical and computer engineering. It is also suitable for engineers and researchers designing or using speech coding systems in their work.


The measure of linearity is an important part of the evaluation of a method. According to the NCCLS guidelines (Document EP6-P), results of a linearity experiment are fit to a straight line and judged linear either by visual evaluation, which is subjective, or by the lack-of-fit test. This approach depends on the precision of the method, is not necessarily conclusive, and fails to be quantitative. We define linearity as a measure of how well a first-order (linear) polynomial fits the data compared with a higher-order (nonlinear) polynomial. The major property of a linear polynomial is that the first derivative is a constant. The nonlinearity of a method can be measured by the difference between these two polynomials (first-order and higher-order) at specific values or, as an average, the root-mean difference. This approach is independent of the precision of the assay and is conclusive, quantitative, and objective.


We previously reported that methylmercury induces brain-specific upregulation of a chemokine gene, the CCL4 gene. In this study, we investigated the changes in gene expression levels of all chemokines in various tissues (cerebellum, cerebrum, kidney, liver, and spleen) of methylmercury-treated mice. We found that methylmercury induced upregulation of the CCL4 gene and the CCL3 gene, in a brain-specific manner. This finding suggests that upregulation of these two chemokine genes mediates selective damage by methylmercury in the central nervous system.


—The Internet of Things (IoT) is producing an extraordinary volume of data daily, and it is possible that the data may become useless while on its way to the cloud for analysis, due to longer distances and delays. Fog/edge computing is a new model for analyzing and acting on time-sensitive data (real-time applications) at the network edge, adjacent to where it is produced. The model sends only selected data to the cloud for analysis and long-term storage. Furthermore, cloud services provided by large companies such as Google, can also be localized to minimize the response time and increase service agility. This could be accomplished through deploying small-scale datacenters (reffered to by name as cloudlets) where essential, closer to customers (IoT devices) and connected to a centrealised cloud through networks - which form a multi-access edge cloud (MEC). The MEC setup involves three different parties, i.e. service providers (IaaS), application providers (SaaS), network providers (NaaS); which might have different goals, therefore, making resource management a defficult job. In the literature, various resource management techniques have been suggested in the context of what kind of services should they host and how the available resources should be allocated to customers' applications, particularly, if mobility is involved. However, the existing literature considers the resource management problem with respect to a single party. In this paper, we assume resource management with respect to all three parties i.e. IaaS, SaaS, NaaS; and suggest a game theoritic resource management technique that minimises infrastructure energy consumption and costs while ensuring applications performance. Our empirical evaluation, using real workload traces from Google's cluster, suggests that our approach could reduce up to 11.95% energy consumption, and approximately 17.86% user costs with negligible loss in performance. Moreover, IaaS can reduce up to 20.27% energy bills and NaaS can increase their costs savings up to


The novel approach to use meta-psychology — the theoretic foundation of psychoanalysis — as archetype for a decision making framework for autonomous agents was realized in simulations recently. In addition, multiple studies showed the capability of a robot to sense and interact in its environment. This work fills the gap between sensing, environmental interaction and decision making by grounding these topics with an agents internal needs using the concepts of meta-psychology. The bodies of typical agents are equipped with internal systems which can generate bodily needs — for example the urgent need for food. As proof-of-concept we implemented this concept on a simulated agent as well as on a physical real humanoid biped robot to additionally proof the concept within a fully controlled simulated environment. The use of the common humanoid robot platform NAO, which has 25 degrees of freedom and biped locomotion, enforced us to deal with complex situations and disturbed sensor readings. NAO provides various internal sensors like engine temperature or battery level as well as external sensors like sonar or cameras. An implemented visual marker detecting system allowed us to detect objects in the surrounding environmental, representing food or energy sources. We show, how it is possible to use the psychoanalytically inspired framework ARS to control a real world application, the robot NAO.


4-(1H-naphtho[1,8-de][1,2,3]triazin-1-ylsulfonyl)aniline (1) undergoes facile condensation with aromatic aldehydes to afford the corresponding 4-(1H-naphtho[1,8-de] [1,2,3]triazin-1-ylsulfonyl)-N-arylideneaniline (2a-d) in good yields. cyclocondensation of compounds (2a-d) with thioglycolic acid 3-(4-(1H-naphtho[1,8-de][1,2,3]triazin-1- ylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-arylthiazolidin-4-one (3a-d). The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of analytical and spectral data. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.


Three developmentally disabled adults were taught three peer interactive responses--verbailization, recreation, and cooperation--by three training procedures: (a) modeling, (b) instruction and feedback, and (c) modeling, instructions, and feedback. All three training procedures increased all three responses, but the most effective procedure was modeling, instructions, and feedback. In the two modeling conditions, videotapes of nonretarded adults were used, demonstrating the feasibility of this method for teaching retarded persons.


Recent advances in optical data storage have led to the development of a 5-D device that could hold up to 2,000 times more data than a conventional DVD. These authors discuss this and other milestones on the road to multi-dimensional optical memory with petabyte capacity.


Many practical systems that we encounter involve some extent of nonlinearity in their behavior. Identification and control design of nonlinear systems is achieving increasing attention in practical applications. Mathematical models play a significant role in the development identification and control techniques for such nonlinear systems. In this work, Volterra model is considered for modeling nonlinear systems because of its simple structure and significant modeling capability. The simple and computationally efficient LMS based approach is considered for adaptive estimation of model parameters. The challenging problems involved with the stability and convergence rate of traditional least mean square based approach are demonstrated individually. The leaky-LMS and modified leaky-LMS based estimation of Volterra model parameters are employed to address the weight-drifting and slow convergence issues respectively. The effectiveness of above solutions is demonstrated with the help of appropriate simulation example and results. To incorporate the benefits of cooperation network of wireless sensor nodes is considered for deployment across the system under consideration. To model the behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems using wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the development of computation and energy efficient distributed modeling techniques is of crucial importance. In this work, for real-time estimation of the Volterra model parameters, a simple distributed Volterra LMS algorithm is designed using ADMM. The pertinent cost function is expressed as an unconstrained minimization problem using a decomposable augmented Lagrangian form. To facilitate the distributed convex optimization, the augmented Lagrangian form is minimized using alternating direction method of multipliers. The communication and computational complexities involved in the proposed methodology are provided to show its effectiveness in the real-time applications over centralized and non-cooperative solutions. Simulation results obtained under the noisy environment are plotted to demonstrate the effective performance of the distributed algorithm.


Perseverance, above and beyond IQ, predicts academic outcomes in school age children, however, little is known about what factors affect persistence in early childhood. Here, we propose a formal Bayesian model of how children might learn how to calibrate effort from observing adult models and then explore this idea behaviorally across two experiments in children and infants. Results from Experiment 1 show that preschoolers persist more after watching an adult persist, but only if the adult is successful at reaching their goal. Experiment 2 and a pre-registered replication extend these findings, showing that even infants use adult models to modulate their persistence, and can generalize this inference to novel situations. These results suggest that both preschoolers and infants are sensitive to adult persistence and use it to calibrate their own effort in far-reaching ways.


This article describes onomasiological explorations of Old Frisian and Old English lexis in the semantic field of kinship through a novel, digital approach. In connecting Old Frisian lexis, drawn from the Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch ( AFWB ), to the overarching structure of A Thesaurus of Old English ( TOE ), a dataset has been created that shares a semantic framework with the one existing for Old English lexis. The connected resources are shared and analysed using the web application Evoke. Statistical data provided by this tool, such as the degree of lexicalization for this field, facilitates comparative analyses of the two historical languages. As this article demonstrates, the reuse of the onomasiological macrostructure of TOE offers new insights into linguistic and cultural aspects of these two languages and their language communities.


An in situ hybridization (ISH) study was performed on 2000 murine genes representing around 10% of the protein-coding genes present in the mouse genome using data generated by the EURExpress consortium. This study was carried out in 25 tissues of late gestation embryos (E14.5), with a special emphasis on the developing ear and on five distinct developing sensory organs, including the cochlea, the vestibular receptors, the sensory retina, the olfactory organ, and the vibrissae follicles. The results obtained from an analysis of more than 11,000 micrographs have been integrated in a newly developed knowledgebase, called ImAnno. In addition to managing the multilevel micrograph annotations performed by human experts, ImAnno provides public access to various integrated databases and tools. Thus, it facilitates the analysis of complex ISH gene expression patterns, as well as functional annotation and interaction of gene sets. It also provides direct links to human pathways and diseases. Hierarchical clustering of expression patterns in the 25 tissues revealed three main branches corresponding to tissues with common functions and/or embryonic origins. To illustrate the integrative power of ImAnno, we explored the expression, function and disease traits of the sensory epithelia of the five presumptive sensory organs. The study identified 623 genes (out of 2000) concomitantly expressed in the five embryonic epithelia, among which many (∼12%) were involved in human disorders. Finally, various multilevel interaction networks were characterized, highlighting differential functional enrichments of directly or indirectly interacting genes. These analyses exemplify an under-represention of "sensory" functions in the sensory gene set suggests that E14.5 is a pivotal stage between the developmental stage and the functional phase that will be fully reached only after birth.


The paper presents a performance evaluation of Scale-net, a relatively newer logical topology that was introduced by the authors in their earlier work [1]. The proposed irregular topology is based on de Bruijn graph, a regular, non-scalable one with simple routing strategy. The Scale-net could consist of any arbitrary number of nodes. In spite of being a irregular topology, it follows a simple, yet efficient routing logic. Also, perturbation is relatively low in Scale-net when the network grows in size. The simulation results confirm the theoretical prediction of a small diameter and low average hopping distance.


The study focused on the influence of peer group counselling and school influence on the self-concept of adolescents' in Nigerian secondary schools. Sixty-eight Senior Secondary School II students from three schools--a boys' school, a girls' school and a co-educational school in Benin City, participated in the study. A pre-test, post-test control group experimental design was employed for the study. A 40-item self-concept scale adapted from Akinboye (1977) APDI, was validated and used to measure the self-concept of the participants. The internal reliability for the scale is reported to be .70 (Cronbach's alpha), and the test-retest reliability was .87. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Results of the statistical analysis of data indicated that peer group counselling had a significant positive effect on the self-concept of the participants (t-value of 6.58 is greater than the critical t-value of 1.96, df, 66). Similarly, school type was found to have a significant effect on the self-concept of adolescents--girls in the single-sex school had significantly higher self-concept than girls in the co-educational school. (F-value of 5.024 with df (3, 52). A significant interactive effect on self-concept was found between the treatment and school type. This interaction was ordinal and did not qualify the main effects. Implications for counselling are discussed. ********** This study examined the effect of peer-group counselling on adolescent development of self-concept. Peer group counselling is a powerful intervention strategy with adolescent, since it is the power of the peer group that influences young people the most (Catty, Rosenbaum, Lafreniere, and Sutton, 2000). While there is the overall evidence for the efficacy of peer group counselling, as a positive force, in influencing the self-concept of adolescent development in literature. It is an area of research that needs attention and study among Nigerian adolescents because there are almost no intervention studies in the literature. The school counsellor is central to all the participants involved in the education of the student. He/she has to meet the one-to-one needs of not only the 'students in need' but also of all the students. The role of the school counsellor is one that is growing with the times. As the society faces increasing challenges--financial, cultural and social, so do students, teachers and administrators. However, in spite of the services being rendered by the counsellors, maladaptive behaviours like lying, bullying, aggression, cultism and examination malpractice, among others, have remained prevalent in our secondary schools. Many of these actions are expressions of low self-concept (Bracken, 1996). One of the most promising interventions for school counsellors interested in making an impact on students' achievement and behaviour is group counselling (Brigman and Campbell, 2003). During adolescence, peer influence plays a significant role in the young person's life and typically replaces his/her social and leisure activities. Peer group counselling is a relationship among three or more persons of relatively same age and status in which all mutually seek positive outcomes in one another. One person acts as the facilitator/group leader. The use of peers as counsellors has been found to be effective. Lane (1997) reported positive effects of peer counselling on participants' knowledge, perceived self-efficacy and behaviour. Jeffrey and Reynolds (1994), Tobias and Myrick (1999), Carty, Rosenbaum, Lafreniere and Sutton (2000), Egbochuku and Obiunu (2005), among others, have reported better communication skills, increased confidence, academic achievement and positive changes in problem-behaviour students as some of the benefits of peer group counselling. Even with the learning-disabled, group counselling in collaboration with non-disabled peers made a positive impact on the students' self-concept (Elbaum and Vaughan, 1999) Many of the successes and failures that people experience in many areas of life are closely related to the ways that they have learned to view themselves and their relationships with others. …


A unified and continuous national vertical network is the back-bone for geodesy, cartography, civil engineering and global positioning. International institutions are working to reach homogenous and unified vertical datum all around the globe. Levelling evaluation on the border between Latvia and Lithuania is of particular interest. Connection between vertical networks is made in three places, so connecting lines construct the two first order levelling loops. A joined loop adjustment produces a good basis for analysis and evaluation of height connection between Latvia and Lithuania not only as neighbouring countries but also as parties to the EVRS.


While recent research has referred to a cognitive view on 'business modeling', it remains unclear in specifying the cognitive foundations of how such modeling happens. This paper proposes building on heuristics as models of individual cognition, which have proved effective foundations of adaptive individual and managerial behaviors. By also drawing on gestalt theory to specify principles of modeling as rule-based form giving, we propose business modeling as a managerial cognitive process of configuring heuristics. The paper makes three contributions. First, we introduce heuristics to the business modeling literature, and so provide an established theory of adaptive individual behavior that strengthens the cognitive foundations of business modeling. Second, we conceptualize and theorize on the cognitive activity of business modeling as an iterative process of configuring heuristics by applying gestalt principles. Although the literature on business models has referred to the theories of configurations and gestalt, it has been left to this work to make the theoretical linkages between heuristics, gestalt theory and business modeling explicit. Third, our work contributes to the micro-foundations of the cognitive processes underlying business modeling and thus to broader accounts of adaptive managerial behaviors.


Objective. This systematic review with meta-analyses sought to answer the following question: "Does CPP-ACP [casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate], when introduced into the oral environment, provide any caries-preventive benefit superior to that of any other intervention or placebo?" Material and methods. Seven electronic databases were searched for trials relevant to the review question. Twelve articles were accepted after application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results. Of the accepted articles, five in situ randomized control trials (RCT) could be pooled for meta-analyses. During the short-term (7–21 days) in situ trials, participants wore appliances containing enamel slabs that were analyzed in the laboratory after exposure to CPP-ACP. The pooled in situ results showed a weighted mean difference (WMD) of the percentage remineralization scores in favor of chewing gum with 18.8 mg CPP-ACP as compared to chewing gum without CPP-ACP (WMD −8.01; 95% CI: −10.54 to −5.48; p = 0.00001), as well as compared to no intervention (WMD −13.56; 95% CI: −16.49 to −10.62; p = 0.00001). A significant higher remineralization effect was also observed after exposure to 10.0 mg CPP-ACP (−7.75; 95% CI: −9.84 to −5.66; p = 0.00001). One long-term in vivo RCT (24 months) with a large sample size (n = 2720) found that the odds of a tooth surface's progressing to caries was 18% less in subjects who chewed sugar-free gum containing 54 mg CPP-ACP than in control subjects who chewed gum without CPP-ACP (p = 0.03). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this systematic review with meta-analysis, the results of the clinical in situ trials indicate a short-term remineralization effect of CPP-ACP. Additionally, the promising in vivo RCT results suggest a caries-preventing effect for long-term clinical CPP-ACP use. Further randomized control trials are needed in order to confirm these initial results in vivo.


The streptococcal transposon Tn919 was transferred from Streptococcus faecalis GF590 to selected Group N Streptococcus strains and to one strain each of Lactobacillus plantarurn and Leuconostoc cremoris, using the filter mating method. An S. lactis MG1363 Rifr Tc r transconjugant also acted as a donor, but was less efficient than GF590. Frequencies of transfer varied between 4.0 x 10 _8 and 5.29 x 10 -5 per recipient. Further analysis of S. lactis MG1363 Sm r Tc r transconjugants showed that insertion of Tn919 into the chromosome was site-specific.


The aim of this work is to explore new methodologies on Semantic Parsing for unrestricted texts. Our approach follows the current trends in Information Extraction (IE) and is based on the application of a verbal sub-categorization lexicon (LEXPIR) by means of complex pattern recognition techniques. LEXPIR is framed on the theoretical model of the verbal sub-categorization developed in the Pirapides project.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) in a large group of stable patients with abdominal gunshot wounds (ABGSWs).

DESIGN
This study was a prospective case series developed by management protocol.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In a 2 1/2-year period, DL was performed in 121 consecutive patients who were hemodynamically stable with ABGSWs and met protocol criteria. This represented 18% of all patients with ABGSWs seen in this period at the Ryder Trauma Center. The evaluation was conducted to determine peritoneal violation, the presence of intra-abdominal blood, and the need for exploration.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
There were 42 (35%) positive and 79 (65%) negative DLs. In patients with positive DL, 39 (92.8%) had exploratory laparotomy. In this group, 32 (82%) had therapeutic laparotomy, 6 (15.4%) had nontherapeutic laparotomy, and 1 (2.5%) had a negative laparotomy. In this patient, DL was felt to be inadequate by the attending surgeon, although no penetration or intraperitoneal blood were present, and a negative laparotomy was done. This represents a failure rate of 0.8%. There were 3 (7.2%) positive DLs, in whom laparotomy was not performed. These patients had isolated nonbleeding liver injuries, and nontherapeutic laparotomy was successfully avoided. The negative DL group was divided into 47 patients (60%) with isolated ABGSWs, and 32 patients (40%) with associated injuries, mostly orthopedic and thoracic. There were no false-negative DLs and no delayed laparotomies in these 121 patients. There was no mortality in this study group. The sensitivity for peritoneal penetration was 100%, and the specificity was 98.7%. The positive predictive value was 97.6%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. In deciding on need for laparotomy (i.e., injury requiring repair), DL had a positive predictive value of 82%; more importantly, the negative predictive value was 100%.

CONCLUSIONS
In stable patients with ABGSWs and questionable intra-abdominal injury, DL can be safely used. It is highly sensitive and specific. It can effectively reduce the incidence of negative and nontherapeutic laparotomies, and the overall morbidity and hospital stay in this group of patients.


A multidisciplinary provenance study, including sandstone framework, heavy mineral analysis, in situ U-Pb dating of detrital zircon, and Hf isotopic ratio analysis of dated zircons, was undertaken on Late Cretaceous−Miocene deep-marine turbiditic and deltaic sandstones of Makran accretionary wedge, SE Iran, to determine their sedimentary provenance and tectonic setting. Sandstone framework modes reveal both magmatic arc rocks as a source of Late Cretaceous−Oligocene detritus and recycling of Miocene sandstones. Heavy mineral assemblages, Cr-spinel, and blue amphibole indicate ophiolite and high-pressure−low-temperature metamorphic rocks (blueschists) as a supplementary provenance. In total, 2931 laser-ablation−inductively coupled plasma−mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) U-Pb detrital zircon ages on 21 sandstone samples yielded three major age peaks at ca. 167 Ma, 88.7 Ma, and 48.9 Ma. Also, 241 in situ Hf isotope analyses of dated zircons provide evidence for dominantly igneous source rocks. Two main detrital zircon ages are identified: (1) abundant Middle Jurassic grains with Hf isotopic compositions of continental crust, suggesting a rifting-related magmatic provenance; and (2) Late Cretaceous−Eocene grains with Hf isotopic compositions of continental crust and nondepleted mantle, suggesting a continental magmatic arc provenance. This change in provenance is attributed to the Late Cretaceous convergence between Arabia and Eurasia.


Arthrobacter sp. SUK 1205 isolated from metalliferous chromite mine environment of Orissa, India showed wide degree of tolerance to heavy metals including Cr(VI), variety of antibiotics and was also capable of reducing Cr(VI) during growth. Freshly grown whole cells of this bacterium were evaluated for chromate reduction under batch culture using Vogel Bonner (V. B.) broth as the base. Cells of SUK 1205 were capable of completely reducing 100 μM Cr(VI) in V. B. broth within 48 h of incubation. Reduction of chromate increased with increase in cell density which attained maximum at 1010 cells/ml, however, reverse was the phenomenon when the concentration of Cr(VI) increased gradually. Glycerol, glycine and glucose promoted chromate reduction efficiency of the cells when used as electron donors. Optimum pH and temperature were found to be 7.0 and 35°C respectively. The process of reduction was inhibited by Ni(II), Mn(II), Zn(II) and Co(II), but Cu(II) and Fe(III) was promotive in nature. On the other hand, 2, 4-dinitrophenol was found to be neither promotive nor inhibitory for the reduction process, but carbonyl cyanide-m-chloro phenyl hydrazone, sodium azide, sodium fluoride and N,N,-dicyclohexyl carboiimide were inhibitory. Cells of SUK 1205 when permeabilized with toluene, triton X-100 and tween 80 showed an enhancement of the process and thereby indicated that reduction of Cr(VI) was mainly associated with soluble component of the cells. Arthrobacter sp. SUK 1205, therefore, showed great promise for use in Cr(VI) detoxification under a wide range of environmental conditions.


The Madurai block is the largest composite crustal block in the Southern Granulite terrane of India, where granulite-facies rocks metamorphosed at ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) conditions occur in several localities. Here, we investigated UHT rocks from Rajapalayam, in the southern domain of the Southern Granulite terrane, using integrated thermobarometry and in situ monazite geochronology to precisely constrain the nature and timing of this extreme metamorphism and its implications for regional tectonics. Conventional thermobarometry and petrological phase equilibrium modeling reveal prograde pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions at 0.75–1.2 GPa and <900 °C, followed by peak/postpeak UHT metamorphism at 0.72–0.82 GPa and 1025–1050 °C, and retrograde reequilibration at 0.72–0.80 GPa and 875–895 °C. The granulites thus record a clockwise P-T path defining geothermal gradients of 1200–1500 °C/GPa at peak metamorphism, indicating the presence of an extreme thermal perturbation in the middle to lower continental crust. In situ monazite dating indicates prograde metamorphism at 607–585 Ma, peak metamorphism at 546–543 Ma, and retrograde cooling and exhumation at 539–483 Ma. As such, the entire tectonothermal cycle was complete within ∼120 m.y., although temperatures exceeding 900 °C were likely sustained for at least 30 m.y. Such extreme thermal events preserved in geological terranes worldwide are commonly associated with lithospheric extension, although our data show that prolonged heating can occur during continental convergence instead, supporting inferences made by thermomechanical models. Thus, supercontinent formation may act as a driver for spatially distributed UHT tectonometamorphism, as shown by the episodic records in geological history. The age of peak metamorphism constrained here was synchronous with UHT metamorphism in other localities in the Southern Granulite terrane, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Antarctica, indicating their correlation with the final amalgamation of eastern Gondwana at ca. 550 Ma.


Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) has been introduced into the construction industry to enhance production efficiency. DfMA is a design approach and evaluation system for improving manufacturability and assemblability. This paper outlines the past and ongoing Artificial Intelligence (AI) development in manufacturing-oriented DfMA, and provides a literature review of the concept and the use of DfMA in the construction. The applications, challenges and barriers of design optimization through DfMA and BIM-enabled DfMA are summarized. This desk study shows that studies related to construction-oriented DfMA are still in infancy. At present, articles about DfMA are focused on optimizing design and engineering for manufacturability and assemblability, but rarely describe its digital enablement. This study makes up for the lack of literature review in the evaluation of DfMA with concluding a preliminary application framework, and proposes a future-oriented study and new direction for BIM-enabled DfMA.


Abstract Computational stratigraphy provides a method to model depositional and stratigraphic processes on a grain size scale while honoring physics-based flow dynamics. Using rock-physics equations and assumptions, these computational stratigraphy models can be converted to rock properties such as velocity and density. The rock-physics properties are in turn used to generate synthetic seismic data, which allow studying the seismic expression of stratigraphic features on different scales. These models and their application to existing hydrocarbon reservoirs can provide new insight into connectivity and other characteristics of subsurface reservoirs that are not provided by traditional reservoir-modeling approaches.


Triatoma brasiliensis is considered one of the most important Chagas disease vectors being a widespread species in semiarid areas of northeastern Brazil. The species displays distinct chromatic patterns
of the cuticle in different localities. Four populations were analyzed in this study: 1-Caico, Rio Grande
do Norte, it will be called the brasiliensis population; 2-Espinosa, Minas Gerais, the melanica population; 3-Petrolina, Pernambuco, the macromelasoma population, and 4-Juazeiro, Bahia, the darker one
in overall cuticle coloration, the Juazeiro population. In order to differentiate the four populations of T.
brasiliensis, a comparative morphological analysis of external genital structures and of eggs were carried out. The analysis of the male genital structures evidenced minor individual structural variations
that did not correlate with chromatic differences or the geographical origins, emphasizing the importance of examining sufficiently large and representative samples before using minor genital variations
for taxonomic diagnosis. By scanning electron microscopy of the egg exochorion, each chromatic population presented a distinct ornamentation pattern. The melanica population differed mainly from the
other populations studied since it had about 40.6%, 69.6% and 76.6% more perforations, on each cell
exochorion, than the brasiliensis, the Juazeiro and the macromelasoma populations respectively. In the
melanica population the perforation layout is also peculiar, with densely distributed perforations over
all the egg surface. Morphometric measures of the eggs showed statistically significant differences: the
macromelasoma population presented the longest length (2.43 mm) while the shortest was recorded in
the brasiliensis population (2.29 mm).


PNEUMONIA: ITS NATURE AND TREATMENr. SIR,-It is most profitable to discuss the propositions closely bearing upon the patient's recovery upon which there is least agreement. On many pathological and clinical points opinions do not differ. It is agreed, for instance, that the duration of the acute attack is timed to the hour by that of the consolidation, and recovery by its rapid disappearance. The suddenness of the latter resembles that of the invasion, in which we all recognize a uniform central vaso-motor event, together with a mysteriously variable pulmonary localization of the vasoparalysis. But it takes at least two days for the stasis to become absolute and for the tissue to solidify completely, whilst a few hours sometimes suffice for the resolution. That interval of "fluid pneumonia" is the chief field of divergence in theory, in experimental observations, and also unfortunately in our practice the two opposites of which cannot be both equally for the good of the patient. In diphtheria Nature's cure is likewise by exudation, but we have never regarded this as a good cure. Is consolidation a sufficiently good cure in pneumonia? No answer, no discussion, and no clinical investigation are hitherto forthcoming. Yet, so long as patients die of their consolidation, that first of questions, upon which our treatment should pivot, cannot be ignored as unimportant. If it is shirked for want of evidence, should we not be trying to get at the facts instead of prejudging them ? The following propositions are worth debating, and perhaps worth adopting, if they can be substantiated: (1) Normally, the deaths which occur from pneumonia occur during consolidation, and largely owing to its effects; that risk should be obviated, if possible, by every means in our power. (2) The abortion of a pneumonia at the fluid stage, or at the early solid stage, is not an added danger but a boon. If this should be doubted, let us obtain more conclusive clinical evidence. (3) The day of the toxic invasion is the time, not for useless examinations, but for the active treatment (a) of the shock to the nervous system, (b) of the vasomotor paralysis threatening the lung, and (e) of the blood and of the vascular endotllelium, as a safeguard against the onset of consolidation. (4) The time is short, but the opportunity is the best tlhe patient will ever have. Not an hour of it should be wasted for the cure. That day almost everything is still in working order; the vasomotor system is responsive in thle average cases, and the lung still pervious to blood and to air. Even later, in the early stage of consolidation, the same measures, free from all risk or exertion for the patient, as described in 1905 in a paper on the "Principles of treatment of pneumonia,"1 may still be used with striking effect. (5) There was no drug to cut short malaria prior to quinine; salvarsan is a recent discovery,; fibrolysin also a novelty; why might not a drug yet be discovered to cut slhort pneumonia? Meanwhile we should not neglect to use the lymphatic remedy par excellence, the most potent of our agents for the absorption of massive deposits such as aumma; not in heroic, but in small innocuous hourly doses during the first day; not on theoretical grounds, but because, in its harmless combination with ammonium citrate, with hot lemonade, and with whey instead of milk, it has been found of the greatest value to the patients. These good resuLlts I have ascribed partly to the vasomotor measures of the first day, but also largely to these frequently repeated doses of potassium iodide. That conclusion is supported by Dr. Mathison's publishecl experience.2 He may have a special first day technique but he attributes his good results to his prescription; and the only drug it contains in common with my own is potassium iodide. The creosote which he couples with it I have not used in pneumonia, but I have never wished for better results than those I obtained without it. Further confirmation is contributed from India in the issue of the JOURNAL of January 17th, p. 176. Dr. S. K. Chaudhuri writes from Laksa, Benares, that "he can fully corroborate


Ocean acidification (OA) reduces the concentration of seawater carbonate ions that stony corals need to produce their calcium carbonate skeletons and is considered a significant threat to the functional integrity of coral reef ecosystems. However, detection and attribution of OA impact on corals in nature are confounded by concurrent environmental changes, including ocean warming. Here we use a numerical model to isolate the effects of OA and temperature and show that OA alone has caused 13 ± 3% decline in the skeletal density of massive Porites corals on the Great Barrier Reef since 1950. This OA‐induced thinning of coral skeletons, also evident in Porites from the South China Sea but not in the central Pacific, reflects enhanced acidification of reef water relative to the surrounding open ocean. Our finding reinforces concerns that even corals that might survive multiple heatwaves are structurally weakened and increasingly vulnerable to the compounding effects of climate change


Following the disastrous earthquakes in Izmit and Duzce along the North Anatolian fault in 1999, the earthquake hazard in the Istanbul area became a great concern. In this study we simulate strong ground motions caused by a scenario earthquake (M 7.5) in the Marmara Sea, and investigate the effect of varying the input parameters on the broadband frequency ground motion. Simulations are based on a multiasperity source model that involves the combined rupture of the North Anatolian fault segments beneath the Marmara Sea. We use a hybrid model combin- ing a deterministic simulation of the low frequencies (0.1-1.0 Hz) with a semisto- chastic simulation of the high frequencies (1.0-10.0 Hz). Computation at each fre- quency range is performed separately and the total ground motion is combined in the time domain. Computations are linear and are performed at bedrock level, thereby not taking any effect of local geological conditions into account. We calculate a total of 17 earthquake scenarios corresponding to different source and attenuation param- eters to study their effect on the ground motion. The most significant parameters in terms of ground-shaking level are the rise time, rupture velocity, rupture initiation point, and stress drop. The largest variability of strong ground motions is observed in regions adjacent to asperities and is associated with frequencies higher than 5 Hz. For lower frequencies our simulated velocity spectra within the Istanbul area are fairly stable among scenarios. The average standard deviations of all ground-motion measures are less than 35% of the mean. Online material: Figures of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity and their differences to the reference scenario values.


In this paper, families of rate-compatible protograph-based LDPC codes that are suitable for incrementalredundancy hybrid ARQ applications are constructed. A systematic technique to construct low-rate base codes from a higher rate code is presented. The base codes are designed to be robust against erasures while having a good performance on error channels. A progressive node puncturing algorithm is devised to construct a family of higher rate codes from the base code. The performance of this puncturing algorithm is compared to other puncturing schemes. Using the techniques in this paper, one can construct a rate-compatible family of codes with rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 that are within 1 dB from the channel capacity and have good error floors.


Aim: To synthesise random copolyesters containing chalcone moiety in the main chain, their characterization and biological activity. Material and Methods: A series of eight random copolyesters were synthesized by the polycondensation of a chalcone diol with two aromatic diacid chlorides and four aliphatic diacid chlorides. The two aromatic diacid chlorides used were terephthaloyl chloride and isophthaloyl chloride. The aliphatic diacid chlorides used were adipoyl chloride, oxalyl chloride, glutaryl chloride, and succinyl chloride. The chalcone diol was synthesized by acid catalyzed Claisen-Schmidt reaction. Results and Discussions: These copolyesters were characterized by qualitative solubility tests and viscosity measurements. The microstructure of the repeating units available in the copolyester main chain was established by Fourier transform infrared, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. DSC was apply to study thermal analysis. The well diffusion method was employed to establish the biological efficacy of these eight copolyesters by involving Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: The presented work reports random copolyester preparation by polycondensation method and viscosity measurements tells about that the prepared compounds are of high molecular weight. others like FTIR, NMR, Solubility measurements and DSC characterize them. Biological properties was also studied.


This paper analyzes the effectiveness of EU development aid to the economies of the former Soviet Union under conditions of imperfect monitoring. Transnational sovereignty partnerships (TSPs) suggest a novel type of aid recipient and an institutional component of the TACIS program. TSPs are composed of distributive planners and developmental entrepreneurs. Distributive planners set the development strategy and developmental entrepreneurs implement it based on EU development aid. I model the delivery of EU development aid to the former Soviet Union as an infinitely repeated Prisoner's Dilemma with private signals. Aid effectiveness occurs when the European Commission signals that it will finance another TSP, without reducing its expected profit from aid implementation.


The apparent splitting of zero-bias conductance peaks, observed in recent experiments concerning Majorana fermions in nanowires coupled to superconductors, can be interpreted as a manifestation of a transition in the structure from (massive) Majorana to (massless) Weyl fermions. A modification of the experiments in order to test such phenomenon is proposed by making recourse to the only possible electromagnetic interaction allowed to (massive) Majorana particles and mediated by their anapole moment. In suitably designed heterostructures with toroidal symmetry, the additional anapole interaction manifests itself in the lowering of the critical magnetic field required for the appearance of the zero-bias peak, a shift that can be directly measured and thus reveal the presence of Majorana (rather than Weyl) fermions. Anapole interactions, though not previously considered, may also be a powerful method to control the dynamics of Majorana fermions, and then to manipulate the qubit state in quantum computation.


The collaborative BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) was launched according to the aims of Brain Activity Map (BAM) on April, 2, 2013, with the main goal of mapping the activity of every neuron and cell in the human brain. The Brain Initiative will be led in a synergistic activity by prominent scientific foundations and institutes in U.S.A, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the private sector. The ultimate goal of this initiative is "to accelerate the development and application of innovative technologies to construct a dynamic picture of brain function that integrates neuronal and circuit activity over time and space". Undoubtedly, through the BRAIN Initiative we can understand how the interplay of fluctuating patterns of electrical and chemical activity flowing within neural circuits creates our unique cognitive and behavioral capabilities. This attempt of the initiative is to follow an interdisciplinary approach and the development and creation of novel neurotechnologies and neuroimaging tools. The outcome will be generation of big data and a huge cybernetic platform which might be transformative for better diagnostic and therapeutics for millions worldwide who suffer from brain disorders. The BRAIN Initiative has been linked to the successful Apollo Space and Human Genome Project.


### Learning objectives

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) continues to be the most common cause of death globally according to WHO and is the most common cause of heart failure in the developed world.1–4 Heart failure secondary to IHD has been shown to be independently associated with mortality compared with a non-ischaemic aetiology.5 ,6 The increasing incidence has been attributed to the success of thrombolytic and primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarctions, leading to improved patient survival, however often leading to increased morbidity due to left ventricular (LV) remodelling and chronic myocardial dysfunction. The term ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) has been defined as LV systolic dysfunction with one or more of the following: a history of prior myocardial revascularisation or myocardial infarction, more than 75% stenosis in the left main stem or left anterior descending artery, or two vessels or more with a greater than 75% stenosis.7

There are multiple mechanisms attributed to the development of ICM including mechanical and neurohormonal factors,8 however the pathophysiological concept of myocardial hibernation has been of particular interest for several decades. Rahimtoola in the 1980s was one of the first to propose the term myocardial hibernation following the observation that patients with LV dysfunction recovered function following surgical revascularisation.9 ,10 Hibernating myocardium is a retrospective definition based upon the evidence of functional recovery following revascularisation.11 It is thought to be an adaptive process to repetitive ischaemia secondary to chronically reduced myocardial blood flow and reduced coronary flow reserve, whereby a loss in contractile apparatus results in …


This paper presents a neural system-based technique for segmenting short impaired speech utterances into silent, unvoiced, and voiced sections. Moreover, the proposed technique identifies those points of the (voiced) speech where the spectrum becomes steady. The resulting technique thus aims at detecting that limited section of the speech which contains the information about the potential impairment of the speech. This section is of interest to the speech therapist as it corresponds to the possibly incorrect movements of speech organs (lower lip and tongue with respect to the vocal tract). Two segmentation models to detect and identify the various sections of the disordered (impaired) speech signals have been developed and compared. The first makes use of a combination of four artificial neural networks. The second is based on a support vector machine (SVM). The SVM has been trained by means of an ad hoc nested algorithm whose outer layer is a metaheuristic while the inner layer is a convex optimization algorithm. Several metaheuristics have been tested and compared leading to the conclusion that some variants of the compact differential evolution (CDE) algorithm appears to be well-suited to address this problem. Numerical results show that the SVM model with a radial basis function is capable of effective detection of the portion of speech that is of interest to a therapist. The best performance has been achieved when the system is trained by the nested algorithm whose outer layer is hybrid-population-based/CDE. A population-based approach displays the best performance for the isolation of silence/noise sections, and the detection of unvoiced sections. On the other hand, a compact approach appears to be clearly well-suited to detect the beginning of the steady state of the voiced signal. Both the proposed segmentation models display outperformed two modern segmentation techniques based on Gaussian mixture model and deep learning.


We analyze the altitude distribution of the turbulence outer scale - L0(h) - at Cerro Pachon from Gemini South MCAO (GeMS) loop data. GeMS turbulence profiler is fed with telemetry from their 5 WFSs and from the voltages applied to the deformable mirrors, providing estimations of r0, Cn2(h), wind profile (speed and direction for every layer), isoplanatic angle and the outer scale distribution L0(h). It is shown that this last parameter ranges from less than 1 meter at the ground to more than 50m (the telescope is insensitive to larger cannot detect differences above this value). The technique is based on cross correlations of the pseudo-open-loop slopes that allow to disentangle the multiple constituents of L0.


Donor organ allocation is dependent on ABO matching, restricting the opportunity for some patients to receive a life-saving transplant. The enzymes FpGalNAc deacetylase and FpGalactosaminidase, used in combination, have been described to effectively convert group A (ABO-A) red blood cells (RBCs) to group O (ABO-O). Here, we study the safety and preclinical efficacy of using these enzymes to remove A antigen (A-Ag) from human donor lungs using ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). First, the ability of these enzymes to remove A-Ag in organ perfusate solutions was examined on five human ABO-A1 RBC samples and three human aortae after static incubation. The enzymes removed greater than 99 and 90% A-Ag from RBCs and aortae, respectively, at concentrations as low as 1 μg/ml. Eight ABO-A1 human lungs were then treated by EVLP. Baseline analyses of A-Ag in lungs revealed expression predominantly in the endothelial and epithelial cells. EVLP of lungs with enzyme-containing perfusate removed over 97% of endothelial A-Ag within 4 hours. No treatment-related acute lung toxicity was observed. An ABO-incompatible transplant was then simulated with an ex vivo model of antibody-mediated rejection using ABO-O plasma as the surrogate for the recipient circulation using three donor lungs. The treatment of donor lungs minimized antibody binding, complement deposition, and antibody-mediated injury as compared with control lungs. These results show that depletion of donor lung A-Ag can be achieved with EVLP treatment. This strategy has the potential to expand ABO-incompatible lung transplantation and lead to improvements in fairness of organ allocation. Description Enzymatic removal of blood group A antigens from donor lungs minimizes antibody-mediated injury in a human ex vivo ABO-incompatible transplant model. Improving organ allocation in transplant A major challenge in lung transplantation is the need for ABO blood group matching. To address this challenge, Wang et al. used two enzymes, FpGalNAc deacetylase and FpGalactosaminidase, to convert blood group A lungs to blood group O lungs during ex vivo lung perfusion. The authors demonstrated successful removal of blood group A antigen with no overt changes in lung health. In an ex vivo simulation of transplantation, the authors showed reduced antibody and complement deposition, suggesting that this technique may reduce antibody-mediated injury in vivo. Together, these findings have the potential to improve fairness in lung allocation for transplantation.


In this paper, the initial work on a fuzzy approach for detecting multi-junctions in edgeness images (points where two or more edges meet) is presented. An 11x11 pixel processing window is divided into overlapping sectors, in which the presence and orientation of line segments is determined by forming the intersection of fuzzy sets, each carrying uncertain information about the orientation of a line. The number of line segments gives the type of pixel. Some experiments are shown, illustrating the performance as well as a rough estimate of the resources required for FPGA implementation, for which the method has been developed.


Measurements of the Earth's low latitude thermosphere returned by the ionization gauge on the Streak mission are reported and discussed. The measurements are of the amount of gas rammed into the sensor by its passage through the thermospheric medium. They were obtained in the dusk sector in the altitude range 130–330 km and are shown to be strongly structured by the geomagnetic field. Similarities to the structure of the equatorial ionization anomaly are discussed. The structure is interpreted as being due to rapid (several hundred meters per second) meridional winds having an antisymmetric pattern with respect to the geomagnetic equator. The measurements are interpreted in light of results from other missions and are shown to fit well with ideas based on complementary measurements from the Dynamics Explorer 2 mission discussed as the Equatorial Temperature and Wind Anomaly. Several features of these winds are described and discussed, including their altitude dependence, how they form convection cells that extend to high latitude, and how the wind amplitudes vary with geographic longitude with an apparent wavenumber one variation. The latter characteristic is shown to be consistent with being the signature of tidal variations observed by others. Approximate calculations utilizing published values for the pertinent parameters are used to show that heating from the dissipation due to ion drag within the ionospheric F region is a dominant driver of the inferred winds.


A century ago phrenologists described a "bump" for color located just over the eyebrow. Today's modular approach to the organization of the visual cortex is more sophisticated, yet it still holds that there are brain areas dedicated solely to particular aspects of perception. "Cognition through Color "reviews the current status of investigations of color cognition from the standpoint of modern neuropsychology. It provides clear evidence, based on a large body of empirical study that includes the author's own work on color perception and naming, that color appears to be one of the basic building blocks or modules from which perception is constructed and our memories organized. Davidoff systematically relates this evidence to an explicit model of color cognition from sensation through functional role to naming.The original impetus for "Cognition through Color "came from the investigation of individuals with brain damage. There are, for example, patients who have difficulty in naming colors. More important, despite normal color vision, memory for colors can be "split off" from all aspects of memory for shapes and objects, providing a strong case for the notion of modularity in vision.Davidoff shows that to understand how color is remembered, we must know how objects are recognized. He observes that the perception of what we call color is, in essence, the study of the surface properties of objects, and he develops a model in which the mental representations for color can be linked to the knowledge of objects. Throughout he emphasizes detailed critical analysis of experimental data in light of current theories of both perception and cognition.


OBJECTIVE
To explore the role of perceived realism and role attractiveness in dramatized alcohol portrayals.

METHODS
A total of 158 college students watched 1 of 2 movie versions that portray alcohol drinking either positively or negatively.

RESULTS
Role attractiveness of the drinking character increased favorableness in alcohol-related attitudes and dispositions in Positive Condition, whereas perceived realism acted as a significant mediator in Negative Condition.

CONCLUSION
Health educators and policymakers are alerted to the fact that the entertainment media too often portray glamorous characters as enjoying alcoholic beverages without facing negative consequences, which may particularly affect the viewers who feel attracted to the role characters.