Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common blood cancer, and despite recent treatment advances, the majority of patients will ultimately die due to progression. Extramedullary disease (EMD) is a less frequent manifestation of MM often occurring during the course of disease where tumor plasma cells become independent of bone marrow microenvironment and infiltrate other tissues and organs. The development of EMD is always considered a high-risk feature with poor prognosis.
 Aim: To identify molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of EMD using DNA and RNA sequencing and thus reveal potentially novel druggable targets. Currently, available anti-myeloma agents are not effective in patients with EMD. Thus it is critical to perform this kind of translational research that will ultimately lead to discovering new treatment strategies in this prognostically poor subset of MM patients.
 Methods: We collected a unique set of FACS/MACS sorted aberrant plasma cells from 4 freshly obtained EMD samples from relapse and their respective cryopreserved bone marrow samples from diagnosis (available in 3 cases). In the 3 longitudinal ND and EMD samples we analyzed somatic mutations in the whole-exome sequencing data (Illumina, Sure select V6) using a combination of Mutect2 and Strelka2. To analyze differential gene expression, we used Deseq2 R package and Salmon for read mapping and quantification and Cytospace for the pathway enrichment analysis. Besides, to investigate the effect of cryopreservation on the gene expression in longitudinal samples from diagnosis, we compared all 4 EMD samples with 5 fresh unrelated BM samples from ND patients with PET/CT confirmed lack of EMD.
 Results: Analysis of somatic mutations revealed an only partial overlap of mutated genes between ND and respective EMD sample (23% on average) and 1.49x increased number of variants in EMD. In our samples (ND and EMD), we identified 11 mutated myeloma drivers (Walker 2018) that mostly affected epigenetic processes and MAPK pathway, with the latter being mutated in all three patients in both stages. Interestingly, we identified two genes, both exclusively mutated only in 2/3 EMD samples and not mutated in any ND sample, DNAJC16 and HERC1. DNAJC16 is a member of heat shock proteins (Hsp40; Kampinga 2009). HERC1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates p38 signaling and cell migration (Padrazza 2020), and thus, it represents a potentially interesting target for further analysis of EMD development.
 Differential expression analysis of 3 paired ND-EMD samples revealed 131 deregulated transcripts with the TNFSF9 (CD137L) ligand, HECW1 ubiquitin ligase, and UNC13C gene being top upregulated genes. Among the top downregulated were immunoglobulin genes and S1PR4 signaling receptor, MPO myeloperoxidase, and SLAMF1 (CD150) signaling lymphocytic activation molecule. Analysis of a larger cohort of fresh unpaired 5 ND and 4 EMD samples resulted in more distinct clusters of ND/EMD samples and the total number of 673 deregulated genes (Fig. 1). EMD downregulated genes mostly belong to cell adhesion, chemokine signaling pathway, and neutrophil activation process. Upregulated genes belong to proliferation, cell cycle, and DNA damage signaling pathways. Evaluation of currently available druggable targets revealed that only LAG3 (lymphocyte activation 3 protein) is significantly downregulated in EMD. For three upregulated genes (FGFR3, NTRK3, EZH2), we found interaction with potential cancer inhibitors (Erdafitinib, Entrectinib, Tazemetostat). Notably, the latter agent targeting EZH2 methyltransferase gene has been recently approved by the FDA for follicular lymphoma treatment, and clinical trials for MM are ongoing.
 Conclusion: Here, we report the preliminary analysis of the genomic and transcriptomic profile of EMD samples with their respective paired samples from the new diagnosis. The genomic alterations proved to be heterogeneous; though, we were able to identify 2 genes exclusively mutated in EMD samples. Moreover, deregulated transcriptome clearly separated ND and EMD stage in unrelated cohorts and pointed to rapid proliferation and increased DNA damage response pathways and pinpointed several potential drug targets. However, our findings warrant a more in-depth analysis on the bigger patient cohort.
 Acknowledgement: Work was supported by project ENOCH (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000868)
 Figure 1

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Middle Miocene (ca. 10.5-16.0 Ma) deposits in the Greater Yellowstone region are confined to the newly defined Hepburn9s Mesa Formation in the Yellowstone Valley, Park County, Montana, and the Colter Formation in Jackson Hole, Teton County, Wyoming. The Hepburn9s Mesa Formation was deposited in and adjacent to a perennial saline lake, as shown by the mineral assemblage (clinoptilotite, smectite, calcite, halite, and gypsum) and sedimentary features (fine grain size, laminations, mud cracks, and mud flakes in pebble-sandstone lenses). Biostratigraphic dating indicates that the saline lake formed prior to 16.0 Ma and persisted until after 14.8 Ma. The presence of a saline lake and a fossil mammal fauna dominated by geomyoid rodents indicates an arid or semi-arid climate. Some of the abundant tuffaceous components of the Hepburn9s Mesa Formation may have blown from coeval volcanic vents represented by the Colter Formation in Jackson Hole. The Hepburn9s Mesa and Colter Formations suggest that both the northern and southern ends of the Greater Yellowstone region were reacting similarly to tectonism during the middle Miocene. (1) Erosion dominated between ca. 18 to 17 Ma. (2) Subsidence of the basins accompanied by extensional block faulting took place from at least 16.0 to 14.8 Ma. (3) After 14.8 Ma but before 8.6 Ma, uplift occurred in northern Yellowstone Park; strata in the Yellowstone Valley and Jackson Hole tilted and eroded, then subsided faster than they had prior to 14.8 Ma. Inasmuch as the chronology of extensional deformation and volcanism in the Greater Yellowstone region is so similar to that in the Northern Rocky Mountains, the Columbia Plateau, and the central part of the Basin and Range, all of these areas appear to be related by a common tectonic process.


At a time when there are not even negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians in order to resolve their longstanding dispute, this article seeks to explain the origins of the conflict by examining Britain's conduct in Palestine from 1917-1948, first as an occupier, then as the responsible mandatory, under international law. Although at first sight dealing with a purely historical issue, a discussion of British conduct in Palestine is relevant at a time when the realization of a viable two-State-solution to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians is becoming ever more urgent and concurrently less likely. This article analyses the developments in Palestine as of 1917 and the legality, in international law, of (mainly) British actions. It will be argued that British attempts at implementing the Balfour Declaration -which, as will be shown, had no standing in international law- while being occupiers of enemy territory were contrary to the Hague Regulations as acknowledged by leading British officials at the time. It will then be explained that the Palestine Mandate, as confirmed by the League of Nations' Council, contravened Article 22 (4) of the League of Nations Covenant, and that British efforts to implement it as of 1920 -and thus four years before the peace treaty with Turkey came into force- were similarly inconsistent with the Hague Regulations. Far from believing in the legality of their actions, leading British officials and politicians were, as will be documented, well aware of their conduct's "legal imperfections". It will be concluded that British conduct in Palestine could rarely, if at all, claim to be accordance with the new international legal order the UK had helped to create following WWI. Repeatedly ignoring international law did not benefit the British: their rule in Palestine was to end in humiliating defeat in 1948. Almost seventy years later the world is still trying to resolve a conflict the British set in motion in 1917 with the issuance of the Balfour Declaration.


Power distribution system having various buses, branches and loads that ultimately rises the power losses and from few decades, integration of solar and wind distributed generations has ever increased attention in radial distribution network (RDN). The main reason for DG integration in radial distribution system is increased load growth, transmission line loading, deregulated power system, power losses, increased greenhouse gas emissions, voltage drop and increased reliability issues in RDN. The main focus of this paper is to find optimal size and site of solar PV to improve voltage at all the nodes with in permissible limits and to reduce power losses in RDN using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Here two scenarios were considered. Scenario one was the integration of 1DG and second scenario was the integration of 2DGs. Furthermore, Results obtained shows that greater number of DG integration increases the system reliability, reduces losses and improves voltage at all the nodes of the RDN.


Dr William Cullen (1710-1790) was a leading physician of the Enlightenment era. As professor in Edinburgh he became the most influential teacher of theoretical and practical medicine in 18th century Britain. A renowned private practitioner, Cullen systematically archived his postal 'consultations', now held by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Initially Cullen preserved his replies as transcriptions, but from April 1781 he began using a mechanical copier, newly devised by the Scottish engineer James Watt. This paper describes the development, promotion and functioning of Watt's copier and considers Cullen's own adoption of the machine. It is suggested that with Cullen's adoption of Watt's copier, medical record keeping entered a new historical phase comparable with the recent digital revolution.


Neurofibroma (NF) is a benign tumor of the peripheral nervous system. Head and neck NF are generally located in the soft tissue. The tumour is rarely seen intraosseously and most commonly such tumours are seen as solitary lesions, rather than part of neurofibromatosis. The following report describes a case of an intraosseous neurofibroma in a 45-year-old male located in the left posterior mandible. The diagnosis was made based on the clinical findings, radio graphical features, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. A literature review has been done on intraosseuos neurofibromas located in the jaws, with a discussion on the possible differential diagnosis.


This paper aims to present the main events over the years on public policies for financing R & D in Portugal, with special focus on the QREN (National Strategic Reference Framework). Between 2007 and 2013, is the QREN which provides the framework to be applied to economic policy in Portugal. The Incentives System for Companies Investment is one of the key instruments of economic promotion policies, particularly in terms of promoting innovation and regional development. The review made shows us that there is not still a systemic and integrated policy innovation in Portugal, but there is a set of instruments that can play a role in this policy and also has missed coherence and coordination between them.


A century ago, the idea of indigenous people as an active force in the contemporary world was unthinkable. It was assumed that native societies everywhere would be swept away by the forward march of the West and its own peculiar brand of progress and civilization. Nothing could be further from the truth. Indigenous social movements wield new power, and groups as diverse as Australian Aborigines, Ecuadorian Quichuas, and New Zealand Maoris, have found their own distinctive and assertive ways of living in the present world. Indigenous Experience Today draws together essays by prominent scholars in anthropology and other fields examining the varied face of indigenous politics in Bolivia, Botswana, Canada, Chile, China, Indonesia, and the United States, amongst others. The book challenges accepted notions of indigeneity as it examines the transnational dynamics of contemporary native culture and politics around the world.


We have shown in a previous paper (Devl Biol. 135, 449, 1989) that axons regenerating from postnatal neurons are unable to penetrate three-dimensional cultures of mature astrocytes, while axons from embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and retina will grow through such cultures for considerable distances. We have now investigated the role of proteases in the penetration of three-dimensional astrocyte cultures by axons from embryonic DRGs. Embryonic DRGs were grown in association with three-dimensional astrocyte cultures, with astrocyte monolayers, and with-air dried collagen. The effects of inhibitors of the three families of proteases that have been shown to be involved in tumour cell invasion were investigated. The serine protease inhibitors EACA and Trasylol both reduced growth in three-dimensional astrocyte cultures to around 50% of control, but had little effect on growth on astrocyte monolayers or on collagen. TIMP, which inhibits collagenases, had no effect on growth on two- or three-dimensional cultures. Cbz-gly-phen-amide, an inhibitor of enteroproteases, reduced growth in all three types of culture.


Arte Povera' is internationally recognised as the most famous and influential development in Italian art of the late twentieth century. It was introduced as a loose term in 1967 to describe the practices of a number of Italian artists. This exhibition highlights the impact of Arte Povera on the work of some of the British artists for whom it has been a source of inspiration. It shows work by the movement's key artists, including Alighiero Boetti, Mario Merz, Giuseppe Penone and Giulio Paolini alongside that of British artists such as Tony Cragg, Ceal Floyer, Mona Hatoum, Gavin Turk and Richard Long.


NOTE: This session is designed to be both an informative panel and a planning workshop for deans, chairs, and anyone leading a group of faculty/adjunct/GTAs, common course or curriculum effort in their unit.Description:Mason is actively engaged in changing the culture of teaching toward more active- and inquiry-based learning forms. These forms are viewed as superior mechanisms for improving student engagement, performance, and retention, especially in STEM-based classrooms (Kogan & Laursen, 2014; Freeman et al., 2014; Laursen, Hassi, Logan, & Weston, 2014; Nelson, 2010). Through Mason's strategic plan and its building of new active learning classrooms, the opportunities to leverage this pedagogical form are ripe. Despite this commitment, teaching change is often difficult to engender in higher education organizations. Some of this difficulty lies in the challenge of changing faculty habits and norms related to their own teaching practices (Austin, 2011). However, even if individual faculty are committed to pedagogical change, that change is also highly dependent upon departmental and institutional norms and barriers, which can act to promote or constrain change (Austin, 2011; D'Avanzo, 2013; Brownell & Tanner, 2012; Henderson et al., 2012; Sunal et al., 2001; Fairweather, 2008). There are levers that go beyond the individual and their classroom to improve the likelihood of successful pedagogical change. Among these are the use of data-driven decision making and the fostering of data cultures (Bouwma-Gearheart & Hora, 2014; Hora & Bouwma-Gearhart, 2014, 2017) and the building and leveraging of collaborations across organizational units (Kezar & Lester, 2009; Klein, 2017; Leisyte & Dee, 2012) to help leverage the information, relationships, and resources needed to enact change. The purpose of this workshop is to use the context and learning from current work being done to enact pedagogical change to help attendees frame, consider, and plan for how relationships, resources, and data within and beyond their departments can be used in their own contexts to enact similar change. The presenters, members of a cross-disciplinary research team, are working alongside members of course-based communities of transformation (CCTs) in Mathematics and Physics at Mason, with CCTs in Biology and Computer Science to follow. These researchers will share empirical evidence, lessons learned, and practical implications related to their National Science Foundation funded project to create department and institution-level change that supports the adoption of active learning pedagogy at Mason. As a part of this work, CCT members have had to consider and act beyond the boundaries of their individual classrooms and departments to leverage organizational data and partnerships. This project is designed to develop a university culture that values the incorporation of active learning practices in undergraduate STEM courses and programs. Attendees will develop a better sense of how to find and use data in decision making and conversations with those within and beyond their departments, including understanding and identifying course taking and retention patterns, resource needs and opportunities, and student learning and preparedness. Attendees will identify key partnership and collaborations they can continue or begin to cultivate as they work to create change in their departments and learn how to improve cross-unit collaboration. Attendees will be given time to consider the needs, strategies, and resources necessary for change in their communities and craft plans for starting that change.


Both freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge can be reduced significantly when wastewater regeneration recycling is introduced in the design of the water-using networks (WUNs). However, it is often difficult to design the WUNs involving regeneration recycling. This article presents an iterative method to design the WUNs involving regeneration recycling. The final designs can be obtained without iteration for the networks with known regenerated concentrations, and in a few iterations for the networks with known removal ratios of the contaminants. The method proposed can reduce the following parameters simultaneously, the consumptions of freshwater and the regenerated water, and the concentrations of the stream before regeneration, and all of them reflect the cost of the network involving regeneration recycling. The results of a few literature examples show that the designs obtained in this work are comparable to that obtained in the literature. The proposed method is simple and effective. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012


Wave characteristic assessments of wave energy test sites provide a greater understanding of prevailing wave conditions and are therefore extremely important to both wave energy test site operators and clients as they can inform wave energy converter design, optimisation, deployment, operation and maintenance. This research presents an assessment of the wave resource at the Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS) on the west coast of Ireland based on 12-years of modelled data from January 2004 to December 2015. The primary aim is to provide an assessment of annual and seasonal wave characteristics and resource variability at the two deployment berths which comprise the site. A nested model has been developed using Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) to replicate wave propagations from regional to local scale with a 0.05° resolution model covering the northeast Atlantic and a 0.0027° resolution model covering AMETS. The coarse and fine models have been extensively validated against available measured data within Irish waters. 12-year model outputs from the high resolution model were analysed to determine mean and maximum conditions and operational, high and extreme event conditions for significant wave height, energy period and power. Annual and seasonal analyses are presented. The 12-year annual mean P were 68 kW/m at Berth A (BA) and 57 kW/m at Berth B (BB). The resource shows strong seasonal and annual variations and the winter mean power levels were found to be strongly correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).


This article presents an exploratory study of jihadi extremist groups' videos using content analysis and a multimedia coding tool to explore the types of video, groups' modus operandi, and production features that lend support to extremist groups. The videos convey messages powerful enough to mobilize members, sympathizers, and even new recruits to launch attacks that are captured (on video) and disseminated globally through the Internet. They communicate the effectiveness of the campaigns and have a much wider impact because the messages are media rich with nonverbal cues and have vivid images of events that can evoke not only a multitude of psychological and emotional responses but also violent reactions. The videos are important for jihadi extremist groups' learning, training, and recruitment. In addition, the content collection and analysis of extremist groups' videos can help policymakers, intelligence analysts, and researchers better understand the extremist groups' terror campaigns and modus operandi, and help suggest counterintelligence strategies and tactics for troop training.


Statistical evaluation of published research data is frequently difficult. A simple calculating equation, amenable to a pocket calculator, is presented, which allows statistical comparison of two groups of data when mean and standard error of the mean are known for each group. This equation is valid in all circumstances in which a t test can be applied, even if sample sizes or variances are unequal. Comparison with the standard published equations demonstrated identical results in all instances. This equation provides a simple method of calculating statistical significance when reading papers or attending meetings.


Among the plays staged at the 54th Festival of Greek Theatre at Syracuse (14 may-8 july 2018) the event that attracted the greatest attention was Emma Dante's production of the Heracles of Euripides. The Sicilian director proposed an innovative and subjective revisiting of the play without upsetting the sense of the Greek original. The staging makes use of an alternation of registers and styles, from the pathetic to the grotesque, from the tragic to the humorous, be-sides diversifying musical and choreographic modes. The aim is that of showing up the ex-treme fragility of the protagonist, compelled to regress from the glory of his heroic achieve-ments to a destiny of suffering. In order to focus on this fragility Emma Dante assigns all the male roles (Lycus, Heracles, Amphitryon, Theseus and the Messenger) to female actors, thus provocatively reversing the codes of ancient Greek theatre.


Abstract. In this paper, a methodology for the calculation of rough exterior orientation (EO) parameters of multiple large-scale overlapping oblique aerial images, in the case that GPS/INS information is not available (e.g., for old datasets), is presented. It consists of five main steps; (a) the determination of the overlapping image pairs and the single image in which four ground control points have to be measured; (b) the computation of the transformation parameters from every image to the coordinate reference system; (c) the rough estimation of the camera interior orientation parameters; (d) the estimation of the true horizon line and the nadir point of each image; (e) the calculation of the rough EO parameters of each image. A developed software suite implementing the proposed methodology is tested using a set of UAV multi-perspective oblique aerial images. Several tests are performed for the assessment of the errors and show that the estimated EO parameters can be used either as initial approximations for a bundle adjustment procedure or as rough georeferencing information for several applications, like 3D modelling, even by non-photogrammetrists, because of the minimal user intervention needed. Finally, comparisons with a commercial software are made, in terms of automation and correctness of the computed EO parameters.


The need for controlled release formulations for diclofenac sodium, ciprofloxacin, and theophylline is well recognized. In our study, controlled release tablets of the three drugs were formulated by the matrix-embedding technique using ethyl cellulose as retardant. Tablets of all the drugs were of good physical quality with respect to appearance, drug content uniformity, hardness, weight variation, and friability. In vitro release rate studies showed that ethyl cellulose extended the release of the three drugs to 12 hr or more. Release patterns from formulations of the three drugs followed Higuchi's square root kinetics. At pH 6.8, the release rate was higher in all three drugs, probably due to increased solubility of the drugs and/or increased swelling of ethyl cellulose at the higher pH. The formulations were highly stable and possessed reproducible release kinetics across batches.


Aeromonas infections are the most common bacterial disease of cultured fish in China. In this study, a gram-negative bacillus was isolated from the liver of diseased koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi), and named strain KC-2. The results of morphological and biochemical tests, as well as phylogenetic analysis derived from 16S rRNA and gyrB sequences indicated that the isolated strain KC-2 was highly identical to the known Aeromonas media ATCC 33907. Experimental infection assays were conducted, and pathogenicity was demonstrated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the strain KC-2 was sensitive to cefalotin, cefixime, cefotaxime, gentamicin, netilmicin, azithromycin and chloramphenicol. This is the first report on the isolation and identification of A. media from diseased, cultured koi fish. The results of the study will provide a scientific reference for prevention of bacterial disease of koi carp and identification of A. media in fish.


Background: There is no consensus regarding the association between polymorphisms in the myosin IXB (MYO9B) gene and celiac disease (CD) risk. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate genetic variants in MYO9B with CD. Methods: Four MYO9B polymorphisms (rs1545620, rs1457092, rs2305767 and rs2305764) were assessed. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases until June 2015. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to investigate the strength of the association under dominant, recessive, homozygote and allelic comparison models. Results: Seven case-control studies with a total of 1965 CD patients and 4894 controls were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that rs1545620 was associated with CD risk in Europeans in dominant (OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.10-1.58, Pz=0.003), recessive (OR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.08-1.72, Pz=0.009), homozygote (OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.20-2.01, Pz=0.001), and allelic comparison models (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.10-1.40, Pz=0.001), whereas in a Latin American group there were significant associations of CD with rs1457092 in dominant (OR=15.30, 95% CI: 3.51-66.67, Pz<0.001), homozygote (OR=16.55, 95% CI: 3.62-75.65, Pz<0.001), and allelic comparison models (OR=1.95, 95% CI: 1.31-2.91, Pz=0.001), and rs2305767 in dominant (OR=5.35, 95% CI: 2.42-11.86, Pz<0.001) and allelic comparison models (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.11-2.45, Pz=0.013). There was no association between rs2305764 and CD risk in either Europeans or the Latin American group. Conclusion: rs1545620 is associated with CD risk in Europeans, whereas rs1457092 and rs2305767 are associated with CD risk in a Latin American group.


In any numerical solution of the DC resistivity experiment, care must be taken to deal with strong heterogeneity of electrical conductivity. In order to examine the importance of conductivity contrasts, we develop a scattering decomposition of the DC resistivity equation in the sparse differential domain as opposed to the traditional dense integral formulation of scattering‐type equations. We remove the singularity in the differential scattered series via separation of primary and secondary conductivity, thereby avoiding the need to address the singularity in a Green's function. The differential scattering series is observed to diverge for large conductivity contrasts and to converge for small contrasts. We derive a convergence criterion, in terms of matrix norms for the weak‐form finite‐volume equations, that accounts for both the magnitude and distribution of heterogeneity of electrical conductivity. We demonstrate the relationship between the differential scattering series and the Fréchet derivative of the electrical potential with respect to electrical conductivity, and we show how the development may be applied to the inverse problem. For linearization associated with the Fréchet derivative to be valid, the perturbation in electrical conductivity must be small as defined by the convergence of the scattered series. The differential scattering formulation also provides an efficient tool for gaining insight into charge accumulation across contrasts in electrical conductivity, and we present a derivation that equates accumulated surface charge density to the source of scattered potential.


Ethical Dilemmas in Fertility Counseling addresses the many quandaries encountered by mental health professionals who practice in the field of reproductive medicine. This book sets the standard for psychologists who work with donors and recipients of gametes and embryos, gestational surrogates, intended parents, and children conceived through assisted reproduction. Through a series of thoughtfully analyzed case vignettes, readers will learn a template that can help them navigate with their clients issues such as:* Access to assisted reproductive technology* What to do with unused embryos* Whether to risk initiating or reducing a multifetal pregnancy* Whether to disclose information about the use of collaborative reproductive technologies* Balancing law compliance, practice guidelines, and ethical principles within the context of values held by the patients' culture, religion, society, and family.As background to their step-by-step strategy for resolving ethical dilemmas in fertility counseling, the authors provide reviews of medical, psychological, sociological, and bioethical literature in relation to assisted reproductive technologies, as well as a comparison of international and religious approaches. This book will help psychologists already working in the field as well as those wishing to develop a niche practice in the area of reproductive medicine and health to base their practices on empirical evidence and to consistently work in an ethical manner.


Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) constitute the most specific and powerful warnings of impending stroke. They are defined as brief, focal neurological events of sudden onset. Their proper recognition and treatment rank second only to the modification of risk factors in importance for stroke prevention. Carotid endarterectomy, although widely used to treat TIAs, remains unproven; randomized clinical trials are attempting to define its role. Anticoagulant therapy appears worth while for suspected cardiac embolism and possibly for disabling TIAs. Acetylsalicylic acid is the only agent that has been found to be effective in controlled trials, but questions persist about its dosage, its efficacy in women and its use after stroke. Another platelet inhibitor, ticlopidine hydrochloride, is being investigated and may prove to be an effective alternative.


This study used Nelore embryo donors to evaluate the effects of summer temperatures and humidity in a tropical area on embryo recovery. Seventeen cows were randomly assigned to three groups (G1, G2 and G3) as well as 28 heifers into four groups (G4, G5, G6 and G7), and underwent a consecutive 4 days superovulation protocol (day 0 to 3) and two artificial inseminations (AI; day 4 and 5). Cortisol concentrations were determined on day 0, 4 and 5. Temperature and humidity index (THI) was recorded from days 0 to 7. Embryos were recovered on day 11, and evaluated for quality and quantity. Heifers experienced higher thermal load than cows, however, there was no difference in the cortisol and reproductive parameters measured between heifers and cows. The THI measured throughout the experiment oscillated between 65.8 and 85.2 (76.1 ± 3.9), which is a dangerous range for thermal comfort, especially above 78. Animals from G5 were subjected to high THI throughout the experimental protocol, approaching a dangerous condition (78.7 ± 0.9) on day 4 (first AI). The THI for G2 cattle was also high, as in the other groups, but increased to over 80 two days after AI. Animals from group G5 had the lowest viable production being 2.4 ± 0.9 embryos (38% of viability), followed by cattle from group G2 (3.0 ± 0.9 viable, P<0.05). Thus, high thermal load in the summer expressed by high THI, on the day and post- insemination days (during embryo cleavage), compromises embryo number, viability and consequently reproductive performance of Nelore females.


Individuals with disabilities have been acknowledged in the literature to have the same desire to travel as their able-bodied counterparts. However, participation in tourism imposes disproportional challenges for many of them and there are still various areas that need to be improved. Research on travellers with disabilities is still in its infancy and most studies concentrate on barriers and constraints to participation. Not much is known about how these constraints are being dealt with and what influence they have on travel experiences of travellers with disabilities. This study explores the travel experiences of travellers with mobility impairments, with a focus on travel constraints and the negotiation strategies.  This research draws upon the author's personal experience as a traveller with mobility impairments who has faced travel constraints and tried to negotiate and overcome those constraints. I enjoy personal travel experiences and believe travel is a fundamental right for those with disabilities. Using an approach based on the social model of disability enhanced with a degree of human agency, this research was undertaken with travellers who have some degree of privileged status in terms of access to opportunities and resources required for travel. They voice concerns and problems, but they also demonstrate human agency which is significant for their travel experiences. The study seeks better insight into the tension between travel constraints and the ability of travellers with mobility impairments to participate in tourism. Constraints, negotiation strategies, and their influence on participation are addressed across different scales: the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural.  A qualitative methodology informed by an interpretive social sciences paradigm enables this study to access people's experiences expressed in their own words, give voice to them to get the meaning of social interactions, and thereby explain their travel experiences. Fourteen New Zealand-based participants aged between 18 and 44 were recruited, all of whom have either a congenital or acquired a mobility impairment. In-depth semi-structured interviews were designed with a staggered approach comprising three interview sessions with each participant. Overall, 42 interview sessions with 14 participants resulted in detailed data which was analysed using a content analysis approach.  The analysis focused on the travel experiences of travellers with mobility impairments which span over degrees of participation: from non-participation to partial participation to full participation. This outlined the tension between constraints and negotiation and how the final levels of participation were impacted by that tension. Travel constraints, negotiation strategies, and tourism facilitators ‒ in three levels of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural ‒ affected the levels of participation. Sometimes participants used negotiation strategies from a different category than the constraint; for instance, an interpersonal negotiation strategy to overcome a structural constraint. The research confirmed many of the factors identified in the literature but revealed a greater range of constraints, facilitators and negotiation strategies, including some that have not previously been explored, for example, time (constraint), resilience and determination (facilitator), and developing emotional skills (negotiation strategy). The findings also revealed that some factors could influence participation with multiple roles. Equipment and money could be constraints, facilitators, and negotiation strategies in different travel experiences.  Although generalized helplessness around travel was not observed in the sample, individual incidents of feeling a sense of helplessness had an effect on participation in tourism. Participants' disability, more specifically the type and severity of their impairments, was another determining factor for participation. Lastly, the type of trip and destination were significant in terms of constraints encountered, negotiation strategies used, and the level of participation. Participants regarded business trips as the easiest (when compared to VFR and pleasure travel) with fewer constraints that generally were easier to overcome. Most participants also regarded domestic trips as easier compared to international trips due to their familiarity with the travel context.  The research brings together the theory of negotiation, the theory of learned helplessness, and the leisure constraints model into a single study to understand different levels of participation among travellers with mobility impairments. Therefore, it contributes to an understanding of the travel experiences of travellers with mobility impairments in the New Zealand context and the implications of disabilities for travel. Hence, the research hopes to promote the changes required to improve the travel experiences of travellers with mobility impairments. Based on the theoretical and practical contributions of the study, several recommendations are provided for the tourism industry and the policy-makers. These recommendations aim at moving towards a more inclusive and fair tourism for travellers with disabilities.


Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) utilizes short laser pulses to deposit energy into light absorbers and sensitively detects the ultrasonic waves the absorbers generate in response. PAM directly renders a three-dimensional spatial distribution of sub-surface optical absorbers. Unlike other optical imaging technologies, PAM features label-free optical absorption contrast and excellent imaging depths. Standard dental imaging instruments are limited to X-ray and CCD cameras. Subsurface optical dental imaging is difficult due to the highly-scattering enamel and dentin tissue. Thus, very few imaging methods can detect dental decay or diagnose dental pulp, which is the innermost part of the tooth, containing the nerves, blood vessels, and other cells. Here, we conducted a feasibility study on imaging dental decay and dental pulp with PAM. Our results showed that PAM is sensitive to the color change associated with dental decay. Although the relative PA signal distribution may be affected by surface contours and subsurface reflections from deeper dental tissue, monitoring changes in the PA signals (at the same site) over time is necessary to identify the progress of dental decay. Our results also showed that deep-imaging, near-infrared (NIR) PAM can sensitively image blood in the dental pulp of an in vitro tooth. In conclusion, PAM is a promising tool for imaging both dental decay and dental pulp.


SUMMARY The nature and extent of the hydrostratigraphic units in the Vale of Eden, Cumbria, has been established by an appraisal of existing lithostratigraphical information. The Penrith and St Bees sandstones are the most important aquifiers; drift geology strongly influences recharge processes. Regional recharge and discharge areas are apparent from existing piezometric data; the principal drain for groundwater in the Vale is the River Eden and its tributaries. The quality of groundwater in the Vale is generally good, and conforms to Ca–HCO 3 facies. Local trends towards Ca–SO 4 facies are found adjacent to the Eden Shales, but salinities are not excessive. Nitrates are generally low, but in at least one shallow unconfined portion of the Penrith Sandstones, a rising trend is discernible. The Penrith Sandstone waters are poorly buffered, and in some cases, pH is below 5.5. It is considered that this may locally be due to nitrification of ammoniacal fertilizers where the sandstone is unconfined. Groundwaters in the Vale are undersaturated with respect to the major carbonate minerals, but saturated with respect to silica (amorphous or as quartz) and massively super-saturated with respect to hematite. This suggests that the characteristic cements of the Penrith Sandstone may still be precipitating today. Priorities for further research include delineation of aquifer geometry and intensified hydrochemical monitoring.


The standard Gibbs energies of formation of SrIrO3, Sr2IrO4 and Sr4IrO6 have been determined in the temperature range from 975 to 1400 K using solid-state cells with (Y2O3) ZrO2 as the electrolyte and pure oxygen gas at a pressure of 0.1 MPa as the reference electrode. For the design of appropriate working electrodes, phase relations in the ternary system Sr–Ir–O were investigated at 1350 K. The only stable oxide detected along the binary Ir–O was IrO2. Three ternary oxides, SrIrO3, Sr2IrO4 and Sr4IrO6, compositions of which fall on the join SrO–IrO2, were found to be stable. Each of the oxides coexisted with pure metal Ir. Therefore, three working electrodes were prepared consisting of mixtures of Ir+SrO+Sr4IrO6, Ir+Sr4IrO6+Sr2IrO4, and Ir+Sr2IrO4+SrIrO3. These mixtures unambiguously define unique oxygen chemical potentials under isothermal and isobaric conditions. Used for the measurements was a novel apparatus, in which a buffer electrode was introduced between reference and working electrodes to absorb the electrochemical flux of oxygen through the solid electrolyte. The buffer electrode prevented polarization of the measuring electrode and ensured accurate data. The standard Gibbs energies of formation of the compounds, obtained from the emf of the cells, can be represented by the following equations:
View the MathML sourcem View the MathML source
View the MathML source where Δf (ox)Go represents the standard Gibbs energy of formation of the ternary compound from its component binary oxides SrO and IrO2. Based on the thermodynamic information, chemical potential diagrams for the system Sr–Ir–O were developed.


Introduction Adequate nutrition is important for health in later life. Older adults are especially vulnerable to adverse outcomes following infection by COVID-19 and have commonly spent a disproportionate time within their own homes to reduce risk of infection. There are concerns that advice to shield may have led to malnutrition as older adults may modify daily routines including usual shopping habits. The aims of this study were to report self-reported pandemic-related changes in diet and examine lifestyle and medical correlates of these changes in older UK community-dwelling adults. Methods We recruited 491 participants from the city of Southampton, UK. Participants completed a postal questionnaire in summer/autumn 2021, over a year after the first UK national lockdown was announced. The questionnaire ascertained demographic and lifestyle factors, in addition to number of comorbidities, nutrition risk scores, and presence of frailty. Associations between these participant characteristics in relation to self-reported changes in diet quality (lower, similar or higher when compared to before the first lockdown) were examined using ordinal logistic regression. Results Median (lower quartile, upper quartile) age was 79.8 (77.0, 83.7) years. Overall, 11 (4.9%) men and 25 (9.4%) women had poorer diet quality compared to before the first UK lockdown. The following participant characteristics were associated with increased risk of being in a worse category for change in diet quality after adjustment for sex: lower educational attainment (p = 0.009); higher BMI (p < 0.001); higher DETERMINE (a malnutrition assessment) score (p = 0.004); higher SARC-F score (p = 0.013); and self-reported exhaustion in the previous week on at least 3 days (p = 0.002). Conclusions Individuals at higher nutritional risk were identified as reporting increased risk of deterioration in diet quality during the pandemic. Further investigation of the factors leading to these changes, and an understanding of whether they are reversible will be important, especially for future pandemic management.


The removal of chemicals in solution by overland flow from agricultural land has the potential to be a significant source of chemical loss where chemicals are applied to the soil surface, as in zero tillage and surface-mulched farming systems. Currently, we lack detailed understanding of the transfer mechanism between the soil solution and overland flow, particularly under field conditions. A model of solute transfer from soil solution to overland flow was developed. The model is based on the hypothesis that a solute is initially distributed uniformly throughout the soil pore space in a thin layer at the soil surface. A fundamental assumption of the model is that at the time runoff commences, any solute at the soil surface that could be transported into the soil with the infiltrating water will already have been convected away from the area of potential exchange. Solute remaining at the soil surface is therefore not subject to further infiltration and may be approximated as a layer of tracer on a plane impermeable surface. The model fitted experimental data very well in all but one trial. The model in its present form focuses on the exchange of solute between the soil solution and surface water after the commencement of runoff. Future model development requires the relationship between the mass transfer parameters of the model and the time to runoff to be defined. This would enable the model to be used for extrapolation beyond the specific experimental results of this study. The close agreement between experimental results and model simulations shows that the simple transfer equation proposed in this study has promise for estimating solute loss to surface runoff.


How do changes in market structure affect the US business cycle? We estimate a monetary DSGE model with endogenous firm/product entry and a translog expenditure function by Bayesian methods. The dynamics of net business formation allow us to identify the extent to which desired price markups and inflation decrease when entry rises. We find that a 1% increase in the number of competitors lowers desired markups by 0.17%. While markup fluctuations due to sticky prices or exogenous shocks account for a large proportion of US inflation variability, endogenous changes in desired markups also play a non-negligible role.


Many universities are seeking new ways to interact with industry on a variety of levels and for a variety of reasons. Public universities in particular face significant challenges in the 21 century, with the decline of state funding, the rapid pace of change in the world around them, and increasing demands from different stakeholders. To meet these challenges and opportunities, many universities are seeking new ways to partner with industry. The Peter Kiewit Institute at the University of Nebraska at Omaha is one example of a successful partnership. Given the location of the conference in Omaha, Nebraska, we have an opportunity to hear from a panel of participants in that partnership. The goal of this panel is to discuss ideas at a strategic level and stimulate thinking on how business and higher education can work together in new ways.


Noncompliance to treatment allocation is likely to complicate estimation of causal effects in clinical trials. The ubiquitous nonrandom phenomenon of noncompliance renders per-protocol and as-treated analyses or even simple regression adjustments for noncompliance inadequate for causal inference. For survival data, several specialist methods have been developed when noncompliance is related to risk. The Causal Accelerated Life Model (CALM) allows time-dependent departures from randomized treatment in either arm and relates each observed event time to a potential event time that would have been observed if the control treatment had been given throughout the trial. Alternatively, the structural Proportional Hazards (C-Prophet) model accounts for all-or-nothing noncompliance in the treatment arm only while the CHARM estimator allows time-dependent departures from randomized treatment by considering survivaloutcome as a sequence of binary outcomes to provide an `approximate' overall hazard ratio estimate which is adjusted for compliance. The problem of efficacy estimation is compounded for two-active treatment trials (additional noncompliance) where the ITT estimate provides a biased estimator for the true hazard ratio even under homogeneous treatment effects assumption. Using plausible arm-specific predictors of compliance, principal stratification methods can be applied to obtain principal effects for each stratum. The present work applies the above methods to data from the Esprit trials study which was conducted to ascertain whether or not unopposed oestrogen (hormone replacement therapy-HRT) reduced the risk of further cardiac events in postmenopausal women who survive a first myocardial infarction. We use statistically designed simulation studies to evaluate the performance of these methods in terms of bias and 95% confidence interval coverage. We also apply a principal stratification method to adjust for noncompliance in two treatment arms trial originally developed for binary data for survival analysis in terms of causal risk ratio. In a Bayesian framework, we apply the method to Esprit data to account for noncompliance in both treatment arms and estimate principal effects. We apply statistically designed simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the method in terms of bias in the causal effect estimates for each stratum. ITT analysis of the Esprit data showed the effects of taking HRT tablets was not statistically significantly different from placebo for both all-cause mortality and myocardial reinfarction outcomes. Average compliance rate for HRT treatment was 43% and compliance rate decreased as the study progressed. CHARM and C-Prophet methods produced similar results but CALM performed best for Esprit: suggesting HRT would reduce risk of death by 50%. Simulation studies comparing the methods suggested that while both C-Prophet and CHARM methods performed equally well in terms of bias, the CALM method performed best in terms of both bias and 95% confidence interval coverage albeit with the largest RMSE. The principal stratification method failed for the Esprit study possibly due to the strong distribution assumption implicit in the method and lack of adequate compliance information in the data which produced large 95% credible intervals for the principal effect estimates. For moderate value of sensitivity parameter, principal stratification results suggested compliance with HRT tablets relative to placebo would reduce risk of mortality by 43% among the most compliant. Simulation studies on performance of this method showed narrower corresponding mean 95% credible intervals corresponding to the the causal risk ratio estimates for this subgroup compared to other strata. However, the results were sensitive to the unknown sensitivity parameter.


Pattern recognition based models propose that in highly routine situations, the
FireGround Incident Commanders (FGC) make decisions using experiences of
the past similar incidents (Klein et al, 1986), which are stored in memory as
schemas (Klein et al, 2006). Due to the nonsystematic development of
schemas that guide pattern recognition (Beach & Mitchell, 1978) and the biases
attached with pattern recognition (Tversky & Kahnmen, 1974), this approach is
least favorable candidate for decision making in nonroutine situations. The
nonroutine situations are characterized by: failure to clearly recognize relevant
past episodes (Bousfield & Sedgewick, 1944), deliberate avoiding of recalling
the past episodes (Jacoby et al, 1989) or time constraint and ambiguity of
available information for decision making. This research proposes that in
nonroutine situations, the FGCs rely on thorough search and assessment of
diagnostic, relevant, and important cues. Therefore, one aim of this research is
to propose a model of the FGCs' decision making process for nonroutine
situations; the model will base on the use of cues rather than the pattern
recognition approach. This research also aims to provide a robust and coherent
definition of the FGC's decision making process and will subsequently specify
the structure and the underlying phases of it.
The context of the research is the decisions made by the FGCs during large
fires, involving at least 5 fire appliances. 20 FGCs from 2 of the UK's large
firebrigades with at least 7 years of experience in command position
participated in a fieldwork carried over a period of 1 year. For the data
collection, multiple case studies in the form of critical incident reports are
obtained from the participants. Each critical incident is explored further through
semi-structured interviews. For the data analysis, theoretical or deductive
thematic approach and process reconstruction method (Nutt, 1983) are used. Results indicate that the current definition of the term 'FGC's decision making
process' is incomplete. The definition of the FGC's decision making process
proposed in this research now, recognizes that each process of selection and
evaluation of a course of action to solve a problem (Klein et al, 1986) is
preceded by a process of identification of a problem. This definition
commensurate with the widely acceptable definition of decision making process
proposed in Nutt (1984). This research also found that the FGCs make
decisions in 2 cyclic and distinguishable phases, which are the 'problem
recognition' phase, and the 'solution generation' phase. Finally, a cue-centric
model of the FGC's decision making process is proposed. The model showed
that in nonroutine situations, when pattern recognition fails to guide the
decision making process, the FGCs develop a mental model of a situation
through thorough search and assessment of the valuable cues based on their
diagnosticity, importance and relevance. The mental model assists in
identifying problems and selecting a course of action to solve that problem.
This research fulfills the need of developing descriptive models for clarifying
issues arising in the areas of training, selection, and in developing decision
support systems (Klein et al, 1986).


In this paper, an efficient three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach based on the D-, E-, and H-fields is proposed to handle arbitrary anisotropic dielectric media; and, particularly, the way of imposing the electric-wall boundary condition on the surface of perfect electric conductors is discussed in detail. By combining the proposed FDTD approach with the material-independent perfectly matched-layer absorbers, the performance of a line-fed microstrip patch antenna deposited on general anisotropic dielectric substrate is investigated. The scattering parameters of the antenna as a function of the rotation angle of the optical axis of the anisotropic substrate are presented for the first time. Numerical results demonstrate how the resonant frequencies of the antenna are influenced by the anisotropy.


The use of practices that strengthen the software development process has benefited from standards that guide organizations either to self-assess themselves and set an improvement goal, or to adopt the practices that contribute the most to their business. This article describes the use of the CMMI-DEV 2.0 model for the improvement of the process of a financial software project. The methodology used to evaluate the current process against the practices of the model is described, and a series of proposed improvement opportunities that could be implemented in each category are listed. The case study described in this article may be of interest to organizations that are interested in improving their software process.


Most commercially available lithium ion battery systems and some of their possible successors, such as lithium (metal)-sulfur batteries, rely on liquid organic electrolytes. Since the electrolyte is in contact with both the negative and the positive electrode, its electrochemical stability window is of high interest. Monitoring the electrolyte decomposition occurring at these electrodes is key to understand the influence of chemical and electrochemical reactions on cell performance and to evaluate aging mechanisms. In the context of lithium-sulfur batteries, information about the analysis of soluble species in the electrolytes—besides the well-known lithium polysulfides—is scarcely available. Here, the irreversible decomposition reactions of typically ether-based electrolytes will be addressed. Gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometric detection is able to deliver information about volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it is already used to investigate similar samples, such as electrolytes from other battery types, including lithium ion batteries. The method transfer from these reports and from model experiments with non-target analyses are promising tools to generate knowledge about the system and to build up suitable strategies for lithium-sulfur cell analyses. In the presented work, the aim is to identify aging products emerging in electrolytes regained from cells with sulfur-based cathodes. Higher-molecular polymerization products of ether-based electrolytes used in lithium-sulfur batteries are identified. Furthermore, the reactivity of the lithium polysulfides with carbonate-based solvents is investigated in a worst-case scenario and carbonate sulfur cross-compounds identified for target analyses. None of the target molecules are found in carbonate-based electrolytes regained from operative lithium-titanium sulfide cells, thus hinting at a new aging mechanism in these systems.


Since doped polymers require a charge‐neutralizing counter‐ion to maintain charge neutrality, tailored and high degrees of doping in organic semiconductors requires an understanding of the coupling between ionic and electronic carrier motion. A method of counter‐ion exchange is utilized using the polymeric semiconductor poly[2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene] ‐C14 to deconvolute the effects of ionic/polaronic interactions with the electrical properties of doped semiconducting polymers. In particular, exchanging the counter‐ions of the dopant nitrosonium hexafluorophosphate enables investigation into the role of counter‐ion size from 5.2 to 8.2 Å in diameter. The orientational order of the polymeric crystallites is not affected with this exchange process while effectively modifying the counter‐ion distance to the charge carrier. Doped films have electrical conductivities of 320 S cm−1 and are not sensitive to an increased ion‐polaron distance. It is posited that other factors dominate the electrical properties at a device scale, such as the morphology and presence of domain boundaries. Interestingly, the temperature stability of the doped film can be drastically improved with the use of counter‐ions containing less labile bonds. This platform serves as a unique way to retain the morphology of polymeric thin films while studying charge interactions at the local scale.


study was conducted to investigate the reproductive performance, milk yield, hair production, fleece characteristics and body weight after shearing of Hair goats (Anatolian Black Goats), bred under extensive conditions in Turkey. The material of the study was formed a total data of 456 Hair goats, which were between 2 and 7 years of age bred in the period of two years. Conception rate, infertility rate, abortion rate, kidding rate, single birth rate, twin birth rate, the percentage of kids born according to mated does and litter size were 97.81 %, 2.19 %, 3.59 %, 94.30 %, 97.91 %, 2.09 %, 96.27 % and 1.02, respectively. Lactation length, milk yield in lactation period, milking period and milk yield in milking period of goats were determined as 232.29 days, 100.92 kg, 132.09 days and 43.14 kg, respectively. Hair production, fibre diameter and staple length of Hair goats in the study were determined as 381.00 g, 76.70 micrones and 13.63 cm, respectively. It was found that the effects of production year and farm on the reproductive traits given by percentage weren't statistically significant, whereas the difference among production years for litter size was significant. It was found that the effect of production year on milk production traits except for lactation length and on the hair production; the effect of farm factor on the hair production, staple length and live weigth after shearing; the effect of age on the milk production traits, hair production traits and live weight after shearing; the effect of live weight on the hair production were statistically significant (p<0.05).


Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter is recognized as the most important disease of apples in Serbia. Fungicides remain the primary tool for managing this disease and, due to its polycyclic nature; repeated applications are required over the course of a single season. During 2004-2010 we have conducted many trials for evaluation of chemical control of this disease. The following compounds were tested: pyraclostrobin + dithianon, trifloxystrobin + captan, kresoxim-methyl + dithianon, difenoconazole, pirimethanil, boscalid + pyraclostrobin, pyrimethanil + fluquinconazol and fenbuconazole. Trials were set according to EPPO guideline PP 1/5(3). A complete randomized block design with four replicates per treatment was used in the experiments. Mean percent disease control values were calculated from the evaluations made towards the end of the trials, when differentia¬tion between the treatments was the most obvious. Data were analysed by one-way completely randomized ANOVA, and means comparison performed by Duncan's test. The infection of untreated control plots ranged from 23.0% to 77.5%. All treatments were effective against V. ineaqualis and significantly reduced disease severity in all experiments, compared with the untreated control. Comparing the tested fungicides, pyrimethanil applied alone and mixtures of trifloxystrobin + captan, kresoxim-methyl + dithianon, pyrimethanil + fluquinconazol and pyraclostrobin + dithianon demonstrated the highest efficacy in all trials (85.6%-97.2%). DMI fungicides (difenoconazole and fenbuconazole) and mixture of boscalid + pyraclostrobin exhibited lower efficacy (68.5% - 75.1%) compared to other tested materials.


In reviewing the genetic, morphological, behavioural, and ecological distinctiveness of caribou throughout Canada, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) (2011) divided "Southern Mountain caribou" (c.f. COSEWIC 2002) into three designatable units (DU) for conservation purposes: Northern Mountain (DU7), Central Mountain (DU8), and Southern Mountain (DU9) populations of woodland caribou. These new designations mean that each is considered a "wildlife species" according to the Species at Risk Act. Recent federal and provincial government reports refer to "Southern Mountain caribou," conflating Southern Mountain, Central Mountain, and nine of the 45 subpopulations of Northern Mountain caribou into one pseudo-population, with clear conservation consequences. For example, in 2018, a federal decision on an emergency order required the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) to ascertain whether there were immediate threats to the survival or recovery of the Southern Mountain population of woodland caribou. By conflating two ecotypes and part of another into "Southern Mountain caribou"—an obsolete, geographical grouping not used since2002—ECCC's assessment falsely informed the Minister that there were 3,764 "Southern Mountain caribou," when in fact there were only 1,240 in the Southern Mountain (DU9)mpopulation. Other errors arising from the first distorted the number and trajectories of extant subpopulations. Instead of issuing the emergency order, the Minister entered into protracted negotiations with the province on recovery planning that continue at this writing. The nomenclatural ambiguity can be resolved by 1) using the currently accepted taxonomy naming Osborn's caribou a valid subspecies, R. t. osborni, instead of Northern Mountain population of woodland caribou, 2) using original English names for Mountain caribou and Rocky Mountain caribou, and 3) basing conservation actions on these distinct phylogenetic units as per COSEWIC (2011, 2014).


Raman spectra of syngenetic majoritic garnets were obtained from the Brazilian Sao-Luiz diamond suite. These garnets have a low majoritic content (<50%). Spectra were collected from (1) inclusions embedded in the diamonds and (2) inclusions extracted from the diamonds. From the latter, a clear relationship exists between the Raman spectra and the chemical analysis. All the majoritic garnets (Si > 3) have a characteristic signature in the frequency region of the SiO4-SiO6 stretching vibrations. This vibration gives a broad peak between 800 and 900 cm just before an intense band (900–930 cm) classically assigned to Si-O stretching vibrations of the SiO4 tetrahedra in all known garnets. This broad band is also present in non-majoritic garnets (Si = 3) that result from the transformation, within the diamonds, of majoritic garnets into low-pressure garnet + pyroxene intergrowths. We show that the presence of significant TiO2 content in these normal garnets leads to Raman spectra mimicking those of majoritic garnets. The occurrence of a broad shoulder between 800 and 900 cm as well as broad bands near 960 and 1030 cm in the Raman spectra are no longer diagnostic features indicative of a majoritic garnet when the TiO2 content of the garnets is high (>1 wt%) as is the case for the Sao Luiz diamonds. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the strong Raman mode near 910 cm is the only reliable signature that discriminates Si = 3 from Si > 3 garnets. The frequency of the diamond Raman mode used as an in-situ piezometer shows that the actual pressure of the garnet inclusions is between 0.5 and 0.8 GPa.


The Danube Region, perhaps the most complicated formation of the European continent, is based on physical geographical factors (the Danube, the river's catchment area). The catchment area as a physical geographical framework forms a kind of water use and pollution unit, a focus, and through man-made transformation, it partially represents a kind of risk community as well. For people living in the area alongside the river itself, the proximity of the Danube represents a certain historical and cultural attitude. With the exception of the close riverbank area, the region's population has only indirect Danube space consciousness. The region's relief divides the Danube catchment area into several sub-catchment areas and natural units. The set of basins (Upper, Middle and Lower Danube Basin) potentially carries options for partial integration. Within some basins the intensification of co-operation may resolve the historically developed tensions, still partly existing today. This report is based on a synthesis of a number of sources listed in the bibliography, as well as original research by Institute staff. Its aim is not to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Danube transnational region as such, but well structured information useful enough to take into account the territorial specificities of this region when developing scenarios at the European level.  To this end, it presents the most relevant sectoral trends affecting the Danube Region at the present time, as well as domestic and EU policy challenges and development opportunities. On the basis of analysis, development scenarios are outlined, also identifying the key trends which will influence integration and Europeanisation in the forthcoming decades.


This research is to develop a processing technique for fabricating the three-dimensional nonwoven fabric with the sound absorption capability and flame retardant capability. Furthermore, the physical properties and functionalities of the three-dimensional nonwoven fabric are adequately evaluated and tested. Several nonwoven fabrics are fabricated by two polyester fibers with different denier numbers and the low-melting-point fibers. Then, multiple nonwoven fabrics are used to make three-dimensional nonwoven fabrics through lapping, needle-punching process. After being reinforced by heating in the hot air circulation oven, the physical properties of three-dimensional nonwoven fabrics such as tensile strength, breathability, sound-absorption coefficients, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and thermal conductive coefficients are properly evaluated. Subsequently, the influence of fiber faintness on the performance of sound-absorption and thermal insulation of three-dimensional nonwoven fabrics is carefully examined through the obtained results.


A new generation of intelligent applications can be enabled by broad-coverage repositories of knowledge. One emerging approach to constructing such repositories is proactive knowledge collection from large numbers of volunteer contributors. In this paper, we study the coverage and quality of a representative collection of part-of information contributed by volunteers. We analyze growth of coverage over time, redundancy of the collected knowledge, and the effect of the coverage and redundancy on the quality of the collection. We also present initial comparisons with collections created by ontology engineering and text extraction approaches. Our analysis reveals that redundancy of contribution helps identify high quality statements, but that some of the statements also have overly high redundancy, drawing contributor effort away from areas where they are needed more. We suggest possible ways to address these issues in future collection efforts.


The unsteady water discharge rate on performance of storage-type domestic electrical water-heaters with wedged inlet was studied by computer fluid dynamics simulation (CFD). The results were compared with those of conventional design EWHs having the same tank size. The heater performance is characterized the discharge efficiency, extraction efficiency and fraction of heat recoverable. The water draw-off temperature profile of steady and unsteady water discharge rate has nothing difference for wedged inlet structure, both curve was overlapped. The almost the same energy utility efficiency was gotten both steady and unsteady discharge rate for wedged inlet structure. The obviously difference of water draw-off temperature profile was shown for conventional inlet structure. Water draw-off temperature profile of unsteady discharge rate was decreased faster than steady discharge rate. The energy utility efficiency of unsteady discharge rate was also lower than steady discharge rate. The results were shown that the wedged inlet structure heater has excellent performance for energy utility efficiency under unsteady discharge rate.


Disseminated cysticercosis is a rare form of cysticercosis in which the cysticerci spread out through the whole body. We report the first case of a 39-year-old Mongolian with disseminated cysticercosis. He visited our hospital with generalized tonic-clonic seizure. After extensive investigation from brain computed tomography (CT), spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whole body MRI and pathologic biopsy, he was diagnosed as having cysticercosis involving the brain, subcutaneous tissue, and skeletal muscles through the whole body. We treated him with the albendazole in which case the followed MRI showed that numbers of cystic lesions were copiously decreased. We report an unsual case of disseminated cysticercosis treated with medical therapy.


The application of activated zinc oxide compared with ordinary zinc oxide in sole rubber was investigated. The experiment showed that activated zinc oxide could improve the microstructure and cross-linking degree of cross-linked rubber, the tensile strength at 100% elongation and at 300% elongation. The ageing resistance increased by 12%. With the amount of activated zinc oxide increased, the modulus at 100% elongation, the modulus at 300% elongation and shore hardness assumed increased, but the elongation at break, tear strength, the ageing resistance presented dropped.


The meaning of words is to be derived from the relations between words, concepts and things in the real world. Words have a representational or symbolic meaning, that is, they are about something that goes beyond the physical shape that have meanings. Any communication is only successful to the extent that the idea the hearer or the reader gets is the same idea that the speaker or writer intended the hearer or reader to get. What matters is how the world is represented, construed by means of linguistic expressions and how our reports about reality are influenced by conceptual structures inherent in our language. These structures can be metaphoric, carrying connotations as in this study. The study looks at the use of illness related diction to show the ideological outlook of Martin Luther King Junior and Bate Besong. The groupings of the metaphor vehicles portray that both Martin Luther King Junior and Bate Besong follow the discourse dynamics, showing interconnectedness of the dimensions of metaphor used in their works, unravelling vehicle patterns of systematic metaphor of illness.


The present research investigated the impact of properties of cognitions as
moderators of cognition-behaviour consistency within the Theory of Planned Behaviour
(TPB: Ajzen, 1991). Study I compared accessibility, direct experience and temporal
stability as moderators of cognition-behaviour relations for donation behaviour.
Temporal stability was the only significant moderator of cognition-behaviour
consistency. Study 2 used meta-analysis to quantify the impact of seven properties of
cognitions-accessibility, affective-cognitive consistency, ambivalence, certainty, direct
experience, involvement and temporal stability--on cognition-behaviour and cognition intention
relations. All variables moderated cognition-behaviour and/or cognitionintention
relations. Temporal stability emerged as the most effective moderator of
attitude-behaviour and intention-behaviour relations. Study 3 examined the factor
structure of properties of intentions and provided a second test of properties of
intentions as moderators of intention-behaviour relations. Principal components analysis
found a four factor solution for five properties of intentions with accessibility and
temporal stability loading on independent factors and the other factors consisting of the
other three properties. Temporal stability was the only variable to moderate intention behaviour
relations. Two further studies showed that temporal stability had a direct
effect on participants' information processing. In Study 4, participants with more stable
intentions had better recognition memory for intention-relevant information whereas
Study 5 found that temporal stability moderated the effect of a rating scale manipulation
on participants' ratings such that participants with more stable intentions were
unaffected by the manipulation, whereas participants with less stable intentions were
affected by the manipulation. Overall, the findings demonstrate that temporal stability
(a) is a conceptually distinct property of participants' cognitions, (b) is the most
effective moderator of cognition-behaviour relations in previous research, and (c)
affects participants' information processing and social judgment. These findings have
important implications both for the TPB and health-promotion interventions.


In this entertaining and authorative book, Andrew Ward explores the laws of football through anecdotes, incidents, and precedents. He uses hundreds of examples to show the extraordinary range of events that can happen in a game. Read about the player who lost a finger while celebrating a goal, the referee who dismissed himself, the player who ate a referee's notebook, the penalty awarded with two balls on the pitch, and the player who was sent off after two seconds. Ward focuses on the eleven-a-side contest rather than off-the-field distractions such as celebrities and transfer dealings. What happens on the pitch? How has each legal clause come into existence? What issues have occupied the lawmakers over 150 years? Here is a book that will settle arguments and open up debate. Find out why the penalty-area arc was added to the pitch markings in 1937, why a new injury procedure was introduced in 1997, and discover key points affecting issues such as technology, the two-referee system, and ex-players as referees. Arranged in an accessible A to Z format, this entertaining and authoritative book offers all football followers the chance to study the laws in detail. It is often said that football is a simple game but in fact its legal system is exceedingly sophisticated. This complex set of rules has spread successfully to all parts of the world, and it is arguably the most pervasive and frequently used legal system on the planet. At times it is one of the most misunderstood.


Time studies in dairy production are an essential tool when deciding about level of mechanisation and automatisation both in investment situation and improving efficiency in existing operations. In previous investigations such studies have been carried out during normal barn conditions during winter. Since there is compulsory to have dairy cows grazing 3 to 5 months during summer time in Sweden time studies during this season is important to have a full picture of needed working time. During grazing season time studies was carried out at 14 dairy farms representing herd sizes from 66 to 450 dairy cows of which 6 farms with AMS. 8 farms were the same as studied during winter season. Time was divided in the same moments as previous investigations by LBT, Swedish Dairy Association and Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering, JTI. In this investigation new working moments regarded grazing of both dairy cows and young stock was added. The total working time for the dairy cows varied between 1.5 to 7.3 min/cow*day. AMS means the lowest time requirement and herringbone parlour the longest. Herd size per se does not mean lower labour requirement. Automation of mixing and distribution of feed save time. Getting cows from and back to pasture took between 0.0 (AMS-herd) to 0 1.7 min/cow*day (bad logistics). Three milkings per day does not mean that chasing time must be prolonged however time for milking increases by 0.5 min/cow*day. Comparing grazing and inside season, two farms decreased time. In average it took 0.2 min/cow *day to check young stock on pasture which is the same as time for feeding and treating time during winter time. Although milking is the most time consuming moment there are a lot factors influencing e.g. a collection pen with an automatic pushing gate before milking parlour means a time saving of 0.5 min/cow*day compared to not having this equipment. Scraping instead of high pressure water cleaning of collection pit means saving of 0.15 min/cow*day. The annual working time when considering both grazing and inside season varied from 11 (AMS) to 33 h/cow*year. Calculation of annual daily time requirement for the dairy cows using BAT or low tech and bad management and routines for a 120 head herd differs between 4 and 15 hours and for a 250 head herd between 10 to 23 hours. These figures are in agreement with other comparable investigations.


: Whether a frozen section of a breast biopsy is indicated or not, should be decided by the clinician and pathologist together. The accuracy rate of frozen section diagnoses in cases of invasive carcinoma is close to 100%. Palpation, mammography, and cytologic examination should precede frozen section. Selection of well-preserved tumor tissue by the pathologist occurs at the time of frozen section. Breast tissue of nontumorous lesions, such as fibrocystic disease, is best examined by cytology and paraffin sections.


Radioactive particles of around 50 μm size were collected from highly contaminated soil in the Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, and characterized using micro X–ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation (SR–μ–XRD). Two–dimensional diffraction patterns from individual particles rotated during X–ray irradiation were recorded on a flat imaging plate and a one–dimensional diffraction profile, as a function of 2θ, was derived from the pattern. Weathered biotite (WB) particles with plate–like morphology showed a broad peak corresponding to a basal reflection with d = 10–14 Å, indicating various degrees of vermiculitization. Another peak of ~ 7 Å was also detected in these WB particles, suggesting the parallel growth of kaolinite in the biotite particles. These characteristics were also found in the WB collected from an Abukuma granitic body, which is widespread in the eastern part of Fukushima. SR–μ–XRD of radioactive soil particles consisting of fine minerals or of those rich in organic matter indicated that these particles contain very fine 2:1 type clay minerals alongside detrital rock– forming minerals such as quartz and feldspar.


The Journals aims to flourish and to maintain the standards in research and practice, provide platform and opportunity to present evidence based nutrition and analytical assessment of research and probably it is much in deed for students, teachers and health care professionals to enhance the patient care.
During the calendar year of 2019,  received a total of 30 manuscript, out of which 18 articles (70%) were rejected in the preliminary screening due to plagiarism or being out of the format and peer review process. During 2019 around 11articles were subjected for publication after they are accepted in the peer reviewprocess. In the 1 issues of Volume 3 published during the year 2019, a total of 9 articles were published (at an average of 5 articles per issue) of which, articles were published from authors all around the world. Globally articles have been accessed by the research scientists and also cited.


Soft magnetic alloys consisting of nanoscale fcc Fe grains have been developed by primary crystallization of melt-spun amorphous alloys as typically exemplified in Fe-B[1], Fe-M-B (M = Zr, Hf, Nb) (Nanoperm) [2] and Fe-Si-B-Nb-Cu (FINEMET)systems[3]. Lot of scientific effort has been put in last years to control the crystallization process of metallic glasses. This is due to the fact that several attractive properties of the resulting material are strongly related to the final attained microstructure. In the present paper, primary nanocrystallization kinetics of a Fe–based multicomponent amorphous system namely Fe67Co18B14Si1 (2605CO) has been analysed by nonisothermal DSC measurements. Crystallization is a combined process of nucleation and growth. The amorphous alloy undergoes two-step crystallization with primary crystallization of α-Fe giving the first step. The Avrami exponent for the two steps has been derived. A detailed analysis of the data provides an insight in to the dimensionality and mechanism of growth.


INTRODUCTION
Infection by Cambylobacter occurs worldwide and represents the main cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis within the European Union.

AIMS
Determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in stool cultures from patients with gastroenteritis and study their microbiological, epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic profiles, as well as associated complications.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Review of clinical files of patients presenting to the paediatric emergency department of a general district hospital over a 30 month period with an acute gastroenteritis and a Campylobacter isolated in a stool specimen.

RESULTS
Out of 216 stool cultures, 98 (45%) were positive. We identified Campylobacter in 49 (50%) cases; 30 (61%) were female. Median age was 23 months. Fourteen patients were under one year of age, 25 between one and five years old and 10 patients were over five years old. Watery diarrhea was identified in 5 (10%) patients, bloody diarrhea in 44 (90%) and mucosanguineous in 14 (29%), while 23 (47%) had fever, 14 (29%) complained of abdominal pain and 11 (22%) presented with vomiting. One patient was septic. Five patients were admitted as inpatients. Eight patients were treated with azithromycin.

DISCUSSION
This is the largest published national series on gastroenteritis by Campylobacter in children and the first in the south region. Campylobacter was the main bacteria isolated. Infection was self-resolving in the majority of cases. Nevertheless, severe forms of this infection should be considered. Increased resistance to quinolones is worrisome.

CONCLUSION
Judicious use of stool cultures allows etiological identification of bacterial gastroenteritis. The increase in Campylobacter cases reinforces the need for better control of hygiene measures in handling food products.


In this work we consider the regularities of changes of climate and assessed the potential impact of these changes on some of the characteristics of the hydrological regime and biota water bodies of the North of the European territory of Russia from temperate latitudes to the Arctic. Within the annual course, variation of monthly air temperature values is irregular for different seasons, with most intensive warming in January and March. In summer, variations in air temperature are multidirectional. Variations in the thermal regime led, in its turn, to later ice cover formation and earlier ice-breakup resulted in the longer ice-free period. Data analysis revealed variations in the course of precipitation of warm and cold periods. Under distinguished increase of precipitation sums, a total number of days with precipitation was revealed to be equal to or lower than its climatic norm. The total precipitation amount increase occurred due to increasing frequency of rainfalls of 10 mm and more. In winter, the snow cover height exceeded the climatic norm. As the increase of annual sums of precipitation is compensated by a rise of evapotranspiration, any trend in the total river inflow into Lake Onego is absent.


The nature of the stress in a suspension of equal homogeneous spheres all subject to the same force, such as weight, is considered; inertial effects are neglected. This study builds upon some of the well-known work devoted to this problem by the founder of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Professor George K. Batchelor. After developing a general theory, the antisymmetric part of the stress tensor is considered in detail. It is shown that, in addition to a term already found by Batchelor and characterized by an axial vector, the antisymmetric stress contains another term characterized by the curl of a polar vector. As a consequence, a suspension will possess, in addition to an axial vortex viscosity, a polar vortex viscosity. Appendix C presents a calculation of the hindrance function for rotation correct to the first order in the particle volume fraction.


We performed edge and surface Transient Current Technique (TCT) measurements of short, double sided 3D silicon strip detectors. Double sided 3D devices are a useful counterpart to traditional planar devices for use in the highest radiation environments. The TCT technique allows the electric field in the 3D devices to be probed in a way not possible before. The TCT technique uses the current waveform produced by the detector in response to a near delta function point laser pulse (illumination). The waveforms are recorded as a function of illumination position over the surface of the device under test as a function of detector bias. This data gives information on the portion of the induced signal from electron or hole motion. From the rise times of the signals the velocity profile of the carriers in the devices and therefore electric fields can be determined. The collected charge was calculated from the integral of the waveforms. The detectors were tested prior to irradiation, after irradiating to a dose of 5 ? 1015 1 MeV equivalent neutrons/cm2, and after periods of annealing at elevated temperatures. Annealing was achieved in situ by warming to 60?C for 20 to 600 minutes corresponding to room temperature annealing of between 8 and 200 days. While before irradiation, full lateral depletion between the columns occurs at low bias voltages, at approximately 3 V, a uniform carrier velocity between the columns is not achieved until 40 V. Both the drift of electrons and holes provide equal contributions to the measured signals. After irradiation there is clear charge multiplication enhancement along the line between columns with a very non-uniform velocity profile in the unit cell of the device. In addition, charge trapping greatly suppresses the contribution of the holes on the signal produced.


A high-speed imaging pyrometer was developed to investigate the behavior of flames and explosive events. The instrument consists of two monochrome high-speed Phantom v7.3 m cameras made by Vision Research Inc. arranged so that one lens assembly collects light for both cameras. The cameras are filtered at 700 or 900 nm with a 10 nm bandpass. The high irradiance produced by blackbody emission combined with variable shutter time and f-stop produces properly exposed images. The wavelengths were chosen with the expected temperatures in mind, and also to avoid any molecular or atomic gas phase emission. Temperatures measured using this pyrometer of exploded TNT charges are presented.


To estimate the cooling load for the following day, outdoor temperature and humidity are needed in hourly base. But the meteorological administration forecasts only maximum and minimum temperature. New methodology is proposed for predicting hourly outdoor temperature and humidity by using the forecasted maximum and minimum temperature. The correlations for normalized outdoor temperature and specific humidity has been derived from the weather data for five years from 2001 to 2005 at Seoul, Daejeon and Pusan. The correlations for normalized temperature are independent of date, while the correlations for specific humidity are linearly dependent on date. The predicted results show fairly good agreement with the measured data. The prediction program is also developed for hourly outdoor dry bulb temperature, specific humidity, dew point, relative humidity, enthalpy and specific volume.


In wireless multihop networks, transmission capacity of each wireless node is relatively low and wireless signal transmissions of neighbor wireless nodes might interfere each other. Thus, it is difficult for a wireless multihop transmission route to provide required throughput to a network application. The authors have proposed a method to provide required throughput by combination of multiple wireless multihop transmission routes with joins and branches based on Ford-Fulkerson algorithm for maximum flow calculation in wired networks. Here, by using capacities of wireless nodes and flows along wireless links in wireless multihop networks, flow increasing wireless multihop routes are searched and detected until the required throughput can be provided. However, there are no cut-off conditions of search for flow increasing wireless multihop transmission routes, longer calculation time cannot be avoided. This paper proposes the cut-off conditions based on the current assignment of flow in wireless links within a wireless transmission range of each wireless node. The reduction of route search time duration is evaluated in simulation experiments. Keywords—Wireless Multihop Networks, Throughput Requirement, Multiple Route Detection, Maximum Flow Problem.


Measurement of forces exerted by a human hand while performing common gestures is a highly valuable task for assessment of neurorehabilitation and neurological disorders, but also, for control of movement that could be directly transferred to assistive devices. Even though accurate and selective multi-joint measurement of hand forces is desirable in both clinical and research applications there is no commercially available device able to perform such measurements. Moreover, the custom-made systems used in research commonly impose limitations, such as availability of only single, predefined hand aperture. Furthermore, there is no consensus on design requirements for custom made measurement systems that would enable comparison of results obtained during research or clinical hand function studies. In an attempt to provide a possible solution for a device capable of multi-joint hand forces measurement and disseminate it to the research community, this paper presents the mechanical and electronic design of an instrumented platform for assessment of isometric hand muscles contractions. Some of the key features related to the developed system are: flexibility in placing the hand/fingers, fast and easy hand fitting, adjustability to different lengths, circumferences and postures of the digits, and the possibility to register individual bidirectional forces from the digits and the wrist. The accuracy of isometric force measurements was evaluated in a controlled test with the reference high accuracy force gauge device during which the developed system showed high linearity (R2  =  0.9999). As the more realistic test, the device was evaluated when force was applied to individual sensors but also during the intramuscular electromyography (iEMG) study. The data gathered during the iEMG measurements was thoroughly assessed to obtain three appropriate metrics; the first estimating crosstalk between individual force sensors; the second evaluating agreement between measured forces and forces estimated through iEMG; and the third providing qualitative evaluation of hand force in respect to activations of individual muscle units. The results of these analyses performed on multiple joint forces show agreement with previously published results, but with the difference that in that case, the measurement was performed with a single degree of freedom device.


In the summer of 1922, the heart of South Africa was wracked by industrial strife, racial killing and insurrection. This book reconstructs the extraordinary events of that year--the year of the Rand Revolt. Through an examination of the organization and activities, the hopes and fears, of ordinary people, the book analyzes the sources of rebellion and racial killing. It explores what white men and women invested in their racial identity, and how this was destabilized by threats to their livelihoods and sense of citizenship. The consequences were brutal, even pathological.White Rising immerses the reader in tragic and dramatic times, when workers rose against their employers and the state, and when black people were hunted through the streets.


Although MAC protocols have been the subject of extensive study, there has been little study of MAC operation as network density (number of neighbors per node) increases. Although network densities are often low (2-12 neighbors), density can rise in special situations (such as hundreds of people attending a conference in the same room) and new deployments (such as dense instrumentation of a structure with a sensor network). In anticipation of these applications, this paper studies the stability of S-MAC as network density increases to densities of 50 to 150 neighbors, well beyond its current design parameters. We present a mathematical model of expected behavior, then use experiments to show the importance of accounting for clock offset. Although offset cannot easily be modeled, we show that a simulation closely matches the experimental data. Finally, we describe how an offset-aware MAC can correct for hardware variation to allow operations at twice the density of current S-MAC. Although the details are specific to S-MAC, the results apply more generally.


Hegel's project of reconciliation is central to his Philosophy of Right. This article argues scholars have understood this project in one of two ways, as a form of rational reconciliation or a kind of endorsement. Each is incomplete and their inability to capture the kind of reconciliation Hegel has in mind is made apparent when we consider the kind of problem that the rabble creates for modern society which reconciliation is meant to address. The article concludes that more than mutual recognition is required and we should recognise the crucial role played by stakeholding, whereby citizens share a principled conviction about oneself and other.


In homotopy type theory, we construct the propositional truncation as a colimit, using only non-recursive higher inductive types (HITs). This is a first step towards reducing recursive HITs to non-recursive HITs. This construction gives a characterization of functions from the propositional truncation to an arbitrary type, extending the universal property of the propositional truncation. We have fully formalized all the results in a new proof assistant, Lean.