PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE
To (a) examine the factor structure of the original 47-item Caregiver Appraisal Scale (CAS) in caregivers of service members/veterans (SMVs) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and (b) assess whether the CAS yields a similar factor structure in this population compared to caregivers of civilian adults following TBI. Research Method/Design: Participants were 287 caregivers (female = 96.2%; spouse = 87.8%; mean age = 38.6 years) of SMVs who sustained a mild, moderate, severe, or penetrating TBI, recruited from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and via caregiver community outreach. Caregivers completed the CAS, Caregiver Questionnaire, and Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 upon enrollment in the study.

RESULTS
Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed four factors that explained 43.2% of the variance in CAS scores: Perceived Burden, Caregiving Relationship Satisfaction, Caregiving Ideology, and Caregiving Mastery. Thirty-seven of the 47 CAS items loaded significantly onto only one of the four factors (≥ .40). A secondary PCA was performed on these 37 items, resulting in a four-factor solution very similar to that of the 47-item solution, which explained 46.8% of the variance in the 37-item measure. All but one item loaded significantly on a factor corresponding to a conceptually similar construct.

CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS
Military and civilian caregivers have overlapping and differing concerns. The findings support a 37-item four-factor model of caregiving stress appraisal that has the potential for use as an outcome measure for developing caregiver interventions. It may be as useful to administer a reduced 37-item measure of the CAS to caregivers as the original 47-item measure, but further development is required. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).


International health policy advocates that care and service delivery must be patient centred, and that health professionals must listen and value patients' perspectives, and collaborate with them when planning care and treatments.1 Integral to the concept of patient-centred care are the interactions that occur between patients and health professionals. Operating within a model of patient-centred care requires health professionals to elicit patients' perspectives such as identifying their concerns, exploring the impact of illness symptoms on their lives and involving them in care decisions. A shift from a predominantly professional dominated approach to interacting with patients to a more patient-centred approach requires health professionals to consider how they communicate with patients. The quality of interactions between patients and health professionals can influence the effectiveness of information …


Lead and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are common environmental toxicants of concern around the world. Although effects of individual exposures to both agents are well documented, there is a dearth of information on the effects of co-exposure to both agents. In this study, combined exposure to lead and DEHP was investigated for effects on ATPase activities in the liver, brain and kidney tissues of rats. Male albino rats were daily exposed to either 200 ppm lead as lead acetate in their drinking water and/or 100 mg DEHP kg-1 body weight in olive oil by gastric intubation for 30 days. Changes in total body weight, relative organ weights as well as brain, hepatic and renal activities of total, Na+K+ -, Ca2+ - and Mg2+-ATPases were used as biomarkers of toxicity. Hepatomegaly and brain atrophy heralded exposure to both agents. Individual exposure to lead and DEHP resulted in reduction in hepatic Ca2+- and Mg2+- ATPase activities but no significant effect on total ATPase activity, however combined exposure produced significant activation of Ca2+-, Na+K+- and total ATPase while restoring Mg2+ - ATPase towards control. A potentiating effect on lead by DEHP was observed in hepatic Na+K+ - ATPase. Lead stimulated the activities of renal Ca2+- and total ATPases while DEHP on the contrary caused significant reduction in total ATPase activity and no significant effects on Ca2+- ATPase activity. Co-treatment produced antagonistic effects leading to normal renal Ca2+- and total ATPase activities. Brain Na+K+ -, Ca2+ - and total ATPase activities were depressed in co-exposure while Mg2+ - ATPase was up-regulated. Lead potentiated DEHP-induced inhibition of brain total - ATPase while co-treatment produced antagonistic effects on brain Ca2+ - ATPase. The findings of this study highlight organ specific variations in response to combined lead and DEHP exposure in rats.

 Key words: Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, ATPases, DEHP, lead, co-exposure, hepatomegaly.


Industrial sector is the second priority in development of Tanjungpinang city. The mining industry, processing industry, transport and food are thriving . People has the opinion that a small industry is an industry that does not threaten the environment, so that the small-scale industrial waste are sometimes were forgotten due to it is not significant, and not too dangerous, whereas the B3 waste contained in domestic waste can cause disturbance of marine life and the ecosystem this will have potential to destroy the ecosystem. This study aims to explain the impact of B3 and domestic waste pollution to the environment, especially marine waters to marine life, and feedback to the provincial government for the formulation strategy of the management of the Tanjungpinang waters environment. For the analysis, 10 water samples and 15 aquatic biota was taken at different locations. While the quantitative analysis of pollutants carried by observing a population of the elements of hazardous substances from sediment samples, water and biota network. XRF techniques (X-Ray Fluorescence) and AAS (Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy) used for the analysis content of the samples. The pollution index determined by compare metal concentration ratio the polluted areas with the standard metal concentration areas that were not polluted. The results show that the coastal water of tanjungpinang have been contaminated by heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu , Pb, Zn, and Ni) with pollution index 2.91 - 5.96. The pollutant Metals were came from the human activities in the shipbuilding industry usually Pb and Zn which is the main component of the paint. While heavy metals such as arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) probably derived from bauxite mining activity, the high levels of nitrate is a sign of agricultural activities that use fertilizers. Unfortunately the rest of it discharged into the coastal waters of Tanjungpinang city, and there is also pollution of E-coli from human waste. Biota that live in the waters of Tanjungpinang have been contaminated by heavy metals (Hg, Zn, and Ar) by bioaccumulation. The related activity of the pollutant was the bauxite processing industry in the past. Heavy metal pollution is highest in Kijing (Pilsbryoconcha exillis) which includes : Hg, Cr, As, Cu, Zn, Ni, and the dimersal fish that have limited movement. Feedback given is that provincial governments do mangrove reforestation along the coast and estuaries, and create marine conservation areas determination of areas (KKLD) in the strait Dompak water. Key Words : heavy metals, marine life, coastal water of tanjungpinang, mangrove


The seven-transmembrane receptor Smoothened (Smo) activates all Hedgehog (Hh) signaling by translocation into the primary cilia (PC), but how this is regulated is not well understood. Here we show that Pitchfork (Pifo) and the G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein 2 (Gprasp2) are essential components of an Hh induced ciliary targeting complex able to regulate Smo translocation to the PC. Depletion of Pifo or Gprasp2 leads to failure of Smo translocation to the PC and lack of Hh target gene activation. Together, our results identify a novel protein complex that is regulated by Hh signaling and required for Smo ciliary trafficking and Hh pathway activation.


The Stone Fountain is situated in the historical centre of Kutná Hora, a UNESCO listed town, and one of the most important monuments in Bohemia. The fountain was constructed from 1493 to 1495 and was originally built of biodetritic limestone. During extensive reconstruction in the nineteenth century a substantial part of the ornamentation was replaced with fine-grained sandstone of inferior quality, resulting in a range of problems at a later date. During the twentieth century, the fountain underwent several repairs which failed to halt the process of degradation, and conversely had a negative effect on the condition of the monument. The last restoration intervention, undertaken from 2010 to 2011, resulted after a thorough examination of the monument documenting the damage and establishing the principal causes of the damage. The subsequent conservation, proposed on the basis of the aforementioned examination, revolved around the extensive cement repairs and acrylic coatings covering the surface, causing significant deterioration to the stone underneath. Furthermore, the deep salinity of the masonry and vast diversity of materials had to be addressed, alongside questions concerning the presentation of the architectonic work and options for its preventive conservation. This article includes a description of the adopted concept, applied processes, and an assessment of the interventions after a five-year interval.


This paper challenges conclusions of Caughley et al. (1980) that the abundance of red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) in western New South Wales is solely due to lack of dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), and vice versa for neighbouring South Australia. A Dingo Barrier Fence divides the two different ecological systems, which have sheep in New South Wales and cattle in South Australia. This paper re-examines in particular whether there is an environmental gradient across the Fence that was dismissed by Caughley et al. This paper concludes to the contrary, that there is a strong environmental gradient. Our aerial surveys demonstrate significantly that habitats favouring red kangaroos are prevalent in New South Wales today, but are very scarce or absent in South Australian landscapes. Aerial surveys were used in both studies, but designs differed. Caughley et al. flew at right angles across the Fence on paths 28 km apart. Flights would have crossed the south-westerly streamlines rarely. Our flight lanes followed streamlines looking for floodouts, the favourite habitat of red kangaroos. Return lanes went between streamlines sampling other habitats. Counts of red kangaroos seen were made every 1.75 km, with the specific habitat also identified. Three extra factors are invoked in our study. One is that the low annual rainfalls translate into intrinsically low survival rates of pouch-young of red kangaroos, contrary to their abundance in New South Wales today. The other two are related to that current abundance also. There is now evidence for greatly increased run-off of rainfall from catchments onto the open plains in New South Wales. Also present is a very large shallow basin lying between catchments and the Dingo Barrier Fence. Streamlines enter it but none flow past its western rim. The above conclusions were confirmed during subsequent ground surveys over three years. Of eleven species of medium and large vertebrates seen in New South Wales, five were absent in South Australia. Three were kangaroos, and the others were feral pigs and goats. Emus are more abundant in New South Wales also. All of those species would be targets for dingoes, especially as alternate prey to rabbits that generate huge eruptions every decade or so. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were in lower abundance in South Australia with dingoes present, as expected with meso-predator interactions. Feral cats (Felis catus) were in similar numbers on both sides of the Fence for unknown reasons. Competition between rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and sheep for food in New South Wales was shown to significantly reduce rabbit numbers in drought. That rabbits are perennially in lower densities there than in South Australia may be due to the higher densities of foxes than in South Australia. Historically, red kangaroos were rare in the region in the mid-1800s. Their abundance has arisen since European occupation. Thc species was rare on those open plains, and permanent water was scarce. Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease reached the study-area in 1995. Its impact reduced rabbit populations to a rarity that prevails today on both sides of the Dingo Fence. Predation from dingoes, foxes and feral cats may assist continuance of low numbers of rabbits. Pastures, seedling trees and livestock will benefit, as will the kangaroos.


An image tells more than a thousand words". Yet, while text searching on the Internet has become indispensable, with fast and scalable techniques, searching for images has not. The purpose of this paper is to design an infrastructure for an Internet-based Collaborative Image Search System (hereafter also called CISS), using existing Information Retrieval techniques and adjusting them to work play nice with multimedia. For this purpose I will use relevance feedback, distributed indexing and distributed computing using Hadoop and HBase.


Institutional investors play a crucial role in promoting good corporate governance and the efficient allocation of capital. As such, regulators have urged institutional investors to act as responsible stewards by actively engaging with their investee corporations in order to deliver long-term value to their ultimate beneficiaries and to promote the long-term success of corporations. While there is significant literature on US and UK institutional investors, far less has been written about institutional investors in China.
This paper corrects this deficiency by exploring the critical question of whether, and if so, why, institutional investors in listed corporations in China are generally passive. I distinguish three categories of corporations—state-owned enterprises (SOEs), private-owned enterprises (POEs), and strategic investor enterprises. And I distinguish two main types of investors—state-backed institutional investors (SII) and privately-backed institutional investors (PII).
I make three key arguments. First, in SOEs where the state is the controlling shareholder, minority SIIs and minority PIIs are generally passive. This is because minority SIIs are subject to regulatory requirements, face inadequate incentives, and encounter conflicts of interest. As for minority PIIs, they may be subject to influence or pressure from the state, may face state retaliation for their activism, and may rely on an investor protection agency. Second, in a POE where a private investor is in the majority, while some minority SIIs that are set up to advance the state's interest are activist in nature, others are passive. Furthermore, most of the domestic minority PIIs are not active. As for the large foreign minority PIIs, there is inconclusive evidence that they improve monitoring and firm performance. Finally, in a strategic investor enterprise where there are majority strategic PIIs, they may face obstacles when pursuing an activist approach. This is because the management of the company may be controlled or influenced by the state, and minority investors can rely on an investor protection agency to challenge or constrain the actions of the majority strategic PII.
To conclude, it suggests three principal mechanisms to increase engagement by minority SIIs, minority PIIs, and the majority strategic PII. The first is to reduce the influence of the state in SOEs. The second is to increase the incentives for the professional managers of passive minority SIIs to engage. Finally, the conflicts of interest surrounding the investor protection agency should be addressed.


In this paper we prove some rigidity theorems associated to $Q$-curvature analysis on asymptotically Euclidean (AE) manifolds, which are inspired by the analysis of conservation principles within fourth order gravitational theories. A central object in this analysis is a notion of fourth order energy, previously analysed by the authors, which is subject to a positive energy theorem. We show that this energy can be more geometrically rewritten in terms of a fourth order analogue to the Ricci tensor, which we denote by $J_g$. This allows us to prove that Yamabe positive $J$-flat AE manifolds must be isometric to Euclidean space. As a by product, we prove that this $J$-tensor provides a geometric control for the optimal decay rates at infinity. This last result reinforces the analogy of $J$ as a fourth order analogue to the Ricci tensor.


Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of internal fixation in comparison with primary cemented bipolar (PCB) hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fracture.
Methods: A prospective cohort multicentre study compared cemented bipolar (n=60) to osteosynthesis (n=57) in unstable intertrochanteric fracture (AO/OTA classification) in the elderly. Peri-operative mortality, complications and functional outcome were used as main outcome measures.
Results: The two groups were comparable in age, sex, comorbidity, mode of trauma, and classification of fracture. In hemiarthroplasty, 93.3% of patients were able to start partial weight bearing on post-operative day 1, while in the internal fixation group, 75.4% of patients started partial weight bearing after two weeks post-operatively. At the final follow-up, one year after surgery, the mortality rate did not differ between the two groups, but general and mechanical complications were more common in the internal fixation group. The mean Harris Hip Score at final follow-up was better in the hemiarthroplasty group (91.14 vs 74.33).
Conclusion: Primary cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty was superior to internal fixation in terms of lower complication rates and better functional outcome.
Level of evidence: Level 4


The main aim of the present study was to analyze implicit consumers' responses to sustainability issues in a luxury fashion context, during the customer exploration of the store (in-store condition) of a well-known British fashion brand. Cortical EEG activity was assessed in 16 fashion-luxury consumers with a different sustainability orientation, in order to obtain insight on implicit dynamic towards eco-luxury products. Functional meaning of difference frequency EEG bands was analyzed to gain an insight on cognitive and emotional neurophysiological responses. Results highlighted an increase of theta band in right temporo-parietal brain regions suggesting an emotional negative impact elicited by sustainability pictures. Specifically, this effect was higher in the group of non-sustainability-oriented people, perhaps depending on the novelty of the stimuli either a lower sensitivity to social and environmental impact of fashion luxury industry. This study provides initial evidence about cortical oscillations and implicit emotional responses in luxury consumers during stimulation with sustainable images.


The soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a biomarker of mortality risk in various patient populations. However, little is known about the implications of lifestyle for suPAR levels in the general population. Lifestyle, demographic, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor data were collected from 5,538 participants in the Danish population-based Inter99 study. Their suPAR levels were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the final adjusted model, smoking and morbid obesity were strongly associated with higher suPAR levels (P < 0.001). An unhealthy diet and alcohol abstinence in men were also associated with higher suPAR levels. Physical activity in leisure time had a modest impact on suPAR levels in univariate analysis, but not in the final adjusted model. In conclusion, smoking and morbid obesity were strongly associated with higher serum suPAR levels in this general population. Diet and alcohol consumption also seemed to impact suPAR levels. Lifestyle changes are likely to affect suPAR since ex-smokers had suPAR levels comparable to those of never-smokers.


Summary
A modified passive cutaneous anaphylactic test requiring intracutaneous sensitization and intracutaneous antigen challenge in the same site was evaluated. Challenges with concentrations of Trichinella antigen in excess of 12 µg caused nonspecific reactions. The location of the sensitized site on the guinea pig's back did not significantly influence lesion size. The size of the lesion varied directly with the antibody concentration used for sensitization and the amount of challenge antigen. The test procedure detected antibody in Trichinella-infected rabbits by the 3rd week of infection.


Independence of judiciary is a vital principle of the rule of law. Judiciary has been given a supreme and vast power in Islam. This article attempted to explain the basic concepts of Independence of the Judiciary, relations with Executive and Legislature in the light of the judicial system introduced by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his pious caliphs. There are no clear and specific instructions in Quran regarding the relations between the state organs in Islam but the conventions of the Prophet (PBUH) provide us with some guiding principles. It shows that the Head of the State is the supreme power in the state. As such he is the Chief executive and the head of the legislature as well as of the judiciary. However, the three departments operate independently and separately from each other under the supervision of the head of the state. He does not interfere in the people's internal affairs but the final appeal or reference to any matter goes to him. Shafi'i, Mālkīi and Hunbalī jurists are of the opinion that the appointing authority or caliph has no power to dismiss a Qadhi without any sound reasons. The most conspicuous characteristic of the judiciary set up by the Prophet (PBUH) was its impartiality. The social, political and religious status of any individual never influenced the administration of justice at Madinah. The concept of the independence of the judiciary in Islam has been elaborated by discussing the significance, Islamic ruling and the basic guiding rules for the independence of Judiciary.


Optical limiting and thermo-optic properties of C60 in toluene are studied using 532 nm, 9 ns pulses from a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. Optical limiting studies in these fullerene molecules lead to the conclusion that reverse saturable absorption is the major mechanism for limiting properties in these molecules. Thermal lensing measurements are also performed in fullerene solutions. The quadratic dependence of thermal lens signal on incident energy confirms that enhanced optical absorption by the sample via excited triplet state absorption may play a leading role in the limiting property.


Hedonic pricing methods typically employ a distance-to-site variable to measure variation in exposure to environmental disamenities. Some environmental disamenities, like hazardous waste sites, may be spatially correlated with another prominent feature of the urban plain - zones of industrial activity. In these cases, failure to account for industrial activity is hypothesized to bias coefficient estimates of the distance-to-site measure. The data set includes a distance-to-site measure as well as a distance-to-industrial measure. These measures allow for empirical estimations of the hedonic price function that distinguish the property value effect associated with exposure to hazard from the property value effect associated with industrial activity. The results suggest that failure to account for industrial activity will overstate the effect of hazardous waste sites on property values and inflate benefit estimates associated with hazardous waste clean-up.


The special electric characteristic of nanomaterials is one of their spectacular features. To fully explore the electric excellence of nanomaterials, it is mandatory that we assemble and connect the nanomaterials into a closed circuit and test its electric property preliminarily. Here, we design, fabricate and characterize an economic microfluidic device for a simple way to manipulate and align silver nanowires onto electrode arrays, and thus test its electric characteristics easily. This approach provides a feasible way to characterize nanomaterials in large scale and also an efficient method for mass integration of nanodevices.


In this essay, the author deals with the decision-making practices of frontline administrative officials. In particular, he examines how administrative circulars become the primary source of these officials' decision-making norms, even when their content may be in contrast with hierarchically superior sources of law. The disposition of frontline officials to resort primarily to internal orders of hierarchically superior officials is explained as a consequence of the joint influence of several organizational principles upon their mental faculties. After introducing the problem and its relevance for legal theory, the author first defends the methodological approach to which he subscribes. Thereafter, he presents the central categories and organizational principles framing the institutional operations of public administrations. Finally, he provides a psychologically-informed explanation of the influence exerted by these principles upon the mental faculties of frontline officials which underpin the latter's preference for the use of administrative circulars as primary sources of decision-making norms.


[1] In the productive central-Oregon coastal upwelling environment, wind-driven upwelling, tides, and topographic effects vary across the shelf, setting the stage for varied biogeochemical responses to physical drivers. Current, temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements from three moorings deployed during the upwelling seasons of 2009–2011 off the central-Oregon coast are analyzed over three time bands (interannual, subtidal, tidal) to explore the relationship between mid (70 m) and inner-shelf (15 m) upwelling dynamics and the associated effect on DO. Topographic effects are observed in each time band due to the Heceta and Stonewall Bank complex. Seasonal cumulative hypoxia (DO < 1.4 mL L−1) calculations identify two regions, a well-ventilated inner shelf and a midshelf vulnerable to hypoxia (98 ± 15 days annually). On tidal timescales, along-shelf diurnal (K1) velocities are intensified over the Bank, 0.08 m s−1 compared with 0.03 m s−1 to the north. Interannual variability in the timing of spring and fall transitions, defined using glider-measured continental slope source water temperature, is observed on the midshelf. Interannual source water DO concentrations vary on the order of 0.1 mL L−1. Each spring and summer, DO decline rates are modulated by physical and biological processes. The net observed decrease is about 30% of the expected draw down due to water-column respiration. Physical processes initiate low-oxygen conditions on the shelf through coastal upwelling and subsequently prevent the system via advection and mixing from reaching the potential anoxic levels anticipated from respiration rates alone.


The purpose of this case study was to quantify the changes in basic haematological indices and swimming performance after intermittent normobaric hypoxia exposure (IHE) in two Olympian swimmers. Two female swimmers, middle-distance (MD) age 18 years, and long-distance (LD) age 22 years, completed a 15-day continuous regimen of 60-min a day IHE. Following routine pool training in the morning, swimmers were exposed to hypoxia for 6 min by having them breathe through a simulated device that restricted delivery of O2 to the body. This was followed by 4 min of normoxia breathing room air. Hypoxic conditions were replicated in a graded declination in percentage of O2 saturation as recommended by manufacturer: 90% (for the first 2 days), 85% (second 2 days), 80% (third 2 days) and 75% (last 9 days). Before and after the IHE, blood samples were collected for the analysis of red cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) while a 16×100-m incremental swimming test (with the final 100 m in all-out effort) was conducted to track performance changes. There were no significant changes in RBC, Hb or Hct of either swimmer after IHE. Heart rate during the graded swim test was the same before and after IHE. Rating of perceived exertion during each stage was lowered in MD but unaltered in LD. Performance time of 100 m all-out effort showed 4.8% and 1.6% declines in MD and LD, respectively. IHE does not seem to bring about positive changes in haematological response and swimming performance of highly competitive female swimmers. This might be because the hypoxic dose of IHE in the present study did not reach the threshold stimulus for haematological and performance benefits.


Context: Lipids are the main cell membrane components important for different biological functions including cell growth and division of normal and malignant tissues. Low lipid values in cancer, precancer lesion, and condition may be due to of lipid peroxidation and also lipids play a key role in the higher utilization of lipids including total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) for new membrane biogenesis. Aims: The present study was aimed to assess the independency and comparison of serum lipid profile and blood glucose level in patients with oral carcinoma and precancerous lesions and conditions. Settings and Design: The total sample sizes of 180 individuals were chosen in a 2-year duration: 60 were diagnosed with leukoplakia/oral submucous fibrosis, 60 with oral carcinoma, and 60 of the control group. Subjects and Methods: The serum triglycerides (TGs) were estimated by GPO-PAP End Point Assay method, total cholesterol (TC) by CHOD-PAP, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by PEG-CHOD-PAP End Point Assay method with lipid clearing factors. The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL (VLDL) levels were calculated using Friedewald's equation. Statistical Analysis Used: Collected data were statistically calculated by Student's t-test and by Chi-square test with SPSS version 17. All values were considered statistically significant for a value of P < 0.05. Results: This study showed that parameters TC, TG, and HDL of lipid profile were reduced in the oral precancerous study group as compared to the oral carcinoma study group, whereas in all the study groups, no statistically changes were found in LDL, VLDL, fasting blood sugar, and postprandial blood sugar levels. Conclusions: Low serum value of TC, TG, and HDL may be the indicator for the increased risk of developing precancer diseases and oral cancer in healthy individuals with tobacco habits. Low lipid profile parameters can be used as diagnostic markers in assessment of oral cancer and precancer along with other parameters of biochemical markers.


Progress in the first-principles calculation of electron excitation energies in solids is discussed. Quasiparticle energies are computed by expanding the electron self energy to first order in the screened Coulomb interaction in the so-called GW approximation. The method has been applied to explain and predict the spectroscopic properties of a variety of systems. Several illustrative applications to semiconductors, materials under pressure, chemisorption, and point defects in solids are presented. A recent reformulation of the method employing mixed-space functions and imaginary time techniques is also discussed.


This paper has focused on the difficulties of extrapolating toxicological or pharmacological data obtained from animals to those expected in man. For some drugs, under certain conditions, there may be no problem, but for many, this is clearly not the case. Differences in apparent activity are impossible to reconcile without "normalizing" the dose for differences in pharmacokinetics and metabolism. The increasing use of artificial intelligence and expert systems in drug investigations may provide a greater insight into why these differences may occur and allow prediction but, in the end, they must be tested in the experiments undertaken. The use of kinetic dynamic relationships in different species will certainly help in this regard and, wherever possible, should be included in experimental design to build up a database of experience since such information is sadly lacking. But we must interpret with caution the data produced by those that continue to extrapolate animal data to humans without some attempt to discuss in detail the validity of their assumptions.


Previous clinical studies have shown that nutrients and probiotic agents can alter the composition of the vaginal flora. The present in vitro study has shown that uropathogens have a growth advantage over lactobacilli, but potentially there are natural substances that could be applied vaginally to stimulate lactobacilli growth to the detriment of the pathogens. When chemically defined medium representative of vaginal fluid at pH 5.5 was supplemented with skim milk, it acted as a better substrate for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 than for uropathogenic bacteria and Candida albicans. Lactobacillus MRS medium, even at pH 4.5, supports the growth of pathogens, but when supplemented with ascorbic acid or EDTA, Lactobacillus growth was significantly higher. When L. rhamnosus GR-1 was coincubated in a combined nutrient composition of vitamins and lactose, it survived better than Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. These in vitro results provide a basis for testing nutritional supplements to alter the urogenital flora in an attempt to enhance restoration and maintenance of a normal disease-free state.


The species-specific organizational property of speech is a continual mouth open-close alternation, the two phases of which are subject to continual articulatory modulation. The cycle constitutes the syllable, and the open and closed phases are segments - vowels and consonants, respectively. The fact that segmental content elements are separately controlled in the speech production process. The frames may derive from cycles of mandibular oscillation present in humans from babbling onset, which are responsible for the open-close alternation. These communication-related frames perhaps first evolved when the ingestion-related cyclicities of mandibular oscillation (associated with mastication (chewing) sucking and licking) took on communicative significance as lipmacks, tonguesmacks, an teeth chatters - displays that are prominent in many nonhuman primates. The new role of Broca's area and its surround in human vocal communication may have derived from its evolutionary history as the main cortical center for the control of ingestive processes. The frame and content components of speech may have subsequently evolved separate realizations within two general purpose primate motor control systems : (1) a motivation-related medial intrinsic system, including anterior cingulate cortex and the supplementary motor area, for self-generated behavior, formerly responsible for ancestral vocalization control and now also responsible for frames, and (2) a lateral extrinsic system, including Broca's area and surround, and Wernicke's area, specialized for response to external input (and therefore the emergent vocal learning capacity) and more responsible for content.


This paper aims to show the complex relations between three components: language, translation and comparative stylistics in a context of teaching foreign languages. These different subjects should not be confused; they should rather be designed and organized according to their individual aims as well as their collective objectives, so that we may keep pace with the progress made in these fields.


Using the general form of the baryon currents, we calculate the meson-baryon coupling constants and the $F/D$ ratio within the framework of light cone QCD sum rules in the SU(3) flavor symmetry limit. The dependence of the results on the Dirac structure and on the free parameter b appearing in the general baryon current is considered. The comparison of our results on the $F/D$ ratio with the existing results is presented.


Halal refers to methods of producing goods & services in the manner allowed by Shariah or Islamic law, which invest besides food preparation and food products but also encompasses the production of pharmaceutical, Cosmetics, Garments & fashion, Tourism Practices and also services like tourism, finance & banking and many more. Halal not only a religious observance and obligation for Muslims but also has emerged as a powerful market force alike both for Muslims and non-Muslims, so gained an increasing acceptance among Muslims along with non-Muslim consumers. Halal is becoming a global symbol of a lifestyle choice and quality assurance choice has promoted values as economic and social justice, earth stewardship, social responsibility, and animal welfare have gained interest which is beyond religious compliance. The global halal market is 1.7 billion consumers and worth almost US$ 2.3 trillion. This paper has focused on items Muslims are using other than food.


This issue of The Illawarra Population Health Profiler focuses on cancer. In 1996-2000 cancer was the second commonest cause of death in the Illawarra (following cardiovascular disease),accounting for about 29% of all deaths (male 31% and female 27%). This report provides information about the incidence (new cases) of, and mortality (deaths) and survival from, various specific cancer types. For those cancers for which organised mass screening programs are in place (cervical and breast), or being considered (colorectal), screening rates are also reported. Data are reported for the populations of: the Illawarra Health Area; its four Local Government Areas (LGAs); and six sub-areas within the Wollongong LGA. Cancer occurrence and screening rates are also compared to the NSW averages. The focus is on cancer types which are priorities in the Illawarra and NSW, due to their potential for prevention and control, as well as those which have been previously investigated due to local environmental concerns, particularly the haematopoietic cancers such as leukaemia.


There are four types of fatty acids but only two types are essential nutritional requirements for many animals. These are the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) and the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and because they cannot be converted to one another they are separate essential dietary requirements. They are only required in small amounts in the diet and their biological importance stems largely from their role as constituents of membrane lipids. They are synthesised by plants and, as a generalisation, green leaves are the source of n-3 PUFA while seeds are the source of n-6 PUFA in the food chain. While the fatty acid composition of storage fats (triglycerides) is strongly influenced by dietary fatty acid composition, this is not the case for membrane fats. The fatty acid composition of membrane lipids is relatively unresponsive to dietary fatty acid composition, although n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA can substitute for each in membrane lipids to some extent. Membrane fatty acid composition appears to be regulated and specific for different species. The role of essential fats in the diet of animals on (1) basal metabolic rate, (2) thermoregulation, (3) maximum longevity, and (4) exercise performance is discussed.


I. Introduction and Topography Ingleborough lies near the boundary between two areas of strongly contrasting scenery, the contrast arising from the differences in the rocks involved and the movements they have suffered.

The area to the north-east is dominated by the peaks of Whernside ( 7381 )[1][1], Pen-y-Ghent ( 8373 )[1][1], and Ingleborough ( 7474 )[1][1] (2373 ft.). These rise above a broad shelf, about 1300 ft. above O.D., marking the top of a massive limestone, on which have been developed all the features associated with a "karst" cycle of erosion which has reached a mature stage. Extensive limestone pavements with their characteristic "clints" and "grikes" (Pl. 4), deep sink-holes, such as Gaping Gill ( 751727 ) and swallow holes like Hull Pot ( 823746 , Pl 9, Fig. 1), caves with a wealth of stalactites and stalagmites such as Clapham Cave ( 754711 ) and White Scar Cavern ( 713746 ), natural bridges such as God's Bridge ( 733764 ) and collapsed caves such as Trow Gill ( 755717 ), all show the solvent action of the disappearing surface water. According to Miss Sweeting (1950), the 1300 ft. shelf is an old erosion surface and an upper series of caves at about 1250 ft. were produced at a time when the water-table lay just below that surface. A lower series of caves at 950 to 1000 ft. belong to a water-table position associated with a rejuvenation stage of the river system while the lowest system of caves belong to the present cycle.

The course of the underground drainage was investigated by members of our Society in collaboration …

 [1]: #fn-1


Observations of a monkey community in a forest of the Zaire Basin show that four species intensively lick the nectar of Daniellia pynaertii (Caesalpinoideae) for 5 months of the year; nectar makes up a mean of 20% and a maximum of 50% of monthly plant feeding records (Fig. 3). Such intensive nectar-feeding by monkeys of up to 8 kg body weight probably developed in these basically frugivorous primates as an alternative strategy to cope with a shortage of fleshy fruits. This would have been possible due to the high density of the plant species, the synchrony and abundance of its flowering (Fig. 2), and the large size of the nectar drop and its nutritional value. Patterns of monkey movements among Daniellia trees show that one flowering tree may receive up to 10 species visits and 30 individual visits per day, for a total of up to 141 min. (Table 1). A monkey troop can visit 12 trees in succession over less than 3 h (Fig. 4). This suggests that monkeys are able to promote pollen transfer both among flowers of the same tree and between conspecific trees. The individual tree fruiting index is positively correlated with its flowering index and with the amount of visits by monkeys, indicating at least that monkeys do not inhibit the reproductive ability of flowers (Fig. 5). These results suggest that monkeys can be considered as a guild of effective pollinators. Long-term coevolution between the plant and its present-day pollinators seems unlikely, and we suggest that monkeys replaced other pollinators, such as Lepidoptera. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that tubular flowers adapted for pollination by Lepidoptera are found in affine species of the same genus and of affine genera, the latter being known to be pollinated by these insects. In contrast, D. pynaertii flowers typically meet the pollination syndrome currently defined for attracting large mammals: notably conspicuousness and open morphology of the flowers, nectar colour and abundance. These characteristics suggest that coadaptation between monkeys and plant or at least one-sided adaptation has operated. Correspondence to: A. Gautier-Hion


In the recent years, the wide spreading of smart-phones which are daily carried by humans and fit with tens of sensors triggered an intense research activity in human activity recognition (HAR). HAR in smartphones is seen as essential not only to better understand human behavior in daily life but also for context provision to other applications in the smartphone. Many statistical and logical based models for on-line or off-line HAR have been designed, however, the current trend is to use deep-learning with neural network. These models need a high amount of data and, as most discriminative models, they are very sensitive to the imbalanced class problem. In this paper, we study different ways to deal with imbalanced data sets to improve accuracy of HAR with neu-ral networks and introduce a new oversampling method, called Border Limited Link SMOTE (BLL SMOTE) which improves the classification accuracy of Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) performances.


: Haemorheological parameters, such as red blood cell deformability, membrane elastic modulus and membrane surface viscosity in twenty one thalassaemia heterozygous patients (14 beta0/beta and 7 beta+/beta) were compared with normal individuals (n = 15). Parameters were measured applying a laser diffractometric method (ektacytometry). Thalassaemia erythrocytes showed statistically significant lower deformability and higher elastic modulus. Surface viscosity showed no significant differences in thalassaemia. Creep and recovery curves were registered by diffractometry. The normal recovery curve was fitted by a first order exponential decay function, expressing the fitting degree by the chi2 coefficient. The shape of the recovery curve in beta-thalassaemia patients (beta0/beta or beta+/beta) was significantly different from the control group. The possible mechanism of red blood cells abnormal rheological behaviour in beta-thalassaemia minor could be explained by a surface charge reduction. Our results enable us to conclude that the shape of the recovery curve (chi2 coefficient) could be considered as a marker that might be useful in beta-thalassaemia diagnosis.


The textbook rule for when a custom among nations can be said to have evolved into international law has two parts. First, there has to be widespread acceptance of this practice among nations. And second, nations have to believe that the practice is legally compelled. This rule — which on its face requires a rigorous empirical inquiry into the practices and mental states of nations — is, to put it mildly, difficult (maybe impossible) to apply. The reasons for that range from a lack of logical consistency in the textbook rule to the lack of empirical, historical and anthropological expertise on the part of the courts who are supposed to apply it. The question we are interested in is what do international courts do in the face of this type of legal rule, particularly given that there is often a pressing global need for new types of customary international law rules to be found. The answer: They ignore it. In theory, they could follow the textbook rule and never find new customary international law. That is not the case. Courts do frequently find new rules of customary international law and appear to follow a particular formula in doing so. The formula is that they look primarily to international treaties as support.


This paper quantifies the positive and normative effects of capital controls on international economic activity under The Bretton Woods international financial system. We develop a three region world economic model consisting of the U.S., Western Europe, and the Rest of the World. The model allows us to quantify the impact of these controls through an open economy general equilibrium capital flows accounting framework. We find these controls had large effects. Counterfactuals show that world output would have been 6% larger had the controls not been implemented. We show that the controls led to much higher welfare for the rest of the world, moderately higher welfare for Europe, but much lower welfare for the U.S. We interpret the large U.S. welfare loss as an estimate of the implicit value to the U.S. of preventing capital flight from other countries and thus promoting economic and political stability in ally and developing countries.


Rightwing populism is characterized by critique of immigration, but populist parties also address existential anxieties of late or liquid modernity. I argue that regular churchgoers reject the Sweden Democrats not only because they hold different opinions on immigration, but also due to their strong social capital. The latter helps them cope with modern anxieties, and this makes them less inclined to accept the message of the populists.


Runoff from flood-irrigated perennial pastures contains significant loads of P. Factors affecting the P load in runoff are unknown, and there are no guidelines currently available for management of phosphatic fertilizers to reduce runoff P loads. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between single superphosphate application rate and runoff P concentration. Four rates of single superphosphate (250, 500, 750, and 1000 kg/ha) were applied to 12 30 by 8-m flood irrigated bays in a randomized design, on a Lemnos loam (Natric Xeralf), in the Shepparton Irrigation Region, Victoria, Australia. In runoff, total P (TP), filtrable reactive P (FRP) concentrations and EC increased linearly with application rate, with initial concentrations (5 min) being significantly higher than those later in a runoff event (P < 0.025). In the irrigation directly following fertilizer application the depth of irrigation water that infiltrated (calculated from volume balance) was in direct proportion to single superphosphate application rate (P = 0.03). Normalized runoff losses of single superphosphate in consecutive irrigations followed a single exponential decay. The primary loss mechanism for P following single superphosphate application was through dissolution, rather than sediment transport.


Importance
Molecular testing in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is commonly limited by inadequate tumor sample. Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) genotyping as a complementary test is specific but only moderately sensitive. Genotyping of cfDNA in pleural and pericardial effusion (PE-cfDNA) can further optimize molecular diagnostic yield and reduce the need for repeated biopsies.

Objective
To prospectively validate droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) for detection of sensitizing EGFR variants and acquired Thr790Met variant (T790M) from PE-cfDNA in patients with NSCLC.

Design, Setting, and Participants
This prospective diagnostic validation study was conducted between September 6, 2016, and January 21, 2021 at 2 major Hong Kong cancer centers. Patients with advanced NSCLC with both wild-type and variant EGFR status and exudative PE who underwent thoracocentesis or pericardiocentesis were randomly enrolled. Patients were either EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) naive (cohort 1) or EGFR-TKI treated but osimertinib naive (cohort 2). Enrolled patients underwent pleural- or pericardial-fluid and blood sampling for ddPCR EGFR testing. EGFR status results with ddPCR testing of PE-cfDNA and blood were compared with EGFR status in matched tumor biopsy or PE cell block samples.

Main Outcomes and Measures
Specificity, sensitivity, and concordance of PE-cfDNA for detection of sensitizing EGFR variants and acquired T790M variation.

Results
Among 171 patients (54% female) enrolled, there were 104 in cohort 1 and 67 in cohort 2. In cohort 1, 37% (38/102) were EGFR-variant positive; PE-cfDNA showed 97% sensitivity (95% CI, 92%-100%), 97% specificity (95% CI, 93%-100%), and 97% concordance (ĸ = 0.94, P < .001) for the detection of sensitizing EGFR variants. It was more sensitive than plasma in detecting sensitizing EGFR variants (97% vs 74%, P < .001). In cohort 2, 38% (15 of 40) were positive for the EGFR T790M variant; PE-cfDNA showed 87% sensitivity (95% CI, 69%-100%), 60% specificity (95% CI, 41%-79%), and 70% concordance (ĸ = 0.42, P = .004) for acquired T790M. The EGFR T790M variant was detected in 51% of PE-cfDNA vs 25% of PE cell block samples.

Conclusions and Relevance
In this diagnostic study, EGFR variants could be accurately detected from PE-cfDNA in patients with NSCLC. More EGFR T790M was detected in PE-cfDNA than in guideline-recommended PE cell block preparations. These results suggest that PE-cfDNA can complement plasma and tumor genotyping for detecting EGFR variants in patients with advanced NSCLC.


This study examines the way discourses are framed and offers critical commentary on the rise of antagonistic geographical assertions over the expanse of sea bordered by China and its littoral Southeast Asian neighbors. After first reviewing international practice elsewhere, legal issues, and solutions proposed so far, the author deconstructs assumptions regarding historic rights, potential material resources, and hoped-for intervention of remote allies as chimeras that fuel a clash of nationalisms and territorial actions, especially in the wake of the 2016 decision by the arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (i.e., an arbitral tribunal under the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) established under the 1899 Hague Peace Conference). The decision ruled in favor of Philippine claims against China's infringement in the former's Exclusive Economic Zone. The argument that inflexible geographic logics are at the root of the conflict is developed here into a discourse on challenges of the geopolitical imaginaries in the maritime realms of Asia. It is shown too that the clash of non-shared spatial understandings has led to social and environmental repercussions that merit the concern of distant countries. Ultimately, initial steps are proposed for recasting and moving towards a new regional concept, which could be the basis for cooperation and a de-escalation of belligerence in a part of the world that is urbanizing rapidly and growing into a crucial economic center of gravity.


The hypertrophic Gq-protein-coupled receptor agonist PE (phenylephrine) activates protein synthesis. We showed previously that activation of protein synthesis by PE requires MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase] and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). However, it remained unclear whether ERK activation was required and which downstream components were involved in activating mTOR and protein synthesis. Using an adenovirus encoding the MKP3 (MAPK phosphatase 3) to inhibit ERK activity, we demonstrate that ERK is essential for the activation of protein synthesis by PE. Activation and phosphorylation of S6K1 (ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1) and phosphorylation of eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E)-binding protein (both are mTOR targets) were also inhibited by MKP3, suggesting that ERK is also required for the activation of mTOR signalling. PE stimulation of cardiomyocytes induced the phosphorylation of TSC2 (tuberous sclerosis complex 2), a negative regulator of mTOR activity. TSC2 was phosphorylated only weakly at Thr1462, but phosphorylated at additional sites within the sequence RXRXX(S/T). This differs from the phosphorylation induced by insulin, indicating that MEK/ERK signalling targets distinct sites in TSC2. This phosphorylation may be mediated by p90RSK (90 kDa ribosomal protein S6K), which is activated by ERK, and appears to involve phosphorylation at Ser1798. Activation of protein synthesis by PE is partially insensitive to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Inhibition of the MAPK-interacting kinases by CGP57380 decreases the phosphorylation of eIF4E and PE-induced protein synthesis. Moreover, CGP57380+rapamycin inhibited protein synthesis to the same extent as blocking ERK activation, suggesting that MAPK-interacting kinases and regulation of mTOR each contribute to the activation of protein synthesis by PE in cardiomyocytes.


The purpose of this qualitative case study was to identify how school leaders shape school culture and specifically what behaviors contribute to a positive school culture. The central question framing this study was: How do school leaders influence a positive school culture? I conducted a multiple case study at two central Pennsylvania public middle schools, referred to by the pseudonyms of Montem Middle School and Silvan Middle School. These schools were identified by the 2018 Niche report as having a positive school culture, which was affirmed through the district's own survey data. Through purposeful sampling, I identified school leaders to respond to interview questions. In addition to interviews, I gathered public artifacts displayed throughout the schools and on the schools' websites and observed faculty/committee meetings and classroom and hallway interactions. Using case study methodology, I analyzed the data and developed a detailed description of each case. From these descriptions, I identified key themes for understanding the complexity of school culture and the leadership behaviors that contribute to a positive school culture for each school (within-case analysis) followed by a comparison of the school cultures (cross-case analysis). The themes included expectations and values, vision and foundations of culture/climate, listening and problem-solving, relationships and building leaders, and appreciation. The findings of this study confirmed the significant influence that school leaders have on school culture, emphasized that a variety of stakeholders fulfill the roles of school leaders in formal and informal ways, and provided specific behaviors of school leaders that positively influence a school's culture.


Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the etiology and risk factors for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and also the association between clinical and laboratory parameters and outcome in patients with ARDS. Methodology: This was an observational prospective study conducted in the intensive care units of Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore between November 2015 and May 2016. Patients who fulfilled the AECC definition for ARDS and who were mechanically ventilated for more than a 24 h period were selected for the study. Results: Fifty patients who met the predefined criteria were enrolled for the study. Of these 50 cases, females (52%) were slightly more than the male patients and the most common age group was 31–50 years. ARDS was mostly secondary to infectious causes (92%) and the most common etiology for ARDS in our study was direct cause (52%) followed by indirect cause (48%). Factors associated with poor outcome and high mortality are low PaO2/FiO2 (P value <0.001), high SAPS II score (P value <0.001), high SOFA scores (P value 0.001), high max SOFA scores (P value 0.001), and severe lung injury scores (P value <0.001). High procalcitonin levels and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels less than 226 mg/mL showed more number of nonsurvivors (71.8%). There was significant increase in the mortality among patients who were prescribed inotropic support when compared to those who were not (P <0.001). Of the 50 patients enrolled in the study, 33 patients succumbed to their illness with the mortality of 66%. Conclusion: Direct etiology by pulmonary infection was the most common cause for ARDS. Prognostic determinants like PaO2/FiO2 and clinical scores like SOFA, maxSOFA, SAPS II, and LIS had a statistically significant association with mortality. Laboratory parameters like serum albumin were associated with significant mortality whereas CRP and procalcitonin did not show a statistically significant correlation with mortality. The use of a combination of clinical factors and biological markers is a promising strategy that needs to be prospectively validated.


Research Application Summary Improving soil nutrients and water management to increase crop yield for enhanced livelihoods of small scale farmers in semi-arid eastern Kenya Mochoge, B.E.1 & Danga, B.O.1 1Department of Agricultural Resource Management, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya · Corresponding author: email@example.com Food insecurity in Kenya is on the increase unless appropriate measures are taken. This is because nearly 80% of the land is arid to semi-arid and therefore not favorable for crop production using the current methods of production. The issue is limited nutrient use efficiency and low moisture storage in soils to warrant plant growth. This calls urgently for appropriate technologies to be put in place in order to increase moisture storage in soils and increase nutrient use efficiency to spur food production in semi-arid fragile ecosystems. A study to respond to low moisture content in soils and inefficient use of nutrients is being initiated at Gachoka, semi-arid Eastern Kenya. The study will evaluate moisture storage in soil due to run-off rain water captured in the trapezoidal bunds and how this will impact the availability and uptake of nutrients. Use of manure to increase water retention in soils and to provide mineral N through mineralization, and application of N and P fertilizers to supplement the soil available nutrients for sustainable soil fertility management will be part of the treatments. Plots within the bunds measuring 4.5 m x 4.5 m will be used for treatments and maize and cowpea will be the test crops. Available soil moisture content will be measured using neutron water meter and tensiometers while available plant nutrients (NH4,NO3 and P) in soil and nutrients contents in plants will be analyzed. Treatments will be factorial and randomized in a complete block design. The data will be subjected to analysis of variance and regression. Nutrient use efficiency and gross returns will be calculated. Expected outputs will include increased knowledge on trapezoidal bunds on water storage by researchers and farmers, higher crop yields, general increase of soil productivity and its sustainable management, and training of two MSc students.


Objective
Multiple informants are often used in the assessment of child psychopathology; however, parent-child agreement is low in child psychiatry. The objective of this exploratory study was to assess informant agreement on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID) in a clinical sample of children with mental disorders and their parents, and to examine health and demographic factors associated with agreement.

Method
MINI-KID results were analyzed for 88 parent-child dyads. Children were between 8-17 years old and were receiving in- or outpatient services for at least one mental disorder at a pediatric hospital. Kappas were calculated to assess parent-child agreement and logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with agreement.

Results
Agreement was low to moderate (κ=0.19-0.41) across the MINI-KID modules. Household income was associated with agreement for major depression, generalized anxiety, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Recruitment setting and parent psychological distress were associated with agreement for generalized anxiety and separation anxiety, respectively. Age, sex, and child disability/impairment were not associated with agreement.

Conclusions
Parent-child agreement on the MINI-KID was low to moderate, and few factors were associated with agreement. These initial findings reaffirm the need for multiple informants when assessing psychopathology in children and can be used by health professionals to facilitate parent-child discussions in clinical settings in child psychiatry.


2SUMMARY: Floating fish aggregating devices (FADs) have long been used to attract fish in NW Sicily since antiquity. Recently, a number of changes have been made to the type of material employed to construct FADs, with the aim of increasing their effectiveness. In this paper we compare the catches made at eight experimental floating FADs (polypropylene ropes frayed at the ends) with those obtained at eight traditional FADs in the Gulf of Castellammare. A total of 672 samples were collected during summer and autumn in 1995 and 1996 at the 16 FADs using a surrounding net. Visual observations of fishes associated with the FADs were also conducted to obtain qualitative information about the spatial distribution of species. A total of 1632 specimens weighing 144 kg and belonging to eight species were caught during the survey. Seriola dumerili, Caranx crysos, C. rhonchus and Coryphaena hippurus were the most frequent and abundant species accounting for 96% of the total catch. Average fish abundance and weight, characterised by high variance, were significantly higher at the sites with experimental FADs than at the sites with traditional FADs. S. dumerili was the only species with higher catches around the experimental FADs. Some spatial and temporal variations in fish abundance and size were also detected. Younger individuals of S. dumerili were observed to show high affinity for the experimental FAD tufts.


Rules affecting digital trade are complex and spread across a diverse set of issues and fora. This paper provides an inventory of existing rules, standards, and principles related to issues that are being discussed in the context of the Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) at the WTO, highlighting the number of existing international instruments at the WTO and across a range of non-WTO fora on which these discussions can build. The Inventory thus aims to help governments better leverage resources towards enabling more informed discussions on digital trade. Additionally, the Inventory shows that there is already substantial uptake of instruments on issues related to digital trade among participants to the JSI discussions. Furthermore, many jurisdictions that do not currently participate in the JSI discussions are already in the process of undertaking reforms in the areas that are being discussed under that initiative.


Abstract: Two seismic-scale submarine channel–levee systems exposed in the Karoo Basin, South Africa provide insights into slope conduit evolution. Component channel fills in a levee-confined channel system (Unit C) and an entrenched channel system (Unit D) follow common stacking patterns; initial horizontal stacking (lateral migration) is followed by vertical stacking (aggradation). This architecture is a response to an equilibrium profile shift from low accommodation (slope degradation, composite erosion surface formation, external levee development, sediment bypass) through at-grade conditions (horizontal stacking and widening) to high accommodation (slope aggradation, vertical stacking, internal levee development). This architecture is likely common to other channel–levee systems. Supplementary material: A detailed correlation panel (presented schematically in Figure 2) is available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18456.


This paper presents a straight-forward finite element approach for the quantification of electronic package thermal performance under uncertainty. The method makes use of high accuracy sensitivity calculations and a gradient-based minimization method. The approach was applied to the thermal analysis of a ball grid array (BGA) package under uncertainty to illustrate its capabilities. The effect of uncertainty in the heat source, heat transfer coefficient, ambient temperature, and thermal conductivities of the component materials on the probability of exceeding a specified average junction temperature at the die-heat-spreader interface was studied. In addition, the performance and accuracy of two different methods for computing the required sensitivities were compared. Results showed that the average junction temperature probability was more sensitive to some system parameters over others, providing crucial information for selecting the manufacturing tolerance of BGA package components. For parameters identified as especially sensitive, selecting components with tighter tolerances will reduce uncertainty and increase the overall reliability. And for less sensitive parameters, selecting larger tolerance could help reduce manufacturing costs.


This article examines how overseas audiences of K-pop are not only the end users but also directly engage with the translation of the cultural flow. The audiences participate in linguistic translation and furthermore negotiate and re-decode the linguistically translated texts. Acknowledging that the reception of foreign cultural content is open to continued cross-cultural decoding by different stakeholders, including audience members as well as cultural intermediaries, this article focuses on transnational audiences' engagement with two modes of cultural translation practices—producerly and semiotic translation. The article examines audiences' experiences of cultural translation and the reconfiguration of audiencehood in the era of transnational digital media.


Several types of magmatic processes related to the breakup of Gondwana affected the greater part of the South American Platform: (1) Tholeiitic intrusions and effusions such as lava flows, sills and dykes, with maximum intensity from the middle Jurassic to the pre-Aptian Early Cretaceous, and Permian-Triassic tholeiitic dykes locally in the northern half of the continent. (2) Alkaline and peralkaline magmatism (mafic to felsic with minor associated carbonatites) developed when South America and Africa were moving apart; this was mostly post - Albian in age but lasted until the Miocene. A few alkaline intrusions are synchronous with the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcanism. (3) Several kimberlite intrusions recognized in Brazilian cratonic areas of middle Proterozoic age, as well as in areas affected by late Precambrian orogenic processes. The maximum thickness of basaltic lava flows and sills in the interior of intracratonic basins reflects the influence of older geological structures. Many Precambrian faults and fractures intruded by diabase show displacement within dyke swarms. Dykes apparently unrelated to older fractures belong to areas subjected to tensional stresses during continental separation. The alkaline magmatism at the borders of the Parana basin in Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia is generally controlled by arches and faulted flexures. The relationship between oceanic fracture zones and Paleogene magmatism in the continental crust is clearly displayed in at least two sites, corresponding to projections of the Romanche and Fernando de Noronha oceanic fracture zones


ABSTRACT People often use memes to express their ideological stance on real world events. This study departs from a recent COVID-19-related meme which makes use of elements known from the animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender (ATLA) and Avatar: Legend of Korra (LOK), and asks how it came to be and how stance is conveyed through them. After acknowledging the impact of the series, conceptual blending theory is adopted to investigate the worldbuilding of the macrocosm in ATLA. This is identified as a correlative network, which acts as the blended space of multiple input spaces consisting of intertextual references. The world of ATLA then functions as a new input space which is updated with modern elements, resulting in the blend of LOK. Minor blends are identified in the hybrid animals that occupy the fictional world. Lastly, it is shown how the selection of a particular input element for participation in meme blends already conveys an ideological stance, rather than only emerging through readers' eyes.


For vapor condensation, the control of heterogeneous nucleation and spatial distribution of nuclei are crucial for regulating droplet dynamics and improving condensation efficiency. However, due to the complex characteristics of multicomponent, multiphase, and multiscale, the underlying mechanism of mixed vapor condensation remains unclear, especially at the nucleation stage. In this paper, we focus on the enrichment effects of non-uniform wettability surfaces by molecular dynamics simulation, which could intensify the droplet nucleation and growth processes in a water-air mixed system. The results clarify the inhibitory effect of non-condensable gas on droplet nucleation and prove that only 1% of non-condensable gas could reduce one half of the condensation performance from a molecular perspective. Furthermore, non-uniform surfaces are designed to promote the efficient enrichment of vapor molecules on nucleation sites, and the synergistic effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions is proposed. In addition, the non-uniform wettability surfaces are characterized by varying the proportion and dispersion of hydrophilic regions. The results reveal that an optimal proportion of hydrophilic region (R = 5/6) could furnish the non-uniform surface with the best transfer performance. Moreover, the enhancement of condensation performance can also be achieved through the dispersed arrangement of hydrophilic regions. The results provide guidance for the optimized design of functionalized surfaces with enhanced mixed vapor condensation.


So far, many researchers have worked on recommender systems using users' implicit feedback, since it is difficult to collect explicit item preferences in most applications. Existing researches generally use a pseudo-rating matrix by adding up the number of item consumption; however, this naive approach may not capture user preferences correctly in that many other important user activities are ignored. In this paper, we show that users' diverse implicit feedbacks can be significantly used to improve recommendation accuracy. We classify various users' behaviors (e.g., search item, skip, add to playlist, etc.) into positive or negative feedback groups and construct more accurate pseudo-rating matrix. Our preliminary experimental result shows significant potential of our approach. Also, we bring out a question to the previous approaches, aggregating item usage count into ratings.


Background: Novel ocular imaging technology has proliferated within UK community
optometry. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a pillar of ocular imaging, playing a
central role in retinal disease management. As a non-invasive method for diagnosis and
follow-up of patients with common retinal conditions such as age-related macular
degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular oedema, OCT is well suited to the primary care
setting of community optometry.
The novel nature of OCT images presents considerable challenges for community
optometrists. AMD prevalence will rise as a consequence of population growth and
unprecedented life expectancy and, despite the emergence of novel treatment options, limited
clinical capacity threatens access to potentially sight-saving treatment. Limited guidance
exists for optometrists using OCT for diagnostic and referral decisions.
Objective: To measure the efficacy of a novel internet resource which, if proven to be
efficacious, could not only aid in the use of OCT for diagnosis of retinal disease and
subsequent patient management but could also play a role in ongoing training of optometrists.
Method: An online diagnostic tool (OCTAID) was designed for diagnosis of central retinal
lesions using OCT. The effectiveness of OCTAID was evaluated by a randomised controlled
trial comparing two groups of practitioners who underwent an online assessment (using
clinical vignettes) of their diagnostic and management skills based on OCT images before and
after an educational intervention. Participants' answers were validated against experts'
classifications (the reference standard). OCTAID was randomly allocated as the educational
intervention for one group with the control group receiving an intervention of standard OCT
material.
Participants: Participants were community optometrists recruited through online optometry
forums
Setting: Internet based application
Results: 53 optometrists (study group) and 65 optometrists (control group) completed the
study (n = 118), forming the analysis population. Both groups performed similarly at baseline
with no significant difference in mean exam 1 scores (p = 0.212). The primary outcome
measure was mean improvement in exam score between the two exam modules. Participants
who received OCTAID improved their exam score significantly more than those who
received conventional educational materials (p = 0.005).
Conclusion: Use of OCTAID is associated with an improvement in the combined skill of
OCT scan recognition and subsequent patient management. There is potential for this mode of
educational delivery in optometric training.
Future work recommendations: With further development, OCTAID could become a
collaborative learner-centred model of OCT education allowing optometrists to take
responsibility for their own learning within a unique professional community.
Funding: Self-funded


The aim of this paper is to develop software for designing of steel reinforced elastomeric isolator (SREI) according to American Association for State Highway and Transportation Officials Load and Resistance Factor Design (AASHTO LRFD) Specifications. SREI is used for almost all bridge types and special structures. SREI-structures interface defines support boundary conditions and may affect the seismic performance of bridges. Seismic performance of the bridge is also affected by geometrical and materials properties of SREI. The selection of SREI is complicated process includes satisfying all the design constraints arising from code provisions and maximizing performance at the lowest possible cost. In this paper, design stage of SREI is described up to AASHTO LRFD 2012. Up to AASHTO LRFD 2012 analysis and design program of SREI performed different geometrical and material properties are created with C# object-oriented language. SREI-CAD, name of the created software, allows an accurate design for economical estimation of a SREI in a short time. To determine types of SREI effects, two different types of bearings, rectangular and circular with similar materials and dimension properties are selected as an application. Designs of these SREIs are completed with SREI-CAD. It is seen that ensuring the stability of circular elastomer bearing at the service limit state is generally complicated than rectangular bearing.


Chemically functionalized graphene has been synthesized by covalently grafting D-glucose on graphene for the first time through an esterification reaction. The D-glucose functionalized graphene was further applied in the preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites. The thermal and mechanical properties of the prepared nanocomposites were then investigated. It was demonstrated that the D-glucose was grafted on the surface of the graphene through a covalent attachment. The chemically functionalized graphene had better dispersibility in both water and dimethylformamide than the pristine graphene. The better dispersion of the functionalized graphene in both aqueous and organic solvents simplified the preparation of the polymer nanocomposites. It was found that the D-glucose grafted graphene dispersed homogeneously in both poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices, increasing the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymers at the same time. The phenomena were ascribed to the introduction of the D-glucose, which induced strong hydrogen bonding interactions between the functionalized graphene and the polymers. The results of this study indicate that this is an effective approach for preparing well-dispersed graphene-based polymer nanocomposites by covalently attaching functional molecules on the surface of graphene.


U. S. Navy fire fighters routinely confront both thermal and chemical hazards during emergency response operations. To provide protection in these situations, a program was undertaken to develop, design, and fabricate fully-integrated protective ensembles that would provide protection against both thermal and chemical hazards. The program was divided into three phases--(1) surveying the protective clothing industry to identify candidate materials or material combinations based on requirements taken from existing National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards on protective clothing for structural fire fighting, proximity fire fighting, and hazardous chemical liquid splash protection; (2) developing new material and optimizing material combinations, and (3) fabricating prototype clothing ensembles using selected materials. The first phase provided a comprehensive survey of the thermal and chemical protective materials with testing of individual layers to fill in missing performance data. The second phase examined different combinations of existing materials to optimize the overall material configuration in terms of protection performance, comfort, fabrication feasibility and cost. This included the combination of radiant and chemical layers into a new single material. Of the material combinations examined, a 3-layer system with an inter-changeable outer shell was selected and used in the construction of prototype garments. The ensuing design was qualified to each of the three NFPA standards.


Over 80% of adolescents have mobile phones, this statement seems normal in the 21st century, (Hunt, 2017). However, the rate at which technology is advancing poses a threat to researchers identifying the benefits and drawbacks of using such devices. This research paper addresses the effects of digital media on adolescent's materialistic behaviours by examining behaviour when exposed to and separated from social media. According to a recent review of the digital age of consent, the minimum age was called to be reduced further. The purpose of this paper is to get a real understanding of digital marketing as an influencer on adolescents, it is easy to assume they are vulnerable to multinational marketing strategies with a focus on sales only. The consideration of Marxism and the industrial revolution is identified below as the first signs of materialism, it is believed that such a social transformation has encouraged a more capitalistic society than communistic.

This transformation has altered the way society functions and is believed to be a contributor of materialism; however, this paper aims to explore other sources. The decision to focus this research on a summer camp will allow access to over 100 participants of which all fall under the adolescent category. A mix of thorough observations along with surveys and a focus group will allow for a more complete understanding of the triggers and consequences of living in a materialistic world. It is expected that the younger adolescents are highly vulnerable to marketing strategies as well as social media influencers, while late adolescents are more conscious of such efforts, as legal restrictions indicate. This research will put to the test just how important it is to protect susceptible audiences online such as adolescents, with the intent of encouraging originality via the achievement of personal life goals rather than portraying someone else's lifestyle.


Abstract A single, low-density (1.58 g/cm3), phosphatic coprolite recovered from a fluvial Triceratops site in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of eastern Montana contains small quantities of minute bone or tooth fragments, kerogenized plant residues (pollen, spores, sporangia, and cuticle), hyphae of probable fungal origin, and small detrital mineral grains in a fine-grained, highly porous matrix. Roughly 30% of the matrix, composed almost entirely of microcrystalline francolite (carbonate-fluorapatite), is composed of thin-walled vesicles of roughly spherical shape, 0.5–3 µm in diameter. These vesicles are interpreted as mineral pseudomorphs of organic particles, probably including fecal bacteria, existing in the original scat. This structurally well-preserved coprolite is likely derived from the scat of a bone-digesting carnivorous animal, contains much or all of the autochthonous apatite of the original scat, and lacks permineralization that commonly produces a densely lithified object of low porosity. This is the first detailed description of a coprolite of this type from Mesozoic fluvial deposits. This evidence supports the view that dietary calcium phosphate could precipitate rapidly in the scat of ancient carnivorous animals, providing the structural strength to allow preservation of internal organic forms in great detail.


A total of 16 ethanol extracts of Turkish medicinal plants were evaluated for antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Sindbis virus (SINV). Extracts of Galanthus elwesii and Rheum ribes showed the most potent anti-HSV activities, while six other extracts had weaker activities. Galanthus elwesii and Leucojum aestivum were the most potent anti-SINV extracts with four others showing weaker activities. In total, five extracts were active against both viruses, three were selective for HSV and one was selective for SINV. Evidence for an antiviral photosensitizer was obtained in two anti-HSV extracts, in which activity was either completely dependent on light, or was con-siderably enhanced by light. Thus, several Turkish medicinal plants appear to be promising sources of antiviral activities.


Abstract. Data on 17,588 pulletes of two strains selected for egg number and egg weight along with a control line were examined over seven generations. Significant desirable realized genetic gains/generation were observed for egg number to 40 weeks (2.18 and 2.23 eggs) and egg weight (0.81 and 0.45g) in both the strains. Significant correlated responses were also observed in age at first egg (−1.54 and −1.17 d); 20 and 40 week body weights (8.8 to 19.0). Significant desirable responses were also observed for egg mass (175 and 151g), rate of lay (1.0 and 1.37%), egg production efficiency (0.08 and 0.07) and efficiency index (1.09 and 1.03 g/d/kg) Natural selection did not seem to play any role. Inbreeding of 0.28 to 0.45% per generation did not appear to be of any significance in affecting the performance and heritabilities. The additive genetic and phenotypic variances and heritabilities remained stable over generations. Realized heritabilities varied between 0 18 and 0.29 for egg number and between 0.44 and 0.66 for egg weight and indicated the effectiveness of the criterion of selection.


Information obtained by the dentist during a conventional anamnesis and clinical investigation has been claimed to be important in predicting how new complete dentures will be accepted by the patient. The main purpose of the present paper was to test this hypothesis. Seventy-four experienced denture wearers with an average age of 66 years were included in the study. These patients were interviewed concerning their dental history and satisfaction with old and new complete dentures. In the clinical examination, anatomical and physiological conditions of the oral cavity, the quality of the old dentures, and the general health of the patients were assessed. Sixty-six per cent of the patients were dissatisfied with their old dentures. With regard to the new dentures, 15% of the patients were dissatisfied. The major prosthodontic problems during the period of adaptation were pain related to the mandibular dentures and difficulties with speech. Correlations between patient acceptance of new dentures and the anamnestic, demographic, and clinical variables were either statistically or practically/clinically insignificant and therefore poor predictors of how new dentures would be accepted by the patients.


Penn State-Berks is one of 24 commonwealth campuses in the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) system. With around 2,800 students, it is a small, tight knit community, yet remains one of the largest campuses outside of University Park.While the campus is spacious and beautiful, one feature it lacks is an adequate student center, which makes the Thun Library the heart of the campus. Not only does the library provide traditional and valued services, such as access to textbooks on reserve, computer and software access, and research assistance, it is also a location where students gather to study, hang out between classes, and conduct group work. With a large commuter population, the library offers vital spaces for those without dorm rooms to complete their work. In addition, several other departments are also housed within the building, including the Center for Teaching and Learning along with the information technology (IT) help desk.


BACKGROUND
Vaccines based on virus-like particles are effective against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection; however, they have not shown a therapeutic effect against HPV-associated diseases. New immunotherapy strategies based on immune responses against tumor antigens can positively affect the clearance of HPV-associated lesions.

OBJECTIVE
To generate two therapeutic fusion DNA vaccines (optimizedE7/mouseHSP70 and wildE7/mouseHSP70) to induce antitumor specific responses in mice models.

METHODS
Mice were immunized with recombinant DNA vaccines. The splenocytes of immunized mice were collected and lactate dehydrogenase and IFN-γ productions were measured after three injections in order to evaluate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) activity. MTT assay was carried out for lymphocyte stimulation.

RESULTS
The fusion DNA vaccines, specifically uE7-HSP70, elicited varying levels of IFN-γ and CTLs responses compared to the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, antitumor response and tumor size reduction in fusion DNA vaccines groups were significantly higher than in the negative control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION
It is concluded that our fusion DNA vaccines considerably enhanced specific cellular responses against HPV tumor model. In addition, optimized E7 showed a notable immunogenicity and inhibitory effect on the reduction of tumor size.


OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence of oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia in a group of Thai patients and to study the clinical and pathologic features of these 2 lesions.

METHOD AND MATERIALS
Cases having provisional diagnoses of leukoplakia and erythroplakia between 1973 and 2004 were retrieved from the files of the Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University. Clinical and pathologic features were reviewed and analyzed.

RESULTS
Of 7,177 biopsy specimens, 123 cases (1.7%) of leukoplakia and 9 cases (0.13%) of erythroplakia were found. There was no significant gender predilection in leukoplakia (male:female = 1.2:1). The peak of age-frequency distribution of leukoplakia was in the fourth decade among men and fifth decade among women. The most common site of leukoplakia was buccal mucosa (28.5%), followed by alveolar mucosa (18.7%) and tongue (16.3%). Microscopic study of leukoplakia revealed hyperkeratosis with or without acanthosis in 60.9% of cases, epithelial dysplasia in 10.6%, and squamous cell carcinoma in 4.9%. Erythroplakia was found in 6 men and 3 women. It was most frequently seen during the seventh decade of life. The palate was the most common site. Epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma were found in 6 patients with erythroplakia (66.7%).

CONCLUSIONS
Leukoplakia occurred 13 times more frequently than erythroplakia. However, squamous cell carcinoma was more frequently found in erythroplakia cases. Both lesions were found most frequently in elderly individuals and affected men more than women.


The value of an occupational perspective in addressing issues of forced migration, in particular resettlement in a new country, is instrumental in facilitating successful occupational transitions for newly arrived individuals and families. Through the adoption of an occupational perspective both at a theoretical and practical level, the Multicultural Development Association (MDA), a refugee resettlement service in Brisbane, Australia, has introduced a life skills program that represents an innovation in resettlement practice. Through a rich description of this program, we explore how occupation can be used to understand the transitions involved in early refugee resettlement. We also consider the relationship between occupational deprivation and occupational adaptation as addressed through resettlement life skills and the complex process of reconstructing meaning and identity in new sociopolitical contexts. The Participatory Occupational Justice Framework 2010 (Whiteford & Townsend, 2011) is suggested as a tool to further explore and develop insights into the occupational processes of refugee resettlement.


This investigation examines how knowledge of a researcher's intent, as well as gender, influences the clinical judgments of mental health professionals in sex role research. Conscious awareness of the study's aim was manipulated by varying experimental instructions to minimize (not salient) or maximize (salient) sex role awareness. Subjects were mental health professionals who rated a protocol of a female or male pseudopatient exhibiting masculine, and lacking feminine, stereotyped behaviors. It was hypothesized that if sex biases affect judgments, more negative ratings should be assigned to a female with cross sex role behavior than to male-appropriate role behavior. Differences should be greater when subjects were unaware of the nature of the study.


The liquefaction of cornstalk in the presence of polyhydric alcohols with sulfuric acid as catalyst was investigated. Effects of various liquefaction condition parameters on the liquefaction and its liquefied products were mainly investigated. Results showed that the liquefaction parameters had an obvious effect on the residue percent and the viscosity, acid and hydroxyl number of its liquefied products. The efficient liquefaction of cornstalk with low residue percent of 9.4% was obtained under the mild condition of a PEG #400/glycerin ratio of 7/3, a cornstalk/liquefaction reagent ratio of 1/5, a reaction temperature of 150°C, a reaction time of 30 min and a sulfuric acid amount of 4%, respectively. Under this condition, the viscosity, acid number and hydroxyl number of its liquefied products was 1430 cP, 18.5 mg KOH/g and 362.1 mg KOH/g, respectively.


It is in great demand to discover new materials with large birefringence for the miniaturization of optical communication devices. In this work, a new one-dimensional hybrid halide perovskite, (C6 N10 H8 )Pb2 Br6 , is obtained successfully through structural design of dimension reduction from the notable three-dimensional halide perovskite CsPbBr3 . Remarkably, (C6 N10 H8 )Pb2 Br6 exhibits a significantly enhanced birefringence of ∆n = 0.42@550 nm, which is the largest among halide perovskites so far. Furthermore, its birefringence performance is robust in a wide temperature range of 300-440 K. Theoretical calculations reveal that this outstanding birefringence results from the synergistic effect of [PbBr6 ]4- octahedra and [C6 N10 H8 ]2+ cations with expanding π-delocation. According to further structural analyses, the structural dimension reduction cooperating with the increase of [PbBr6 ]4- octahedral distortion leads to the enhanced birefringence. This work uncovers the great promise of hybrid halide perovskites as robust birefringent crystals in future optical communication and would shed useful insights on the design and synthesis of new birefringent crystals.


The purpose of this white paper is to provide guidance to funding agencies, leaders in the discipline, and its constituent departments about strategies for (1) improving access to advanced education for people from populations that have long been underrepresented and (2) improving the climates of departments where students enroll. The twin goals of improving access to increase diversity and improving climate to enhance inclusiveness are mutually reinforcing, and they are both predicated on a fundamental problem of inequality in participation. This white paper has been endorsed by the Board of Trustees of the AAS.


Water and phosphate-buffered saline solution suspensions of early log-arithmic phase cells of Pasteurella haemolytica were incubated for 1 hour at various temperatures to remove capsular material with a minimum of cell lysis or death. Criteria used to determine capsular removal included change in agglutinability of the organism and disappearance of an antigenic component by the fluorescent antibody test and the agar-gel diffusion technique. The capsular material could be removed in a saline solution suspension at 41 C with little decrease in viability, thereby providing comparable cell populations with and without capsules for use in subsequent studies.


In 2001, samples of adult Columbia Basin sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) were collected at Bonneville Dam as well as at Tumwater Dam on the Wenatchee River and Wells Dam in the mid-Columbia River downstream of the Okanogan River. Tumwater and Wells dams were chosen to provide samples of sockeye salmon from the two principle stocks of Columbia Basin sockeye salmon, which originate from the Wenatchee and Okanogan basins. Additional samples were collected from the Zone 1-5 commercial fishery located in the Columbia River downstream of Bonneville Dam, the Zone 6 commercial fishery located between Bonneville and McNary dams, as well as the Wanapum tribal fishery just downstream of Priest Rapids Dam. Age composition was estimated from the sampled sockeye salmon passing the three dams, as well as for the sockeye salmon captured in the three fisheries. Four-year-old fish were estimated to comprise 81% of the mixed-stock sockeye salmon migrating past Bonneville Dam, 95% of the Okanogan stock migrating past Wells Dam, 54% of the Wenatchee stock migrating past Tumwater Dam, 88% of the Zone 15 fishery, 78% of the Zone 6 fishery and 90% of the Wanapum fishery. Five-year-old fish were estimated to comprise 18% of the Bonneville Dam mixed-stock, 2% of the Okanogan stock, 46% of the Wenatchee stock, 12% of the Zone 1-5 fishery mixed-stock, 17% of the Zone 6 fishery mixed-stock, and 10% of the Wanapum fishery mixed-stock. Three-year-old fish were estimated to comprise 1% of the Bonneville Dam mixed-stock, 3% of the Okanogan stock, none of the Wenatchee stock, none of the Zone 1-5 or Wanapum fisheries mixed-stock, and 3% of the Zone 6 fishery mixed-stock. Scale pattern analysis techniques were used to estimate that 68% of the Age 1.2 sockeye salmon, and 56% of the entire run, passing Bonneville Dam were of Okanogan stock, with the remaining percentage of Wenatchee stock. Sixty-six percent of the fish caught in the Zone 1-5 commercial fisheries 44% percent


In this age, where transnational movements are increasing around the globe, migration is a research area that concerns many disciplines, such as geography, history, anthropology, linguistics as well as cultural- and literary studies, where this study is primarily based. Migration literature involves various levels of encounters that occur when the characters shift geographical regions; above all, the encounter with a "new" cultural environment, a target culture. The migration process is, in my view, a three step process that parallels Arnold van Gennep's rites of passage developed by Victor Turner which emphasises that there are three phases that occur in all rites of transition, namely separation, transition and incorporation. I see the migration process as a territorial rite of passage that consists of these three phases. As part of my thesis on cultural displacement and translation in Australian immigration literature, I intend, in this paper, to analyse the migration process as portrayed in the two novels Hiam by Eva Sallis and Stella's Place by Jim Sakkas with a focus on the second, liminal, phase and the third phase, incorporation. My aim is to analyse the effects of cultural translation on the migration process in these two texts.