The impact of Veracity, Suspicion (weak or strong) and Strategy (making up a story or using past experiences) on Reality Monitoring (RM) scores was examined. A total of 158 undergraduate students were interviewed twice about the possession of an object. In one interview they were asked to lie, and in the other to tell the truth (Veracity factor). In both conditions, suspicion was raised in the second half of the interview: Participants were accused of lying by the interviewer and asked to repeat their account (Raised Suspicion factor). At the end of the interview participants were asked whether their lies were totally made up or whether they described an event that they had experienced previously (Strategy factor). Results revealed that truth tellers and liars' speech differed from each other in accordance with RM theory, even when the interviewer was suspicious and even when liars fabricated a story by describing events that they had previously experienced. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en


This study is an attempt to determine the poverty-line and the incidence of poverty in Pakistan by using data of the latest Household Integrated Economic Survey: 1990-91. The study uses a different approach and methodology in respect of earlier studies of the subject. The approach is that of the "Basic Needs", which defines the poverty-line in terms of minimum expenditure on all needs, food as well as non-food. The methodology used in estimating the minimum expenditure on various needs is based on the "Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES)". For the year under review, the total poverty-line was estimated at Rs 374 per capita per month, with the food poverty-line at Rs 191. A comparison with the income levels reported in the Survey revealed that roughly 47 percent population had an income less than this threshold level expenditure on all needs, the shortfall or gap being almost 25 percent. The proportion of population with an income less than the threshold expenditure on food alone was found to be 10 percent. In certain respects, the results were quite different, quantitatively as well as qualitatively, from those of the earlier studies.


Abstract In laboratory experiments we compared the mortality of Plutella xylostella L. eggs induced by six products of trichogrammatid egg parasitoids. Five of the species were commercially available, and the sixth is under development. Each of the six products represented a single species of trichogrammatid ( Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, T. ostriniae Pan & Chen, T. platneri Nagarkatti, T. minutum Riley, or T. brassicae Bezd.), concomitantly with any characteristics inherent with the commercialized culturing of the species (e.g., sex ratio and host upon which they were reared). Host mortality was assessed as the sum of percent parasitism and other direct induced mortality (e.g., host feeding). Three products ( T. bactrae, T. pretiosum, and T. minutum ) caused the highest mortalities (95 to 98%) of P. xylostella eggs, indicating that the focus of further greenhouse and field studies should be on these products. Inconsistent responses between shipments were observed within most of the products, indicating potential problems with quality control. Two products, T. bactrae and T. pretiosum, demonstrated the highest rates of mortality caused by parasitism of P. xylostella eggs (69 to 72%). Mortality caused by factors other than parasitism was high in two of the products. Two products, T. minutum and T. platneri, demonstrated the highest levels of nonparasitic mortalities (60 to 63%, or nearly two-thirds of the total mortality by each of these products). Important considerations for evaluating host mortality are discussed.


ABSTRACT The first complete genome sequence of the type strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter 1872) Migula 1900 (DSM 50071T) was determined in a single contig by PacBio RS II. The genome (6,317,050 bp, G+C content of 66.52%) contained 10 sets of >1,000-bp identical sequence pairs and 183 tandem repeats.


Smart grid forensic science is a newly flourishing research area that is tightly coupled with cyber and physical security of the smart grid. Post-mortem analysis of a power system after a cyber attack or natural disaster generally provides the most accurate comprehension of the real-world vulnerabilities of the system and helps to protect the grid against similar attacks in the future as well as avoid failures during disasters. Besides increasing the security level of the smart grid, smart grid forensics aids evidence collection for the service of criminal justice. For instance, data extracted from smart meters and data collectors can provide evidence to legal proceedings in electricity theft matters. Furthermore, authentication and timestamping audio recordings using power grid frequency have been employed in several recent academic studies, as well as by the Metropolitan Police Forensic Audio Laboratory in London. Briefly, smart grid forensic science is emerging as a powerful security component of the power system. On the other hand, storage and processing of the enormous amount of data introduce significant challenges together with the privacy issue. In this article, we introduce the emerging application areas of smart grid forensic science, discuss the challenges, and outline the open issues in the topic. This article aims to serve as a roadmap for future smart grid forensic studies.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effect of sedative music on the different stages of the sleep cycle in young adults with various sleep latencies by using polysomnography (PSG).

DESIGN
Prospective, randomized, controlled, crossover study.

SETTING
Sleep center of a teaching hospital.

PARTICIPANTS
Young adults with different sleep latencies. Poor sleepers (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score ≥5) were excluded.

INTERVENTIONS
Each participant stayed one night in the sleep center for adaptation and on each of the following two nights was assigned to (1) music and (2) control (without music) conditions in random order. In the music condition, sedative music composed by certified music therapists was played on a compact disc player for the first hour the participant was in bed.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Sleep measures recorded with PSG, including sleep latency and durations of sleep stages.

RESULTS
Twenty-four young adults (mean±standard deviation, 24.5±2.6 years) participated. They were classified into the short sleep latency (SL) group if the baseline SL of the adaptation night was shorter than 10 minutes or into the long SL group if the baseline SL was 10 minutes or longer. Sedative music did not alter the SL in either group. Sedative music reduced stage II sleep in both SL groups (main effect of music, p=0.03; interaction effect, p=0.87) but increased the duration of deep sleep (stages III and IV) only in the long SL group (main effect of music, p=0.15; interaction effect, p=0.02).

CONCLUSIONS
In participants with long SL, sedative music improved the quality of sleep by prolonging the duration of deep sleep. This effect provides an alternative and noninvasive way to improve sleep in selected persons experiencing sleep problems.


Introduction: Zika Virus (ZIKV) infection is a major public health concern, affecting almost each country in the western hemisphere. A more than 20-fold increase in microcephaly risks is associated to ZIKV infection in pregnancy. A new vaccine is not expected before 2019, and alternative prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are encouraged. We expect that the Resonant Recognition Model, developed by Irena Cosic, might lay on the basis for an alternative approach to handle ZIKV.
Objective: We tried to identify the resonant frequencies associated to the ZIKV polyprotein and their use for an automatic taxonomy of different ZIKV strains. We put to test the hypothesis of interaction between ZIKV envelope protein and the AXL receptor, one of the plausible mechanisms proposed for ZIKVassociated microcephaly.
Results: Four relevant frequencies (fRRM) were found in ZIKV polyprotein consensus spectrum. Corresponding four spectral amplitudes allowed separating African from Asian/American ZIKV isolates (k-means clustering). Peak 3 (fRRM= 0.2754) and Peak 4 (fRRM= 0.334) yielded a finer separation between Asian sequences and those from the current outbreak collected in 2015 (Asian/American). Consensus spectrum for pooled Dengue virus and ZIKV polyprotein sequences suggest that Peak 4 might be a specific hallmark of ZIKV. RRM results support the interaction between ZIKV envelope protein and AXL membrane receptor. The interacting frequency of fRRM= 0.167 seems to be a sub-harmonic of Peak 4.
Conclusions: Resonant recognition model provides a plausible view of processes involved in the interactions of ZIKV with the human host, and is suggesting the exchange of electromagnetic radiation at the frequencies of 601.8nm (yellow light) and 1203.6 (near infrared) during ZIKV envelope protein with the AXL receptor in the human fetal tissue. This information might be relevant for alternative approaches to new therapeutic approaches to treat ZIKV-associated damage to newborns.


In 1986, the Centers for Disease and Prevention established the Medical Examiner and Coroner Information Sharing Program (MecISP) with four primary goals: 1) To improve the quality of death investigations in the United States and to promote more standardized practices concerning when and how to conduct these investigations; 2) to facilitate communication among death investigators, the public health community, federal agencies, and other interested groups. 3) to improve the quality, completeness, management, and dissemination of information regarding investigated deaths; and 4) to promote the sharing and use of medical examiner/coroner death investigation data. Major MecISP projects have included periodic production of a directory of death investigators in the United States and Canada, creation of standard and generic death investigation report forms, development of death investigation data sets, and collection of death investigation data from medical examiner/coroner offices. MecISP also conducts site visits to assist in office computerization, supports educational meetings and the development of training materials for death investigators, facilitates ongoing projects of relevant professional organizations, contributes publications to the death investigation literature, conducts surveillance of selected types of deaths, and responds to specific inquiries from medical examiners and coroners about administrative and practical death investigation issues.


With the historical political and social changes, which ultimately affect education, it is easy to see why teachers sometimes balk at new initiatives and perceived new best practices. For change to occur it is important to understand how perception of critical elements of change impact student academic growth. It is also important to have a clearer picture of the level of implementation of critical elements of change. It is evident there are statistically significant relationships between successful school change predictors and the criterion variables, belief that the rationale of the change initiative is important, continued support of the change initiative, success of professional development embedded in the change process, and strong lines of communication at all levels. The strongest relationships exist between consistent planning for a district-wide change initiative and the predictor variables: resources are based on the instructional priorities of the initiative, staff strengths are matched with staff responsibilities, resources are used to determine annual priorities for staff learning, teachers work together, sharing what they learn to help others learn more, and free flow of information to staff is evident.


We explore an instance of the question of partitioning a polygon into pieces, each of which is as "circular" as possible, in the sense of having an aspect ratio close to 1. The aspect ratio of a polygon is the ratio of the diameters of the smallest circumscribing circle to the largest inscribed disk. The problem is rich even for partitioning regular polygons into convex pieces, the focus of this paper. We show that the optimal (most circular) partition for an equilateral triangle has an infinite number of pieces, with the lower bound approachable to any accuracy desired by a particular finite partition. For pentagons and all regular k-gons, k> 5, the unpartitioned polygon is already optimal. The square presents an interesting intermediate case. Here the one-piece partition is not optimal, but nor is the trivial lower bound approachable. We narrow the optimal ratio to an aspect-ratio gap of 0.01082 with several somewhat intricate partitions.


Background Data: Short segment pedicular fixation is one of the most common operative techniques to treat unstable thoracolumbar burst fracture. However, it may be associated with pseudoarthrosis, progressive kyphosis, and a high rate of hardware failure. Different surgical techniques were described to deal with this failure. Biomechanical investigations have shown that anterior fusion provides superior stability as compared to single dorsal instrumentations. Study Design: A retrospective clinical case study. Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of anterior column reconstruction for treatment of failed short segment pedicular fixation system in thoracolumbar fractures. Patients and Methods: This study included 25 patients with failed short segment pedicular fixation after acute thoracolumbar fracture. They were treated by anterior column reconstruction with strut iliac graft and fixed with either posterior long pedicular system or anterior locked system through simultaneous combined approaches. This study was done in the period between January 2009 to December 2013. Neurological status was classified using Frankel classification. All patients had been followed up by radiographs and CT-scans. Back pain and functional outcomes were assessed by VAS andODI respectively. Results: All patients were followed up for at least 24 months. The visual analogue scale (VAS) of back pain improved significantly from 6.20±0.94 preoperatively to 1.87±0.83 at the latest follow up. The mean Cobb angle improved significantly from 28.47±10.80o preoperatively to 2.07±9.39o immediate postoperatively and was maintained at 4.13±10.21o at latest follow up. According to Brantigan criteria, fusion was considered certain in all 25 patients (100%) and no failure of internal fixation occurred at latest follow up. The functional outcomes which measured by


Cameras face a fundamental tradeoff between the spatial and temporal resolution - digital still cameras can capture images with high spatial resolution, but most high-speed video cameras suffer from low spatial resolution. It is hard to overcome this tradeoff without incurring a significant increase in hardware costs. In this paper, we propose techniques for sampling, representing and reconstructing the space-time volume in order to overcome this tradeoff. Our approach has two important distinctions compared to previous works: (1) we achieve sparse representation of videos by learning an over-complete dictionary on video patches, and (2) we adhere to practical constraints on sampling scheme which is imposed by architectures of present image sensor devices. Consequently, our sampling scheme can be implemented on image sensors by making a straightforward modification to the control unit. To demonstrate the power of our approach, we have implemented a prototype imaging system with per-pixel coded exposure control using a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) device. Using both simulations and experiments on a wide range of scenes, we show that our method can effectively reconstruct a video from a single image maintaining high spatial resolution.


Logistic systems transport parts between different production locations and to the customers, with the goal to supply the customer with the parts he needs when he needs it. Ideally, there are always exactly as many parts available at any given time as requested by the customer. If the demand temporarily exceeds the supply, a stockout occurs, resulting in back-orders. Back-orders can be reduced by increasing inventory. The resulting improvement in customer satisfaction and sales however is offset by the increase in inventory and the time to market. This paper provides a method to understand the causes of back-orders and to improve the allocation of inventory with respect to stock-outs and inventory cost using the example of a in-plant logistic system.


Connection of indicators of intelligence and accuracy of perception of time is established with level cortical interactions on frequency of a gamma rhythm, and also phase parities between a gamma rhythm and low-frequency components EEG. Character of these communications differs at young men and girls, depends on a frequency range of a gamma rhythm, a kind and a stage of carried out activity.


ABSTRACT Purpose This study investigated the effects of 12 wk of postexercise kefir consumption in cancer survivors who have undergone chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Methods All participants were enrolled in a structured exercise training program and separated into kefir (KEF) or control (CON) treatment groups. KEF consumed 8 oz. of kefir after exercise sessions (3 d·wk−1) for 12 wk. Outcome measures included assessments for body size and composition, aerobic fitness and muscular strength, medical history, and psychological state at pre- and postintervention time points. Blood was collected and analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, and LPS-stimulated whole blood IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α production were obtained using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays at both time points. Monocyte numbers and phenotype were obtained using flow cytometry. Results Participants (N = 24; 9 males and 15 females) were an average of 61 ± 9.9 yr old. Kefir consumption was associated with 6.3% (P = 0.034) improvements in lean body mass, as well as 51.4% (P = 0.046), 39.3% (P = 0.017), and 64.7% (P = 0.021) improvements in measures of depression, fatigue, and gastric distress, respectively. KEF also experienced a significant 35.4% (P = 0.01) reduction in circulating LPS along with an 18.0% increase (P < 0.001) in classical monocytes % and a 22.3% decrease (P = 0.04) in nonclassical monocytes %. There were no significant changes in any other variables. Conclusion Twelve weeks of kefir consumption improved lean body mass, depression, fatigue, gastric distress, and a biomarker of gut dysbiosis. Kefir improved overall and classical monocyte numbers. Kefir should be considered as a component of a postexercise dietary regimen for cancer survivors.


The Institute of Education Sciences (IES) publishes practice guides in education to bring the best available evidence and expertise to bear on the types of systemic challenges that cannot currently be addressed by single interventions or programs. Authors of practice guides seldom conduct the types of systematic literature searches that are the backbone of a meta-analysis, although they take advantage of such work when it is already published. Instead, authors use their expertise to identify the most important research with respect to their recommendations, augmented by a search of recent publications to ensure that research citations are up-to-date. Unique to IES-sponsored practice guides is that they are subjected to rigorous external peer review through the same office that is responsible for independent review of other IES publications. A critical task for peer reviewers of a practice guide is to determine whether the evidence cited in support of particular recommendations is up-to-date and whether studies of similar or better quality that point in a different direction have not been ignored. Because practice guides depend on the expertise of their authors and their group decision-making, the content of a practice guide is not and should not be viewed as a set of recommendations that in every case depends on and flows inevitably from scientific research. The goal of this practice guide is to formulate specific and coherent evidence-based recommendations for use by educators addressing a multifaceted challenge that lacks developed or evaluated, packaged approaches. The challenge is turning around low-performing schools. The guide provides practical, clear information on critical topics related to school turnarounds and is based on the best available evidence as judged by the review team. Recommendations presented in this guide should not be construed to imply that further research is not warranted to judge the effectiveness of particular strategies for turning around failing schools. Disclaimer The opinions and positions expressed in this practice guide are the authors' and do not necessarily represent the opinions and positions of the Institute of Education Sciences or the U.S. Department of Education. This practice guide should be reviewed and applied according to the specific needs of the educators and education agency using it, and with full realization that it represents the judgments of the review panel regarding what constitutes sensible practice, based on the research that was available at the time of publication. This practice guide should be used as a tool to …


The wave fields generated by Strombolian activity are investigated using data from small-aperture seismic arrays deployed on the north flank of Stromboli and data from seismic and pressure transducers set up near the summit crater. Measurements of slowness and azimuth as a function of time clearly indicate that the sources of tremor and explosions are located beneath the summit crater at depths shallower than 200 m with occasional bursts of energy originating from sources extending to a depth of 3 km. Slowness, azimuth, and particle motion measurements reveal a complex composition of body and surface waves associated with topography, structure, and source properties. Body waves originating at depths shallower than 200 m dominate the wave field at frequencies of 0.5–2.5 Hz, and surface waves generated by the surficial part of the source and by scattering sources distributed around the island dominate at frequencies above 2.5 Hz. The records of tremor and explosions are both dominated by SH motion. Far-field records from explosions start with radial motion, and near-field records from those events show dominantly horizontal motion and often start with a low-frequency (1–2 Hz) precursor characterized by elliptical particle motion, followed within a few seconds by a high-frequency radial phase (1–10 Hz) accompanying the eruption of pyroclastics. The dominant component of the near- and far-field particle motions from explosions, and the timing of air and body wave phases observed in the near field, are consistent with a gas-piston mechanism operating on a shallow (<200 m deep), vertical crack-like conduit. Models of a degassing fluid column suggest that noise emissions originating in the collective oscillations of bubbles ascending in the magma conduit may provide an adequate self-excitation mechanism for sustained tremor generation at Stromboli.


An edge-colored directed graph is called properly connected if, between every pair of vertices, there is a properly colored directed path. We study some conditions on directed graphs which guarantee the existence of a coloring that is properly connected. We also study conditions on a colored directed graph which guarantee that the coloring is properly connected.


This dissertation presents theoretical and practical arguments behind running an e-learning course focused on teaching hands-on craft skills. It references the history and development of e-learning from its roots in distance learning at the National Extension College. Interviews with working crafts people have enhanced the available literature in the field concerning the teaching of hands-on skills, in order to provide a rounded view of how people learn to make ceramics.
This dissertation outlines how skills are currently taught in the field, surveying post-compulsory education and film media. This is provided through case studies covering three teaching establishments, each with its own goals and agendas. Films are reviewed for insights pertaining to narrative forms and teaching opportunities.
This dissertation discusses the use of film, live streaming and Pinterest in teaching the next generation of craft makers. These elements are further studied to propose e-learning materials to teach craft skills and support the learning process. There is also an exploration of film-making with the development of films from simple unedited lessons to highly edited narratives about the creation of pottery.
Finally, this dissertation outlines a model for teaching craft skills in an e-learning environment. In order to achieve this, it discusses how web-2.0 interfaces and social media may help support a community of learners within an e-learning course.


Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumour of the salivary glands, especially the parotid gland. In the present paper we introduce the rare case of a pleomorphic adenoma of the maxillary sinus in a 82-year-old man who was referred to our outpatient clinic with nasal obstruction and occasional events of nose bleeding. Thorough investigation, using endoscopy and computed tomography, revealed a mass extending from the left maxillary sinus to the nasal cavity; the tumour was removed surgically; pathological examination showed a pleomorphic adenoma with no signs of malignancy.


Particle-in-cell simulation of free-electon lasers has contributed significantly to understanding its physics, especially in the non-linear and multidimensional regimes where analytic theory is rather difficult to formulate. The basic techniques of plasma simulation and the one- and two-dimensional codes used in the simulation of free-electron lasers are discussed in detail. Important results obtained from simulation are presented: It has been found that waves propagating obliquely with respect to the electron beam are always unstable with appreciable growth rates and, therefore, the efficiency of generation of the on-axis high-frequency electromagnetic wave can be severely degraded. Furthermore, electromagnetic waves with group velocities opposite to the direction of electron beam propagation can be absolutely unstable. Complete disruption of the electron beam and laser oscillation due to the onset of the absolute instability have been observed in simulations. Moreover, computer simulation also shows that the absolute instability can be avoided if the parameters of the free-electron laser satisfy certain constraints. The dynamics of nonlinear saturation and the potential efficiency of energy extraction are presented in detail.


With heart disease being the leading cause of death in the US and an important cause of mortality worldwide, there has been increasing interest in dietary supplements that may provide adjunctive therapy to standard medications. Fiber products, traditionally used for alleviating gastrointestinal states such as constipation, have also been investigated for their potential beneficial cardiovascular effects. Psyllium is a soluble dietary fiber derived from the plant Genus Plantago. The FDA has recently approved the use of daily intake of 3g to 12g of psyllium seed husks to reduce the risk of heart disease, when taken as part of a low fat, low cholesterol diet. This paper reviews recent clinical studies investigating the effects of psyllium on cardiovascular risk factors, focusing specifically on total and LDL cholesterol. The majority of studies show that psyllium modestly lowers total and LDL cholesterol levels in mild to moderate hypercholesterolemic people. The effects of psyllium depend on a wide range of variables including dosage and baseline lipid levels. The mechanism for cholesterol reduction likely involves increasing bile acid excretion and synthesis, and by affecting the levels of hepatic enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Further studies will need to be conducted to identify the efficacy of psyllium use as adjunctive therapy with standard medications such as statins, its effects on normocholesterolemic people, and its long term safety profile.


Jamaica is located on a restraining bend on the E-trending, left-lateral plate boundary between the Gonave microplate and Caribbean plate. Deformation in southern Jamaica occurs on two reactivated and simultaneously active fault sets: NNW-striking reverse faults and E-striking strike-slip faults. Movement on NNW-striking reverse faults forms fault-propagation folds that are expressed topographically as the Don Figuerero, Santa Cruz, and Brisco Mountains. The NNW-trending ranges (and faults) of southern Jamaica terminate against the E-W–oriented strike-slip faults. The two dominant E-striking, left-lateral strike-slip faults are the South Coast fault zone in the south and the central Jamaica fault system (Cavaliers fault, Rio Minho–Crawle River fault, and the Siloah fault system) in the central part of the island. We propose that the restraining bend is the result of reactivated, interacting fault arrays in southern Jamaica. The two fault systems inherited from Cretaceous and Paleogene deformation are reactivated to accommodate current deformation. The NNW-striking reverse faults accommodate E-W shortening, and the E-striking strike-slip faults accommodate both the plate motion and the differential motion of the fault blocks bounded by the NNW-striking reverse faults. This geometry results in topographic highs and lows along strike of the strike-slip faults, as a result of vertical displacement on the NNW-striking reverse faults.


It is shown that a number of classical problems from linear algebra and graph theory, including instances of the algebraic path problem, matrix multiplication, matrix triangularization, and matrix transpose, can be solved using the same basic recurrence. A simple mapping of the recurrence onto a unidirectional linear array is discussed. Qualitative advantages to programming linear arrays using this approach include uniformity of design, simplicity of programming, and scalability to larger problems. The major disadvantage is that the resulting algorithms are not necessarily optimal. >


Author(s): O'Brien, John | Advisor(s): Timmermans, Stefan | Abstract: Drawing on over three and half years of ethnographic research on a group of immigrant Muslim young men growing up in an American city, this dissertation examines the subtle yet important ways that cultural minorities manage participation in diverse, and sometimes divergent, cultural systems in the course of everyday life.Extensive ethnographic details illustrate three specific social processes through which my subjects - whom I call "the Legendz" after the name of their hip hop group - work to manage the tensions between the cultural systems of religious Islam and American youth culture at the level of everyday life. First, as illustrated in Chapter Two, the Legendz consume cultural products associated with secular American youth culture - particularly hip hop songs, videos, and styles - in particular ways that express a religiously pious yet secularly cool identity. This is a process of cultural reception for the management of multiple cultures. Second, as Chapter Three demonstrates, the boys apply cultural schemas drawn from religious Islamic culture - particularly the faith-based commitment to pre-marital sexual abstinence - in order to manage ambiguities in American youth culture, specifically around dating practices. This is a process of cultural importation for the management of multiple cultures. Chapter Four shows how the Legendz - along with their religious leaders, parents, and Muslim peers - engage in repeated in-group rehearsals at the mosque to learn the "appropriate" presentation of Islamic cultural identity and practices when in public. This is a process of backstage preparation for the management of multiple cultures. Together these processes - and the Legendz' firsthand experience of them - produce for the boys a certain kind of multicultural life, one characterized by a continuing allegiance to their minority culture and community; a sense of themselves as effective multicultural actors; a tendency to work for the avoidance of cultural conflict; and the bringing of small cultural changes to their community. For the Legendz, this comprises a workable multicultural life, not least because it allows them to experience - and express - themselves as engaging in mainstream American youth culture while still hewing closely to local Islamic norms.


A classical result of Gaschütz affirms that given a finite A-generated group G and a prime p, there exists a group G# and an epimorphism φ : G# −→ G whose kernel is an elementary abelian p-group which is universal among all groups satisfying this property. This Gaschütz universal extension has also been described in the mathematical literature with the help of the Cayley graph. We give an elementary and self-contained proof of the fact that this description corresponds to the Gaschütz universal extension. Our proof depends on another elementary proof of the Nielsen-Schreier theorem, which states that a subgroup of a free group is free. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): Primary: 20F65. Secondary: 05C25, 20D20, 20E22, 20F05, 20F10.


Başaran M., Uzun O., Erpul G. (2017): Evaluation of field performance of BEST aeolian sediment catcher in sandyloam soil of arid zone of Turkey. Soil & Water Res., 12: 96−105. Field measurement of wind erosion is still a great challenge for researchers. In this study, field performance of a newly designed sediment trap BEST (Basaran and Erpul Sediment Trap) was evaluated for the first time and compared with the commonly used Modified Wilson and Cook (MWAC) traps. Experiments were carried out at the Karapinar Research Station of Konya Soil and Water Resources Institute over the 50 × 50 m tilled sandy loam plot. Three wind erosion events occurred during the experiments. A small amount of sediment was trapped by the MWAC traps only at 0.20 m in all three events, and there were not sufficient sediment measurements at the catch heights to obtain vertical mass flux profiles. On the other hand, BEST was able to catch sufficient amount of sediment at each trap height to calculate soil losses from the experimental fields. Besides, an analysis for particle size characteristics by electron microscopy imagery indicated that almost all of the sediment particles trapped by BEST at any height above 0.60 m were smaller than 100 mm. Hereby, during three erosive wind events a better performance of BEST than of MWAC at comparable catch heights was verified.


BACKGROUND
Biliary injury after radiofrequency ablation can cause serious consequences including death. However, there are limited data regarding bile duct changes with or without complications associated with radiofrequency ablation of hepatic malignancies. This study aimed to assess the incidence, prognosis and risk factors of intrahepatic biliary injury associated with radiofrequency ablation.

METHODS
Between June 2001 and January 2009, 638 patients with hepatic malignancies (405 with hepatocellular carcinoma, and 233 with liver metastasis) who had 955 treatment sessions were enrolled in this study. Imaging and laboratory data, the course of treatment, and patient outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. The risk factors of biliary injury and the impact on overall survival of patients were analyzed. The chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier curves and stepwise Logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis where appropriate.

RESULTS
Biliary injury was observed in 17 patients after 17 ablation sessions based on imaging findings. The overall incidence of biliary injury was 1.8% (17/955) with an average onset time of 12 weeks (2-36 weeks). Mild, moderate and severe complications of biliary injury were identified in 9, 6 and 2 cases, respectively. The median survival time after detection of biliary injury was 40 months. There seemed no notable difference in overall survival between patients with and those without biliary injuries. By multivariate analysis, vessel infiltration (P = 0.034) and treatment session ≥ 4 times (P = 0.025) were independent risk factors for biliary injury of hepatocellular carcinoma; while tumor located centrally was the only independent risk factor in the metastasis group (P = 0.043).

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of biliary injury was not frequent (1.8%). Through appropriate treatment, intrahepatic bile duct injuries seemed not affect the patients' long-term survival. Additionally, risk factors may be helpful for selecting radiofrequency ablation candidates and predicting biliary complications.


The rate of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) In Israel is relatively low (0.5-0.9:1,000). Home cardiorespiratory monitoring (HM) is an accepted practice in infants at high risk for SIDS. We report our experience with 261 infants who were referred to our SIDS prevention program. They included: 52 preterm infants with apneas and bradycardias, 83 SIDS siblings (3 twins), 22 infants of drug-addicted mothers, and 104 infants after an idiopathic apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). HM was performed in 40 of 52 preterms, 38 of 83 SIDS siblings, all 22 infants of addicted mothers and 67 of 104 post-ALTE. All received 24 h/day medical and technical backup as well as emotional support, and were closely followed until 15 months of age. None of the 261 infants died. Five infants experienced six ALTEs that required resuscitative measures; another 28 infants had monitor alarms judged as real by the caregivers. The average duration of HM was 3.2 months (range 1-7). In 8 of 167 cases the parents stopped HM earlier than recommended, and in 34 of 167 cases (20%), parents continued HM beyond the time when discontinuation was recommended by the medical personnel. Among the caregivers, 85% found HM to be reassuring and stated that it helped them to conduct a normal life. We suggest that in our population, HM may have a favorable effect on family life. With close backup and support, most families will benefit from HM and will gain reassurance that will enable them to conduct normal life.


Watching Brain Molecules Functional neuroimaging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) molecular sensors would be useful for mechanistic analysis of neural systems. Lee et al. (p. 533) applied MRI-detectable sensors to measure molecular aspects of brain function in conjunction with noninvasive imaging. The molecular sensor revealed a quantitative spatiotemporal map of dopamine release in the ventral striatum, a brain area involved in processing rewards. Development of a molecular functional magnetic resonance imaging tool to quantify dopamine release simultaneously in different brain regions is shown. We demonstrate a technique for mapping brain activity that combines molecular specificity and spatial coverage using a neurotransmitter sensor detectable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This molecular functional MRI (fMRI) method yielded time-resolved volumetric measurements of dopamine release evoked by reward-related lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation of rats injected with the neurotransmitter sensor. Peak dopamine concentrations and release rates were observed in the anterior nucleus accumbens core. Substantial dopamine transients were also present in more caudal areas. Dopamine-release amplitudes correlated with the rostrocaudal stimulation coordinate, suggesting participation of hypothalamic circuitry in modulating dopamine responses. This work provides a foundation for development and application of quantitative molecular fMRI techniques targeted toward numerous components of neural physiology.


(Background) In order to analyze each element of a bacterial biofilm, a semi-quantitative measurement of glycocalyx using toluidine blue and an improved ATP bioluminescence assay were developed. (Results) In the toluidine blue assay, a linear correlation was obtained between optical density and the amount of gellan gum, which is an exopolysaccharide derived from Pseudomonas elodea. By using the improved ATP assay, ATP at concentration of 1 x 10-4 mol/ l or floating bacterial cells of 103 cfu could be detected. The applicability of these two methods was examined in evaluating a total amount of glycocalyx and ATP content of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, which were developed or treated with antimicrobial agents in a modified Robbins device. (Conclusion) The changes in optical density and ATP luminescence were reasonable, and well correlated with those obtained by scanning electron microscopy. These results indicate that the toluidine blue assay and ATP assay are useful in analyzing bacterial biofilms.


Evan Lieberman's Boundaries of Contagion: How Ethnic Politics Have Shaped Government Responses to Aids proceeds from a simple question of great importance to millions of people: "Why have some governments responded to AIDS more quickly and more broadly than others?" In answering this question, Lieberman employs a range of methods and engages a range of scholarly literatures dealing with health policy, comparative public policy, and ethnic politics. Because the book addresses "big" issues and bridges conventional divides in political science, we have invited a number of colleagues working broadly in comparative politics to comment on it.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor


This article explores the work of the Rev. Charleszetta "Mother" Waddles (1912–2001), an independent African American Christian minister who operated the Perpetual Mission for Saving Souls of All Nations in Detroit, Michigan. It argues that Mother Waddles sought to reshape and repurpose the spiritual rhetoric of New Thought theology—especially the concept of "positive thinking"—for her daily practice as a home missionary and for others living in similar circumstances. Mother Waddles was distinct from other twentieth-century, African American New Thought messengers because she sought to speak to and change the lives and mindsets of other impoverished African Americans without making a theological case for their divine entitlement to material prosperity or by encouraging their desire for financial wealth. Her undated, self-published book, Attributes and Attitudes, offered twelve divine virtues that every potential home (urban) missionary worker should embody—as well as twelve negative attitudes they must reject—in order to serve others.


QDSEGA is one of efficient learning algorithm for hyper-redundant systems. However, to accomplish the learning process, it required many iterations of trials. One of the most significant cause of the problem is lack of efficiency of learning, which is observed at the beginning of the learning.In this paper, we consider the mechanism of the lack of efficiency and solve the problem, we propose a method that the state space is devided into several classes based on physical dynamics. We improve QDSEGA by embedding the proposed dividing method into the QDSEGA, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the improved QDSEGA by applying it to a locomotion task of real snake robot.


This paper presents a symbolic dynamic method for health monitoring of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), which involves abstraction of a qualitative description from a dynamical system representation of the PMSM. The underlying algorithms rely on state-space embedding of the PMSM's output line current and discretization of the resultant pseudo-state and input spaces. System identification is achieved through inference of the PMSM's dynamical system behavior, and the deviation of the system's vailable online 23 December 2012 eywords: ault detection in PMSM ymbolic dynamics ystem identification output behavior from the nominal expected behavior yields a measure of the estimated fault. A specialpurpose test bed has been designed and fabricated for experimental validation of the health monitoring algorithm via controlled accelerated deterioration of magnetization in the PMSM. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been compared with that of a classical motor current signature analysis (MCSA) procedure as well as with a benchmark particle filter for fault detection in PMSMs. ixed-structure automata


In hosting environments such as IaaS clouds, desirable application performance is usually guaranteed through the use of Service Level Agreements (SLAs), which specify minimal fractions of resource capacities that must be allocated for use for proper operation. Arbitrary colocation of applications with different SLAs on a single host may result in inefficient utilization of the host's resources. In this paper, we propose that periodic resource allocation and consumption models be used for a more granular expression of SLAs. Our proposed SLA model has the salient feature that it exposes flexibilities that enable the IaaS provider to safelya transform SLAs from one form to another for the purpose of achieving more efficient colocation. Towards that goal, we present MorphoSys: a framework for a service that allows the manipulation of SLAs to enable efficient colocation of workloads. We present results from extensive trace-driven simulations of colocated Video-on-Demand servers in a cloud setting. The results show that potentially-significant reduction in wasted resources (by as much as 60%) are possible using MorphoSys.


The place of adhesion molecules that have a role in the immigration of intravascular leukocytes to the tissue with inflammation in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is controversial. Our purpose in this study was to examine the levels of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) in both neutrophils and lymphocytes in stable patients with COPD and in the healthy control groups consisting of non-smokers, and in smokers without COPD and also to evaluate the relationship between the parameters related to the severity of the disease. Peripheral venous blood samples of all the individuals were collected, and levels of sICAM-1 was measured quantitatively with ELISA method. Flow cytometry was used for Mac-1 and LFA-1 levels. Twenty-four stable patients with COPD (group I), 13 smokers (group II) and 14 healthy non-smokers (group III) were included in this study. In the COPD group, 12 smokers patients were considered as group IA, and 12 patients with non-smokers and biomass exposure were considered as group IB. No statistically significant differences were seen in LFA-1 examined in peripheric blood (PB) neutrophils and lymphocytes and sICAM in groups I, II, and III. Mac-1 examined in PB neutrophils was found to be significantly lower in group I when compared to groups II and III, however no difference could be seen in smokers' group of II and the control group III. Mac-1 examined in PB lymphocytes were found to be higher in group I according to group II, however no statistically significant difference was seen between group I and control group. No statistically significant differences were seen in all adhesion molecules levels in group IA and group IB. As a result; it was found that Mac-1 levels in PB neutrophils were decreased with the developing of COPD and Mac-1 levels in PB lymphocytes were decreased in smokers, however increased following the development of COPD. No differences existed in sICAM and LFA-1 levels dependent on smoking and/or COPD.


The basis of this thesis is to link research into the physical anthropology of Interior Salish people in the early colonial period in British Columbia with the measuring and dislocating of Indigenous lands as expropriated by Settler policies in a research creation model to be exhibited as an installation and exhibition. By examining physical anthropological records, anthropometric data and ethnographic life-casts of Interior Salish people made during the North Pacific Jesup expedition (collection of the American Museum of Natural History, NY) and an Interior Chief's delegation to Ottawa in 1916 (collection of the Museum of History, QC) my research will connect the practice of anthropometric measurements with government policies of land dispossession as problematized methods of the colonial politics of measurement and survey. My thesis project attempts to locate, within the subjects of the study, a political imperative of land rights struggle through relational and installation based artworks within these conceptual paradigms. Using methods of Indigenous ways of knowing like: decolonial aesthesis, the politics of refusal and the Secwepémc concept of kweselktnéws, a culturally specific concept of relationality, grounds my research within my family, responsibility, community and territory. My MFA thesis project, Casting Light to Fill Shadow: A Decolonial Aesthesis in Secwepemcúl'ecw, will model alternative ways to engage with and value Indigenous knowledge(s) in relation to decolonial aesthetics. Through this project I will draw out the connections between ethnographic study, Indigenous land rights and contemporary art practice adding to the bodies of knowledge around Indigenous and decolonial aesthetics.


The process of transition of care provision from paediatric to adult services can be a stressful time for service users and their families in that it can add to the burden of patients and their families living with a life-limiting illness. This thesis will explore the lived experiences of young people and parents in making this transition between children's and adult cystic fibrosis (CF) services in Wales. It uses Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) which has its focus on the 'double hermeneutic', a two stage interpretation process whereby the participant tries to make sense of their world and the researcher tries to make sense of the participant, making sense of their world (Smith 2008).
Through the use of semi-structured in-depth interviews, the experiences of participants were sought and analysed using IPA's layered approach to the data. These layers; the descriptive, the conceptual and the linguistic served to reveal the life world of young people and parents who found themselves disenfranchised from the comfort and perceived safety of children's services.
The data suggest that the meanings of transition were different for the young people who, with one exception, largely saw it as a positive experience. The parent group however reported feelings of loss and exclusion and were often critical of the care offered by the adult service. This apparent conflict was examined and the findings of the study suggest that the philosophical differences in care giving were the site of this tension. The model of family centred care espoused in the children's service fosters inclusion and cooperation with parents actively involved in care-giving, whilst the patient-centred approach of adult services has its focus on self-efficacy and co-production. The result, for parents, is more of a 'cliff-edge' transition while the young people seem to see it more as a 'rite of passage' into adulthood.
This thesis, which adopted the Bridges Model of Transition (2009) as its conceptual framework, offers new insights into a process which is becoming more commonplace as, what were once terminal, childhood conditions now progress to adult care services. It also offers recommendations for service providers (particularly in child care) to assist in fostering a process of disengagement and re-engagement which will minimise disruption and stress for all those involved.


: We recently diagnosed 65 cases with tracheobronchial tuberculosis using fiberbronchoscope. All the patients presented TB symptoms and were smear positive, some of them had been misdiagnosed for chronic bronchitis or lung cancer. Among them, 16 cases were simple tracheobronchial tuberculosis (24.6%) without TB lesions in the lungs. The results show that fiberbronchoscopic examination is a good method to diagnose tracheobronchial tuberculosis and distinguish lung cancer by direct observation of tracheobronchial lostons or brush biopsy for TB.


In recent years the rapid development in telecommunication technologies leads to a non linear growth in the number of users of mobile electronic gadgets accessible to a communication network. These electronic gadgets are nothing but the nodes of the MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) and thus the mobility of the nodes effects a much the performance of the network. A change in mobility can be meant as the change in speed of node during motion in the network or pause time at different points during its motion between a source and destination point in the network. Due to change in mobility link between neighbour nodes can break a number of times as a result of which the performance of a network may be hampered. Also a number of packets may be dropped at different layers of the network. One of the way of analyzing the performance of a MANET is by considering the packet delivery fraction (PDF). This paper describes a detailed analysis of performance affected due to change in mobility in different terrain area. The parameter describing the reason of variation in performance is the number of packets delivered. The simulator we have used in our work for the calculation of performance matric is GLOMOSIM. The performance comparison has also made considering two types of routing protocols AODV and DSR.


Catalogue to accompany a touring exhibition of Urban's abstract paintings from 1994-1999. Pagel's detailed descriptions of selected paintings focus on formal characteristics. In a transcribed dialogue between Urban and Moos, the artist's use of line, colour and brush stroke are situated within the context of modernist painting (primarily American abstraction). Other topics discussed include: the body reference in abstraction, the significance of titles, and the relation between modern self/world. Cheetham situates Urban's work within a "language of abstraction" drawn from works by artists such as Malevich, Kandinsky, Cezanne and Rothko. Biographical notes. 30 bibl. ref.


On line characterization of the elemental composition of coal, in connection with numerical models, allows predicting important combustion parameters affecting the industrial boilers efficiency, like e.g. the coal heating value and the ash fusion temperature. This paper presents preliminary experimental results aimed at evaluating the possibility of using the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for the elemental analysis of coal.


A nova eruption in a cataclysmic variable (CV) is a thermonuclear explosion on the surface of the white-dwarf primary once it has accreted a critical mass from its late-type companion. Between these eruptions, the binary is supposed to appear as a 'normal' CV, although for the first tens or hundreds of years, the white dwarf is still heated up which might influence the mass-transfer rate of the binary. To compare the nova-populations with the general CV-one, a large number of old novae are needed.
We have conducted a program to recover old novae and study the binary within. We here present the results of this program as well as a new deep wide-field Hα + [NII] survey of cataclysmic variables to search for remnant nova shells around these objects. Such shells have been found around some cataclysmic variables that were hitherto not known as novae. They provide the unambiguous evidence that the system has experienced a nova eruption in the past and thus point to the oldest novae observable.


In this article, we propose a modified finite-set model predictive control (M-FS-MPC) for multilevel switching-mode operation of grid-connected nine-level packed E-cell (PEC9) inverter. With a single-dc source, six power switches, back-to-back-connected switches as bidirectional and two capacitors horizontally extended, PEC9 inverter topology has remarkably reduced the components count. Packed E-cell (PEC) prominent feature has the capability of switching among different multilevel voltages: nine-, seven-, or five-level under faulty switch cases without any structural modification and only if the controller is appropriately designed. M-FS-MPC is proposed to operate the grid-connected PEC with the multilevel switching mode under bidirectional switch fault operation. Switching among five-, seven-, or nine-level voltages is attained by proper dc capacitors' voltages regulation, whereas the desired current injection with low total harmonic distortion (THD) and requested power factor for addressing grid connectivity applications is guaranteed. The system discrete model is developed and the experimental results verify the performance and robustness of M-FS-MPC in targeting the capability of PEC multilevel switching-mode operation and grid connectivity requirements in both steady and transient states.


The truism that education is the surest route to development in any society needs no contention. However, despite this fact, several societies in the modern world are still far from providing this basic necessity to the greater proportion of their people. This situation is
considered unacceptable more so, if one considers that education has been classified as a major fundamental human rights in contemporary society. Again, in the present globalized society in which every nation is connected to the other, education is perhaps the only instrument for people to adequately cope with the new trend. In most contemporary
nation-states including Nigeria, the level of educational attainment vary across regions. Such discrepancy also exist within regions and sub-regions .In Nigeria, concerns have been expressed on the glaring gap between the North and the South with regards to education. The classification of many states in the North as "Educationally- Disadvantaged-States" has not remedied the situation. This paper focuses on this important issue of the state of education in the Nigerian Northern region especially within the context of globalization. The paper suggests ways in which education can be used as a potent instrument of socio-economic, political and technological development of the region. Keywords : Culture; Development; Education; Globalization; Inequalities; Science and Technology. African Research Review Vol. 2 (3) 2008: pp. 130-145


In this paper a methodology for the development of multiple impact models for road networks is described. Road impacts can be categorized into impacts for different stakeholder groups, namely the public, the owner and the road users. The current investigations address multiple impacts only for road users, but the developed methodology can be extended to estimate the impacts of all stakeholder groups. Impacts for road users are differentiated into costs due to travelling time, vehicle operation and accident injuries. The accident and injury costs are assessed based on multivariate regression analysis and Bayesian Probabilistic Networks. The proposed methodology for the assessment of road user impacts is different from existing impact models since uncertainties are incorporated into the model. Accordingly, all variables of the model are represented probabilistically. To demonstrate the usefulness of the methodology, models were developed for the prediction of multiple road user impacts on three road segments that were different in terms of traffic configurations, road designs and surface conditions. Based on the assumptions made for the model development, the results show that accident and injury costs represent only a small share of the total user impacts. An important feature of the introduced methodology for road impact assessment is that it provides decision support, e.g. on how to optimally allocate budgets into accident risk reducing interventions and evaluate the portfolio of changeable measures in terms of their effect on the accident risk before and after they are implemented.


The primary factor in reducing building energy consumption is the wall energy, but thickening the walls simply and using traditional materials to reduce energy consumption has become unable to satisfy the development trend at the present stage. Energy-saving wall materials include organic wall insulation, inorganic wall insulation and composite wall insulation. According to the construction technology, insulation wall can be divided into internal insulation wall, sandwich insulation wall and external insulation wall etc.. Polyurethane foam and other new energy-saving materials are widely used, whicth will become the main energy-saving materials in the northern cold areas.


During the Last Glacial Maximum, the British–Irish Ice Sheet was dominated by a number of accumulation centres, including a terrestrially based, semi‐independent icecap centred on Wales. The dynamics of this Welsh Ice Cap (WIC) over the last glacial period are still relatively poorly understood, with few studies taking into consideration the dynamic evolution of the icecap as a whole. Here we contrast results from two modelled reconstructions of the WIC in conjunction with the wider glacial geomorphological record to elucidate understanding of its form, extent and dynamics. Model output was analysed to yield zones of high basal motion and the spatial distribution of potential glacial erosion. We conclude that coherent flowsets of streamlined bedforms are linked to fast‐flowing outlets dominated by basal sliding. Large‐scale changes in dynamics are discussed, with a number of possible major advances proposed over the glacial cycle. Maximum ice thicknesses of ∼1200 m in Mid Wales indicate that all mountain summits were probably ice‐covered during the Last Glacial Maximum, even if it was with a thin protective mantle of cold‐based ice, leading to landscape preservation of these upland zones. The distribution, dynamism and landscape modification related to the WIC are further discussed at the regional scale. Model predictions of glacier distribution through the Younger Dryas stadial accord well with geologically reconstructed limits at this time.


The drug delivery system enables the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient to achieve a desired therapeutic response. Conventional drug delivery systems (tablets, capsules, syrups, ointments, etc.) suffer from poor bioavailability and fluctuations in plasma drug level and are unable to achieve sustained release. Without an efficient delivery mechanism, the whole therapeutic process can be rendered useless. Moreover, the drug has to be delivered at a specified controlled rate and at the target site as precisely as possible to achieve maximum efficacy and safety. Controlled drug delivery systems are developed to combat the problems associated with conventional drug delivery. There has been a tremendous evolution in controlled drug delivery systems from the past two decades ranging from macro scale and nano scale to intelligent targeted delivery. The initial part of this review provides a basic understanding of drug delivery systems with an emphasis on the pharmacokinetics of the drug. It also discusses the conventional drug delivery systems and their limitations. Further, controlled drug delivery systems are discussed in detail with the design considerations, classifications and drawings. In addition, nano-drug delivery, targeted and smart drug delivery using stimuli-responsive and intelligent biomaterials is discussed with recent key findings. The paper concludes with the challenges faced and future directions in controlled drug delivery.


Public examinations are frequent and are defended as being useful in indicating the levels of achievement expected for all, strengthening achievement motivation, and as a tool of the meritocratic selection mechanism for limiting resources. However, some teachers and many parents have complained about the pressure exerted by the all-important selection examinations, and the reliabilities and validities of examinations. These controversies about the examination policies and practices cannot be understood without reference to people's values and to political factors. They are influenced by people's views of their society, of the purposes of examination, the availability of resources and who controls those resources. In order to better understand the formulation of examination policies and practices in a society, I try to compare and analyse the examination policies and practices adopted in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao with the four main issues in mind: (1) Why have examinations become progressively more prominent in educational system? (2) What are the major variations in examination policies and practices in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao? (3) How can these variations be explained? (4) What will be the future development of examination policies and practices in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao? It is suggested that the formulation of the examination policies and practices in these four places is socially constructed and is a product of ideological struggle, conflict and compromise among different stakeholders in the communities. In this thesis, after careful consideration of the historical, political, educational, socio-economic and cultural variables in these four places, a new assessment model has been devised. This multi-modal approach to assessment is believed to be able to 'bring out the best' in children. This new model can be used as a reference by different governments to make more effective assessment on their children.


A lithium ion battery (LIB) anode is prepared consisting of silicon and a reduced graphene oxide (Si/r-GO) composite deposited on a three-dimensional (3D) carbon fiber (CF) current collector. The morphology, structure and textural properties of the as-prepared Si, Si/r-GO composite and Si/r-GO/CF electrode are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, respectively. The reversible capacity of the Si/r-GO/CF electrode (>1000 mA h g−1 at the rate of 0.1C) is found to be significantly higher than that of a Si/r-GO electrode with a traditional 2D copper foil collector. Moreover, the Si/r-GO/CF electrode exhibits an excellent rate performance of 280 mA h g−1 even at a rate of 10C due to the effective conductivity improvement and a capacitor-like behavior offered by the CF networks. In addition, the Si/r-GO/CF coin cell shows a low resistance of 20 Ω in charge transfer. Finally, the CF skeleton serves as a solid scaffold, which inhibits the aggregation of the Si/r-GO composite during usage, and therefore leads to a long cycle life (i.e., a capacity retention of more than 95% after 100 cycles).


This report describes the baseline experience of the multicenter, Home-Based Assessment study, designed to develop methods for dementia prevention trials using novel technologies for test administration and data collection. Nondemented individuals of 75 years of age or more were recruited and evaluated in-person using established clinical trial outcomes of cognition and function, and randomized to one of 3 assessment methodologies: (1) mail-in questionnaire/live telephone interviews [mail-in/phone (MIP)]; (2) automated telephone with interactive voice recognition; and (3) internet-based computer Kiosk. Brief versions of cognitive and noncognitive outcomes were adapted to each methodology and administered at baseline and repeatedly over a 4-year period. "Efficiency" measures assessed the time from screening to baseline, and staff time required for each methodology. A total of 713 individuals signed consent and were screened; 640 met eligibility and were randomized to one of 3 assessment arms; and 581 completed baseline. Dropout, time from screening to baseline, and total staff time were highest among those assigned to internet-based computer Kiosk. However, efficiency measures were driven by nonrecurring start-up activities suggesting that differences may be mitigated over a long trial. Performance among Home-Based Assessment instruments collected through different technologies will be compared with established outcomes over this 4-year study.


SummaryThe existence of the nigrofrontal dopaminergic pathway has been demonstrated in neuroanatomical studies. We evaluated the presynaptic nigrofrontal dopaminergic function using 18F-dopa (FD) positron emission tomography (PET). The multiple time PET data in the frontal cortex from 20 to 70 min post-injection for FD were evaluated by Patlak analysis using the cerebellar time-activity curve as an input function. The frontal FD uptake rate constants could not be determined in 5 of 12 normal volunteers because of large deviations in the plots. There were no significant differences between the subjects among whom the frontal FD uptake rate constants could or could not be determined regarding the amount of FD injected, the frontal 18F counts, or whether or not they were pretreated with carbidopa. The uptake constants were determined in 9 of 12 patients with parkinsonian syndrome. While the mean (± S.D.) uptake constants in patients with Parkinson's disease (2.89 ± 0.06 × 10-3; n = 4) and in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (2.81 ± 0.10 × 10-3; n = 3) were not significantly different from those in the normal volunteers (2.93 ± 0.14 × 10-3), those in two patients with corticobasal degeneration (2.42 and 2.46, respectively) decreased in comparison to the control values. Differences in the nigrofrontal presynaptic dopaminergic function as assessed by FD-PET may explain the different pathogenesis and also help to differentiate between corticobasal degeneration and other parkinsonian syndromes, such as Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.


SIR,-I have seen a variation of the syndrome described by Dr Marie Campbell and others (4 December, p 1617) in a 12 month old infant of Rastafarian, vegan parents. The child was fully breast fed. He presented with developmental regression, frequent vomiting, and extreme tiredness. His haemoglobin concentration was 6-8 g/dl, with the smear showing macrocytosis and some microcytosis. Haematological differentiation between vitamin B,2 and folic acid deficiency is difflcult, and since there are no facilities for measuring blood concentrations in Dominica the child was given oral folate for two weeks followed by oral vitamin B,2. On 5 mg folic acid daily the haemoglobin concentration dropped from 6-8 to 5-4 g/dl and the reticulocytes rose from 2 6 to 67",,. Subsequently oral vitamin B,, raised the haemoglobin to 8 8 g/dl and the reticulocytes to 105",, within 14 days. Oral B, was continued, and 28 days later the haemoglobin concentration was 11-5 g/dl and reticulocytes 14",. The child had stopped vomiting, regained his energy, and the developmental regression had disappeared. The child's mother was healthy and had a normal haemoglobin concentration and smear. I suspect, howevcr, that she has just sufficient vitamin B12 stores to maintain this state but insufficient to produce normal concentrations in her brcast milk. This has been described previously in Indian infants of strictly vegetarian mothers.' Recently the problem of nutritional rickets in Rastafarian children in the UK has been highlighted (30 October, p 1242). I would recommend that infants and children of Rastafarian families should be carefully examined for evidence of deficiency diseases. When one deficiency-for example, ricketsis discovered blood films should be studied closely for evidence of megaloblastic changes and, where facilities exist, blood B,,l. concentrations should be estimated.


Papers on operations management in major journals have studied (1) relationships between the level of alignment in business and manufacturing strategies, practice realization, and performance; (2) the role of plants in global production networks; and (3) the reconciling of business and manufacturing strategies by operational executives. However, while these studies have positioned the role of plants as a strategic weapon in firms, their perspective is that the role of plants is imparted by headquarters or business units. Actually, the phenomenon which Japanese domestic plants have continued to work on various issues in an advanced manner from a global view went beyond this scope. There is a need for exploratory research from the perspective of plants as to the relationship between the role of plants and the strategic behavior of factory managers in continuing to grow while trying to survive in challenging environments and organizational capabilities built in plants.


BACKGROUND
Communication is essential to the transplant process, but it is challenging in South Africa (SA) because of the complexity of the country and the health system, the nature of transplantation as a technical procedure with inherent psychological considerations, and the large number of professionals involved. Transplant communication has not been explored in SA, and this study was the first to use health communication methods to generate empirical evidence relating to it.

OBJECTIVE
To explore communication in transplant settings in Gauteng Province, SA.

METHODS
Qualitative methods were used to collect data across six hospitals and transplant centres in Gauteng. State and private institutions were equally represented. Health professionals and transplant co-ordinators participated. Thematic analysis of data was undertaken.

RESULTS
Facilitators of interprofessional transplant communication included appreciation of its importance to good practice and cohesive individual transplant teams. Barriers to interprofessional communication were observed when individual teams had to come together in a multi-team, interdisciplinary environment, when interchange became aggressive, and when information was not passed on to other health professionals timeously. These barriers had implications for continuity of care and ethics, which could lead to moral distress.

CONCLUSION
Transplantation in Gauteng is characterised by aspects of good teamwork, and the importance of effective communication is acknowledged. Transplantation also faces some challenges in terms of interprofessional communication. Recommendations for mitigating some of the gaps include integrating a health communication specialist into the transplant process, 'knotworking', the use of apology, and an advance warning text-message system for transplant professionals.


Based on self-determination theory, the purpose of this study was to explore the mediating role of autonomous motivation in the relation between environmental factors and pedometer-determined PA among 10- to 12-year-old Flemish children. Data were collected from 787 6th grade pupils and one of their parents. Children completed self-report measures including autonomous motivation for PA and perceived autonomy support for PA by parents and friends. Parents completed a questionnaire concerning their PA related parenting practices (logistic support and explicit modeling) and the perceived home environment with respect to PA opportunities. The results confirmed that autonomous motivation mediated the relation between children's PA and their perceived autonomy support by friends and parents. Autonomous motivation also mediated the relation between parental logistic support and PA. In addition, a positive direct relation was found between parental explicit modeling and children's PA, and between perceived neighbor- hood safety and children's PA.


Background One of the goals of plant breeding is to create crops to provide better nutrition for humans and livestock. Insufficient intake of protein is one of the most severe factors affecting the growth and development of children in developing countries. More than a century ago, in 1896, Hopkins initiated the well-known Illinois long-term selection for maize seed protein concentration, yielding four protein strains. By continuously accumulating QTLs, Illinois High Protein (IHP) reached a protein level 2.5-fold higher than normal maize, with the most increased fraction being the zein protein, which was shown to contain no lysine soon after the long-term selection program initiated. Therefore, IHP is of little value for feeding humans and monogastric animals. Although high-lysine lines of non-vitreous mutants were based on reduced zeins, the kernel soft texture precluded their practical use. Kernel hardness in opaque 2 (o2) could be restored in quality protein maize (QPM) with quantitative trait loci called o2 modifiers (Mo2s), but those did not increase total protein levels. Methods The most predominant zeins are the 22- and 19-kDa α-zeins. To achieve a combination of desired traits, we used RNA interference (RNAi) against both α-zeins in IHP and evaluated the silencing effect by SDS-PAGE. Total protein, amino acid composition and kernel texture were analyzed. Conclusions The α-zeins were dramatically reduced, but the high total seed protein level remained unchanged by complementary increase of non-zein proteins. Moreover, the residual zein levels still allowed for a vitreous hard seed. Such dramatic rebalancing of the nitrogen sink could have a major impact in world food supply.


How much has life really changed for women during the last decade? Has the women's movement affected women all over the world? Has it changed women's relationships with men? Nikki van der Gaag answers these questions with hard, sometimes disturbing, evidence. Many women have made huge leaps forward - in legal rights, political representation, employment, education, health. The rhetoric of 'gender equality' slips easily off the tongues of politicians and presidents. But beneath the surface the statistics are shocking. Every day, more than 1,500 women die from the complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Women make up 75 per cent of the 1.5 billion people living on less than one US dollar a day. And men have changed very little. Vivid testimonies from women and men around the world explain why, especially in this post-feminist age, women's rights are still very much an issue - for men and women alike.


Survival discrepancy between patients treated in a clinical trial and routine practice is well recognized. No study has assessed the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of long-term Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors (HLS) according to trial participation. We applied a population-based approach to examine the differences in HRQL, healthcare utilization, and satisfaction with healthcare among long-term HLS who had participated in a trial (tHLS) and those treated in routine care (rHLS). All HLS diagnosed during the period 1989–1998 and living in southern Netherlands were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry in 2004 to participate in the Patient Reported Outcomes Following Initial treatment and Long-term Evaluation of Survivorship registry study. Data linkage with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer was performed in 2015 to identify trial participation. The 65 tHLS and 67 rHLS had comparable demographic and clinical characteristics. Unadjusted and adjusted models indicated no association between trial participation and HRQL. There was no evidence of differences in healthcare satisfaction. Trial participation was associated with 48% more visits to specialists in the past year (adjusted 95% confidence interval: 10–99). No association of trial participation with cancer-related contacts was observed. tHLS and rHLS had comparable long-term HRQL. Although trial participation was associated with more specialist visits, there was no evidence of an association with healthcare satisfaction and the number of cancer-related visits. Identification of trial participation in population-based cancer registry through data linkage with clinical trials enables a population-based approach to examine patient-reported outcomes differences between tHLS and rHLS.


The philosophical problem of free will and degeneration of human actions emerging out of a profound conflict between two beliefs. The belief in freedom of human action appears to contradict the belief that all human actions are caused, and therefore determined, by physical or material factors beyond an individual's control. Freedom of action is usually conceived as freedom from the laws of nature. This is broadly called libertarianism. On the other hand, the view that all occurrences in nature, including human actions, are caused by physical conditions subsumable under causal laws is called determinism. Reconciliation between freedom and determinism falls under the position called compa1ibilism, which broadly advocates the view that human actions are both caused as well as free. Denial of the possibility of this reconciliation leads to a fourth position called compatibilism. This involves the view that beliefs in freedom and determinism are contradictory to each other and therefore cannot be held together. It seems that we cannot give up any of these two beliefs, however contradictory they might appear to the philosophical mind. In my dissertation, the views of Anglo-American philosophers, Stuart Hampshire, Anthony Kenny, P. F. Strawson, and Donald Davidson are examined on this problem. However, examination of their views has left many questions unanswered and many more questions arising out of this perennial problem. Keeping in view the immense complexity of the problem at hand, it seems impossible to offer a final solution acceptable to all. Nevertheless, description and analysis of the views of the philosophers in this dissertation is attempted in order to expose many serious problems, which would have remained unapprised. It is a central contention of my thesis that the freedom of action cannot be understood without explaining the nature of self-consciousness. I intend to. argue, through examination of the views of these philosophers,. that the paradigm of causality in nature cannot explain human actions that originate by self-conscicus mental acts. Deterministic explanations have their limits where the nature of self-consciousness is in question.


This thesis is divided into two elements, a creative component (75%) and a theoretical/reflective component (25%).
The creative component is an exercise in literary translation as a creative writing process, which consists of my complete English translation of Leonardo Guzzo's collection of short stories Le radici del mare (2015).
The theoretical/reflective component includes a commentary and analysis of the translation process in the form of a translator's diary, where the pros and cons of an extensive collaboration with the author are explored. Through this analysis I wanted to shed further light on the translation process, what it actually entails and how one can deal with and overcome the various problems that arise.
There is a tendency to focus heavily on the theories of literary and applied translation in academic literature and with this thesis I wish to highlight 1) how important the balance between theory and practice ought to be; and 2) ways in which practice can refine theory (as well as vice versa).
A relentlessly intense practice of literary translation over the course of this thesis has enabled and empowered me to develop my style and voice as a literary translator but also to garner a deeper knowledge of theoretical frameworks both directly and indirectly relevant to my case study.
My approach to and choices of translation, in general we well as specific terms, have been sharpened by 1) viewing the process of translation as a creative and collaborative experience; 2) developing a heightened awareness of different types of equivalence; 3) the ad hoc combination of foreignizing and domesticating strategies; and 4) the reflections of fellow literary translators, established and emerging, as well as authors who have translated or have been translated by other authors.
These intertwined experiences have been enhanced by an equally intense dialogue with the author at the centre of my research. There are various advantages with working closely with the writer, notably the assurance the translator can gain knowing that he/she is translating what best reflects the intentions and ideas reflected in the source text and, most importantly, the benefits of building a profound working relationship with the author.
What has proven to be a fruitful and rewarding exchange does not mean that collaboration removes limits and drawbacks — quite the opposite, as it can be a lengthy and tiring process, particularly when trying to find a compromise that best suits the needs and expectations surrounding the target language while also accommodating what the author wants.
When translating Guzzo's Le radici del mare, not only did I want to achieve an 'end product' that would work as a convincing case study for the purpose of this thesis, I also wanted these short stories to be able to be read and enjoyed as a literary work in English by an English speaking audience.
In order to be successful in this endeavour, I have selected, reviewed, embraced and tested theoretical frameworks and practical techniques that would enable me to achieve an inclusive and effective balance: a balance that first and foremost would let the words on the page —Giorgioni's as much as Guzzo's — shine.


CONTEXT
Diagnosis of early pregnancy failure is hampered by the lack of reliable serological markers.

OBJECTIVE
We assessed whether a single serum measurement of placental growth factor (PlGF) and the soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1) receptor of vascular endothelial growth factor at 6-8 wk gestation could differentiate failed pregnancies, whether ectopic pregnancies (EP) or missed abortions (MA), from healthy intrauterine pregnancies (IUP).

DESIGN AND SETTING
We conducted a prospective clinical study at a tertiary university hospital between January 2009 and February 2011.

PATIENTS
A total of 78 consecutive patients (38 EP, 40 MA) with failed early pregnancy and 50 IUP (control group) participated in the study.

INTERVENTION(S)
Determination of serum PlGF and sFlt-1 has been carried out by ELISA. Gene expression of PlGF and Flt-1 in trophoblasts was performed by RT-PCR.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
We investigated whether a single, combined serum measurement of the above markers could contribute to the differential diagnosis.

RESULTS
PlGF and sFlt-1 concentration was lower in both EP (mean, 14.60 ± 3.42/178.16 ± 76.03 pg/ml) and MA (mean, 16.25 ± 4.73/399.42 ± 337.54 pg/ml) compared to IUP (mean, 21.64 ± 5.68/1390.32 ± 655.37 pg/ml). sFlt-1 (P = 0.033) and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio (P = 0.029) but not PlGF had the ability to discriminate MA from EP. Compared to women with viable IUP, mRNA gene expression levels of PlGF and Flt-1 were considerably lower in women with MA and in women with EP.

CONCLUSIONS
Combined measurement of sFlt-1 and PlGF levels can differentiate normal from failed pregnancies, whereas sFlt-1 as well as sFlt-1/PlGF ratio can also discriminate EP from MA. PlGF and Flt-1 gene expression in trophoblasts from women with EP and MA appears impaired.


Greece has reached a point where, under any plausible macroeconomic scenario, public debt will continue growing faster than GDP. Fiscal consolidation alone cannot close the solvency gap. A substantial reduction in the stock of debt is needed. Even post-debt restructuring, there is no guarantee that the government will succeed in its dual goal of restoring fiscal solvency and closing the competitiveness gap. Yet we think Greece stands a better chance of accomplishing these goals from inside the EMU rather than outside it. This chapter takes stock of the factors that led to the explosion of public debt, the loss of competitiveness, and the failure of the first EU-IMF programme. We also present our views on the likely debt restructuring (and post-restructuring) scenarios.


The main paradox of the civil–military relations theory has been the protection of the political sphere from the military, which is administered by the politicians. The new dilemma lies under the paradox that occurs when the political sphere is entirely co-opted by the military, which is legitimized through democratization instead of protection of the civilian sphere. The question regarding the continuity of the pathology, the military superiority over the civil administration, has been largely omitted. This study is an attempt to respond to this conundrum related to the continuity of pathological civil–military relations. The main focus is the pathology that occurs when the military is the modernizer or the democratizer in a country. The study uses process tracing to collect the data as research attempts to unravel the rationale behind the continuity of military dominance in politics. In doing so, it will attempt to trace the causality between the lack of democratization and military dominance over politics in the case of Algeria.


Application of Physics-Informed Neural Networks to Solve 2-D Single-phase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media Ali Hussain Alhubail Neural networks have recently seen tremendous advancements in applicability in many areas, one of which is their utilization in solving physical problems governed by partial differential equations and the constraints of these equations. Physics-informed neural networks is the name given to such neural networks. They are different from typical neural networks in that they include loss terms that represent the physics of the problem. These terms often include partial derivatives of the neural network outputs with respect to its inputs, and these derivatives are found through the use of automatic differentiation. The purpose of this thesis is to showcase the ability of physics-informed neural networks to solve basic fluid flow problems in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media. This is done through the utilization of the pressure equation under a set of assumptions as well as the inclusion of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. The goal is to create a surrogate model that allows for finding the pressure and velocity profiles everywhere inside the domain of interest. In the homogeneous case, minimization of the loss function that included the boundary conditions term and the partial differential equation term allowed for producing results that show good agreement with the results from a numerical simulator. However, in the case of heterogeneous media where there are sharp discontinuities in hydraulic conductivity inside the domain, the model failed to produce accurate results. To resolve this issue, extended physics-informed neural networks were used. 5 This method involves the decomposition of the domain into multiple homogeneous sub-domains. Each sub-domain has its own physics informed neural network structure, equation parameters, and equation constraints. To allow the sub-domains to communicate, interface conditions are placed on the interfaces that separate the different sub-domains. The results from this method matched well with the results of the simulator. In both the homogeneous and heterogeneous cases, neural networks with only one hidden layer with thirty nodes were used. Even with this simple structure for the neural networks, the computations are expensive and a large number of training iterations is required to converge.


Beginning with Warren and Brandeis' articulation of the right to privacy in their 1890 Harvard Law Review this paper will examine the evolution of the right to privacy and the absence of a unifying jurisprudential basis for the right at modern law. In doing so, the paper will compare the emergence of the right to privacy in the United States (as an example of a jurisdiction with poor privacy protections and a strong engagement with the underlying philosophy of the right to privacy) and the European Union which evidences an obverse stance. In considering the EU the paper will focus on France as an example of a jurisdiction with staunch pro-privacy values, and Ireland as an example of a jurisdiction with strong privacy protections but underdeveloped jurisprudence on the right to privacy. In light of this examination the paper will seek to locate the jurisprudential roots of a privacy right and examine whether a re-articulation of Warren and Brandeis' formulation of the right to privacy might offer firmer ground in constructing privacy architectures in future.


The interferometers being planned for second generation LIGO promise an order of magnitude increase in broadband strain sensitivity-with the corresponding cubic increase in detection volume-and an extension of the observation band to lower frequencies. In addition, one of the interferometers may be designed for narrowband performance, giving further improved sensitivity over roughly an octave band above a few hundred Hertz. This article discusses the physics and technology of these new interferometer designs, and presents their projected sensitivity spectra.


For much of the past two decades manufacturers and purchasers of integrated circuits (ICs) have been educated about the threat posed by electrostatic discharge (ESD) to individual components as well as to entire electronic systems. Historically, the industry accepted model to define the ESD threat was MIL-STD-883, Method 3015 (commonly known as the "Human Body Model" or HBM). Recently a new model for defining ESD has emerged. IEC 61000-4-2 is becoming the industry standard for defining the ESD threat and the requirements that systems must meet.


Property rights theory has contributed a great deal to global understanding of the factors shaping the management, governance and sustainability of discrete property regimes (individual, State, commons). Yet as the commons become increasingly altered and enclosed and management challenges extend beyond the boundaries of any given unit of property, institutional theory must extend beyond discrete property regimes. This paper argues that as natural resource management challenges grow more complex and interconnected, common property theory in the Ostrom tradition remains an essential component of successful management solutions – for common pool resources, public and private goods alike. Building on the commons and externality literature in general, and the Ostrom and Coasean traditions in particular, we propose the use of the term "hybrid institution" to explore the governance of common or connected interests within and between diverse property regimes. Following a general introduction to a set of propositions for encompassing this expanded realm of application of commons theory, we use the literature on integrated natural resource management to frame the scope of "commons" issues facing rural communities today. Empirical and action research from eastern Africa and logical arguments are each used to illustrate and sharpen the focus of our propositions so that they can be tested and refined in future research. This analysis demonstrates the instrumental potential of the concept of hybrid institutions as a framework for shaping more productive engagements with seemingly intractable natural 572 Laura Anne German and Andrew Keeler resource management challenges at farm and landscape scale. Our analysis suggests that central elements of the Ostrom and Coasean traditions can be complementary explanatory lenses for contemporary resource conflict and management.


Background/Objectives: In modern radars waveform design plays a vital role. In the design of radars the most significant parameter is the range resolution. With the help of the signal processing tools like auto correlation and ambiguity function various waveform designs can be achieved. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In the proposed paper the discrete frequency coding method of random NLFM (Non Linear Frequency Modulation) signal is described which results in a random like frequency evolution. Random NLFM enables to achieve the thumbtack ambiguity function while minimizing the crosstalk between frequencies. Findings: Random NLFM signals for different lengths are generated which are used in radars and sonars and also their ambiguity plots are obtained. The PSLR (Peak Side Lobe Ratio) and ISLR (Integrated Side Lobe Ratio) for these signals are evaluated and a comparison is made among these signals to identify best NLFM waveform. Application/Improvements: Non Linear Frequency Modulation waveforms using algebraic random number generators that are quite robust to electronic counter measures and have long duration for long range applications. In future applications of NLFM especially in RADAR/SONAR applications, this idea may result into new methodology


Characteristics and mechanism of twin-vertical-tail buffet response on airplane configuration with wing root leading edge extension (LEX) were studied by both experiment and computation. Low-speed wind tunnel experiments were carried out to measure the root bending moment and tip acceleration of vertical tail. Vortical flow patterns were visualized via laser light sheet technique. Three-dimensional computation was performed to solve the unsteady Euler equations on rigid model. The results indicate that (1) bursting of vortices emanating from LEX is the main source of twin-vertical-tail buffet; (2) the Euler equations is able to predict the general characteristics of vertical-tail buffet response reasonably.


Low-duty-cycle radio operations have been proposed for wireless networks facing severe energy constraints. Despite energy savings, duty-cycling the radio creates transient-available wireless links, making communication rendezvous a challenging task under the practical issue of clock drift. To overcome limitations of prior work, this paper presents PSR, a practical design for synchronous rendezvous in low-duty-cycle wireless networks. The key idea behind PSR is to extract timing information naturally embedded in the pattern of radio duty-cycling, so that normal traffic in the network can be utilized as a "free" input for drift detection, which helps reduce (or even eliminate) the overhead of traditional time-stamp exchange with dedicated packets or bits. To prevent an overuse of such free information, leading to energy waste, an energy-driven adaptive mechanism is developed for clock calibration to balance between energy efficiency and rendezvous accuracy. PSR is evaluated with both test-bed experiments and extensive simulations, by augmenting and comparing with four different MAC protocols. Results show that PSR is practical and effective under different levels of traffic load, and can be fused with those MAC protocols to improve their energy efficiency without major change of the original designs.