This study is a program evaluation which compares differences of language development during early childhood between a group attending and another group not attending the Read to Live Program, as well as caregiver reading-related behaviors of a group attending and another group not attending the Read to Live Program. Also, viewpoints on the appropriateness of the program among caregivers who attended the program are explored. The samples consist of 64 children in the age range of 1 year and 6 months to 2 years, and 64 caregivers of children who obtained services at the outpatient children clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital.  The findings of the study reveal that children who attended the program earned mean scores of language development differently from those not attending the program with statistical significance (t = 14.524, p = .001) whereas children who attended the program achieved higher mean scores of language development. Caregivers of the attending group earned mean scores of reading-related behaviors differently from caregivers of the non-attending group with statistical significance (t = 2.854,           p = .006) whereas caregivers of the attending group earned higher mean scores of reading-related behaviors. The caregivers viewed that the content of the program, books for distribution in the program, activities, and period of activities were appropriate at a high/highest level. In addition, this program enhanced the knowledge of reading for children and enabled them to apply that knowledge to practice at a high/highest level. The advice received from the program was easy to understand at a moderate/high level, and the overall satisfaction with the program was at a high/highest level. Therefore, the Read to Live Program should be administrated in hospitals or other health care institutions.


The result of segmentation using the pyramid linking method is a subtree of links built above the segmented object. A modification of this algorithm is described which allows the author to trace only the links having the chance to reach the border pixels on the base level. The author's technique detects the region outline (instead of the region itself) with the efficiency proportional to the border length. A special case is the detection of a border fragment shared by the two segmented objects. >


The amounts of N2O released in periods of alternate freezing and thawing depend on site and freezing conditions, and contribute considerably to the annual N2O emissions. However, quantitative information on the N2O emission level of forest soils in freeze-thaw cycles is scarce, especially with regard to the direct and indirect effect of tree species and the duration of freezing. Our objectives were (i) to quantify the CO2 and N2O emissions of three soils under beech which differed in their texture, C and N contents, and humus types in freeze-thaw cycles, and (ii) to study the effects of the tree species (beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)) for silty soils from two adjacent sites and the duration of freezing (three and eleven days) on the emissions. Soils were adjusted to a matric potential of –0.5 kPa, and emissions were measured in 3-hr intervals for 33 days. CO2 emissions of all soils were similar in the two freeze-thaw cycles, and followed the temperature course. In contrast, the N2O emissions during thawing differed considerably. Large N2O emissions were found on the loamy soil under beech (Loam-beech) with a maximum N2O emission of 1200 μg N m–2 h–1 and a cumulative emission of 0.15 g N m–2 in the two thawing periods. However, the sandy soil under beech (Sand-beech) emitted only 1 mg N2O-N m–2 in the two thawing periods probably because of a low water-filled pore space of 44 %. The N2O emissions of the silty soil under beech (Silt-beech) were small (9 mg N m–2 in the two thawing periods) with a maximum emission of 150 μg N m–2 h–1 while insignificant N2O emissions were found on the silty soil under spruce (0.2 mg N m–2 in the two thawing periods). The cumulative N2O emissions of the short freeze-thaw cycles were 17 % (Sand-beech) or 22 % (Loam-beech, Silt-beech) less than those of the long freeze-thaw cycles, but the differences between the emissions of the two periods were not significant (P ≤ 0.05). The results of the study show that the amounts of N2O emitted in freeze-thaw cycles vary markedly among different forest soils and that the tree species influence the N2O thawing emissions in forests considerably due to direct and indirect impacts on soil physical and chemical properties, soil structure, and properties of the humus layer.


The dissemination of official statistics as publicly available information has been mandated in the United Nations Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics (UNFPOS) to be highly accessible to all users. Recently, with an increasing volume of data and public demand, National Statistical Offices (NSO) including Statistics Indonesia (BPS) are being challenged to provide accurate, excellent-quality, and user-friendly information. In this paper, we introduce our attempts to enhance the official statistics data dissemination by developing an Android-based mobile application using a User-Centered Design (UCD) approach to meet the requirement of specifically targeted users. Google Firebase platform is utilized to improve the administrator-level usability in updating the disseminated information. The proposed mobile application is launched at BPS-Statistics Madiun Municipality, East Java Province called Batu Cadas (an acronym for BAca TUjuh CAtatan DAta Statistik). Further evaluations using Black-Box functionality testing, System Usability Scale, and specific needs comparison conclude that the proposed mobile application is sufficient to cover the gap between user needs and the currently existing applications.


Background: Surveillance of antimicrobial use is one of the main recommended strategies in combating growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates and a key part of developing pertinent policies and initiatives to reduce growing AMR rates in South Africa and wider. However, determining antimicrobial utilisation at a patient-level among public hospitals in South Africa can be a challenge given personnel and resource constraints. There are also currently no standardized data collection tools. Most countries in Africa currently undertake antimicrobial utilisation surveillance using paper-based data collection tools including point prevalence surveys (PPS). Unfortunately, paper-based systems have disadvantages including the time taken to complete the forms and analyse the findings, increasing costs and manpower hurdles. Electronic tools offer many advantages including mobile and real time data collection and also the opportunity for rapid analytics. Objectives: Develop and test a web-based application (APP) for future PPS studies to successfully address identified challenges. Methods: A web based application (APP) was developed based on previous PPS in Botswana and South Africa using a paper-based data collection tool and tested during July 2017 in a leading public hospital in South Africa. The developed APP was also evaluated for data quality by measuring the number of errors, work flow, and time taken for the survey versus the previous paper-based system. User acceptance was also measured via a questionnaire to the data collectors. Results: A total of 187 patients' files were surveyed in this leading hospital using the APP whilst also documenting the challenges and areas of improvement for the APP. The identified areas of improvement have now been incorporated into the revised APP for future studies. The data collectors agreed that surveying the patients' files took appreciably less time with the APP compared to the paper based tool, and should be used in the future. In addition, data analysis was hastened using the APP. Conclusions: The APP development process has been successful and the APP is a potential tool for future PPS in South Africa and wider. The APP methodology is now being tested in new studies across South Africa to help instigate pertinent educational and other interventions to improve the future use of antimicrobials among public hospitals in South Africa.


This paper investigates the interaction between non-standard debt investment (NSDI) and non-principal-guaranteed wealth management products (WMPs) of commercial banks in China after controlling the influences of several bank-specific and regulatory determinants. A credit switching model is employed to illustrate the mechanism in which special interest vehicles (SIVs) serve as the conduits for parent banks to conduct regulatory arbitrage by trade-off between on-balance-sheet funding strategy NSDI and off-balance-sheet financing via consignment of WMPs. Using a panel data set of 10 state-owned and joint-stock listed commercial banks over a period of six years (from 2013H2 to 2019H1), our results indicate there exists some statistically significant mutual promotion effects between NSDI and WMPs for Chinese banking and shadow banking system. We also find significant liquidity shock from WMPs to the interbank market. On average, the liquidity need is 4.6% of the WMPs' total balance. This study provides a new perspective to interpret the mechanism of the causes and consequences of shadow banking in China.  JEL classification numbers: C33 G21 G28


Group portrait of children posed for a portrait outside of a wood framed building. They wear costumes as if dressed for a school play. Many wear tunics with a large, round flower petal collar and a flower on the chest and one boy to the left holds an oversized flower. The building is a basic square design with a large window at the center of each quarter. Note that 200 Nueces and 717 West Ave. are written on the back.


Good clinical work is based on a sound knowledge of physiology and pathology, a fact especially true of gynaecology. The relationship is admirably brought out in this book, which is perhaps the chief reason for the enthusiastic welcome accorded the first edition in Britain and for its continued popularity. It is interesting to read, simple and clear as well as informative. It has become a standard book which most gynaecologists and pathologists not only possess but refer to constantly. Those studying for higher examinations pin their faith on it. Not the least of its attractions is that although it is fairly comprehensive it is not too detailed for those whose interests are mainly practical. The author provides a few important references for those wishing to delve more deeply into any subject. The book in its original form is so well known-indeed in Britain it is usually called " Novak" without regard for other books by the same authorthat it seems hardly necessary to describe it in detail. The second edition conforms closely to the first in subject-matter, style, and layout. The increased size is largely due to additional illustrations; there are nearly as many of these as pages, and excellent they are too. The author has taken care to bring the text thoroughly up to date, but has wisely avoided any attempt to make the book " exhaustive or encyclopaedic." Had he done the latter much of its charm would probably have been lost. The obstetrical section is still strictly limited in its scope. It is doubtful whether anyone without the special qualifications of Dr. Novak could have written this book, for he is a practising gynaecologist with a wide experience and interest in pathology and endocrinology. One small adverse criticism is of the author's use of the terms vaginal and vulval mucosa. It is a common enough error, but it is surprising that it should be perpetuated by one of Novak's undoubted authority. T. N. A. JEFFCOATE.


This paper uses a unique panel of consumer financial transactions to examine how aging consumers respond to the option to cash out retirement savings. To obtain causal identification, we exploit an administrative regulation in Singapore that allows individuals to cash out a fraction of their pension savings at age 55. We find a large and highly significant increase in bank account balances when an individual turns 55, suggesting that the average consumer in our sample withdraws a large portion of their eligible retirement savings. In line with the predictions from the life-cycle/permanent-income hypothesis, we find modest increases (about 9 percent of the increase in account balance) in cumulative total spending twelve months later. This increase is driven largely by an increase in debit card spending and is concentrated among low-liquidity consumers. Consumers also use the increase in disposable income to pay down their credit card debt. We do not find any evidence that the average consumer responds by excessively increasing present consumption at the expense of future financial security. Nevertheless, consumers leave a sizeable portion of their withdrawn savings in low-interest accruing bank accounts for at least a year after withdrawal. We provide some suggestive evidence that consumer demographics, especially those related to financial literacy and sophistication, appear to matter for consumers' withdrawal decisions.


Understanding the structures and functions of membrane proteins is an active area of research within bioscience. Membrane proteins are key players in essential cellular processes such as the uptake of nutrients, the export of waste products, and the way in which cells communicate with their environment. It is therefore not surprising that membrane proteins are targeted by over half of all prescription drugs. Since most membrane proteins are not abundant in their native membranes, it is necessary to produce them in recombinant host cells to enable further structural and functional studies. Unfortunately, achieving the required yields of functional recombinant membrane proteins is still a bottleneck in contemporary bioscience. This has highlighted the need for defined and rational optimization strategies based upon experimental observation rather than relying on trial and error. We have published a transcriptome and subsequent genetic analysis that has identified genes implicated in high‐yielding yeast cells. These results have highlighted a role for alterations to a cell's protein synthetic capacity in the production of high yields of recombinant membrane protein: paradoxically, reduced protein synthesis favors higher yields. These results highlight a potential bottleneck at the protein folding or translocation stage of protein production.


CHORDOMA is a rarely encountered neoplasm which arises from the cell remnants of the fetal notochord. Notochordal cells are ordinarily present in the adult within the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks. These cells may remain in the centers of the vertebral bodies1and on rare occasions may be found in the maxilla or the mandible. Of the 266 cases recorded in the literature, the lesion was vertebral in only 36. In a small percentage of these cases the growth was in the lumbar region, and in a still smaller percentage widespread metastases occurred to distant organs. We report here a case of chordoma, surgically removed on three occasions, in which unusual metastases were finally presented. The metastases to the brain are believed to be unique. HISTORY When von Luschka2first described the chordoma its significant relation to the fetal notochord was not realized. Virchow3expressed belief


The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of olfactory impairment and associated risk factors and the effects of olfactory impairment on dietary choices and quality of life. Odor identification was measured in 2838 participants aged 21-84 years (mean 49 years) in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study. The overall prevalence of olfactory impairment was 3.8%, increased with age (from 0.6% in those<35 years to 13.9% among those≥65 years) and was more common in men than women. In a multivariate model age (odds ratio [OR]=1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.33, 1.64 for every 5-year increase), nasal polyps or deviated septum (OR=2.69, 95% CI=1.62, 4.48), ankle-brachial index<0.9 (OR=3.62, 95% CI=1.45, 9.01), and smoking (women only) (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.19, 4.98 ever smoked vs. never) were associated with an increased odds of olfactory impairment, whereas higher household income, ≥$50,000 versus <$50,000 per year, was associated with a decreased odds of olfactory impairment (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.31, 0.73). Participants with olfactory impairment were less likely to report that food tasted as good as it used to, or that they experienced food flavors the same. There was no association between olfactory impairment and general health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, or dietary choices. The prevalence of olfactory impairment was low in this largely middle-aged cohort, and some factors associated with olfactory impairment are potentially modifiable.


The present paper examines the impact of mergers and acquisitions on the technical efficiency of the Malaysian banking sector. The analysis consists of three stages. Firstly, by using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, we calculate the technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency of individual banks during the period 1997-2003. Secondly, we examine changes in the efficiency of the Malaysian banking sector during the pre and post merger periods by using a series of parametric and non-parametric univariate tests. Finally, we employ the multivariate regression analysis to examine factors that influence the efficiency of Malaysian banks. Although the merger program was unpopular, perceived by the market as impractical, and controversial, the empirical findings from this study suggest that the merger program among the Malaysian domestic commercial banks was driven by economic reasons. 2


The period since the mid-1970s has witnessed increasing interest
and controversy in relations between central and local government
as successive governments have sought to assert controls on local
authorities' activities as part of wider economic and political
programmes. Most attention has focussed on attempts to control
local government expenditure in the context of the macroeconommic
management of the economy, but in recent years,
financial controls have been supplemented by legislative measures
which have raised issues of a 'constitutional' nature (cf.
Loughlin (1986)). Indeed, some commentators have argued that the
controls introduced by the p~esent Conservative Government since
1979 represet a fundamental re-structuring of central-local
relations such as to constitute a threat to the future of local
government (see Rhodes (1984) p 261).

A considerable amount of work has been undertaken to examine the
implications of changes in the system of local government finance
in terms of their effect, firstly, on local authority spending,
secondly, on management and organisation within local
authorities, and, thirdly, on relations between central and local
government. This last aspect has received particular attention,
especially through an SSRC-funded research initiative in the
early 1980s in which the issue of central-local financial
relations figured prominently (Goldsmith, 1986). Moreover, in
this context there have been developments in the theory of the
state, particularly the relationship of the 'local state' to the
'central state', deriving from the study of changes in central
government financial controls (Martlew, 1983; Goldsmith and
Villadsen, 1986).

Clearly, the study of such changes will provide insights which
will be valuable, firstly, in relation to the development of our
ideas about the role and status of local government within the
wider economic and political system and, secondly, in relation to
the development of future policies for local government finance.
To date, it would appear that most of the work in this area has
focussed on aggregate spending by local authorities or classes of
local authorities (e.g. shire/metropolitan/London authorities)
and work on specific services has concentrated on such services
as housing and education. It is considered, therefore, that an
examination of the effects of changes in central government
financial controls on local authorities' transport expenditure
and provision will provide a valuable contribution to this area
of study.


: On the basis of model experiments in vitro with application of sodium succinate which is the basic constituent of dietary supplementation "YantarIn-Sport", possibility of correction of the structurally-functional state of red blood cell membranes is well-proven. It is show that prooxidative-antioxidative balance in washed erythrocytes is normalized with the accumulation of recovered glutathione from 2.34 to 3.12 x 10(-12) mM in one erythrocyte, and their sorption ability (from 35.6 to 27.1% as well as red blood cells permeability (from 4.61 to 3.98 conditional units) are decreased. In vivo research the positive influence of sodium succinate on descriptions of red blood cells of skilled sportsmen is confirmed, that is founding for application of succinic acid derivatives with the purpose of sporting anaemia' warning as well as improvement of microcirculation processes and increase of speed blood flow.


Abstract Objective: To investigate the feasibility of using an ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) robot for the terminal decontamination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient rooms. Methods: We assessed the presence of viral RNA in samples from environmental surfaces before and after UV LED irradiation in COVID-19 patient rooms after patient discharge. Results: We analyzed 216 environmental samples from 17 rooms: 2 from airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIRs) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and 15 from isolation rooms in the community treatment center (CTC). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA was detected in 40 (18.5%) of 216 samples after patient discharge: 12 (33.3%) of 36 samples from AIIRs in the ICU, and 28 (15.6%) of 180 samples from isolation rooms in the CTC. In 1 AIIR, all samples were PCR negative after UV LED irradiation. In the CTC rooms, 14 (8.6%) of the 163 samples were PCR positive after UV LED irradiation. However, viable virus was not recovered from the culture of any of the PCR-positive samples. Conclusions: Although no viable virus was recovered, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected on various environmental surfaces. The use of a UV LED disinfection robot was effective in spacious areas such as an ICU, but its effects varied in small spaces like CTC rooms. These findings suggest that the UV LED robot may need enough space to disinfect rooms without recontamination by machine wheels or insufficient disinfection by shadowing.


e-mail: email@example.com Prevention of air pollution from ships, according to MARPOL Annex VI, regulates the emission of specific pollutants contained in the exhaust gases into the atmosphere. In this paper, the Port of Kotor is analysed as a case study because of its distinct geographical features, permanent attraction for tourists, and the title of the third busiest port in the Adriatic in 2017. Ships arriving to the Port of Kotor represent one of the major sources of air pollution not only in the Port area, but also in Boka Kotorska Bay as an approach route towards the Port. For calculation of air pollution inventory in this case study, ship engines' power method was used. The focus of the research analysis is on the cruise ships visiting the Port of Kotor in 2018. For that reason, all ships under 500 GT were excluded from the analysis. The pollution shows clear seasonal pattern characteristic for ports in the Mediterranean. This behaviour is emphasised as an increasing problem that needs to be addressed. The seasonal pattern causes 82.6% of all air pollution from cruise vessels concentrated in the period from May to November. Cruise Vessels Air Pollution Inventory for the Port of Kotor


Maximum drag reduction (MDR) by polymers is recently depicted as asymptotic convergence to a state of elastointertial turbulence (EIT) where inertia-driven turbulence (IDT) vanishes. This theory has difficulty explaining the universality of MDR -- asymptotic convergence of drag reduction (DR) with increasing elasticity. We confirm that EIT is indeed non-asymptotic in DR. Asymptotic DR is only achieved when IDT is triggered and quenched intermittently from EIT, in a manner similar to the earlier framework based on active-hibernating-bursting (AHB) cycles.


Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) sensors can provide very fine spectral resolution that allows remote identification of ground objects smaller than a full pixel in an HSI image. Traditional approaches to the so-called subpixel target signal detection problem are training inefficient due to the need for an estimate of a large-size covariance matrix of the background from target-free training pixels. This imposes a training requirement that is often difficult to meet in a heterogeneous environment. In this paper, a class of training-efficient adaptive signal detectors is presented by exploiting a parametric model that takes into account the nonstationarity of HSI data in the spectral dimension. A maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator is developed to estimate the parameters associated with the proposed parametric model. Several important issues are discussed, including model order selection, training screening, and time-series-based whitening and detection, which are intrinsic parts of the proposed parametric adaptive detectors. Experimental results using real HSI data reveal that the proposed parametric detectors are more training efficient and outperform conventional covariance-matrix-based detectors when the training size is limited


This is the abstract section. One paragraph only (Maximum 200 words). The environment both affects agricultural production, via soils, weather, water availability etc and agriculture affects the environment via its impact locally on landscape, water, soil nutrition and biodiversity and more widely via its impact on climate change. Locating agriculture within its spatial environment is thus very important in making decisions by farmers, policy makers and other stakeholders. Within the EU, countries collect detailed farm data to understand the technical and financial performance of farms as part of the Farm Accountancy Data Network. However knowledge of the spatial-environmental context of these farms is very limited as the spatial location of farms within these surveys is very limited. In this paper we develop a methodology to geo-reference farms in this data. We chose Ireland as a case study as the dominant farm systems are pasture based mainly animal systems. Thus the local environment is particularly relevant to output. Agriculture in Ireland is also amongst the largest as a proportion of the size of the economy and thus the environmental impact is likely to be more important. Applying this methodology has a number of challenges because Ireland does not have a system of post codes. In addition there are complications in relation to place names which may be in English or Irish or indeed a combination, often with non harmonised spellings and often with non-unique place names. The methodology we develop in this paper overcomes these difficulties allowing us to link, using resulting GIS coordinates, localised environmental to the individual farm data. The primary objective of the survey is to provide a nationally representative picture of farm outputs and outcomes. As a result the survey may not necessarily be representative spatially or the pattern of environment x farm system. Within the paper we assess the relative spatial representativity.


Background: Numerous variations in the anatomy of gall bladder and extra-hepatic biliary ducts have been described in the literature. Some of these anomalies are relatively frequent while others are extremely uncommon. Gall bladder duplication is a rare anomaly occurring at a frequency of 1 per 4000 births, while triplication is even rarer with only few cases reported so far. These malformations are important to recognize as they predispose to the development of cholelithiasis and are also associated with increased risk of complications during laproscopic surgery. Aim: Our aim is to present a case of rare occurrence of double gall bladder centered on a cystic vestigial primordium/possible intestinal duplication cyst, the latter complicated by cholelithiasis and exhibiting dysplasia. Methods: A 57 year old male presented with worsening abdominal pain. The CT scan showed an unusual gall bladder appearance with an elongated and complex tortuous configuration while abdominal ultrasound revealed possibly three gall bladders with the central cavity containing multiple calculi. Laproscopic surgery was performed and the specimen was sent for pathological evaluation. The specimen consisted of a central dilated cystic-like space containing calculi and two diametrically opposite and attached smaller gall bladder sacs. On examination, the two smaller gall bladders had normal histology whereas the central dilated larger portion containing calculi had markedly thickened walls lined by pancreato-biliary and intestinal type epithelium exhibiting widespread low grade dysplasia (60% surface area) with lesser areas of high grade dysplasia (40% surface area). No invasion was seen. Conclusion: This case represents an uncommon occurrence of a double gall bladder centred on a cystic primordial structure/ possible intestinal duplication cyst, complicated by calculi and exhibiting high grade epithelial dysplasia. It highlights the significance of the anomalies and anatomic variations that can occur in this region and that can present radiological, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Incidental detection of goblet cell carcinoid in appendixa case report


This paper presents a model-based approach to perform underwater target classification. Very high resolution imaging sonar has increased the opportunities to use highlight information contained in the target acoustic signature whereas underwater target classification is still mainly based on the analysis of geometrical properties of the acoustic shadows. Supervised classifiers generally use experimental or simulated samples of target acoustic signature in the training stage but when the testing set is different from the training set the performance can be altered. Here the classification method consists in comparing the A-scan of the detected target with a set of simulated A-scans generated by our Sonar Image Simulator (SIS) in the same operational conditions. The used simulator relies on acoustical ray tracing techniques and takes into account complicated underwater physical process to simulate an accurate time response of underwater targets (A-scan). Practically the classifier is made of a cascade of matched filters. Each is built by simulating the A-scan for a given object in a given orientation (and /or for a given size). The resulting scores can be used to rank likelihood of belonging to object classes. The result is flexible and gives a percentage match for each class. With this approach the training set can be extended increasingly to improve classification when classes are strongly correlated. This classification process is assessed on a few real sidescan sonar data. These first results are finally discussed and further work is deduced to improve the general classification task.


The aim of this chapter is to contribute to visualize preschool staff approaches and strategies in the social language environment in order to make didactic and theoretical reflections to support children´s language and emergent literacy learning processes in the social language environment. Further, the theoretical foundation of social language environment are highlighted in order to make visible what may influences the preschool staff approaches. In addition the preschool staff´s efforts and interactions with the preschool children that are meaningful activities as well as the engine to children's engagement and learning processes.


In a study of failure to thrive in 1987-8, 54 children (21%) from an annual cohort attending two clinics in a deprived area of Newcastle Upon Tyne were identified as having fallen across two or more major weight centiles for a month or more during the first 18 months of life. They were studied with 52 normally growing controls selected from the same clinics. Eighty nine per cent of these children were traced for a follow up study at age 6-7 years old. This follow up study is reported in this thesis. IQ was assessed using the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. The Teacher's Report Form (Achenbach, 1991) was used to assess behaviour problems in the groups. Testers were unaware of the clinical status of the children. Height was routinely measured at school entry and the original data were analysed to determine age at the lowest centile point and severity of fall in weight gain. In an independent samples analysis, a small but statistically significant difference in height at school entry age was found, but there was no statistically significant difference between the cases and controls in IQ (mean IQ 83.6 and 87 respectively, P=0.16), or ratings of behaviour problems (TRF median problems reported 23 and 14, Mann U=1.05, P=0.297). Teacher ratings did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance in any subsequent analysis. A within case group analysis of growth data was carried out to determine if there was a larger effect on a subset of cases sharing characteristics of growth failure. The effects of chronicity, age at the lowest centile point and severity of failure to thrive were analysed. A significant association was found between IQ and severity of failure to thrive (P=.03).Analysis of weight gains showed that while the screening criterion used was sensitive, identifying a group of children with a median rate of weight gain below the 10th centile for expected weight gain, 6 had fallen no lower than their expected weight gain and 17 were only mildly growth retarded. However, the measure for severity of fall used in this study is not only a sensitive criterion, but can also distinguish between a normal fall in rate of weight gain towards the population mean and an abnormal fall away from the mean and it was this measure that was significantly associated with IQ.


This section is published in collaboration with Abstracts of World Medicine and Ophthalmic Literature, published by the British Medical Association, and also includes a great many which are specially commissioned for this Journal. They are divided into the following sections: Acute Rheumatism Other Forms of Arthritis Immunology and Serology Rheumatoid Arthritis Bone Diseases Biochemical Studies Still's Disease Non-articular Rheumatism, including Disk Therapy Osteoarthritis Syndromes, Sciatica, etc. Surgery Spondylitis Pararheumatic (Collagen) Diseases Other General Subjects Gout Connective Tissue Studies At the end of each section is a list of titles of articles noted but not abstracted. Not all sections may be represented in any one issue.


Metal single atom (MSA) materials exhibit excellent properties and are receiving widespread interest for their effectiveness in promoting a variety of catalytic reactions. The current strategies for preparing MSA catalysts involve complicated operation flows and suffer from low loading of the single atoms prepared, owing to the surface defect density of the substrate. In this paper, we report a simple physical method for preparing high-density copper single atom catalysts on amorphous carbon by Coulomb explosion. The results of the in situ observation showed that copper atoms on particle surfaces were emitted under electron beam irradiation and were captured by defects in a surrounding amorphous carbon film as isolated single atoms. By controlling the time and intensity of the Coulomb explosion, the ratio of copper single atoms to clusters aggregated from single atoms on the amorphous carbon can be controlled. Our work will provide new ideas for a universal simple physical preparation of MSA catalysts.


Research on keystroke-based authentication has traditionally assumed human impostors who generate forgeries by physically typing on the keyboard. With bots now well understood to have the capacity to originate precisely timed keystroke sequences, this model of attack is likely to underestimate the threat facing a keystroke-based system in practice. In this work, we investigate how a keystroke-based authentication system would perform if it were subjected to synthetic attacks designed to mimic the typical user. To implement the attacks, we perform a rigorous statistical analysis on keystroke biometrics data collected over a 2-year period from more than 3000 users, and then use the observed statistical traits to design and launch algorithmic attacks against three state-of-the-art password-based keystroke verification systems.
 Relative to the zero-effort attacks typically used to test the performance of keystroke biometric systems, we show that our algorithmic attack increases the mean Equal Error Rates (EERs) of three high performance keystroke verifiers by between 28.6% and 84.4%. We also find that the impact of the attack is more pronounced when the keystroke profiles subjected to the attack are based on shorter strings, and that some users see considerably greater performance degradation under the attack than others. This article calls for a shift from the traditional zero-effort approach of testing the performance of password-based keystroke verifiers, to a more rigorous algorithmic approach that captures the threat posed by today's bots.


Fiberglass continuous strand mat(CSM)/poly(urethane-isocyanurate) composites were formed by SRIM process, treated under different conditions and then characterized based on dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ,transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the mechanical property tests. The results show that the mechanical properties of the composites could be increased with improving the degree of microphase separation. At a given temperature (120°C), the degree of microphase separation is the highest for 4h and decreases gradually with prolonging treatment time. For a given time (4h), the well microphase-separated morphology is obtained and the degree of microphase mixing is increased at 120°C and 140°C treatments, respectively. The degree of microphase separation of the composites decreases with enhancing the temperature to 140°C.


The Dress of the Year is a deluxe study of exquisite fashion from 1963 to the present, drawn from the renowned collection at the Fashion Museum, Bath. Each year, a fashion-world luminary is invited to capture the definitive moment in an international whirlwind of creative style by choosing the outfit that truly represents that year's mood in fashion. The announcement of each winner is widely covered in the British press, and the resulting Dress of the Year collection is a treasure trove of international design. Among the extraordinary roll-call of design names are Mary Quant, Jean Muir, Ossie Clark, Biba, Calvin Klein, Karl Lagerfeld, Margaret Howell, Katharine Hamnett, Giorgio Armani, John Galliano, Paul Smith, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Ralph Lauren, Donatella Versace, Tom Ford, Marni, Prada, Alexander McQueen, Kate Moss for Top Shop, Vivienne Westwood and Sarah Burton. The choices are made and explained by a Who's Who of great style writers, including Felicity Green, Prudence Glynn, Beatrix Miller, Grace Coddington, Suzy Menkes, Colin McDowell, Liz Tilberis, Isabella Blow, Iain R. Webb, Alexandra Shulman, Hilary Alexander, Paula Reed and Hamish Bowles. Through specially-commissioned new photography, unseen archive material and contemporary media images, this sumptuous book reveals the Dress of The Year collection in all its glory for the first time. The book champions an important and fascinating fashion project, offering a detailed insight into our ever-changing styles and tastes since the early 1960s, and revealing the complex interplay between haute couture, celebrity endorsement and the High Street.


A luminescent liquid crystalline compound containing a bulky dispiro[fluorene-9,11′-indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-12′,9′′-fluorene] has been designed and synthesized by di-substitution of a bromo derivative with N-(4-ethynylphenyl)-3,4,5-tris(hexadecyloxy)benzamide fragments. This di-substituted 3π–2spiro derivative forms stable and well-organized mesophases over large temperature ranges. Combination of DSC, POM and SAXS analyses has revealed the formation of a lamellar mesophase between 60 and 150 °C followed by another mesophase with a 2-dimensional lattice of rectangular symmetry that remains up to the isotropization point near 225 °C. In the original molecular packing model deduced from SAXS, the tert-butyl terminal groups fill the centre of hollow columns constituted by both the dihydro(1,2-b)indenofluorene and benzamide fragments and separated from each other by the surrounding aliphatic tails. The merging of the columns yielding the lamellar phase turned out to be governed by the dynamics of both, the micro-phase segregation process and the network of hydrogen bonds. In the various mesomorphic states and in solution, a strong luminescence was observed. The emission spectrum however depends on temperature and drastically changes between both mesophases and the isotropic liquid. In particular, a strong modulation of the emission wavelength occurs at the isotropic to 2D phase transition. This luminescence modulation results from an enhanced contribution of the vibronic peaks at higher energies in the emission profile. The compound was also found to be soluble in 5CB and was integrated in a guest–host LC cell, allowing efficient modulation of the photoluminescence polarization, in the presence or absence of an electrical field.


We present a nonperturbative study of the (1+1)-dimensional massless Thirring model by using path integral methods. The regularization ambiguities — coming from the computation of the fermionic determinant — allow to find new solution types for the model. At quantum level the Ward identity for the 1PI 2-point function for the fermionic current separates such solutions in two phases or sectors, the first one has a local gauge symmetry that is implemented at quantum level and the other one without this symmetry. The symmetric phase is a new solution which is unrelated to the previous studies of the model and, in the nonsymmetric phase there are solutions that for some values of the ambiguity parameter are related to well-known solutions of the model. We construct the Schwinger–Dyson equations and the Ward identities. We make a detailed analysis of their UV divergence structure and, after, we perform a nonperturbative regularization and renormalization of the model.


Proteins and protein-based materials are used for a wide range of therapeutic, diagnostic, and biotechnological applications. Still, the inherent instability of proteins in non-native environments greatly limits the applications in which they are effective. In order to increase their utility, proteins are often modified, either biologically or chemically, to manipulate their bioactivity and stability profiles. In this work, covalent attachment of polymers to the enzyme chymotrypsin was used to predictably tailor protein bioactivity and stability. Specifically, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) based polymer-based protein engineering (PBPE) was used to grow polymers directly from the surface of chymotrypsin. First, the temperature responsive polymers poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM), which has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and poly(dimethylamino propane sulfonate) (pDMAPS), which has an upper critical solution temperature (UCST), were separately grown from chymotrypsin. The temperature responsive properties of the polymers were conserved in the protein-polymer conjugates, and chymotrypsin bioactivity, productivity, and substrate specificity were predictably tailored at different temperatures depending on the structural organization of the polymers. Next, a dual block polymer-chymotrypsin conjugate was synthesized by growing poly(sulfobetaine methacrylamide) (pSBAm)-block-pNIPAm conjugates from the surface of chymotrypsin. The CT-pSBAm-b-pNIPAm conjugates showed temperature dependent kinetics, due to UCST or LCST driven polymer collapse at high and low temperature. Most interestingly, the dual block conjugates were dramatically more stable than native chymotrypsin to low pH. In order to further investigate the effect of polymer conjugation on chymotrypsin stability at low pH, four distinct and uniquely charged polymers were grown from the surface of chymotrypsin. With these new conjugates, we confirmed that chymotrypsin low pH stability was dependent on the chemical structure of polymers covalently attached to chymotrypsin. Indeed, positively charged polymers stabilized chymotrypsin to low pH, but negatively charged and amphiphilic polymers destabilized the enzyme. Lastly, after developing strategies for low pH stabilization, new protein-polymer conjugates with the chemical permeation enhancer 1-phenylpiperazine were designed to enable protein transport across the intestinal epithelium. Bovine serum albumin-poly(oligoethylene methacrylate)-block-poly(phenylpiperazine acrylamide) BSA-pOEGMA-b-pPPZ conjugates induced dose dependent increases in Caco-2 monolayer permeability and transported across an in vitro intestinal monolayer model with low cell toxicity.


Dissertation Submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Educational Management of Makerere University


In this paper I address theoretically and assess empirically the effect of impatience on workers' on-the-job behavior. Theoretically, short-run impatience explains several empirical regularities concerning job mobility and account for different on-the-job behaviors. On-the-job search on one hand and "collaborative behaviors" such as low absence rate and high effort on the other, strongly affect mobility and individual wage growth. On-the-job search results in higher wages with the new employer while collaboration leads to permanent wage increases with the same employer, mainly through promotion or position change. I provide a model that shows that, for identically productive individuals, heterogeneity in hyperbolic time preferences accounts for different mobility and career patterns. Patient workers undertake behaviors that lead to promotions. Impatient workers are more likely to be movers and to experience wage increases by switching jobs. The model rests on the empirical findings that the long term wage increases of stayers are in general larger than those of the movers, and the benefits resulting from collaboration are not as immediate as the rewards from search conditional on the arrival of a better job offer. I use a large longitudinal data set (NLSY 79) to test the predictions of the model. Various measures of impatience are positively correlated to the job arrival rate and negatively correlated to collaboration. Finally, using some theoretical predictions I am able to show empirically that the results are driven by variation in short-run impatience within the hyperbolic model rather than by variation in long-run impatience within the exponential model.


Despite the significant progress made in the last years, state-of-the-art speech recognition technologies provide a satisfactory performance only in the close-talking condition. Robustness of distant speech recognition in adverse acoustic conditions, on the other hand, remains a crucial open issue for future applications of human-machine interaction. To this end, several advances in speech enhancement, acoustic scene analysis as well as acoustic modeling, have recently contributed to improve the state-of-the-art in the field. One of the most effective approaches to derive a robust acoustic modeling is based on using contaminated speech, which proved helpful in reducing the acoustic mismatch between training and testing conditions.
In this paper, we revise this classical approach in the context of modern DNN-HMM systems, and propose the adoption of three methods, namely, asymmetric context windowing, close-talk based supervision, and close-talk based pre-training. The experimental results, obtained using both real and simulated data, show a significant advantage in using these three methods, overall providing a 15% error rate reduction compared to the baseline systems. The same trend in performance is confirmed either using a high-quality training set of small size, and a large one.


Abstract Background Monounsaturated fat (MUFA) also has glucose-lowering action, but its effect on ketone bodies is unknown. Objectives To examine the effects of high-MUFA diet alone or in combination with exercise training, which can improve glucose and ketone body metabolism, in a rat model of diabetes. Methods Wistar rats were administered streptozotocin to induce diabetes and then randomly divided into five groups: sedentary rats fed a regular diet (1), a high-saturated-fat diet (2), a high-MUFA diet (3); and exercisetrained rats fed a regular diet (4), and a high-MUFA diet (5). Training was by a treadmill twice daily, 5 days/week. At 12 weeks, glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate levels were measured in cardiac blood. Activity of the overall ketone synthesis pathway was determined in liver and 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase activity determined in gastrocnemius muscle. Results A high-MUFA diet tended to lower plasma glucose without affecting other biochemical variables. Training did not change glucose metabolism, but significantly reduced serum NEFA. Only the high-MUFA diet plus training significantly decreased HbA1c levels. Hepatic ketone synthesis was decreased and 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase activity was increased by training alone or in combination with a high-MUFA diet. Changes in NEFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, and the enzymatic activities in response to training plus a high-MUFA diet were comparable to those caused by training alone. Conclusion A high-MUFA diet alone does not alter ketone body metabolism. Combination of a MUFA-rich diet and exercise training is more effective than either MUFA or exercise alone for lowering HbA1c.


I aim to understand whether apriority entails necessity, aposteriority entails contingency and conceivability entails possibility; that is, the relationship between, and the nature of, rationality and modality. The thesis is split into two parts: one on apriority and modality (chs. 2-4), and another on conceivability, apriority/aposteriority and modality (chs. 5 to 7).

In Chapter 1, I discuss 'two-dimensional modal semantics', arguing that it is ill-equipped to provide a substantive account of rationality and modality, before setting out the basis of such an understanding.

I begin the first part of the thesis (in Chapter 2) by outlining a preliminary account of the a priori: it is, strictly, not defeasible by empirical evidence; it involves a kind of necessity ('rational necessity'); and it is (at least in its prima facie variant) fallible. In Chapter 3 I discuss the contingent a priori, arguing that genuine apriority entails necessity, before placing apriority qua 'rational necessity' (and 'rational modality' more widely) with respect to other kinds of modality (in Chapter 4). I conclude Part I of the thesis, by arguing that the a priori is not coextensive with, but is grounded in, metaphysical necessity.

Part II of the thesis begins with a discussion of the necessary a posteriori (Chapter 5), where I argue that there are no genuine cases, thus aposteriority entails contingency and conceivability entails possibility. I then deal with Frege's and Kripke's puzzles (Chapter 6), which I claim (as with the necessary a posteriori) pose no genuine problem for conceivability-possibility reasoning. Finally (in Chapter 7), I offer a deeper account of rational modality together with a tentative account of metaphysical modality (and essence). I then conclude that genuine apriority qua rational necessity entails metaphysical necessity; similarly, strictly, aposteriority (rational contingency) entails metaphysical contingency and, (in)conceivability (rational (im)possibility) entails metaphysical (im)possibility.


This guide is intended to help citizens of Illinois find information about Illinois water supplies. It includes information resources from the state and federal government, news sources, and library holdings, including digital collections.


systematic formulation approach. Experiments were performed according to 3-level factorial design to study the effect of two formulation variables on critical quality attributes of Orally Dissolv-ABSTRACT In this study, attempts were made on the design, devel- opment and evaluation of co-processed excipient that would be helpful in preparing Orally Dissolving Tablet. Co-processed excipient is mainly composed of known additives that are commonly used in the manufactur- ing of ODTs including mannitol, Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) and maize starch. Among different available techniques for co-processing, a more economical conventional technique was selected for the developing co-processed excipient consisting of excipient sizing, blending and physical agglomeration by wetting, wet screening, drying and followed by dry screening. Experiments were performed according to 32-level factorial design to observe the effect of two variables on critical quality attributes of co-processed excipient. The concentration of Microcrystalline Cellulose (X1) and maize starch (X2) were two numeric factors (inde- pendent variables). The studied responses were critical quality attributes of co-processed excipient. All possible nine combinations were prepared and F4 formulation was selected as optimized based on its quality parameters. Later it was used with low content API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) Montelukast sodium and high content API Paracetamol taste masked granules to prepare Orally Dissolving Tablet and each was evaluated for all critical quality attributes. It is concluded co-processed excipient developed in the current study is cost effective, reproducing and meet-ing all quality criteria for further developing Orally Dis- solving Tablet.


Drainage for forestry has been amongst the most extensive of land management practices applied to northern latitude peatlands, particularly in northern Europe. Extracellular phenol oxidases play an important role in the carbon cycle of soils. This study investigated the effects of long‐term (45 years) drainage for forestry upon surface peat extracellular phenol oxidase activity, soluble phenolic concentrations and pH at ombrotrophic bog, oligotrophic fen and mesotrophic fen sites at a Finnish mire complex. Phenol oxidase activity was reduced by drainage at all three sites. Phenol oxidase activity was positively correlated with peat pH across all sites irrespective of drainage treatment, suggesting that pH is a major factor influencing peat phenol oxidase activity at the mire complex. Peat pH became more acidic with drainage at the fen sites, and it is likely that this contributed to the suppression of peat phenol oxidase activity. The reduction of peat phenol oxidase activity with drainage was accompanied by increased concentrations of water‐soluble phenolics at all three sites, and the potential contribution of this to changes in peat carbon stocks following drainage is discussed.


Received May. 23, 2018. Accepted for publication Jun. 28, 2018 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31642/JoKMC/2018/050203 AbstractBased on Taylor Galerkin /pressure-correction (TGPC) finite element method, this work is concerned with numerical study for incompressible Newtonian cable coating flows. The fluid motion is described by using the Naiver-Stoke equations, which include two essential differential equations. One of them is the equation for conservation of mass and the other one is the equation of conservation of momentum equations. Moreover, this study shows the free surface location methodology to determine the free surface position, and the boundary conditions. The Phan-Thien (dh/dt) scheme is applied to calculate the change in the freesurface position. A number of computational investigations have been achieved to see the effect of different factors on the processing of coating. This includes investigating the influence of variation in surface tension on the shear rate and strain-rate stabilisation approach.


This paper presents the first large-scale analysis of pronunciation variation in conversational Austrian German. Whereas for the varieties of German spoken in Germany, conversational speech has been given noticeable attention in the fields of linguistics and automatic speech recognition, for conversational Austrian there is a lack in speech resources and tools as well as linguistic and phonetic studies. Based on the recently collected GRASS corpus, we provide (methods for the creation of) a pronunciation dictionary and (tools for the creation of) broad phonetic transcriptions for Austrian German. Subsequently, we present a comparative analysis of the occurrence of phonological and reduction rules in read and conversational speech. We find that whereas some rules are specific for the Austrian Standard variant and thus occur in both speech styles (e.g., the realization of /z/ as [s]), other rules are specific for conversational speech (e.g., the realization of /a:/ as [o:]. Overall, our results show that less words are produced with the citation form for conversational Austrian German (37.8% ) than for other languages of the same style (e.g., Dutch conversations: 56%).


Objective The aim of this study was to identify quantitative tools to classify the severity of trigonocephaly to guide surgical management and predict outcome. Methods We reviewed high-resolution computed tomography images of 59 patients with metopic synostosis. We assessed the craniofacial sutural pattern as well as interfrontal and metopic angles, and we related the frontal angulation degree with the sutural pattern, the surgical management, and clinical outcome. Results We identified 3 groups according to the severity of trigonocephaly. No difference was found between the sutural pattern of nasion complex and severity, whereas the closure of zygomatic maxillary sutures increased with the severity degree (P < 0.05). The operative management was related to the severity degree (P < 0.001) and to the reduced age (P = 0.009). Conclusions Interfrontal and metopic angles are complementary measurements to evaluate with high accuracy the degree of frontal angulation. In preoperative assessment, they may guide surgery decision in particular when the choice is not straightforward.


We report a case of Hodgkin's disease of the endometrium. The endometrial stroma is replaced by a polymorphic cellular infiltrate in which Reed-Sternberg cells are seen. The patient also has a history of stage IV-B Hodgkin's disease that was diagnosed and treated three years earlier. To our knowledge, Hodgkin's disease of the endometrium has not been described.


The aim of the present research is to study the effect of pH values on the sperm rheotaxis properties. Semen collected from bulls was diluted with SOF medium (1:10). pH of the medium was adjusted using a digital pH meter to the following pH values: 6.0, 6.2, 6.4, 6.4, 6.8, 7.0. All kinetic parameters of sperm (n = 3,385) were determined through a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system using microfluidic devices with controlled flow velocity. The following parameters were determined: total motility (TM%), positive rheotaxis (PR%), straightline velocity (VSL, μm/s), average path velocity (VAP, μm/s), linearity (LIN, as VSL/VCL, %), beat cross-frequency (BCF, Hz) and curvilinear velocity (VCL, μm/s). Nitric oxide, calcium and potassium were estimated in semen at different pH values. To confirm the effect of nitric oxide and K+ , we used sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor) and KCL as (a K+ donor) to see their effect on sperm PR%. The results showed no difference in TM% at pH (6-7). The PR% was the lowest at pH 6 and 7. The best parameters for the PR% were at pH 6.4-6.6. The concentration of Ca+2 did not change at different pH values. The mean NO values decreased with the increase of pH; however, the mean values of K+ increased with the increase of pH. Addition of high concentration of NO and K+ to the semen media at fixed pH level had a negative effect on TM% and PR%. In conclusion, the bull sperm had the best rheotaxis properties at pH 6.4-6.6 and sensitive to the change of seminal NO and K+ .


The study deals with the influence of haemolysis on the results of vitamin E determination in plasma (serum) in cattle. Although nowadays specific High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) techniques are used almost exclusively for the determination of vitamin E, this indicator is also influenced by haemolysis. This occurs in the pre-analytical phase due to the fact that iron contained in haemoglobin is able to catalyze peroxidation reactions. Subsequently, changes occur mainly in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipoprotein components of serum/plasma. The vitamin E present inhibits this process, as a result of which its concentration is reduced. The experiment was performed by preparing model samples with a defined degree of haemolysis by adding haemolysate to the centrifuged plasma in the range of ca 0–12 g/l, i.e. mild to severe haemolysis. After 4 h of incubation at room temperature, the vitamin E concentration was determined by the HPLC method. Haemolysis was found to reduce the test result; mild one (approximately up to 2 g/l) non-significantly, medium and severe haemolysis by up to tens of percent, which warrants repeated sampling. False reductions in results will not endanger the patient's health, but economic losses may occur due to unnecessary check-ups and increased vitamin E supplementation.


Abstract This paper presents an extended version of the Quantified Argument Calculus (Quarc). Quarc is a logic comparable to the first-order predicate calculus. It employs several nonstandard syntactic and semantic devices, which bring it closer to natural language in several respects. Most notably, quantifiers in this logic are attached to one-place predicates; the resulting quantified constructions are then allowed to occupy the argument places of predicates. The version presented here is capable of straightforwardly translating natural-language sentences involving defining clauses. A three-valued, model-theoretic semantics for Quarc is presented. Interpretations in this semantics are not equipped with domains of quantification: they are just interpretation functions. This reflects the analysis of natural-language quantification on which Quarc is based. A proof system is presented, and a completeness result is obtained. The logic presented here is capable of straightforward translation of the classical first-order predicate calculus, the translation preserving truth values as well as entailment. The first-order predicate calculus and its devices of quantification can be seen as resulting from Quarc on certain semantic and syntactic restrictions, akin to simplifying assumptions. An analogous, straightforward translation of Quarc into the first-order predicate calculus is impossible.


This paper intends to show the peculiar status of Russia in the international financial market. It elucidates the rapid liberalization of the international financial system of Russia by critical analysis of relevant legal documents and makes it clear that that the economy is legally open, and consequently that capital going through the Russian border has increased on a large scale. It also investigates the features of Russia's role in the market by using original data made from the balance of payments statistics. By studying both official and "gray" capital movements, the author came to the conclusion that there has been a large shortage of investment compared to private saving in Russia and that the remainder of savings have been fleeing the country. From the viewpoint of open macro economics, this excess of private saving is absorbed by the external financial market. Russia's emergence on the international financial market produced this curious status of Russia in the world. The characteristic peculiar to this paper is that it investigates not only the illegal and gray aspects of the economy, which have been researched by many experts, but also the legal and official aspects which have also caused some problems of the economy and that it shows the relation between both aspects.


We introduce a fast bitwise exact pattern-matching algorithm, which speeds up short-length pattern searches on large-sized DNA databases. Our contributions are two-fold. First, we introduce a novel exact matching algorithm designed specifically for modern processor architectures. Second, we conduct a detailed comparative performance analysis of bitwise exact matching algorithms by utilizing hardware counters. Our algorithmic technique is based on condensed bitwise operators and multifunction variables, which minimize register spills and instruction counts during searches. In addition, the technique aims to efficiently utilize CPU branch predictors and to ensure smooth instruction flow through the processor pipeline. Analyzing letter occurrence probability estimations for DNA databases, we develop a skip mechanism to reduce memory accesses. For comparison, we exploit the complete \textit{Mus musculus} sequence, a commonly used DNA sequence that is larger than 2 GB. Compared to five state-of-the-art pattern-matching algorithms, experimental results show that our technique outperforms the best algorithm even for the worst-case DNA pattern for our technique.


During the last few years, the prevention of health care associated infections has received a growing amount of attention. The number of deaths due to preventable harm in healthcare organisations is estimated at 1700 per year, and the outbreak of infections is seen as one of the most important causes of preventable harms (Arets, 2012). Health care workers often violate the most basic guideline, not wearing jewellery during work. In the past, several campaigns promoting better hand hygiene were launched, but substantial lasting effects had not been reached. Therefore, this study investigates whether campaigns that make use of posters can be effective and which factors are of influence on behavioural change.
In this study I set out to analyse which kind of posters are cognitively processed and whether that may lead to planned or automatic behavioural change. This is done by comparing the effects of a poster with an explicit message and a poster with a pun. The research question is: "In which way is an activating message on a poster processed, and to what extent does the design of the poster influence planned or automatic behaviour change?" To answer the research question, three methods were used: an observational study, a survey and semi-structured interviews. The study was conducted in two nursing homes in the vicinity of Nijmegen; 'Het Herstelhotel' and nursing home 'Madeleine'. In 'Het Herstelhotel' the poster with the explicit message was revealed and the poster with the pun was hung up in Madeleine. Both posters showed the same picture. In total, 65 respondents participated. Their behaviour according to the wearing of jewellery was observed before the poster was hung and three weeks after the placement of the poster. During the second observation they were asked to fill in the questionnaire. 25 of them have participated in the interview study.
The results of this study showed that the poster with the pun led to a more positive attitude and higher attention than the poster with the explicit message, but there was no difference between both posters regarding recall, and perceived comprehension. In contrast to the study of Berendsen (2012), this present study revealed that there was no difference between both posters regarding behavioural change. During the second observation, significantly less jewellery was worn in both conditions. Moreover, the interviews showed that respondents themselves were of the opinion that the poster had no effect on their behaviour, but they reported that the social environment and more or less their involvement with the job had influenced them. Based on these results it could be concluded that both posters were observed, but the design was not deeply processed. Both posters may have served as a prompt, which triggered the unconscious process and led to automatic behavioural change. The respondents may (unconsciously) know that the wearing of jewellery is forbidden and were again reminded when they saw the poster. Thereby, they want to conform to the social norm, and therefore wear no jewellery anymore.
All in all it could be concluded that this study has led to more knowledge about the effects of posters on the processes of behaviour change. Managers of all kinds of organisations could use this knowledge to achieve desired behavioural change. They do not need to design expensive posters, for example, because the design of the poster does not influence the behaviour. For further research it is recommended to measure the extent to which the automatic behavioural change is permanent.


In this paper, we describe statistical inference and prediction for software reliability models in the presence of covariate information. Specifically, we develop a semiparametric, Bayesian model using Gaussian processes to estimate the numbers of software failures over various time periods when it is assumed that the software is changed after each time period and that software metrics information is available after each update. Model comparison is also carried out using the deviance information criterion, and predictive inferences on future failures are shown. Real-life examples are presented to illustrate the approach.


ABSTRACT Remediation and cleanup of oil spills has been attempted using different technologies. Biological methods such as bioremediation have been favored over others due to their cost efficiency and their low environmental impact. Bioremediation of Alaska North Slope crude oil was effectively attempted in a laboratory study using 13 commercial products. The products containing the microorganisms were provided by different vendors. The treatments were tested over a 28-day period, and the samples were extracted and analyzed using standard methods. After 28 days, four products showed an effective enhancement of the bioremediation process: the saturate fraction was degraded approximately 80%, and the aromatic fraction was degraded approximately 70%. Biological markers such as pristane, phytane, and C30 hopane were partially degraded.


Dynamic scene understanding is a challenging problem and motion segmentation plays a crucial role in solving it. Incorporating semantics and motion enhances the overall perception of the dynamic scene. For applications of outdoor robotic navigation, joint learning methods have not been extensively used for extracting spatio-temporal features or adding different priors into the formulation. The task becomes even more challenging without stereo information being incorporated. This paper proposes an approach to fuse semantic features and motion clues using CNNs, to address the problem of monocular semantic motion segmentation. We deduce semantic and motion labels by integrating optical flow as a constraint with semantic features into dilated convolution network. The pipeline consists of three main stages i.e Feature extraction, Feature amplification and Multi Scale Context Aggregation to fuse the semantics and flow features. Our joint formulation shows significant improvements in monocular motion segmentation over the state of the art methods on challenging KITTI tracking dataset.


Known risk factors for malignant transformation in oral lesions with malignant potential include the size and appearance, however the importance of site, grade of dysplasia and exposure to environmental carcinogens remains controversial. Patients with a diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) were recruited to a longitudinal observational cohort study in a tertiary oral dysplasia clinic. Clinical, histopathological and risk factor data were assessed to identify clinical determinants of malignant transformation; in patients where the oral dysplasia underwent malignant transformation the treatment outcomes were evaluated. Ninety-eight eligible patients were recruited and followed up for the median duration of 48 months. Twenty-six (26.5%) patients underwent malignant transformation, with significant predictors as follows: non-smoking status, lateral tongue subsite, non-homogeneous appearance, high histological grade and size of lesion >200mm2. Whilst these clinical features have previously been associated with malignant transformation in OED, the highly statistically significant finding of malignant transformation in non-smokers, consistent with several cohorts reported in the recent years. This suggests that these patients, apparently with endogenous OED, perhaps with inherited or acquired predisposition, are considered to be at higher risk (compared to smokers) and should form the focus for further investigation. All 26 patients in whom dysplasia transformed to oral squamous cell carcinoma were presented to the multidisciplinary team (MDT) with stage 1 disease. Ninety-one percent (21/23) were initially treated by wide local excision and 9% (2/23) required tumour resection followed by reconstruction. Twenty-two percent (5/23) of patients developed second primary OSCC, and further diagnoses of oral dysplasia with an estimate that 76% of patients will undergo one or more event in 5 years. Specialist monitoring of OED by a multidisciplinary team allows detection of OSCC at an early stage, facilitating largely curative treatment with simple and usually minor surgical intervention. The high incidence of second primary OSCC formation in high risk patients with OED supports an intensive targeted surveillance regimen in this group of patients. The observed higher rate of malignant transformation in non (or light)-smokers supports the hypothesis of an endogenous aetiology. It is hypothesised that loss of FANCD2 and associated proteins lead to genomic instability and oncogenesis. Longitudinal archival samples were obtained from 40 individuals with OED from time of diagnosis to the most recent clinical review in 23 non-transforming/stable OED or until excision of the SCC in 17 unstable OED undergoing malignant transformation. Histopathological reassessment, immunohistochemistry for FANCD2 and Western blotting for phosphorylation/mono-ubiquitination status of ATR, CHK1, FANCD2 and FANCG were undertaken on each tissue sample. Immunohistochemistry studies found under-expression of FANCD2 was observed in the diagnostic biopsy of OED lesions which later underwent malignant transformation when compared with stable OED. Combining the FANCD2 immunohistochemistry scores with histological grading more accurately predicted malignant transformation (p=0.005) than histology alone and correctly predicted malignant transformation in 10/17 initial biopsies. A significantly reduced expression of total FANCD2, pFANCD2, pATR, pCHK-1 and pFANCG were observed in OED which underwent malignant transformation. There is strong evidence that defects in the DNA damage sensing-signalling-repair cascade are associated with malignant transformation in OED. Loss of post-translational modification in FANCD2 and related proteins, was more predictive of malignant transformation when compared to clinical parameters.


With more than two million teens affected, adolescents are the most at-risk group for unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Parents, who teens cite as their most influential resource for making decisions about premarital sex, receive little consideration from federal initiatives. However, promoting more active parenting to parents to reduce risky behavior among teenagers seems to be an appropriate strategy. This study examines parents' reactions to advertisements that promote abstinence education programs. The results indicate that "warm" parents (i.e., those who indicate concern about children's interactions with the marketplace) are more likely to intend to communicate with their children about sex and have a more favorable attitude toward the ad when the advertisement is clear about the consequences of teens engaging in sex. The findings have implications for how public policy officials and agencies can influence parents as key socialization agents in efforts to prevent adolescents from engaging in risky sexual behavior.


Controlling the flow of (information /materials) inside job-shop involves several decisions such as the acceptance or rejection orders, the orders due date definition, releasing and dispatching of job. In this research the actual production system control in Heavy Engineering Equipment State Company (H.E.E.S.Co.) is followed and monitored throughout one year . Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) tanks detailed processing and assembly investigated as a case study. The deviation of tanks assembly processes is about 53% from the schedule time. . Therefore, questionnaire sheet is performed including stuff of (164). Overall information flow in the company for most respondents is fair to bad (80%). communication matrices revealed that information exchange is random and inflexible through the whole production control. Gaps in communication and lack in (Computer - Computer) information exchange leading to bad communication throw the whole shop floor activities. Also results declare shop floor control in (H.E.E.S.Co.) company is offline (paper-based) and no documentation orders , that are employed by direct communications.


This paper uses data from eight past and present societies practicing intensive agriculture to measure the transmission of wealth across generations in preindustrial agricultural societies. Focusing on embodied, material, and relational forms of wealth, we compare levels of wealth between parents and children to estimate how effectively wealth is transmitted from one generation to the next and how inequality in one generation impacts inequality in the next generation. We find that material wealth is by far the most important, unequally distributed, and highly transmitted form of wealth in these societies, while embodied and relational forms of wealth show much weaker importance and transmission. We conclude that the unique characteristics of material wealth, and especially wealth in land, are key to the high and persistent levels of inequality seen in societies practicing intensive agriculture. We explore the implications of our findings for the evolution of inequality in the course of human history and suggest that it is the intensification of agriculture and the accompanying transformation of land into a form of heritable wealth that may allow for the social complexity long associated with agricultural societies.


appraise their true incidence. Nevertheless, most infectious disease units, including our own, can cite numerous instances of this concurrence. Drs. Muller and Gomes have missed the point in asking why the virus is neutrotropic or dermatropic. The reason is that all cases of chicken-pox show a viraemia, which is responsible for the blood-borne spread of the virus. The real questions are whether zoster represents a latent infection, a reinfection, or a first infection, and whether this is again responsible for the viraemia which causes the so-called concurrence of chicken-pox, and, if so, why ? Despite recent work on fluorescent antibody, the antigen-antibody relationships in this disease remain unclear and until they are worked out many questions will remain unanswered.-I am, etc.,


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The oxidative metabolism of both drugs and steroids occurs mainly as a consequence of utilising the hepatic monooxygenase system (Kuntzman et al, 1964). It has been shown that the activities of various hepatic enzymes are not constant, but are subject to regulation by the endocrine system, and also by hormones. The main classes of hormones which have been implicated in the regulation of hepatic metabolism are; (a) androgens, as extensively reviewed by Skett & Gustafsson (1979) and Gustafsson and coworkers (1980); (b) the pituitary hormones, including prolactin (Colby et al, 1974) and growth hormone (Colby et al, 1974; Mode et al, 1981); and (c) the pancreatic hormones, particularly insulin (Kato & Gillette, 1965; Kato et al, 1970). As the different hormonal pathways within the body are subject to complex interactions, and since some hormones have different secretion profiles in male and female animals, the precise mechanism by which hormones act to regulate the activity of hepatic enzymes has not yet been fully elucidated. One mechanism by which hormones can produce their intracellular effects is by stimulating the hydrolysis of membrane-bound phospholipids. The consequence of this hydrolysis is that two intracellular second messengers are produced, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, which causes an elevation in intracellular free calcium levels, and 1,2-diacylglycerol, which interacts with phosphatidylserine and calcium to activate the phosphorylating enzyme, protein kinase C. Activation of protein kinase C by receptor-mediated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, relays information across the cell membrane to regulate a variety of intracellular processes, and hormonal activation of protein kinase C in the liver has been reported. Vasopressin is known to affect hepatic enzymes, such as glycogen synthetase (Blackmore et al, 1986a; Ahmad et al, 1984) and glycogen phosphorylase (Barritt et al, 1988), and vasopressin also has general effects upon hepatic events, especially a1-mediated adrenergic effects (Garcia-Sainz et al, 1986). Angiotensin II has also been reported to have hepatic effects mediated through activation of protein kinase C (Garcia-Sainz et al, 1986; Garcia-Sainz & Hernandez-Sotomayor, 1987). Recently, some actions of insulin have also been attributed to protein kinase C activation (Acevedo-Duncan et al, 1989; Cooper et al, 1987; Gomez et al, 1988), although evidence implicating hepatic effects of insulin through protein kinsae C are still contradictory. Recently, it has been demonstrated that, in a reconstituted microsomal membrane system, protein kinase C, and protein kinase A, are capable of phosphorylating cytochrome P450, the terminal oxidase in hepatic monooxygenases (Pyerin et al, 1983; Pyerin et al, 1987). It seemed possible, therefore, that stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, and therefore of protein kinase C and subsequent phosphorylation of cytochrome P450, or other proteinaceous components, may be one mechanism by which hepatic monooxygenase activity could be regulated by hormones. The proposed aim of the present study was to try to determine whether or not activation of protein kinase C in the rat liver could influence the activity of hepatic monooxygenases, and to try to elucidate the underlying mechanism of any effect which was observed. This study was conducted using isolated rat hepatocytes in an attempt to avoid complex hormonal interactions, and to try to represent a more physiological situation than is often encountered during in vitro studies. To activate protein kinase C directly, tumor-promoting phorbol esters and synthethic diacylglycerols were used. Phorbol esters are reported to act solely through protein kinase C (Niedel et al, 1983; Castagna et al, 1982) and they are convenient probes of protein kinase C activity in isolated cell systems. Hormonal activation of protein kinase C, via stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, was investigated with vasopressin and angiotensin II, and the role of elevating intracellular calcium was investigated by the use of the ionophore A23187. The effect of activating protein kinase C upon the metabolism of the endogenous steroid 4-androstene-3,17-dione was ascertained after various times of incubation with the different compounds. It was found that activation of protein kinase C with all of the compounds, except angiotensin II, produced a time-dependent inhibition in the activity of all of the enzymes metabolising 4-androstene-3,17-dione. This inhibition of enzymes activity was not sex-dependent, males and female were both affected to the same extent. With vasopressin, a biphasic pattern of enzymes inhibition was observed, an effect which implies a dependency on diacylglycerol initially, with the later effect being more dependent upon calcium. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).


Industry facilitates the economic development of nations and acquisition of human wealth. Parallel to the global spread of industry, the world is facing rapid population growth. Simultaneously, formerly impoverished populations are approaching middle class standards of living with corresponding increases in levels of consumption. If the populations and consumption levels of societies continue to grow at the expected pace we will face a future environmental crises in the long-term and the world's environmental resources will not be adequate to meet coming needs. Societies, together with industry, must transform to become sustainable in order to tackle one of our world's most pressing challenges.Governments and organizations are now pushing industrial companies to meet this challenge and integrate sustainability into their businesses in order to put the economy on the pathway to a sustainable transformation. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has a vision with formulated conditions that must be met before year 2050 to meet this challenge. But in order to unlock the full potential of sustainable growth, one must also understand the farsightedness of company leaders. The aim of this study is to examine how farsighted Swedish industries are both related to business and sustainability strategies. The main questions for this thesis are: How farsighted are the longest-term strategies/tasks/visions of the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs)? How farsighted are the longest-term tasks that the CEO delegate to members of the management team? How farsighted are the longest-term sustainability strategy of the company? And finally, who in the organization is responsible for the longest-term sustainability strategy/task/vision?The thesis focuses on finding out if their farsightedness in sustainability strategies match with their other business strategies. Eight large Swedish industrial companies were investigated using interviews with their CEOs.The results show a very large difference between companies in the farsightedness measured with time-span of business strategy and sustainability strategy. The time-span of the tasks that the CEOs delegate to the management team also differ substantially between companies. Moreover, the study revealed that all of the studied companies place the ultimate responsibility for sustainability with the CEO and that the farsightedness in sustainability match with the companies' business strategies. The research show that all eight companies do match their farsightedness in sustainability with business.


Objective: To estimate the impact of employee alcohol and drug use on crashes in the transit industry from 1995–2000. Design: Secondary analysis of federally mandated post crash and random alcohol and drug testing results. Setting: The US transit industry. Subjects: Transit industry employees. Main outcome measures: Relative risk (RR), population attributable risk (PAR), and population attributable risk percentage (PAR%). Results: For alcohol testing, the estimated PAR% ranged from 0.02% (1999) to 0.03% (1995). For drug testing, the estimated PAR% ranged from 0.38% (1998) to 0.67% (1997). Based on these calculations, the estimated number of crashes per 1000 crashes attributable to alcohol was less than one during 1995–2000, and the number attributable to drugs ranged from about four to about six. The number of crashes attributable to either alcohol or drugs did not vary greatly from 1995–2000. Estimated rates of crashes attributable to alcohol or drugs were substantially lower in 1995, the first year of testing, than had been projected based on previous estimates, and did not show substantial change from 1995–2000. Conclusions: Approaches to transit safety based on reducing employee use of alcohol and other drugs have modest potential for reducing number of fatalities, injuries, and crashes.


For the past 23 years, the only comprehensive textbook on ophthalmic pathology has been the familiar text edited by Michael J. Hogan and Lorenz E. Zimmerman, Ophthalmic Pathology: An Atlas and Textbook (WB Saunders Co). At long last, with the publication of Ocular Pathology: A Text and Atlas , By Yanoff and Fine, a new challenger has appeared. In reviewing this book, a comparison of the two is unavoidable. The most obvious difference between the two is in the up-to-dateness of the information. The second and most recent edition of the text edited by Hogan and Zimmerman appeared in 1962; it is outdated in many areas. For those who have been patiently waiting for the third edition, no relief is in sight. Reliable sources have indicated that this edition is still in the preparatory stages. Necessarily, this new book by Yanoff and Fine is more up to date. But, since obsolescence


The use of geographical information about users is the main quality of Location Based Services (LBS). Services like finding nearest hotels and restaurants, weather forecasting or traffic conditions verifying are some of them that can be found without hard effort. Even though using LBS can be bring out facilities and benefits, manipulation of location information by malicious parties can represent serious threat to users' privacy. The mobile telephony has been widely used to offer LBS, mainly due to the powerful increase of mobile devices, location capabilities in the devices and the large number of potential users. Despite the existence of techniques to offer privacy in LBS execution, there is no much interest in using these techniques in the mobile telephony environment, besides, the majority of proposed techniques do not present results that can be used in a real environment. This work presents a system that offers location privacy to mobile phone applications. The expression location privacy points out the competency of avoid that third parties learn about current or past location of the user. Then, we propose the Location Privacy Based System (SBPL), that offers manners to control location information release and allows LBS execution with privacy guarantees to mobile phone users. The SBPL is composed by a client application, performed in the mobile device, and a trusted server, acting between the mobile device and the service provider. Besides, the SBPL follows the recommendations of existing privacy guidelines, and allows the user to determine his preferences, which assure adaptation to distinct users and services. Tests were performed in LBS environments that prove the efficiency of SBPL and the possibility of using it in the mobile phone environment.


The nineteenth century has been referred to as the Woman's Century, and it was a period of amazing change and progress for American women. There were great leaps forward in women's legal status, their entrance into higher education and the professions, and their roles in public life. In addition, approximately two million African American female slaves gained their freedom. Women's Roles in Nineteenth-Century America examines how economic, political, and social factors in the United States affected women's roles and how women themselves helped shape history. Each thematic chapter addresses ideas about women's proper roles as well as women's experiences of living in the nineteenth century. While the dominant ideas about appropriate gender roles originated from within the white Protestant and primarily middle-class culture, each chapter compares those ideas with the reality of different women's daily lives, integrating information on European American, African American, Native American, and immigrant women, and women of different socioeconomic and religious backgrounds and regions. Students and general readers will come away with a solid understanding of marriage and family life, the boundaries between home and public life, work, the intricacies of social and political reform, and new directions in religious and literary roles and the multicultural histories of the American West. Chapter 1, Marriage and Family Life, looks at women's roles and relationships as daughters, wives, and mothers, as well as the roles of women who remained single, either by choice or circumstance. Slave marriages and interracial marriages are also discussed, as well as reformers' attacks on and attempts to provide alternatives to traditional marriage. Chapter 2 on Work acknowledges women's unpaid work within the household economy as well as their entrance into the paid workforce beginning in the nineteenth century. Chapter 3, Religion, explores women's roles in as churchgoers, reformers, missionaries, and preachers. Chapter 4 on Education examines a century that began with almost no women having access to formal education-and most black women denied any education all-and ended with women making up nearly half of all college graduates and in leading roles as teachers, college administrators, and even college presidents. Women had also made several first entrances into professions requiring advanced educations, such as medicine, the law, and the ministry. Chapter 5, Politics and Reform, explains how women were consistently active in public life throughout the century. Chapter 6, Slavery and Civil War, looks at the experience of enslaved women, their survival and resistance, as well as their first experiences of freedom during and after the Civil War. The chapter also explores the ways in which both black and white women participated in and were affected by the Civil War. Chapter 7 on The West discusses the process of relentless westward movement in the nineteenth century through the perspective of women, whether the thousands of pioneer women who traveled into and settled the west, or the native women who were confronted with and challenged by those settlements. Finally, Chapter 8, Literature and the Arts, shows that while traditional studies of high culture have focused largely on a male canon of writers and artists, women in fact contributed to establishing an American tradition of literature and the arts.


Two major editions of the Iliad appeared at the end of the twentieth century: Helmut van Thiel's for Olms (1996), and Martin West's for Teubner (1998-2000). They are radically different in their methodological assumptions, and hence in the texts they offer. Helmut van Thiel trusts the direct transmission, i.e. the best medieval manuscripts. He takes the position that ancient variants reported in the Homeric scholia are usually 'suggestions' of ancient scholars (for example Zenodotus) 'towards the improvement of the text, or…deliberations about it', and that they are therefore of little significance when constituting the text. He also insists that modern editors not indulge in conjectures of their own. What they should do, rather, is represent the medieval transmission as faithfully as possible. He concedes that this is a modest aim, but one which he considers appropriate, given what can and cannot be known about the Homeric text. According to him, 'laurels in textual criticism are not to be won from the text of Homer'. Martin West would surely disagree: his edition offers a dazzling display of editorial ambition. He does not trust the medieval manuscripts, and sees his task as that of exposing and mending their shortcomings. In order to restore what he thinks was the original wording of the Homeric text, West makes use of weakly attested ancient variants; and, above all, employs his own critical acumen to weed out corruption and modernisation.


The power of technology is no longer can be denied as it holds the most important role that plays around human needs. From banking, shopping, entertainment or even when you want to read comics, the application of technology is what people are looking for. Due to its advanced features, social media has been a perfect tool for certain people, companies, industries and even institutions to use it to connect and deliver any intended information to their target users. Therefore, this recent study is going to identify themes of writing and frequency of its occurences in social media, to identify online writing features and lastly, to propose the effective online writing strategies in the social media in the context of a public university. Four official and unofficial university's Facebook pages are used in order to achieve the purposes of conducting this study through content analysis. The results show that there are five main strategies of the effective online writing identified which are simple and readable content, semi-formal and suitable word choice, eye-catching pictures and video, and lastly non-linguistic effective features offered in social media. Almost 80% of the effective strategies in marketing social media involves linguistic strategies and the rest is the non-linguistic strategies. The model of effective online writing has been proposed based on the findings found in terms of university's context