The Paper

Abstract

Objective —To investigate change in mental health after smoking cessation compared with continuing to smoke.

Design —Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Data sources —Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO for relevant studies from inception to April 2012. Reference lists of included studies were hand searched, and authors were contacted when insufficient data were reported.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies —Longitudinal studies of adults that assessed mental health before smoking cessation and at least six weeks after cessation or baseline in healthy and clinical populations.

Results —26 studies that assessed mental health with questionnaires designed to measure anxiety, depression, mixed anxiety and depression, psychological quality of life, positive affect, and stress were included. Follow-up mental health scores were measured between seven weeks and nine years after baseline. Anxiety, depression, mixed anxiety and depression, and stress significantly decreased between baseline and follow-up in quitters compared with continuing smokers: the standardised mean differences (95% confidence intervals) were anxiety −0.37 (95% confidence interval −0.70 to −0.03); depression −0.25 (−0.37 to −0.12); mixed anxiety and depression −0.31 (−0.47 to −0.14); stress −0.27 (−0.40 to −0.13). Both psychological quality of life and positive affect significantly increased between baseline and follow-up in quitters compared with continuing smokers 0.22 (0.09 to 0.36) and 0.40 (0.09 to 0.71), respectively. There was no evidence that the effect size differed between the general population and populations with physical or psychiatric disorders.

Conclusions —Smoking cessation is associated with reduced depression, anxiety, and stress and improved positive mood and quality of life compared with continuing to smoke. The effect size seems as large for those with psychiatric disorders as for those without. …


With the detonation of information, the requirement of real-time data collection has been paid increased attention. It is more difficult that a real-time information system in practical application not only considering its convenience of maintenance, credibility of performance and flexibility of configuration, but reducing its developing cost as well. Therefore, to borrow the idea from the layered design for software system, a virtual layered concept was presented in this paper. And also a virtual layered design scheme for real-time information system based on the concepts of virtual layer and layered design was built to provide a flexible configuration method for development of series systems in different applications. The practices show that this scheme has strong flexibility, good efficiency and integrated optimization.


Smart textiles are often developed in sports- oriented contexts through technology-driven processes. In the medical context, practitioners themselves also invent and develop technological aids in response to needs that emerge in practice. In these cases, novel technology may be the first driver for design to secure functionality and reliability, but our study shows that these processes benefit from human-centric and empathic design approaches. The project develops smart textiles for infants with medical adversities, such as preterm birth, neonatal infections, or birth asphyxia, collaboratively with medical researchers. Our pilot research illuminates the need to use the interest group's empathic understanding as a starting point for design, as the user of the garments does not yet have a voice of their own. In this paper, we develop the argument for empathic design in a technology-driven design process in the medical context.


This paper contends that indigenous transport, defined as those modes, which evolved in response to local demand, well-contextualized to local conditions and well-adapted to local culture, helps decrease the vulnerability of individuals as well as communities to better adapt to climate change impacts. First, this paper examines the concept of indigenous transport based on its defined attributes. Second, through a face-to-face survey of transport passengers in three developing cities in Southeast Asia, namely: Baguio (Philippines), Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam), and Bandung (Indonesia), this paper investigates the indigenous attributes of three types of indigenous transport and elicits transport passengers' thoughts on climate change, their perception towards indigenous transport service attributes, and the contribution of indigenous transport to climate change adaptation. This exercise, however, does not compare indigenous transport across diverse urban scales, instead it attempts to gain a better understanding of the indigenous qualities of public transport modes, generally considered informal, and attain enhanced insights to strengthen the evidence base that can inform a context-based climate adaptation policy aimed at the local community level in developing Southeast Asian cities.


Adrenal cysts are rare; most lack endocrinologic activity and do not produce clinical symptoms. The present case is the first to be reported with both an adrenal cyst and a functioning adenoma present ipsilaterally. This 39-year-old male with hypertension was diagnosed as having primary aldosteronism as reflected by hypokalemia and an excess plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC). However, examination by computed tomography revealed a grossly enlarged left adrenal gland with a cyst-like lesion. The right adrenal appeared normal. At surgery, an adenoma and a cyst were found to coexist in the left adrenal cortex. The cyst fluid contained three times the amount of aldosterone present in plasma, less than in previous reports, and was considered to lack endocrinologic activity. Following a left adrenectomy, the patient's blood pressure, serum potassium concentration, and PAC all normalized without the need for medical treatment.


Abstract An investigation has been made of the suitability of a rat hemoperfusion system for the evaluation of hematological changes induced by charcoal hemoperfusion. The investigation studied the influence on erythrocyte, leucocyte and thrombocyte levels of repeated hemoperfusion over Norit RBX1 charcoal, hemoperfusion over polymer-coated Norit RBX1 and hemoperfusion over uncoated spherical charcoal. Controls included animals subjected to hemoperfusion through empty columns and animals cannulated only. The results indicate that changes in erythrocyte and leucocyte levels are due principally to passage of blood through the extracorporeal circuit rather than contact with the adsorbent but that changes in thrombocyte levels are dependent on the type of charcoal and the nature and extent of polymer coating. The investigation suggests that the rat hemoperfusion system is a suitable procedure for the assessment of the compatibility of adsorbents to be used in hemoperfusion.


In his widely-discussed book, Real Freedom for All, Philippe Van Parijs argues that justice requires the provision of a universal, unconditional basic income. Some critics reject that conclusion on the grounds that it violates requirements of reciprocity or prohibitions on exploitation, free-riding and parasitism. This paper explores a less familiar critique, which operates within the same resource egalitarian parameters as Van Parijs's argument, and leaves unchallenged his conviction that justice requires a basic income. Instead the paper suggests two reasons to doubt his ambitious claims about its magnitude. First, the paper argues that if envy elimination is the fundamental egalitarian aim then Van Parijs's argument for boosting basic income by including jobs within the class of external assets to be equalized is unsuccessful. Second, it argues that Van Parijs fails to show that the provision of basic income should not be constrained by a more restrictive principle for correcting inequalities in personal resources than his favored compensatory norm. Before defending these criticisms, two preliminary sections describe Van Parijs's distributive principles and his central argument for basic income.


The interest of the automotive industry has progressively focused on subjects related to driver assistance systems as well as autonomous cars. Cars combine a variety of sensors to perceive their surroundings robustly. Among them, radar sensors are indispensable because of their independence of lighting conditions and the possibility to directly measure velocity. However, radar interference is an issue that becomes prevalent with the increasing amount of radar systems in automotive scenarios. In this paper, we address this issue for frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars with fully convolutional neural networks (FCNs), a state-of-the-art deep learning technique. We propose two FCNs that take spectrograms of the beat signals as input, and provide the corresponding clean range profiles as output. We propose two architectures for interference mitigation which outperform the classical zeroing technique. Moreover, considering the lack of databases for this task, we release as open source a large scale data set that closely replicates real world automotive scenarios for single-interference cases, allowing others to objectively compare their future work in this domain. The data set is available for download at: http://github.com/ristea/arim.


Background: Growing consensus supports public and patient involvement (PPI) in research as the lived experience of patients, family carers and users of health and social care services bring unique insights to healthcare research. The impact and burden of stroke present ongoing challenges for those living with its consequences and could potentially limit PPI activity. This review aims to explore PPI in published stroke research to identify and describe the extent, nature and design of PPI activities, the type/s of studies involved and the profile of PPI participants engaged in stroke research. Methods: This systematic scoping review, guided by the Arksey & O'Malley five step framework, will be reported according to the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines. PPI is embedded at each stage of this proposed scoping review from conceptualisation, participation, contribution and collaboration. The Population, Concept, Context (PCC) structure defines the research question which asks - How is PPI in stroke research currently being conducted and how do the study authors report their PPI activities and its impact? A comprehensive range of electronic databases including PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsychINFO and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews will generate a broad range of studies. Grey literature (e.g. OpenGrey, Lenus) and internationally recognised stroke organisation websites will be searched for additional research reports. Data extraction will adhere to the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, with results collated and mapped to the research cycle stage/s. Conclusions: The outlined scoping review protocol will comprehensively identify and map the existing scientific literature that reports PPI in stroke research. Findings will be presented in relation to PPI conceptualisation, participant profiles and activities in stroke research, volume, type and range of approaches. Knowledge gaps may be identified thereby offering opportunities and recommendations for future priorities for PPI in stroke research.


Input from affected communities is an essential component of the reform process aimed at remedying unconstitutional police practices. Yet, no court has ever granted a community organization's motion to intervene as a matter of right in police reform, consent decree cases initiated by the Department of Justice. Judicial opinions in those cases have truncated the Federal Civil Rule 24 analysis when evaluating the interests of impacted communities. Thus, the most success achieved by a few community organizations has been permissive intervention or amici status. The models used by the Department of Justice to elicit the community perspective have been frustrating and have failed to incorporate community voice with equal weight and authority in the process. This Article identifies a uniform standard for courts to utilize in public law cases when community organizations seek intervention and proposes an alternative approach to the composition and structure of organizations so that the voices and input of those affected by police brutality are included in a meaningful way. The solution proposed by this Article involves applying an adequate representation analysis more suitable for the dynamic relationship between the federal government and marginalized communities. The right to intervene can be attained by those impacted by police violence while alleviating practical and representative concerns articulated by the judiciary in prior reform cases.


Probability distributions of myoglobin (Mb) saturation and intracellular PO2 were determined with subcellular spatial resolution in dog gracilis muscles during steady-state twitch contraction at 5-100% of maximal rate of O2 consumption (VO2). Calculations (Clark, A., and P. A.A. Clark. Biophys. J. 48: 931-938, 1985) and measurements (Gayeski, T. E. J., and C. R. Honig. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 200: 487-494, 1986) indicate that the PO2 in equilibrium with Mb is virtually identical to the PO2 at cytochrome aa3. Median intracellular PO2 and PO2 in the lower tails of probability distributions were poorly correlated with VO2. The variability of cell PO2 was greatly diminished when median PO2 was less than the PO2 for half saturation of MB, since Mb acts as a PO2 buffer. The lower tails of PO2 distributions contained almost no anoxic loci even when median PO2 was less than 1 Torr. VO2 was well correlated with the concentration ratio of phosphocreatine to free creatine (PCr/Crf) over a wide range of PO2. PO2 greater than or equal to 0.5 Torr supported maximal VO2 and energy demand. We conclude that 1) the mechanism of action of cytochrome aa3 is the same in red muscle in vivo as in mitochondria in vitro, and 2) an upper bound on the apparent Michaelis constant for maximal VO2 of red muscle is approximately 0.06 Torr.


Abstract. Oceanic–atmospheric climate modes, such as El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are known to affect the local streamflow regime in many rivers around the world. A new method is proposed to incorporate climate mode information into the well-known ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) method for seasonal forecasting. The ESP is conditioned on an ENSO index in two steps. First, a number of original historical ESP traces are selected based on similarity between the index value in the historical year and the index value at the time of forecast. In the second step, additional ensemble traces are generated by a stochastic ENSO-conditioned weather resampler. These resampled traces compensate for the reduction of ensemble size in the first step and prevent degradation of skill at forecasting stations that are less affected by ENSO. The skill of the ENSO-conditioned ESP is evaluated over 50 years of seasonal hindcasts of streamflows at three test stations in the Columbia River basin in the US Pacific Northwest. An improvement in forecast skill of 5 to 10 % is found for two test stations. The streamflows at the third station are less affected by ENSO and no change in forecast skill is found here.


Localization and tracking of cells generates raw digital information from microscopy images, including images of stained nuclei and highly precise determination of central positions of cells, which can be analyzed for investigation of cell motility. In a previous study by this group, an algorithm termed automated contour-based tracking for in vitro environments (ACTIVE) was established for tracking large cell populations for long periods of time. For the two-cell interaction events on which ACTIVE was initially focused, error rate was reduced as much as 43% compared to a traditional positional analysis algorithm by Kilfoil and colleagues. In the present thesis, we investigated whether the ACTIVE algorithm could be improved when applied to a more complicated condition: three-cell interactions. To determine whether modification of the ACTIVE algorithms could allow ACTIVE to outperform the Kilfoil benchmark method when applied not only to two-cell interaction cases but also to three-cell interaction cases, two approaches were developed and studied: 1) optimization of the existing ACTIVE cost-function weighting factors by orthogonal design with addition of two new factors, velocity and directionality, and detection of ranges and effects for all factors, and 2) modification of the circumstances under which the Kilfoil approach and the cost function approach were executed. We found the position factor to be the most important and accurate among all the factors, and optimized all factors. What is more, the directionality was determined to be the second most significant factor of the cost function for correctly tracking cells. However, modification of neither the position nor directionality factor could achieve higher accuracy than the Kilfoil method. Having evaluated the new strategy that combines both the cost function and the Kilfoil method, we found that the new strategy did not result in higher accuracy for three-cell interactions, as compared to the pure Kilfoil benchmark method. The accuracy of the new strategy was 6% lower on average than the Kilfoil method. Although the results of the present work do not yet achieve a method for analysis of three-cell interactions that outperforms purely positional analysis, the work provides a method for optimization of the cost function and new understanding of characteristics of three-cell interactions that lead to reduced accuracy in the cost function and/or positional (Kilfoil) approaches.


Fourteen patients with high normal (main group) and 15 subjects with optimal (control group) blood pressure (BP) were examined. Fasting and postprandial (60 and 120 min after oral intake of glucose) levels of glucose, insulin, interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, and C-reactive protein were measured. At the same time spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) was done. Body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance index (as HOMA-IR) were calculated. In patients with high normal BP total power of HRV was decreased (p<0.05) and dynamic changes of HRV after glucose loading were blunted. In persons with optimal BP transient elevation of low frequency component and low/high ratio in 60 min after onset of glucose tolerance test (GTT) were registered; values of both parameters were higher than in the main group (p<0.05). Changes in vegetative nervous system activity in control group were accompanied by transient elevations of levels of inflammatory cytokines: IL-1 and TNF- in 60 min, IL-6 in 120 min after GTT onset (p<0.05), which at that moment were higher than in patients with high normal BP (p<0.05). Fasting and postprandial insulin concentrations and glucose level 60 min after glucose intake were higher in patients from the main group (p<0.05). In both groups positive correlations between BMI and HOMA-IR were observed (r1=0.70 r2=0.78). Subjects with optimal and high normal BP have different variants of vegetative nervous system reactions to pulsatile hyperglycemia which is accompanied by changes of levels of inflammatory cytokines and worsening of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with high normal BP.


In this review, the current status of research on machine learning techniques by social enterprises was explored. First the popularity of social media, the type of big data generated by them, how they are potentially and actually are used were outlined. The general concept of machine learning, components, methods and its application were discussed. On this background, specific methods and stages used in machine analytics of social media were reviewed with explanatory diagrams reproduced from the works of various authors. Bayesian Network and Support Vector Machine are most commonly used methods due to their advantages over other methods. The methods are used mostly for opinion mining, sentiment analysis and trend analysis. Social network analysis and business management are the most frequent applications, although it has been applied in many other fields also. Many new methods and modifications of current methods are being developed almost continuously to solve the problems in current methods. There are also limitations in current machine learning techniques. Samples drawn from big data may not always represent of the population. The gigantic size of data, with low value intensity, spread over several sources and their dynamic nature can cause certain biases. Large computing capacities and sophisticated methods of sampling, extraction and analysis are required to handle big data. Accuracy and objectivity of social media data are not always assured and the problem multiplies with use of diverse data sources. Access and ethical issues may arise. Heterogeneity, noise accumulation, spurious correlations and incidental endogeneity are other problems.


Methods. We identified 275 patients, aged 80 yr or greater, admitted to the ICU after surgery. After exclusions, 255 were selected for further analysis. Multivariate analysis was then performed to determine the covariates associated with hospital mortality. Results. The overall ICU and hospital mortality was 20.4% and 33.3%, respectively. Patients who received i.v. vasoactive drugs on days 1 and 2 had hospital mortality of 54.4% and 60.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that requirement for i.v. vasoactive drugs within the first 24 h on ICU [odds ratio (OR) 4.29; 95% CI, 2.35‐7.84, P,0.001] and requirement for i.v. vasoactive drugs for a further 24 h (OR 3.63; 95% CI, 1.58‐8.37, P,0.01) were associated with hospital mortality. The requirement for i.v. vasoactive drugs was also strongly associated with hospital mortality in all the subgroups studied (elective surgery, emergency surgery, and emergency laparotomy). Conclusions. For patients aged 80 yr and more, admitted to ICU after surgery, the requirement for i.v. vasoactive drugs in the first and second 24 h was the strongest predictor of hospital mortality.


ENGLISH:

This study focuses on analyzing the headlines of The Jakarta Post using Grice maxim which specified on the rhetorical strategy, namely overstatement. Overstatement is exaggerated statement which it is more imperative. The headline as the core of information in the form of sentence or utterance and the messages are conveyed implicitly. Based on the background, the research about An Analysis on the overstatements in the headlines of The Jakarta Post was conducted with the following problems: (1) How are the overstatements found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post? And (2) How are the maxims of quality and quantity flouted found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post?

This research was conducted using descriptive qualitative method based on Grice maxim. The data were in forms of sentences from the headlines of The Jakarta Post. The data were selected from the headlines of The Jakarta Post published from February 1 to February 29, 2008.

After the data obtained and analyzed, it is found that the maxims were flouted when the maxims are overtly broken by the journalist and the headlines were written by using the rhetorical strategy, namely overstatement. In addition, it is found that most of the data were flouting maxims, especially the maxims of quality and quantity. These used in the sentences which had some implied meanings. The sentences were often stated briefly or expressed in exaggeration which was classified as overstatement.

There were also some words from the data that were inclination to exaggerated sentence. The most words exaggerated on a verb in those utterances which function as the predicate. Beside that, it was found that there were some data exaggerated on an adjective which function as the negative meaning. Also, it was found that some data exaggerated on a noun which functions as the object, and some data exaggerated on a noun which functions as the subject.

Based on those findings, it is recommended for the journalists to consider or comprehend the rhetorical strategy particularly the overstatement when they write the headlines in order to make their utterances more efficient and will be understood easily. English teachers are suggested to pay attention to the significance of the overstatements in all kinds of communication to enrich the student's knowledge on the parts of discourse. It is also suggested for further researchers to use the other subjects of study, such as the utterances found on sport news or opinion column, to conduct the same field of research.


A 4-year-old boy presented with a 6-month history of a slowly enlarging asymptomatic nodule on the occipital scalp. His medical history was otherwise unremarkable. Examination of the skin revealed a 3.5by 3.5-cm, firm, erythematous, fixed, smooth nodule (Fig. 1) on the right side of the occipital area with superficial scaling and surrounding lymphadenopathy. It was not tender to the touch. Physical examination was otherwise unremarkable. A 6-mm punch biopsy from the scalp (Figs. 2 and 3) and a lymph node biopsy from the right occiput were obtained urgently.


Constrained coding as a method to increase the data rate in dispersion-managed soliton (DMS) communication systems is proposed. This approach is well known and widely used in the context of magnetic and optical recording systems. This paper shows that it is also applicable to DMS systems due to certain similarities between the underlying physical channels. Since timing jitter is an important error-generating mechanism for solitons, a coding scheme specifically designed to combat pulse shifts is also presented, and its properties in the framework of a particular information-theoretic channel model are analyzed. A connection between the model used and the real physical channel is then established. Next, the coded system is compared with the original one from the channel capacity point of view with the help of numerical examples. Finally, the fact that the application of constrained coding may alleviate soliton pulse-to-pulse interaction is exploited. This, in turn, opens the door to the usage of higher-than-usual map strengths and ultimately leads to a significant increase of up to 50% in the bit rate


In this paper, we adapt Burtless and Hausman's (1978) methodology in order to estimate farmer's demand for irrigation water under increasing block-rate tariffs and empirically assess its effect on aggregate demand and inter-farm allocation efficiency. This methodology overcomes the technical challenges raised by increasing block rate pricing and accounts for both observed and unobserved technological heterogeneity among farmers. Employing a micro panel data documenting irrigation levels and prices in 185 Israeli agricultural communities in the period 1992-1997 we estimate water demand elasticity at -0.3 in the short run (the effect of a price change on demand within a year of implementation) and -0.46 in the long run. We also find that, in accordance with common belief, switching from a single to a block price regime, yields a 7% reduction in average water use while maintaining the same average price. However, based on our simulations we estimate that the switch to block prices will result in a loss of approximately 1% of agricultural output due to inter-farm allocation inefficiencies.


The former Galileo Commercial Service (CS) will provide a High Accuracy Service (HAS) and a Commercial Authentication Service (CAS). The first will disseminate free Precise Point Positioning (PPP) corrections through the E6-B signal whereas the second will provide authentication capabilities through the E6-C pilot component that will be encrypted. For this reason, improved processing strategies for data-only processing need to be investigated. The combined use of Kalman filtering and noncoherent integrations is analyzed in this work. A Software Defined Radio (SDR) receiver has been developed and used for the analysis. Different scenarios were considered including simulated data with decreasing Carrier-to-Noise Power Spectral Density Ratio (C/N0) levels and live static and dynamic data collected under harsh environments. It emerges that the use of Kalman filtering with extended noncoherent integrations is an effective approach to improve the performance of data-only processing.


Importance
After disparate results from observational and small randomized studies, the COMPLETE trial demonstrated superiority of multivessel (MV) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over culprit-only PCI for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Objective
To describe temporal trends and institutional variation of MV PCI use for STEMI in the United States to inform how new evidence may influence clinical practice.

Design, Setting, and Participants
This cohort study included STEMI admissions involving MV disease from 1598 institutions in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry from the third quarter of 2009 to the first quarter of 2018. An MV PCI was defined as a PCI to a nonculprit lesion within 45 days of the index procedure.

Exposures
Multivessel PCI, defined as placement of coronary stents in 2 or more major epicardial vessels or the staged placement of 1 or more coronary stents in a major epicardial vessel distinct from the index culprit vessel, within 45 days of the index PCI.

Main Outcomes and Measures
Outcomes included the proportional use of MV PCI among STEMI admissions with MV disease, and the timing of MV PCI (an index procedure, a staged procedure during index hospitalization, or a postdischarge procedure within 45 days).

Results
Among 359 879 admissions with STEMI and MV disease, MV PCI was performed in 38.5% (n = 138 380; mean [SD] age of patients, 62.3 [12.3] years; 102 266 men [73.9%]) within 45 days. Of those receiving MV PCIs, 30.8% (n = 42 629) had a procedure performed during the index procedure, 31.6% (n = 43 696) as a staged procedure during the index hospitalization, and 37.6% (n = 52 055) within 45 days of discharge. Complete revascularization of all diseased arteries was performed in 76.2% (n = 105 389). From the third quarter of 2009 to the second quarter of 2013, MV PCI use declined by 10%, from 42.7% (3230 of 7572 cases) to a nadir of 32.7% (3386 of 10 342 cases), followed by an increase to 44.0% (5062 of 11 497 cases) by the fourth quarter of 2017. During this time, there was a 13.6% decline in use of postdischarge staged MV PCI (from 23.4% of STEMI cases [1772 of 7572 cases] in the third quarter of 2009 to 9.9% [1094 of 11 171 cases] in the fourth quarter of 2014) and an 12.5% increase in MV PCI performed during the index admission (from 19.3% [1458 of 7572 cases] in the third quarter of 2009 to 31.8% [3557 of 11 171 cases] in the first quarter of 2018). Multivessel PCI use varied substantially across institutions, with a median use of 37.9% (interquartile range, 30.0%-46.5%).

Conclusions and Relevance
In this large, nationwide analysis, MV PCI use for patients with STEMI has been increasing through early 2018 but was used in the minority of patients and with wide variability across US institutions. The adoption of new trial results into guidelines and practice may further promote the growth of MV PCI.


Mathematics provides many benefits to human life and continues to grow. The development of mathematics begins with a paradigm shift of mathematics from experts and society. The paradigm of a person about mathematics will affect the way he learns and knows more about mathematics. This paradigm shift affects the changes in the implementation of the education system that impacts the curriculum, learning, and evaluation of mathematics learning. In addition, this paradigm shift also raises some problems in learning mathematics. This paper will provide an overview of how the journey of change of mathematical paradigm from time to time and give an idea of how the mathematics curriculum developed and how the pattern of learning and evaluation of mathematical learning done in the current era. In addition, this paper also provides an overview of the problems of mathematics education in Indonesia and its comparison from several countries namely Finland, Canada and Japan.


DNA sequencing is the basic workhorse of modern day biology and medicine. Shotgun sequencing is the dominant technique used: many randomly located short fragments called reads are extracted from the DNA sequence, and these reads are assembled to reconstruct the original sequence. A basic question is: given a sequencing technology and the statistics of the DNA sequence, what is the minimum number of reads required for reliable reconstruction? This number provides a fundamental limit to the performance of any assembly algorithm. By drawing an analogy between the DNA se-quencing problem and the classic communication problem, we formulate this question in terms of an information theoretic notion of sequencing capacity. This is the asymp-totic ratio of the length of the DNA sequence to the minimum number of reads required to reconstruct it reliably. We compute the sequencing capacity explicitly for a simple statistical model of the DNA sequence and the read process. Using this framework, we also study the impact of noise in the read process on the sequencing capacity.


Honey samples from Apis dorsata, A. cerana and A. mellifera were collected by cutting a piece of honey comb directly from the colonies on the same day and from the same floristic region of Chitwan district, central Nepal. Physico-chemical analysis of the honey samples was performed. The values obtained for moisture content, electrical conductivity (EC), invertase, and proline content were significantly different between all the honey groups. The analytical values for Apis dorsata (n = 28), A. cerana (n = 26), and A. mellifera (n = 27) respectively were: 21.5, 20.1 and 17.1 mois- ture content (g/100 g honey); 0.96, 0.65 and 0.31 EC (mS/cm), 373.4, 218.2 and 110.9 invertase (Siegenthaler U/kg), and 875.8, 323.0 and 610.2 proline (mg/kg). There were no significant differ- ences between the honey types in pH, glucose oxidase, and the amount of glucose. However, the amount of fructose was significantly higher in A. dorsata and A. cerana than in A. mellifera honeys. Similarly, the amount of oligosaccharide L 2 was significantly higher and sucrose was significantly lower in A. dorsata honeys than in A. cerana and A. mellifera honeys.


ABSTRACT Complex intersecting social, economic and environmental dilemmas in Australia's Cape York Peninsula present a number of challenges for planners seeking to develop and implement land use and natural resource management (NRM) plans. There have been five different attempts at land use and NRM planning in Cape York Peninsula over the last 20 years. These processes have (to greater or lesser extents) failed to deliver community-owned and government-supported plans to guide development and/or the management of the region's natural resources. The region is remote, sparsely populated, and home to a significant Indigenous population. Much of the contestation within the region surrounds the access, use and ownership of the region's internationally valuable natural resources. This paper reviews, from the literature, the relevancy and applicability of criteria for best practice planning and governance. A range of identified best practice governance and planning principles are applied to assess the governance arrangements for planning in the Peninsula. The paper finds that decision-making arrangements for land use and NRM planning in the Peninsula are still in their infancy and are inadequate to support effective outcomes. The paper concludes that broader attention to best practice principles in governance for planning is needed to improve planning outcomes.


Evidence shows bidirectional crosstalk between neurons and glia, suggesting that glia play an active role in synaptic plasticity leading to chronic pain. Importantly, gliosis has been implicated in the development and maintenance of hyperalgesia or allodynia following chronic inflammation or nerve injury. Anandamide (AEA) and 2- arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), or the lipoamino acid N-arachydonoyldopamine (NADA), are fatty acid derivative neuro- transmitters, named endocannabinoids (eCBs). These perform several biological actions, via the activation of cannabinoid type 1 and 2 (CB1/CB2) receptors belonging to the G-protein-coupled receptor family. The eCBs are produced on de- mand by neurons or glial cells and it has been suggested that they might be involved in the crosstalk between astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and neurons. In chronic pain, the modified glial or neural activity also seems to be associated with changes in eCB levels in pain processing areas either in the spinal cord or the brain. The activation of the eCB sys- tem in microglia or astrocytes could be crucial in modulating axonal growth and synaptogenesis at the base of neural phe- notypic changes. Furthermore, changes in eCBs levels have been suggested to affect the destiny of cells: death or survival may depend on a specific pain condition. Thus, although eCBs are emerging as neurotransmitters responsible for the regu- lation of glia-neuron crosstalk in chronic pain, the precise mechanisms leading to eCB production, the origin and the time- course of eCB release, the eCB release switch from one cell type to the other and their movement or catabolism across the glial or neural cell membrane nevertheless still remain unknown. These issues together with alternative eCB targets will be addressed in the current review.


Recently a method was presented for reconstructing optical pathlength distributions (OPDs) from images of weak phase objects obtained by a conventional differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope. A potential application of this technique is the determination of the mass of biological objects: by integrating the optical pathlength over the projected surface of the image of an object, a measure of the dry mass, i.e. the total mass of all solid constituents present in the object, is obtained. To assess the possibilities of DIC microscopy for this application, simulations were performed on computer‐generated DIC images of objects of various sizes, shapes and orientation angles. After reconstructing the OPDs from these images, the integrated optical pathlength of each of the test objects was determined, and compared with the expected results. The parameter settings used in the reconstruction algorithm were found to be very important in obtaining a reliable measurement. Using optimal parameter settings, errors in the integrated OPD could be limited to a few per cent for circular objects within the investigated size range. For non‐circular objects, however, the orientation angle of the object relative to the lateral shift was found to influence the measured values. Ellipses with their long axes perpendicular to the shift direction had a significantly higher integrated OPD than ellipses orientated parallel to the shift. By adjusting the reconstruction parameters the effect could be limited, but complete elimination of the artefact was not possible within the parameter range investigated.


Background: Cancer is a lethal disease that results from a multifactorial process. Progression into carcinogenesis and an abnormal cell proliferation can occur due to the micro and macro environment as well as genetic mutations and modifications. In this review, cancer and the microbiota – mainly bacteria that inhabit the tumour tissue – have been discussed. The positive and negative impacts of the commensal bacteria on tumours being protective or carcinogenic agents, respectively, and their strategies have also been described.
Methods: Related published articles written in English language were searched from Google Scholar, PubMed, Mendeley suggestions, as well as Google search using a combination of the keywords 'Microbiota, commensal bacteria, cancer, tumor'. Relevant literature published between the years 1979 and 2018 were included in this review.
Results: The complicated nature of cancer as well as the role that might be played by the commensal bacteria in affected tissues have been the focus of the recent studies. The symbiotic relationships between the microbiota and the host have been shown to confer benefits to the last. By contrast, the microbiota has been suggested to upgrade cancer by modifying the balance of host cell proliferation and death, by provoking chronic inflammation, and by eliciting uncontrolled innate and adaptive immunity. In this context, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria have been isolated from various tumor samples.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that commensal microbiota plays an important role in the prevention of diseases including cancer. Inversely, microbiota alterations (dysbiosis) have been found to interrupt that symbiotic correlation between the host and the inhabitant microbiota probably leading to cancer.
Recommendations: The correlation between the commensal microbiome, antibiotics uptake and cancer occurrence need to be investigated exclusively. Moreover, increased attention must be paid to evaluating the effects of these microorganisms on the currently used anticancer agents, and the role that might be played by commensal bacteria on tumor progression or tumor regression.


A highly popular regularized (shrinkage) covariance matrix estimator is the shrinkage sample covariance matrix (SCM) which shares the same set of eigenvectors as the SCM but shrinks its eigenvalues toward the grand mean of the eigenvalues of the SCM. In this paper, a more general approach is considered in which the SCM is replaced by an M-estimator of scatter matrix and a fully automatic data adaptive method to compute the optimal shrinkage parameter with minimum mean squared error is proposed. Our approach permits the use of any weight function such as Gaussian, Huber's, Tyler's, or $t$ weight functions, all of which are commonly used in M-estimation framework. Our simulation examples illustrate that shrinkage M-estimators based on the proposed optimal tuning combined with robust weight function do not loose in performance to shrinkage SCM estimator when the data is Gaussian, but provide significantly improved performance when the data is sampled from an unspecified heavy-tailed elliptically symmetric distribution. Also, real-world and synthetic stock market data validate the performance of the proposed method in practical applications.


The results of different fuzzy clustering algorithms are dealt with collectively in a formal framework of probabilistic set theory in order to interpret the structure of data. Special attention is paid to calculation of entropy of the fuzzy clusters detected by various grouping methods. Two numerical examples illustrate applicability of the proposed way of cluster evaluation.


Based on her observation of two deaf children acquiring American Sign Language (ASL) who stopped pointing to persons at around 12 months and then produced reversal errors, Petitto (1987) argued that the discontinuous development of gestures and signs gives support to the hypothesis that language does not arise from general cognitive processes. However, since then, a large amount of studies on hearing children have suggested that early pointing was strongly related to later language abilities. In this paper, we follow up on these socio-cognitive approaches, with a dataset comparable to Petitto's. We study the development of pointing and self-reference in a deaf child acquiring French Sign Language (LSF). We focus on self-reference rather than self-points, and suggest that, despite the apparent discontinuity in the production of self-points, there is continuity in the establishment of self-reference. In our data, the child produces self-points early on. She then uses predicates without overt subject before entering more complex syntax by combining predicates and self-points. The deaf signing child constructs self-reference similarly to speaking children and uses specific forms provided by her linguistic environment according to her cognitive, social and linguistic development.


Control of histone acetylation is a part of the epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression and chromatin architecture. The members of the bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) protein family are a group of epigenetic readers that recognize histone acetylation, whereas histone deacetyl‐ ases such as sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) function as epigenetic erasers. We observed that BET inhibition by the specific inhibitor JQ1 upregulated SIRT1 expression and activated SIRT1. Moreover, we observed that BET inhibition functionally reversed the pro‐inflammatory effect of SIRT1 inhibition in a cellular lung disease model. SIRT1 activation is desirable in many age‐related, metabolic and inflammatory diseases; our results suggest that BET protein inhibition would be beneficial in treatment of those conditions. Most importantly, our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of SIRT1 activation by inhibition of the BET proteins.


An aggregate series is a time series resulting from the aggregation of two or more sub-series. Two model-based approaches to seasonal adjustment of the aggregate series include a univariate and multivariate basic structural model. In a previous study (2), the variance of the seasonally adjusted series for the two approaches were compared using a range of true parameter values for a fixed length series. This paper compares the model-based univariate and multivariate approaches for different series lengths using the estimated parameters. A simulation study compares two outcomes: the accuracy of the estimated parameters of the aggregate series, and the naive bias in the prediction error variance. The results show that for the two cases studied, the use of the multivariate approach in the estimation of parameters improves the accuracy of the parameter estimates of the aggregated series. This was especially true for short to medium length time series. The relative efficiencies of the seasonally adjusted aggregated series also showed good gains for the multivariate model. For one of the cases, there was a substantial decrease in the naive bias with the use of the multivariate model. Bias correction is also discussed for the two approaches.


Vocabulary is considered essential to language learning, thus English word lists and tests based on frequency information have become the centre of attention for researchers, teachers and learners alike. As a result, it is argued hereby that frequency based word lists and tests should be adapted and regarded as key elements for teaching and learning Romanian as an additional language as well.
Since there are currently no reliable frequency lists and lexical tests in Romanian, this paper aims to bridge this gap by introducing the first Romanian Word List and the Romanian Vocabulary Levels Test. The list contains the 10,000 most frequent Romanian words and is based on the Romanian Balanced Annotated Corpus (ROMBAC, Ion, Irimia, Ștefănescu, Tufiș 2012).
The primary objective of the paper is to elaborate on the compilation criteria, the challenges involved and the benefits of such a list in the case of teaching, learning and curriculum design for Romanian as an additional language. The secondary objective is to present a practical application of the word list by introducing an exemplary Romanian lexical test, the Romanian Vocabulary Levels Test and examine its reliability and validity.


The purpose of the present paper is to re-examine a number of major theoretical and empirical contributions in the field of intellectual capital with an attempt to identify the major components of intellectual capital. Today the concept of intellectual capital is increasingly recognized as one of the most important strategic assets of organizations in knowledge-based economy. In knowledge-based economy, modern and high tech enterprises not only focus on innovation of new products, services, marketing, research and development activities but also pay particular attention to the development and management of organization intellectual capital.


The present article proposes the Extrinsic Motivation as a means to improve participation during the English classroom to develop interaction, communication and the use of the language. The extrinsic motivation is intended to be promoted through the integration of homework assignments that would generate an additional grade that would benefit their current low academic performance. The plan is to promote also collaborative learning between students inside the classroom, so as to increase participation. Besides, communicative approach and studentcentred classroom are included. This article shows the implementation of a didactic unit in a 9 grade class from a subsidized school located in Quinta Normal, Santiago, which presents a 70% of social vulnerability and in which English subject is not given special importance. The class group is quite disruptive and students show neither interest nor motivation to participate in the English class. The following questions will be studied and presented in this article: would homework activities increase the English language use in classes of EFL in a vulnerable high school? Would these homework activities work as extrinsic motivator to increase English Class Participation? The results obtained in this intervention showed that it is difficult to improve participation in a disruptive class and that just a few students were able to increase their class involvement and disposition concerning working with others. There was no significant increase in the use of the language.


We study the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) for the slow fading interference channel with a relay (ICR). We derive four inner bounds on the DMT region: the first is based on the compress-and-forward (CF) relaying scheme, the second is based on the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme, and the last two bounds are based on the half-duplex (HD) and full-duplex (FD) amplify-and-forward (AF) schemes. For the CF and DF schemes, we find conditions on the channel parameters and the multiplexing gains, under which the corresponding inner bound achieves the optimal DMT region. We also identify the cases in which the DMT region of the ICR corresponds to that of two parallel slow fading relay channels, implying that interference does not decrease the DMT for each pair, and that a single relay can be DMT-optimal for two pairs simultaneously. For the HD-AF scheme, we derive conditions on the channel coefficients under which the proposed scheme achieves the optimal DMT for the AF-based relay channel. Finally, we identify the conditions under which adding a relay strictly enlarges the DMT region relative to the interference channel without a relay.


The authors of this paper co-curated Living Concrete/Carrot City, an exhibition at The New School during the Fall 2010 semester that explored the relationship between urban agriculture and the city, and the roles of farmers and gardeners, designers, artists, activists, academics, and others in integrating food and agriculture into everyday city life. This reflective essay discusses the genesis of the exhibition, our curatorial decisions, and the interactions among students, faculty, and community members that we observed within the gallery. The project supported university goals of cross-disciplinary and public scholarship, created a space for members of the urban agriculture community to learn from each other, and demonstrated the potential for an exhibition platform to serve as a vehicle for liberal arts and design schools to engage in food systems research, teaching, design practice, and public engagement. While the essay focuses on the specific instance of this exhibition and interdisciplinary collaboration, it suggests some implications for consideration by other urban institutions of higher education.


Purpose: The purpose of this explorative study is to (re-)introduce, and thereby explore, the question, how the presentation of the self in the virtual environment relates to the presentation of the self in the in-vivo environment as experienced by adolescent e-users (main question). Drawing on Goffman's theatrical metaphor (1956), prior research investigating self-presentation on social networks is predominantly limited to an individualistic approach to the self. From a social constructivist approach, however, revisiting Goffman's theatrical metaphor provides for another and potentially more explorable theoretical approach. In particular, it will, then, be explored how the authentication process, which underlies the constitution of the self, takes shape (sub-question). Method: A group of eight adolescents aged 16-21, constituting a 'micro social network' of strong and latent social ties, participated in a focus group discussion. After they were invited to give two written self-presentational performances both directed to a virtual audience (Facebook) and an in-vivo audience (group meeting), they reflected on the experience of the self-presentation in both environments. First, a qualitative thematic analysis was applied to investigate emerging themes mentioned during the focus group discussion. Second, each theme was analyzed as to how it relates to the authentication process. Third, an integrational representation model has been constructed summarizing and structuring the given findings. Results: Four themes have been identified as covering for the adolescents' experience of the presentation of the self: isolative potential (I.), controllability (II.), realness and make-belief (III.), and sharing and echoing (IV.) According to the adolescents' experience the authentication process was found to be impaired on Facebook as it fails to account for meaningful sharing (=communication). Conclusions and Discussion: According to the adolescents the content being shared on Facebook as well as the lack of sufficient response are unsatisfactory regarding the purpose of engaging in an authentication process within social discourse. The study reveals the self-reflective potential of adolescents in exploring environments offered to them to engage in social discourse. Technology, meant to provide a channel for communication, is abandoned as soon as it disappoints in serving as platform for meaningful self-presentation, that is, meaningful sharing which contributes to the process of self-construction. The value of the social constructivist approach to the process of self-constitution is discussed including implications and recommendations for further research.


The development of human breast cancer is driven by changes in the genetic and epigenetic landscape of the cell. Despite growing appreciation of the importance of epigenetics in breast cancers, our knowledge of epigenetic alterations of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in breast cancers remains limited. Here, we explored the epigenetic patterns of ncRNAs in breast cancers via a sequencing-based comparative methylome analysis, mainly focusing on two most popular ncRNA biotypes, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and miRNAs. Besides global hypomethylation and extensive CpG islands (CGIs) hypermethylation, we observed widely aberrant methylation in the promoters of ncRNAs, which was higher than that of protein-coding genes. Specifically, intergenic ncRNAs were observed to contribute a large slice of the aberrantly methylated ncRNA promoters. Moreover, we summarized five patterns of ncRNA promoter aberrant methylation in the context of genomic CGIs, where aberrant methylation occurred not only on the CGIs, but also flanking regions and CGI sparse promoters. Integration with transcriptional datasets, we found that the ncRNA promoter methylation events were associated with transcriptional changes. Furthermore, a panel of ncRNAs were identified as biomarkers that were able to discriminate between disease phenotypes (AUCs>0.90). Finally, the potential functions for aberrantly methylated ncRNAs were predicted based on similar patterns, adjacency and/or target genes, highlighting that ncRNAs and coding genes coordinately mediated pathways dysregulation in the development and progression of breast cancers. This study presents the aberrant methylation patterns of ncRNAs, which will be a highly valuable resource for investigations at understanding epigenetic regulation of breast cancers. [Supplemental material is available online at www.genome.org.]


Most modern astrophysical data sets are multi-dimensional; a characteristic that can nowadays generally be conserved and exploited scientifically during the data reduction/simulation and analysis cascades. However, the same multi-dimensional data sets are systematically cropped, sliced, and/or projected to printable two-dimensional diagrams at the publication stage. In this article, we introduce the concept of the "X3D pathway" as a mean of simplifying and easing the access to data visualization and publication via three-dimensional (3D) diagrams. The X3D pathway exploits the facts that (1) the X3D 3D file format lies at the center of a product tree that includes interactive HTML documents, 3D printing, and high-end animations, and (2) all high-impact-factor and peer-reviewed journals in astrophysics are now published (some exclusively) online. We argue that the X3D standard is an ideal vector for sharing multi-dimensional data sets because it provides direct access to a range of different data visualization techniques, is fully open source, and is a well-defined standard from the International Organization for Standardization. Unlike other earlier propositions to publish multi-dimensional data sets via 3D diagrams, the X3D pathway is not tied to specific software (prone to rapid and unexpected evolution), but instead is compatible with a range of open-source software already in use by our community. The interactive HTML branch of the X3D pathway is also actively supported by leading peer-reviewed journals in the field of astrophysics. Finally, this article provides interested readers with a detailed set of practical astrophysical examples designed to act as a stepping stone toward the implementation of the X3D pathway for any other data set.


We propose a new way of regulating protein adsorption by using a pH-responsive polymer. According to the theoretical results obtained from the molecular theory and kinetic approaches, both thermodynamics and kinetics of protein adsorption are verified to be well controlled by the solution pH. The kinetics and the amount of adsorbed proteins at equilibrium are greatly increased when the solution environment changes from acid to neutral. The reason is that the increased pH promotes the dissociation of the weak polyelectrolyte, resulting in more charged monomers and more stretched chains. Thus the steric repulsion within the polymer layer is weakened, which effectively lowers the barrier felt by the protein during the process of adsorption. Interestingly, we also find that the kinetics of protein desorption is almost unchanged with the variation of pH. It is because although the barrier formed by the polymer layer changes along with the change of pH, the potential at contact with the surface varies equally. Our results may provide useful insights into controllable protein adsorption/desorption in practical applications.


One main limitation of established neuroimaging methods is the inability to directly visualize large-scale neural dynamics in whole mammalian brains at subsecond speeds. Optoacoustic imaging has advanced in recent years to provide unique advantages for real-time deep-tissue observations, which have been exploited for three-dimensional imaging of both cerebral hemodynamic parameters and direct calcium activity in rodents. Due to a lack of suitable calcium indicators excitable in the near-infrared window, optoacoustic imaging of neuronal activity at deep-seated areas of the mammalian brain has been impeded by the strong absorption of blood in the visible range of the light spectrum. To overcome this, we have developed and validated an intracardially perfused mouse brain preparation labelled with genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f that closely resembles in vivo conditions. By overcoming the limitations of hemoglobin-based light absorption, this new technique was used to observe stimulus-evoked calcium dynamics in the brain at penetration depths and spatio-temporal resolution scales not attainable with existing neuroimaging techniques.


Neonatal repercussion researched of the serotonin selective recapture inibitor (SSRI) chronic treatment about the somatic growth, of the encephalon and skull. Male rats were divided into groups: control (NaCl) and Cit (10 microL/Kg citalopram 10 mg). In 21 post birth days were measured body weight, side axle , front and rear and skull circle. At 8, 15, 22 days after birth, animals were sacrified for the encephalon withdrawal to evaluate the measurements mentioned above. SSRI use caused body growth deficit, skull and encephalon reduction. The retard is possibly caused by the magnitude change of the trophic serotonin action over the skull-facial morphogenesis, reinforcing the serotoninergic system participation over the somatic and ontogenic growth. The SSRI possible hypophagic effects are not discarded.


Restoration is important for biodiversity conservation worldwide, but surprisingly little is known about its efficiency in a long-term perspective. In this study, we re-examined Swedish semi-natural grasslands 12–20 years after the restoration, by comparing field inventories of vascular plant species diversity made in 2001 with follow-up inventories in 2012. We also analysed restoration effect in relation to six environmental factors and used continuously managed semi-natural grasslands as references of desired state after restoration. We found that total species richness increased over time but not to reference levels, while there were no significant changes in species density or number of grassland specialists. However, the overall species composition in the restored sites, as well as grassland specialist composition, now largely resembled reference conditions. Fertilisation and time between abandonment and restoration were the only environmental variables that affected total species composition change, while site area affected change in grassland specialist composition. Our results show that restoration of semi-natural grasslands can contribute to conservation of semi-natural habitats and their associated biodiversity. Yet, due to the vague restoration goals for these sites, it is difficult to evaluate the restoration success, which emphasise the general need for clear and measurable goals.


Quantum line shape calculations of the rototranslational enhancement spectra of nitrogen-methane gaseous mixtures are reported. The calculations are based on a recent theoretical dipole function for interacting N(2) and CH(4) molecules, which accounts for the long-range induction mechanisms: multipolar inductions and dispersion force-induced dipoles. Multipolar induction alone was often found to approximate the actual dipole surfaces of pairs of interacting linear molecules reasonably well. However, in the case of the N(2)-CH(4) pair, the absorption spectra calculated with such a dipole function still show a substantial intensity defect at the high frequencies (>250 cm(-1)) when compared to existing measurements at temperatures from 126 to 297 K, much as was previously reported.


Purpose – While considerable research has been dedicated to sponsorship, product placement and celebrity endorsement, hybrid forms that employ two or more of these approaches in a single execution have been largely neglected. A documentary that is
woven around a single brand and employs elements of endorsement, product placement and television sponsorship to an extent unprecedented on German television is analysed here. Such "Protagonist Placement" had not previously been explored empirically. The purpose of this research was thus to identify, whether Protagonist Placement (PP) has a significant impact on intermediate consumer response. The second objective was to
identify a potentially existent mediating role of Persuasion Knowledge (PK) on PP outcomes. The second unit of analysis – Pseudo Protagonist Placement (PPP) – is a broadcasting sponsorship with characteristics that suggest a strong association of the sponsoring brand with the sponsored programme. Again, the focus was laid on the identification of the impact of PPP on intermediate consumer response and the mediating role of PK.
Design/methodology/approach – The research covered two studies – one on PP and the other on PPP. Each consists of a qualitative analysis of the programme itself and of theoretical thematic interview analysis using the NVivo qualitative research software.
Each study further included an experiment employing a 2x2x2 factorial design. The experimental data was analysed using ANOVA and Chi-square. The scales used in the experiment were subjected to a panel of judges and a scale purification procedure in order to arrive at a common core of items to be used in the subsequent analysis. The approach was guided by the philosophical foundation of critical rationalism. Findings – It was possible to identify a positive impact of the chosen example of PP on intermediate consumer response in the form of a significant increase of unprompted and prompted brand awareness immediately after exposure. While PK did not adversely affect the observed impact of PP, it induced a special kind of 'Sleeper Effect' in the form of increased purchase intention after the delay period, without any noticeable suppression of advertising impact in the immediately-after condition. The researcher suggests the existence of a third route towards the Sleeper Effect, that adds increased
association to the two already existent explanations, namely differential decay and disassociation. Similar results were found for PPP, which elicited a significant and favourable impact on brand awareness immediately after exposure and increased purchase intention after the delay period. Again, this increased persuasiveness over time was not caused by suppression of an immediate impact and, therefore, also indicated a third route towards the Sleeper Effect.
Practical implications – The findings provide new empirical data concerning merged forms of indirect marketing and in particular such intense forms as PP and PPP. The studies offer new insights for both the academic researcher and the marketing practitioner. In particular, the way in which PK mediates the advertising outcomes and the way in which it triggers delayed persuasiveness are subjects that offer new insights for both marketer and researcher.
Originality/value – Both studies offer new empirical evidence that broadens the research in the field of indirect marketing, and augments the concept of PK by offering an indication of its ability to elicit increased persuasiveness over time. Furthermore, this
PK-induced Sleeper Effect demonstrates the existence of a third route towards increased persuasiveness after time delay. Both observations suggest the need for an augmentation of both the PK and Sleeper Effect theory.


This paper sought to identify marketing challenges in micro, small & medium Tourism Enterprises. Tourism businesses are predominantly focused on running their business and providing a quality service to their customers. "Tourism is usually described as a highly decentralized industry consisting of enterprises different in size, location, functions, type of organization, range of services provided and methods used to market and sell them"(Bjork Peter). "Tourism denotes temporary shortterm movements of people to destinations outside the places they normally live and work" (Meidan Arthur). A list of factors creating challenges in marketing of MSMTEs in an entirely different dimension. The traditional marketing with its marketing mix have for long been the dominating marketing strategy, where focus have been on placing the product at the best place with the best possible price. Information was gathered from site visits and interviews with operators and enterprise managers. The outcomes will be of interest to micro, small & medium tourism enterprises, tourism operators and enterprise managers.


meningococcal meningitis or septicaemia. Of the 109 patients, 92 were admitted to hospital by their general practitioner, 13 were admitted through the accident and emergency department, three were found dead at home, and one was admitted after a domiciliary visit by a consultant paediatrician. Parenteral penicillin was given to 23 patients (21%) either by their general practitioner or by a casualty officer. A further seven patients had been taking oral antibiotics before presentation. During 1989, after the chief medical officer's recommendation about early use of penicillin' and widespread media coverage of a cluster of cases in this district, 14 of 27 patients (52%) received penicillin before admission. Excluding the patients who had been taking oral antibiotics before presentation, the overall case fatality rate during our study was 12% (one of the 23 patients (4%) given early penicillin died compared with 11 of the 79 (14%) not given it). The frequency of early use of penicillin in suspected cases of meningococcal disease in our study was similar to that found by Strang and Pugh and Cartwright and colleagues. Early parenteral penicillin was associated with reduced mortality, and, although this was not significant, it is consistent with the trend observed bv these other workers. General practitioners need to be continually reminded of the value of early treatment with parenteral penicillin whenever meningococcal disease is suspected.


We present results from an H i counterpart search using the HI Parkes All Sky Survey (HIPASS) for a sample of low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs) and ultradiffuse galaxies (UDGs) identified from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We aimed to establish the redshifts of the DES LSBGs to determine the UDG fraction and understand their properties. Out of 409 galaxies investigated, none were unambiguously detected in H i . Our study was significantly hampered by the high spectral rms of HIPASS and thus in this paper we do not make any strong conclusive claims but discuss the main trends and possible scenarios our results reflect. The overwhelming number of non-detections suggest that: (A) Either all the LSBGs in the groups, blue or red, have undergone environment aided pre-processing and are H i deficient or the majority of them are distant galaxies, beyond the HIPASS detection threshold. (B) The sample investigated is most likely dominated by galaxies with H i masses typical of dwarf galaxies. Had there been Milky Way (MW) size (Re ) galaxies in our sample, with proportionate H i content, they would have been detected, even with the limitations imposed by the HIPASS spectral quality. This leads us to infer that if some of the LSBGs have MW size optical diameters, their H i content is possibly in the dwarf range. More sensitive observations using the SKA precursors in future may resolve these questions.


Thermal diffusion has been studied for over 150 years. Despite of the long history and the increasing importance of the phenomenon, the physics of thermal diffusion remains poorly understood. In this paper Ludwig's thermal diffusion is explained using Einstein's random walk. The only new structure added is the spatial heterogeneity of the random walk to reflect the temperature gradient of thermal diffusion. Hence, the walk length and the walk speed are location dependent functions in this paper. Then, a mathematical understanding of such a random walk gives the foundation of the thermal diffusion as clearly as the original homogeneous case of Einstein.


Possible environmental change and ecosystem degradation have received increasing attention since the construction of Three Gorges Reservoir Catchment (TGRC) in China. The advanced Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-based platform and the large number of Geosciences and Remote Sensing datasets archived in GEE were used to analyze the land use and land cover change (LULCC) and climate variation in TGRC. GlobeLand30 data were used to evaluate the spatial land dynamics from 2000 to 2010 and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were applied for land use in 2015. The interannual variations in the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index (SINDVI) were estimated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products. The climate factors including air temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration were investigated based on the data from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). The results indicated that from 2000 to 2015, the cultivated land and grassland decreased by 2.05% and 6.02%, while the forest, wetland, artificial surface, shrub land and waterbody increased by 3.64%, 0.94%, 0.87%, 1.17% and 1.45%, respectively. The SINDVI increased by 3.209 in the period of 2000-2015, while the LST decreased by 0.253 °C from 2001 to 2015. The LST showed an increasing trend primarily in urbanized area, with a decreasing trend mainly in forest area. In particular, Chongqing City had the highest LST during the research period. A marked decrease in SINDVI occurred primarily in urbanized areas. Good vegetation areas were primarily located in the eastern part of the TGRC, such as Wuxi County, Wushan County, and Xingshan County. During the 2000–2015 period, the air temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration rose by 0.0678 °C/a, 1.0844 mm/a, and 0.4105 mm/a, respectively. The climate change in the TGRC was influenced by LULCC, but the effect was limited. What is more, the climate change was affected by regional climate change in Southwest China. Marked changes in land use have occurred in the TGRC, and they have resulted in changes in the LST and SINDVI. There was a significantly negative relationship between LST and SINDVI in most parts of the TGRC, especially in expanding urban areas and growing forest areas. Our study highlighted the importance of environmental protection, particularly proper management of land use, for sustainable development in the catchment.


We previously presented a framework for segmentation of complex scenes using multiple physical hypotheses for simple image regions. A consequence of that framework was a proposal for a new approach to the segmentation of complex scenes into regions corresponding to coherent surfaces rather than merely regions of similar color. Herein we present an implementation of this new approach and show example segmentations for scenes containing multi-colored piece-wise uniform objects. Using our approach we are able to intelligently segment scenes with objects of greater complexity than previous physics-based segmentation algorithms. The results show that by using general physical models we obtain segmentations that correspond more closely to coherent surfaces in the scene than segmentations found using only color.


The massive spread of Coronavirus has badly affected the entire globe and lives of the people irrespective of age or gender. Children in this regard are no exemption. They are affected not only physically but also emotionally and mentally due to the virus and quarantine period. This study aims to provide a semiotic analysis of the visual representations of Covid-19 in the children's book covers selected on a global level. These covers are new emerging literature and serve to narrate a global discourse related to COVID-19. The researchers have followed the qualitative approach and the data have been collected using purposive sampling technique to provide a holistic interpretation of the selected covers. Framework, selected for the study, is 'Semiotic Analysis' by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006). The findings revealed that the participants' actions and overall circumstances in these covers are highly meaningful. The action narrative and colorful illustrations aim to motivate the young audience in a positive manner. Furthermore, they communicate a message of hope and urge them to fight against the virus. The visuals in these covers are therefore quite significant in their meanings and interpretations.


In recent years, 3D technology based on computer and internet has achieved high-speed development. People have realized direct and stereo observation of realistic world. Three-dimensional and visualized characteristics of the technology fit well with the teaching objective of college architecture specialized courses. Thus, 3D model has profound practical significance for its application in urban green space system and urban rural overall planning. With "urban-rural master plan" as experimental course, through design of "urban-rural master plan" multimedia teaching platform based on 3D technology and practice of the teaching platform in course teaching, this article has applied control experiment method and statistical method to make comparative analysis on the teaching effect difference of multimedia teaching platform based on 3D technology application in "urban-rural master plan" as experimental course so as to provide theoretical and data support for 3D technology application in "urban-rural master plan" and other college architecture major courses.


Every fall college students arrive on campus with preconceptions about tap water, bringing cases of bottled water onto our campus. Bottled water has been found to be unsustainable as well as harmful to the environment, communities, and human health. The City of Dayton has very high quality drinking water in abundance, a fact which makes bottled water on our campus an unnecessary luxury. Each year the River Stewards, a co-curricular program which is housed in the Fitz Center for Leadership in Community, participate in a senior project that benefits the community in some way. This year, the 2013 River Stewards Cohort worked with the City of Dayton and NSO to help tackle the issue of bottled water on campus. The Stewards helped coordinate a water bottle free Fall 2012 orientation and educate incoming students about the quality of Dayton's tap water. This included collaborating with the City of Dayton to design, purchase, and distribute special "Take Back the Tap" reusable water bottles to the incoming freshmen, as well as providing a water truck for students on campus to fill up their new water bottles. In addition, the senior cohort is currently partnering with ArtStreet in order to add a filling station on campus that will simultaneously educate about and provide access to tap water. The 2013 Cohort's Senior Project gave the Stewards the opportunity to apply the knowledge and leadership skills that they have acquired from three years in the River Steward Program.


In benchmark solutions the performance of radiation algorithms is normally studied
by comparisons with the Monte Carlo method (MCM), since the latter is the only technique that can
return both a solution and an estimate of its uncertainty. In recent work, we have developed sharp
error bounds for the surface irradiation in the discrete transfer method (DTM). This paper explores
the idea that the study of sequences of DTM results with systematic angular refinement can provide
an alternative basis for error estimation. We present detailed comparisons of the DTM and MCM
with two of Hsu and Farmer's benchmarks for a cubic enclosure with nonhomogeneous extinction,
and add some additional problems. We find consistently good agreement between our error theory
and observed convergence trends. Careful analysis of our findings also reveals excellent agreement
between highly resolved DTM and MCM surface heat flux estimates. Since the DTM economically
provides an accurate, deterministic solution and error bounds, our work highlights its potential as an
alternate benchmarking tool.


Pathological gambling (PG), as defined until recently in the DSM-IV, shares many clinical characteristics with substance use disorders (SUDs), such as craving and loss of control. Moreover, an increasing body of literature also revealed neurobiological similarities between PG and substance-related addictions. Further, specific treatments for SUD are also effective in pathological gamblers. These observations resulted in a recent change in the diagnostic classification of PG in DSM-5: maladaptive gambling behavior is now subsumed as 'gambling disorder' (GD) under the category 'substance-related and addictive disorders'. On the basis of similarities in clinical characteristics between GD and SUDs, this article proposes 3 main clusters of diagnostic criteria: 'loss of control', 'craving/withdrawal' and 'neglect of other areas in life'. These symptom clusters can then be related to the experimental paradigms commonly used in the neuroscience of addiction, including neuropsychological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies. In this paper, we present the neurobiological evidence for PG by focusing on key functional magnetic resonance imaging studies related to these 3 symptom clusters. It is concluded that these symptom clusters provide a useful framework for systematic comparisons of new evidence in GD and SUDs in the future.


Based on loads analysis and failure analysis for high speed face milling cutter with indexable inserts, the failure criterion of cutter was propounded, and the finite element model of cutter was established. By means of modal analysis and stress field analysis, the law of influence of the structure and elements of cutter on the safety of cutter was acquired, high speed face milling cutter for machining aluminum alloy was developed. According to ISO15641 international standard, safety prediction of cutter and experiments were completed. The results indicate that rigidity failure rotational speed is higher strength failure rotational speed of high speed face milling cutter, connection strength between cutter body and screw bolt affects directly the safety rotational speed of cutter. High speed face milling cutter for machining aluminum alloy possesses higher safety and better dynamic milling performance as cutting speed is less than 2820m/min.


In May of each year, two leading organizations monitoring the ongoing status of global standards of copyright protection issue their regular annual reports, namely the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) and the US-founded international software watchdog/lobby organization, the Business Software Alliance (BSA). Both reports encompass the Middle East region and the Arabian Gulf states specifically. This article examines the performance of the Arabian Gulf states, namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, in developing and establishing their copyright protection regimes, in light of the these two reports. It does so in the context of the challenges faced by the Gulf states in the context of their membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and their compliance with the WTO's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The article discusses the USTR's, 2010 Special 301 Report and the BSA's Seventh Annual BSA/IDC Global Software Piracy Study for 2010 as two authoritative benchmarks of the Arab Gulf states' performance in regional copyright protection. It suggests that, notwithstanding the development and enforcement challenges, both reports deliver a positive report to the region and to most of the Gulf states.


One of the challenges for accident reconstructionists is creating accurate accident scene diagrams from photographs. The biggest challenge is when only one photograph is available, and information about the camera that took the photograph is not available. The authors will present a unique technique that enables the user to create an accurate accident scene diagram from only one unknown photograph of the accident scene, by using a combination of processes called Inverse Camera Projection and Photographic Rectification. Inverse Camera Projection allows the user to determine the unknown camera characteristics, which then through Photographic Rectification, the photograph can be rectified and traced to create accurate scene diagrams.


A new technique, direct photodegradation of self-assembled monolayers (SAM), to obtain surface energy gradients on Si substrates was demonstrated. The gradient surface, with hydrophobic to hydrophilic gradients, was prepared by two steps: Firstly, a homogeneous fluoroalkylsilane SAM film was deposited by a chemical vapor deposition on a Si substrate. Secondly, a controlled photodegradation technique was directly applied to the homogeneous FAS-SAM surface. The surface energy gradient was then obtained due to the different intensity of photoirradiation in the different positions along the photodegraded path on the SAM surfaces. The resulting surface displayed a gradient of wettability (with the contact angle of water changing from 55° to 18°) over a distance of 4.2 mm. The water droplet was driven by surface energy gradient and spontaneously moved from the hydrophobic to hydrophilic surface. During the moving process, the water droplet accelerated firstly and then decelerated. The peak velocity was about 23.3 mm/s. The velocity is dependent on the gradient of the surface energy.


Peirce distinguishes sign into three classes: icon, index, and symbol. Symbol in literature is described in this research. In addition, literary symbol is a word, a phrase that signifies an object or something that reference beyond itself. This research concentrates on analyze the novel as one of literary works. The object that has been chosen in this research is Christopher Paolini's novel titled Eragon. The problem analyzed in this research concerns identifying and interpreting the symbols and its meaning of dragon's chaarcters through a process that is constructed by the relevant theory. As the qualitative research, this research requires theoretical base and reasoning logic. In this case, the theory of Charles Sanders Peirce is apllied, besides the other theories of symbolism. Peirce describe to identify a symbol (sign) there must be relationship between object, ground/representament, and interpretant. In analyzing the subject of the materials, this research uses the structural analysis method. The structural analysis method is a method that focused on the structure itself, definitely not concerning to the writer's analysis and view, the reader response, the relevant of the real world, and sign as the process of communication.

While the data of this research is primary and secondary data that contain word, phrase, and sentence identified as symbols: Saphira, Thorn, Shruikan, and Glaedr with the technique of collecting data by using library research, and the steps of data analysis include 1) Identifying data 2) categorizing based on literary criticism, 3) interpreting data, and 4) making conclusion. The result of this research is that there are the different symbolizations and constructing factors of those dragon's characters: saphira as the symbol of love and friendship. Her wisdom is paramount to Eragon's growth and via telepathy, she communicates with Eragon, a link created when they first touched.

Ironically, her name is the same as Brom's dragon before she was killed. The two become close friends and confidants in their journies. Thorn as the symbol of bertrayer is the red male dragon bound to Murtagh. Thorn and Murtagh defeat Eragon and Saphira in the Battle of the Burning Plains, but spare their lives. Shruikan is Galbatorix's black dragon.he is a symbol of evil. Shruikan was spared from the Banishing of the Names because he did not choose to betray the Riders, he was forced to by Galbatorix. Glaedr is the gold dragon bonded to Oromis, and from battles of the past he has lost his left foreleg. He is a symbol of knowledge. He serves as Saphira's mentor and helps teach Eragon about Dragon Riders As the final conclusion, some elements are the symbols that represent some meaning or reference and these symbols are categorized based on Peirce's theory.


This paper explores the causal relationship between stock prices and volume figures for stock markets in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Turkey. Prior to running causality tests, the time series properties of the data are carefully investigated and special attention is given to the choice of optimal lag order. Granger causality tests, based on the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) procedure, reveal that there is no causal relationship between the variables in the Czech Republic. In Hungary, there is a bidirectional causality irrespective of volume or market turnover tested. In Poland, while there is bidirectional causality between stock prices and volume, there exists a unidirectional causality running from market turnover to stock prices. The stock prices unidirectionally cause both volume and market turnover without any feedback in the case of Russia and Turkey. These results have important implications regarding market efficiency and the effects of different market characteristics on the stock price/volume relation.


This study planned to determine the differences among nutrient composition, in vitro digestibility, energy content, digestible dry matter and organic matter yields of barley forage harvested at three different stages of maturity. Each vegetation period (heading stage, seed formation stage and mature stage) was randomly assigned to 5 replication from 1 square meter area and fifteen samples were harvested in total. DM, ADF (p<0.001), and NDF (p<0.05) contents were different in each stages of barley forage. In vitro dry matter (IVDMD), organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy for lactation (NEL) values of samples were determined to be lower than the other two stages at the mature stage (p<0.05). Yield parameters of barley were significantly affected by vegetation period (p<0.001). It can be concluded that all three vegetation period had significantly higher digestibility. Digestible DM, OM and energy yields were higher when harvested at the mature stage of vegetation.


Testa and colleagues argue that evaluation for suitability for living donor surgery is rooted in paternalism in contrast with the evaluation for most operative interventions, which is rooted in the autonomy of patients. We examine two key ethical concepts that Testa and colleagues use: paternalism and autonomy, and two related ethical concepts: moral agency and shared decision making. We show that by moving the conversation from paternalism, negative autonomy, and informed consent to moral agency, relational autonomy, and shared decision making, one better understands why the arguments given by Testa and colleagues fail. We argue (1) why the hurdles that one must overcome to become a living donor are appropriate; and (2) that the similarities between living donor transplant surgery and cosmetic plastic surgery that the authors describe are inaccurate. Finally, we consider the recommendation to treat plastic surgery patients and living donors more similarly. We argue that any change should not be in the direction of becoming less protective of living donors, but more protective of cosmetic plastic surgery candidates.


In this paper we investigate, on the basis of corpus data, how Tsou marks 'realis' and 'irrealis' events in a number of syntactic environments. In environments commonly believed to attract 'irrealis' markers we show that 'irrealis' auxiliary verbs are sharply limited to just one functional domain, namely future potential events. But use of irrealis markers in Tsou to mark future potential events is largely predictable on universal grounds. We therefore argue that although irrealis auxiliary verbs in Tsou can be used to indicate potential and unactualized events, this is best seen as a consequence of their function as tense-aspect markers rather than as a reflex of their function as reality markers and that it would be wrong to continue to assume that the auxiliary verb system in Tsou (and perhaps in all of the other Formosan languages) is a system for marking reality. Given these findings, we propose to reconceptualize the auxiliary verbs in Tsou as follows: the auxiliary verbs in Tsou encode temporal and aspectual information, but not reality information. Where they appear to mark irrealis potential events, the appearance is deceptive and is simply a manifestation of their functions as tense-aspect markers to code futurity. What has been claimed to mark irrealis in Tsou on closer investigation can be shown to be either a consequence of the functions of tense-aspect markers in Tsou, or of the functions of the construction as a whole in supplying the 'irrealis' interpretation.


Over the last decades, population growth in urban areas and the subsequent rise in demand for housing have resulted in significant space and housing shortages. This paper investigates the influence of smart technologies on small urban dwellings to make them flexible, adaptive and personalised. The study builds on the hypothesis that adaptive homes and smart technology could increase efficiency and space usage up to two to three times compared to a conventional apartment. The present study encompasses a comprehensive semi-systematic literature review that includes several case studies of smart adaptive homes demonstrating various strategies that can be employed to enhance the functionality of small spaces while reducing the physical and psychological limitations associated with them. These strategies involve incorporating time-dependent functions and furniture, as well as division elements that can adapt to the changing needs of users in real-time. This review further categorises types of flexibility and adaptation regarding the size of the moving elements, the time that the transformation takes and whether it is performed manually (by a human) or automatically (by a machine). Results show that smart and adaptive technology can increase space efficiency by reducing the need for separate physical spaces for different activities. Smart technology substantially increases the versatility and multifunctionality of a room in all three dimensions and allows for adaptation and customisation for a variety of users.


Author(s): Bui, Bonnie | Advisor(s): Faust, Katherine | Abstract: Does the structure of an individual's personal network effect their physical and mental health? Or does the structure of the network influence individual health by influencing the functions of the network or the individual's health behaviors? In my dissertation, I examine these questions using two waves of nationally representative data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project and employing conditional change models.In study 1, I examine the associations between network structure, network function, and health. I find no direct associations between baseline network structure and later health. However, I do find that baseline network structure is associated with later network function, which, in turn, is associated with health. I also find limited support for a feedback loop in which baseline health has effects on later network structure. Perceived social support may be more important for the health of older adults than network structure characteristics, but network structure is meaningful in that it provides the source from which support can be derived.In study 2, I examined the effects of spousal loss on depression across different levels of spousal support, including baseline network structure and network function to observe whether they served as a buffer to spousal bereavement. The findings revealed that losing a spouse was positively associated with the number of depressive symptoms, but only for those with highly supportive spouses. None of the network structure and function measures at baseline were associated with later depression. The findings imply that spousal bereavement in late life depends on how supportive the spouse was.In study 3, I examine the social network factors that influence health risk behaviors—specifically, cigarette use and alcohol consumption. Findings show that personal networks can have protective effects on smoking or drinking; however, for current smokers and drinkers, personal networks are enabling. Having more support and having health discussion partners reduced the adoption of health-compromising behaviors. In conclusion, health-compromising behaviors may not necessarily be adopted as a coping mechanism, but may be a pro-social activity that is increased when there are others in the network who also engage in similar activities.


In 2015, the Westminster UK government introduced a Modern Slavery Act described by its proponents as 'world-leading'. This description was challenged at the time both inside and outside the UK. Two years on, it is possible to make a preliminary assessment of  progress with the Act and its two counterparts in Scotland and Northern Ireland. This article reviews the origins of discussions about modern slavery in the UK, describes the process leading to the passage of the Modern Slavery Act(s) and attempts an early evaluation of its effectiveness. It concludes that much remains to be done to ensure that they achieve their goal of abolishing slavery in the UK.


The document digitization process becomes a crucial economical issue in our society. Then, it becomes necessary to be able to organize this huge amount of documents. The work proposed in this paper tends to propose a new method to automatically classify document using a saliency-based segmentation process on one hand, and a terminology extraction and annotation on the other hand. The saliency-based segmentation is used to extract salient regions and by the way logo, while the terminology approach is used to annotate them and to automatically classify the document. The approach does not require human expertise, and use Google Images as a knowledge database. The results obtained on a real database of 1766 documents show the relevance of the approach.