Objective: Although the high prevalence of mental health issues among postsecondary students is well documented, comparatively little is known about the adequacy, accessibility, and adherence to best practices of mental health services (MHSs)/initiatives on postsecondary campuses. We evaluated existing mental health promotion, identification, and intervention initiatives at postsecondary institutions across Canada, expanding on our previous work in one Canadian province. Methods: A 54-question online survey was sent to potential respondents (mainly front-line workers dealing directly with students [e.g., psychologists/counsellors, medical professionals]) at Canada's publicly funded postsecondary institutions. Data were analyzed overall and according to institutional size (small [<2000 students], medium [2000–10 000 students], large [>10 000 students]). Results: In total, 168 out of 180 institutions were represented, and the response rate was high (96%; 274 respondents). Most institutions have some form of mental health promotion and outreach programs, although most respondents felt that these were not a good use of resources. Various social supports exist at most institutions, with large ones offering the greatest variety. Most institutions do not require incoming students to disclose mental health issues. While counselling services are typically available, staff do not reliably have a diverse complement (e.g., gender or race diversity). Counselling sessions are generally limited, and follow-up procedures are uncommon. Complete diagnostic assessments and the use of standardized diagnostic systems are rare. Conclusions: While integral MHSs are offered at most Canadian postsecondary institutions, the range and depth of available services are variable. These data can guide policy makers and stakeholders in developing comprehensive campus mental health strategies.


A total of 179 patients with unstable angina were studied. There were no complications after bicycle ergonomic tests performed after the patient's condition improvement. An analysis of bicycle ergonometric data and long-term outcomes in 169 patients revealed that the outcome was significantly worse in case of positive test (p = 0.007). The validity of this assessment was confirmed over 49 months. The criterion of test cessation was the most predictor in the assessment of a long-term outcome. In pain development accompanied by ECG changes, only 20% of patients had an uncomplicated course 48 months later. Deaths were more frequently observed in the late period if there was 2 mm or more ST segment depression on exercise testing (p = 0.001).


Encrypted search algorithms (ESA) are cryptographic algorithms that support search over encrypted data. ESAs can be designed with various primitives including searchable/structured symmetric encryption (SSE/STE) and oblivious RAM (ORAM). Leakage abuse attacks attempt to recover client queries using knowledge of the client's data. An important parameter for any leakage-abuse attack is its known-data rate; that is, the fraction of client data that must be known to the adversary. In this work, we revisit leakage abuse attacks in several ways. We first highlight some practical limitations and assumptions underlying the well-known IKK (Islam et al. NDSS '12) and Count (Cash et al., CCS '15) attacks. We then design four new leakage-abuse attacks that rely on much weaker assumptions. Three of these attacks are volumetric in the sense that they only exploit leakage related to document sizes. In particular, this means that they work not only on SSE/STE-based ESAs but also against ORAM-based solutions. We also introduce two volumetric injection attacks which use adversarial file additions to recover queries even from ORAM-based solutions. As far as we know, these are the first attacks of their kind. We evaluated all our attacks empirically and considered many experimental settings including different data collections, query selectivities, known-data rates, query space size and composition. From our experiments, we observed that the only setting that resulted in reasonable recovery rates under practical assumptions was the case of high-selectivity queries with a leakage profile that includes the response identity pattern (i.e., the identifiers of the matching documents) and the volume pattern (i.e., the size of the matching documents). All other attack scenarios either failed or relied on unrealistic assumptions (e.g., very high known-data rates). For this specific setting, we propose several suggestions and countermeasures including the use of schemes like PBS (Kamara et al, CRYPTO '18), VLH/AVLH (Kamara and Moataz, Eurocrypt '19), or the use of padding techniques like the ones recently proposed by Bost and Fouque (Bost and Fouque, IACR ePrint 2017/1060).


Hydroseeding failures on disturbed sites are usually attributable to combinations of improper species selection, seeding at inappropriate times, and/or improper seed mixes, fiber, and tackifier. To investigate these factors, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, in conjunction with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and California State University, Sacramento, conducted a study of these factors' affect on vegetation establishment. The goal was to identify initially fast growing vegetation that demonstrates long-term erosion control effectiveness. Native plant species common to District 5, along the California Central Coast, were used. Treatments were conducted in 0.6 by 2 m by 30 cm soil test boxes set at a 2:1 (H:V) slope. Boxes were filled with a medium sandy loam soil (USDA), typical of District 5 fill slopes, compacted to 90 percent. Erosion control treatments included combinations of imprinted straw and hydroseeding of fiber, fertilizer, and tackifier. All boxes were planted with the same native seed mix that included shrubs, forbs, and grasses. Norton Ladder rainfall simulators were used to simulate natural rainfall patterns found in the area. The rainfall regimes applied were natural precipitation, 53.3 cm (21 in/yr during the study period) and uniform rainfall at the mean annual rate, 56 cm (22 in/yr), half the mean annual rate, 28 cm(11in/yr) and double the mean annual rate, 111 cm (44in/yr). The rainfall simulators mimicked rainfall characteristics for the California coast, such as drop size distribution, terminal velocity and a range of storm intensities. In all, 24 boxes were established and treated under rainfall simulators, eight additional boxes were subjected to natural rainfall, and two more boxes were untreated (bare soil). Percent cover and runoff quality (measured as Suspended Sediment Concentration) were measured for each box. The boxes treated with straw and fertilizer showed greater percent cover than those treated with tackifier and no fertilizer. The ANOVA results indicated that this effect statistically significant to a high degree (p=.001). The effect on runoff was marginally significant (p=.048). Runoff volume was greatest on the heavy rainfall treatments. Higher rainfall treatments showed an increase in the quantity of the native plants of yarrow (Achillea millefolium), lupine (Lupinus succulentus), and California brome (Bromus carinatus). Shrubs and deer lotus (Lotus scoparius) were the least common species under all rainfall regimes. This project demonstrates using hydroseeding that includes tack and fertilizer is not as effective in establishing native plant cover without the treatment of straw.


Two morphologically distinct groups of the Calypogeia fissa complex were found in Europe Two genetically distinct groups (PS and PB) detected previously within the C. fissa complex in Europe were studied with respect to 47 morphometric characters. The two examined groups differed statistically significantly with respect to 34 morphological traits. The forward stepwise method of discriminant analysis showed that the set of diagnostic characters could be limited to nine. The best diagnostic features were morphological characters describing the shape of leaf: length and width of leaf, height of dorsal part and distance from the apex to the ventral base of the leaf, length of the 3rd coordinate of the leaf, and underleaf width as well as characters of the stem: length of internodes and size of internode cells. Plants of the PS group were smaller (shoot width range from 922-1780 μm) than plants of the PB group (1600-3900 μm). Based on genetically identified samples, classification functions for each group were computed and the derived functions were used for the classification of samples from the herbarium collections. The principal component analysis and dendrogram constructed on the basis of Euclidean distance, using the set of diagnostic characters, divided the examined samples into two groups that correlated with groups detected by isozyme markers. Results of multivariable analysis showed that it is possible to satisfactorily characterise morphologically both genetically distinct groups of the C. fissa complex.


Principals are crucial in providing effective leadership when managing their schools' instructional programs thereby enhancing the quality of students' learning and performance in national examinations. This study sought to investigate teachers' perceptions of how principals manage instructional programs in public secondary schools in Baringo County. The study adopted a survey research design and employed mixed methods of inquiry. The study used a sample of 48 public secondary schools, 12 principals and their deputies, and 253 teachers. A structured teacher questionnaire constructed on five-point Likert type scale and an unstructured interview guide were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics comprising the mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics involving ttest, Pearson correlation and ANOVA were calculated. The findings revealed that principals managed instructional programs by supervising and evaluating instruction, co-ordinating the implementation of curriculum and instruction, and monitoring students' academic progress. The results further showed that there was no significant difference between Extra County and County public secondary schools (t (251) =.917, p>.05) in teachers' perception of principals' management of instructional programs but a significant difference among high, average and low performing public secondary schools (F (2,250) = 1.524, p˂ .05). There was also no statistical significant relationship (r (251) =.123**, p>.05) between the perception of principals' management of instructional programs public secondary schools and students' academic achievement at KCSE. The study recommends that principals prioritise management of instructional programs in their schools; the County's DQAS intensifies inspection of schools and that KEMI should train principals on instructional leadership skills that enhance students' instruction and performance at KCSE.


A new northern high-latitude Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary section has been studied at Annertuneq on the north coast of Nuussuaq, West Greenland. The boundary section is situated in a succession of homogeneous dark mudstone deposited in a marine-slope environment. Identification of the boundary is based on the presence of the latest Maastrichtian palynomorphs Palynodinium grallator , Disphaerogena carposphaeropsis , Manumiella spp., and Wodehouseia quadrispina below the boundary and on the first occurrence of the earliest Danian species Senoniasphaera inornata above the boundary. Variations in sporomorph and dinoflagellate cyst abundances indicate latest Maastrichtian regression followed by early Danian transgression. The transgressive phase can be subdivided into three high-frequency transgressive-regressive cycles. Each cycle indicates upwelling and transgression, mixing with low-latitudinal water masses, and ocean conditions suggested by the peak occurrences of Senegalinium spp., Trithyrodinium fragile , and Spongodinium delitiense , respectively.


Abstract It has long been argued that mood fluctuation patterns in Antarctic expeditioners are largely homogeneous. This research investigated mood fluctuation patterns throughout all the stages of Antarctic deployment using latent class growth analysis. Utilising advanced statistical methods, such as latent class growth analysis, can greatly help in identifying if mood fluctuation patterns experienced by Antarctic expeditioners are homogenous, and provide insight into mood fluctuation patterns, which was not possible with traditional group-based quantitative methods. Gaining a greater insight into mood fluctuation patterns in Antarctic expeditioners can assist with the development, and implementation of, strategies to assist with expeditioner well-being. The analysis was conducted on 423 expeditioner from the Australian Antarctic program between the 2005-2009 Antarctic deployment seasons. The results supported the notion that mood fluctuation patterns in expeditioners within the Australian-Antarctic programme were largely homogeneous, as a 1-class cubic latent class growth model was identified as being the optimal fit for the dataset. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in relation to research and prevention and intervention strategies.


Although mycotoxicoses attract more and more attention, the epidemiology of these diseases is still not adequately studied. The author devotes his study to certain diseases. In addition to the diseases whose mycotoxic nature is in no doubt, he conditionally includes certain diseases whose mycotoxic causation needs further proof. The author has assigned stachybotryotoxicosis and alimentary toxic aleukia or fusariotoxicosis to the first category and endemic nephropathy and primary liver-cell carcinoma to the second. His intention in adopting this approach is to establish the common features and differences in their epidemiological manifestations. Epidemiological studies not only help to define the incidence and prevalence of these disease but also make an important contribution to the determination of their nature. When stachybotryotoxicosis--the "unknown horse disease"--was being studied in the mid-thirties, in the Ukraine, the research workers headed by V. G. DROBOTKO, noticed that horses belonging to the Army remained unaffected while in the same localities those belonging to the collective farms were stricken by this "unknown disease". This epidemiological phenomenon suggested the hypothesis that the unknown diseases must be due to fodder, which was different for horses belonging to the Army and those belonging to the collective farms. This led members of the team to investigate the mycoflora of the fodder. The collective farmers themselves had noted the link between the disease and the feeding of poor quality musty straw to horses. For that reason in every collective farm where such cases occurred samples of the available fodder were studied. The numerous investigations remained fruitless for a long time until P. D. JATEL discovered straw which had been fed to horses before an outbreak of the disease. This straw contained a blackened layer copiously overgrown with the fungus Stachybotrys alternans. Feeding of fodder infected with that fungus to experimental horses reproduced the pattern of the "unknown disease", which thereafter began to be known as "stachybotryotoxicosis". When human stachybotryotoxocosis was studied, all the clues in the epidemiological investigation pointed to barley straw as a source of the disease. F. A. LINNIK (1938) noted that immediately before falling sick patients had been in close contact with musty straw. Among collective farmers the disease had a sudden onset and was mainly confined to men. No one contracted the disease who had not something to do with this musty straw. The members of the families of the patients also remained in good health. The disease bore a familial character when farmers had used the straw as litter on their private holdings. In their study of the nature of alimentary toxic aleukia, S. G. MIRONOV and M. K... Language: en


: Study of the hormone content and enzyme activity in patients with hypertensive disease at rest and in various types of stimulation revealed predominance of pressor humoral systems over depressor ones. With the development of the disease, the reaction of these humoral systems to stimulation diminishes. Decrease of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system compensatory reaction and the prostaglandin F level in patients with stable, high arterial pressur in response to furosemide administration may be among the causes of the hypotensive and natriuretic effect of this preparation. Activization of the humoral depressor systems in the initial stage of the disease is conducive to the preservation of the water-electrolyte hemostasis in the organism and maintains the labile level of arterial pressure despite the increased activity of the natrium-retaining hormones. Exhaustion of the humoral depressor systems may be one of the causes of arterial pressure stabilization.


Background/Aims: Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles that store neutral lipids during times of energy excess, and an increased accumulation of LDs in the liver is closely linked to hepatic steatosis. Our previous studies suggested that resveratrol (RSV) supplement could improve hepatic steatosis, but the underlying mechanism, particularly which related to LD accumulation, has not yet been elucidated. Methods: A high-fat diet (HFD) and palmitic acid were used to induce hepatic steatosis in mouse liver and hepatocytes, respectively. The effects of RSV on LD accumulation were analyzed in vivo and in vitro. The effects of RSV on the expression levels of LD-associated genes (ATF6, Fsp27β/CIDEC, CREBH, and PLIN1) were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot assays, followed by KD or overexpression of SIRT1 and ATF6 with small interfering RNAs or overexpressed plasmids, respectively. The dual luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, coimmunoprecipitation, and proximity ligation assay were utilized to clarify the mechanism of transcriptional regulation and possible interaction between SIRT1 and ATF6. Results: There was a significant increase in the accumulation of LDs in liver and hepatocytes during the process of HFD-induced steatosis, respectively, which was significantly inhibited by RSV supplementation. RSV notably activated SIRT1 expression and decreased the expression levels of ATF6, Fsp27β/CIDEC, CREBH, and PLIN1, which are associated with LD accumulation. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of RSV on LD accumulation and the associated expression of genes in hepatocytes were abrogated or strengthened with SIRT1 silencing or overexpression, respectively. On the contrary, the benefits of RSV in hepatocytes were eliminated or aggravated when transfected with the overexpressed ATF6 or ATF6 siRNA, respectively. Furthermore, we found that RSV stimulated SIRT1 expression significantly, which was followed by increased deacetylation and inactivation of ATF6, resulting in a positive feedback loop for SIRT1 transcription associated with ATF6 binding to the SIRT1 promoter region. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings indicate that RSV supplementation improves hepatic steatosis by ameliorating the accumulation of LDs, and this might be partially mediated by a SIRT1/ATF6-dependent mechanism.


Macauba is a palm tree which provides large amount of oil. Particularly its oil from the kernel presents excellent stability to oxidation as it is mainly constituted by saturated organic chains. This stability is inherited by the biodiesel prepared with this oil. Paradoxically, contrarily to the expectation as it is mainly constituted by saturated esters, the biodiesel prepared from the macauba kernel oil presents low cold filter plugging point (CFPP). This can be understood on the basis of the high level of content of saturated esters with relatively short carbon chain. Considering these two properties of the biodiesel prepared from the macauba kernel oil, i.e., excellent oxidation stability and low CFPP, it was studied if such characteristics could be transferred to blends constituted by it and another vegetable oil. Blends with biodiesels from soy, corn, macauba pulp and fry oil were studied and it was observed that, indeed, partial transference occurs, meaning that the inconvenient characteristics of such biodiesels were favorably ameliorated, allowing the use, as fuels, of the biodiesels prepared from other oils which original properties do not attaint the quality specified by the regulatory agencies.


Due to the low funding levels registered in recent years in the NGO sector in Romania, many NGOs have faced a number of difficulties, some of them have ceased to carry on business. Financial position of the governmental sector is poor, especially for large organizations that are strictly dependent on foreign funds. For the good functioning of NGOs activity, it is requiring a constant concern for finacial fundraising. The article aims to present the diversity of financial resources of NGOs.


The mathematical pendulum is the simplest system having all the basic properties inherent in dynamic stochastic systems. In the present paper we investigate the mathematical pendulum with the aim to reveal the properties of a quantum analogue of dynamic stochasticity or, in other words, to obtain the basic properties of quantum chaos. It is shown that a periodic perturbation of the quantum pendulum (similarly to the classical one) in the neighbourhood of the separatrix can bring about irreversible phenomena. As a result of recurrent passages between degenerate states, the system gets self-chaotized and passes from the pure state to the mixed one. Chaotization involves the states, the branch points of whose levels participate in a slow "drift" of the system along the Mathieu characteristics this "drift" being caused by a slowly changing variable field. Recurrent relations are obtained for populations of levels participating in the irreversible evolution process. It is shown that the entropy of the system first grows and, after reaching the equilibrium state, acquires a constant value. PACS number: 87.22.Jb


Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, which regulates transcription of target genes in a ligand-dependent manner. Ligands for PPARgamma have been shown to attenuate proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and to induce apoptosis in several cell lines in vitro. Since monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats is characterized by proliferation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells, we hypothesized that PPARgamma ligands may reduce MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension. To test this hypothesis, we treated MCT-injected rats with pioglitazone and troglitazone, synthetic ligands for PPARgamma, for three weeks and measured pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vessel wall thickness. TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were utilized to assess apoptosis and cell proliferation in the pulmonary arterial walls of pioglitazone-treated rats. MCT with pioglitazone or troglitazone treatment significantly reduced pulmonary hypertension and wall thickening of the pulmonary arteries. TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were not seen in the pulmonary arterial walls of either MCT-injected or control rats with or without pioglitazone. PCNA-positive cells were only seen in the thickened pulmonary arterial walls of MCT rats, but not in the pulmonary arterial walls of controls and of pioglitazone-treated MCT rats. We conclude that PPARgamma ligands reduce MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular wall thickening in rats. Inhibition of MCT-induced cell proliferation in the pulmonary arterial walls may account for this effect


The following is a testimony by Ivan Van Sertima, D.H.L. (1935-2009), Rutgers: The State University of New Jersey professor of Africana Studies, and editor-founder of The Journal of African Civilizations held July 7, 1987 before the U.S. Congress to discuss the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Act, established on August 7, 1984 (98 Stat.1257) and formed on September 12, 1985. The Commission consisted of 30 members whose mission was to plan, encourage, coordinate and conduct the commemoration of the voyages of Christopher Columbus and to set forth general provisions and policies governing the process of recognition and support of the Quincentenary projects. In accordance with the terms of the Act that established it, the Commission was terminated on December 31, 1993 after submitting a comprehensive report to Congress that incorporated the Commission's recommendations for the commemoration. Hence, this presentation is from the "Amendments to Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Act : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Census and Population of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First Session on H.R. 2309" of July 7, 1987 (Washington, DC: United States Congress House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service Subcommittee on Census and Population; U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987), pp.18-25. Introduction and questions were provided by Mervyn M. Dymally (1926-2012), a former California assemblyman (1963-1966; 2002-2008), senator (1967-1975) and lieutenant governor (1975-1979) who also served in the U.S. Congress (1981-1993) representing the south Los Angeles area of los Angeles, California. He was born in Trinidad and the first Black lieutenant governor in California when he was elected in 1975. He completed a B.A (1954) in Education from California State University at Los Angeles, a Master's degree (1969) in Government from California State University at Sacramento, and a Ph.D. (1978) in Human Behavior from United States International University (now Alliant International University) in San Diego, California. And additional questions and commentary was provided by Constance 'Connie' A. Morella, now Ambassador in Residence in the Department of Government at American University in Washington, D.C. She served as U.S. ambassador to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris from 2003 to 2007, and represented Maryland's 8th district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1987 to 2003. While in the U.S. Congress, she initiated legislation addressing domestic violence and child support, as well as programs for the elderly, environmental protection, health care reform, and human rights issues. She has a M.A. (1967) from the School of Public Affairs at American University; a B.A. (1954), and an A.A. (1950) from Boston University Mervyn M. Dymally: Now we have Professor Van Sertima. I take this opportunity to introduce him, not that we normally do this because I want him to know that he has a colleague on this committee, a professor, so if he talks in professorial language we have Professor Morella to interpret his eloquence to us. Professor Van Sertima is an historian and anthropologist, a prize-winning author of the book, "The;; Came Before Columbus" and a professor at Rutgers whose specialty is African and African-American Studies. Dr. Van Sertima, you are welcome and you may introduce yourself for the record. Ivan Van Sertima: I am Ivan Van Sertima, professor of African Studies, Rutgers University. I have recently been appointed by UNESCO to the 28-member International Commission to Revise the History of the Scientific and Cultural Developments of Mankind. I think it is very important since I am before a committee or a commission that deals with Columbus and I am the author of a major work on him, that I should say a few things about Columbus, his so-called voyages of discovery and evidence that we have of other people that preceded him. …


Pre-colonial Philippine culture was greatly enriched through trade relations with its neighbors in Southeast Asia. In the southern islands of Islamized Mindanao emerged sultanates which had extensive ties with the region and the Muslim world beyond. When Europe took possession of Southeast Asia and its vast natural resources, the Dutch, British and French opted to leave cultures alone, allowing future generations to retain their way of life. In the Philippines, the Spaniards did otherwise, Catholicizing whatever was within reach. The Muslims of Mindanao resisted and having survived, saved their culture from disintegration and preserved the country's only link with the rest of Southeast Asia.


According to the No-Free-Lunch theorem, an algorithm that performs efficiently on any type of problem does not exist. In this sense, algorithms that exploit problem-specific knowledge usually outperform more generic approaches, at the cost of a more complex design and parameter tuning process. Trying to combine the best of both worlds, the field of hyperheuristics investigates the automatized generation and hybridization of heuristic algorithms. In this paper, we propose a neuroevolution-based hyperheuristic approach. Particularly, we develop a population-based hyperheuristic algorithm that first trains a neural network on an instance of a problem and then uses the trained neural network to control how and which low-level operators are applied to each of the solutions when optimizing different problem instances. The trained neural network maps the state of the optimization process to the operations to be applied to the solutions in the population at each generation.


Traditional anomaly detection on social media mostly focuses on individual point anomalies while anomalous phenomena usually occur in groups. Therefore, it is valuable to study the collective behavior of individuals and detect group anomalies. Existing group anomaly detection approaches rely on the assumption that the groups are known, which can hardly be true in real world social media applications. In this article, we take a generative approach by proposing a hierarchical Bayes model: Group Latent Anomaly Detection (GLAD) model. GLAD takes both pairwise and point-wise data as input, automatically infers the groups and detects group anomalies simultaneously. To account for the dynamic properties of the social media data, we further generalize GLAD to its dynamic extension d-GLAD. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate our models on both synthetic and real world datasets. The empirical results demonstrate that our approach is effective and robust in discovering latent groups and detecting group anomalies.


Sir .—Convulsions are very rare in the early stages of viral hepatitis. To our knowledge, only four cases have been reported in adults. We present two cases of children who suffered from hepatitis A virus infection with concomitant convulsions. Patient Reports .—Patient1.—An 8-year-old girl was admitted because of generalized convulsive seizure. Eight days prior to admission she started suffering from loss of appetite and vomiting. Two days before hospitalization urinalysis revealed bilirubin. On the day of admission she underwent a first episode of a tonoclonic symmetrical convulsive seizure in all four limbs with rolling of the eyes that lasted 5 minutes. There was no fever at that time, nor was there any history of central nervous system trauma or drug usage. No family history of convulsive disorder could be elicited. On examination, she was slightly jaundiced, and the abdomen was soft, with a mildly tender liver palpated 4


In this paper I discuss the introduction of the systematic dissection of human corpses for scientific (medical) purposes in Hellenistic Alexandria. This innovation – associated with the names of Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Keos (third century BCE) in particular – led to significant advances in anatomical and physiological knowledge such as the discovery of the nervous system. Surprisingly, it fell into disuse again very soon after its successful introduction. Why did human anatomy emerge in this particular place in this particular period? Why was it abandoned again so soon? In this paper I will argue that we are dealing with a case of innovation that failed due to inadequate anchoring. In so doing I will take a closer look at the circumstances prevailing in early Hellenistic Alexandria but also put these into perspective by pointing to developments in first and second century CE medicine when a group of physicians, especially Galen of Pergamum, succeeded in putting back anatomy, largely based on animal material, on the agenda of medical research. Two decisive factors and their interplay seem to have been central to the developments we describe, viz. societal (moral, religious) values and norms and developments within ancient medicine itself.


Recently there have been keen competition in reducing development time of new products and customers needs have been becoming more various. For the purpose of overcoming these difficulties in assembly plants, constructing an assembly line in a short period of time is a very important factor for obtaining a predominant position in cost and time competition. Because many assembly operations and resources used in assembly operations are related to each other, one process planner's process planning result may affect the other planners' process planning. That is why we need a new business flow and supporting computer system in which output of one planner's plan should be transferred to the other planners in real time. We present a new process planning method for assembly lines based on collaborative system. We propose mediator agent concept which assigns planning tasks to each process planner and mediates their conflicts in case that their results does not coincide with each other. We also propose bound operation method for intervening complication. An agent-based collaborative process planning system is developed, and to verify this system, it is implemented in Internet environment and applied to an automotive assembly line.


single pairs of measurements in 200 patients. We therefore propose that, with the reservations we have expressed elsewhere,7 our adjustment (adjusted calcium=calcium -0-025 albumin+1 0 mmol/l) remains a valuable screening procedure for deciding which of the many patients with abnormal albumin concentrations need further investigation of calcium homoeostasis. Until better data become available the average regression coefficient of 0 025 mmol calcium/g albumin should be retained. R B PAYNE A J LITTLE R B WILLIAMS JoHN R MILNER


Background: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in youth is characterized by excessive worry across domains for ≥6 months, an inability to stop worrying, and at least one physiological symptom. This study examined the multiple domains that optimally distinguish (1) GAD youth from nonanxiety‐disordered youth and (2) GAD youth from other anxiety‐disordered youth. Methods: Receiver operating characteristic analyses examined a sample of youth (N=180) aged 7–13 (M=10.10; 52% male), to determine optimal cut scores to distinguish GAD youth from (1) nonanxiety‐disordered youth and (2) other anxiety‐disordered youth. The diagnostic efficiency of worries and physiological symptoms was also examined. Results: By parent report, three worries and four physiological symptoms had favorable cut scores, and several specific worries possessed high diagnostic efficiency. Children endorsed fewer GAD symptoms. Conclusions: Recommendations are made regarding the criteria for GAD in youth and interview sequencing of symptom queries. Depression and Anxiety, 2011.© 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Literature is the human creation that expresses the idea, thought, comprehension, and conception of the life in emotional and imaginative language.
In a novel, the readers can find exploration of human personality, so many characters of people and human behavior can be found in it. These things can make the readers wise up and enable them to know the way to cope and
understand other people's thoughts. The readers can get a better view of things that happen in people's mind and emotion. Therefore the writer focused her study on An Analysis of Josephine's Emotion in Louisa May Alcott's Novel entitled "Little Women" The objectives of this study were 1) to know Josephine's emotion in Louisa May Alcott's novel "Little Women". 2) to identify the way how Josephine
expresses her emotion in Louisa May Alcott's novel "Little Women". 3) to analyze the effects of her emotion to her self.
The design of this study was descriptive research with the emphasis on the emotion of Josephine as main character in the novel "Little Woman". In collecting the data, the researcher read and understood the novel, then chose the data dealing with the problems, namely: what are the Josephine's emotion, how are the Josephine's emotion express and what are the effects of Josephine's emotion
toward herself, then selected the data which are related to the purposes of the study and rewrote all of the data which haven been chosen based on the original quotations in the novel.
The finding showed that there were some emotions belonged to Josephine in the novel Little Women, namely: anger, fear, love and anxiety. Among those emotions were described by words and by actions. The emotions of fear, love and
anxiety emotions were described by words. While anger emotion was described by both word and action. The effects caused by emotions belonged to Josephine character to her self are of two kinds: good and bad effects. The good effects were having good relationship which was caused by anxiety emotion, having good brotherhood which was caused by fear emotion and becoming a daughter whose parents were proud of which was caused by love emotion. And the bad effect was regret which was caused by anger emotion.


Hydrogen migration over a metal oxide surface is an extremely important factor governing the activity and selectivity of various heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Passive migration of hydrogen governed by a concentration gradient is called hydrogen spillover, which has been investigated broadly for a long time. Recently, well-fabricated samples and state-of-the-art measurement techniques such as operando spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis have been developed, yielding findings that have elucidated the migration mechanism and novel utilisation of hydrogen spillover. Furthermore, great attention has been devoted to surface protonics, which is hydrogen migration activated by an electric field, as applicable for novel low-temperature catalysis. This article presents an overview of catalysis related to hydrogen hopping, sophisticated analysis techniques for hydrogen migration, and low-temperature catalysis using surface protonics.


When children start school, parents save time and/or money. In this paper, we empirically examine the impact of these changes to the family's budget constraint on parents' working hours. Labor supply is theoretically expected to increase for parents who used to spend time taking care of their children, but to decrease for fulltime working parents because of an income effect: child care expenses drop. We show that the effect of additional time dominates the income effect in the Netherlands, where children start school (kindergarten) for approximately 20 hours a week in the month that they turn 4. Using detailed administrative data on all parents, we fi nd that the average mother's hours worked increases by 3% when her youngest child starts going to school. For their partners, who experience a much smaller shock in terms of time, the increase in hours worked is also much smaller at 0.4%.


The purpose of this research is to assess the quality of Iranian academic library websites pertaining to dissemination of electronic information, based on visibility, authenticity, navigation, accessibility, information dissemination, quality assessment and updateness, and consequently to rank them according to their conformity to these standards.The study is an applied research, conducted using scientometrics methodology. Research population consists of 80 central library websites of Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT) main universities. Data collection tool is a researcher-structured checklist through using descriptive statistics to analyze the findings. Reliability of research tool was calculated 0.8 using kappa coefficient, and its content validity was confirmed by five experts in the field of information and knowledge science, one computer science expert and one library website designer. In the domain of dissemination of electronic information (DEI) the average of standards of visibility (54.48 percent), authenticity (39.29 percent), navigation (68.95 percent), accessibility (46.73 percent), information dissemination (54.48 percent), quality assessment (45.16 percent) and updateness (37.5 percent) were calculated. Tehran, Ilam and Sahand Tabriz with Shahed universities were ranked as the first, the second and the third respectively, while the lowest ranks belong to Sirjan and Torbat Heydarieh universities of technology and Graduate University of Advanced Technology.


Simulation modelling is a powerful approach for studying complex
intercropping systems in entirety and a complementary tool to conventional field
experiments.
This study aimed to: 1) construct a dynamic model to simulate the
biological productivity of an immature rubber (R), banana (8) and pineapple (P)
intercropping system based on the interception and utilisation of incident solar
radiation (SR), 2) evaluate growth and yield of the intercrop components using
the model, 3) compare production for various cropping scenarios and 4)
investigate the likelihood and effects of water stress on crop growth using a
simple water budget. A FORTRAN computer model, SURHIS (Sharing and Utilisation of
Radiation intercepted in a Hedgerow-Intercropping System), was developed for
simulating daily SR interception and growth of R-B-P intercropping system. SR
interception was modelled using a modified Monsi-Saeki equation by including a
clump factor to account for the loss in intercepted SR resulting from the wide
row spacing between the crops. Crop growth was modelled based on the net
biomass resulting from the difference between crop photosynthesis and
respi ration.
Simulation results showed that increments in the leaf area index (LAI)
had a greater effect on SR interception by component crops compared to height
increments. Changes in height affected only fractional interception, whereas LAI
increments affected both fractional and total interception.
The crop growth modules were suffiCiently accurate in estimating LAI and
dry matter yield (OMY) but less precise for crop height. The girth of rubber was
estimated with good accuracy. The general trend in overestimation for later part
of the simulation period can be attributed to model assumptions for potential
production conditions.


According to common belief, friends communicate more accurately and efficiently than strangers, because they can use uniquely shared knowledge and common knowledge to explain things to each other, while strangers are restricted to common knowledge. To test this belief, we asked friends and strangers to play, via e-mail and face-to-face, the word-description game Taboo, in which objects need to be described without using certain "taboo" words. When descriptions were sent via e-mail, there was no difference in accuracy (number of correct answers) nor in efficiency (number of words per correct answer) between friends and strangers. When descriptions were given face-to-face, friends were more accurate than strangers, but not more efficient (number of seconds and words per correct answer). Shared knowledge did not predict accuracy or efficiency. Hence, our findings do not support the idea that friends only need a few words to understand each other.


ABSTRACT Repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) has been recognized as an effective method for bacterial strain typing. Recently, rep-PCR has been commercially adapted to an automated format known as the DiversiLab system to provide a reliable PCR-based typing system for clinical laboratories. We describe the adaptations made to automate rep-PCR and explore the performance and reproducibility of the system as a molecular genotyping tool for bacterial strain typing. The modifications for automation included changes in rep-PCR chemistry and thermal cycling parameters, incorporation of microfluidics-based DNA amplicon fractionation and detection, and Internet-based computer-assisted analysis, reporting, and data storage. The performance and reproducibility of the automated rep-PCR were examined by performing DNA typing and replicate testing with multiple laboratories, personnel, instruments, DNA template concentrations, and culture conditions prior to DNA isolation. Finally, we demonstrated the use of automated rep-PCR for clinical laboratory applications by using isolates from an outbreak of Neisseria meningitidis infections. N. meningitidis outbreak-related strains were distinguished from other isolates. The DiversiLab system is a highly integrated, convenient, and rapid testing platform that may allow clinical laboratories to realize the potential of microbial DNA typing.


After Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory (MIT), some language teaching practitioners set out to teach students in a way to help their dominant intelligence(s) blossom. In an EFL context, usually teachers' main focus is to develop communication skills. Nowadays, writing is one of the main ways by which people communicate. Thus, this study aimed at investigating possible relationship between Multiple Intelligences and writing performance of Iranian EFL learners across different genders. To conduct this study, 15 male and 15 female advanced EFL learners from a reputable institute in Tabriz participated.  They passed through a placement test to enter the course, yet the researchers administered a Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) to ensure homogeneity in the group. After a session of introducing the project's purpose, Multiple Intelligence Developmental Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire was administered for obtaining participants' Multiple Intelligence profile.  Later, the participants were given a text and asked to read and summarize it. The collected writings were analyzed for grammatical accuracy, complexity and quality of the writing based on Jacob et al.'s (1981) scale. The results of the correlational analysis revealed that overall Multiple Intelligences correlated positively with the quality of the female learners' writing. The findings suggest that English teachers consider the role of multiple intelligences in learning and teaching process and provide more effective activities to help learners of different intelligences improve their foreign language writing skill.


Subpopulations of lymphoid cells were compared with respect to their ability to migrate into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). In mice with established lesions, the majority of cells homing to the CNS are not presensitized to CNS antigens. B cells had a much reduced capacity to migrate into the CNS of sick mice compared with T cells. However, T cells of both the Lyt-2+ and Lyt-2- subsets homed equally well to the CNS. The relative paucity of B cells in the lesions of EAE and multiple sclerosis may thus partly result from the limited ability of these cells to migrate into the CNS across the blood-brain endothelial barrier. The predominance of Lyt-2- T cells over Lyt-2+ cells in these CNS lesions is unlikely to result from such a difference in homing capacity, but may reflect the ratio of these two cell types in the blood or preferential in situ expansion of the Lyt-2- population.


Organizational structure affects both the overall behavior of firms and the situations of individuals and subunits within firms. The effect of exogenous changes in the environment (market prices, costs, or regulations) on organizations can be partitioned into the immediate direct effect of the change and the full effect after organizational structure has had time to adjust. This paper develops a computational model of the diffusion of a profitable innovation through a firm, and uses numerical simulations to calculate the relative importance of the direct and structural adjustment components of changes in profitability. One finding is that a failure to recognize the importance of organizational structure on the performance of firms will lead to serious bias in estimation of the costs or benefits of a change in external circumstances. The type of network model developed also has implications for the individuals and divisions that make up the firm. We examine some of the structural characteristics of well-adapted organizations, and show that asymmetries and economic inequalities emerge even when the individual agents' personal characteristics are identical.


ABSTRACT Diverse organisms use Earth's magnetic field as a cue in orientation and navigation. Nevertheless, eliciting magnetic orientation responses reliably, either in laboratory or natural settings, is often difficult. Many species appear to preferentially exploit non-magnetic cues if they are available, suggesting that the magnetic sense often serves as a redundant or 'backup' source of information. This raises an interesting paradox: Earth's magnetic field appears to be more pervasive and reliable than almost any other navigational cue. Why then do animals not rely almost exclusively on the geomagnetic field, while ignoring or downplaying other cues? Here, we explore a possible explanation: that the magnetic sense of animals is 'noisy', in that the magnetic signal is small relative to thermal and receptor noise. Magnetic receptors are thus unable to instantaneously acquire magnetic information that is highly precise or accurate. We speculate that extensive time-averaging and/or other higher-order neural processing of magnetic information is required, rendering the magnetic sense inefficient relative to alternative cues that can be detected faster and with less effort. This interpretation is consistent with experimental results suggesting a long time course for magnetic compass and map responses in some animals. Despite possible limitations, magnetoreception may be maintained by natural selection because the geomagnetic field is sometimes the only source of directional and/or positional information available. Summary: Magnetic orientation responses in animals are often weak and difficult to elicit experimentally. A possible explanation is that the magnetic compass is 'noisy' and cannot acquire precise magnetic information over short time periods.


We examine the contemporaneous relation between earnings forecast accuracy and recommendation profitability to assess the effectiveness with which analysts translate forecasts into profitable recommendations. We find that, after controlling for expertise, more accurate analysts make more profitable recommendations, albeit only for firms with value-relevant earnings. Next, we show that conflicts of interest from investment banking activities affect the relation between accuracy and profitability. In the case of buy recommendations, more accurate forecasts are associated with more profitable recommendations only for the nonconflicted analysts. For hold recommendations, higher levels of accuracy are associated with higher levels of profitability for conflicted analysts, provided these recommendations are treated as sells. Finally, we find that regulatory reforms aimed at mitigating analyst conflicts of interest appear to have improved the relation between accuracy and profitability. Specifically, the integrity of buy and hold recommendations has improved and the change is more pronounced for analysts expected to be most conflicted.


Gearbox vibrations are random cyclostationary signals which are a combination of periodic and random processes due to the machine's rotation cycle and interaction with the real world. The combinations of such components are best considered as cyclostationary. This paper discusses which second order cyclostationary statistics should be used for fault diagnosis of gear crack. The second order cyclostationary statistical methods are firstly introduced and then applied to fault diagnosis of gear crack. This approach is capable of completely extracting the characteristic fault frequencies related to the defect. Experiment results show that the second order cyclostationary statistics is powerful and effective in feature extracting and fault detecting for gearbox. The experimental result shows that the second order cyclostationary statistics can effectively diagnosis gear localized crack fault.


This paper introduces a chain model for the Deligne-Mumford operad formed by homotopically trivializing the circle in a chain model for the framed little disks. We then show that under degeneration of the Hochschild to cyclic cohomology spectral sequence, a known action of the framed little disks on Hochschild cochains lifts to an action of this new chain model. We thus establish homotopy hyper-commutative algebra structures on both Hochschild and cyclic cochain complexes, and we interpret the gravity brackets on cyclic cohomology as obstructions to degeneration of this spectral sequence. Our results are given in the language of deformation complexes of cyclic operads.


Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus improves motor functions in patients suffering from advanced Parkinson's disease but in some patients, it is also associated with a mild decline in cognitive functioning about one standard deviation from the preoperative state. We assessed the impact of the cortical lead entry point, the subcortical electrode path and the position of the active electrode contacts on neuropsychological changes after subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation compared to a control group of patients receiving best medical treatment. Sixty-eight patients with advanced Parkinson's disease were randomly assigned to have subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation or best medical treatment for Parkinson's disease. All patients had a blinded standardized neuropsychological exam (Mattis Dementia Rating scale, backward digit span, verbal fluency and Stroop task performance) at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Patients with subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation were defined as impaired according to a mild decline of one or more standard deviations compared to patients in the best medical treatment group. The cortical entry point of the electrodes, the electrode trajectories and the position of the active electrode contact were transferred into a normalized brain volume by an automated, non-linear registration algorithm to allow accurate statistical group analysis using pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging data. Data of 31 patients of the subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation group and 31 patients of the best medical treatment group were analysed. The subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation group showed impaired semantic fluency compared with the best medical treatment group 6 months after surgery (P = 0.02). Electrode trajectories intersecting with caudate nuclei increased the risk of a decline in global cognition and working memory performance. Statistically, for every 0.1 ml overlap with a caudate nucleus, the odds for a decline >1 standard deviation increased by a factor of 37.4 (odds ratio, confidence interval 2.1-371.8) for the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale and by a factor of 8.8 (odds ratio, confidence interval 1.0-70.9) for the backward digit span task. Patients with subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation who declined in semantic verbal fluency, Stroop task and the backward digit span task performance showed a position of the active electrode outside the volume built by the active electrodes of stable performers. Passage of the chronic stimulation lead through the head of the caudate increases the risk of global cognitive decline and working memory performance after subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Therefore the electrode path should be planned outside the caudate nuclei, whenever possible. This study also stresses the importance of precise positioning of the active stimulating contact within the subthalamic volume to avoid adverse effects on semantic verbal fluency and response inhibition.


This article overall deals with production time with orthophoto imagery with medium size digital frame camera. The workflow examination follows two main parts: data acquisition and post-processing. The objectives of the research are fourfold: 1/ gathering time references for the most important steps of orthophoto production (it turned out that literature is missing on this topic); these figures are used later for total production time estimation; 2/ identifying levers for reducing orthophoto production time; 3/ building a simplified production workflow for emergency response: less exigent with accuracy and faster; and compare it to a classical workflow; 4/ providing methodical elements for the estimation of production time with a custom project. In the data acquisition part a comprehensive review lists and describes all the factors that may affect the acquisition efficiency. Using a simulation with different variables (average line length, time of the turns, flight speed) their effect on acquisition efficiency is quantitatively examined. Regarding post-processing, the time references figures were collected from the processing of a 1000 frames case study with 15 cm GSD covering a rectangular area of 447 km 2 ; the time required to achieve each step during the production is written down. When several technical options are possible, each one is tested and time documented so as all alternatives are available. Based on a technical choice with the workflow and using the compiled time reference of the elementary steps, a total time is calculated for the post-processing of the 1000 frames. Two scenarios are compared as regards to time and accuracy. The first one follows the "normal" practices, comprising triangulation, orthorectification and advanced mosaicking methods (feature detection, seam line editing and seam applicator); the second is simplified and make compromise over positional accuracy (using direct geo-referencing) and seamlines preparation in order to achieve orthophoto production faster. The shortened workflow reduces the production time by more than three whereas the positional error increases from 1 GSD to 1.5 GSD. The examination of time allocation through the production process shows that it is worth sparing time in the post-processing phase.


In order to diagnose the wind turbine rolling bearing faults with vibration signals effectively, a fault diagnosis method based on Hankel tensor decomposition is proposed. Firstly, IMF-SVD (intrinsic mode function, IMF; singular value decomposition, SVD) is used to estimate the number of sources in sensor observation signals. Secondary, a third-order Hankel tensor is formed by the observation matrix, and a set of low-rank tensor subterms are obtained by tensor rank-(L
 r
,L
 r
, 1) decomposition. The fault features of each source are contained in the first and second modes of the corresponding subterm. Then, the source signals are reconstructed by the subterms. Finally, the envelope spectra of the reconstructed source signals are analysed, and the fault characteristic frequencies are extracted. The results of simulation and practical case analysis show that this method can realise the fault diagnosis of wind turbine rolling bearings correctly and effectively.


Language classification differs from biological cladistics in that monogenesis cannot be assumed. Before a cladogram or family tree can be accepted, linguists must be convinced that the languages are related at all. Morpheme tables, or word lists, provide a good framework for investigating relatedness, but methodologies for quantifying and assessing the data statistically are still being developed. The comparative method furnished a viable statistic, recurrent sound correspondences, but by no means to see whether they exceeded levels expected by chance. Organizing correspondences into contingency tables permitted hypothesis testing, with Monte Carlo resampling methods providing the flexibility to support a wide variety of test statistics, including different ways of computing sound recurrences and phonetic similarity. Thus, techniques from both the comparative method and multilateral comparison can be deployed with rigorous numeric assessment. Experiments seek to increase the power of the tests to explore new hypotheses and verify long-range language relationships.


Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired hematopoietic disorder characterized by complement-mediated hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, and venous thrombosis. These clinical manifestations arise from an underlying molecular defect of bone marrow stem cells. Specifically, somatic mutations in the phosphatidylinositol glycan class A gene result in the ability of blood cells to anchor complement-regulatory proteins (CD59 and DAF) to the cell surface via glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI). In an attempt to circumvent the functional defect in PNH cells, a recombinant transmembrane form of CD59 (CD59-TM) was analyzed for the ability to regulate complement activity. Balb/3T3 stable transfectants expressing similar levels of either CD59-TM or native CD59 (CD59-GPI) were equally protected against human complement-mediated membrane damage. Treatment of these cells with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C failed to release CD59-TM from the cell surface. Retroviral transduction of GPI-anchoring deficient mouse L cells with CD59-TM resulted in surface expression of the protein and rendered these cells resistant to human complement-mediated membrane damage. Conversely, L cells transduced with CD59-GPI failed to express this protein on the cell surface. A GPI-anchoring deficient complement-sensitive B-cell line derived from a PNH patient was successfully transduced with CD59-TM, resulting in surface expression of the protein. The PNH B cells expressing CD59-TM were protected against classical complement-mediated membrane damage by human serum. Taken together, these data establish that a functional recombinant transmembrane form of CD59 can be expressed on the surface of GPI-anchoring deficient PNH cells and suggest that retroviral gene therapy with this molecule could provide a treatment for PNH patients.


Oswald Spengler (1880–1936) is a neglected figure in the history of European philosophical thought. This article examines the philosophical anthropology developed in his later work, particularly his Man and Technics: A Contribution to a Philosophy of Life (1931). My purpose is twofold: the first is to argue that Spengler's later thought is a response to criticisms of the "pessimism" of his earlier work, The Decline of the West (1919). Man and Technics overcomes this charge by providing a novel philosophical anthropology which identifies technology as the highest expression of human cognitive and creative capacities. The second is to suggest that in his later period Spengler presents an affirmatory account of modern technology as the final stage of human cultural evolution. I conclude that by providing a philosophical anthropology that reconciles technology with human nature, Man and Technics represents an important development of Spengler's theory of human culture.


Forecasting in time series is an important area of machine learning, with a plethora of application domains including weather forecast, decision-making in finance and business, quality process control in industry, management of power flows, risk assessment in medicine. This paper surveys state-ofthe-art methods and models dedicated to time series analysis and modeling, with the final aim of prediction. This review aims to offer a structured and comprehensive view of the full process flow, and encompasses time series decomposition, stationary tests, modeling and forecasting. Besides, to meet didactic purposes, a unified presentation has been adopted throughout this survey, to present decomposition frameworks on the one hand and linear and nonlinear time series models on the other hand. First, we decrypt the relationships between stationarity and linearity, and further examine the main classes of methods used to test for weak stationarity. Next, the main frameworks for time series decomposition are presented in a unified way: depending on the time series, a more or less complex decomposition scheme seeks to obtain nonstationary effects (the deterministic components) and a remaining stochastic component. An appropriate modeling of the latter is a critical step to guarantee prediction accuracy. We then present three popular linear models, together with two more flexible variants of the latter. A step further in model complexity, and still in a unified way, we present five major nonlinear models used for time series. Amongst nonlinear models, artificial neural networks hold a place apart as deep learning has recently gained considerable attention. A whole section is therefore dedicated to time series forecasting relying on deep learning approaches. A final section provides a list of R and Python implementations for the methods, models and tests presented throughout this review. In this document, our intention is to bring sufficient in-depth knowledge, while covering a broad range of models and forecasting methods: this compilation spans from well-established conventional approaches to more recent adaptations of deep learning to time series forecasting.


Law School has been the top choice of students taking Taiwan's college entrance exam in recent years; before 1984 Law School was the last choice. Before that year, the test for entering departments within the College of Arts was quite different from the entrance test used by both the College of Business and College of Law. In 1984 all three groups of students (potential enrollees in the Colleges of Arts, Business and Law) starting taking a much more unified exam, and Taiwan's Colleges of Law (Law School) jumped to a higher ranking in 1984 and 1985; thereafter the Law School ranking rose gradually to number one. The reason is that the ranking of a school is based on the difficulty of entering it, and this is a function of the number of possible applicants competing to enter it: this number increased as a result of the 1984 change in the entrance exam system. Also after 1984, women students-who previously tended to be restricted by the exam system to the College of Arts departments-started entering the Business and Law Colleges and thus moving into law and business related fields. The increasing number of women entering Law School is another important reason-closely tied to the one just mentioned-for the rise in Law School's ranking. The greater availability of Law and Business School to women also was a key factor in the overcoming of women's "occupational segregation," an implicit effect of the pre-1984 exam system. This study explores, then, in greater depth the mechanisms at work here: that is, the relation between the three factors: reform of the exam system, re-ranking of the Colleges of Arts, Law and Business, and the decreasing occupational segregation of women.


This article will explore the microfoundations of group consciousness. In order to do that it re-examines two well-established theoretical traditions within Western social science, the social cohesion paradigm within social psychology and the various mind-body theories within anthropology and sociology, hoping that this re-examination will have intellectual bearing on the issue of group consciousness and group action. As a result of this analysis it is suggested that the different ways a group enacts its ideology can help shed new light on many features of group life. A relatively new theory is therefore presented which can account for this relationship and also helps to organize and integrate many of the earlier findings that pertain to the issue of group consciousness and group action. This theoretical framework, originally developed by Harvey Whitehouse, postulates that divergent modes of encoding have differential social effects. More specifically, there are two distinct modes of encoding, two distinct psychological ways of relating and acting within the framework of a group's ideology that are worth particular attention: the doctrinal mode of encoding and the imagistic mode of encoding. Their differences, manifested in the formal and informal behavior of groups, are many. Some of them, like organizational structure, change patterns, leadership style, centralization-decentralization aspects and institutional practice, are explored in depth. Whitehouse's cognitive theory is finally coupled with findings from sociology in order to furnish a fuller account of the social underpinnings of group-related phenomena. In particular we use Mark Granovetter's network theory in order to show how interactional patterns can have an influence on issues of group consciousness. The two theoretical strands are fused into a dual model which shows great promise and merits further attention. In the final part of the article examples are given in order to illustrate the real-life relevance of the stipulated model.


In this paper, we present a new multi-screen interactive environment. The system extracts a silhouette of the participant for driving the interaction using a method that overcomes the inherent problems associated with traditional chroma-keying, background subtraction, and rear-light projection methods. We present an approach for generating a robust silhouette of the participant using specialized infrared lighting while not making the underlying technology apparent to those interacting within the system. The design also enables video projection screens to be placed in front of and behind the user without interfering with the silhouette extraction process. The framework itself is a portable system which can act as a re-usable infrastructure for many interactive projects.


Context and Objective Donating a kidney may provide an opportunity for donors to reevaluate their health maintenance behaviors (eg, regular exercise, smoking cessation, medical checkups). Although the effect of donation on donors' health, quality of life, and financial outcomes has received growing attention, no studies have examined whether donation is related to changes in health maintenance behaviors. The study aims were to (1) describe and compare kidney donors' health maintenance behaviors before and after donation, and (2) determine the correlates of health maintenance behaviors after donation. Design, Setting, Participants and Measures We conducted a telephone-interview study with 85 randomly selected laparoscopic kidney donors in a major US transplant center to assess health behaviors before and after donation, postdonation characteristics (eg, quality of life, postsurgical pain), and demographics. Results Sample demographics included a median age of 48 years; 55% were female, 82% were white, 71% were married, and 52% were college graduates. Few health behaviors changed significantly from before to after donation. Only the rate of medical checkups increased after donation (P< .001). Logistic regression was used to examine the association of demographics and postdonation characteristics with postdonation health maintenance behaviors, after adjusting for predonation behavior. Older age, higher income, less postsurgical pain, and better physical functioning were associated with more exercise after donation. Longer time since donation was associated with a higher prevalence of obesity. Conclusions These results may help identify donors who are at greater risk for poor health maintenance behaviors after donation and suggest areas of health behavior that should be the focus of education sessions before donation.


Current mobile devices require a person to navigate and interact with applications and their content via on-screen operations. The problem is that mobility trades off with screen size, providing limited space for interactions. To mitigate this problem, we explore how our body can extend the interaction space of a mobile device. We call this BodyCentric Interaction (BCI), a design space comprised of three dimensions. First, interactions occur in different proximal spaces on/around/far-from the body. Second, different mapping strategies can associate digital knowledge or interactions with these spaces. Third, various input techniques can help perform such interactions. We make use of this design space to 1) unify existing BCIrelated research, and 2) generatively design a set of proofof-concept prototypes. Overall, we contribute a design space that articulates and envisions how our body can be leveraged to create rich interaction possibilities that extends beyond a mobile device's limited screen space.


Text messaging has become an integral part of social life, especially among adolescents and young adults. As a potentially continuously accessible form of communication, texting may affect individuals' psychosocial functioning in interesting—and unex-plored—ways. The current study examines links among interpersonal stress, text messaging behavior, and 3 indicators of college students' health and well-being: burnout, sleep problems, and emotional well-being. It was proposed that high rates of text messaging may exacerbate the effects of interpersonal stress on these aspects of students' health and well-being. Participants included 83 first-year undergraduate students. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that higher levels of interpersonal stress were significantly associated with compromises in all 3 areas of functioning. A higher number of daily texts was directly associated with more sleep problems. The number of daily texts moderated the association between interpersonal stress and both burnout and emotional well-being; interpersonal stress was associated with poorer functioning only at higher levels of texting. Promising future directions for research on texting behavior are discussed.


When considering an elk (Cervus elaphus) restoration program, wildlife managers must evaluate the positive and negative elements of translocation. We prepared this protocol to give an overview of health considerations associated with translocation of elk, with an emphasis on movement of free-ranging elk from western North America to the southeastern USA. We evaluated infectious agents and ectoparasites reported in elk from two perspectives. First, we made a qualitative estimate of the ability of the agent to be introduced and to become established. This was done using a selected set of epidemiologic factors. Second, if there was a good possibility that the organism could become established in the release area, the potential pathological consequences for elk and other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans were assessed via examination of the literature and consultation with other animal health specialists. The results of these evaluations were used to classify infectious agents and ectoparasites as low risk (n 5 174), unknown risk (n 5 10), and high risk (n 5 9). We classified Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma ovis, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Pasteurella multocida serotype 3, Elaphostrongylus cervi, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Fascioloides magna, Echinococcus granulosus, Dermacentor albipictus, and Otobius megnini as unknown risks. High risk infectious agents and ectoparasites were the agent of chronic wasting disease, Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium bovis, Dermacentor andersoni, Ixodes pacificus, and Psoroptes sp. Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, Elaeophora schneideri, and a Babesia sp. are parasites endemic in the southeastern USA that may present a ''reverse risk'' and adversely affect elk if released in some parts of the region. We developed a five-component protocol to reduce the risk of introduction of high risk infectious agents and ectoparasites that included: (1) evaluation of the health status of source populations, (2) quarantines, (3) physical examination and diagnostic testing, (4) restrictions on translocation of animals from certain geographic areas or populations, and (5) prophylactic treatment.


An Emotional Health Curriculum (EHC) was developed to promote positive mental health in primarily Hispanic elementary school-aged children. In order to further expand the EHC, the mothers' experiences with the curriculum were examined. Eighteen mothers participated in two focus groups. Mothers reported that they valued this curriculum as a preventive program. Importantly, all mothers wished to extend their involvement to not only assisting their child in completing the curriculum homework but also attending a proposed parenting program. This study provides preliminary evidence that mothers embraced the EHC as an accessible community mental health service for their children and sought greater involvement.


We report on a 31-year-old right-handed female with past medical history of pre-syncopal episodes and migraine headaches who presented to the outpatient clinic with a nummular headache after intracerebral stenting, which was different than her previous migraines.This represents "post-pipeline embolization headache" phenomenon, which is a relatively new term to describe a new or different headache in individuals who recently underwent intracranial vascular stenting as a treatment for cerebral aneurysms.


Water-soluble azo dyes are extensively used in textile industries and known to be a major environmental pollutant. Toxicity analysis of the treated dye using Allium cepa root cells showed remarkable improvement in cell viability, root length, mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations than that of untreated RR35. Decreased genotoxicity potential as DNA damage in cells was also observed in biologically treated dye. Induced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and suppressed catalase (CAT) activity along with increased lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation indicated oxidative stress in root cells exposed to the dye molecules. These symptoms were abridged in root cells treated with biologically treated dye solution, which indicates diminution of toxicity of the dye after treatment. Phytotoxicity studies further reflected the decreased in toxicity of the dye after biological treatment.


The first successful natural dump-flood in the Malaysian offshore environment provided numerous lessons learned to the operator. The minimal investment necessary for implementing the dump-flood coupled with the lack of recompletion opportunities in the subject wells suggested that direct execution without spending on expensive data gathering activity and extensive reservoir study makes more sense from a business point of view. A similar oil gain compared to a water injection project can be achieved at a significantly lower cost of USD 0.01 to 0.15 million in an offshore environment through dump-flooding.
 The existing oil producers in the depleted reservoirs in Field B were originally completed and successfully drained oil from in a high-pressured watered-out reservoir below, making it an ideal dump-flood water source. The dump-flood was initiated by commingling the target and water source reservoir through zone change, allowing water to naturally cross-flow into the pressure depleted target reservoir. Once a memory production logging tool (MPLT) confirmed the cross-flow, the offtake well was monitored to determine the impact of the dump-flood and produce once the pressure was increased. Minimal investment was necessary because the operations were executed using slickline. The reservoir model will be calibrated once the positive impact of dump-flood is realized in the offtake well.
 The first natural dump-flood in Reservoir X-2 has successfully produced 0.29 MMstb as of August 2018 with 600 BOPD incremental oil gain. The incremental recovery factor (RF) from the first dump-flood is predicted to be from 5 to 8%. Based on this success, it was decided to replicate the dump-flood project in other depleted reservoirs with Reservoir X-2 as an analog. Four reservoirs were subsequently identified, each with an estimated operational cost of approximately USD 0.01 million and potential incremental reserves of 0.10 to 0.20 MMstb per reservoir. The minimal investment necessary, the idle status of the wells and reservoirs, and the potential incremental reserves suggested that it is more appealing to proceed with implementing the dump-flood without undergoing an extensive and costly reservoir study. With reservoir connectivity being important to the success of dump-flooding, a more cost-effective approach would be to confirm the connectivity by monitoring the offtake well after the dump-flood is initiated. This approach provides more value because the cost of interference or pulse testing is significantly more expensive than the cost of the dump-flood itself while reservoir connectivity was already indicated as likely by geological data (map and seismic). Through a value driven approach, these dump-flood opportunities become more economically viable, allowing the operator to prolong the life of the assets and maximize the field profit.
 This paper discusses using a value driven and business approach to implement the dump-flood in a mature field. Valuable insight into the business and technical considerations of implementing dump-floods are described, which are relevant to the industry, especially in today's low margin business climate.


A common objection to self-archiving is that it is an extra task that puts an unnecessary burden on each researcher. In particular, the need to enter the extra bibliographic metadata demanded by repositories for accurate searching and identification is presumed to be a particularly onerous task. This paper describes a preliminary study on two months of submissions for a mature repository and concludes that the amount of time spent entering metadata would be as little as 40 minutes per year for a highly active researcher.


Objectives Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with higher risk of chronic disease, but little is known about the association with late life cognitive decline. We examined the longitudinal association between ACEs and late-life cognitive decline in the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR). Design Linear mixed models with random intercepts and slope examined the association of individual and composite ACEs with cognitive change adjusting for years from baseline (timescale), baseline age, sex, parental education, childhood socioeconomic status and childhood social support. Participants reported whether they had experienced nine types of ACEs. Executive function and verbal episodic memory were measured up to three times over a 3-year period using the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales. Settings Kaiser Permanente Northern California members living in the Bay Area. Participants STAR is a cohort study of cognitive ageing launched in 2018 that has enrolled 764 black Americans ages ≥50 years (mean age=67.5; SD=8.5). Results Twenty-one per cent of participants reported no ACEs, 24% one ACE, 20% two ACEs, 17% three ACEs and 17% four or more ACEs. Compared with no ACEs, two ACEs (β=0.117; 95% CI 0.052 to 0.182), three ACEs (β=0.075; 95% CI 0.007 to 0.143) and four or more ACEs (β=0.089; 95% CI 0.002 to 0.158) were associated with less decline in executive function. There were no significant associations between number of ACEs and baseline or longitudinal verbal episodic memory or between individual ACEs and executive function or verbal episodic memory. Conclusion In this cohort of older black Americans, there was no association between ACEs and baseline cognition or cognitive change in verbal episodic memory; however, experiencing ≥ 2 ACEs was associated with less decline in executive function. These results may indicate that participants who survived to age 50+ and experienced ACEs may have cognitive resilience that warrants further investigation.


In the last few years there has been an evident rise in the production of previously cooked, ready-to-serve meals. At a global level, the studies on this matter have yet to develop. Heat (and mass) transfer are modeled to predict thermal histories, microorganisms destruction and, finally, the cooking time. Both the experimental and modeling problems are quite complex, due to an important contribution of the radiation in the oven to the heat transfer and the simultaneous water loss by means of evaporation, porosity and volume variation, crust formation, etc. Nowadays the modeling of the process is carried out using finite differences or finite elements, contemplating important simplifications. To simulate the cooking of different foods in a convection oven, a commercial finite elements software (ALGOR) is used. The three-dimensional mesh of finite elements is formed using "Brick" elements, proper of the ALGOR software heat transfer module. The thermal variable properties of the food are considered, including the specific apparent heat, which involves the evaporation of water in the superficial crust. The convective and radiation components of the heat transfer in the air-food system are also taken into account. This is done with heat transfer coefficients determined in specific experiments for the utilized oven. The obtained results are validated against experimental data, from cooking runs of the same foods in the determined oven.


Abstract Poly-phase deformation of a compressional nature is a common feature in the post-rift evolution of passive margins and rifts. The compressional mode of deformation in these sedimentary basins, originally formed by extension in an intraplate setting, is characterized by a spectrum of spatial wavelengths spanning several tens of kilometres up to several hundreds of kilometres. The actual mode of compressional deformation appears to be strongly affected by the rheological structure of the underlying lithosphere, the level of the regional intraplate stress field, and the geometry of the rifted basin configuration prior to late-stage compressional reactivation. The interplay of plumes and intraplate compressional deformation can lead to temporal transitions from basin inversion to lithospheric folding. These modes of deformation lead to substantial differential vertical motions, late-stage anomalies in subsidence and uplift patterns. The development of innovative combinations of numerical and analogue modelling techniques is the key to differentiating different modes of compressional deformation of passive margins and extensional basins.


Abstract. Flash floods have occurred frequently in the urban areas of southern China. An effective process-oriented urban flood inundation model is urgently needed for urban storm-water and emergency management. This study develops an efficient and flexible cellular automaton (CA) model to simulate storm-water runoff and the flood inundation process during extreme storm events. The process of infiltration, inlets discharge and flow dynamics can be simulated with little preprocessing on commonly available basic urban geographic data. In this model, a set of gravitational diverging rules are implemented to govern the water flow in a rectangular template of three cells by three cells of a raster layer. The model is calibrated by one storm event and validated by another in a small urban catchment in Guangzhou of southern China. The depth of accumulated water at the catchment outlet is interpreted from street-monitoring closed-circuit television (CCTV) videos and verified by on-site survey. A good level of agreement between the simulated process and the reality is reached for both storm events. The model reproduces the changing extent and depth of flooded areas at the catchment outlet with an accuracy of 4 cm in water depth. Comparisons with a physically based 2-D model (FloodMap) show that the model is capable of effectively simulating flow dynamics. The high computational efficiency of the CA model can meet the needs of city emergency management.


BACKGROUND
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may yield insights into longevity.

METHODS
We performed a meta-analysis of GWAS in Caucasians from four prospective cohort studies: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study, the Cardiovascular Health Study, the Framingham Heart Study, and the Rotterdam Study participating in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium. Longevity was defined as survival to age 90 years or older (n = 1,836); the comparison group comprised cohort members who died between the ages of 55 and 80 years (n = 1,955). In a second discovery stage, additional genotyping was conducted in the Leiden Longevity Study cohort and the Danish 1905 cohort.

RESULTS
There were 273 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with p < .0001, but none reached the prespecified significance level of 5 x 10(-8). Of the most significant SNPs, 24 were independent signals, and 16 of these SNPs were successfully genotyped in the second discovery stage, with one association for rs9664222, reaching 6.77 x 10(-7) for the combined meta-analysis of CHARGE and the stage 2 cohorts. The SNP lies in a region near MINPP1 (chromosome 10), a well-conserved gene involved in regulation of cellular proliferation. The minor allele was associated with lower odds of survival past age 90 (odds ratio = 0.82). Associations of interest in a homologue of the longevity assurance gene (LASS3) and PAPPA2 were not strengthened in the second stage.

CONCLUSION
Survival studies of larger size or more extreme or specific phenotypes may support or refine these initial findings.


In situ UV-LIGA assembled robust micro check valves with large flow rates (>10 ml/s, displacement related), high-pressure support ability (>10 MPa) and high operational frequencies (>10 kHz) made of nano-structured nickel were presented in this paper. The microvalve consists of an array of 80 single micro valves to achieve the required flow rates. Test results show that the forward flow rate is about 19 ml/s under pressure of 90Psi. The backward flow rate is negligible. The reliability of the valve is ensured by the valve design and nanostructured nickel realized. The tested tensile strength of a nano structured nickel is about 1GPa. The strength of SU-8 is 50MPa, which is more than 50% higher that fabricated with a standard process.


ABSTRACT
 Juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (1.98 ± 0.28 g) were fed a commercial diet for 8 wk in triplicate to investigate growth and lipid metabolism at 3 salinities (3, 17, and 30). Shrimp weight gain and survival at 3 were significantly less than that at 17 and 30. No differences were found in whole-body proximate composition. Linolenic acid (18:3[n-3]) and (n-3) long-chain unsaturated fatty acid levels in the hepatopancreas, and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid level, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5[n-3]) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6[n-3]) in muscle at 3 were significantly greater than at other salinities. Fatty acid synthase, hormone sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, adipose triacylglycerol lipase, acyl-CoA, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, elongase of very long-chain fatty acid 6, and &Dgr;5 and &Dgr;6 fatty acid desaturase activity was detected and showed a negative trend with an increase of salinity, and no significant differences were found among salinity groups (P > 0.05). The results indicate that the low salinity of 3 decreases the growth of L. vannamei. Although L. vannamei could not synthesize either DHA or EPA de novo, it possibly has the potential ability to convert linolenic acid to DHA and EPA regardless of salinity. However, the factors influencing this ability remain unknown and need further study.


Arctigenin was previously proven to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation and thereby attenuate colitis in mice by down-regulating the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The present study was performed to address its underlying mechanism in view of estrogen receptor (ER). The specific antagonist PHTPP or siRNA of ERβ largely diminished the inhibitory effect of arctigenin on the mTORC1 activation in T cell lines and primary CD4+ T cells under Th17-polarization condition, suggesting that arctigenin functioned in an ERβ-dependent manner. Moreover, arctigenin was recognized to be an agonist of ERβ, which could bind to ERβ with a moderate affinity, promote dissociation of ERβ/HSP90 complex and nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of ERβ, and increase the transcription activity. Following activation of ERβ, arctigenin inhibited the activity of mTORC1 by disruption of ERβ-raptor-mTOR complex assembly. Deficiency of ERβ markedly abolished arctigenin-mediated inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation. In colitis mice, the activation of ERβ, inhibition of mTORC1 activation and Th17 response by arctigenin were abolished by PHTPP treatment. In conclusion, ERβ might be the target protein of arctigenin responsible for inhibition of mTORC1 activation and resultant prevention of Th17 cell differentiation and colitis development.


Formability, conventionally characterised by the Forming Limit Curve (FLC), is a critical measure used to define the working limit of sheet metal in a forming operation. The FLC defines the limit strain the material can undergo before failure occurs. The importance of this failure criterion means it is used at various stages in the development of automotive body panels: during material selection; during stamping simulations; and in the purchase of stamping tools before commencing serial production.

To mitigate against the risk that the FLC is positioned incorrectly; that mechanical property variation between blanks causes reduced formability; and that conditions imposed by the stamping operation itself cause premature failure, a safety margin is introduced. The size of the safety margin is based on the industrial sponsor's prior experience and attitude to risk, as opposed to an objective analysis of each of the risks posed to formability. Uncertainty around the position of an FLC arises from the dispersed limit strains that characterise the results of standardised formability tests. The aim of this research was to understand and characterise the uncertainty of the formability test, and develop a more accurate and precise method for determining and representing formability.

Initial tests were carried out according to the standard ISO method, and a digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to measure full-field strains on each specimen throughout the tests. Two observations were made. Firstly, the method of analysis advocated by the ISO standard requires subjective interpretation to define a limit strain. Secondly, the full-field strain measurements showed a "noisy" strain distribution overlaid over the expected strain field. This "noise" was significant compared to the uncertainty of the DIC instrument.

A solution was developed by adopting a statistical attitude to model surface strain measurements. Strains from the beginning of deformation up to fracture were characterised by a fundamental analysis. The analysis showed that the forming limit of an individual test is statistical in nature, and that the strains' statistical character exhibits recognisable trends that evolve from the start of the tests up to necking. A new 'time-dependent' method based on the innovative application of a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) was developed to characterise these trends, and quantify the forming limit. The GMM was used to objectively identify the locus of a localised neck; identify the onset of necking; and characterise the neck at the forming limit. Rather than selectively analysing strains in a pre-determined area of a specimen, and at a selected time of the test, the developed technique eliminates the subjectivity that is required by the current ISO-standard method.

The new GMM technique describes formability as a probabilistic risk of failure. Strain measurements made on single specimens were turned into a complimentary statistical formability criterion using the logistic regression technique proposed by Strano & Colosimo (2006). Formability Maps (FMs) were constructed to show the probability of failure contours on the Forming Limit Diagram (FLD). FMs derived from the GMM provide the precise representation of formability that is missing from the FLC, and that is required to objectively interpret the risk of failure for an industrial panel.

It was postulated that the presence of a surface roughness is responsible for surface strain variation because of the geometry of its asperities. Its evolution is controlled by underlying changes to the microstructure during the course of plastic deformation. A modified M-K model was used to predict the range of strains that arise from surface roughening at the forming limit. Formability predictions correspond well to FLCs drawn from ISO-standard limit strains, but less well to the FMs drawn from the GMM. It was concluded that surface roughening alone does not explain the heterogeneous strain behaviour measured in this research.