Within the context of the increasing interest in sensory perception during the period from 1450 to 1650, we fi nd an unexpected phenomenon: an astonishing tendency to render dependent on linguistic usage the common understanding of things, beings, and facts of nature or the environment.1 Evidence of this can be found in a wide variety of reference works relating either to dialectics or to the methodology of learning, the ratio studiorum,2 or again in conceptually structured encyclopaedias of universal knowledge.3 Through an analysis of Aristotelian texts used in schools, the present study provides evidence of the reciprocal relationship between the dynamic, highly individual process of 'learning through experience'4 and the constraints of the existing terminology.

By concentrating specifi cally on the learning process, it becomes possible to recognise the normative or quasi-normative principles on which teaching methods were based. The precise manner in which these affected perception comes to light, refl exively as it were, through an examination of the measures that were employed for training the senses. By this means, it will be possible to describe more clearly the contribution of the senses to the learning process that was formulated conceptually and employed in the teaching of philosophy in the 16th century universities and academies with the express goal of understanding the universe.


Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis affecting humans and livestock. Like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), M. bovis can persist in cattle without causing overt symptoms after entering a non-replicating persistent (NRP) state. Given that M.tb enters NRP under stress conditions, we sought to find the effects of vitamin C (VC) on M. bovis in vitro and in vivo (VC could mimic stresses like hypoxia by O2 scavenging and acidic conditions in phagosome). M. bovis was cultured in a medium with VC for 48 h. The differential expression of five genes (dosR, dosS, dosT, icl, and hspX of M. bovis) implicated in the M. bovis NRP state was measured with real-time quantitative PCR. Expression of all five genes was increased by VC. Relative to the control, VC-exposed bacteria appeared smaller and more rounded in shape with a much thicker inner envelope. A lower number of viable bacteria were found in comparison with those of the control. We infected macrophage cell line ANA-1 with M. bovis and cultured it in VC-added medium (MC group) for 24h and 48 h. Expression of il-10, il-6, tnf-α, and il-β was examined and compared with expression by cells infected by M. bovis only without VC treatment (MB group), uninfected cells in the medium treated with VC (VC group), and cells in the medium only without VC. Il-1β, tnf-α, and il-6 transcription were up-regulated significantly in MC group. IL-10 gene expression in MB and MC groups was less than in the control at 24h, but that of MC group increased more than the MB group at 48 h. The numbers of intracellular M. bovis in the MC group were lower than that in the other groups. Slower growth was found in VC-treated M. bovis, and macrophages were more bactericidal for intracellular VC-stimulated M. bovis than for M. bovis with no VC treatment.


Background Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by an expansion of CAG triplets in the gene huntingtin. This mutation generates an N-terminal polyQ expansion within the HTT protein, which leads to a broad array of cellular and synaptic dysfunction. Many of these deficits precede the death of striatral and cortical neurons. Recent evidence implicates that spiny synapses are important substrate of HD pathogenesis altered spine dynamics and reduced spine density are some of the early manifestation of HD. The membrane-associated guanylate kinase PSD-95 is highly enriched at excitatory synapses and organises the molecular architecture of synapses and regulates interactions between glutamate receptors and downstream-signalling molecules. Interestingly, PSD-95 interacts with HTT protein and the presence of pathological polyQ expansion weakens this interaction. Additionally, decreased level of PSD-95 was observed in HD. Aims We propose that the synaptic decrease and redistribution of PSD-95 contributes impaired spine dynamics and reduced spine number in a R6/2 mouse model of HD. Methods/techniques Therefore, we first delivered AAV viral vector expressing PSD-95 into somatosensory cortex then we used time-lapse two-photon imaging through a cranial window to track individual dendritic spines in HD mice as the disease is progressed. Results Repetitive imaging of apical dendrites of cortical neurons revealed impaired stabilisation of newly formed spines and reduced spine density in R6/2 mice compared with WT controls. We also found that genetic modulation of PSD-95 beneficially influences dendritic spine turnover and the preservation of synaptic structure in HD mice. We also performed morphological assessment to visualise neurons and their processes in PSD-95-delivered and vehicle HD mice. Conclusions Genetic modulation of PSD-95 might advantageous for early symptoms in HD via stabilising dendritic spines and via promotion of spine maturation.


In the fifty years since the concept of planned development was introduced, Bhutan has gone through a period of rapid modernization. Today's Bhutanese youth have very different life experiences than their parents or grandparents when they grew up, yet they live in a society that is still strongly influenced by Buddhist and traditional beliefs. In order to explore how modernization has affected attitudes toward Buddhism, education, family roles, women's roles, and the importance of community in Bhutan, a total of nine in-depth qualitative interviews with daughters, mothers and grandmothers from three different families in Thimphu and Paro were conducted in the fall of 2010, some with the use of a Dzongkha interpreter. Differences among the generations were found in attitudes toward education, household tasks, religious practices, family, community ties and gender roles.


Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika is a historic effort at restructuring the troubled Soviet economy. Wide-ranging in scope, harnessed with cultural and political reforms, it raises intriguing and important questions: Are Gorbachev's ideas different from the Kosygin-Brezhnev reform of 1965 that came to naught? What kinds of problems do the Russians have in understanding the market system? Who opposes perestroika? Do Gorbachev's proposals threaten his own future as Soviet leader? How does perestroika relate to a more general environment of openness, of glasnost? What happened at the June 1988 Party Conference? And, above all, is the old order really giving way to a new one? Or does Gorbachev aim at "capitalist icing on a socialist cake"?.To answer these questions and others, Padma Desai, a distinguished pioneer in the modern econometric analysis of the Soviet economy, has distilled from Gorbachev's myriad decrees the outlines of his strategy for doing away with the Soviet Union's long-term economic malaise. Focusing on the key areas of industry, agriculture, services, and foreign trade, she discusses specific blueprints for change and evaluates the possibilities for their success. Skillfully combining charts, photographs, cartoons, and quotes, this book offers a unique and coherent view of the strategy underlying Gorbachev's reform efforts to date--and does so gracefully and with sparkle, in terms completely understandable to the layperson.Originally published in 1989.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that at least a small group of gamers has trouble controlling their online video game playing. Excessive amounts of time spent on playing online video games can be severely disruptive to school, work, and "real life" social contacts. It seems that online games, especially multiplayer online role playing games, are more often associated with video game addiction. Drawing parallels to other industries–such as gambling–which are heavily regulated, the issue of social responsibility of the video game industry is explored. Presently, online video game publishers provide neither referral services nor customer care with regards to video game addiction. In our opinion, a dual approach is necessary. Firstly, consumers should be informed about potential addiction risks that can be attributed to playing online video games. Secondly, game publishers should implement proper referral services. Providing customer care and referral services might be in the best interest of the video game industry at this point, as it may very well prevent revenue restricting governmental intervention. Therefore, taking action on the issue of social responsibility will benefit both the customer–who will be informed and properly referred–and the game industry alike.


Hybridization is a common evolutionary process with multiple possible outcomes. In vertebrates, interspecific hybridization has repeatedly generated parthenogenetic hybrid species. However, it is unknown whether the generation of parthenogenetic hybrids is a rare outcome of frequent hybridization between sexual species within a genus or the typical outcome of rare hybridization events. Darevskia is a genus of rock lizards with both hybrid parthenogenetic and sexual species. Using capture sequencing, we estimate phylogenetic relationships and gene flow among the sexual species, to determine how introgressive hybridization relates to the origins of parthenogenetic hybrids. We find evidence for widespread hybridization with gene flow, both between recently diverged species and deep branches. Surprisingly, we find no signal of gene flow between parental species of the parthenogenetic hybrids, suggesting that the parental pairs were either reproductively or geographically isolated early in their divergence. The generation of parthenogenetic hybrids in Darevskia is, then, a rare outcome of the total occurrence of hybridization within the genus, but the typical outcome when specific species pairs hybridize. Our results question the conventional view that parthenogenetic lineages are generated by hybridization in a window of divergence. Instead, they suggest that some lineages possess specific properties that underpin successful parthenogenetic reproduction.


A uterine fibroid is the most common, non-cancerous tumor in women of childbearing age and the second most common reason women of childbearing age undergo surgery. Metrorrhagiais one of the most common menstrual disorder associated with uterine fibroid and it is caused to excessive menstrual bleeding with or without intermenstrual bleeding. In Ayurveda, texts have described mamsajagranthi which perfectly correlates with benign neoplasm on modern lines. Here the study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of virechanakarmafor uterine fibroid with mild adenomyosis and other complications. 36 years old female multigravida patient, was diagnosed with uterine fibroid on the basis of clinical features and USG findings. This study was planned to find out Ayurvedic management of Uterine fibroid with samshodhanakarma. Therefore, after taking written informed consent patient was treated with virechanakarma with Trivrutavaleha with Thripalakwatha. The result of this study was found after this therapy, all major complaints like irregular excessive menstrual bleeding, the lower-abdominal pain completely reduced, and weight also got reduced and also reduced the size of the fibroid in vertically as well as horizontally. It can be concluded that uterine fibroid can be efficiently and effectively managed with Virechana Karma and the complication be prevented.


An attractive option for realizing applications in radiation environments is to employ All-Programmable System-on-Chips (APSoCs) thanks to their high-performance computing and power efficiency merits. Despite APSoC's advantages, like any other electronic device, they are prone to radiation effects. Processors found in APSoCs must, therefore, be adequately hardened against ionizing-radiation to become a viable alternative for harsh environments. This paper proposes a novel triple-core lockstep (TCLS) approach to secure the Xilinx Zynq-7000 APSoC dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 processor against radiation-induced soft errors by coupling it with a MicroBlaze TMR subsystem in Zynq's programmable logic (PL) layer. The proposed strategy uses software-level checkpointing principles along with roll-back and roll-forward mechanisms (i.e. software redundancy), and hardware-level processor replication as well as checker circuits (i.e. hardware redundancy). Results of fault injection experiments show that the proposed solution achieved high soft error security by mitigating about 99% of bit-flips injected into both ARM cores' register data.


This thesis examines how two opposing organizations frame hydraulic fracturing and prioritize particular framing activity. Framing has become a central concern for social movement scholars, but much remains to be theorized on variation of the same issue by different movement actors. This paper argues that the organizational goals and broader discourse influence the prioritization of core framing tasks and the selection of particular frame alignment processes pursued by each organization. Through qualitative, textual analysis of the content posted on two websites throughout the year 2013, this study found that each organization is engaged in framing activity that strategically fits their organizational goals, as well as the organization's ability to link their messages to the broader discourse. This study fills a gap in framing literature that takes for granted the persuasive goals of organizations, while providing insight on variation in the framing activity of two opposing organizations.


Abstract Globally around 70% of all water used is for agricultural development. Thus, if the world's food crisis is to be successfully resolved, enough water of appropriate quantity and quality will be necessary. Water scarcity is already a serious issue in many arid and semi‐arid countries, and the problem is likely to intensify significantly in the future. Agriculture also affects water quality in many ways. The paper analyses the present' status of the impacts of use of pesticides and nitrate fertilizers from different parts of the world.


This paper estimates indirect benefits of improved air quality induced by hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking". The recent increase in natural gas supply led to displacement of coal-fired electricity by cleaner natural gas-fired generation. Using detailed spatial panel data comprising the near universe of US power plants, we find that coal generation decreased by 28%. Further, fracking decreased local air pollution by an average of 4%. We show that benefits vary geographically; air pollution levels decreased by 35% in the most affected region. Back of the envelope calculations imply accumulated health benefits of roughly $17 billion annually.


The synthesis of continuous cobalt–adeninate MOF (bio-MOF-13 (I) and bio-MOF-14 (II)) membranes supported on porous alumina tubes is demonstrated. The membranes showed high CO2 permeabilities and low to moderate CO2 separation selectivities for CO2/CH4 gas mixtures. The observed CO2/CH4 selectivities are attributed to preferential CO2 adsorption within the framework.


Stable coins attempt to resolve the problem of wide volatility in dollar-denominated prices that characterize most cryptoinstruments, by "pegging" their value to fixed amounts of traditional monetary instruments. This discussion paper considers the challenges faced by "stable coin" cryptocurrencies, at different levels of collateralization, through comparison with pegged currencies, which follow a similar dynamic in terms of maintaining support for a given monetary value. The paper suggests that the novelty of cryptocurrencies should not detract from observing what are fundamental difficulties in constructing pegs to traditional currencies.


There are important performance issues in secure wireless networks, such as mobility, power, and bit error rate (BER) that must be considered when designing a communication resume protocol. The efficiency of a secure session resume for a fast resume of secure communication is a key point in secure connection development. In this paper, a fast secure session resume protocol using the initialization vector (IV) count for a wireless network is presented and evaluated against the efficiency of conventional resume protocol. Our proposed resume protocol is found to achieve better performance, in terms of transmission traffic, consumed time, and BER, than conventional resume protocols


Background and Objectives: Multi-detector CT (MDCT) is becoming more commonly used as a diagnostic tool for various cardiac diseases, and this modality can also incidentally detect a significant number of non-cardiac findings during cardiac work-ups. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the incidence of non-cardiac findings during cardiac MDCT and to compare them with chest CT. Subjects and Methods: We enrolled 1,007 consecutive subjects (mean age: 49±10 years, males: 63%) who underwent both cardiac and chest CT (64-slice MDCT) as a part of a routine health check-up. The subjects were evaluated for the incidence of non-cardiac findings and the therapeutic consequences according to the CT protocols during the mid-term follow-up (average length of mid-term follow-up: 533±39 days). Results: Eight hundred sixty incidental non-cardiac findings were identified in 627 patients (62%) with cardiac CT. Forty-three subjects (4%) had clinically significant lesions that required additional diagnostic work-up or radiological follow-up, and these lesions were 23 cases of non-calcified nodule, 2 cases of ground glass opacity, 6 cases of pneumonia, 1 case of active tuberculosis, 2 cases of focal bronchiolitis, 3 cases of arterial lesion, 1 case of liver cirrhosis and 5 cases of extra-pulmonary masses. Five subjects (0.5%), including 2 cases (0.2%) of malignancy, had therapeutic consequences during their follow-up. Compared with chest CT, 68% (40/59) of the significant intrathoracic lesions and 67% (4/6) of the intrathoracic lesions with therapeutic consequences were documented by cardiac CT. Conclusion: In the present study, 4% of the asymptomatic patients who underwent cardiac MDCT were found to have significant non-cardiac findings that required further work-up. To avoid missing a number of clinically important findings, physicians who analyze cardiac MDCT scans should carefully evaluate not only the heart, but all the other organs that are within the scan range. (Korean Circ J 2008;38:276-283)


Superconvergence of discontinuous Galerkin methods is an area of increasing interest due to the ease with which higher order information can be extracted from the approximation. Cockburn, Luskin, Shu, and Suli showed that by applying a B-spline filter to the approximation at the final time, the order of accuracy can be improved from order k+1 to order 2k+1 in the L2-norm for linear hyperbolic equations with periodic boundary conditions (where k is the polynomial degree and h is the mesh element diameter) [Math. Comp. (2003)]. The applicability of this filter for linear hyperbolic problems with non-periodic boundary conditions was computationally extended and renamed a position-dependent smoothness-increasing accuracy-conserving (SIAC) filter by van Slingerland, Ryan, Vuik [SISC (2011)]. However, error estimates in the L2$-norm for this new position-dependent SIAC filter were never given. Furthermore, error estimates in the L-infinity-norm have not been established for the original kernel nor the position-dependent kernel. In this paper, for the first time we establish that it is possible to obtain order s, s=min{2k+1,2k + 2-\frac {d}{2}} accuracy in the L-infinity-norm for the position-dependent SIAC filter, where d is the dimension. Furthermore, we extend the error estimates given by Cockburn et al. so that they are applicable to the entire domain when implementing the position-dependent SIAC filter. We also computationally demonstrate the applicability of this filter for visualization of streamlines.


K-means clustering is a very popular clustering technique, which is used in numerous applications. Given a set of n data points in R d and an integer k, the problem is to determine a set of k points R d , called centers, so as to minimize the mean squared distance from each data point to its nearest center. A popular heuristic for k-means clustering is Lloyd's algorithm. In this paper we present a simple and eecient implementation of Lloyd's k-means clustering algorithm, which we call the ltering algorithm. This algorithm is very easy to implement. It diiers from most other approaches in that it precomputes a kd-tree data structure for the data points rather than the center points. We establish the practical eeciency of the ltering algorithm in two ways. First, we present a data-sensitive analysis of the algorithm's running time. Second, we have implemented the algorithm and performed a number of empirical studies, both on synthetically generated data and on real data from applications in color quantization, compression, and segmentation.


Extensive research has been devoted to the chemical manipulation of carbon nanotubes. The attachment of molecular fragments through covalent-bond formation produces kinetically stable products, but implies the saturation of some of the C-C double bonds of the nanotubes. Supramolecular modification maintains the structure of the SWNTs but yields labile species. Herein, we present a strategy for the synthesis of mechanically interlocked derivatives of SWNTs (MINTs). In the key rotaxane-forming step, we employed macrocycle precursors equipped with two π-extended tetrathiafulvalene SWNT recognition units and terminated with bisalkenes that were closed around the nanotubes through ring-closing metathesis (RCM). The mechanically interlocked nature of the derivatives was probed by analytical, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques, as well as by appropriate control experiments. Individual macrocycles were observed by HR STEM to circumscribe the nanotubes.


House building will in the end shift towards using large-sized industrially produced panels. To benefit in full of new housing methods the accuracy of a foundation must be geared to using large-sized wall panels. Since current foundation methods do not meet this accuracy a new foundation concept is developed to be prepared for future applications. A preliminary test in real practice showed the improved accuracy but also revealed additional benefits regarding costs and simplification of work. This new insight promises already opportunities in present-day house building. A major advantage besides accuracy is that all work can be done in unbroken activity to reply to shattered activities of current construction. The new foundation offers good prospects to have the entire work (including ground floor) contracted out to a subcontractor as an extension to groundwork, which is contracted out as a rule. Pilot tests in practice demonstrate substantial time reduction (30-45% on labour on site and additional by removing intervals between separate activities). Other advantageous aspects regard material use (almost halved though strength and stiffness are increased) and a prospect of pouring concrete for foundation beam simultaneous with concrete for ground floor. The new foundation is suited for strip foundations as well as pile foundations in housing.


Abstract Polylactide (PLA) is a high potential bioplastic that can replace oil‐based plastics in a number of applications. To date, in spite of its known toxicity, a tin catalyst is used on industrial scale which should be replaced by a benign catalyst in the long run. Germanium is known to be unharmful while having similar properties as tin. Only few germylene catalysts are known so far and none has shown the potential for industrial application. We herein present Ge complexes in combination with zinc and copper, which show amazingly high polymerization activities for lactide in bulk at 150 °C. By systematical variation of the complex structure, proven by single‐crystal XRD and DFT calculations, structure–property relationships are found regarding the polymerization activity. Even in the presence of zinc and copper, germanium acts as the active site for polymerizing probably through the coordination–insertion mechanism to high molar mass polymers.


We study higher order tangents and higher order Laplacians on fully symmetric p.c.f. self-similar sets with three boundary points. Firstly, we prove that for any function f defined near a vertex x, the higher order weak tangent of f at x, if exists, is the uniform limit of local multiharmonic functions that agree with f near x in some sense. Secondly, we prove that the higher order Laplacian on a fractal can be expressible as a renormalized uniform limit of higher order graph Laplacians. Some results can be extended to general p.c.f. self-similar sets. In the Appendix, we provide a recursive algorithm for the exact calculations of the boundary values of the monomials on D3 symmetric fractals, which is shorter and more direct than in the previous work on the Sierpiński gasket.


External load has become a common metric for coaches to track the activity profiles of athletes during training and competition.  The advent of wearable technology has made external load monitoring accessible for more coaches.  The purpose of this study was to compare positional (attack, midfield, and defense) and game (first half to second) external loads.  An NCAA Division I women's lacrosse team was recruited to wear triaxal accelerometers and GPS units during five non-conference games during the 2020 regular season.  The external load metrics evaluated for this study included total distance, sprint distance (> 19 km∙hr-1), number of power plays (> 3 m·s-2), top speed, and PlayerLoad.  Significance was set at p < 0.05.  No significant differences among positions were observed for full game measures (p > 0.05).  A significant main effect for time was observed for sprint distance (midfield; p < 0.001 ) and power plays (midfield; p < 0.001 and defense; p = 0.004).  While no significant differences occurred for activity profiles among positions, high-intensity efforts (sprint distance and power plays) were significantly less in the second half, likely due to fatigue.  Coaches and sports scientists can use this information to manage in-game fatigue through tactics such as strategic substitutions and time-outs, thus preserving the intensity of the activity profiles late in the game.


In this paper we study the existence problem for KM-arcs in small Desarguesian planes. We establish a full classification of KM$_{q,t}$-arcs for $q\le 32$, up to projective equivalence. We also construct a KM$_{64,4}$-arc; as $t=4$ was the only value for which the existence of a KM$_{64,t}$-arc was unknown, this fully settles the existence problem for $q\le 64$.


The effect of raw materials on the temperature development and prereduction behavior of Comilog and Nchwaning manganese ores (3.33–4.00 mm or 11.20–15.00 mm) were investigated in a CO-CO2 atmosphere. Experiments were conducted at a heating rate of 6 °C/min from room temperature to 1000 °C where the ore was mixed with inert material (quartz) in various ratios. A similar heating program gave dissimilar temperature development for Comilog and Nchwaning ores due to differences in oxygen levels and reduction rates. The temperature development, and thus reduction rate, decreased with the increasing amount of inert material in the mix for Comilog ore in size 3.33–4.00 mm. The peak reaction rates observed during reduction were 2.4 wt%/min, 1.0 wt%/min, and 0.8 wt%/min for an ore:quartz weight ratio of 1:0, 1:1, and 1:3, respectively. For Comilog ore in size 11.20–15.00 mm, and Nchwaning ore in both sizes, the temperature development and reduction rates were slightly or insignificantly affected. It was suggested that the effect was low for reactions under a diffusion-controlled kinetic regime.


textabstractIn this thesis, insights of the law and economics literature were collected in order to develop the features of an optimal group litigation concerning the deterrence of European Competition Law violation and these were then compared to the proposals of the European Commission in the White Paper on damages actions.

Chapter 1 and 2 provide the basis for the analysis conducted in remainder of this thesis. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the enforcement of European Competition law including the rationale of European Competition Law, the debate about private versus public enforcement in general, and the discussed legal changes to enhance private enforcement. Chapter 2 provides the economic and legal framework used to analyse the efficiency of group litigation mechanisms with regard to deterrence of competition law infringements. This structure is mainly based on economic insights and knowledge developed in the Law and Economics literature. Such an economics based approach entails a choice as to the goal to be pursued by private enforcement to be that of deterrence of unlawful conduct, in this specific case, the (inefficient) breach of competition law and the focus on total welfare. Therefore the insights of the theories on optimal deterrence are applied to the setting of private enforcement of competition law.

Using the economic framework laid out in Chapters 1 and 2, in Chapter 3 turns to two necessarily slightly abstract forms of existing group litigation mechanisms, i.e.. collective actions and representative actions. These different actions were analysed with regard to their potential to achieve deterrence. Outcomes resulting from an initial analysis showed that the optimal group litigation mechanisms from the point of view of society at large (total welfare approach), would be a stand-alone action brought in the form of a mandatory group litigation, including all losses caused to society at large. The main arguments for that outcome are that to reach optimal deterrence, the penalty imposed on the infringer, in the form of damages to be paid, should be based on total harm caused to society, and therefore include all losses caused to all different members of society. This leads to the conclusion that the optimal group litigation should incorporate all individual losses in one proceeding, to be (cost-) efficient. Therefore, and because free riding problems can be eliminated, the optimal system would be a mandatory one, rather than opt-in or opt-out mechanism. It is shown that stand alone actions are to be preferred over follow-on actions from an efficient deterrence perspective, as only the former increase the rate of detection. This is important as it is increased detection that decreases the amount of the optimal sanction, which otherwise may be prohibitively large, and also when the availability bias leads to a greater value of the risk of detection compared to an increase in the damage awards, i.e. the imposed monetary penalties. Follow-on actions merely contribute to the amount of sanction faced by the infringer when public fines are too low to deter. However, it would be more (cost) efficient in such cases, where the public fine is too low, that the public fine be instead raised sufficiently. Therefore, the analysis continued focusing on mandatory stand-alone group actions.

In the analysis of the two abstract forms of existing group litigation systems of collective and representative actions, problems and obstacles to private litigation for damages specific to certain types of breaches of European Competition Law were taken into account. The analysis suggests that neither collective nor representative actions will be the optimal group litigation mechanism in the sense of the best group litigation to reach the goal of efficient deterrence, unless the existing systems were to be substantially altered. Problems specific to collective actions, such as the necessity of one of the victims (lead plaintiff) to become active on behalf of himself and other victims of the infringement, render that particular system of bundling similar claims into one procedure less efficient. This is especially so in those cases where the information asymmetry on the side of the victims is large. One way to reduce such problems would be to motivate the lawyer representing the group of victims to become the actual driving force and the active party. However, as the analysis shows, problems and large inefficiencies occur when the collective action is not adequately and explicitly designed to have a lead lawyer, rather than a lead plaintiff. Similar outcomes result in the analysis of representative actions brought by associations on behalf of the victims.

One particular necessity crystallised out of this analysis: the incentives given to the acting agent need to be adequately taken into account and designed in any form of group litigation. In cases where typically individual victims (such as end consumers) will not be the acting agent themselves, this insight has large implications for other goals which one may pursue, such as complete compensation of individual losses of these victims. This important insight is the corner stone of the idea of a market based approach to private enforcement, where agents compete with each other for detection and litigation of competition law infringements. As has been shown, such a market may heal many of the problems and inefficiencies that would remain in the two stylised forms of existing mechanisms described before. Such a market with competing enforcement agents would, however, face similar problems as those unearthed in the discussion of the economic analysis of competition in research and development. Both are characterised by large upfront investments that are necessary in order to gain profits that are highly uncertain. Therefore, under a first-come, first-served mechanism, there will be many resources wasted in the competitive process. Solutions to these market failures presented included the use of auctions for the right to litigate after detection of a certain infringement has taken place. This solution would not only increase the efficiency of the market idea in general, but also those of other systems of collective actions or representative actions when characterised by strong competition and races to the courts.

After the features of the theoretical optimal system of group litigation with regard to deterrence were determined, the insights gained are used in Chapter 4 to compare and discuss the efficiency of the Commission's proposal against this benchmark. The analysis shows that the proposed mechanisms do not reach the potential efficiency of the theoretical optimal solution developed in the previous Chapter. This result was no surprise, as the starting point or goal to be achieved though private enforcement in the Commission's point of view, is presumably not deterrence - at least not the dominating one. Moreover, while the theoretical analysis in Chapter 3 focuses on stand-alone actions, the Commission wants to encourage follow-on actions in addition to stand-alone actions. The examination nevertheless highlights the inefficiencies, necessary trade-offs, and some of the costs imposed on society should those particular mechanisms suggested by the Commission be chosen. These considerations are also relevant for follow-on actions and for achieving other goals. A discussion of the goals other than deterrence also shows that even these goals may not be achieved to the highest degree possible. After all, the choices made by the Commission can be interpreted to stem from compromises made in the issues (e.g. the goals) themselves and in the political arena (e.g. taking harmonisation and implementation costs into account).

The fifth Chapter illustrates the basic features of three selected legal systems, i.e., the group litigation mechanisms as developed in the US, UK and Germany. These are then compared to the features of the theoretical optimal solution developed in Chapter 3. As these existing mechanisms deviate substantially from the theoretical benchmark, they are unlikely to achieve the optimal deterrence results the optimal group litigation mechanisms are argued to achieve. However, the stark differences between the developed systems and their experienced effectiveness and difficulties provide some partial support to the insights gained in the theoretical part of Chapter 3. In very broad terms, it seems that less attention was paid to the question of who would actually have incentives to become active under the current systems, and which problems might occur and what possible regulative remedies to these might be enacted, the less effective the systems turned out to be. This outcome would also hold, if the goal to be achieved would be anything other than deterrence, for example corrective justice as compensation of individual victims. If the incentives structures that the economic analysis highlights are neglected neither deterrence not compensation can be achieved in any efficient or even just effective way.


This article presents a statement of a theory of the conditions under which are institutions, policies and arrangements viable or sustainable, rooted in the neo-Durkheimian tradition. The argument is that institutions have the greatest chance of viability when they exhibit sufficient internal variety of the basic institutional forms, and when the conflicts between these forms can be contained by one or more types of settlements. Institutional forms are subject to both positive feedback or self-reinforcement, which the Durkheimian tradition argues can lead to disorganization, and to negative feedback dynamics which can lead either to gridlock and conflict or, if suitably contained, to settlement. The article offers a classification of the available types of settlement between institutional imperatives and a discussion of their strengths and weaknesses.


With the most resource intensive tasks in games offloaded to special purpose processors, game designers now have the opportunity to build richer characters using more complex AI techniques than have been used in the past. While additional CPU time makes improved AI feasible, better tools for building agents are needed to make good interactive characters a reality. In this paper we present the BEHAVEngine and BehaviorShop which enable the creation of rich interactive characters.


Malaria is major vector-borne diseases in southern Iran. The main activity of vector control is indoor residual spraying using pyrethrpids. The study was conducted to evaluate the biological assays of lambdacyhalothrin WP10 at different surfaces of wall.  The persistency of lambdacyhalothrin WP10 at 25 mg/m2 was studied on different local surfaces of rooms such as  plaster and mud surfaces (sorbent) as well as wooden and thatch roofs (as non-sorbent). Contact bioassays were carried out using world health organization (WHO) standard cones and lab-bred sugar-fed, 48-72 h old females of Anopheles stephensi  (Iranshahr strain). In contact bioassays was carried out on sprayed surfaces for 150 days. Contact bioassay on surfaces treated with lambdacyhalothrin WP10 on sorbent surfaces caused 34 to 100% mortality and 76.32 to 100% on non-sorbent surfaces during 120 days evaluation period and the persistency of lambdacyhalothrin WP10 at 25 mg/m2 was estimated about 2.5 months. Fumigant tests of lambdacyhalothrin WP10 revealed 50 to 93.83% mortality with one month persistency.

 Key words: Lambdacyhalothrin, residual effects, fumigant efficacy, Anopheles stephensi, malaria, Iran.


Two series of square pyramidal (SP) monodithiolene complexes, [M (VI)O 3- n S n (bdt)] (2-) and their silylated derivatives [M (VI)O 2- n S n (OSiR 3)(bdt)] (-) ( n = 0, M = Mo or W; n = 1, 2, M = W), synthesized in this and previous work, constitute the basic molecules in a biomimetic approach to structural analogues of the oxidized sites in the xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme family. Benzene-1,2-dithiolate (bdt) simulates native pyranopterindithiolene chelation in the basal plane, tungsten instead of the native metal molybdenum was employed in sulfido complexes to avoid autoreduction, and silylation models protonation. The complexes [MO 3(bdt)] (2-) and [MO 2(OSiR 3)(bdt)] (-) represent inactive sites, while [MO 2S(bdt)] (2-) and [MOS(OSiR 3)(bdt)] (-), with basal sulfido and silyloxo ligands, are the first analogues of the catalytic sites. Also prepared were [MOS 2(bdt)] (2-) and [MS 2(OSiR 3)(bdt)] (-), with basal sulfido and silyloxo ligands. Complexes are described by angular parameters which reveal occasional distortions from idealized SP toward a trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) structure arising from crystal packing forces in crystalline Et 4N (+) salts. Miminized energy structures from DFT calculations are uniformly SP and reproduce experimental structures. For example, the correct structure is predicted for [WO 2S(bdt)] (2-), whose basal and apical sulfido diastereomers are potentially interconvertible through a low-lying TBP transition state for pseudorotation. The lowest energy tautomer of the protonated form is calculated to be [WOS(OH)(bdt)] (-), with basal sulfido and hydroxo ligands. Computational and experimental structures indicate that protein sites adopt intrinsic coordination geometries rather than those dictated by protein structure and environment.


This paper attempts to introduce a new economic modeling in times of war. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate war in different stages until the end. This new economic modeling in times of war is entitled "the war economic capability model (WEC-Model)." Hence, the WEC-Model will study the evolution of war in three different phases: (i) initial conflict and diplomatic negotiations; (ii) war conflict; (v) winners and losers in the post-war stage. In addition, the WEC-Model is introducing a serial of new indicators such as economic desgrowth (-δ), war intensity (αi), war losses (-π), economic wear (Π), level of war tension (ζ), level of diplomatic negotiations (η) and total economic leaking (Ωt). Finally, the WEC-Model was applied on the evaluation of a potential war between and People's Republic of China and Japan.


This book brings together a series of essays which unfold and illuminate the history of the Irish flour-milling industry from the medieval period to the present day. Milling was one of Ireland's foremost industries, playing a critically important role in the local economy of many districts, servicing farmers needs and processing some of the key components in the Irish food supply. Despite being the most widely dispersed industry in the country, with bread and other milling components playing a central role in the Irish diet, the topic has not received the attention it deserves from social or economic historians, who've focused more on the potato. This book addresses that lacunae and incorporates a range of new research to form a comprehensive overview. Attractively illustrated by a large collection of photographs and drawings, Irish Flour-Milling will be of particular interest to social, economic and local historians, industrial archaeologists, ethnologists and anthropologists, and the many people who have had family connections with the industry, from Bolands, Hallinans and Hughes, to Pollexfens, Russells, Odlums and Shackletons.


The objective of the workshop was to discuss and plan the establishment of a global collaboratory for the development and application of eScience concepts and technology to the field of chemical crystallography and dependent or related subjects. The lead roles are taken by the UK National Crystallography Service (Southampton, UK), Indiana University Molecular Structure Center (Bloomington, IN, USA) and the Australian Molecular & Materials Structure Network (Sydney, Australia). A five day schedule of talks and discussions drew on work and experiences from numerous and varied groups: Monday 13th, Tuesday 14th September. Topics:- Grid Infrastructure, Grid Services – Software and Hardware; Security, Licence Keys, Automation etc. Monday AM. 1. Introduction and Welcome. (Mike Hursthouse, Soton). 2. Setting the Scene (just brief introductory outlines) The Comb-e-Chem Project. (Jeremy Frey, Soton) Crystallography: it's all about the data. (John Huffman, Indiana)
An overview of why and how the various past and present informatics projects in the Indiana University Molecular Structure Center have developed. The e-HTPX Project. (Dave Meredith, Daresbury Lab.)
Monday PM. 3. Realisations The NCS Service – basic approaches. (Ken Meacham & Steve Taylor, IT-Innovation) The Semantic Grid. (Dave DeRoure, Soton ECS) Making instruments first-class members of the Grid. (Ken Chiu, Indiana).
A discussion of the progress and goals of the Common Instrument Middleware Initiative (CIMA) project.
Tuesday Continuation and further development of Monday topics. ECSES and NCS Service demos (if not presented Monday). (Ken Meacham, IT-Innovation) A distributed architecture for crystallography data, metadata, and applications. (John Bollinger, Indiana)
A discussion of the purpose and design of the Reciprocal Net software suite.
Wednesday 15 September. Data Aspects Day The e-Lab concept – The Smart Tea Exemplar. (Gareth Hughes, ECS Soton) The Crystallographic e-Lab – requirements and realisation. (Mike Hursthouse, Soton) Crystallographic Metadata. (Simon Coles, Soton) Data and metadata in the Reciprocal Net. (John Bollinger, Indiana)
A few words about how the Reciprocal Net software currently classifies information into data and metadata, and about the role of each category in the Reciprocal Net system. Information management in a crystallography laboratory. (John Huffman, Indiana)
How the Reciprocal Net site software is useful for tracking the information required for efficiently managing a crystallography laboratory. SRB services. (Peter Berrisford, RAL Data management group) The Atlas Datastore: Data archival and retrieval. (David Corney – Atlas Datastore) Data storage and archiving (John Huffman, Indiana)
A brief discussion of the data archiving strategy planned for the SCrAPS and related projects, to be enabled via the CIMA project. Other speakers may contribute – to be decided on the fly.
Thursday 16 September. Topics: Dissemination of Results. Harvesting and Aggregation Thursday AM. Disseminating crystallography results the Indiana way. (John Bollinger / John Huffman, Indiana)
A presentation of the data dissemination aspects of the Reciprocal Net software, including interactive structure visualization, data tables, and automated graphics generation. Also a few words about exposing metadata via Open Archives Initiative protocols. eCrystallographyDataReports and the eBank project. (Simon Coles, Soton) The Chemical Database Service. (R. McMeeking, CDS) Publishing and the IUCr. (Peter Strickland, Brian McMahon, IUCr) Publishing and the CCDC. (Owen Johnson, CCDC) Thursday PM. Use/reuse of data. Data Base Aspects. CIF2CML. Data and software sharing in molecular science. (Peter Murray-Rust, Unilever Centre, Cambridge) Design of a GRID enabled database system to facilitate reuse, provenance tracking and automated processing of chemical information. (Rob Gledhill, Soton and Comb-e-Chem) Other speakers may be added.
Friday 17 September Friday AM. Data mining, pattern searching, structure descriptors Management of data in the PDB (John Westbrook, Rutgers, US) The XPAC program – Quantification of Solid State Structure Similarity. (Thomas Gelbrich, Soton) Development of a Ligand Knowledge Base. (Natalie Fey, Bristol) Development of Molecular Geometry Knowledge Bases from the Cambridge Structural Database. (Steph Harris, Bristol) Discussions Wrap-up. Future pathways, prospects, recommendations.


The present study used focus groups to collect qualitative data to better understand the complexity of how women with domestic violence experiences feel about gun violence and protections from gun violence within the context of partner violence. Participants consisted of 42 women who were recruited through domestic violence shelters and programs in a single U.S. state. Three main themes were examined in the focus group discussions: (a) guns used within the context of partner abuse, (b) victims using guns as protection from an abuser, and (c) mandated gun restrictions as protection in partner abuse. A total of nine subthemes were organized under the three general themes. Within the first main theme, participants discussed that although abuse occurs with and without guns, guns are uniquely dangerous. In the second main theme, participants expressed concern regarding the dangers of using a gun for self-defense as well as the individual right to own a gun for self-defense. In the third main theme, participants expressed their frustrations that victims are not taken seriously by the justice system and the difficulties of enforcing mandated gun restrictions. The findings have implications for developing protective strategies against gun violence for victims of partner violence.


This study examined women's committees in two public sector unions in British Columbia with predominantly female memberships over a twenty year period. The question addressed was how and under what circumstances the committees could secure gains for women, given a context where women remain at a power disadvantage relative to men. Gains sought were of three types: 1) improvements in contract clauses particularly beneficial to women; 2) increased female participation in union governance; and 3) structural changes conducive to future increases in female participation in union governance. Structures as defmed included both formal structures and other regularized procedures, including processes of communication, decision making and resource distribution. Based on literatures from several disciplines, a power model was developed that guided data collection. Data were collected via archival research and semi-structured interviews, and analyzed qualitatively. The study found that the structures governing how the committees operated were significant factors in committee effectiveness and that the active cooperation of the leadership and/or the membership ensured that structures conducive to committee effectiveness existed. The committees' major challenge was to align their goals with those of the leadership or the membership in order to generate the level of support that would permit them to achieve their goals. The degree of alignment between committee and membership goals affected to what extent the committee could secure goals not supported by the leadership and was the major variable affecting committee power. However, committee power was not necessarily associated with the level of gains achieved for women 111 because both leadership and membership actions and existing union structures could induce outcomes for women not orchestrated by the committees. As a result of this research, the initial power model was refined and the restrictions on the committees' and leaderships' use of power were clarified. The utility of crossing the disciplinary boundaries between organizational theory, industrial relations, and political science to explore how power is exercised in unions was demonstrated. Support for the political model of organizations was generated, suggesting that insights gained from the study of unions might advance organizational theorizing. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page


ABSTRACT This paper discusses the role of classroom observations in informing debates on the quality of teaching and learning in secondary education. Specifically, the document proposes a methodology for classroom observation in context (CoC) to address many of the epistemological limitations of mainstream input-output observation models in relation to the professionalisation of educators. To observe in context entails working with a non-structured observation strategy to identify patterns in classroom events and the subsequent opening of spaces for collaborative dialogues (among observers and between observes and observees) to reflect about the potential mechanisms behind these patterns. The results of an exploratory study of CoC in Northern Colombia indicate the potential of such a strategy in informing education policy debates beyond the classroom setting.


Through the use of their developing vision, young children develop increasingly sophisticated ways of establishing control within different learning environments, thereby helping them to exert influence as active 'agents'. Vision impairment can present significant barriers to a child developing personal agency through reducing access to visual information. In this article, we present the parameters of a conceptual framework to inform the design of intervention approaches that can help to reduce these barriers. We draw on a dual model of 'access', contextualised within a bioecological systems perspective, to examine how young children with vision impairment can establish increasing personal agency through intervention approaches that promote progressive independence access skills within an 'ethos of empowerment'. In presenting new conceptual foundations for examining the development of personal agency in young children with vision impairment, the article has significance for research, policy, and practice in vision impairment education and offers a theoretical reference point for related areas of early childhood inclusive education.


For a multi-bearing rotor test bed, using the load sensor designed specially measured directly the bearing load value. In order to analyze the dynamic influence of the load sensor on the rotor system, the dynamic equation of the rotor system with the load sensor established to do the qualitative analysis. On the other hand, quantitative analyzing the two structures that the sensor is installed and is not by finite element software ANSYS, and obtained the impact value. The results show that the load sensor reduced the critical speed of the rotor system, but the effect is not, can be appropriately adjusted work speed according to the results of the analysis.


The NH90 multi-role helicopter is a new weapon system that is now integrating into the Norwegian air-force and marine. It is meant to be used on frigates and on coastguard ships. The Norwegian Defence Logistics Organisation (NDLO) quickly realized that they didn't have the necessary capability to service the helicopter with nitrogen on board ships. In this project I have come up with a specification/functional description of a system that can solve this problem. To achieve the high pressures required of the different systems on the NH90 a gas booster needs to be used and the resulting system is a suggestion on how a booster system can be used safely. To get to this result I have documented different military and civilian requirements, described the different systems and why they need to be serviced with nitrogen, described how the different items need to be serviced and how they service it today. The resulting system is the solution that I have found that complies with the most requirements, is safe and cost effective. I have also done a risk assessment and an economical assessment of the system


Genome-wide accurate identification and quantification of full-length mRNA isoforms is crucial for investigating transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms of biological phenomena. Despite continuing efforts in developing effective computational tools to identify or assemble full-length mRNA isoforms from second-generation RNA-seq data, it remains a challenge to accurately identify mRNA isoforms from short sequence reads owing to the substantial information loss in RNA-seq experiments. Here, we introduce a novel statistical method, annotation-assisted isoform discovery (AIDE), the first approach that directly controls false isoform discoveries by implementing the testing-based model selection principle. Solving the isoform discovery problem in a stepwise and conservative manner, AIDE prioritizes the annotated isoforms and precisely identifies novel isoforms whose addition significantly improves the explanation of observed RNA-seq reads. We evaluate the performance of AIDE based on multiple simulated and real RNA-seq data sets followed by PCR-Sanger sequencing validation. Our results show that AIDE effectively leverages the annotation information to compensate the information loss owing to short read lengths. AIDE achieves the highest precision in isoform discovery and the lowest error rates in isoform abundance estimation, compared with three state-of-the-art methods Cufflinks, SLIDE, and StringTie. As a robust bioinformatics tool for transcriptome analysis, AIDE enables researchers to discover novel transcripts with high confidence.


In many Latin American countries the executive branch manipulates the composition of the Supreme Court, and judicial independence has remained elusive. Because high courts can exercise judicial review and influence lower courts, incoming presidents often force the resignation of adversarial justices or "pack" the courts with friends. One indicator of this problem has been the high turnover among members of the high courts. In this paper we offer systematic evidence to compare this problem across countries and to place this issue in historical perspective. Our analysis covers 11 Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Uruguay) between 1904 and 2006. We model the entrance of new justices to the Supreme Court as a function of "natural" (legal and biological) factors, political conditions empowering the president to reshuffle the Court, and institutional incentives promoting executive encroachment on the judiciary.


Recently, the data on web site has been thought of as meaningful data to analyze our society. It is used to see the trends in specific field. In addition, it can be used to predict the next trend or current hidden needs. This is because the data is natural (unintentional). We run the multi-lingual machine translation service site. In fact, in more than one year, we have collected huge mount of log data. They are user's access data, user's translation data (word, text, url, language pair etc.), and user's feedback comments. From these data, we can obtain a lot of information. First, this paper shows details of our multi-lingual translation site and some statistically analyzed results from the log data. Then, from the viewpoint of chance discovery, the analysis of the log data is shown.


Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) typically outsource the industrialization of components to suppliers. Hence, the OEMs are dependent on the suppliers' capabilities to perform industrialization projects. However, suppliers often experience various difficulties when involved in the OEMs' product development projects. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to explore challenges that suppliers face during industrialization projects, their causes and the effects. Actions to mitigate these challenges are further explored. Based on an in-depth single case study at a Swedish supplier from the metal components industry, the study resulted in seven challenging issues during industrialization projects from a supplier perspective.


The purpose of this study is to is to examine the secondary spread of Bythothephes longimanus, commonly known as spiny water flea, across inland lakes in Ontario, and potentially determine predictors for the its invasion. Data for 190 inland lakes across 84 quaternary watersheds in Ontario were included in the database. Global Moran's I was used to analyze the spatial autocorrelation of the variables, and McFadden's Rho-Squared was used to determine if a variable was a predictor of invasion. Three independent variables, out of 28, were found to be good predictors of invasion: (1) mean temperature of watersheds during summer (MNTMPWSSU), (2) mean precipitation for watersheds during spring (MNPCPWSSP), and (3) mean precipitation for watersheds during summer (MNPCPWSSU). Of the three, mean precipitation for watersheds during summer was determined to be the best predictor.


The science of paleontology is 300 years old, and even today it fundamentally relies on the discovery of new fossils. The last decade has seen an unprecedented burst of discovery that includes feathered dinosaurs and mammals that eat dinosaurs. Equally important to paleontology has been an unprecedented blossoming of digital technologies that allow us to understand the new fossils in ways never before possible, and to squeeze even more information from the fossils that were collected decades or centuries ago. -- Chief among these is the CT scanner, which allows paleontologists to non-destructively explore the insides of fossils, and the Internet, which makes this new information available to the world. CT scanning has been especially important in giving us an idea about the brains and minds of dinosaurs, and their living avian descendents. The new discoveries are only strengthening our understanding of the dinosaurian nature of living birds. And the new technologies are also strengthening perceptions of some of the darker sides of human nature, by showing fraud and forgery among some of the new discoveries. This lecture shares the new dinosaur discoveries and new tools, and shows how the field of forensics has found a place in paleontology.


In this paper, we propose a global, self- explainable solution to solve a prominent NLP problem: Entity Resolution (ER). We formu- late ER as a graph partitioning problem. Every mention of a real-world entity is represented by a node in the graph, and the pairwise sim- ilarity scores between the mentions are used to associate these nodes to exactly one clique, which represents a real-world entity in the ER domain. In this paper, we use Clique Partition- ing Problem (CPP), which is an Integer Pro- gram (IP) to formulate ER as a graph partition- ing problem and then highlight the explainable nature of this method. Since CPP is NP-Hard, we introduce an efficient solution procedure, the xER algorithm, to solve CPP as a combi- nation of finding maximal cliques in the graph and then performing generalized set packing using a novel formulation. We discuss the advantages of using xER over the traditional methods and provide the computational exper- iments and results of applying this method to ER data sets.


The embedding of informal practices in music education in school relates to significant issues concerning students' engagement, participation, inclusion and the role of the teacher. This article addresses these issues by presenting and discussing current music education in compulsory comprehensive schooling in Sweden. It does so by drawing upon music pedagogical research, music education studies conducted during the last 10 years and national evaluations. Examples of practice from upper secondary schools are also used to clarify and illustrate the issues under consideration. It has been said that Swedish music education has gone from 'School Music' to 'Music in School'. This development has been characterised by greater influence of students on curriculum content resulting in increased use of popular music, and, consequently, teaching strategies acquired from informal music playing contexts. The curriculum states that the core of the subject is practical music playing, through which personal development can occur – both musically and socially. Music education in several other countries is developing a more practical approach, and the role of popular music in schools, and what is sometimes called informal learning, is featured in international music pedagogy debates. This article considers the musical, pedagogical and democratic consequences of this pedagogy from a Swedish perspective. As a result of a sharp focus on personal social development and individual students' musical interests, music education in Sweden has become relatively limited in terms of repertoire, content and teaching methods. Recent evaluations and studies also demonstrate that music education lacks direction, and is short of creative engagement with music. The role of the teacher is unclear and sometimes lacks validity in a practical music education situation. Viewed from an international perspective, the kind of music education that has developed in Sweden is unique. Thus, when the possibilities and limitations of music education in Sweden are discussed, it has the potential to be of interest to international music education research.


Since the publication of John Rawls's A Theory of Justice, normative democratic theory has focused principally on three tasks: refining principles of justice, clarifying the nature of political justification, and exploring the public policies required to ensure a just distribution of education, health care, and other basic resources. Much less attention has been devoted to examining the political institutions and social arrangements that might plausibly implement reasonable political principles. Moreover, the amount of attention paid to issues of organizational and institutional implementation has varied sharply across the different species of normative theory. Neoliberal theorists, concerned chiefly with protecting liberty by taming power, and essentially hostile to the affirmative state, have been far more sensitive to such issues than egalitarian-democratic theorists, who simultaneously embrace classically liberal concerns with choice, egalitarian concerns with the distribution of resources, and a republican emphasis on the values of citizen participation and public debate (we sketch such a conception below in Section I). Neglect of how such values might be implemented has deepened the vulnerability of egalitarian-democratic views to the charge of being unrealistic: "good in theory but not so good in practice."


all adults. It is likely that ischaemia, rather than haemorrhage, was the more frequent pathogenic mechanism. The other disease which you did mention is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, like hypertension, is a predisposing factor. In large series the frequency of previously recognized diabetes was 10-14%.12 However, when glucose tolerance tests are performed many new cases are discovered, the frequency of abnormal results increasing with age.' The frequency of overt and latent diabetes in patients with Bell's palsy is thus similar to that previously reported in oculomotor palsy.3 Patients with Bell's palsy frequently show abnormal blood vessels in their conjunctivae and nail-beds, and I have therefore postulated that diabetic microangiopathy may be a factor responsible for the nerve lesion. Your leading article mistakenly attributes to Dalton the evidence that herpes zoster infection can cause Bell's palsy. Ramsay Hunt suspected this possibility when he described the syndrome which now bears his name, and it was Aitken and Brain4 who demonstrated high titres against the virus in some patients with typical Bell's palsy without vesicles. Though the possibility of an unrecognized viral infection causing Bell's palsy is interesting most patients lack any evidence of such a preceeding or concurrent infection. I have tried to isolate viruses from patients with Bell's palsy and also to detect antibodies to several viruses, but the results have been negative thus far. The seasonal variation in the incidence of Bell's Dalsy which is frequently mentioned and which you quote is of course only circumstantial evidence that the disease is infective. As Leibowitz5 remarked, similar climatic influences have been shown on the occurrence of myocardial infarction (and also cerebral vascular disease). Leibowitz has subsequently demonstrated6 (and not in the paper you mistakenly quoted) clustering of cases of Bell's palsy. This interesting finding is open to similar alternative interpretations. A final point concerns the theory that water retention is a predisposing factor in the develooment of Bell's palsy. I have found that pregnant women are more susceptible to Bell's palsy than expected, particularly just before delivery, and also in the puerperium.7 Water retention could be a factor there too.-I am, etc.,


ABSTRACT: Land management practices, invasive species expansion, and changes in the fire regime greatly impact the distribution of native plants in natural areas. Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis), a keystone species in the Great Basin, has seen a 50% reduction in its distribution. For many dryland species, reestablishment efforts have focused on direct seeding but achieved only minor success due to irregular seed germination and poor survival. We investigated the effects of container volume and fertilization on the performance of nursery-grown Wyoming big sagebrush seedlings following outplanting. Additionally, to evaluate the impact of site preparation, one-year-old seedlings were outplanted into tilled and untilled field conditions. Initial seedling size increased with container volume; larger seedlings exhibited significantly higher root collar diameter (RCD) growth than smaller seedlings. As container volume increased from 108 to 251 and 336 cm3, seedling survival on the tilled plot increased from 28 to 44 and 43%, respectively, whereas no influence was observed on the untilled plot (57 to 61, and 60%, respectively). Fertilization reduced seedling survival on tilled (by 25%) and untilled (by 14%) plots. Fertilizer increased RCD growth on the untilled plot but final nutrient status was unaffected. Thus, container volume may influence seedling morphology and optimize establishment, while field fertilization, especially during spring outplanting when planting sites have low moisture availability, may hinder first-year survival.


Objective: This study assesses immediate effects on gait function of pelvic posterior tilting taping using kinesiology tape in chronic stroke patients with excessive pelvic anterior tilting.
Subjects and Method: This study was crossover design. Fourteen patients with chronic stroke participated in the experiment. The posterior pelvic tilt taping, placebo taping, and no taping intervention was applied to subjects in random order. The posterior pelvic tilt taping was used for mechanical correction, and was involved in posterior pelvic tilting and facilitating muscle function. The placebo taping was maintained at 0% of the available tension. Gait ability was assessed by the GAITRite System, Timed Up & Go Test (TUG). All the measurements were performed immediately after taping.
Result: Gait function in chronic stroke patients improved with posterior pelvic tilt taping. Gait velocity, step length, and stride length improved significantly in the posterior pelvic tilt taping intervention compared to placebo and no taping (p<0.05). H-H base support significantly decreased compared to no taping (p<0.05). Posterior pelvic tilt taping significantly improved TUG (p<0.05).
Conclusion: We conclude that the posterior pelvic tilt taping method improves gait function of patients with chronic stroke.


Self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs), which have long hole-spin coherence times and are amenable to optical control schemes, have long been explored as building blocks for qubit architectures. One such design consists of vertically stacking two QDs to create a QD molecule (QDM) and using the spin-mixing properties of ``moleculelike'' coupled hole states for all-optical qubit manipulation. In this paper, the first of two papers, we introduce the incorporation of dilute ${\mathrm{GaBi}}_{x}{\mathrm{As}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ alloys in the barrier region between the two dots. ${\mathrm{GaBi}}_{x}{\mathrm{As}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ is expected to increase the spin mixing of the molecular states needed for qubit operations by raising the barrier valence-band edge and spin-orbit splitting. Using an atomistic tight-binding model, we compute the properties of ${\mathrm{GaBi}}_{x}{\mathrm{As}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ and the modification of hole states that arise when the alloy is used in the barrier of an InAs QDM. An atomistic treatment is necessary to correctly capture nontraditional alloy effects such as the band-anticrossing valence band. It also allows for the study of configurational variances and clustering effects of the alloy. We find that in InAs QDMs with a GaBiAs interdot barrier, electron states are not strongly affected by the inclusion of Bi. However, hole states are much more sensitive to the presence and configuration of Bi in the barriers. By independently studying the alloy-induced strain and electronic scattering off Bi and As orbitals, we conclude that an initial increase in QDM hole-state energy at low Bi concentration is caused by the alloy-induced strain. We further find that the decrease in QDM hole energy at higher Bi concentrations can only be explained when both alloy strain and orbital effects are considered. In our second paper, we use the understanding developed here to discuss how the alloyed barriers contribute to enhancement in hole spin-mixing and the implications for QDM qubit architectures.


In 1991 Professor Ted Schneyer wrote a seminal article calling for discipline of law firms. In that article, he used the term "ethical infrastructure" to refer to a law firm's organization, policies, and operating procedures that cut across particular lawyers and tasks. In questioning how lawyer regulation focuses on the conduct of individual lawyers, he described the dynamics of practice and how various ethical breaches stem from organizational concerns that relate to lawyering in groups. Increasingly, legislators and regulators, as well as bar and firm leaders, have recognized the role of ethical infrastructure and culture in influencing lawyer conduct. Scholars, including Professor Schneyer have studied new legislation and initiatives that incorporate the concept of ethical infrastructure. To provide scholars and practitioners an opportunity to discuss law firm ethics and the impact of formal controls and informal influences on lawyer conduct, the Institute for the Study of Legal Ethics at Hofstra University and the Hofstra Law Review convened an April 5, 2013 Conference on the Ethical Infrastructure and Ethics of Law Firms. This piece introduces each symposium article. It concludes by urging experts to take the discourse to the next level by conducting empirical research related to firm infrastructure and culture.


In the manual control of diarrheal diseases (2010) it is estimated more than 55% of children in Indonesia hit by diarrhea caused by infection with Escherichia coli. Research was doing to find the difference between mercury resistant of Escherichia coli from four locations in the Kahayan River in Central Kalimantan, which indicates resistance to antibiotics. The levels of mercury found in the Bawan Village Subdistrict Banama Tingang District of Pulang Pisau worth 0.235 mg/L; The Village of Sepang Subdistrict Sepang Kota District of Pulang Pisau worth 0,233 mg/L; The Village of Kampuri Subdistrict Mihing Raya District of Gunung Mas worth: 0,206 mg/L; and Gunung Mas Village the result is 0,185 mg/l. Results Echerichia coli resistance test of mercury obtained: sample 1 Escherichia coli keep growing as much as 9 MPN/100 ml; Sample 2 Escherichia coli keep growing as much as 17 MPN/100 ml; Sample 3 Escherichia coli keep growing as much as 22 MPN/100 ml and Sample 4 Escherichia coli keep growing as much as 34 MPN/100 ml. Antibiotic resistance test results of four samples are obtained: the Cloramphenicol were tested to isolate Escherichia coli samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 show the results in susceptible; Tetracycline is were tested to isolate Escherichia coli samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 shows the result of varying, sample 1; sample 2 = resistance; 3 = intermediate and sample 4 in suceptible; Ciprofloxacin is tested against Escherichia coli isolate samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 show the results in susceptible; and Ampicillin were tested to isolate Escherichia coli sample 1, 2 and 3 shows the result of resistance while a sample of 4 shows the result of intermediate. From this study researcher found there is a difference of four levels of mercury into water samples, there are differences of resistance against Escherichia coli, and there is a difference in mercury resistance of antibiotics to four sample where the higher mercury levels then the bacteria Escherichia coli resistant to antibiotics. Moreover, it can be concluded Ampicillin and Tetracyclin antibiotics were ineffective again diarrhea cause Escherichia coli from the Kahayan River waters of Central Kalimantan while Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin are still effective.


Abstract This article explores the recent and significant growth of European Union cooperation on counter-terrorism by drawing upon the concept of 'collective securitisation'. It highlights how 9/11 was a precipitating event, one which led some EU leaders to call upon the member states to develop an EU counter-terrorism policy and to step up counter-terrorism cooperation with the United States. Various counter-terrorism legislative instruments have since been adopted, defining terrorist acts and having a significant impact on national counter-terrorism policies. 9/11 was therefore used by some actors to convince the EU member states that they all faced one collective terrorist threat, embodied at the time by al-Qaeda, rather than each of them facing a distinctive threat as had hitherto been a common view across Europe. This was a crucial moment, in other words, paving the way for the development of a common EU counter-terrorism policy. The subsequent institutionalisation of this cooperation, in particular through the establishment of the European Arrest Warrant, the Counter Terrorism Coordinator and the European Counter Terrorism Centre within Europol, has contributed to a routinisation of counter-terrorism practices in the EU.


We applied a picosecond dynamic grating technique for investigation of thermal diffusivity, sound velocity, thermo-optic and photoelastic coefficients in heavily doped 4H-SiC substrates. Spatial modulation of thermal properties was achieved by intraband carrier absorption at excitation by an IR picosecond laser pulse (1064 nm) and subsequent carrier thermalisation. Decay of dynamic grating at its various periods and sample temperatures was monitored at 532 nm wavelength. The thermal diffusivity DT = 0.94 cm2/s, thermo-optic coefficient dn/dT = 3.610–5 K-1 and effective photoelastic constant = – 0.10 were determined at 300 K. DT value increased at lower temperatures and saturated below 100 K. Temperature dependences of thermo-optic coefficient and thermal expansion were found in good correlation with heat capacity peculiarities.


Phosphatidylethanols (PEths) are negatively charged diacyl phospholipids that are ubiquitously present in humans under the condition of alcohol intoxication. These lipids, derived in vivo from other naturally occurring phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholines (PC) via transphosphatidylation reaction as catalyzed by phospholipase D in the presence of ethanol, are well known to affect many biochemical properties of the cell membranes in humans. In this communication, we applied the combined approach of molecular mechanics (MM) simulations and high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate the structure and phase transition behavior of PEth. We first determined the energy-minimized structures of tetrameric C(15):C(15)PEth arranged in two types of packing motif by the MM approach. An inwardly bent orientation of the lipid headgroup was observed; specifically, the methyl terminus of PEth's headgroup was juxtaposed intramolecularly to the C(2) atom of the sn-2 acyl chain. Clearly, this headgroup conformation was rather unique among all naturally occurring phospholipids. Subsequently, the phase transition behavior of the fully hydrated lipid bilayers prepared individually from 11 species of saturated C(X):C(Y)PEth with the same MW was studied by DSC, and the resulting Tm values were codified in terms of the normalized acyl chain asymmetry (deltaC/CL). A V-shaped Tm profile was observed in the plot of Tm versus deltaC/CL for each subclass of these lipids, suggesting two types of packing motif for C(X):C(Y)PEth at T < Tm. Moreover, it was observed that within each packing motif these Tm values were, on average, 2.0 +/- 0.9 degrees C smaller than the Tm values of the corresponding saturated PC. However, based on the unique headgroup conformation of PEth, we were able to predict that monounsaturated PEth with a cis double bond near the H2O/hydrocarbon interface would exhibit a higher Tm than the corresponding PC. Most interestingly, this prediction was indeed borne out by DSC results obtained with C(18):C(20:1delta5)PC and C(18):C(20:1delta5)PEth.


Summary

To assess the diversity of weed seeds dispersed via horse dung, we reviewed 15 studies on seed germination from horse dung – six from Europe, four from North America, three from Australia and one study each from Africa and Central America. Seed from 249 species from 43 families have been identified germinating from horse dung. Almost two-thirds of the species were forbs and 33% graminoids, with over half being perennials and 32% annuals. Nearly every species (totalling 99% of those reviewed) is considered a weed somewhere, with 47% recorded as invasive and 19% international environmental weeds. Of the 2739 non-native plants that are naturalized in Australia, 156 have been shown to germinate from horse dung. This includes 16 of the 429 listed noxious weeds in Australia and two weeds of national significance. Seed from 105 of the 1596 invasive/noxious plant species in North America have also been identified germinating from horse dung. Seed traits including seed size, length, width and mass affect dispersal via horse dung. Habitat disturbance from trampling facilitates germination of seedlings from dung in both natural and experimental studies. Some studies found that plants germinating from dung reach maturity and flower, while others found plants did not survive due to unfavourable growing conditions in the field. The diversity of species with seed that can germinate from horse dung highlights the potential of horses to disperse a range of seed over long distances. Whether such dispersal is beneficial or harmful depends on the plant and the context in which it germinates. To maintain the conservation value of protected areas, it is important to understand and manage the different potential weed dispersal vectors, including horses.


Distance education is a field of education that focuses on the pedagogy, technology, and instructional system designs that aim to deliver education to students who are not physically "on site" in a traditional classroom or campus. It has been described as a process to create and provide access to learning when the source of information and the learners are separated by time and distance. This emerging technology is becoming widely used in universities and institutions around the globe. With the recent trend of technological advance, distance learning is becoming more recognized for its potential in providing individualized attention and communication with students internationally.


We consider the question of identifying which set of products are purchased and at what prices in a given transaction by observing only the total amount spent in the transaction, and nothing more. The ability to solve such an inverse problem can lead to refined information about consumer spending by simply observing anonymized credit card transactions data. Indeed, when considered in isolation, it is impossible to identify the products purchased and their prices from a given transaction just based on the transaction total. However, given a large number of transactions, there may be a hope. As the main contribution of this work, we provide a robust estimation algorithm for decomposing transaction totals into the underlying, individual product(s) purchased by utilizing a large corpus of transactions. Our method recovers a (product prices) vector $p \in \mathbbR ^N_>0 $ of unknown dimension (number of products) N as well as matrix $A \in \mathbbZ ^M \times N _\geq0 $ simply from M observations (transaction totals) $y \in \mathbbR ^M_>0 $ such that $y = A p + η$ with η \in \mathbbR ^M$ representing noise (taxes, discounts, etc.). We formally establish that our algorithm identifies $N, A$ precisely and p approximately, as long as each product is purchased individually at least once, i.e. $M \geq N$ and A has rank N. Computationally, the algorithm runs in polynomial time (with respect to problem parameters), and thus we provide a computationally efficient and statistically robust method for solving such inverse problems. We apply the algorithm to a large corpus of anonymized consumer credit card transactions in the period 2016-2019, with data obtained from a commercial data vendor. The transactions are associated with spending at Apple, Chipotle, Netflix, and Spotify. From just transactions data, our algorithm identifies (i) key price points (without access to the listed prices), (ii) products purchased within a transaction, (iii) product launches, and (iv) evidence of a new 'secret' product from Netflix - rumored to be in limited release.


In this paper, we propose a soft-input soft-output stack equalizer for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) frequency selective fading channels. In the literature, the soft or hard input/output stack algorithms to equalize single or multiple antenna time-invariant intersymbol interference (ISI) channels exist. After some modifications of the original sequential decoding metric, we show that the soft-input soft-output stack algorithm can be used at the receiver of the coded systems over frequency selective fading channels. Our examples illustrate that the proposed metrics result in promising near-optimum equalizers while offering a complexity independent of the memory of the channel.


Background: Developmental coordination disorders (DCD) is one of the most common disorders affecting children aged 5 to 8 years. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Spark motor program on sensory-motor functions in 5- to 7- year-old children with DCD in Mashhad city, Iran. Materials and Methods: This research is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group. From a total of 80 children with DCD in Mashhad city, 20 children were selected using screening tests and randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. To collect data, the DCD questionnaire, Denver developmental screening test II and Raven intelligence test were used. Moreover, to evaluate the dependent variable, the Canners neuropsychological assessment questionnaire was used. The experimental group received the Spark motor program for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, each session 45 minutes) and the control group did not receive any training. Results: Results of the study showed that there was a significant difference in the pretest and posttest mean scores of variables between the control and experimental groups. Conclusion: Spark motor program can improve perceptual-motor functions in children with DCD. Hence, it is recommended to use these exercises in schools and nurseries to improve sensory-motor functions in children with DCD.


The paper presents a design strategy for e-learning hypermedia interfaces based on the notion of conceptual-navigational map. It proposes to analyze the cognitive and communication problems that arise in the use of hypermedia applications with specific goals, such as e-learning courseware modules, with the linguistic tools of pragmatics and discourse analysis, and shows how this can help in identifying specific communication problems related to the grounding and contextualization of new information, and how it can lead to new insights for design and to interfaces inspired by the linguistic means used in verbal communication to manage analogous problems. The implementation of such a design strategy in the SWISSLING courseware modules is discussed, and future directions of development towards context- aware adaptive hypermedia are briefly outlined.


OBJECTIVES
To assess nighttime and daytime sleep patterns in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome and to examine the effects of weight change on excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with this disorder.

DESIGN
Case series (within-subject design).

SETTING
A university sleep disorders center.

PATIENTS
Eight patients (5 males and 3 females), ranging in age from 5.5 to 21 years, who met the diagnostic criteria for Prader-Willi syndrome.

INTERVENTIONS
Overnight sleep polysomnographic recording and daytime Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Four of the 8 patients were restudied after their weight had changed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Changes in the sleep disordered breathing rate and Multiple Sleep Latency Test measures.

RESULTS
Sleep-disordered breathing occurred in all patients and was principally characterized by obstructive hypoventilation or episodes of apnea that occurred primarily during rapid eye movement sleep. After weight reduction, 3 patients had respiratory values that were within the broad normal range (disordered breathing rate, < 15 breaths per hour). Statistically significant (P < .05) weight loss effects occurred during nonrapid eye movement sleep (decrease with weight loss, F = 6.243). Excessive daytime sleepiness was documented in 6 of 7 patients who completed the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Excessive daytime sleepiness was not consistently correlated with body weight or any of the nocturnal sleep variables.

CONCLUSIONS
A sleep-related breathing disorder occurred during rapid eye movement and nonrapid eye movement sleep and improved with weight change in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, emphasizing the importance of weight reduction in clinical management. However, excessive daytime sleepiness persisted despite a reduction in sleep-disordered breathing after weight loss, suggesting a primary disturbance of sleep. Our findings provide additional support for the view that primary hypersomnia is a characteristic feature of the Prader-Willi syndrome.


A decentralized adaptive control system, in which the local feedback gains are tuned by the sigma -modified adaptive law so as to achieve small output errors with small feedback gains, is proposed. Stability analysis and fault tolerance analysis are performed, and it is shown that if the stability of one of the stable subsystems breaks down and if the control input becomes zero, the local feedback gains of other subsystems are tuned automatically so as to keep the stability of the overall system. The interconnection may involve distributed systems such as a time delay system.<<ETX>>


Herbert William Heinrich is one of the most influential pioneers within safety. His concepts, originally from the late 1920s, influence safety practice and theory, even today. In recent years, Heinrich's legacy received increasing critique, also from contemporary safety authors that generally are counted among the 'new view'. The objective of this thesis is to explore how 'new view' thinkers/authors discuss Heinrich and whether they apply the approaches they advocate to Heinrich's work.
This thesis starts by offering a biographical study of Heinrich and an overview of his work, which establishes a timeline and the context necessary to put Heinrich's work into perspective. This background analysis also touches on Heinrich's influences, how his work developed and how his work is cited. This part of the thesis meant literally archaeological research, uncovering more of Heinrich's work than has been available/accessible to safety science before and through this it presents a unique collection of resources that give a richer picture of both the person Heinrich, and his work.
The thesis then turns to a characterization of the 'new view' and a selection of authors to work with. It is reviewed how these 'new view' authors discuss Heinrich and his work. It shows that 'new view' authors discussing Heinrich rarely employ 'new view' approaches. Seldom do they seek deep explanations or explore alternatives. Mostly they take a position and discuss things from that point of view. In addition, they bring forward claims and attributions with regard to Heinrich that are not substantiated and are open for questions when studying Heinrich's work properly instead of cherry picking.
The discussion suggests that substantial critique is only one element in the 'new view' discussion of Heinrich's work. The normative and judgemental language also serves as a pedagogical device. In addition, the increasing 'new view' critique of Heinrich can be seen a part of establishing a new movement that needed something to contrast its message to as a tool of persuasion. In the way of classical storytelling, the 'new hero' needed some 'villain' to overcome in order to make the message looking better.
This illustrates that critique of 'old' safety theories and approaches contains substance as well as ethical implications. When we offer critique, we have a choice of what story we want to tell - just as is the case with accident investigations. Critique does not only serve scientific purposes, or to propose better/alternative approaches. The discourse of this critique can also serve other goals, for example ideological purposes, or even be a way to market a product to sell.
As an alternative analysis, the thesis offers an attempt to recreate Heinrich's local rationality regarding three topics and explores why it made sense to him to subtitle his book 'A Scientific Approach', to offer a linear model and focus on direct causes, and to discuss 'real' and 'true' causes. This exercise shows that, just as they give us a better and richer understanding of accidents and organisational events, 'new view' approaches prove to be useful for the analysis of texts. Looking for the local rationality of an author suspends judgement and contributes to a better and deeper understanding.
The thesis concludes by suggesting some areas for further study.


The research triangle institute under contract to NASA is currently evaluating phase data recorded at all three OMEGA frequencies by NASA personnel at various locations throughout Virginia, North Carolina and Maryland. Of particular interest is the development of the ability to predict differential OMEGA error in terms of the various factors which influence this error. Previous studies have indicated that differential OMEGA can offer significant navigation accuracy improvement over ordinary skywave corrected OMEGA. Two major sources of uncorrected differential error which have been identified are geometric dispersion error and statistical decorrelation error. Geometric dispersion error is peculiar to the uncorrected differential operation whereas statistical decorrelation error is not. Statistical decorrelation error has previously been analytically formulated in terms of differential receiver displacement range.

In this paper, primary emphasis is placed on the analytical determination of parameters affecting uncorrected differential OMEGA error and their relative importance. For example, within the differential region around a base receiver station, differential error is dependent on range and azimuth from the user receiver to the base receiver for any given line of position (LOP). Regression analysis techniques are employed to process large amounts of collected OMEGA phase data in the differential region around Hampton, Virginia. Results show analytically the sensitivity of the mean and standard deviation of differential OMEGA error to variations in parameters such as separation range and azimuth, time of day, season, weather conditions, frequency, etc. Confidence in results is evaluated numerically and used to indicate additional data needed to improve prediction confidence. The ability to predict differential OMEGA error within a given region can significantly improve the practical utility of this form of navigation.


Globally, there has been an unparalleled growth in the plant-derived medicinally useful formulations, drugs and health-care products, its market covering more than 60% products derived from plant origin. India exhibits remarkable outlook in modern medicines that are based on natural products besides traditional system of Indian medicines. Almost, 70% modern medicines in India are derived from natural products. Medicinal plants play a central role not only as traditional medicines but also as trade commodities, meeting the demand of distant markets. Ironically, India has a very small share (1.6%) of this ever-growing global market. To compete with the growing market, there is urgency to expeditiously utilize and scientifically validate more medicinally useful plants while conserving these species, which seems a difficult task ahead. This paper begins with an overview of the value of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and discusses its usefulness in the traditional medicines. Then it briefly assesses the potential of medicinally useful plants and prospects of modern medicines and health care products derived from plant origin and based on the knowledge of alternative system of medicine in India. It thereafter concisely touches upon India's varied biodiversity, comparative Research and Development strength, strong pharmaceutical manufacturing base and traditional wisdom in medicines to improve its market potential. In the conclusion, there are major recommendations to help India evolve as a major drugs and herbal based health care products leader in the world market.