The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial memory that enables navigation. The hippocampus is located under the cerebral cortex; (allocortical)[1][2][3] and in primates it is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It contains two main interlocking parts: the hippocampus proper (also called Ammon's horn)[4] and the dentate gyrus. In Alzheimer's disease (and other forms of dementia), the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation (hypoxia), encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia (the inability to form and retain new memories). In rodents as model organisms, the hippocampus has been studied extensively as part of a brain system responsible for spatial memory and navigation. Many neurons in the rat and mouse hippocampus respond as place cells: that is, they fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a specific part of its environment. Hippocampal place cells interact extensively with head direction cells, whose activity acts as an inertial compass, and conjecturally with grid cells in the neighboring entorhinal cortex. Since different neuronal cell types are neatly organized into layers in the hippocampus, it has frequently been used as a model system for studying neurophysiology. The form of neural plasticity known as long-term potentiation (LTP) was first discovered to occur in the hippocampus and has often been studied in this structure. LTP is widely believed to be one of the main neural mechanisms by which memories are stored in the brain.


American literature at the turn of the 20th century has always been responsive to progress through the recurrent trope of men and machines. Narratives on female subjectivity became quite popular as well. However, the literary production on the usage of technology and the construction of a "wired self" has received quite little attention. The objective of this study is twofold. First, to look at the complex alteration of identity through one of the first examples of communication technologies, the Telegraph, in Ella Cheever Thayer's autofictional novel Wired Love: A Romance of Dots and Dashes (1889). Second, is to illustrate female subjectivity through an extremely topical narrative that anticipates the problematic relationship between women and machines in American literature. Through the lens of literature, the researcher will investigate the roots of one of the first means of communication and its ability to change the way in which women began to communicate with bodies and machines in the Nineteenth Century, thus challenging the concept of personal identity anticipating the age of computer networks and digitalization. This analysis will narrow down the scope onto the projection of the female Self through the ability of technology to challenge the traditional notion of a bounded individual. In this way, we will discuss how Thayer's narrative offers an example of technology and the public self in a "performance of identity" torn between reality and virtuality. Thayer's (unfortunately) little-known novel, Wired Love, can be considered as an example of autofiction, which portrays one of the first problematic challenges of identity through technology at the dawn of the 1900s. Telegraphist and then novelist, Ella Cheever Thayer used her own story as a telegraph operator to illustrate the challenges of communication in a romantic love affair between two telegraph operators who mistakenly intercept each other over the wire and start exchanging messages as modern online dating. In a twist of ambiguities, through "identity mixups", the novel offers a first literary example of the complex dynamics between identity and technology.


Background: Prescribing medication appropriate to a child's bodily dimensions is fundamental to paediatric emergency medicine. Mathematical formulae are frequently used in clinical practice to estimate children's weights. In 1995 the UK's paediatric reference data, describing age-related changes in bodily proportions (both weight and height), were updated and published. This study assesses the validity of using mathematical estimates, age-based estimates or length-based estimates of weight (the latter both compiled from this reference data) by comparison with actual physical measurements recorded in a paediatric clinic setting. Methods: A prospective study was carried out in a paediatric outpatient setting recording age, weight and height for statistical comparison with these three possible methods. Results: 544 children aged 0–11 years were recruited, with mean (SD) age, weight and height of 5.3 (2.9) years, 21.4 (10) kg and 108 (22) cm, respectively. Conclusions: Both length-based and age-based estimates of weight outperformed the currently accepted "gold standard" mathematical estimate when applied to children up to 11 years of age (∼35 kg). Length-based estimates were statistically superior, but the physical limitations and technical constraints posed when attempting to accurately measure a child's length in emergency environments may favour the simplicity of using the child's age against tables of growth chart reference data to provide an estimate of their weight.


This study deals with the vibration response of sandwich plate with nano-composite core and smart magneto-strictive face sheets. Composite core is reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and its effective elastic properties are obtained by the rule of Mixture. Terfenol-D films are used as the face sheets of sandwich due to magneto-mechanical coupling in magneto-strictive material (MsM). In order to investigate the magnetization effect on the vibration characteristics of sandwich plate, a feedback control system is utilized. Also the sandwich plate undergoes the follower forces in opposite direction of x. Based on energy method, equations of motions are derived using Reddy's third order shear deformation theory, and Hamilton's principle and solved by differential quadrature method (DQM). A detailed numerical study is carried out based on third-order shear deformation theory to indicate the significant effect of follower forces, volume fraction of CNTs, temperature change, core-to-face sheet thickness ratio and controller effect of velocity feedback gain on dimensionless frequency of sandwich plate. These finding can be used to automotive industry, aerospace and building industries.


Large scale natural events are relatively rare, have a large to massive impact locally and globally over short or long time periods. They may have enormous consequences for the survival of the human race. They can be due to natural or human causes. This paper addresses some of the major causes and considers how modelling and simulation may be used to minimize their effects and raises validation and verification issues for such models.


Abstract Jeanmonod, D., Y. Naciri, A. Schlüssel & J. Gamisans (2015). Floristic analyses of the Corsican flora: biogeographical origin and endemism. Candollea 70: 21–41. In English. English and French abstracts. This article discusses various aspects of the biogeographical origin and endemism of the Corsican flora based on data retrieved from "Flora Corsica" project. It focuses on species richness, taxonomy, life forms, taxa abundance, distribution in vegetation belts, habitats and substrate types. The results are compared to other geographic regions, particularly Mediterranean ones. These data show that in Corsica the species of Mediterranean origin are slightly more numerous than those of Holarctic origin. It is surprising that the Holarctic elements start to dominate at low altitude in the supramediterranean belt. The endemic flora (12.7%) shows distribution patterns often distinct from those of the non-endemic native flora, particularly regarding taxonomy, biological types and altitudinal distributions. The rates of hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes are for instance higher for the former compared to the latter while it is the reverse for therophytes. These rates are quite similar to those recorded in Sardinia, but rather different from those of other Mediterranean islands. More unexpected is the abundance pattern of endemic species which is quite similar to that of non-endemic ones. However, strictly endemic Corsican species are generally rarer than subendemics. The number of endemic species increases from the coast to the montane belt and then decreases in the upper belts. The percentage of endemic species, meanwhile, regularly increases from the thermomediterranean belt to the alpine one where it reachs a maximum of 43.1%. The endemic flora also shows a wider altitudinal spectrum than other native species. The distribution of endemic species in the different Corsican habitats is slightly different from the one recorded for the indigeneous taxa. Endemics are however preferentially found in rocky habitats, but without any preference for a particular substrate. In the endemic flora, the Mediterranean origin is predominant but this trend is more marked in subendemics. The strict Corsican endemics have a mostly Holarctic origin and are more often found at high altitudes. These results shed light on the specificity of the Corsican endemic flora and should help the management of endemic species.


The red macroalgae (seaweed) Asparagopsis spp. has shown to reduce ruminant enteric methane (CH4) production up to 99% in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Asparagopsis taxiformis on CH4 production (g/day per animal), CH4 yield (g CH4/kg dry matter intake (DMI)), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and carcass and meat quality in growing beef steers. Twenty-one Angus-Hereford beef steers were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: 0% (Control), 0.25% (Low Dose; LD), and 0.5% (High Dose; HD) A. taxiformis inclusion based on organic matter intake. Steers were fed 3 diets: high, medium, and low forage total mixed ration (TMR) representing typical life-stage diets of growing beef steers. The LD and HD treatments over 147 days reduced enteric CH4 yield 45 and 68%, respectively; however, there was an interaction between TMR type and the magnitude of CH4 yield reduction. Supplementing the low forage TMR reduced CH4 yield 69.8% (P <0.001) for LD and 80% (P <0.001) for HD treatment. Hydrogen (H2) yield (g H2/DMI) increased significantly (P<0.001) 336 and 590% compared to Control for the LD and HD treatments, respectively. No differences were found in carbon dioxide (CO2) yield (g CO2/DMI), ADG, carcass quality, strip loin proximate analysis and shear force, or consumer taste preferences. DMI tended (P = 0.08) to decrease 8% in steers in LD treatment but significantly (P = 0.002) reduced 14% in steers in HD treatment. Conversely, FCE tended to increase 7% in steers in LD treatment (P = 0.06) and increased 14% in steers in HD (P < 0.01) treatment compared to Control. The persistent reduction of CH4 by A. taxiformis supplementation suggests that this is a viable feed additive to significantly decrease the carbon footprint of ruminant livestock and potentially increase production efficiency.


The aim of this study was to determine whether contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) quantitative perfusion analysis allows an objective characterization of ductal adenocarcinoma (ADK) of the pancreas. Patients with pancreatic ADK underwent CEUS. All examinations were performed on an Acuson S2000 system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) after the iv administration of 2.4 mL contrast agent (SonoVue(®), Bracco, Milan, Italy). All lesions were pathologically proved. An operator manually drew different regions of interest within the tumor and the adjacent parenchyma to allow the quantitative perfusion analysis. The mean values of peak of enhancement, time to peak and ascending curve were calculated and compared using the Student's t test. The quantitative perfusion analysis was possible in all lesions. The mean values of the peak of enhancement, time to peak and ascending curve were 17.19%, 7.97 s and 159.52% s within the tumor and 33.57%, 8.89 s and 355.29% s within the adjacent parenchyma. The peak of enhancement and the ascending curve values were significantly different within the tumor and the adjacent parenchyma. Thus, CEUS allows the quantitative perfusion analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.


This paper criticizes some optimistic hypotheses implied by the Economic Council in proposing its new commercial policy for Canada. More specifically, it shows why the Samuelsonian free trade model has been misused by the Council and that its reasons for explaining the weak comparative productivity of the Canadian secondary sector are clearly insufficient. Also, the Council underestimates the total costs of the proposed policy and its regional effects. The paper suggests that the Council's recommendation would be more politically acceptable if it could demonstrate that the new policy will not continue to benefit only the Ontarian peninsula. It would also help if the Council could name the industries able in the medium term to absorb the factors displaced by the tariff elimination, and if it could refute the proposition that more free trade sectorial tests are needed before adopting the proposed very general commercial policy.


Analysing the distribution of power among political actors is at the heart of political science. I propose a way of analysing changes to the institutional equilibrium of the EU institutions as well as changes in the relationship between the supranational level and the member states from a historical perspective. At the core of the paper is a new dataset that allows us to trace changes to the EU treaties from 1958 to date. The findings are largely in line with what we know from the existing literature: Supranational actors, namely the European Parliament and the Commission have gained power, while the intergovernmental mode of decision-making has subsequently become more limited, thereby weakening the Council. Additionally, the expanding number of policy areas has strengthened the supranational level. The specific contribution of this paper is the transparent and replicable way in which I am able to reveal and map these changes. The dataset could function as a starting point for both qualitative and quantitative studies of European Integration. The dataset is available from the author upon request and will be made public on his website in due time.


Developing Spiritual Leaders for New Hope Christian Church Doug Pfeiffer Doctor of Ministry School of Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary 2014 The purpose of the ministry focus paper is to develop spiritual leaders at New Hope Church of Papillion, Nebraska who effectively lead teams by providing biblical principles and metaphors for leadership, offering church and business leadership wisdom, and training in effective team leadership and spiritual practices. New Hope Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (hereafter, New Hope Church) is located in Papillion, Nebraska—a community in flux. There is a crying need for true Christ-led community—a sense of belonging that meets needs. Leaders grounded in spiritual disciplines can lead teams to help people live together well in communitybuilding ways. The proposed project will present a strategy, accompanying resources, and training events for developing such spiritual leadership for the community. The focus of the project will be to help spiritual leaders learn how to effectively lead teams. Part One of this paper will examine the surrounding community and New Hope's mission. The community will be studied through demographic data analysis and interviews within the community. New Hope Church's mission will be examined through its history, spiritual practices, governance, and reflections by church members. Part Two establishes the theological and biblical foundations for the project. An understanding of team ministry will be examined through the biblical images of the trinity and of the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12). The underpinnings of good spiritual leadership will be presented through an examination of biblical characters and narratives, varieties of Disciples of Christ leadership, other theological traditions, ecclesiology, and recent church and business leadership resources. Part Three focuses on the specific plan for this project, including how its goals, content, target population, and leadership flow from the previous theological and organizational resources. The implementation plan will include specific timelines, assignments, resources, and assessment. Theological Mentor: Kurt Frederickson, PhD


Environmental conflicts are social and political disputes around the appropriation, production, distribution and management of natural resources. These events put in question the power relations that imply the preferential use that some actors make of these resources at the expense of others. This evolution opens discussions regarding environmental impacts and allows a redefinition of public problems under new economic, social and cultural lens. In this article we propose that environmental conflicts lead to the production of knowledge that nurtures different processes of social innovation. To develop our argument, we present a theoretical-methodological perspective for the study of the productivity (effects) of environmental conflicts and we show examples to understand its implications for social innovation along three dimensions: legal, territorial and political-institutional.


Although magnesium is essential for a number of biological processes crucial for cell life, its distribution and intracellular compartmentalization have not been thoroughly elucidated yet, mainly because of the inadequacy of the available techniques to map intracellular magnesium distribution. For this reason, particular interest has been recently raised by a family of fluorescent molecules, diaza-18-crown-6 8-hydroxyquinolines (DCHQ1 and its derivatives), that show a remarkable affinity and specificity for magnesium, higher than all the commercially available probes, thus permitting the detection of the total intracellular magnesium. A recently optimized synthetic approach to DCHQ using microwave heating allowed us to easily generate a variety of substituted DCHQ derivatives with improved fluorescence, uptake and selective localization with respect to the original reference material (DCHQ1). The introduction of aromatic side groups enhanced the fluorescence response in cells and also improved intracellular uptake and retention of the probes even after washing. Enhanced uptake has also been achieved with an acetoxymethyl ester derivative that is recognized by the intracellular esterases. Finally, the insertion of two long hydrophobic side chains allowed a better staining of the membranes due to the high affinity to the lipophilic environment. These results show the potential of these new fluorescent probes as effective tools for shedding light on total intracellular magnesium distribution and homeostasis.


Crack-healing effectiveness was investigated on 5 vol% nano-Ni dispersed Al2O3 hybrid materials. Influence of the Y or Si doping or SiC co-dispersion was also studied on the crack healing behavior. Cracks were introduced by a Vickers indentation to be a crack length of approximately 60 μm. Cracks of nano-Ni/Al2O3 were completely disappeared, for example, by oxidation at 1200°C for 6 h in air, Y/Si doped one and SiC co-dispersed one have similar performance of crack disappearance. Bending strength of crack-disappeared samples showed about 550 MPa and was comparable or improved with that of as-sintered one. Mechanism of crack healing was considered as filling up of cracks by NiAl2O4 oxidation product which is developed by outward diffusion of cations at grain boundary of Al2O3 matrix. Nano-Ni/Al2O3 with Y or Si doping or SiC co-dispersion are realized to have crack-healing effectiveness with improved high-temperature oxidation resistance.


An Introduction to SoU Science in the Southeast. Charles D. Welch and Gerald D. McCart. Pp. xiv+ 280, with colour plates, half-tone illustrations, line diagrams and tables. University Press, North Carolina. Oxford University Press, London. 1964. 28s. net. The authors wrote this small introductory book on Soil Science for four groups of readers in the south-eastern United States: vocational agricultural students, high school science students, adult farmers, and fertilizer industry personnel. On the assumption that these have a very limited knowledge of physics, chemistry and the biological sciences, only the most elementary principles have been introduced. The result is a simple, clearly written, well-illustrated book with its ten chapters presented in a consistent style and pattern. Assimilation ofknowledge is made easy without becoming too monotonous. The book will be interestingand instructive to most students in the above categories, and teachers will find it useful for a preuniversity course in soil science. The technical content covers a wide range, including soil formation and classification, soil fertility and plant nutrition, soil testing, manufacture of fertilizers, and farm records. On the whole these subjects have been adequately dealt with. Chapters 5 and 6 on "Soil acidity and liming" and "Lime" might have been combined with advantage to avoid some repetition. Discussion oftissue tests and plant analysis has been limited to one paragraph in Chapter 9-probably because the authors consider that the book should deal only with subjects connected directly with soil. This is unfortunate. In the south-eastern United States, growers of the important perennial crops: citrus, tung, apple and peach, use plant analysis as much as soil analysis for predicting fertility status and fertilizer requirements. The authors' decision to refer exclusively to the soils, crops, farm management and advisory organization of south-eastern North America hasmeant that much ofthe book is of little interest to people elsewhere. A book of this standard and style dealing with soil and crop problems more generally would be invaluable to science students, local agricultural officers, extension workers, and more intelligent farmers in underdeveloped countries. R.K.CUNN1NGHAM


Authentication and secrecy properties are proved by very different methods: the former by local reasoning, leading to matching knowledge of all principals about the order of their actions, the latter by global reasoning towards the impossibility of knowledge of some data. Hence, proofs conceptually decompose in two parts, each encapsulating the other as an assumption. From this observation, we develop a simple logic of authentication that encapsulates secrecy requirements as assumptions. We apply it within the derivational framework to derive a large class of key distribution protocols based on the authentication properties of their components.


Background: A. chinense frequently used in Miao medicine to treat rheumatic diseases. However, as a famous toxic herb, Alangium chinense and its representative components exhibit ineluctable neurotoxicity, thus creating significant challenges for clinical application. The combined application with compatible herbs in Jin-Gu-Lian formula attenuates such neurotoxicity according to the compatible principle of traditional Chinese medicines. Purpose: We aimed to investigate the detoxification of the compatible herbs in Jin-Gu-Lian formula on A. chinense-induced neurotoxicity and investigate its mechanism. Methods: Neurobehavioral and pathohistological analysis were used to determine the neurotoxicity in rats administered with A. chinense extract (AC), extract of compatible herbs in Jin-Gu-Lian formula (CH) and combination of AC with CH for 14 days. The mechanism underlying the reduction of toxicity by combination with CH was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, spectrophotometric assays, liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Compatible herbs attenuated the AC-induced neurotoxicity as evidenced by increased locomotor activity, enhanced grip strength, the decreased frequency of AC-induced morphological damage in neurons, as well as a reduction of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and neurofilament light chain (NEFL) levels. The combination of AC and CH ameliorated AC-induced oxidative damage by modulating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). AC treatment significantly reduced the levels of monoamine and acetylcholine neurotransmitters in the brains of rats, including acetylcholine (Ach), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT). Combined AC and CH treatment regulated the abnormal concentrations and metabolisms of neurotransmitters. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that the co-administration of AC and CH significantly decreased plasma exposure levels of two main components of AC, as evidenced by the reduction of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) compared to AC. In addition, the AC-induced downregulation in mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes was significantly reduced in response to combined AC and CH treatment. Conclusion: Compatible herbs in Jin-Gu-Lian formula alleviated the neurotoxicity induced by A. chinense by ameliorating oxidative damage, preventing abnormality of neurotransmitters and modulating pharmacokinetics.


Framing economic and political reform in the Middle East, this book explores the interplay between the Egyptian state, the Muslim Brotherhood and the politics of succession. Egypt has in recent years experienced a rise in political activism driven by increasing internal demands for reform and change, impacting upon its economic and political strategy. Two key issues have been central to this: the Muslim Brotherhood, in its evolution from a spiritual to a political movement, and the politics of succession, which has seen the grooming of Gamal Mubarak, son of President Hosni Mubarak, to usher forward the inheritance of power in Egypt. This book enables a greater understanding of the dynamics of authoritarianism and democratisation, and the challenges and dilemmas which any future Egyptian reform process will face in the context of succession to Hosni Mubarak.


The paper focuses on analysis of Central Asian hydro-energetic system and water usage in Tian Shan region. Tian Shan system is important water resource in Central Asia: mountains river waters are intensely taken for hydropower energy, urban systems, irrigation. But geopolitics in Tian Shan is difficult: it crosses five densely populated countries. Current problem consists in water delivery between territories located in the highlands with excellent water supply and those located in valleys with water shortage. Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan control river basins, and Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan depend on water supply. The problem of water use causes debates among these countries. Besides, climate warming affects glaciers and causes water deficit. Altogether, this leads to difficulties in hydro-energetics. A multidisciplinary analysis was performed in research: geopolitical problems of water supply in Tian Shan, spatial distribution of hydro-energetic resources and climate impact on hydro-energetics.


This paper presents the design and development of an App based tool for specification of customer requirements (CR) for product development. The most Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tools and methods are system based or used as an Excel document for specification and evaluation. Nowadays tool usage, functionality, and interaction can be designed simple, effective and aesthetically pleasing by means of native apps. They can be opened and accessed directly, much quicker, are rewarding, and enhance the user experience, even offline. Furthermore, the dynamic and playful use of an app will stimulate the interaction, motivation, and communication across various information platforms.

We describe and show the initial testing and experiments with the Customer Priorities (CP) App and present preliminary findings and results from our ongoing research. This in turn leads and enables designers and engineers to move closer to the future users, understand their wishes, values and choices between passive and active needs. QFD defines mapping between customer requirements and product characteristics. In practice this means that a customer compares two product characteristics at time and defines which one is more important or if they are equally important.

The App was tested in a user experiment. We considered a Smartphone as a design example. We asked test users to compare and specify their preferences for ten given product characteristics. Our test user group consists of 32 participants both from Finland and the Netherlands. They were either graduated students or teaching staff from a university. We show preliminary results and findings from user experiment and testing of the App. Furthermore qualitative results achieved in interview with test users will be presented


In this contribution, we present an overview of modeling techniques for sensory existence evidence using the Dempster Shafer Theory of Evidence (DST). Several modeling aspects are examined. The purpose of this approach is to enhance the detection performance of a sensor fusion system in terms of detection rate versus false alarm rate. An integrated state and existence estimation algorithm is used which directly incorporates the DST-based sensory information. The advantages of this algorithm are evaluated using a sensor fusion and tracking system based on a large database of real-world sensor data.


A 4-year-old male mixed-breed dog from the Sierra Nevada mountains in California was referred because of epistaxis and signs of cervical pain. Dermacentor variabilis ticks were found on the dog at the time of physical examination. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and rare intracytoplasmic morulae within circulating neutrophils. Abnormalities of the CSF included pleocytosis and intracytoplasmic morulae in approximately 9% of neutrophils. Serum antibody titers for Ehrlichia canis (40,960) and Rickettsia rickettsii (5,120) were high, and titer for E equi (40) was moderate. Treatment included administration of tetracycline, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, and prednisone. The dog had several relapses, but long-term remission was eventually achieved. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis has previously been associated with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and polyarthritis in dogs. This case suggests that granulocytic ehrlichiosis may be associated with meningitis and that the organisms that cause granulocytic ehrlichiosis may have the same vector as do the spotted fever-group rickettsiae.


Highly magnetic and air-stable silica-coated Fe particles have been prepared by a rapid and simple method. The specific magnetization of the sample can be as high as 201 Am^2 /kg even including silica, which is a non-magnetic material. The iron particle coated with silica is passivated and protected from oxidation. The influences of H2 reduction temperature on structure and magnetic properties are also studied.


Existing mobile platforms are based on manual way of granting and revoking permissions to applications. Once the user grants a given permission to an application, the application can use it without limit, unless the user manually revokes the permission. This has become the reason for many privacy problems because of the fact that a permission that is harmless at some occasion may be very dangerous at another condition. One of the promising solutions for this problem is context-aware access control at permission level that allows dynamic granting and denying of permissions based on some predefined context. However, dealing with policy configuration at permission level becomes very complex for the user as the number of policies to configure will become very large. For instance, if there are A applications, P permissions, and C contexts, the user may have to deal with A × P × C number of policy configurations. Therefore, we propose a context-aware role-based access control model that can provide dynamic permission granting and revoking while keeping the number of policies as small as possible. Although our model can be used for all mobile platforms, we use Android platform to demonstrate our system. In our model, Android applications are assigned roles where roles contain a set of permissions and contexts are associated with permissions. Permissions are activated and deactivated for the containing role based on the associated contexts. Our approach is unique in that our system associates contexts with permissions as opposed to existing similar works that associate contexts with roles. As a proof of concept, we have developed a prototype application called context-aware Android role-based access control. We have also performed various tests using our application, and the result shows that our model is working as desired. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this paper, a system for 3D position estimation in wide, unconstrained indoor environments is presented that employs infrared optical outside-in tracking of rigid-body targets with a stereo camera rig. To overcome limitations of state-of-the-art optical tracking systems, a pipeline for robust target identification and 3D point reconstruction has been investigated that enables camera calibration and tracking in environments with poor illumination, static and moving ambient light sources, occlusions and harsh conditions, such as fog. For evaluation, the system has been successfully applied in three different wide and unconstrained indoor environments, (1) user tracking for virtual and augmented reality applications, (2) handheld target tracking for tunneling and (3) machine guidance for mining. The results of each use case are discussed to embed the presented approach into a larger technological and application context. The experimental results demonstrate the system's capabilities to track targets up to 100 m. Comparing the proposed approach to prior art in optical tracking in terms of range coverage and accuracy, it significantly extends the available tracking range, while only requiring two cameras and providing a relative 3D point accuracy with sub-centimeter deviation up to 30 m and low-centimeter deviation up to 100 m.


The paper introduces a real-time monitoring system for cardiac patient, the system is made up of three main sub-systems: patient physical states data acquisition system based on wireless sensors, wireless communication system and hospital monitoring and control centre. The patient physical states data acquisition system monitors the main physical parameters and movement status continuously. The information from data acquisition system is sent to hospital monitoring centre by wireless communication system. The monitoring centre receives the information from each patient and save them to database, then judge the state of patient by Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. The data from patient can be displayed as graph on computer screen if it is necessary, and then the doctor can diagnose the patient according to the continuous data.


The CAMP response element modulator (CREM) gene encodes multiple activators and repressors of CAMP-responsive transcription. Differential splicing generates a developmental switch in CREM function during spermatogenesis, while the use of an alternative promoter is responsible for the production of a CAMP-inducible transcriptional repressor, ICER (inducible CAMP early repressor). The ICER promoter is strongly inducible by cAMP because of the presence of four tandemly repeated CAMP response elements. Furthermore, ICER neg-atively autoregulates the ICER promoter activity, thus generating a feedback loop. CREM constitutes an earJy response gene of the CAMP pathway in several neuroendocrine cells. We have previously shown that CREM is highly expressed in the adult rat pineal gland at nighttime. Here, we show that the only additional site of rhythmic ICER expression within the photoneuroendocrine system is the lamina intercalaris. Ontogenetically, the ICER day-night switch and CAMP inducibility ma-ture in the pineal gland at the end of the first postnatal week. Importantly, this correlates with the onset of melatonin synthesis and the establishment of functional adrenergic innervation. At this developmental phase we document a significant increase in protein kinase A levels, thus suggesting that ICER inducibility reflects a complete maturation of the CAMP-dependent signaling pathway at the nuclear level. (Molecular Endocrinology 9: 766-716, 1995)


The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of and risk factors for the non-medical use of psychoactive medicines among students at public and private schools of Passo Fundo, Southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a questionnaire administered to 5,057 students from the 5th grade of elementary school to the 3rd year of high school. The questionnaire contained questions about the use of amphetamines, tranquilizers, barbiturates, anticholinergics, opioids, appetite stimulants, and anabolic steroids. Of the sample total, 7.7% had consumed tranquilizers sometime during their lives, 6.4% had used amphetamines, 2.2% had used anabolic steroids, and 1.1% had used barbiturates. Female students reported significantly greater consumption of tranquilizers and amphetamines, while anabolic steroid use was more prevalent among males. The pattern of psychoactive medicine consumption among children and adolescents students is comparable with the pattern among adults. The findings of this research suggest the need to include children and adolescents in media campaigns and other education programs to prevent the non-medical use and abuse of psychoactive medicines.


In text compression, statistical context modeling aims to construct a model to calculate the probability distribution of a character based upon its context. The order–k context of a symbol is defined as the string formed by its preceding k symbols. This study introduces compressed context modeling, which defines the order–k context of a character as the sequence of k-bits composed of the entropy compressed representations of its preceding characters. While computing the compressed context of a symbol at some position in a given text, enough number of characters are involved in the compressed context so as to produce k-bits of information. Thus, instead of certain number of characters, certain amount of information is considered as the context of a character, and this property enables the prediction of each character to be performed with nearly uniform amount of information. Experiments are conducted to compare the proposed modeling against the classical fixed-length context definitions. The files in the large Calgary corpus are modeled with the newly introduced compressed context modeling and with the classical fixed-length context modeling. It is observed that on the average the statistical model with the proposed method uses 13.76 percent less space measured according to the number of distinct contexts, while providing 5.88 percent gain in empirical entropy measured by the information content as bits per character.


Abstract This article looks at the construction of the Bardot myth in relation to national identity and the political context of 1950s' France. It examines how the Bardot myth is located in her star body, a new cinematic body which was perceived variously as refreshingly natural or dangerously sexual. It looks in detail at how this myth functions to contain her excessive body by setting BB up as a national icon of femininity at this time of decolonization. In a final part, it discusses Bardot's experience of maternity as an example of how she resists such containment, refusing to be recuperated by dominant ideology.


BACKGROUND
At-risk alcohol use is a common and costly form of substance misuse that is highly prevalent among people living with HIV (PLWH). The goal of the current analysis was to test the hypothesis that PLWH with at-risk alcohol use are more likely to meet the clinical criteria for prediabetes/diabetes than PLWH with low-risk alcohol use.

METHODS
A cross-sectional analysis was performed on measures of alcohol and glycemic control in adult PLWH (n = 105) enrolled in a prospective, interventional study (the ALIVE-Ex Study (NCT03299205)) that investigated the effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic dysregulation in PLWH with at-risk alcohol use. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Timeline Followback, and phosphatidylethanol (PEth) level were used to measure alcohol use. Participants were stratified into low-risk (AUDIT score < 5) and at-risk alcohol use (AUDIT  score ≥ 5). All participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and measures of glycemic control- the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Matsuda Index - were correlated with alcohol measures and compared by AUDIT score group using mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), and viral load.

RESULTS
In response to the glucose challenge, participants with at-risk alcohol use (n = 46) had higher glucose levels and were five times more likely to meet criteria for prediabetes/diabetes (OR: 5.3 (1.8, 15.9)) than participants with an AUDIT score < 5. Two-hour glucose values were positively associated with AUDIT score and PEth level and a higher percentage of PLWH with at-risk alcohol use had glucose values ≥140 mg/dl than those with low-risk alcohol use (34.8% vs. 10.2%, respectively).

CONCLUSION
In this cohort of PLWH, at-risk alcohol use increased the likelihood of meeting the clinical criteria for prediabetes/diabetes (2-h glucose level ≥140 mg/dl). Established determinants of metabolic dysfunction (e.g., BMI, waist-hip ratio) were not associated with greater alcohol use and dysglycemia, suggesting that other mechanisms may contribute to the impaired glycemic control observed in this cohort.


Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been considered as a powerful tool for analysing the characteristics of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) regardless of physical states, sample amounts and the molecular weight of DNA. However, FTIR spectroscopic analysis of DNA might be influenced by the stability and conformational integrity of deoxyribonucleic acid. This work systematically investigated the key factors in FTIR spectroscopic analysis of DNA and explored the influence of FTIR acquisition parameters, including FTIR sampling techniques (traditional KBr-FTIR, high throughput (HT)-FTIR, Micro-FTIR-point, and Micro-FTIR-image), pretreatment temperature, and sample concentration, on calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA). The results showed that the FTIR sampling techniques had a significant influence on the spectral characteristics, spectral quality, and sampling efficiency. Furthermore, HT-FTIR technique enabled rapid automated collection of spectra and was selected for obtaining better spectral accuracy and repeatability. Additionally, a pretreatment temperature of 30 °C was selected to dry DNA, because the continuous increase of temperature had a great impact on the spectral analysis of DNA. The sample concentration was also proven to have a great effect on the spectral repeatability and SNR, especially for the initial sample amounts, where optimum sample amounts (100 μg) were selected. These fundamental studies provide proof of a spectral collection that further supports subtle DNA structural analysis by FTIR spectroscopy.


Construction tasks are initiated in changing and complex environments results in circumstances of excessive uncertainty and danger, that are compounded by means of worrying time constraints. Construction industry has modified significantly during the last numerous years. It is the industry driven on the whole via non-public investors; the existence of securitized immovable property has multiplied considerably. It is prone to the business and numerous technical dangers which represent higher exposures than risks which are traditional. Thus there is a need of Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment is a Process to discover those risks in a assignment and manipulate it as a result with a right treatment. Assessment of Risk is described as a tool which identifies and measure risk to personnel and belongings impacted by an assignment. The general technique of this Study depends largely on the questionnaire survey which become accrued from the local constructing contractors of different sizes with the aid of mail or by way of personnel meeting. A thorough review of literature is to begin with carried out to discover the hazard elements that have an effect on the overall performance of creation enterprise as a whole. The questionnaire survey is designed to probe the cross-sectional behavioral sample of production risks . The questionnaire organized for the pilot survey turned into formulated by means of seeing the applicable literature within the vicinity of creation risk management. Total seventy five businesses the questionnaires have been given, in which forty five had an powerful respond and two of them were rejected due to flawed answering. Thus the reaction rate is 60% which is taken into consideration a terrific response in this kind of survey. This studies seeks to become aware of and assess the dangers and to increase a risk control framework which the contractors/investing body can adopt while contracting creation work in Kashmir.


Although Chinese corporations were relatively unknown in Latin America until a few years ago, their direct investments in the region have averaged about US$10 billion per year since 2010. Their presence and economic leverage have become very significant in many industries and countries of the region, but their motivation, strategy and procedures are not always well understood by Latin America's governments, businesses and civil society. Similarly, Chinese companies still need to gain a better understanding of Latin America's business environment and opportunities. The authors have overcome certain limitations in the official data by constructing estimates on the basis of information provided by the companies themselves. These figures support a number of key conclusions: • Since 2010 Chinese companies have invested, on average, about US$ 10 billion per year in Latin American countries. • China is still far from being one of the largest sources of FDI in Latin America, but Chinese companies have a significant presence in many sectors and industries, particularly in oil and mining. • Not all Chinese investment projects in Latin America are successful. Chinese companies are still learning to operate in an economic environment that is very different from that of their home country, a factor that can lead to implementation problems and project cancellations. • In the context of increasingly significant South-South economic relations, Chinese FDI in Latin America is expected to keep growing (and Latin America FDI into China to develop as well). • Latin American countries should encourage Chinese companies to diversify their investments in Latin America. In turn, Chinese FDI could greatly enhance its welcome by further contributing to enhanced diversification and productivity in Latin American economies. The authors propose that more attention should be paid to the strategies and practices of Chinese companies in Latin America and to the features that set them apart from others. Latin American governments should also assess how Chinese FDI can be treated as a new source of capital and knowledge with a view to raising productivity levels and enhancing the diversification of their economies. This working document is intended as a starting point for this fruitful discussion.


An "unmanaged investment company" is one that is dedicated to following a representative average. The need for such firms has arisen because of the tremendous growth in investment firms—to the point that the average investor has difficulty finding a firm that can do better than the market average. With the rise in open-end mutual funds, investment firm assets rose from $1,062 million in 1940 to $9,924 million in 1957. The findings to date indicate that, on average, however, these funds have provided performance that is inferior to the broad stock indexes. We recommend that investors use the DJIA as the basis for an unmanaged approach to equity investing that aims to match the market's performance, and we discuss the issues involved in doing so. Based on our conclusions, we wonder why the unmanaged investment company has not yet come into being.


In recent years, there has been a call for education initiatives targeted to refugee camps. In 2017, Purdue University and the University of Geneva implemented an engineering course that responded to these concerns by empowering learners to not only address challenges in their communities but also develop engineering thinking. The pedagogical core of this course was grounded in the principles of a democratic learning space. The purpose of this work-in-progress is to describe our approach and illustrate artifacts from the pilot course. In doing so, we address three key objectives: 1. What aspects of the introductory engineering course (intended outcomes, assessments, and activities) were contextually aligned to opportunities and constraints in the Azraq refugee camp? 2. How did the introductory engineering course foster students' social responsibility to the local community of Azraq? 3. In what ways can the final course outcomes be aligned with social responsibility? Azraq hosts the second largest camp community of refugees in Jordan, representing a total of 53,833 people of concern originally from Syria. As the conflict in Syria has continued, the size of the Syrian population forced into refugee conditions has increased. The United Nations called for immediate action to assist people in Syria, considering the fact that over half the country's population have fled their homes, and 4.8 million people are refugees in the region and beyond [1]. Given this ongoing crisis, we designed the course to enable learners to learn technical engineering skills and provide access to higher education by awarding academic credits at the end of the program. We used a combination of remote and local staff as facilitators in addition to technology tools for online and active learning. The overall structure of our course is set up as an active, blended, collaborative, and democratic learning space. In light of the unique educational context, we describe in this paper our course design process, and then we explore student artifacts, interviews, observations, and surveys to answer our three objectives. In doing so, we believe this research and application example can contribute to the literature by understanding an implemented course structure and the development of students' technical and non-technical skills, sense of community, social responsibility, and sense of independence in refugee settings. This paper is structured as follows. First, we present the overall motivation prior literature about educational initiatives addressed to refugee contexts. Next, we describe our course context and teaching and learning strategies we adopted. We then address our research objectives by linking each research goal to our findings regarding content, assessment, and pedagogy. Finally, we present our discussion and future work related to future courses and implications from this pilot study.


Bacteria of the genus Bartonella infect the red blood cells of a wide range of wild and domestic mammals and are transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. Although most Bartonella infections are asymptomatic, the genus contains several human pathogens. In this work, host adaptation and host switches in Bartonella have been studied from a genomic perspective, with special focus on the acquisition and evolution of genes involved in host interactions. As part of this study, the complete genome of B. grahamii isolated from a Swedish wood mouse was sequenced. A genus-wide comparison revealed that rodent-associated Bartonella species, which have rarely been associated with human disease, have the largest genomes and the largest number of host-adaptability genes. Analysis of known and putative genes for host interactions identified several families of autotransporters as horizontally transferred to the Bartonella ancestor, with a possible role both during early host adaptation and subsequent host shifts. In B. grahamii, the association of a gene transfer agent (GTA) and phage-derived run-off replication of a large genomic segment was demonstrated for the first time. Among all acquisitions to the Bartonella ancestor, the only well conserved gene clusters are those that encode the GTA and contain the origin of the run-off replication. This conservation, along with a high density of host-adaptability genes in the amplified region suggest that the GTA provides a strong selective advantage, possibly by increasing recombination frequencies of host-adaptability genes, thereby facilitating evasion of the host immune system and colonization of new hosts. B. grahamii displays stronger geographic pattern and higher recombination frequencies than the cat-associated B. henselae, probably caused by different lifestyles and/or population sizes of the hosts. The genomic diversity of B. grahamii is markedly lower in Europe and North America than in Asia, possibly an effect of reduced host variability in these areas following the latest ice age.


Purpose: Many health researchers and practitioners use Twitter to stimulate scientific dialogue and collaboration among peers, as well as the general public. In 2018, the Clinical Exercise Physiology Lab (CEPL) undertook a year-long scientific Twitter campaign (#365Papers) where one peer-reviewed publication related to cancer and exercise/physical activity was tweeted per day. Features of this campaign included Throwback Thursdays (selected article published before 2018) and guest tweeters (article chosen by other exercise oncology researchers). We report on the impact of the #365Papers campaign based on Twitter Analytics data (i.e., engagement rate). We also explore how engagement rate differed depending on publication features (e.g., type of research, journal impact factor, Altmetric Attention Score) and campaign features (i.e., Throwback Thursdays, guest tweeters). Methods: Campaign data were obtained from Twitter Analytics (Twitter, 2020: San Francisco, USA). Publication information (i.e., type of research, journal) was extracted by screening titles and abstracts, while each publication's Altmetric Attention Score was obtained using the Altmetric Bookmarklet (Digital Science, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, 2020: Stuttgart, Germany). Twitter Analytics data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Differences in engagement rate were analyzed based on research type (e.g., randomized controlled trial), journal impact factor, Altmetric Attention Score, and if the publication was posted as part of a Throwback Thursday or by a guest tweeter. Results: The #365Papers Twitter campaign received a total of 688,117 impressions and 22,124 engagements, with a median engagement rate of 3.2% and the majority of engagement from URL clicks (n=8279; 37%). The mean monthly increase in CEPL Twitter account followers was 48 (±18). Engagement rate did not differ based on type of research (p=0.53), journal impact factor (r=-0.06; p=0.27), Altmetric Attention Score (r=0.01; p=0.80), nor if the tweet was part of a Throwback Thursday (p=0.97). However, guest tweets had significantly higher engagement rates versus non-guest tweets (median: 3.6% vs. 3.1%; p=0.01). Conclusion: Our findings suggest the potential of a daily scientific Twitter campaign to stimulate peer and public engagement and dialogue around new scientific publications, especially when prominent figures in the research field are incorporated into the campaign process.


: Actions to reduce the federal deficit in recent years threaten to strand the economically and socially disadvantaged while maintaining generous subsidy programs for populations with little or no financial need. This situation has been brought about in large part because of government's inherent reluctance to scale down programs that are politically popular even if no longer affordable or, in the long run, appropriate. The authors suggest that realistic and responsible social welfare policy reform requires that no sector of the federal budget be exempt from review or change. In the area of health, the importance of reshaping programs such as Medicare and Medicaid and disaggregating trends to focus more on populations with legitimate unmet needs is underscored. The authors make a number of suggestions on how existing social welfare programs can be better targeted.


The analysis towards sports competition is an important part of technical motion analysis. With the features of being able to measure at a distance and non-contact, motion video analysis system becomes the first choice of data collection and analysis in sports competition. However, due to some objective reasons, there is often a certain depression angle when shooting competitions. Through theoretical analysis and experimental verification, this paper analyzes the effects of video camera's high angle shot to twodimensional and three-dimensional analytical results and proposes correction methods.


[1] Fast azimuthal auroral expansion and poleward expansion are characteristic features of the expansion phase of substorms. In the first study of its kind, we have investigated the azimuthal auroral expansion and its magnetospheric counterpart using data from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all-sky imagers and multiple spacecraft. During the tail season in 2008–2009, we found 16 events of azimuthally expanding aurora that passed near the magnetic footprints of the multiple spacecraft operating in the near-Earth plasma sheet. In the magnetosphere, these events commonly showed fast azimuthal and earthward flows associated with intense electric fields and magnetic dipolarization. The speed of the propagating structure, which was estimated from the time difference of the depolarization observed by the multiple spacecraft, was close to the measured azimuthal plasma flow velocity. We also found that this azimuthal plasma transport was dominated by the E × B drift speed associated with the enhanced electric field. In a statistical analysis, the averaged speeds of the leading edge of the westward and eastward auroral expansion were 8.8 and 5.3 km/s, respectively. When mapped onto the equatorial magnetosphere, these speeds (267 and 162 km/s) were comparable to the averaged azimuthal plasma (E × B) flow speeds observed by the spacecraft, which were 193 (239) km/s in the westward direction and 112 (139) km/s in the eastward direction. Our events showed that E × B flows and auroral expansion predominantly propagated westward, indicating an effect of westward background convection in the Harang flow shear. From these results, we concluded that the azimuthal auroral expansion was closely related to magnetic dipolarization which expanded azimuthally at the E × B drift speed. On the basis of the abrupt formation of the fast E × B flows and their propagation away from the onset location, we suggest that the effects of the intense large-scale electric fields, which are possibly generated through substorm onset turbulence, propagate to the ionosphere along the magnetic field lines and lead to azimuthal expansion of an auroral arc.


Geomechanics investigates the origin, magnitude and deformational consequences of stresses in the crust. In recent years awareness of geomechanical processes has been heightened by societal debates on fracking, human-induced seismicity, natural geohazards and safety issues with respect to petroleum exploration drilling, carbon sequestration and radioactive waste disposal. This volume explores the common ground linking geomechanics with inter alia economic and petroleum geology, structural geology, petrophysics, seismology, geotechnics, reservoir engineering and production technology. Geomechanics is a rapidly developing field that brings together a broad range of subsurface professionals seeking to use their expertise to solve current challenges in applied and fundamental geoscience. A rich diversity of case studies herein showcase applications of geomechanics to hydrocarbon exploration and field development, natural and artificial geohazards, reservoir stimulation, contemporary tectonics and subsurface fluid flow. These papers provide a representative snapshot of the exciting state of geomechanics and establish it firmly as a flourishing subdiscipline of geology that merits broadest exposure across the academic and corporate geosciences.


ECOLOGY/EVOLUTION
The introduction of exotic species to existing habitats has become a worldwide problem, with serious ecological and economic effects. The release from their familiar enemies—pathogens and herbivores—is one mechanism by which exotic plant species may establish themselves in fresh habitats, sometimes at the cost of indigenous flora. Nevertheless, new work shows this to be an oversimplification. In a field experiment in Canada in which locally occurring species were compared with closely related exotics from Europe or Asia, Agrawal and Kotanen show that, within their introduced range, non-native plants may actually suffer greater levels of attack by herbivores than related species native to the territory. This result suggests that invading plants may be more likely to prosper in a new area if their close relatives are absent. — AMS

Ecol. Lett . 6, 712 (2003).


The present system requiring securities industry employees to prospectively waive their right to a judicial forum in favor of arbitration of their employment disputes in the forum specified by their employers is being called into question by courts, legislators and agencies, as well as by the employees. This article explores the alternative dispute resolution mechanism of binding arbitration as it is used in securities industry employment disputes. While arbitration is not inherently inferior to litigation, it is incumbent for the securities industry to ensure that the system is fair and accessible to employees.


We describe a color image reconstruction method that enables both direct visualization and direct digital image acquisition from one oral tissue by using various light sources and color compensating filters. In this method, the image of the oral tissue with white light emitting diodes (LEDs) with blue color compensating filter has a larger color difference between the normal and inflamed tissues. The enhanced visualization comes from the white light color mixing between the red normal tissue and bluish white light from the LEDs. With our method, we evaluate the perceived tissue reflectance in each pixel of the image and color reproduction with different illuminated spectra. Our approach to enhancement of visually perceived color difference between normal and inflamed oral tissue involves optimization of illumination and observation conditions by allowing a significant optical contrast of illuminated spectrum to reach the observer's eyes. In comparison with a conventional daylight LED flashlight, a LED with blue filter as the illuminant for oral cavity detection enhances the color difference between normal and inflamed tissues by 32%.


Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words can pose serious challenges for machine translation (MT) tasks, and in particular, for low-resource language (LRL) pairs, i.e., language pairs for which few or no parallel corpora exist. Our work adapts variants of seq2seq models to perform transduction of such words from Hindi to Bhojpuri (an LRL instance), learning from a set of cognate pairs built from a bilingual dictionary of Hindi - Bhojpuri words. We demonstrate that our models can be effectively used for language pairs that have limited parallel corpora; our models work at the character level to grasp phonetic and orthographic similarities across multiple types of word adaptations, whether synchronic or diachronic, loan words or cognates. We describe the training aspects of several character level NMT systems that we adapted to this task and characterize their typical errors. Our method improves BLEU score by 6.3 on the Hindi-to-Bhojpuri translation task. Further, we show that such transductions can generalize well to other languages by applying it successfully to Hindi - Bangla cognate pairs. Our work can be seen as an important step in the process of: (i) resolving the OOV words problem arising in MT tasks; (ii) creating effective parallel corpora for resource constrained languages; and (iii) leveraging the enhanced semantic knowledge captured by word-level embeddings to perform character-level tasks.


Damage of the urban gas network due to an earthquake can cause much loss including fire-induced loss to infrastructure and loss due to interruption of gas service and repairing or replacing of network elements. In this paper, a new fire ignition model is proposed and applied to a conventional semi-probabilistic model for estimating various losses due to damage of an urban gas network in an earthquake with the aim of developing a reliable tool for better designation of resources. The suggested fire ignition model takes into account parameters such as density of gas, characteristics of gas dispersion in a city, distribution of power lines as sources of ignition, and wind speed. Because of several parameters involved, inevitably a logical combination of deterministic and probabilistic variables is applied in the loss estimation model. Economic impacts of spreading of fire, gas service suspension, and gas network damage are modeled within the same semi-probabilistic framework utilizing weight functions. Assessing different fire scenarios is possible in the model for loss estimation. The model is applied to selected examples of actual urban area earthquake scenarios and the results are discussed.


This review is largely based on grey literature, in particular policy documents and reports by international development organizations. While there was substantial literature on approaches and principles to GBV documentation, there was less on remote service delivery such as helplines – much of this only in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, very little was found on actual examples of GBV documentation in developing contexts. By definition, gender featured strongly in the available literature; the particular needs of persons with disabilities were also addressed in discussions of overall GBV responses, but far less in GBV documentation. GBV documentation refers to the recording of data on individual GBV incidents in order to provide/refer survivors with/to appropriate support, and the collection of data of GBV incidents for analysis and to improve GBV responses. The literature notes that there are significant risks associated with GBV documentation, in relation to data protection. Failure to ensure information security can expose survivors, in particular, to harm, e.g. reprisal attacks by perpetrators, stigma, and ostracism by their families/ communities. This means that GBV documentation must be carried out with great care. A number of principles should always be applied when documenting GBV cases in order to protect survivors and prevent potential negative effects: do no harm, survivor-centered approach, survivor autonomy, informed consent, non-discrimination, confidentiality, and data protection (information security).


The process μ+μ−→Hγ, though small compared to the resonance process, could be observable at proposed muon colliders, given expected integrated luminosities. The apparently leading diagrams occur at tree-level, and are proportional to the Higgs-muon coupling. We show, however, that the one-loop contribution is comparable to the tree-level amplitude. Furthermore, the one-loop diagrams, unlike those at tree-level, could be greatly enhanced by possible anomalous Higgs-top quark or Higgs-gauge boson couplings. For a 500 GeV unpolarized muon collider, the total cross section for Hγ associated production approaches 0.1 fb.


We report on our systematic attempts at finding local interactions for which the lowest-Landau-level projected composite-fermion wave functions are the unique zero energy ground states. For this purpose, we study in detail the simplest non-trivial system beyond the Laughlin states, namely bosons at filling $\nu=\frac{2}{3}$ and identify local constraints among clusters of particles in the ground state. By explicit calculation, we show that no Hamiltonian up to (and including) four particle interactions produces this state as the exact ground state, and speculate that this remains true even when interaction terms involving greater number of particles are included. Surprisingly, we can identify an interaction, which imposes an energetic penalty for a specific entangled configuration of four particles with relative angular momentum of $6\hbar$, that produces a unique zero energy solution (as we have confirmed for up to 12 particles). This state, referred to as the $\lambda$-state, is not identical to the projected composite-fermion state, but the following facts suggest that the two might be topologically equivalent: the two sates have a high overlap; they have the same root partition; the quantum numbers for their neutral excitations are identical; and the quantum numbers for the quasiparticle excitations also match. On the quasihole side, we find that even though the quantum numbers of the lowest energy states agree with the prediction from the composite-fermion theory, these states are not separated from the others by a clearly identifiable gap. This prevents us from making a conclusive claim regarding the topological equivalence of the $\lambda$ state and the composite-fermion state. Our study illustrates how new candidate states can be identified from constraining selected many particle configurations and it would be interesting to pursue their topological classification.


Background and Purpose: Noninvasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) on time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA) may be used to identify high-risk intracranial lesions. We tested whether FFR was associated with vascular territory of the qualifying lacunar stroke in participants of the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) trial and the utility of FFR for predicting recurrent stroke during the trial.

Methods: SPS3 was a randomized trial investigating optimal blood pressure target and antiplatelet regimen in patients with recent, symptomatic, MRI-confirmed lacunar stroke patients TOF-MRA proximate to study entry was adequate and available for 2169 of 3020 study patients. Signal intensity (SI) was measured in the background, and proximal and distal aspects of 7 intracranial arteries (internal carotid, middle cerebral, basilar, and vertebral). Adjusted FFR was then calculated in each artery: FFR = [distal SI - background SI] / [proximal SI - background SI] and divided into quartiles by artery. Associations between the vascular territory of the qualifying infarct and the FFR quartile of the relevant artery were investigated using contingency tables and chi-square tests. Risks for recurrent stroke associated with FFR quartiles were evaluated using Cox Proportional Hazards models (model adjusted for assigned treatment groups).

Results: Mean age of the 2169 patients included was 63 yr with 63% male; hypertension, diabetes, and prior lacunar stroke were present in 75%, 36%, and 10% respectively. Median FFRs varied by artery with the lowest in the basilar (0.793) and highest in the middle cerebral arteries (left 1.154; right 1.176). A recurrent stroke occurred in 195 patients during a mean follow-up of 3.5 years (annualized rate 2.5% per patient-year).No significant association was found between the FFR tertiles and the vascular territory of the qualifying infarct. Quartiles of adjusted FFR in any of the 7 arteries were not found to be predictive of recurrent stroke.

Conclusion: In this large well-characterized cohort of lacunar stroke patients, FFR was not associated with the location of the qualifying subcortical infarct and did not predict the risk of recurrent stroke.


Abstract Background: This study investigated Australian drinkers' alcohol-related beliefs according to their alcohol risk status. The primary aims were to assess drinkers' awareness of the association between alcohol consumption and a range of health consequences and their understanding of the degree of risk represented by their own alcohol consumption. Method: An online survey was administered to 2168 drinkers who consume alcohol at least twice per month. Respondents reported their alcohol intake levels and their beliefs relating to the relationship between alcohol and shorter-term (proximal) risks (e.g., drink-driving) and longer-term (distal) risks (e.g., stroke and cancer). Results: Just over half (52%) of those drinking at high or very high risk levels did not perceive their drinking to be harmful. A large majority (85%) of the sample was aware of various short-term risks of excessive alcohol consumption, but only half appeared aware of the association between alcohol consumption and more distal health conditions. Conclusions: The relatively low levels of awareness of the alcohol–disease link and the weak relationship between perceived risk and alcohol consumption levels suggest that attempts to reduce current high levels of alcohol-related harm could include public education campaigns designed to (i) improve drinkers' understanding of the prevalence of alcohol-related harms upon which current alcohol guidelines are based, (ii) prompt drinkers to review their intake levels in the light of the guidelines to assess their potential risk of harm, and (iii) make alcohol-related risks more salient to every-day consumption decisions.


The two ribozymes of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) cleave faster in divalent metal ions than in monovalent cations, and a variety of divalent metal ions can act as catalysts in supporting these higher rates. Although the ribozymes are closely related in sequence and structure, they display a different metal ion preference; the genomic form cleaves moderately faster in Mg2+ than in Ca2+ while the reverse is true for the antigenomic ribozyme. This difference raises questions about understanding the catalytic role of the metal ion in the reaction. We found that the metal ion reactivity preference correlated with the identity of a single nucleotide 5' of the cleavage site (-1 position). It is a U in the genomic sequence and a C in the antigenomic sequence. With both ribozymes, the reactivity preference for Mg2+ and Ca2+ could be reversed with a change at this position (C to U or U to C). Moreover, with an A at position -1, there was a relative increase in cleavage rates in low concentrations of Mn2+ for both ribozymes. Metal ion reactivity preference was also linked to changes in pH, and the pH-rate profiles could be shifted with nucleotide changes at position -1. Together, the data provide biochemical evidence in support of an organized active site, as seen in the crystal structures, where at least one metal ion, an ionizable group, and the conformation of the phosphate backbone at the cleavage site interact in concert to promote cleavage.


World-wide morbidity and mortality statistics of the disease and data on the longevity and causes of death of diabetics are reviewed and summarized. Estimates of the global prevalence of diabetes which run as high as thirty million are unreliable. Known diabetics in the United States number about two million or eleven per 1,000 population. The proportion increases with age from about one in 900 for persons under twenty-five years of age to one in twenty for those sixty-five and over. For many countries deaths ascribed to diabetes comprise less than half of all persons dying with the disease. Death rates range from 23.2 per 100,000 population in Belgium down to 0.4 in South Korea. In most countries the death rate from diabetes among females exceeds that among males. Recent mortality trends, however, are more favorable for females generally than for males. Longevity of diabetics has substantially increased, although it remains significantly less than that of nondiabetics. Among patients of the Joslin Clinic first observed in 1940 and later, the survivorship rate after ten years exceeded 90 per cent for patients under thirty years of age, and even for sixty- to seventy-four-year-old patients it was 40 per cent. Today more than ever the chief problem is the prevention and control of vascular complications.


The flora of the Elmali Cedar Research Forest (Antalya) was investigated. From the research area, 1296 samples were collected between September 2000 and September 2002. Of the 1296 samples, 83 represent families, 320 represent genera and 689 represent species that have been identified. The total number of species, subspecies and varieties of taxa was 708. In the analysed samples, 3 species were new to the scientific world. Twenty-eight of the taxa were collected for the first time from square C2. The number of endemic species in the research area is 141 (20.46%). Among the analysed species, 195 (28.30%) are Mediterranean elements, 87 (12.62%) are Irano-Turanian elements, 18 (2.61%) are Euro-Siberian elements, and 389 (56.45%) are multi-regional or species whose phytogeographical regions are unknown. In the investigated area, Asteraceae is the richest family, with 73 species and Astragalus L. is the richest genus, with 17 species.


The major target organ for hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the liver. However, cells other than hepatocytes, including peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes, may become infected with HBV. The cell receptor binding site was assigned to the preS(21-47) segment of the HBV envelope protein. HBV receptors were detected on human liver and hepatoma cells, on B lymphocytes, and, as shown here, on monocytes, and T cell lines, activated by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin A, respectively. The cell receptors for HBV have not been characterized until now. The detection of HBV receptors and their "activation antigen" characteristic on distinct cells suggested paths for identification of the receptors with already defined cell surface proteins. This search revealed that interleukin 6 contains recognition sites for the preS(21-47) sequence and mediates HBV-cell interactions. Thus, HBV belongs to a group of viruses utilizing cytokines or cytokine receptors for replication and interference with the host immune system.


. China is one of the countries with frequent flood disaster, and it does fall often with more precipitation especially from June to October in the Yangtze River, which would very easily cause floods thereby seriously threating to the safety of each region along the Yangtze River. How to manage regional flood risk reasonably and efficiently under the new situation of the joint effects of climatic change and human activities deserves more researches. The regional flood risk management model is built and applied in the Jingjiang section of the Yangtze River to derive regional flood processes under the condition of floodwall break and assess the effects of flood on each factor in the region. The built model is reliable and practical with reasonable results, would support some sort of technical help for regional flood risk management, water resources protection and measure-making of flood prevention and disaster mitigation.


This paper analyzes the speech act of apologizing from the point of view of the conceptual tools provided by Cognitive Linguistics. Speech acts have not received a lot of attention in this approach to language. Notable exceptions are Panther and Thornburg (1998), Perez (1997, 2001), Sweetser (2000), and Perez and Ruiz de Mendoza (2002). While Sweetser's study focuses on the performative value of metaphor, the studies carried out by Panther and Thornburg, on the one hand, and Perez and Ruiz de Mendoza, on the other, share a commitment with reinterpreting traditional speech act theory in terms of cognitive modeling. Thus, Panther and Thornburg (1998) claim that illocutionary force is a form of inferential activity grounded in metonymy. Perez and Ruiz de Mendoza (2002), in turn, have developed a more sophisticated theory according to which the illocutionary value of an utterance is a function of a number of cognitive models which interact in different but predictable ways. Perez and Ruiz de Mendoza have thus analyzed the interpretation of directive speech acts as a combination of metaphorical and metonymic operations performed on propositional cognitive models of interpersonal nature, in connection to pre-conceptual sensorimotor and spatial representations, such as the FORCE image-schema. Here we extend Perez and Ruiz de Mendoza's account to the domain of expressive speech acts with an especial focus on apologies. We show that expressive speech acts are also sensitive to an analysis based on interpersonal cognitive models and image-schematic representations. In order to do so, we outline the essentials of an illocutionary scenario for apologies and explore the way it is exploited by means of other cognitive operations, especially metonymy. We additionally show that Perez and Ruiz de Mendoza's cost-benefit idealized cognitive model, which these authors have postulated for directive and commissive speech acts, also lies at the base of our understanding of expressive categories.


Abstract Black coral communities in the Mediterranean Sea are now recognized to be far more common than what was expected a few years ago; however, among the species reported for this basin, Parantipathes larix is one of the least well known. This species is characterized by tall, monopodial or sparsely branched colonies showing a distinctive bottle-brush pinnulation pattern and fairly elongated whitish polyps. Rarely reported in the literature, this species, despite frequently occurring as fishing bycatch, has never been observed in dense populations and all available information mainly concerns its morphological features. Two forests of P. larix were discovered during a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) survey conducted in July 2012 on board the R/V Astrea between 100 and 200 m on two continental rocky shoals located about 10 miles southeast of the Island of Montecristo (Tuscan Archipelago, Tyrrhenian Sea). Video footage was analyzed using the ROV imaging technique, and the coral communities were described in terms of abundance, size-frequency distribution and associated fauna. P. larix is the dominant component of both coral communities showing a maximal abundance of 4 colonies m−2. Sixteen different patches of P. larix, each covering an approximate area of 30 m2 and spaced on average 60 m apart, were counted on the rocky shoals, representing, with an average height of the colonies of about 1 m, the only true three-dimensional habitat of the study areas. The forests of P. larix of Montecristo represent, as far as we know, a unique case for the exceptional abundance of the colonies and their distribution in discrete patches, which is likely a result of the limited dispersal ability of the larvae. Moreover, their occurrence on isolated banks may suggest a preference for topographic structures subjected to local turbulent hydrographic regimes which are known to support filter-feeding communities.


Problem definition: We study how a firm should design its compensation plan to include both the sales performance and the operational performance (i.e., the supply/demand mismatch), for its sales division, who not only exerts unobservable demand-enhancement efforts but also makes the inventory ordering decision based on her private information about the local sales territory. Methodology/results: We build on the classical agency model by incorporating the supply/demand mismatch and inventory ordering delegation. We derive the closed-form expression for the firm's optimal compensation scheme in the most general contract space and show that it takes a simple form, coupling the classical linear compensation scheme with a compensation component contingent on some operational metric. Managerial implications: First, the firm should include a compensation component that is tied to operational metrics such as the sales division's leftover inventory and the unfulfilled demand. Second, the optimal compensation scheme needs to be adapted to the distinct operational features such as demand being censored or not, lost sales or backorder. Third, the optimal compensation scheme possesses the property of piece-wise linearity in demand (or sales) with a drop in the commission rate after demand exceeds the available inventory. This is in contrast not only with the classical linear compensation scheme, but also with the quota-based compensation scheme featuring a progressively increased commission rate when the demand exceeds a prespecified quota.


Abstract Fetal blood gas analysis (FBGA) using scalp blood is commonly used to identify serious fetal distress. However, there is a lack of data regarding its accuracy and reliability. The aim of this study was to determine the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of FBGA for predicting postpartum acidosis in case of nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracings (NRFHRT). To this end, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of singleton term deliveries with NRFHRT according to Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique and Fisher cardiotocography scores undergoing FBGA in a university hospital. The PPV and NPV of FBGA regarding neonatal acidosis (defined as a pH value ⩽ 7.15 in arterial or venous umbilical cord blood) and Apgar scores indicating neonatal depression (defined as a 5-min Apgar score ⩽5) were evaluated. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the influence of cardiotocography variations and the time delay between FBGA and delivery on the accuracy of FBGA. We analyzed 343 deliveries with NRFHRT. In 32 (9%) of these cases, fetal acidosis was confirmed by a postpartum umbilical cord blood pH value ⩽ 7.15. In 308/343 (90%) cases, FBGA identified NRFHRT as false positive (as confirmed by nonacidotic postpartum pH values) and thus avoided unnecessary interventions such as operative delivery. The overall test accuracy of FBGA was 91%. FBGA accurately predicted postpartum cord blood pH values with a margin of ±0.2 in 319/343 (93%) cases. On the other hand, the false negative rate of FBGA was 8% (29/343). The PPV and NPV of FBGA for predicting postpartum acidosis were 50% and 91%, respectively. The sensitivity was 9% and the specificity was 99%. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, maternal body mass index (odds ratio [OR] 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.17; P = .029) and cardiotocography variations (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.66–0.98; P = .029) independently affected the predictive value of FBGA. The PPV of FBGA regarding neonatal depression according to Apgar scores was low with only 17%. We conclude that FBGA may be used in clinical practice to rule out, but not to rule in, neonatal acidosis in parturients with NRFHRT. It can avoid unnecessary interventions such as cesarean section or operative vaginal delivery in up to 90% of cases, but cannot reliably detect fetal acidosis.


Background During ischaemia, AMPK activation occurs in order to provide energy from alternative resources. However, AMPK activity is known to be impaired in diabetes. We hypothesised that enhancing AMPK activation above physiological levels during ischaemia would protect both the normoglycaemic and the diabetic heart. Methodology Hearts from Wistar and Goto Kakizaki rats (GK, a mildly diabetic rat strain) were subjected to 35 min coronary artery occlusion in the presence of 10, 20 or 40 μM A-769662 (an activator of AMPK), followed by 120 min of reperfusion with normal buffer (n ≥ 6). Risk zone and myocardial infarction were assessed using Evans blue and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, respectively and expressed as percentage of the area at risk (I/R%). The effect of A-769662 on mitochondrial permeability transition (opening of the mPT pore is associated with reperfusion injury) was also investigated by exposing rat cardiomyocytes loaded with the fluorophore TMRM to a laser oxidative insult; the time to mitochondrial membrane depolarisation and rigour contracture were measured (n=6, 80–100 cells/assay). Results A-769662 reduced the infarct size in both the normoglycaemic and diabetic hearts in comparison with control hearts at 20 μM (31.8%±3.1 vs 51.4%±1.5 normoglycaemic heart; 22.7%±3.0 vs 37.6%±2.7 for the GK heart; p<0.05) and at 40 μM (35.6%±1.9 vs 51.4%±1.5 for the normoglycaemic heart; 18.6%±1.6 vs 37.6%±2.7, for the GK heart; p<0.05) In addition, A-769662 also significantly delayed the mPTP opening (147.71%±10.2% at 20 μM, 146.7%±15.6% at 40 μM, vs control 100%, p<0.05). Conclusions Our data suggest that the enhancement of AMPK activity during ischaemia may lead to infarct reduction and delayed opening of the mPTP in the ischaemic reperfused rat heart.


Dr. Alfano (New England Journal of Medicine 296: 1126, 1977) is certainly entitled to his personal opinions, but when they appear in a major publication in a setting that calls for factual information, they cannot go unchallenged. Midwives have played and continue to play a major part in maternal-infant services in many advanced European countries. Combined midwife-physician services in Sweden, Finland, Japan, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland produced infant mortality rates in 1972 superior to those reported by Dr. Alfano for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1974. Even in 1967 Sweden and the Netherlands (where most infants are delivered by midwives) had infant mortality rates, respectively, of 12.9 and 13.4/100 live births. These numbers, of course, do not mean that midwives are superior to doctors, but they do not seem to prove them inferior when they are employed in an appropriate setting. In Oregon (where certified nurse-midwives have been employed for some years) the professional midwife is found mainly in the "expensive" practices, so that if there is a "3rd-level of care," it is delivered to the well-to-do rather than the indigent. It is a little early to tell, but the impression around here is that although the quality of the birth experience may be changed by addition of midwives to an upper-middle-class practice, the outcome in terms of numbers of live babies is no different. This finding may not apply when 1 is dealing with the economically disadvantaged. A striking study from California demonstrated a definite improvement in fetal outcome when certified midwives were added to an established program and a tendency for the infant mortality rate to rise again when their services were discontinued for lack of funds. A similar program is under way in Oregon, but it is much too early for results to be apparent. This letter is not written in defense of midwives - it is a plea for balance and rationality. Medicine is no place for a territorial imperative. Only by calling on the expertise of all qualified members of a society can one hope to progress and to improve the human condition.


P2P file-sharing systems have indexes, which users search to find locations of desired titles. In the index poisoning attack, the attacker inserts massive numbers of bogus records into the index for a set of targeted titles. As a result, when a user searches for a targeted title, the index returns bogus results, such as bogus file identifiers, bogus IP addresses, or bogus port numbers. In this paper we first show that both structured and unstructured P2P file-sharing systems are highly vulnerable to the index poisoning attack. We then develop a novel and efficient methodology for estimating index poisoning levels and pollution levels in file-sharing systems. The methodology is efficient in that involves neither the downloading nor the analysis of binary content files. We deploy data-harvesting platforms for FastTrack, an unstructured file-sharing system, and Overnet, a DHT-based file-sharing system. Applying our methodology to harvested data, we find that index poisoning is pervasive in both systems. We also outline a distributed blacklisting procedure for countering the index poisoning and pollution attacks.


Background: Silicosis is a common condition worldwide, and its diagnosis relies upon a thorough occupational history. Nevertheless, there are situations in which images are critical for the diagnosis, such as pulmonary masses, due to lung cancer and tuberculosis risks.

Objective: To report cases of misleading diagnosis in patients with pulmonary masses and occupational exposure to silica.

Methods: We reviewed data on patients with a diagnosis of silicosis in a tertiary hospital, who presented with pulmonary masses and were either submitted to unnecessary procedures, due to lack of information on occupational exposition, or had to be further investigated because of atypical presentations of the disease.

Results: Two patients presented silicosis with compatible exposure and radiological findings, but had pulmonary masses of unusual locations, which turned out to be lung adenocarcinomas. Three other patients with pulmonary masses and silicosis radiological findings had been submitted to lung resections, including a pneumonectomy, due to the absence of an occupational history. The remaining four had known exposure to silica but, owing to lack of other typical findings of the disease on chest CT, were submitted to biopsies (transthoracic), all of which turned out to be silicosis, and evolved with typical radiological findings.

Conclusions: Silicosis is yet a frequent disease and it should be included in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary masses. The importance of an occupational history and the possibility of a differential diagnosis must be taken into account while evaluating these patients. Pulmonary medical training programs should be aware of this not so rare condition.


Cowden's Syndrome (CS) or Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome (MHS) is a rare genodermatosis of autossomal-dominant inheritance with variable expressivity. It is characterized by multiple hamartomatous lesions of ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal origins. The organ system that most consistently manifests this syndrome is the skin. Mucocutaneous lesions are present in 99 to 100% of cases. These signs precede the development of cancer by several years, and they serve as important clinical markers for identification of patients at high risk for malignancies of the breast or thyroid. Because of its potentially serious associations with internal malignancy, early and accurate diagnosis is essential. The gene locus for CS has been identified as chromosome 10 q22-23. Mutations in the human tumor suppressor gene, PTEN/MMAC1, located on the 10q23 chromosome, have been implicated in the development of breast cancer. The authors report a case of this rare entity, dealing with a male patient with the clinical characteristics of this syndrome.


The qualitative and quantitative lipid composition of nuclei and nuclear membranes from pig and rat liver were determined. These determinations were compared with the corresponding data obtained for microsomes from the same material after similar treatments. The results indicate that, at least, by far the major part of the nuclear lipids is located in the membranes of the nuclear envelope. The phospholipid pattern of the nuclear membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in general is widely identical in both species. As a striking difference in the lipid composition, however, a fourfold increase of esterified cholesterol in the nuclear membranes was found. In a quantitative approach the ratio of total surface area of the nuclear lipids to the total surface area of the nuclear envelope membranes was calculated as being 3.6, a value which fairly approximates the requirements of a bimolecular lipid leaflet model.


This paper reports on research that explores new possibilities for experiencing film as a digital database. The way we access, interact with and experience film is changed with new digital tools and initial visual experiments towards the design of a graphical user interface respond to this change.

The film 2001:A Space Odyssey by Stanley Kubrick is the focus for the research. It is essentially a visual film with an expanded context of critical writing and archived material. Two visual outcomes that map the use of red within scenes of the film will be demonstrated in order to critique and review the film in its new context.


Event-based processing of XML data - as exemplified by the popular SAX framework - is a powerful alternative to using W3C's DOM or similar tree-based APIs. The event-based approach is particularly superior when processing large XML documents in a streaming fashion with minimal memory consumption. This paper discusses challenges for creating program analyses for SAX applications. In particular, we consider the problem of statically guaranteeing that a given SAX program always produces only well-formed and valid XML output. We propose an analysis technique based on existing analyses of Servlets, string operations, and XML graphs.


Neuropsychological data provide strong support for the existence of multiple memory systems. The distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory has been discussed in the experimental literature for some years. More recently it has been argued that the concept of long-term memory is misleading in that it fails to differentiate between semantic memory and episodic/event memory. The independent and selective impairment of multiple memory systems, each with its own functional and structural properties, has been recorded in patients with cerebral lesions and the evidence for impairment of such systems is reviewed. It is argued that the cerebral organization of short-term memory, long-term (non-individual) semantic memory and long-term (individual) event memory is highly differentiated.