T issue hypoxia results from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Adaptation to this metabolic stress includes a switch to glycolytic metabolism and angiogenesis. Best studied in tumor biology, the hypoxic core of a tumor secretes proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) to mitigate the metabolic burden and ultimately gain access to circulation. Inflammation and hypoxia are now appreciated to be inextricably linked, with hypoxia occurring at sites of inflammation and inflammation incited as a result of tissue hypoxia. In particular, neutrophils have long been known to migrate to ischemic tissues and mitigate the deleterious effects of reperfusion through lipid peroxidation. Moreover, upon recruitment to inflamed tissues, neutrophils can themselves elicit tissue hypoxia through the action of the respiratory burst. Myeloid cells, including neutrophils and monocytes, have been observed at sites of angiogenesis and are known to secrete VEGF-A and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), likely contributing to angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms of their recruitment and subsequent impact on neovascularization are largely unknown. In the present study, Massena and colleagues used transgenic mice deficient in VEGF receptors 1 (VEGFR1; Flt-1 tk) and 2 (VEGFR2; tsad) and generated bone marrow chimeric mice to differentiate between neutrophil-dependent and endothelialdependent responses to VEGF-A.The authors demonstrate that VEGFR1, expressed on a defined subset of circulating neutrophils, and VEGFR2, expressed on endothelia, are both required for efficient trafficking and diapedesis of neutrophils at sites of hypoxia. Neutrophils responding to inflammatory stimuli typically are recruited to and migrate across endothelia following engagement of lymphocyte-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18) or macrophage antigen 1 (Mac-1; CD11b/CD18) integrins. Massena and colleagues demonstrate that recruited neutrophils, migrating in response to VEGF-A, preferentially used very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) integrin (CD49d/CD29) over LFA-1 or Mac-1. Interestingly, CD29 (ITGB1) is known to be induced by hypoxia in fibroblasts, which may partially explain the selective recruitment of this CD49d population of neutrophils to sites of hypoxia. The authors subsequently identified a subset of circulating neutrophils in both mice and humans that coexpresses CD49d, VEGFR1, and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1), the primary ligand for CXCR4, is a known hypoxia-dependent chemokine. Chemokines, such as SDF-1, are known to bind glycosaminoglycans on the surface of endothelia to promote leukocyte homing and chemotaxis. Taken together, these findings suggest that a specific subpopulation of neutrophils present in circulation are primed to respond to and preferentially track to sites of localized hypoxia. Under basal conditions, the majority of neutrophils reside in bone marrow. Following stimulation, neutrophils enter circulation and exhibit a short (8-16 hours) half-life. However, following recruitment to tissues, tumors, or sites of infection with subsequent exposure to inflammatory stimuli, such as granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, neutrophil longevity is significantly extended compared with their circulating counterparts. Tomaintain homeostasis, aging neutrophils are thought to be efferocytosed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, or return to bone marrow. Given the relatively small percentage of circulating neutrophils identified in the current study that express this triple-positive phenotype, it is unclear what stage of differentiation such a population represents. The authors acknowledge that CD49d expression is downregulated following maturation, which may indicate an immature neutrophil population. Somewhat paradoxically, CXCR4 expression on neutrophils has been characterized as a retention signal for bone marrow neutrophils, a regulator of stress granulopoiesis, and a means to remove senescent neutrophils from circulation by returning to the bone marrow. Whether this newly defined CD49d CXCR4VEGFR1 subpopulation represents a less differentiated, activated, functionally distinct, or longer-lived neutrophil has yet to be established. In terms of functionality, the authors begin to address these questions, demonstrating that CD49d neutrophils exhibit enhanced chemokinesis in response to VEGF-A. Furthermore, in supplemental Figure 9, the authors demonstrate that human CD49d neutrophils exhibit a higher ability to degrade basement membrane than CD49d neutrophils, likely through the action of MMP9 release, supporting the suggestion that this newly identified triple-positive population of neutrophils is proangiogenic. To summarize, the authors Massena et al describe a novel mechanism to support the role of a specific subpopulation of neutrophils that specifically traffic to sites of hypoxia. This process is dependent on neutrophil VEGFR1 and endothelial VEGFR2 expression. Recruited neutrophils coexpress CD49d, CXCR4, and VEGFR1 and use VLA-4 integrin to facilitate extravasation. This study sheds new light on the immune contribution to angiogenesis and has important ramifications for potential targeted therapies in the future. Conflict-of-interest disclosure: The author declares no competing financial interests. n


Title of Dissertation: Domain Wall Engineering of Nanoscale Ferromagnetic Elements and its Application for Memory Devices Sylvia H. Flórez, Doctor of Philosophy, 2006 Dissertation directed by: Professor R.D. Gomez Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering This thesis concerns the interaction of spin polarized electrons with the local magnetic moments in nanopatterned metallic systems. We study novel magnetic phenomena appearing in patterned thin-film magnetic wires with length scales in the nanometer regime and in magnetic multilayers. The work has three mayor foci. The first is the interaction between magnetic domain walls and conduction electrons in single layer nanowires. We demonstrate the effect of using small constrictions as artificial traps for domain walls and use these structures to measure the contribution of a domain wall to the electrical resistivity. These measurements are correlated with the specific micromagnetic distribution induced by the constriction geometry. Similarly, we demonstrate and characterize the effect of spin current induced magnetization reversal in nanowires. This includes a measurement of the critical current/field phase space boundary between static and moving walls and an estimation of the intrinsic wall mobility. The second is focused on understanding the effects of spin current, vis-à-vis, magnetoresistance and domain wall motion, in a multilayer nanostructure device exhibiting giant magnetoresistance (GMR). To demonstrate a potential application, we incorporate the effects of domain wall trapping and spin current induced domain wall motion into a nanometer scale spin-valve device. The device can be fully controlled through current and exhibits significant GMR response. This approach may be useful as a memory element in magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) technology, and the device serves as a proof of concept. The third focus is the understanding of the effect strain on the resistance of antiferromagnetically (AF) coupled giant magnetoresistive (GMR) multilayers containing highly magnetostrictive materials. Our measurements reveal that inverse magnetostriction effects lead to enhanced strain sensitivity in comparison to films made of the materials that compose the multilayer. A simple phenomenological model describing the measured field dependence of these effects is used to identify field-biasing values that optimize amplitude, linearity and reversibility of the effect. Domain Wall Engineering of Nanoscale Ferromagnetic Elements and its Application for Memory Devices


'100 Films, 100 Posters' is a film poster festival that has been hosted by Jeonju International festival since 2015. It is co organised by Jeonju International Film Festival and the graphic design journal 'Graphic' for the purpose of encouraging collaboration between the film industry and the graphic design community.

For each year's event, 100 graphic designers are chosen to create original posters for 100 feature films among Jeanju's Official Selections. Billingham's 'Ray & Liz' feature was selected and a new poster was designed in response to the film by the graphic design company 5unday based in Jeonju, South Korea.

A central aim of '100 Films, 100 Posters' is to promote experimentation and imagination unrestricted by the rules and conventions of commercial film poster design. The posters in the festival respond to each selected film and redefine its identity. The idea here is that a film poster, as well as being a promotional tool, is also an autonomous medium that symbolises itself as a single image, amplifying its message and engaging an audience. The posters in '100 Films' 100 Posters' differ greatly to the commercial posters of films.

'100 Films, 100 Posters' serves as a forum to promote discussions about the expressive range of film posters as well as the function of it as a medium to connect feature films and audiences.

An exhibition of the hundred newly designed film posters was held at 'The Factory of Contemporary Arts' in Palbok, Jeonju, South Korea Thursday 2nd May – Suturday 11th May 2019. Limited edition large size professionally printed copies of all one hundred posters were for sale to the public. There was a fully illustrated catalogue of the exhibition called '100 Films, 100 Posters 2019' published by Graphic ISBN Number: 978-89-98143-68-8 and a 12 page illustrated gallery brochure describing the project in Korean with English translation


The present study investigated the relationships between mental toughness (MT), resilience, and stress among competitive South African tennis players. A total of 351 tennis players participating at various competitive standards completed the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire, the Resilience Scale for Adults, and a modified version of the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes. The results indicated that total MT was positively associated with total resilience (r = 0.59), but negatively associated with total stress (r = -0.44). The resilience subscales of perception of self, perception of future, social competence, and social resources, but not family cohesion, significantly predicted total MT (R2 = 0.35). Both total resilience and total MT significantly predicted total stress (R2 = 0.21). Based on the findings, interrelations between MT and resilience are explored, implications outlined, and additional research is suggested to ascertain the contextual relevance and outcomes associated with each construct in sport.


In this study we investigate the quality of the selection process of an open access (OA) journal, taking as an example the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). ACP is working with a new system of public peer review. We examined the predictive validity of the ACP peer review system – namely, whether the process selects the best of the manuscripts submitted. We have data for 1111 manuscripts that went through the complete ACP selection process in the years 2001 to 2006. The predictive validity was investigated on the basis of citation counts for the later published manuscripts. The results of the citation analysis confirm the predictive validity of the editorial decisions at ACP: They covary with citation counts for the published manuscripts.


The process conditions for high efficiency industrial crystalline Si solar cells with selective emitter were optimized. In the screen printed solar cells, the sheet resistance must be 50-60V/sq. because of metal contact resistance. But the low sheet resistance causes the increase of the recombination and blue response at the short wavelength.Therefore, the screen printed solar cells with homogeneous emitter have limitations of efficiency, and this means that the selective emitter must be used to improve cell efficiency. This work demonstrates the feasibility of a commercially available selective emitter process, based on screen printing and conventional diffusion process. Now,we improved cell efficiency from 18.29% to18.45% by transition of heavy emitter pattern and shallow emitter doping condition.


Abstract Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and long-term outcomes of treatment with topical 2% ganciclovir solution in immunocompetent patients with aqueous humor polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-proven cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis and corneal endotheliitis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the findings for immunocompetent patients diagnosed with CMV uveitis or endotheliitis based on clinical manifestations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination results and treated with topical 2% ganciclovir solution at National Cheng Kung University Hospital. Clinical outcome measurements included evaluations of the response rate, relapses, resolution of anterior chamber inflammation, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure. Results The study included 38 eyes of 32 patients. Long-term administration of topical 2% ganciclovir significantly decreased keratic precipitates (p = 0.001), anterior chamber cells (p = 0.001), and reduced intraocular pressure (p < 0.001). Only one eye was unresponsive to topical ganciclovir treatment, and the recurrence decreased to 0.13 relapses per year. The presence of keratic precipitates and higher intraocular pressure at the initial presentation were significantly associated with recurrence (p = 0.036 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions Long-term use of topical 2% ganciclovir solution is effective, safe, and applicable when commercialized ganciclovir gel is not available.


The manufacturing of aeronautical components requires accuracy, repeatability and efficiency. Nevertheless, for today industry, machining processes should not only be effective in terms of technical requirements and economic issues, but also they should be sustainable in terms of environments and operator's safety. It is well known that the use of cutting fluids during machining is costly and can be hazardous for the operator. However, the dry machining induces excessive friction on the tool/workpiece and chip/cutting tool interfaces leading to increased emission of fine particles and nanoparticles which deteriorate the workshop air quality, can constitute a real risk to the health of operators and shorten the reliability of the machine-tools components. Knowing the conditions leading to reduced metallic particle emission could help improving the occupational safety of the machining processes. This paper presents experimental and theoretical investigations on particle emission phenomenon during dry machining of aluminum alloys (7075-T6 and 6061-T6) used in aeronautic applications. The main goal is to predict the particle emission as a function of machining conditions in order to determine safe and economic machining process windows.


The rapid increase in processor performance and memory density has created the need for high bandwidth DRAM for a variety of applications. A 3.3V 2M x8 synchronous DRAM is designed with a typical data rate of 125 Mbyte/sec using internal column address sequencing, pipelined 2 bit prefetch and variable output latching scheme. It supports operating frequencies up to 125 MHz.


Communication systems transmitting over frequency-selective channels generally employ an equalizer to recover the transmitted sequence corrupted by intersymbol interference (ISI). Most practical systems use a training sequence to learn the channel impulse response and thereby design the equalizer. An important issue is determining the optimal amount of training: too little training and the channel is not learned properly, too much training and there is not enough time available to transmit data before the channel changes and must be learned anew. We use an information-theoretic approach to find the optimal parameters in training-based transmission schemes for channels described by a block-fading model. The optimal length of the training interval is found by maximizing a lower bound on the training-based channel capacity. When the transmitter is capable of providing two distinct transmission power levels (one for training and one for data transmission), the optimal length of the training interval is shown to be equal to the length of the channel. Further, we show that at high SNR, training-based schemes achieve the capacity of block-fading frequency selective channels, whereas at low SNR, they are highly suboptimal.


We developed an insider threat detection model to be used by organizations that repeat tasks at regular intervals. The model identifies the best combination of different feature selection algorithms, unsupervised learning algorithms, and standard scores. We derive a model specifically optimized for the organization by evaluating each combination in terms of accuracy, AUC (Area Under the Curve), and TPR (True Positive Rate). In order to validate this model, a four-year log was applied to the system handling sensitive information from public institutions. In the research target system, the user log was analyzed monthly based on the fact that the business process is processed at a cycle of one year, and the roles are determined for each person in charge. In order to classify the behavior of a user as abnormal, the standard scores of each organization were calculated and classified as abnormal when they exceeded certain thresholds. Using this method, we proposed an optimized model for the organization and verified it.


The spectral reflectance of crop canopy is a spectral mixture, which includes soil background as one of the components. However, as soil is characterized by substantial spatial variability and temporal dynamics, its contribution to the spectral reflectance of crops will also vary. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of soil background on spectral reflectance of crop canopy in visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum at different stages of crop development and how the soil type factor and the dynamics of soil surface affect vegetation indices calculated for crop assessment. The study was conducted on three test plots with winter wheat located in the Tula region of Russia and occupied by three contrasting types of soil. During field trips, information was collected on the spectral reflectance of winter wheat crop canopy, winter wheat leaves, weeds and open soil surface for three phenological phases (tillering, shooting stage, milky ripeness). The assessment of the soil contribution to the spectral reflectance of winter wheat crop canopy was based on a linear spectral mixture model constructed from field data. This showed that the soil background effect is most pronounced in the regions of 350–500 nm and 620–690 nm. In the shooting stage, the contribution of the soil prevails in the 620–690 nm range of the spectrum and the phase of milky ripeness in the region of 350–500 nm. The minimum contribution at all stages of winter wheat development was observed at wavelengths longer than 750 nm. The degree of soil influence varies with soil type. Analysis of variance showed that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was least affected by soil type factor, the influence of which was about 30%–50%, depending on the stage of winter wheat development. The influence of soil type on soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) was approximately equal and varied from 60% (shooting phase) to 80% (tillering phase). According to the discriminant analysis, the ability of vegetation indices calculated for winter wheat crop canopy to distinguish between winter wheat crops growing on different soil types changed from the classification accuracy of 94.1% (EVI2) in the tillering stage to 75% (EVI2 and SAVI) in the shooting stage to 82.6% in the milky ripeness stage (EVI2, SAVI, NDVI). The range of the sensitivity of the vegetation indices to the soil background depended on soil type. The indices showed the greatest sensitivity on gray forest soil when the wheat was in the phase of milky ripeness, and on leached chernozem when the wheat was in the tillering phase. The observed patterns can be used to develop vegetation indices, invariant to second-type soil variations caused by soil type factor, which can be applied for the remote assessment of the state of winter wheat crops.


This paper analyses economic aspects of the scientific scholarly journal publishing, based on production costs and use data. It compares the production of traditional journals with electronic journals, discussing price policies for subscriptions and providing a guide to assess breakeven points, helping libraries to face the option of subscribing to journals or obtaining separate copies through interlibrary borrowing or document delivery.


Since 2004, Thailand has experienced a resurgence of violence in the three southern border provinces. This conflict has worsened the relationship between the majority Thais and the minority Muslims, with serious ramifications for the education, economy and health care system of the region. The Thai media have been blamed for exacerbating the situation, with critics claiming that newspapers reporting on the conflict often expresses prejudice, negativity and bias in providing only one side of the story. This thesis assesses these and related criticisms through the lens of 'Peace Journalism' in order to examine the guiding tenets of war journalism while, at the same time, exploring the basis to propose alternative approaches to reporting. In methodological terms, the empirical case study draws on a content analysis of pertinent coverage produced by two English-language newspapers (Bangkok Post and The Nation) reporting on the three major incidents during the first year of the southern conflict as well as semi-structured interviews with journalists and editors in order to better understand how and why they present the conflict in the ways that they do. Key findings indicated that the coverage of the two English-language newspapers shared the same main elements of war and peace journalism, with the former's emphasis on elite interests, visible effects of war, and a here and now perspective, and the latter's emphasis on multiparty-orientations, victim-centred priorities, and the causes and consequences of the conflict. Both newspapers relied firstly on the 'elite' group as main news actors and news sources, with a secondary focus on 'people', which suggests that the voices of people affected by the incidents were not neglected in their reportings. The analysis of labels revealed that, compared to Bangkok Post, which tended to use labels with neutral terms, The Nation used wider range of labels that include both emotive and negative terms. In sum, the study revealed surprising evidence of more peace journalism elements in the conflict coverage. This is because both newspapers under scrutiny perform objective journalism that involves investigative reporting and the engagement of all sides in the coverage. In addition, the situation of the three incidents affected the war and peace approaches in the coverage, see from the increasing trend of peace journalism over the course of three incidents. The semi-structured interviews revealed that the organisational principles and the format of the newspapers guided the way the journalists report the conflict. To improve the conflict coverage, journalists need support from their organisations in order to increase their level of expertise and experience in covering the southern conflict. The thesis concludes with recommendations on improving the quality of newspaper reporting on this conflict.


Background: Although guidelines advise titration of palliative sedation at the end of life, in practice the depth of sedation can range from mild to deep. We investigated physicians' considerations about the depth of continuous sedation. Methods: We performed a qualitative study in which 54 physicians underwent semistructured interviewing about the last patient for whom they had been responsible for providing continuous palliative sedation. We also asked about their practices and general attitudes toward sedation. Results: We found two approaches toward the depth of continuous sedation: starting with mild sedation and only increasing the depth if necessary, and deep sedation right from the start. Physicians described similar determinants for both approaches, including titration of sedatives to the relief of refractory symptoms, patient preferences, wishes of relatives, expert advice and esthetic consequences of the sedation. However, physicians who preferred starting with mild sedation emphasized being guided by the patient's condition and response, and physicians who preferred starting with deep sedation emphasized ensuring that relief of suffering would be maintained. Physicians who preferred each approach also expressed different perspectives about whether patient communication was important and whether waking up after sedation is started was problematic. Interpretation: Physicians who choose either mild or deep sedation appear to be guided by the same objective of delivering sedation in proportion to the relief of refractory symptoms, as well as other needs of patients and their families. This suggests that proportionality should be seen as a multidimensional notion that can result in different approaches toward the depth of sedation.


A temporary network of twelve portable digital seismological stations was operated around the city of Thessaloniki
(Northern Greece) for a period of 19 months (from July 2001 to April 2002 and from October 2002 to August
2003), providing data that enabled the study of the interconnection between microseismicity and active tectonics
in the area. During the operation period 277 microearthquakes that were recorded in more than four stations
were accurately located and 64 fault plane solutions were determined. Seismic activity is associated with
ENE-WSW, E-W and ESE-WNW striking normal faults and is nearly confined to the first 15 km, thus defining
the seismogenic layer in the study area. The mean orientation of the axis of maximum extension (T-axis) is NS
to NNE-SSW, determined from fault plane solutions, in agreement with the regional extensional stress pattern,
which strikes perpendicular to the orientation of the main WNW-ESE active faults of the area.


Imidazolinone-resistant (IR) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was released for commercial production in portions of the USA in 2002 and has provided growers with a new technology to selectively control winter annual grass weeds. Imidazolinone herbicides inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS) in susceptible plants; however, IR wheat has an altered target site which confers resistance to these herbicides. The mutation-derived resistance trait of most commercially available IR winter wheat cultivars is located on the D-genome; however, winter and spring wheat cultivars with the resistance trait on the A, B, or D genome or on multiple genomes are currently under development. Four groups of near-isoline wheat with spring or winter growth habit and resistance genes on the B, D, or both B and D genomes were compared for whole plant and ALS enzyme response to imazamox. Biomass accumulation after treatment was similar among B- and Dgenome resistant winter wheat biotypes and was always higher than Band D-genome resistant spring wheat biotypes. D-genome resistant spring wheat was more resistant than B-genome resistant spring wheat and the two-gene resistant spring wheat had an additive level of tolerance to imazamox compared with single-gene resistant spring wheat. Growth habit (spring vs. winter) did not affect in vitro ALS activity among B- or among D-genome resistant cultivars; however, D-genome resistant cultivars had significantly higher in vitro ALS activity in the presence of imazamox compared with B-genome resistant cultivars regardless of growth habit. D-genome resistance appears to provide greater tolerance to imazamox compared with B-genome resistance; however, multiple-genome resistance likely will be required to consistently avoid crop injury in spring wheat from labeled U.S. rates. Although ALS extracted from winter wheat and spring wheat responded similarly to imazamox, whole plant responses demonstrates that tolerance is affected by factors other than resistance gene location.


Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to determine if truncation and deamidation alter the structure of a human lens protein, βB1-crystallin. Recombinant wild type and a deamidated form of recombinant βB1 were expressed inEscherichia coli . Wild type βB1 was also enzymatically cleaved to generate a physiologically-relevant truncated βB1. Purity and size of the expressed proteins were confirmed by SDS–PAGE and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Size exclusion chromatography and light scattering were used to determine aggregation states of βB1. Protein conformations were predicted from sedimentation velocity analysis. Molecular weights of 49 000 and 54 000 Da were obtained for wild type βB1 by sedimentation equilibrium and light scattering, respectively. A sedimentation coefficient of 2.7 S was determined for wild type βB1. Molecular weights of 54 000 and 60 000 Da were determined for deamidated βB1 by sedimentation equilibrium and light scattering, respectively. However, deamidated βB1 eluted earlier than wild type βB1 on size exclusion chromatography, with an estimated molecular weight between 78 000 and 116 000 Da. Loss of the extensions of βB1 caused abnormal association of the protein with the stationary phase during size exclusion chromatography. Wild type βB1 was predicted to form a dimer with an elongated structure. The earlier elution of the deamidated βB1 dimer on size exclusion chromatography suggested the dimer was less compact. Truncation caused abnormal column interactions suggesting an altered conformation. These changes are important because truncation and deamidation occur extensively in aging human lenses and may be important for senile cataract formation.


Grain legumes, also called pulses, play a key role in the nutritional improvement of food and feed. These legumes are important sources of protein as well as other nutritional compounds. Today, protein is one of the most sought after ingredients in the market and grain legumes represent one of the most sustainable protein sources. However, not all grain legume proteins are nutritionally equal. Their quality varies and depends on their amino acid composition and digestibility. In this article, we review concepts related to grain legume protein quality and discuss challenges regarding their genetic improvement. A comprehensive database of grain legume amino acid profiles and protein digestibility is needed to address the matter of protein quality in grain legume breeding. This database will be enhanced by quantitative information on digestibility-reducing bioactive compounds and the development of reliable screening tools. The achievement of higher protein quality grain legume varieties, better adjusted to animal and human requirements, will cut dietary protein content, associated costs and nitrogen excretion, thus reducing the environmental impact.


Korean Abstract: 최근 주요 비관세조치인 TBT와 SPS가 확대되고 있는 상황하에서 본 연구는 인도의 TBT와 SPS 관련 정부 조직과 각종 제도 및 정책을 조사하고 관련 무역 현안사례를 분석하였으며, 인도의 TBT와 SPS가 대인도 수출에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.
English Abstract: Since the financial crisis began in the late 2000s, the tendency of protective trade has been strengthened in the globe. In India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, evaluated the current FTAs of India as non-beneficial to India. The Modi administration has redirected its FTA strategy from the quantitative expansion that the previous administration pursued to the strategy that emphasizes qualitative growth. It is possible that the Modi administration implements protective trade policies directly and indirectly in order to push the 'Make in India' industrial growth policy that seeks to make India a global manufacturing hub. Therefore, negotiations for improving the Korea-India CEPA are likely to be delayed and face various obstacles.
This study investigates relevant government bodies, institutions and policies on TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures) in India. It also analyzes relevant specific trade concerns to TBT and SPS, and explores the effects of TBT and SPS on exports to India.
In Chapter 2, this report examines government bodies and institutions related to TBT and SPS and also relevant articles and Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) to the FTAs that India has already signed. India's standards and regulation systems are complex and poorly established, compared to those of advanced countries and hence India has continuously expanded its regulations and has established, revised and supplemented its systems. While most of the FTAs by India deals with TBT and SPS, the Japan-India CEPA and Singapore-India CECA are more detailed, compared to the Korea- India CEPA. On the other hand, India is not yet active to enforce MRAs.
Chapter 3 analyzes pending specific trade concerns (STCs) on India's TBT and SPS, and especially the STCs on Korea by reviewing WTO's TBT and SPS Committees and STCs from the various trade reports. Most TBT related STCs raised by India were raised by the EU and the US and automobile-related items were the most frequently discussed. Most countries that raised TBT and SPS against India were advanced countries including the US. The most controversial issues were the differences between India's standards and international standards.
In addition to the qualitative analysis, chapter 4 provides an empirical analysis of the effects of India's TBT and SPS measures on the exports to India of trading partners.
First, in case of the entire trading countries and industries, the results show that overall India's TBT measures had a positive effect on exports to India while SPS measures are not expected to have much influence. In other words, India's TBT measures have a positive effect on export through the provision of market information and increasing product reliability against expectations.
Secondly, when the industries are divided into agriculture and manufacturing, the estimates show that TBT has significant positive on exports to India in the manufacturing sector while SPS's effect is limited. Our empirical results are in line with previous studies. However, the results for SPS were still statistically insignificant.
Lastly, results of the effects of TBT and SPS on individual industries were disparate. TBT forms a trade barrier for processed primary goods, processed minerals, general machines, and electric machines, while rubber/chemicals and nonmetallic minerals that have high portions of intermediary goods and precision machinery and other manufacturing sectors that have high levels of capital goods gained positive impacts. In the case of SPS, exports of processed primary goods and the paper/lumber industry were expedited as a result of India's SPS measures while exports of the rubber/chemicals industry were blocked.
This study provides suggestions and policy implications. It is suggested that the creation of a new division exclusive to the TBT and SPS measures on the Agri-food sector, policies in response to the political industrial application of the TBT and SPS, and policies in response to the poor administration systems on the TBT and SPS are needed. Lastly, it is recommended that the Korean government seeks to conclude an MRA with India to invigorate economic cooperation, including merchandise trade, between the two countries.


Industrial processes provide lots of operational data on different timescales. Those data are well-structured and used now for daily control, longer-term management and forensics. We propose to pre-process that data and treat them the way the natural language processing is done - first, in order to find common ways the process is controlled. Such knowledge can then be used in prediction or early detection of faults, or necessary manufacturing shifts. Gas transmission operational data are considered here as the live example.


The present work investigates the use of semiclathrate hydrates, formed from CO2 + tetra-nbutylphosphonium bromide (TBPB) + water mixtures, as appropriate media for cold storage and distribution in refrigeration applications. Previous studies show that these hydrates are able to trap molecules of carbon dioxide resulting in mixed hydrates. Calorimetry devices were used for determining the dissociation enthalpies of mixed CO2 + TBPB hydrates under various stability conditions (P, T) and salt concentrations. The results reveal that mixed CO2 + TBPB hydrates can be considered as good candidates for air-conditioning, due to positive melting temperatures (between 282 to 289 K) at moderate CO2 pressures (between 0.5 to 2 MPa). A hydrate solid fraction model was developed based on a CO2 mass balance taking into account CO2 solubility in aqueous tetrabutylphosphonium salt solution. The salt effect parameter was evaluated in order to estimate the influence of TBPB on the CO2 solubility. Finally, in order to characterize the flow behavior of mixed CO2 + TBPB hydrate slurries, a rheological study was carried out in a dynamic loop and an Ostwald-de Waele model was obtained.


The automatic interpretation of human gestures can be used for a natural interaction with computers without the use of mechanical devices such as keyboards and mice. The recognition of hand postures have been studied for many years. However, most of the literature in this area has considered 2D images which cannot provide a full description of the hand gestures. In addition, a rotation-invariant identification remains an unsolved problem even with the use of 2D images. The objective of the current study is to design a rotation-invariant recognition process while using a 3D signature for classifying hand postures. An heuristic and voxelbased signature has been designed and implemented. The tracking of the hand motion is achieved with the Kalman filter. A unique training image per posture is used in the supervised classification. The designed recognition process and the tracking procedure have been successfully evaluated. This study has demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed rotation invariant 3D hand posture signature which leads to 98.24% recognition rate after testing 12723 samples of 12 gestures taken from the alphabet of the American Sign Language.


My dissertation examines the role of radio broadcasting in constituting mass culture as an integral part of politics in Japan during the period from the mid-1920s to the 1950s, that is, during both the Asia-Pacific War and the U.S. occupation. Transwar Japanese radio broadcasting has been discussed primarily in narrow terms of state control and indoctrination during the Asia-Pacific War, and the liberation of the masses or lack of such in the postwar democratization initiated by the U.S. occupation. My study demonstrates that Japan's transwar radio culture was far more lively and indicative of much more complex power relations. Contrary to common belief, wartime discourses and practices of Japanese radio never uniformly imagined radio listeners as passive audiences. Rather, political and social elites as well as government officials and broadcasters made systematic efforts to engage mass audiences as conscious listeners and radio participants who would choose to put what they heard into practice out of their own will. These efforts paralleled the empire's mobilization of national and colonial subjects for conducting the war. When the U.S. occupation arrived, habits of radio listening and audience participation from the former era actually facilitated, rather than impeded, the occupation's mission to transform the Japanese into active and self-responsible citizens for rebuilding the nation state in the new global order. My dissertation demonstrates that while radio was indeed a powerful and effective medium, politicizing the masses into responsible members of society through radio was neither a unilateral process nor a smooth operation. I argue that if radio served as a unique intermediary in transwar politics, it did so because of its ability to channel major political themes, norms, and representations into the realms of mass culture and the rhythms of the everyday. My research documents how seemingly trivial popular genres of broadcasting such as the amateur singing contest, the quiz show, and the serial drama played a central role, although not without unexpected twists, in awakening the masses into responsible and useful members of society in work and play


The main structure in the map area is a northeasterly trending antiform: the "St David Dome". The core of this structure consists of Ordovician pelitic metasediments, which are flanked by Silurian metagreywackes and quartz wackes. Three distinct phases of folding have deformed the metasediments in the area. The early or main phase is represented by close to sub-isoclinal cleavage folds, which trend roughly parallel with the St David Dome. The second phase folds trend approximately parallel with the first phase folds, but they are all overturned in a southerly direction and they produce typical crenulations in the first phase slaty cleavage planes. A conjugate set of chevron-type folds, which trend obliquely to the earlier folds, was produced during the third phase of deformation. Most of the rocks in the map-area have been metamorphosed to some extent. The higher grades of metamorphism postdate the main phase folding and at least continued into the second phase of deformation. The earliest intrusions in the area are Ordovician gabbroic rocks in the western part of the map area. Other gabbroic rocks, in the southern part of the map area, are possibly of Devonian age. The southeastern part of the map area is occupied by a large Devonian granite mass. A number of adamellite stocks intrude the metasediments along the northern contact of this large igneous body. These small intrusions probably represent a late phase of the granitic intrusions. Moreover it is shown that they are contemporaneous with or postdate the F3 folding phase. Northwesterly trending wrench faults are very prominent in the map area and the latest movement postdates the granitic intrusions. The volcanism in the eastern part of the map area is related to a narrow block which is delimited by two wrench faults. Stretching of this block by a north-northwesterly tensional stress probably permitted volcanic material to reach the surface and in the final stages of volcanic activity, it provided access for mineralizing fluids. Other tin and some base metal occurrences are related to the adamellite intrusions. In the Rolling-Dam area, arsenopyrite-gold mineralization occurs in fractures which are related to F3 folds. These fractures occur mostly near the core, but also along the flanks of the St David Dome, which appears to be mostly intruded by adamellite. Nickeliferous pyrrhotite and some pentlandite are associated with some of the gabbroic rocks in the western part of the map area.


In 2006, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) celebrated 100 years of providing opportunities for students to participate in intercollegiate athletics. During that time intercollegiate athletics underwent tremendous transformation. Beginning as student-run endeavors on Ivy League campuses, it has now evolved into a multibillion-dollar industry within the United States. "Intercollegiate athletics is now so entrenched in American society that in 2004 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection held two special hearings to address their concerns about the recruitment of student-athletes" (Lawrence, Merckx, & Hebert, 2008, p. 4). The concerns addressed in the hearings centered on the negative culture of the official visit (U.S. House of Representatives, 2004a; U.S. House of Representatives, 2004b). A prospective student-athlete or recruit is an individual who has begun ninth grade and has an interest in playing college sports (NCAA, 2007, p. 28). As of the first day of their senior year in high school, prospective student-athletes are allowed to take up to five official visits to college campuses (NCAA, p. 30). NCAA Division I Bylaw 13.02.15.1 states that an "official visit to a member institution by a prospective student-athlete is a visit financed in whole or in part by the member institution" (NCAA, n.d.a.). Additionally, the Division I on-campus official visit is limited to 48 hours and is governed by over 300 bylaws that contain the words "official visit" in the NCAA Legislative Services Database (NCAA). With intercollegiate sports taking on competitive business characteristics in recent years, success in recruiting student-athletes has become critical to coaches in all divisions of the NCAA. The official recruiting visit is one part of an increasingly complex recruiting process that engages collegiate coaches and high school athletes year-round. NCAA Division I institutions have received more negative publicity about recruiting practices in recent years than their counterparts in Division II or III (Anderson & Dohrmann, 2004; Jacobson & Suggs, 2004; Landman, 2005; Wieberg, 2005). The media and the United States Congress have publicized allegations of recruits being involved with alcohol, drugs, strippers, sex, vandalism, and violence during their official visits (Anderson & Dohrmann; Jacobson & Suggs, 2004; Landman, 2005; U.S. House of Representatives, 2004a, U.S. House of Representatives, 2004b; Wieberg, 2005). These incidents raise questions as to the level of legal responsibi ty that NCAA institutions have for the actions of recruits during the official visit. The official visit is an inherently risky venture for an institution. To date, no statutory law exists and few cases are available to guide institutions as to the duty they owe prospective student-athletes during the official visit. In most cases, recruits are under the age of 18 (minor) or between 19 and 20 (underage) when they are invited to campus for an official visit. Occasionally a prospect over the age of 21 (adult) may participate in an official visit. Current case law has established that college students are adults in the eyes of the legal system and finds no special duty owed by institutions under normal circumstances (Booker v. Lehigh University, 1993). However, courts have held that student-athletes are owed a special duty of care when they are engaged in athletic endeavors, especially if they have been actively recruited by the institution (Kleinknecht v. Gettysburg College, 1993). Because prospective student-athletes are not yet college students, it is unclear as to how they would be viewed by the legal system as it relates to duty. To establish duty and determine if a defendant's action has breached that duty, the circumstances of time, place, and person must be examined (West & Ciccolella, 2004).Additionally, legal precedent also will contribute to the establishment of duty in state law-based cases. The purpose of this article is to examine in detail the liability exposure an institution may assume during the official visit, emphasizing Division I. Specifically, we explore (a) the risks associated with the official visit, (b) the institutions' duty to protect prospective student-athletes during the official visit, (c) if the age of the prospect alters the standard of care owed to the prospective student-athlete, (d) the potential for tort liability resulting from injuries sustained by prospective student-athletes on and off campus, as well as whether such liability may transfer to the institution through the student-athlete host, and (e) mitigation strategies to reduce institutional exposure to risk related to the official visit.


Prof. Luigi Campiglio has endorsed a test, entitled Prima le donne e i bambini (First the women and children), which reflects the importance of women and children for the entire society. Meeting this test requires that under-age children be able to exercise political weight, which can only be accomplished by allowing them to vote. They should be able to do so by giving their mothers the power to vote on their behalves, through exercise of a power of attorney.


Background Alzheimer's Australia contracted the Dementia Collaborative Research Centre – Consumers, Carers and Social Research to conduct a systematic review to
explore the appropriateness of a symbol for dementia.
The concept of a symbol for people with dementia was an outcome of the Alzheimer's Australia National Consumer Summit on Dementia held in Canberra in October 2005. People living with dementia and their carers identified that a national symbol would be helpful in order to encourage appropriate treatment of people with dementia. Funding was provided as part of the Australian Government's Dementia Initiative to Alzheimer's Australia to work in collaboration with the Queensland University of
Technology and Catholic Health Australia to explore, through research, the viability and potential impact of such a symbol in a range of care settings.
Objectives The main objective of this systematic review was to evaluate any published and unpublished evidence regarding the appropriateness of developing a symbol for dementia and/or delirium, which could be used in a variety of settings to indicate that a person has dementia and/or delirium.
Search strategy A literature search was performed using the following databases:
Ageline, APAIS Health, CINAHL, Dissertations and Theses Abstracts, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycEXTRAS, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Current Contents, LegalTrac,Health and Society, Sociological Abstracts, Family and Society, CINCH, and Hein
Online databases. The reference lists of articles retrieved were hand searched, as well as a range of literature from health, legal, ethical and emergency services. Grey
literature was searched for using a number of Internet sites, and personal email communication with authors of relevant studies and known researchers in the field
was initiated.
Selection criteria Papers were retrieved if they provided information about attitudes or perceptions towards the appropriateness of symbols, identifiers or alerts used to
inform others that someone has dementia, delirium and/or another medical condition or functional impairment. Any references to symbols, identifiers or alerts being used
to indicate a particular type of service were also considered.
Data collection and analysis Retrieved papers were critically appraised by two reviewers, using tools developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Due to the type and clinical heterogeneity of papers retrieved, meta-analysis was not possible, and a narrative summary was developed instead.
Findings The systematic review revealed that several different symbols and identifiers are in current use, in various parts of the world, to represent a range of
medical and functional conditions, including dementia, delirium, falls risk, diabetes, and vision impairment. According to the papers reviewed, the most commonly used
colour of symbols representing dementia was blue. There was general consensus amongst the literature that a symbol for dementia is appropriate in the acute care setting. It was also clear from the research that an abstract symbol, as opposed to one which explicitly attempts to depict dementia, was most acceptable to staff, people with dementia and their carers. There appeared to be some support for the use of a body worn symbol (on a bracelet) for people with dementia who may go missing from their home, aged care facility or day centre. Future research should concentrate on the appropriateness of a dementia symbol for commonly used services such as public transport and banking, and the acceptability of large scale
marketing campaigns if a dementia symbol were to be introduced at a state or national level. In addition, further research is recommended into the acceptability of
such a symbol across a wide range of different cultural and linguistic groups.


OBJECTIVE Frameless stereotactic systems have become an integral part of neurosurgical practice. At our center, we recently introduced for clinical use a small, portable, frameless stereotactic system, namely the Cygnus PFS system (Compass International, Rochester, MN). The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the Cygnus PFS system with that of two larger systems that are also currently in use at our institution, i.e., the SMN system (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and the ISG viewing wand (ISG Technologies, Toronto, Canada). These systems represent three kinds of frameless stereotactic technologies that are commercially available. Each system uses a different method of spatial localization, i.e., mechanical linkage (ISG system), magnetic field digitization (Cygnus system), or optical technology (SMN system). METHODS Using a stereotactic "phantom," we measured the accuracies of all three systems with identical data sets. The errors in localization in three-dimensional space for nine targets were calculated by using 10 magnetic resonance imaging data sets. The precision of each system was also calculated. RESULTS With this experimental protocol, the Cygnus system attained a mean accuracy of 1.90 ± 0.7 mm, the ISG viewing wand system a mean accuracy of 1.67 ± 0.43 mm, and the SMN microscope a mean accuracy of 2.61 ± 0.99 mm. The precision values were not significantly different among the systems. CONCLUSION We observed only small differences in accuracy and precision among these three systems. We briefly review the advantages and disadvantages of each system and note that other factors, such as portability, ease of use, and microscope integration, should influence the selection of a frameless stereotactic system.


Globally, about 2.8 million people depend on solid wood fuel for energy, developing countries account for more than 90% of this population. About 70% of households in Sub-Saharan depend on wood fuel for energy. The combustion of solid wood fuel indoors and outdoors emits smoke with particles that have adverse effects on the health of users. This chapter investigates the health effects of wood fuel combustion on the users and evaluates the potential of bioenergy from tree commodities as a sustainable remedy. Through a literature review of literature on health effects of wood fuel, this chapter shows that acute respiratory infections, lung problems, cataract, cardiovascular diseases and bronchitis are common public health issues that wood fuel users suffer from. Bioenergy provides a clean and healthier alternative energy for rural households; tree commodities provide a more sustainable option for millions of Africans who depend on tree commodities for their livelihoods. Estimates show that between 4.26E+06 and 1.14E+07 MW of bioelectricity can be generated from tree commodities, while 6.26E+08 to 1.71E+09 litres of bioethanol and 4.27E+08 to 1.14E+09 litres of biodiesel can potentially be generated from tree commodities. Significant government support, financial investment, public-private partnerships and community sensitisation are required for tree commodities to sustainable provide clean and healthy bioenergy to rural Africa.


Businesses communicate using Twitter for a variety of reasons -- to raise awareness of their brands, to market new products, to respond to community comments, and to connect with their customers and potential customers in a targeted manner. For businesses to do this effectively, they need to understand which content and structural elements about a tweet make it influential, that is, widely liked, followed, and retweeted. This paper presents a systematic methodology for analyzing commercial tweets, and predicting the influence on their readers. Our model, which use a combination of decoration and meta features, outperforms the prediction ability of the baseline model as well as the tweet embedding model. Further, in order to demonstrate a practical use of this work, we show how an unsuccessful tweet may be engineered (for example, reworded) to increase its potential for success.


Partitioning of synaptic neuropil into glomeruli is a common feature of primary olfactory centers in most animal species. The functional significance of glomeruli, however, is not yet well understood. The present study is part of our effort to test the hypothesis that each glomerulus is a functional unit dedicated to processing information about a particular odorant or attribute of odor molecules and that the glomerular array constitutes a map of "odor space." We investigated the physiological and morphological features of uniglomerular projection neurons (PNs) associated with an identified glomerulus in each antennal lobe of the female sphinx moth,Manduca sexta. This "lateral large female glomerulus" (latLFG) is sexually dimorphic and therefore may play a female-specific role, such as processing of information about one or more odorants important for orientation of a female to host plants for oviposition. Together with the medial LFG (medLFG), the latLFG resides outside the array of spheroidal ordinary glomeruli, near the entrance of the antennal (olfactory) nerve. Each LFG is innervated by four to five PNs. Using intracellular recording and staining, we examined the responses of latLFG-PNs to odorants that represent major classes of volatiles released by host plants of M. sexta. All latLFG-PNs were excited when the ipsilateral antenna was stimulated with low concentrations of the monoterpenoid linalool. Dose–response analysis showed that neither other monoterpenoids nor representatives of other classes of host plant volatiles were similarly stimulatory to latLFG-PNs. These findings are consistent with the idea that each glomerulus has a characteristic, limited molecular receptive range.


In this note, we attack a question posed ten years ago by Tsukiyama about the injectivity of the so-called Forgetful map. We show that we can insert the Forgetful map in an exact sequence and that the problem can be reduced to the computation of the sequence which turns out unexpectedly to be related to the phantom map problem and the famous Halperin conjecture in rational homotopy theory.


Scholarship on branding has made important contributions in terms of the value-creating function of branding. However, previous literature has overemphasized the creation of value for organizations at the expense of an understanding of the destructive side of branding for organizations and society. Drawing on the work of Boltanski and Thevénot, we theorize value as different in separate 'worlds of worth' and offer a competing approach, arguing that the organizational practice of branding simultaneously and inevitably involves value-destructive aspects. In addition, to enable analysis of these value-destructive aspects, we argue that new understandings of what branding is are needed, and therefore, we introduce two new metaphors: branding as discursive closure and branding as hypocrisy. Based on these conceptual developments, the article offers a heuristic model for analyzing how, and what types of, value may be destroyed in organizational branding practice. We thereby contribute with a critical understanding of organizational branding that acknowledges the conflictual relationship between value regimes and enables a balanced analysis of the social consequences of branding.


The relationship between freedom and labour is a ground for reflection where political philosophy meets economics. A good point of departure in this regard is Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's well-known general reflection regarding freedom: "the East knew and to the present day knows only that One is Free; the Greek and Roman world, that some are free; the German World knows that All are free" (Hegel 1837 [2001]: 121). The concept of freedom is understood here in the sense of political freedom, that is, a social status recognized by the state, which allows the person to take part in the decisions concerning the future of the city. The evolution of the concept of political freedom through European history could be summarized as a general transition from what we can call, following Hegel, "freedom for some" to "freedom for all". This transition is essentially made possible by the recognition of labour as a fundamental dimension of man. In Europe, from the end of the sixteenth century, an increasingly ontological value was conferred on labour, to the point that Karl Marx in 1844 went so far as to say that "[Hegel] thus grasps the essence of labour and comprehends objective man – true, because real man – as the outcome of man's own labour (als Resultat seinereignen Arbeit)" (1844 [1975]: 332–3). Besides, it is highly significant that the disciples of Claude Henri de Saint-Simon, one of the most powerful thinkers regarding the transformation European society experienced in modern times, characterized the latter as the "reign of labour" (Bazard and Enfantin 1829 [1924]: 96). Further, in 1858, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon wrote that "who works prays" (1858 [1932]: 178), understanding by this that in modern times labour replaces religion. In this entry, a set of concepts will be invoked in order to analyse the transition from ancient Greece up to now. Consequently, it is this specific choice of concepts which dictates the selection of the authors canvassed in the reflections that follow. Such an exercise is not exhaustive, but lays emphasis on the internal consistency of the reasoning and some essential steps in the evolution of the idea. In a world characterized by the first form of freedom, the exclusion of economic activities outside the city is the condition of the political freedom for some. Some men, deprived of freedom, have to work to allow others to be free. However, this exclusive opposition between freedom and labour – or more generally economic activities – evolved over time. Through European history, labour was progressively integrated into the sphere of political freedom. A new representation of freedom emerged progressively and supposed that you could not consider yourself as free in a society where some others were reduced to the rank of simple "animate tools" or simple objects. This new concept of freedom for all requested a positive conception of labour. The progressive integration of economic life into the city constituted, in Europe, a determining element of the conditions of modern freedom or freedom for all. Labour experienced a deep process of rehabilitation.


This is part of a complete set of Jane Austen's novels collating the editions published during the author's lifetime and previously unpublished manuscripts. The books are illustrated with 19th century plates and incorporate revisions by experts in the light of subsequent research. The set consists of "Pride and Prejudice", "Sense and Sensibility", "Mansfield Park", "Northanger Abbey" and "Persuasion", "Emma" and "Minor Works".


UNLABELLED
HaploPainter is a user-friendly pedigree-drawing application with special features for easy visualization of complex haplotype information. It has been developed to facilitate gene mapping in Mendelian diseases in terms of fast and reliable definition of the smallest critical interval harbouring the underlying gene defect. HaploPainter is written in Perl and may be used for visualization of haplotypes calculated by any of the common linkage programs. With special features like haplotype compression or the ability of marker section cut-out it particularly addresses the requirements for viewing large haplotypes as obtained by using for genome scans high-density marker panels of many thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

AVAILABILITY
http://haplopainter.sourceforge.net/

CONTACT
firstname.lastname@example.com.


The major target of the new capital accord which was adopted in 2004 and is implemented not before 2007 is to prevent bad banking by introducing more risk-sensitive capital requirements. This paper analyses the impacts of Basel II on developing countries which have been most strongly affected by bad banking. The paper identifies structural, price and displacement effects of Basel II which will change international lending to developing countries. While lower-rated developing countries' access to international capital markets will be restrained even further, an accumulation of foreign debt by higher-rated developing countries will be encouraged. Moreover, the new capital accord induces structural and displacement effects on credit markets in developing countries themselves. Due to the use of different approaches toward the measurement of risk, domestic banks will loose competitiveness against subsidiaries of internationally operating banks. For the former this will result in an increased vulnerability to shocks and financial crises.


Turner Cassity is like a highly accomplished traditional composer -- Camille Saint-Saens, say, or Richard Strauss -- who does not doubt that the music is the score and the score is the music. That is, poetry is verse and verse is poetry. Given that confidence, he is prepared to take on any subject. In the forty years he has been publishing, Mr. Cassity has never once written about nothing. Without being predictable, his material nevertheless has certain orientations: colonialism, the military, the Sun Belt, popular culture, Biblical figures, the Muslim countries, architecture, technology, banking.... Although he can be a relentless satirist -- idealists are repeatedly savaged -- he has surprising sympathies. NCO Clubs should erect a monument to him. Now and then he writes a personal poem, though one suspects it is with some effort. Most of his oeuvre is very impersonal third person. Mr. Cassity's work makes one realize that there is a difference between a truly intellectual poem and a mindless poem on an intellectual subject. Although the author suggested that students of Western Imperialism would have a special interest in this book, we would recommend it to readers of first-rate contemporary poetry as well.


The state-of-the-art solutions for detection of Network Neutrality (NN) violations assume that all detectable Traffic Differentiations (TDs) are in fact NN violations. However, legislators and regulatory agencies state instructions that establish which TDs may be considered as violations (or are allowed), and in which conditions. We advocate that these instructions should be considered before signaling a detected TD as an NN violation. In this paper, we are concerned with quantifying how much these instructions influence the results achieved by state-of-theart solutions. We analyzed the public dataset of TDs detected by Glasnost under the regulatory perspective. We found that in specific circumstances, up to 48% of detected TDs cannot be conclusively signaled as NN violations. Our findings point towards the need for additional considerations when designing solutions focusing on NN, and to weaker conclusions drawn by solutions that ignore the regulatory perspective of the Internet.


Existing symmetric cryptography‐based solutions against pollution attacks for network coding systems suffer various drawbacks, such as highly complicated key distribution and vulnerable security against collusion. This letter presents a novel homomorphic subspace message authentication code (MAC) scheme that can thwart pollution attacks in an efficient way. The basic idea is to exploit the combination of the symmetric cryptography and linear subspace properties of network coding. The proposed scheme can tolerate the compromise of up to r−1 intermediate nodes when r source keys are used. Compared to previous MAC solutions, less secret keys are needed for the source and only one secret key is distributed to each intermediate node.


Background:
 Since chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for the progression of cardiovascular disease, as well as recurrent cardiovascular events, a 2006 AHA Science Advisory recommends that all patients with cardiovascular disease be screened for evidence of kidney disease. Although several studies have related CKD as defined by a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to increased primary stroke risk, no studies have so far assessed the association of low eGFR with secondary vascular risk after stroke.

 Objective:
 To evaluate the role of baseline low eGFR as an independent predictor of vascular risk after occurrence of an index ischemic stroke.

 Methods:
 Observational analysis of multicenter trial data comprising recent ischemic stroke patients enrolled from September 1996 to May 2003 and followed for 2 years. Low GFR was defined as GFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73m2. We assessed the prevalence of high FCRS among only among subjects without known CHD. Association between baseline vascular risk factors and low eGFR were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Cox models with and without competing risks were used to determine the relationship between low eGFR and outcome. The primary outcome was time to first stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death, and secondary outcome was time to first stroke.

 Results:
 Of 3673 subjects (99.8% of cohort) who with complete data, 34.3% had low eGFR. Subjects with low eGFR were significantly more likely to be female, of White race, older, have a history of prior stroke, CHF, diabetes, MI, hypertension, coronary bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty, as well as higher baseline systolic BP, total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to subjects with normal eGFR. On the other hand, subjects with low eGFR were significantly less likely to drink, smoke, or use antithrombotics at baseline compared to subjects with normal eGFR. In unadjusted analyses, low eGFR (vs normal eGFR) was associated with higher rate of the primary (HR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.48-2.13, p<0.001) and secondary (HR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.08-1.70, p=0.01) outcomes. After adjusting for confounders, low GFR was related to the primary outcome (HR=1.54, 95% CI: 1.27-1.86, p<0.001) but its association with the secondary outcome did not reach significance (HR=1.26, 0.90-1.78, p=0.179). There were no significant interactions between low eGFR and any of the covariates in predicting outcome.

 Conclusions:
 Baseline CKD is independently associated with a higher risk of secondary vascular events over 2 years among patients with a recent ischemic stroke. Consideration should be given to routinely screening all recent ischemic stroke patients for CKD. For those stroke patients with CKD, frequency of vascular events and progression of CKD might be ameliorated by prompt and appropriate intervention.


Commonly prescribed antidepressants may be associated with protection against severe COVID-19, with one drug (fluvoxamine) currently undergoing a Phase 3 clinical trial. The mechanism of their action, however, remains unknown. Here, I investigated the effect of fluvoxamine on membrane trafficking of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its cell host receptor ACE2 in HEK293T cells. A sub-therapeutic concentration (80 nM) of fluvoxamine rapidly upregulated fluid-phase endocytosis, resulting in enhanced accumulation of the spike-ACE2 complex in enlarged early endosomes. Diversion of endosomal trafficking may provide a simple cell biological mechanism consistent with the protective effect of antidepressants against COVID-19, highlighting their therapeutic and prophylactic potential.


Objectives: To describe the evolution of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (PMVSD) using either the Amplatzer membranous or muscular occluders in a single centre. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients referred for transcatheter PMVSD closure from December 2003 to December 2007. All patients met unit criteria for surgical closure. Results: There were 27 procedures on 25 patients (11 male) with a preprocedure diagnosis of a PMVSD. Median age was 9.6 years (1.8–32.8). Median weight was 28 kg (10.2–86). Defect size on TOE ranged from 5 to 12 mm. Median Qp:Qs was 1.6:1. A muscular occluder was used in six patients. Median procedure time was 93.5 min (51–214). Implantation was ultimately successful in 23 patients (92%). Acute aortic incompetence resulting in occluder removal occurred in two cases, one requiring surgical removal. Another patient had an aborted attempt but had subsequent successful closure in another unit. Median follow‐up is 19.5 months (1–42). Five patients (22%) have trivial/mild residual leak across the occluder at their latest assessment, the majority of which had an aneurysmal perimembranous septum (n = 4). Two patients (8%) developed new trivial to mild aortic incompetence. To date, none of the patients in our group have developed complete heart block. Conclusions: Transcatheter closure of PMVSD is evolving and should be considered an acceptable alternative to surgery in selected subgroups. Avoidance of oversized occluders and use of muscular occluders in those with aneurysmal defects may help to avoid heart block and aortic regurgitation. Muscular occluders may however interfere with tricuspid valve function. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of salivary glands provides essential information in making clinical decisions. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of FNAC in the pre-surgical diagnosis of salivary glands, comparing it to the final histopathological study. FNACs and biopsies collected from patients from 2000-2013 period, were compared finding a total of 433 salivary gland lesions. Of the 433 salivary gland lesions in our study, FNAC was developed on just 22.8% of lesions, 96.9% were satisfactory. 78 benign and 17 malignant lesions were diagnosed. In the histopathological study of lesions, 80 were diagnosed as benign and 18 as malignant. We found 14 true positive cases, 74 true negatives, 3 false positives and 4 false negatives. The diagnostic indexes included a FNAC sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 96.1%. A Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of 82.35% and a Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of 94.8%. For the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions, FNAC showed high sensitivity and specificity in our sample, and the level of agreement between the FNAC diagnosis and the final diagnosis is good.


Subsistence remains critical to indigenous people in settler-colonial states such as Australia, providing key foundations for indigenous identities and for wider state recognition. However, the drivers of contemporary subsistence are rarely fully articulated and analyzed in terms of likely changing conditions. Our interdisciplinary team combined past research experience gained from multiple sites with published literature to create two generalized qualitative models of the socio-cultural and environmental influences on indigenous aquatic subsistence in northern Australia. One model focused on the longer term (inter-year to generational) persistence of subsistence at the community scale, the other model on shorter term (day to season) drivers of effort by active individuals. The specification of driver definitions and relationships demonstrates the complexities of even generalized and materialist models of contemporary subsistence practices. The qualitative models were analyzed for emergent properties and for responses to plausible changes in key variables: access, habitat degradation, social security availability, and community dysfunction. Positive human community condition is shown to be critical to the long-term persistence of subsistence, but complex interactions of negative and positive drivers shape subsistence effort expended at the individual scale and within shorter time frames. Such models enable motivations, complexities, and the potential management and policy levers of significance to be identified, defined, causally related, and debated. The models can be used to augment future models of human-natural systems, be tested against case-specific field conditions and/or indigenous perspectives, and aid preliminary assessments of the effects on subsistence of changes in social and environmental conditions, including policy settings.


The extreme ecological success of insect societies is frequently attributed to the division of labour within their colonies (Chittka & Muller, 2009; Holldobler & Wilson, 2009; E. Wilson & Hölldobler, 2005). Yet, we are far from understanding the causes and consequences of division of labour, implying workers' specialization (Chittka & Muller, 2009; Dornhaus, 2008). Moreover, little studied is the behaviour of individual workers (Jeanson & Weidenmüller, 2013). Social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) have received less attention than social bees and ants, and our knowledge of basic aspect of their ecology is still poor (Jeanne, 1991; Greene, 1991). With my thesis, I aimed to contribute to a better understanding of the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) foraging ecology and organization of labour. With a particular attention to their foraging behaviour, I investigated the inter-individual variability among wasp workers and their cooperation.  My thesis shows evidence of information sharing and co-ordination in V. vulgaris foragers' activity. In fact, the discovery and choice of resources by wasp foragers was assisted by information provided by experienced nestmates (Chapter 2). When resources known to portion of the workforce became newly available, the foraging effort of the whole colony increased. My observations of common wasps are hence consistent with foraging activation mechanisms and suggest piloting (in which one individual leads one or more nestmates to a resource) as a possible foraging recruitment mechanism in social wasps.  I found huge variation in lifetime activity, task performance, and survival among common wasp workers (Chapter 3). Some individuals specialized on alternative foraging tasks over their lifetime, and a minority individuals performed a disproportionately high number of foraging trips (elitism). Foragers appeared to become more successful with age, accomplishing more trips and carrying heavier fluid loads. Compared to smaller nestmates, larger wasps contributed more to the colony foraging economies. High mortality was associated with the beginning of the foraging activity, relative to lower mortality in more experienced workers.  I evaluated the performance of common wasp workers within the same insect colony, and found empirical support for the hypothesis that specialist foragers are more efficient than generalists (Chapter 4). In fact, V. vulgaris behavioural specialists performed more trips per foraging day and their trips tended to be shorter. Despite their more intense foraging effort, specialists lived longer than generalists.  I investigated the intra-colonial variation in the sting extension response (SER) of common wasps, measured as a proxy for individual aggressiveness (Chapter 5). I found that wasps vary greatly in their SER and that individuals change during their life. Aggressive individuals tended to become more docile, while docile individuals more aggressive. Older wasps tended to be more aggressive. Wasp size was not significantly related to the SER. Wasp foragers had a less pronounced sting extension than individuals previously involved in nest defence. For the same individual, the aggressive response was proportional to the intensity of the negative stimulus.


Urethral pain syndrome has had several sobriquets, which have led to much confusion over the existence of this pathological condition and the useful options in the care of the afflicted patient. Our aim was to explore the proposed etiologies of this syndrome, and to provide a critical analysis of each proposed etiology and present a balanced argument on the plausibility of the proposed etiology and therapeutic approaches. We carried out an English language electronic search in the following databases: Medline, Embase, Amed, Cinahl, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Trip Database and SUMSearch using the following search terms: urethral syndrome, urethral diseases, urethra, urologic diseases etiology/etiology, presentation, treatment, outcome, therapeutics and treatment from 1951 to 2011. In excess of 200 articles were recovered. With the clearly defined objectives of analyzing the proposed etiologies and therapeutic regimes, two author(s) (HP and IO) perused the abstracts of all the recovered articles, selecting those that addressed the etiologies and therapeutic approaches to treating the urethral pain syndrome. The number of articles was reduced to 25. The full text of all 25 articles were retrieved and reviewed. Through the present article, we hope to elucidate the most probable etiology of this condition whilst simultaneously, advance a logical explanation for the apparent success in the treatment of this condition using a range of different therapeutic modalities. We have carried out a narrative review, which we hope will reduce some of the confusion around this clinical entity by combining the known facts about the disease.


: The biosynthesis of fusidin, an antibiotic of steroid structure, was used as a model of steroid synthesis. Screening of compounds modifying the fusidin synthesis included 80 strains of mycelial fungi. A high frequency of such fungal cultures was observed. 9 cultures forming compounds which inhibited the synthesis of cholesterol in the cell culture of human hepatocytes were screened. A method for biological estimation of the activity of cholesterol synthesis inhibitors was developed on rabbits with high blood levels of cholesterol. It was shown that the cholesterol synthesis inhibitors, isolated as a result of the specific screening were not toxic and markedly lowered the cholesterol blood levels.


Cholera, a water-borne disease characterized by intense watery diarrhea, affects people in the regions with poor hygiene and untreated drinking water. This disease remains a menace to public health globally and it indicates inequity and lack of community development. In this research, SIQR-B mathematical model based on a system of ordinary differential equations is formulated to study the dynamics of cholera transmission with health education campaign and treatmentthrough quarantine as controls against epidemic in Kenya. The effective basic reproduction number is computed using the next generation matrix method. The equilibrium points of the model are determined and their stability is analysed. Results of stability analysis show that the disease free equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable R0 < 1 while the endemic equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable R0 > 1. Numerical simulation carried out using MATLAB software shows that when health education campaign is efficient, the number of cholera infected individuals decreases faster, implying that health education campaign is vital in controlling the spread of cholera disease.


In this paper, a new method for filtering the torque pulsations is proposed for double-star permanent magnet synchronous machines under fault conditions. The machine is supplied by two independent electric sources via two voltage source inverters. The proposed method deals with the case where an open-circuit fault occurs. To reduce the torque pulsations, the usual solution consists in supplying only the healthy star winding. Here, we propose to supply not only the healthy winding, but also the two remaining phases of the other star winding by the healthy legs of the faulty inverter. The stator current waveforms can be easily determined to minimize the copper losses while reducing the torque pulsations. Simulation and experimental results confirm the efficiency of the proposed method.


This review examines the extent to which undergraduate prescribing education prepares graduates for the complexities of prescribing in the workplace context. In order to prescribe safely, it is important for medical students to acquire prescribing expertise. We have developed a theoretical model, based on theories of expertise development, which acknowledges the inherent complexity of the task itself, the social context and the relationship between the two. We have examined the empirical evidence on educational interventions for prescribing by reviewing the extent to which the interventions acknowledge the different components of our theoretical model. Fifteen empirical studies met our inclusion criteria and were reviewed in detail. All the studies were conducted between 2002 and 2010, six were controlled trials, six were before and after studies and three were prospective observational studies. We found that most studies focused on improving and evaluating students' knowledge and skills, although they used different approaches to doing so. These aspects of prescribing only constitute a small part of our theoretical model of prescribing expertise. Other important components, such as social context, metacognition and training transfer, were neglected. We suggest that educational interventions need to account for the integrated nature of learning to prescribe and take a more contextualized approach which considers the task as a whole, rather than isolated constituent parts. In doing so, prescribing education could equip graduates with the necessary expertise to judge and respond to situations, enabling them to prescribe safely, or seek the help to do so, in the unpredictable and complex context of workplaces.


There is an increasing social and political awareness of the importance of sustainable innovations. Strategic partnerships between policy makers, businesses, researchers and citizens are keys to developing, implementing and applying eco-innovation, essential for the transition to a competitive green economy. Within this innovation ecosystem, universities can play a central role in creating viable alternative models that are driven by environmental sustainability. Based on evidence from the first survey on Eco-innovation in Europe- 'The Eurobarometer 315 Survey on Attitudes of European Entrepreneurs towards Eco-Innovation', the present paper examines the impact of university collaboration on eco-innovating small firms. It also considers how technology push, demand side factors and the regulatory framework, drive eco-innovation in European SMEs. This paper has several implications for managers, as well as for policy makers. For managers, it should be stressed that collaboration with universities is essential to drive all types of eco-innovations. Our findings also suggest that national government should foster cooperation with universities following EU example (eg. European Innovation Partnership in EcoAP), as national policies based on subsidies and fiscal incentives appear to be ineffective.


In a battlefield surveillance scenario, data readings and events emerging from a wireless sensor network deployed that may not be used immediately by or simply impossible to transmit to an authorized user (a Soldier) in real time are stored in the network. Without proper protection for the sensitive data generated in this setting, a compromised storage node (by an enemy soldier) may divulge its stored sensitive data about the monitored environment, and even worse, it may alter the data. In this paper, we integrate an elliptic curve cryptography scheme and an erasure coding scheme to provide reliable and secure distributed in-network data storage for sensor networks. The main idea is to distribute each erasure coded fragment appended with a fingerprint to different storage nodes. The fingerprint is to allow each coded data fragment to be independently verified as a valid and correct subset of a specific data item. So, the scheme achieves localization of data error. The proposed scheme is resilient to collusion attack, pollution attack, and data dropping attack, and guarantees forward and backward data secrecy as well. The security of the proposed scheme relies on the intractability of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Different from the existing solutions, the uniqueness of our method comes from the use of lightweight encryption scheme, which is well suited for resource constrained wireless sensors.


ABSTRACT We study economic vulnerability to the stay-at-home orders and social distancing measures imposed to prevent COVID-19 contagion in the US by education, race, gender, and state. Under 2 months of lockdown plus 10 months of partial functioning we find that, without compensating policies, wage inequality and poverty would increase in the US for all social groups and states. We estimate a national potential increase in inequality of 4.1 Gini points and of 9.7 percentage points for poverty, with uneven increases by race, gender, and education. The restrictions imposed to curb the pandemic produce a double process of divergence: both inequality within and between social groups increase, with education accounting for the largest part of the rise in inequality between groups. Education level differences also impact wage poverty risk more than differences by race or gender, making the low-educated the most vulnerable group, while workers with higher education of any race and gender are less exposed. When measuring the potential percentile rank change, most women with secondary education or higher move up, while most men without higher education suffer downward mobility. Our findings can inform public policy aiming to address the disparities in vulnerability to pandemic-related shocks across different socioeconomic groups.


Low energy intake is one the most important factors related to nutritional wasting during diarrheal episodes and fat is the macronutrient with the highest energy value. So we intended to seek dietary fat sources, with the highest bioavailability during diarrheal episodes. Three basal (control) and three 42.8% lactose containing diets, used to induce diarrhea, were prepared with corn oil, butterfat or lard. The assay included 48 Sprague-Dawley rats, 28 d of age, initial weights of 65.5 +/- 5.2 g, distributed in 6 groups that received the diets during 15 d. The different types of fat did not affect diet intake, weight gain or fecal losses in rats without diarrhea (control). Low weight gain was found in rats with diarrhea regardless of the type of fat consumed and was related to low diet consumption. Mean fat absorption during diarrhea was as follows: butterfat 84%, lard 87% and corn oil 91%. The latter was related to lower fecal losses and higher fat absorption during the 15 d study. Considering that the three fat sources evaluated are easily purchased and widely accepted, and that nutritional management of subjects with diarrhea includes the intake of energy dense diets, it seems that the use of corn oil in these formulations could offer greater advantages.


Overtime logbook management is one of the most important jobs of the finance and human resource office of the campus of Suan Sunandha Rajabaht University. The problems of the accuracy, speed, and process of logbook management must be reviewed in order to find a better way to improve its effectiveness. The management of logbook for overtime is vital to the employees who depend on the extra income and need to withdraw their extra income as soon as possible. The image of detailed of integrity information is significant to maintain the university effectiveness of management. The objectives were to investigate the problem of overtime log book management and to offer solutions of overtime logbook management. The use of qualitative method is vital to the search of findings. A total of 20 staff who were involved in the overtime logbook process in each department were chosen during the first quarter of 2019. The findings from the focus group revealed that they were very happy with the simple but fast process. Not only that the process allow employees to submit the overtime logbook within one week, but also allow employees to recheck the accuracy of the logbook online which was very convenient. However, there were some suggestions from their feedback that can help to enhance the process and accuracy of the overtime logbook. First, it is important to have a special staff meeting to discuss and offer the feedback to improve the quality of overtime logbook. Second, it is important to use more online information to add, change, and fill in more information online. Third, it is important to offer a training for new staff to understand the process of overtime logbook management.


OBJECTIVE
This study was undertaken to estimate the number of children nationwide exposed to an adult who has alcohol problems (AP) or alcohol dependence (AD) and to examine ethnic differences in the number of children exposed.

METHOD
The study used survey data from the 1995 National Alcohol Survey, which constituted a nationally representative sample of household members 18 years of age and older in the 48 contiguous states, were randomly selected, with oversamples of blacks and Hispanics. A total of 4925 subjects were interviewed, with a response rate of 77%. The questionnaire asked about AP and AD in the previous 12 months. Rates from the survey and data from the U.S. 2000 Census were used to calculate the estimates.

RESULTS
Overall, 11.6 million children (16%) were exposed to one or more AP and 2.1 million children (3%) were exposed to AD. A higher proportion, nearly 19%, of both black and Hispanic children as compared with 14.5% of white children were exposed to AP. Significantly higher proportions of black (5.2%) and Hispanic (4.9%) compared with white (2.0%) children were exposed to AD.

CONCLUSIONS
A large number of children are being exposed to at least one adult suffering from alcohol problems or dependence. Black and Hispanic children are disproportionately affected by these problems.


Objectives: Abnormalities of protein receptors in the cell induce cancer. Detection of protein receptors such as Estrogen Receptor (ER)/Progesterone Receptor (PR) helps in hormone treatment, which improves the prognosis factor. Methods: Immunohistochemistry stained breast cytology images are used for finding the protein receptors. Separate stains are used for finding each receptor status. The presence of receptors is identified based on the brown color present in the nucleus. Brown color extracted through the channel separation, thresholding and relevant features are obtained from Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Based on these feature values an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) will classify the scores. Findings: Manual procedure for ER/PR scoring is based on the value of HSCORE, which is calculated by counting the brown colored nuclei and its intensity levels by the pathologist. This is a subjective procedure and has the risk of human fatigue errors. The medical expert decides the treatment plan based on the scores. Here we developed a new technique by which the manual scoring process could be imitated using the optimal set of features through an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and obtained a result of 95.52 percent. Application: This could be a step towards the automation of Immunohistochemistry images and help in the survival of the patients. Hormone treatments are costlier procedure because of, the large amount of data to be processed manually.


A small composite pluton, the Deboullie stock, comprises a post-orogenic, alkali-calc rock series intrusive into lower Devonian slate. The stock is a partly concordant, partly discordant pluton, and the wall rock structure shows that the magma was forcibly injected. The main intrusives are, from oldest to youngest, pyroxene-biotite syenodiorite and monzonite, pyroxene-hornblende-biotite calc-alkali syenite, and hornblende-biotite granodiorite. Dikes are the fine-grained equivalents of the salic plutonic rocks. Differentiation by fractional crystallization and by upward transfer of H 2 O and components of potassic feldspar in the melt is proposed as the only satisfactory hypothesis to account for the contrasts in mineralogic evolution. Accordingly, syenitic rocks were derived from the parent magma enriched in potassic feldspar at the top of the magma column; the syenitic magma graded into granodioritic differentiate at deeper levels. The granodioritic magma, richer in plagioclase and quartz, completed the emplacement of the stock by intruding the earlier emplaced calc-alkali syenite. Compositional differences across oscillatory zones in orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars of the main intrusive rocks apparently reflect changes in the partial pressure of volatiles in the melt. Intermittent fracturing of the roof of the magma chamber is appealed to as a cause for the pressure changes and as a mechanism for maintaining a steady-state gradient for H 2 O and K-bearing components. Neither assimilation, hydrothermal enrichment, nor liquid-crystal reactions involving the mafic minerals adequately explains the abundance of potassic feldspar in the syenite.


Osteoporosis is a chronic condition of the bone system characterized by a decreasing of bone mass and microarchitecture abnormalities of bone tissue, resulting in bone fragility and increased risk of fracture. With the increase of life expectancy, the number of pathologies specific to the elderly population has greatly increased, including osteoporosis in this category. In the last decade, important advances have been made both in the knowledge of the pathology of this condition, but especially in anti-osteoporotic medication. Along with promoting a healthy lifestyle, the medical team involved in the therapeutic management of patients diagnosed with osteoporosis has a wide range of medical agents, with different mechanisms of action that can help increase the quality of life of these patients.


Lack of well adapted potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties is a production problem accounting for low yield. Farmers grow local landraces. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of potato varieties for yield and yield components from 2013 to 2015 under rain fed condition using improved varieties and a local landrace. There were differences among varieties for all traits. Year had little effect on most traits except for days to emergence, days to flowering and days to maturity. Only days to emergence and average number of stems per plant were affected by the variety by year interaction. The improved varieties outperformed than the local landrace for the majority of traits studied except that the local landrace emerges, flowers and matures earlier than the others. The varieties Belete and Guassa were superior for tuber weight, tuber yield and average number of stems per plant. 'Belete' and 'Guassa' had tuber yields that were 155 and 136.6% greater than the local landrace. Moreover, these two varieties have larger tuber size which may be good means to get market value better return for the farmer and are comparably good in all other studied traits. Hence, they are recommended for the area and similar agro-ecologies.

 Key words: Solanum tuberosum, correlation, Ethiopia, traits, varieties.