SUMMARY: Phage lysis was induced in lysogenic cultures of Salmonella by means of nitrogen mustard, mustard gas, sulphathiazole, glutathione, and sodium thiol-acetate.
The liberation of phage particles by these cultures was inhibited by urethane, ascorbic acid, higher concentrations of thiolacetate than that necessary to induce lysis, and by incubating either at 41–43.5° or at pH 5.5. Incubation at 22° in some cases also had a slight inhibitory. action.
The following substances had no effect on the liberation of phage particles by these cultures: penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, Proflavine, Rivanol, colchicine, methionine, cobalt sulphate, sodium citrate, brilliant green, sodium tetra-thionate, sodium taurocholate, sodium biselenite, casein digest and yeast extracts. Cultivation either in atmospheres containing different amounts of oxygen, or at 28°, or in media containing varying concentrations of sodium chloride was also without effect.
Cultures did not become non-lysogenic as a result of prolonged passage in broth containing either sodium citrate, ascorbic acid or urethane.


The use of agent based services in a Computational Grid is outlined—along with particular roles that these agents undertake. Reasons why agents provide the most natural abstraction for managing and supporting Grid services is also discussed. Agent services are divided into two broad categories: (1) infrastructure services, and (2) application services. Infrastructure services are provided by existing Grid management systems, such as Globus and Legion, and application services by intelligent agents. Usage scenarios are provided to demonstrate the concepts involved.


150 words max): The paper reports on a comparative study, conducted in 2013-14, of four higher education systems (the Netherlands, Flanders, North Rhine-Westphalia and Ireland), which aimed to find out how higher education institutions integrate learning for employability into professional bachelor programmes in three different knowledge areas (mechanical engineering, social work and tourism), and how external quality assurance attended to employability aspects. Case studies of 24 selected, well-performing study programmes identified good practices as well as commonly-used elements and strategies, organised throughout the whole education cycle of input-process-results (output) and its quality assurance. Findings included that the studied professional bachelor programmes give sufficient attention to learning for employability, but that ways to do so differ by country and by field. Attention for employability differed across quality assurance systems as well. Text of paper (3000 words max):


This beautifully illustrated book celebrates the opening of the new visitor center at the Clark Art Institute, designed by Pritzker Prize recipient Tadao Ando (b. 1941). Noted architectural photographer Richard Pare captures the building's indoor and outdoor spaces-including reflecting pools, galleries, and courtyards-in more than 60 gorgeous images. The accompanying essay offers an architectural critic's perspective on the building and discusses the most important facets of Ando's stunning design, including the structure's harmonious relationship to the Clark's existing buildings and the surrounding Berkshire scenery. Documenting for the first time this new addition to the Clark's bucolic campus, this gem of a book is essential for fans of both Ando and the Clark.


With Protestant denominational membership declining steadily, and at times dramatically, since the 1960s, numerous local churches eagerly search for ways to attract new members. In efforts to reverse this trend, or at least slow it down, many have turned to techniques more informed by market logic and capitalist ideologies than the triune God revealed in biblical texts. One such technique insists upon creating "gathering spaces" with little if any evidence of Christian identity. Not even the nomenclature (e.g. "gathering space" instead of "worship space" or "sanctuary") indicates the nature of the purposes intended for these spaces. Many conclude the more sterile and unmarked a space the more welcoming and, therefore, evangelistic it is. This essay begins with a brief proposal to more fully reclaim biblical foundations for evangelism. Through a canonical approach that reads the biblical texts theologically, a richer perspective of evangelistic understandings and practices emerges. Second, this essay explores one implication of such a canonical and theological approach. If the language and practices of the gathered community are constitutive for initiating and forming people in the Christian faith, might the space in which they gather be theologically significant? In this article I argue that recognizing and ordering the sacred character of a gathering space can lead to its significant role in Christian invitation and formation in contemporary communities of faith-thus situating the Word.


In this article, we propose two analysis method using novel local quantities. One method is related to the dynamics of electron spin. This is described by novel quantities, the spin torque and the zeta force. These quantities govern the dynamics of the spin of electrons, and hence can clarify the essential description of the dynamics of electron spin. The other method is related to the conductivity of nanosize materials. For this method, we introduce external and internal local conductivities. A microscopic viewpoint is important for the analysis of nanosize material. As a first step, we show the validity and usefulness of our methods. The zeta force clarifies how the local torque works on the electron spin in molecules. The external and internal local conductivities show how electrons pass through nanosize materials and how electrons are locally accelerated in the materials.


The idea to develop this project rise after conducted an interview session with the stakeholder which is the owner of DFM Enterprise, Puan Azar Binti Aziz. The methodology used in completing this project is Waterfall Model. When each of the phases are finished, the problems are being solved as the objectives achieved. There are two type of booking system, which is stand-alone system and online booking system. The purpose of developing this system are to assist stakeholder in organize the information, to minimize the redundancy of booking and to assist in calculating the booking price. To solve the problem faced by the stakeholder, there are several objectives that need to be completed such as to gather and analyse requirement from stakeholder, to design and to develop the suggested system. As for this project the stand-alone system is more suitable compare to the online booking system. This is due to the limitation of stand-alone system. Therefore, by using it in this project, the limitation can be minimize. At the end of this project, the problems are being solved as the system can make booking and store the information of customers. Finally, there are several suggestions made as the recommendation for future works or improvements.


Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batata) is an important, nutritionally rich vegetable crop, but severely affected by environmental stresses, pests and diseases which cause massive yield and quality losses. Genetic manipulation is becoming an important method for sweetpotato improvement. In the present study, a reproducible and highly efficient protocol for in vitro plant regeneration of six Kenyan farmer preferred sweetpotato, Enaironi, KEMB 36, KSP36, Mugande, Kalamb nyerere, SPK 013 and SPK004 through direct shoot organogenesis from stem internodes explants was developed. The results revealed that Kalamb nyerere had the highest number of adventitious bud; for light (5.33 and 4.33) and dark (8.00 and 5.00) induction condition for all TDZ hormone level (0.25 mg/l and 0.15 mg/l). When explants incubated in 0.10 mg/l NAA the regeneration frequencies were the highest at 83.33% (Jewel) and 96.67% (Kalamb nyerere) for adventitious buds recovered from light and darkness respectively. This was the optimal auxin concentration which gave the maximum regeneration frequency with adventitious buds recovered from the dark. The best Kenyan sweetpotato genotypes for direct shoot organogenesis were Kalamb nyerere, Kemb 36 and SPK 004. The protocol presented in this work is suitable for improvement of sweetpotato genotypes through tissue culture methods and or genetic transformation.


The preservation of apples for a longer period in order to assure the extension of the scope of the consumption as fresh fruit represents a major scope of the producer and merchandiser, which produce end export such fruits. The research performed in this field with the apple varieties 'Luna', 'Redix', 'Jonaprim', 'Goldrush', 'Florina', 'Rubinola' and 'Sirius', stored in different storage conditions, emphasized the difference between cultivars because of the different time of maturation. In the case of the same cultivar, the time of preservation was shorter in the ambient conditions (60 days for 'Sirius'), reaching 120 days in the modified atmosphere condition, under refrigeration. 'Florina' and 'Redix' were preserved for 90 days in the ambient condition and for 140 days in the modified atmosphere, under pre-refrigeration. The weight losses were lower for all cultivars in modified atmosphere (3,8% for 'Florina', 4,2% for 'Redix' and 4,6% for 'Sirius'). At the beginning of the storage period, and at the end of the preservation period, the main physicochemical characteristics were also analyzed. The obtained results show that 'Florina' and 'Jonaprim' were the best, for example regarding the firmness values, at the end of the storage period.


For web scraping and task automation purposes, programmers write scripts to interact with websites. This is similar to writing end-to-end user interface (UI) test automation suites for software, but on third-party websites that the programmer does not own, introducing new challenges. A programmer might know what semantic operations they want their script to perform, but translating this to code can be difficult. The programmer must investigate the website's internal structure, content, and how UI elements behave, and then write code to click, type, and otherwise interact with UI elements. Many tools and frameworks for creating web automation scripts exist but the challenges programmers face in using them remains understudied. We conducted two studies to study how programmers write web automation scripts. The first study focuses on understanding general challenges. The second focuses on the ways website UI context and script feedback can be helpful. We also provide a set of design findings that detail the kinds of context and feedback developers need while writing web automation scripts.


AbstractThe North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the dominant mode of climate variability over the North Atlantic basin and has a significant impact on seasonal climate and surface weather conditions. It is the result of complex and nonlinear interactions between many spatiotemporal scales. Here, the authors study the statistical properties of two time series of the daily NAO index. Previous NAO modeling attempts only considered Gaussian noise, which can be inconsistent with the system complexity. Here, it is found that an autoregressive model with non-Gaussian noise provides a better fit to the time series. This result holds also when considering time series for the four seasons separately. The usefulness of the proposed model is evaluated by means of an investigation of its forecast skill.


Context: The literature provides limited evidence of the quality of life (QoL) distinctions between Saudi Arabian male and female patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).
Objectives: To compare SCD complications, symptoms, and individual items in the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) between Saudi adult males and females. Methods: A multi-center, cross-sectional study was conducted on 629 Saudi adults with SCD who attended King Fahad Hospital in Hofuf and King Fahad Central Hospital in Jazan.
Results: Gender differences were noted in terms of SCD-related complications, symptoms, daily activity, and pain. Saudi females with SCD reported significantly more fever (66.8% vs. 54.8%, P=0.003), more swelling (59.2% vs. 38.9%, P=0.001), and more frequent blood transfusion (88.5% vs. 80.6%, P=0.009). Males reported more physical exercising than females (41% vs. 23%, P=0.001), and having less family support (89.6% vs. 96.3%, P=0.001). Saudi females with SCD reported significantly higher percentages of daily activity limitations in lifting or carrying groceries (66.7% vs. 58%, P=0.031), climbing one flight of stairs (63.5% vs. 53.6%, P=0.016), and walking the length of one block (59.2% vs. 42.5%, P=0.001). Saudi females with SCD reported a higher percentage of bodily pain (94.3% vs. 87.1%, P=0.004). Conclusion: The study reveals that Saudi females with SCD experience SCD-related complications, symptoms, and pain differently than Saudi males with SCD. According to our data, females reported more limitations in daily activity, more pain, and less physical activity, than males. An interventional program is needed to address QoL among Saudi females with SCD.


The use of ICTs in developing countries has grown significantly since the start of the 21st century (ITU 2012), driven on by encouraging evidence and literature that associates ICTs with various aspects of economic and social development (UNCTAD 2011). However, ICT equipment, which is supposed to help developing countries improve education and stimulate economic growth may undermine the sustainability of ICT use, and have negative impact on human health, and the environment, if not addressed. The environmental concerns regarding e-waste stem from the hazardous elements and compounds that can be found in everyday e-waste. These compounds are known to have adverse impacts on the health of the environment and all living beings. Most developing countries, including Nigeria, have neither a well-established system of disposal of e-waste nor a legislation dealing specifically with e-waste and a lax enforcement of existing laws dealing with general waste management. (Nnrom and Osibanjo, 2008) The aim of this paper is to discuss a theoretical framework which will be used as a 'sensitizing device' for a qualitative study of the issues and challenges associated with-waste policy formulation and implementation process in Edo state, Nigeria.(Myers, 1977).


We propose augmenting immersive telepresence by adding a virtual body, representing the user's own arm motions, as realized through a head-mounted display and a 360-degree camera. Previous research has shown the effectiveness of having a virtual body in simulated environments; however, research on whether seeing one's own virtual arms increases presence or preference for the user in an immersive telepresence setup is limited. We conducted a study where a host introduced a research lab while participants wore a head-mounted display which allowed them to be telepresent at the host's physical location via a 360-degree camera, either with or without a virtual body. We first conducted a pilot study of 20 participants, followed by a pre-registered 62 participant confirmatory study. Whereas the pilot study showed greater presence and preference when the virtual body was present, the confirmatory study failed to replicate these results, with only behavioral measures suggesting an increase in presence. After analyzing the qualitative data and modeling interactions, we suspect that the quality and style of the virtual arms, and the contrast between animation and video, led to individual differences in reactions to the virtual body which subsequently moderated feelings of presence.


Rituximab (Rituxan; Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, and IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA)-mediated killing of CD20-positive tumor cells is likely caused by a combination of immune-mediated effects including complement-mediated lysis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and direct effects induced by CD20 ligation. In vivo, the clearance of damaged or preapoptotic cells through specific receptors for phosphatidylserine translocated to the outer cell membrane may also be important. Direct effects, including growth inhibition and apoptosis, have been shown in vitro; however, their contribution to the clinical effect is not known. Currently, most data suggest that the predominant effector mechanism is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, with a minor role of complement. With treatment, resistance to rituximab-mediated killing may emerge. Little is known regarding the molecular pathogenesis of this resistance. In rare cases, the CD20 antigen may be lost. Complement-resistance proteins may also increase, but it is not clear that this is the reason for loss of sensitivity. A better understanding of these mechanisms should allow combination therapy with agents capable of augmenting antibody-based killing. Semin Oncol 29 (suppl 2):2-9. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company.


Introduction: The mortality rate in cancer of the lower rectum is related to the incidence of local recurrence, in the first 5 years. For stage I tumors, local excision has being increasingly used, but recent studies showed a higher incidence rate of local recurrence. Therefore, preoperative radiotherapy should be considered even for these tumors, as an attempt to prevent recurrence and provide cure. Objective: To show the effectiveness of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in stage I cancer of the lower rectum of a cohort population. Materials and Method: A cohort study in a prospective database was made with a total of 75 patients considered as stage I cancer of the lower rectum. Preoperative long course of 4500 cG radiotherapy was performed in this selected group of patients and followed up for a minimum period of five years. Results: Stage I/TI group had 27 patients. All of them presented complete response to the treatment and did not need to be submitted to surgery. Five years follow up with no recurrence. The stage I/TII group had 48 patients. After neoadjuvant radiotherapy, 8 patients had to be submitted to surgery for persistent tumor. All were submitted to full total local excision (FTLE), but anatomopathological examination showed no residual cancer. Conclusion: Preoperative long course of 4500 cG irradiation, not only reduced the local recurrence and mortality rate in lower rectal cancer, but also reduced indication for surgery in patients with stage I cancer of the lower rectum.


The oil sardine Sardinella longiceps constitutes
the most important pelagic resource sustaining the
marine fishery on the west coast of India. Two
decades ago, the occurrence of this species along
the east coast was considered sporadic and rare. In
early eighties, there was report on the unusual
landing of this species along Puducherry region. Over
the years, there has been an increase in the landings
of this species on the east coast especially along
the Coromandal coast. In July 2008, there were
reports in the local daily news papers that the oil
sardine shoals were found to move towards the shore
off Devanampattinam fishing village and small boys
were also able to have easy access to the fish shoal
who handpicked the sardines. Some fishes were also
stranded and found dead on the beach. This
occurrence is linked to upwelling phenomenon which
brings the oxygen depleted cold water from the
bottom of the sea due to churning by the water
current.


Porous TiO2/Mn3O4 nanocomposite microspheres have been successfully fabricated through impregnating Mn2+ ions into the lab-made porous TiO2, followed by an annealing process. The carbon-coated TiO2 and MnTiO3 (TiO2/MnTiO3@C) ternary hybrid composites with a specific surface area of 40.0 m2 g−1 were obtained by carbonizing the pyrrole coated porous TiO2/Mn3O4 microspheres. The carbon coating with a thickness of 1–2 nm was deposited on the surface and inner wall of pores. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the as-prepared TiO2/MnTiO3@C porous electrode materials possessed a reversible capacity of 402.6 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and the capacities of 259.8, 237.3, 200.4, 150.5 and 103.3 mA h g−1 at the current densities of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mA g−1. The MnTiO3/TiO2@C porous composites exhibited superior cycling and rate performances, arising from the synergistic effect that was created by little volume variation of the TiO2 matrix, high capacity of MnTiO3 and good electrical conductivity of the carbon coating during the charge/discharge processes.


This study explores useful ways of using an instant messenger in a peer-tutoring environment when two students exchange their mother languages. Seven learners of Korean and seven Korean students learning English were paired randomly to conduct language exchange via an instant messenger, KakaoTalk. The pairs (five of male and female pair and two of same gender pair) were engaged in a one-hour session once a week for ten weeks, half an hour in Korean and half an hour in English. The meeting aimed to improve partner's pronunciation, vocabulary and understanding of the cultures. The results of the exchange activities showed the positive impacts of language exchange for students.


IT has been satisfactorily demonstrated that the Messeniaca of Rhianus is summarised in Pausanias IV. 17. 6-24. I. In these chapters there are one or two points which suggest that Vergil may have been influenced to some extent by Rhianus. Couat remarks that the night raid on the Corinthians, like the raid in Aenied IX., is imitated from the raid on the camp of Rhesus in Iliad X. One or two details are common to Vergil and Pausanias, which are not found in Homer. Odysseus and Diomede find the Thracians sleeping with their weapons and horses beside them. Diomede kills thirteen men, of whom Rhesus is the only one named. No spoils are taken except the horses of Rhesus. In Pausanias and Vergil alike, the raid is made on men sleeping in disorder. The Latins killed by Nisus and Euryalus have fallen asleep after a drunken revel. Similarly, on one occasion, Pausanias narrates that Aristomenes, when taken prisoner, killed his captors, who had been made drunk by a maiden. Vergil names several of the slain leaders, as does Pausanias, and in both cases spoils are taken. Pausanias' description of the taking of Ira has many details which remind us of the taking of Troy in Aeneid II. Both cities are surprised by night, the walls being left unguarded ; there is confused fighting in the streets, and both the Messenians and the Trojans defend themselves desperately; both Aristomenes and Aeneas, though knowing that the cause is already lost, encourage the citizens to resist. Still more striking is the resemblance between the part played by Theoclus the seer, and Panthus the priest of Apollo. Theoclus warns Aristomenes that Ira is doomed, and bids Aristomenes save himself. The hero accordingly takes the secret treasure on which the fortunes of Messene depend, and buries it on Mount Ithome. So Panthus warns Aeneas and delivers to him the Penates. Though Vergil does not actually reproduce any passage in Pausanias there is a marked likeness in tone between the warnings of Theoclus and the speech of Panthus. Again, Hector's charge to Aeneas to flee bears a strong resemblance to that of Theoclus to Aristomenes.* It cannot be claimed with certainty that Vergil imitated Rhianus; but, in view of the fact that he was in the habit of borrowing freely from his predecessors, it is not impossible that some details of treatment were suggested or supplied by the Messeniaca.


The part certain lime-secreting marine algae play in the building of coral reefs and in the formation of banks was discussed chiefly at the end of the last and in the beginnig of this century. At that time it was already known that extensive parts of the sublittoral zone of the Arctic sea were covered by a luxuriant growth of Lithothamnion species. Kjellman states in 1883 (p. 96) that along the northern coast of Norway Lithothamnion soriferum "covers large spaces of the bottom in great masses", and that off the shores of Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla in 10 to 20 fathoms of water Lithothamnion glaciale "covers the bottom in deep layers for several miles, and altogether determines the general aspect of the vegetation wherever it occurs", whereas Lithothamnion norvegicum is said to form banks on the coasts of Iceland and of Greenland. Rosenvinge (1893, p. 772) reports that Lithothamnion ungeri forms banks on the coast of Iceland and of Greenland.


We have fabricated organic thin-film transistors (TFT's) using the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pentacene as the active material. Devices were fabricated on glass substrates using low-temperature ion-beam deposited silicon dioxide as the gate dielectric, ion-beam deposited palladium for the source and drain contacts, and vacuum-evaporated pentacene to form the active layer. Excellent electrical characteristics were obtained, including carrier mobility as large as 0.6 cm/sup 2//V-s, on/off current ratio as large as 10/sup 8/, and subthreshold slope as low as 0.7 V/dec, all record values for organic transistors fabricated on nonsingle-crystal substrates.


Activation of the newly identified σ₁ chaperone protein is involved in several aspects of the psychostimulant and addictive effects of cocaine. The development of ligands that selectively target the σ₁ protein may lead to putative potent anti-cocaine agents. We report here a new and more convergent synthetic pathway to amino side chain substituted hydantoins. Twenty new analogs of our lead compound were synthesized. None of them showed better in vitro affinity for σ₁ receptor than our lead compound. Nevertheless, three of them, obtained as racemates, showed high in vitro affinity and selectivity for σ₁ receptor. A preliminary in vivo evaluation of their pharmacological activity identified compound 22 as one that increases cocaine-induced locomotor stimulation and therefore acts as a potential efficient σ₁ agonist.


ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: Mindfulness is the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgementally to the unfolding of experience moment to moment. Mindfulness-based interventions are frequently used in clinical situations and in establishing psychological well-being in a non-clinical sample as psychological techniques. Therefore, many mindfulness measures have been developed for use in clinical settings and for research purposes. Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) is a self-report questionnaire that was developed to measure the trait mindfulness. In this study, we aimed to examine the validity, reliability, and factor structure of the FMI in a Turkish sample. METHODS: Participants were mostly college students (113 female, 93 male) and civil servants. Sociodemographic information, the Turkish version of the FMI, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) – All statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS version 20 and AMOS 23 version. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.823, Guttman's split-half reliability coefficient was 0.828, and test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.895. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between the Turkish FMI and FFMQ (r = 0.566, p = .000). We found negative and statistically significant results between FMI and AAQ-II scores (r = −0.519 p  = .000). We found strong statistical fit indices that can be acceptable for one-factor solution confirmatory factor analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The Turkish version of the FMI has satisfactory convergent and divergent validity, good internal and test–retest reliability with one-factor structure to use in a Turkish sample. We hope that Turkish form of FMI, which is known to be effective in assessing the mindfulness especially in a population that is familiar with the mindfulness practices, will be a useful alternative instrument for Turkish clinicians and researchers.


Objectives: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is defined as lower abdominal pain lasting for at least 6 months, which occurs continuously or intermittently and is not associated exclusively with menstruation or intercourse. CPP is a highly prevalent debilitating disease with negative impact on the quality of life and productivity of women. The dilemma regarding the management of CPP continues to frustrate the health professionals, partly because its physiopathology is poorly understood. Consequently, the treatment of this condition is often unsatisfactory and limited to temporary symptom relief. In the present review, we discuss characteristics of the clinical history and physical examination associated with musculoskeletal involvement in women with CPP and possible treatments, especially in the area of physiotherapy. Methods: We evaluated data available in PubMed (1984-2006) and surveyed the reference list. Three reviewers analysed the data independently, considering a study to be of high quality if it had at least three of the following characteristics: prospective design, valid measurement instruments, and adequate sample estimate and response rate. Other studies such as retrospective investigations, reviews and expert opinions were also considered, but with decreasing emphasis. Results: There are evidences of musculoskeletal system disorders in most women with CPP. These musculoskeletal disorders can be the primary cause of CPP or postural changes and pelvic muscle contractures secondary to CPP. Conclusions: Synchronised intervention by physicians and physiotherapists is becoming increasingly more necessary both in terms of a more refined diagnosis of the clinical situation and of the institution of effective and lasting treatment.


Multiple techniques have been advocated over the years for the appropriate and natural-appearing correction of the prominent ear. There is no single technique that can recreate the complex three-dimensional nature of the otherwise normal human ear. We have to evaluate each individual ear and patient and correct the abnormalities with a technique that each surgeon feels comfortable with and that can repeatedly provide gratifying results. Ultimately, the simplest technique that can obtain the maximum effect should be employed. A concentration on the male patient and specific concerns with these patients are discussed. Multiple techniques are presented to adequately treat a variety of anatomic variations. Surgical complications and their treatment are also discussed.


The article concerns numerical modelling of the phase transformations in solid state hardening of tool steel C80U. The transformations were assumed: initial structure – austenite, austenite – perlite, bainite and austenite – martensite. Model for evaluation of fractions of phases and their kinetics based on continuous heating diagram (CHT) and continuous cooling diagram (CCT). The dilatometric tests on the simulator of thermal cycles were performed. The results of dilatometric tests were compared with the results of the test numerical simulations. In this way the derived models for evaluating phase content and kinetics of transformations in heating and cooling processes were verified. The results of numerical simulations confirm correctness of the algorithm that were worked out. In the numerical example the simulated estimation of the phase fraction in the hardened axisimmetrical element was performed.


Many phenomena in the Earth's magnetotail have characteristic temporal scales of several minutes and spatial scales of a few Earth radii ( R E ). Examples of such transient and localized mesoscale phenomena are bursty bulk flows, beamlets, energy dispersed ion beams, flux ropes, traveling compression regions, night-side flux transfer events, and rapid flappings of the current sheet. Although most of these observations are linked to specific interpretations or theoretical models they are inter-related and can be the different aspects of a physical process or origin. Recognizing the inter-connected nature of the different transient and localized phenomena in the magnetotail, this paper reviews their observations by highlighting their important characteristics, with emphasis on the new results from Cluster multipoint observations. The multi-point Cluster measurements have provided, for the first time, the ability to distinguish between temporal and spatial variations, and to resolve spatial structures. Some examples of the new results are: flux ropes with widths of 0.3 R E , transient field aligned currents associated with bursty bulk flows and connected to the Hall current at the magnetic reconnection, flappings of the magnetotail current sheet with time scales of 100 s–10 min and thickness of few thousand km, and particle energization including velocity and time dispersed ion structures with the latter having durations of 1–3 min. The current theories of these transient and localized processes are based largely on magnetic reconnection, although the important role of the interchange and other plasma modes are now well recognized. On the kinetic scale, the energization of particles takes place near the magnetic X-point by non-adiabatic processes and wave-particle interactions. The theory, modeling and simulations of the plasma and field signatures are reviewed and the links among the different observational concepts and the theoretical frameworks are discussed. The mesoscale processes in the magnetotail and the strong coupling among them are crucial in developing a comprehensive understanding of the multiscale phenomena of the magnetosphere.


OBJECTIVES
In the active stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), we have shown previously an enhanced expression of either CD4 or CD8 molecules on CD3+T cells. Class I and II MHC molecules expression were enhanced on lymphocytes, and on the cell membrane of hepatocytes, thus suggesting that an intrahepatic antigen-dependent lymphocyte-hepatocyte interaction occurs. Here we report the pattern of expression of several additional molecules known to participate in nonspecific cell-cell adhesion preceding alloantigen recognition i.e., the beta 1 chain of integrins (CD29) and the isoforms of the leukocyte common antigen CD45RA and CD45RO.

METHODS
Frozen liver samples from 38 patients with advanced ALD were examined immunohistochemically by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method using monoclonal antibodies. Nine patients with alcoholic fatty liver and six patients with only hepatitis C infection were included as controls and studied in a similar manner.

RESULTS
CD29 was strongly expressed on the cell membrane of hepatocytes in 18/20 patients with cirrhosis, in 17/18 with alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis, in 5/9 of fatty liver and in all six with hepatitis C. CD45RA was present in 5/18 cases of alcoholic hepatitis and in 3/20 cases of cirrhosis on the hepatocytes plasma membrane, in none of the controls, and rarely on lymphocytes. CD45RO was expressed on the surface of lymphocytes in 14/18 cases of alcoholic hepatitis, 13/20 patients with cirrhosis, in 5/9 of fatty liver and in one with hepatitis C. The CD45RO lymphocytes were predominantly CD8 positive.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that in ALD the hepatocytes exhibit on their plasma membrane an enhanced expression of the beta 1 chain of the integrins and less commonly CD45RA. Furthermore, the expression of only CD45RO on the surface of lymphocytes favors the postulate that the intrahepatic lymphocytes in ALD are most likely of the "memory" type. The results of this study lend further support to the contention that a cell-cell contact precedes a cell-mediated mechanism in the pathogenesis of ALD.


A key reason for many leadership development programmes in Pacific Islands countries is to teach ethics to Pacific Islands leaders. However, as interventions, these programmes are exclusively reliant on Western ideas about ethics and ethics education. To counter such impositions, this paper discusses the nature of indigenous clan ethics and how ethics education is undertaken in an indigenous Solomon Islands clan. Based on an insider-research project of the Gula'alā people of the Solomon Islands, the paper reports on the differences of indigenous ethics education to how ethics is taught, as reported in the global literature and seen in leadership development programmes in Pacific Islands countries.


Breast cancer is an important public health problem, with an estimated 3.2 million new cases by the year 2050. Diet plays a key role in the etiology of breast cancer and breastfeeding is associated with a lower incidence of breast cancer. On the other hand, the improvement of the therapeutic properties of bioactive compounds through their incorporation into microcarriers is an important strategy in obtaining new therapies, since cyclical changes in concentration are eliminated; there is biological availability of the compound as well as the reduction in toxicity, number dose and suppression of adverse reactions. Studies using hormones such as melatonin extracted from human milk adsorbed onto polyethylene glycol (PEG) microspheres showed that the controlled release of this compound was able to reduce viability and induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cell lines. Colostrum differs from most of the secretions because it contains viable leukocytes during the first days of lactation with a quantity and activity comparable to blood leukocytes, and has several defense components such as antibodies and hormones, such as melatonin (MLT). This review details the influence of the soluble and cellular components present in human colostrum, such as the MLT hormone, as the modified release systems influence the action of MLT and the possible mechanisms involved that contribute to the hypothesis of reduction of breast cancer in women who breastfed.


The increasing energy demand in recent years has resulted in a continuous growing interest in renewable energy sources, such as efficient and high-yielding energy crops. Energy sorghum is a crop that has shown great potential in this area, but needs further improvement. Plant phenotyping—measuring physiological characteristics of plants—is a laborious and time-consuming task, but it is essential for crop breeders as they attempt to improve a crop. The development of high-throughput phenotyping (HTP)—the use of autonomous sensing systems to rapidly measure plant characteristics—offers great potential for vastly expanding the number of types of a given crop plant surveyed. HTP can thus enable much more rapid progress in crop improvement through the inclusion of more genetic variability. For energy sorghum, stalk thickness is a critically important phenotype, as the stalk contains most of the biomass. Imaging is an excellent candidate for certain phenotypic measurements, as it can simulate visual observations. The aim of this study was to evaluate image analysis techniques involving K-means clustering and minimum-distance classification for use on red-green-blue (RGB) images of sorghum plants as a means to measure stalk thickness. Additionally, a depth camera integrated with the RGB camera was tested for the accuracy of distance measurements between camera and plant. Eight plants were imaged on six dates through the growing season, and image segmentation, classification and stalk thickness measurement were performed. While accuracy levels with both image analysis techniques needed improvement, both showed promise as tools for HTP in sorghum. The average error for K-means with supervised stalk measurement was 10.7% after removal of known outliers.


Now a day the revolution in computer technology has changed the trend of human life. Congenital methods are a being replaced by new technique. The purpose of this study was to make an interface design prototype of Elskift company website. Another aim was to find out the prototype should concentrate on usability and user interface design heuristic. Main goals were that the prototype was easy to learn, efficient of use and subjective satisfaction. Both Quantitative and Qualitative approaches were used in this study. Interviews were performed with the management and developer of Elskift. Survey was conducted to collect data from the participant. Iterative design was used in this design process its include evaluation, design and prototype. Usability testing was performed in the final design option. The Elskift design prototype is not an abundant and the complete web-based prototype but it contain maximum attribute


Regional odontodysplasia is a rare developmental anomaly of the teeth that affects enamel and dentin. Its etiology is unknown, but the most accepted theory refers to circulatory disorders associated with vascular nevi. An uncommon case of regional odontodysplasia involving three quadrants of the jaws is reported. An 8-year-old boy was referred to the authors' institution with lack of teeth as a major symptom. There was no hereditary anomaly in the family. Extraoral examination revealed a brown discoloration on the skin on the right side of the face, neck, and chest. Detailed intraoral examination showed hypoplastic and carious teeth. Fistulae and gingival overgrowth were also observed. Radiographically, the affected teeth presented the pathognomonic image of "ghost teeth." Conservative treatment was instituted.


The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the economic literature on transboundary pollution. In particular the focus is 011 the most recent literature which incorporates behavioral assumptions with the help of game theory. In the first section the general context is introduced. and particular problems pointed out. Next, the various game solution concepts which have been evaluated in the transboundary pollution context are depicted. In the last part, the issue of free riding concerning transboundary pollution abatement is analysed.


This article reviews the existing literature, mostly from political science, on suicide bombing. A prominent weapon in the toolkit of violent nonstate actors for a generation, suicide bombing generates a significantly larger number of casualties per attack than other uses of force by terrorist groups, insurgents, and others. Scholars tend to agree that no single reason leads individuals to become suicide bombers. Moreover, groups use suicide bombing for strategic reasons—although whether suicide bombing campaigns make groups more likely to achieve their goals is unclear. Scholars continue to disagree about what drives groups to adopt or eschew suicide bombing, including the role of religion. Although groups that are more religious are significantly more likely to adopt suicide bombing, the underlying cause and its relationship to particular religious ideologies (such as Salafi Jihadi movements) versus the structure of religious groups remain matters of contention.


Multimodal dialogue systems provide multiple modalities in the form of speech, mouse clicking, drawing or touch that can enhance human-computer interaction. However, one of the drawbacks of the existing multimodal systems is that they are highly domain-specific and they do not allow information to be shared across different providers. In this paper, we propose a semantic multimodal system, called Semantic Restaurant Finder, for the Semantic Web in which the restaurant information in different city/country/language are constructed as ontologies to allow the information to be sharable. From the Semantic Restaurant Finder, users can make use of the semantic restaurant knowledge distributed from different locations on the Internet to find the desired restaurants.


VOLUME 1: Theoretical, Experimental and Numerical Techniques History of Shock Waves General Laws for Propagation of Shock Waves Through Matter Theory of Shock Waves Shock Tubes and Tunnels: Facilities, Instrumentation Techniques Measurement Techniques and Diagnostics Numerical Methods VOLUME 2: Shock Wave Interactions and Propagation One-Dimensional Interactions Two-Dimensional Interactions Axi-Symmetric Shock Wave Reflections The Propagation of Shock Waves in Channels Application of Shock Waves in Medicine Spherical Shock Waves Shock Induced Instabilities of Interfaces Shock Wave Propagation in Multi-Phase Media VOLUME 3: Chemical Reactions in Shock Waves and Detonations Chemical and Combustion Kinetics Combustion, Detonation and Deflagration


BACKGROUND
The disease mechanism of bipolar disorder remains unknown. Recent studies have provided evidence for abnormal gene expression in bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the expression of 12558 nuclear genes in the human hippocampus in healthy control subjects and those with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.

DESIGN
We used gene arrays to study messenger RNA expression. Data were verified with a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay.

SUBJECTS
We studied 10 healthy control subjects, 9 subjects with bipolar disorder, and 8 subjects with schizophrenia.

RESULTS
The expression of nuclear messenger RNA coding for mitochondrial proteins was significantly decreased in the hippocampus in subjects with bipolar disorder but not in those with schizophrenia. Subjects with bipolar disorder were characterized by a pronounced and extensive decrease in the expression of genes regulating oxidative phosphorylation and the adenosine triphosphate-dependent process of proteasome degradation.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings point toward a widespread dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism and downstream deficits of adenosine triphosphate-dependent processes in bipolar disorder.


The problem of multilabel classification has attracted great interest in the last decade, where each instance can be assigned with a set of multiple class labels simultaneously. It has a wide variety of real-world applications, e.g., automatic image annotations and gene function analysis. Current research on multilabel classification focuses on supervised settings which assume existence of large amounts of labeled training data. However, in many applications, the labeling of multilabeled data is extremely expensive and time consuming, while there are often abundant unlabeled data available. In this paper, we study the problem of transductive multilabel learning and propose a novel solution, called Trasductive Multilabel Classification (TraM), to effectively assign a set of multiple labels to each instance. Different from supervised multilabel learning methods, we estimate the label sets of the unlabeled instances effectively by utilizing the information from both labeled and unlabeled data. We first formulate the transductive multilabel learning as an optimization problem of estimating label concept compositions. Then, we derive a closed-form solution to this optimization problem and propose an effective algorithm to assign label sets to the unlabeled instances. Empirical studies on several real-world multilabel learning tasks demonstrate that our TraM method can effectively boost the performance of multilabel classification by using both labeled and unlabeled data.


A new generalization of negative Polya-Eggenberger distribution (GNPED) has been obtained by mixing the negative binomial distribution with generalized beta distribution-Π defined by Nadarajah and Kotz (2003). Some special cases and properties of GNPED have been studied. Further, the proposed model has been fitted to two data sets (used by Gupta & Ong, 2004) that provide a satisfactory fit and better alternative as compared to negative binomial and some of its mixture models and extensions. Also, the negative Polya-Eggenberger distribution (NPED), obtained by mixing negative binomial with beta distribution of I-kind, has been fitted to the same data sets for comparison.


Aims: The primary aim was to determine the prevalence of aquagenic wrinkling of the palms (AWP) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) compared to controls, and secondarily to evaluate genotype-phenotype correlations among CF subjects found to have AWP. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with CF underwent a hand immersion test in tap water. Twenty-three of their CF carrier relatives and 7 subjects with a negative genetic test for CF were recruited as controls. Secondary analyses explored associations with genotype, pulmonary function, and sweat electrolyte levels in all subjects with and without AWP. Additional information about atopic diathesis, hyperhidrosis of the palms and drug intake were also collected. Results: Thirty-one of the patients with CF (53.4%) exhibited AWP, in contrast to only 2 carriers (8.7%) and none in the control group. No correlation was found between CF genotype and AWP score severity. Twenty-three (39.7%) CF patients reported a history of hyperhidrosis, and in 17 of them (74%) AWP had been provoked. No correlation with history of atopy and lung function was noted. The difference between CF patients with hyperhidrosis and those without was highly significant (p = 0.016). Salt concentrations were significantly higher in patients with AWP. Conclusions: AWP is linked to CF and its diagnosis should lead the patients to a genetic or sweat test for CF. We found a significant association with hyperhidrosis and sweat electrolytes which supports the 'hyperconcentrated sweat' pathogenetic theory of AWP.


High heat fluxes from relatively small surfaces as high as to 1kW/cm/sup 2/ are needed to be removed in the cooling of microelectronic chips. Spray cooling and jet cooling with high CHF and small wall temperature rise are attractive for use. To combine the advantages of spray and jet cooling together to reach the maximum cooling capacity, the present work designed new spray head including micro nozzle array and piezoelectric plate's vibration. The experimental results point out that this is a promising method using micro nozzle array and piezoelectric plate to break bulk liquid or streams into micro droplets. In this way the diameter of liquid droplets, velocity, and their locations can easily be controlled. Spray head A has a higher heat transfer coefficient with low wall superheat by forming a stable thin liquid film on the heated surface.


Abstract Aliases play an important role in online environments by facilitating anonymity, but also can be used to hide the identity of cybercriminals. Previous studies have investigated this alias matching problem in an attempt to identify whether two aliases are shared by an author, which can assist with identifying users. Those studies create their training data by randomly splitting the documents associated with an alias into two sub-aliases. Models have been built that can regularly achieve over 90% accuracy for recovering the linkage between these 'random sub-aliases'. In this paper, random sub-alias generation is shown to enable these high accuracies, and thus does not adequately model the real-world problem. In contrast, creating sub-aliases using topic-based splitting drastically reduces the accuracy of all authorship methods tested. We then present a methodology that can be performed on non-topic controlled datasets, to produce topic-based sub-aliases that are more difficult to match. Finally, we present an experimental comparison between many authorship methods to see which methods better match aliases under these conditions, finding that local n-gram methods perform better than others.


The goal of self-supervised learning from images is to construct image representations that are semantically meaningful via pretext tasks that do not require semantic annotations. Many pretext tasks lead to representations that are covariant with image transformations. We argue that, instead, semantic representations ought to be invariant under such transformations. Specifically, we develop Pretext-Invariant Representation Learning (PIRL, pronounced as `pearl') that learns invariant representations based on pretext tasks. We use PIRL with a commonly used pretext task that involves solving jigsaw puzzles. We find that PIRL substantially improves the semantic quality of the learned image representations. Our approach sets a new state-of-the-art in self-supervised learning from images on several popular benchmarks for self-supervised learning. Despite being unsupervised, PIRL outperforms supervised pre-training in learning image representations for object detection. Altogether, our results demonstrate the potential of self-supervised representations with good invariance properties.


The limited number of orthogonal channels and autonomous installations of hot spots and home wireless networks often leave neighboring 802.11 basic service sets (BSSs) operating on the same or overlapping channels, therefore interfering with each other. However, the 802.11 medium access control (MAC) does not work well in resolving inter-BSS interference due to the well-known hidden/exposed-receiver problem, which has been haunting the research community for more than a decade. In this paper, we propose SELECT, an effective and efficient self-learning collision avoidance strategy to address the hidden/exposed-receiver problem in 802.11 wireless networks. SELECT is based on the observation that carrier sense with received signal strength (RSS) measurements at the sender and the receiver can be strongly correlated. A SELECT-enabled sender exploits such correlation using an automated online learning algorithm and makes an informed judgment of the channel availability at the intended receiver. SELECT achieves collision avoidance at packet-level time granularity, involves zero communication overhead, and easily integrates with the 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF). Our evaluation in analysis, simulations, and prototype experiments show that SELECT addresses the hidden/exposed-receiver problem well. In typical hidden/exposed-receiver scenarios, SELECT improves the throughput by up to 140 percent and the channel access success ratio by up to 302 percent while almost completely eliminating contention-induced data packet drops.


Cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA) is mediated exclusively by the PDGF alpha-receptor. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in culture typically express very low levels of alpha-receptor. In this study, we demonstrate that the proteinase inhibitor and cytokine carrier alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) increases rat VSMC PDGF alpha-receptor expression. PDGF alpha-receptor mRNA levels increased 3-fold by 6 h and were sustained at that level through 24 h in VSMCs treated with 280 nM methylamine-modified alpha 2M (alpha 2M-MA), a form of activated alpha 2M. PDGF beta-receptor mRNA levels were unchanged in the same time period. In 125I-PDGF-AA binding experiments, treatment of VSMCs with alpha 2M-MA increased the maximum binding capacity (Bmax) from 1.9 to 9.2 fmol/mg of cell protein without affecting binding affinity (KD approximately 80 pM). alpha 2M-MA also increased the VSMC response to PDGF-AA as determined by tyrosine phosphorylation of a 170-kDa band, corresponding in mass to the PDGF alpha-receptor. The native form of alpha 2M was comparable to alpha 2M-MA in its ability to increase PDGF-AA binding to VSMCs and tyrosine phosphorylation of the 170-kDa band. Recombinant and proteolytic alpha 2M derivatives were used to demonstrate that alpha 2M increases PDGF alpha-receptor expression by binding VSMC-secreted cytokine(s) and interrupting an autocrine loop that ordinarily suppresses alpha-receptor expression in these cells. Transforming growth factor-beta-neutralizing antibody mimicked the activity of alpha 2M, increasing the binding capacity of VSMCs for PDGF-AA. This study demonstrates that VSMC PDGF alpha-receptor expression and responsiveness to PDGF-AA are regulated by autocrine transforming growth factor-beta activity, potentially other autocrine growth factors, and alpha 2M.


Estimating a forward-looking monetary policy rule by the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) has become a popular approach since the influential paper by Clarida, Gali, and Gertler (1998). However, an abundant econometric literature underlines the unappealing small-samples properties of GMM estimators. Focusing on the Federal Reserve reaction function, we assess GMM estimates in the context of monetary policy rules. First, we show that three usual alternative GMM estimators yield substantially different results. Then, we compare the GMM estimates with two Maximum-Likelihood (ML) estimates, obtained using a small model of the economy. We use Monte-Carlo simulations to investigate the empirical results. We find that the GMM are biased in small sample, inducing an overestimate of the inflation parameter. The two-step GMM estimates are found to be rather close to the ML\ estimates. By contrast, iterative and continuous-updating GMM procedures produce more biased and more dispersed estimators.


The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate foot motions in the normal and hallux valgus(HV) patients using a proposed multi-segment foot model. Results showed that HV patients exhibited relatively smaller flexion/extension, especially in terminal stance. An early abduction at the ankle during terminal stance was also noted in HV patients, which resulted in an excessive abduction in subtalar joint. In HV patients, medial MP joints exhibited excessive amount of adduction during terminal stance. In HV patients, hallux MP joint and talocrural joint exhibited excessive external rotation over the whole period of gait cycle. Understanding the detailed foot motions by the present multi-segment foot model would be very useful to diagnose and to treat patients with various foot diseases.


Meat is highly nutritious and contributes with several essential nutrients which are difficult to obtain in the right amounts from other food sources. Industrially processed meat contains preservatives including salts, possibly exerting negative effects on health. During maturation, some processed meat products develop a specific microbiota, forming probiotic metabolites with physiological and biological effects yet unidentified, while the concentration of nutrients also increases. Meat is a source of saturated fatty acids, and current WHO nutrition recommendations advise limiting saturated fat to less than ten percent of total energy consumption. Recent meta-analyses of both observational and randomized controlled trials do not support any effect of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease or diabetes. The current evidence regarding the effect of meat consumption on health is potentially confounded, and there is a need for sufficiently powered high-quality trials assessing the health effects of meat consumption. Future studies should include biomarkers of meat intake, identify metabolic pathways and include detailed study of fermented and other processed meats and their potential of increasing nutrient availability and metabolic effects of compounds.


We review recent work and present new examples about the character of singularities in globally and regularly hyperbolic, isotropic universes. These include recent singular relativistic models, tachyonic and phantom universes as well as inflationary cosmologies.


The role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has been suspected in pathogenesis of various malignancies; however, the available data are not conclusive. This study aimed to determine and compare the frequency of HPV infection in oral and lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) by a sensitive method. Sixty specimens of oral and lung SCC (30 cases each one) were reevaluated in Tabriz Imam Reza Centre in a 24 month period. Following genomic DNA extract, the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification was performed in presence of specific MY11 and MY09 primers for HPV infection. Three cervical specimens and a combination of PCR solution lacking DNA plus healthy persons' DNA samples were employed as positive and negative controls, respectively. The oral group was significantly older than the lung group (68.90 vs. 56.67 y, p < 0.001) with more males in the latter (83.3 vs. 60%; p = 0.04). Percentages of HPV infection in the oral and lung groups were comparable (20 vs. 10%, respectively; p = 0.47). Majority of patients with HPV infection were older than 60 years (88.9%) or male (88.9%). In the oral group, all these cases were well differentiated and the majority was of lower lip origin (83.3%). In the lung group, 66.7% of these specimens were moderately differentiated and the origin was bronchus in all cases. In conclusion, the rate of HPV infection in lung and oral SCC samples is rather lower than the previous reports in the literature. This rate is apparently higher in the oral than the lung SCC specimens.


Magnetotelluric measurements were made in the period range 1–1000 sec at sixteen sites in central Alberta. Tensor impedances and tensor apparent resistivities were computed with digital spectral techniques. The results indicate that the magnetotelluric fields in the plains of central Alberta are controlled by the strike of the contacts of undeformed sedimentary rocks of the plains with the crystalline rocks of the underlying Precambrian basement on the one hand, and with the deformed sedimentary rocks of the Rocky Mountains on the other. One‐dimensional models derived from the apparent resistivities for E‐polarization are consistent with the known sedimentary section of the area.


Family and suprafamilial names are reconsidered following changes made at the 2005 Botanical Congress held in Vienna, Austria. The purpose of this document is to update the information provided by Hoogland and Reveal that same year. The formal establishment of 4 Aug 1789 as the starting date for vascular plant suprageneric names negated a series of names established mainly at the ranks of class and family from 1763 until 1788. The decision not to require parenthetical authorships above the rank of genus resolved a long-standing ambiguous feature of the International Codeof Botanical Nomenclature . The third change resulted in the recognition of a series of names at the ranks of order, suborder, family and subfamily traditionally considered to be at misplaced ranks, and as a result altered hundreds of authorships and places of publication for long-recognized names. It also rendered invalid numerous names below the rank of family that have never been considered to be in nomenclatural difficulty. The full extent of the changes below the rank of family is unknown. This checklist attempts to resolve the issue for the majority of family and suprafamilial names, but to accomplish the task of knowing all of the changes will require another detailed review of a subset of the systematic literature published mainly from 1820 to approximately 1895. The checklist is arranged in five parts: (a) the main listing with all names arranged alphabetically, (b) a listing of names by rank, (c) a listing of names by date of publication, (d) a listing of names by author and date of publications, and (e) family names in current use.


This dissertation examines environmental change on and around Narragansett Bay from first European settlement in 1636 to the dissolution of the Blackstone Canal Company in 1849. It uses one of the largest estuaries on the East Coast and one situated at the heart of early English settlement in New England as a means to write estuaries into Atlantic history. Examining the ecological and epistemological complexities that arose at the nexus of land and sea, where improvable space and the push of "progress" met an eternal or "profound" ocean, this study reframes estuaries as watery borderlands that people used but never fully subdued. In this sense, this work challenges an older historiographical tradition of "progress," while it advances environmental historiography by examining not terrestrial or oceanic environments but the soggy spaces in between. A closer look at the boundary between land and sea, this study shows, provides new insights into the ways Early Modern people envisioned the boundary between humans and nature. By rewriting the history of an estuary from the ground up, so to speak, this work explores the ways people shaped a watery world and how it shaped them in return. It argues that at the confluence of sweetwater and seawater, in the mixing, muddy margins of an estuary, there developed a whole host of political, legal, and cultural ambiguities that shaped patterns of settlement, trade, resource use, and ultimately the Bay itself But much more than the passive recipient of human action, the Bay became a cultural manifestation of the people who lived along its shores, and in consequence it was shaped and reshaped to meet the changing demands of human desire.


We combined two protein-marking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with a predator gut content ELISA to monitor the movement and feeding activity of commercially-purchased Hippodamia convergens Guèrin-Mèneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under realistic field conditions during two field seasons in central Arizona. The protein-marking ELISAs were used to differentiate released H. convergens from the native beetles. Commercially purchased beetles marked with rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) were released into cotton fields and chicken IgG marked beetles were released into adjacent cantaloupe fields. Results showed that the total native beetle abundance in each crop was about the same size. The recovery rates after 15 days for the released beetles were less than 1.0% over all the releases, indicating that they dispersed readily from the release site. Of the recaptured beetles containing rabbit IgG (cotton), 82.2% were recovered in cotton and 11.8% moved to cantaloupe. Of those containing chicken IgG (cantaloupe), 66.5% were recovered in cantaloupe and 33.5% moved to cotton. A predator gut content ELISA was used to determine if there were differences in the frequency of predation of released versus indigenous H. convergens on the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). The proportion of beetles containing whitefly antigens was always higher for the released beetles than for their native counterparts. Our results demonstrate an approach to combine protein marking and predator gut content ELISAs that allows the simultaneous comparison of feeding and intercrop movement of native and commercially-obtained biological control agents.


The method of sale of a corporation's shares has important effects on its value and future performance. The market for shares is composed of both small investors purchasing shares for portfolio reasons and large investors with an interest in obtaining control. This inherent asymmetry is critical in the design of an optimal method of sale. Should the sale disperse the shares and let interested shareholders assemble a controlling bloc in the secondary market, or alternatively should the sale reserve and transfer directly control of the shares? This paper analyses alternative methods of the sale of shares, taking into account the opportunities created by the existence of a secondary market including a tender offer market for the shares. With private as well as public benefits from ownership, we show how competition among different investors determines the optimal method of sale. The paper provides guidelines for the design of sales in privatizations and in initial public offers and makes clear the importance of setting the right ownership structure for the firm.


In this paper, a centralized volt/VAr control (VVC) algorithm for a distribution management system is presented. The algorithm is based on the oriented discrete coordinate descent method and takes into account all the optimization objectives of interest in distribution system analysis: minimum power loss, power demand or the number of control steps to keep the system within constraints. Although the optimization method used belongs to the traditional class of combinatorial integer programming, the algorithm provides good speed for real-time application. Numerical examples illustrate how well the VVC algorithm works for the different types of objective functions and it's advantages in comparison with other possible optimization strategies. >


Euglenids are an ancient lineage that may have existed as early as 2 billion years ago. A mere 65 years ago, Melvin Calvin and Andrew A. Benson performed experiments on Euglena gracilis and elucidated the series of reactions by which carbon was fixed and reduced during photosynthesis. However, the evolutionary history of this pathway (Calvin–Benson cycle) in euglenids was more complex than Calvin and Benson could have imagined. The chloroplast present today in euglenophytes arose from a secondary endosymbiosis between a phagotrophic euglenid and a prasinophyte green alga. A long period of evolutionary time existed before this secondary endosymbiotic event took place, which allowed for other endosymbiotic events or gene transfers to occur prior to the establishment of the green chloroplast. This research revealed the evolutionary history of the major enzymes of the Calvin–Benson cycle throughout the euglenid lineage and showed that the majority of genes for Calvin–Benson cycle enzymes shared an ancestry with red algae and/or chromophytes suggesting they may have been transferred to the nucleus prior to the acquisition of the green chloroplast.


The effect of dietary supplementation using 2,3 kg maize meal per day on change in body mass during early lactation and on the calving rate of first-calf Afrikander, Sussex and Hereford type cows which grazed the Tall Grassveld of Northern Natal was studied. Half of the suckling calves were also allowed access to a creepfed. Provision of a dietary energy supplement reduced the body mass loss by an average of only 0,02 kg per day and no consistent effect on the reconception rate was observed. In general, those cows which produced a calf after being exposed to breeding bulls for 65 days showed a higher body mass at first calving and at both the onset and the conclusion of the subsequent breeding period than cows which would not calve the following year. Amongst the Afrikander cows the interval from calving to the onset of the next breeding period accounted for 38,2 % of the variation in calving rate. For all breeds, the calving rate increased by 4,7 % for every ten days earlier calving. The average growth of the .::alves between the ages of two months and weaning (seven months) was significantly improved by 120 9 per day where 0,9 kg creepfeed was supplied daily. During this period the daily gain was influenced by, in order of importance, the body mass at two months, the provision of creepfeed, and the breed-type of the dam. Over the entire suckling period (birth to weaning) the growth rate was affected by the body mass of the dam at parturition, the provision of creepfeed, the breed-type of the dam and the sex of the calf. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sei., 1984, 14: 20 25


In this article, we will focus on cattle-human relations in the colonisation of two different but connected regions of the Paraguayan Chaco: the Puerto Casado territory and the Mennonite colonies. In particular, we aim at showing how colonisation unfolds through multiple, unpredictable encounters, or what Tsing also calls "contingent lineages". As these provisional encounters 'take hold' through time, they give birth to different worlds and bring different beings into existence. Building on Anna Tsing's recent work, we trace the historical evolution of these "vulnerable" and "shifting assemblages" of both humans – with their material and financial technologies – and non-human (animals/cows/grasses). In so doing, we propose that colonisation – the "becoming-necessary" of these aleatory encounters, as Louis Althusser puts it –, rather than a fact accomplished once and for all, is constantly (re-)produced through an incessant flux of "precarious combinations".


The discharge of industrial effluents containing hexavalent chromium into the environment can be very harmful to living things. Therefore, prior to effluent discharge into the environment, hexavalent chromium should be removed from contaminated water and especially from wastewaters. In the present work, almond green hull powder (AGHP) was investigated for the removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater. The effects of pH (2–10), adsorbent dose (2–24 g L −1 ), Cr(VI) concentration (10–100 mg L −1 ), contact time (1–60 min), and temperature (5–50 °C) were studied. All the experiments were performed in triplicate and average results were reported. The surface morphology, pore volume and size, pH of zero point charge (pH ZPC ) and surface functional groups of AGHP were characterized. Isotherm and kinetic evaluations were also conducted in the present study. The results revealed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) by AGHP was an adsorbate, adsorbent, and temperature dependent process that was favorable under acidic conditions. Furthermore, AGHP absorbed over 99% of chromium from the solutions containing 10–100 mg L −1 of Cr(VI) based on the Freundlich model. In summary, hexavalent chromium was not found in almond kernel. Biosorption onto AGHP is an affordable and economical adsorption process for treating Cr(VI)-laden industrial wastewater.


Introduction: The use of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) associated with physical stress or pharmacological is a noninvasive method of great diagnostic value in coronary artery disease (CAD). To evaluate and study how the autonomic nervous system (ANS) adapts to the different stimuli in the control of the cardiac system, under normal or pathological physiological conditions, the heart rate variability analysis is commonly used. We hypothesize that a positive CPM result is associated with a worsening of the HRV parameter.
Objective: To correlate the results of heart rate variability (HRV) parameters with those of CPM.
Method: This cross-sectional study evaluated 40 individuals of both sexes between the ages of 20 and 80 years, with or without previous history of CAD, who were indicated to perform the examination according to the criteria of the cardiologist. The heart rate was collected from beat to beat during 12 minutes at rest. Next, the myocardial perfusion study was performed, with a two-day protocol. On the first day the images were taken at rest and the second day after the pharmacological or physical stress. The HRV index data were analyzed by a specific computer program and compared statistically with the MPC results.
Results: In the frequency domain, the analysis of the sympathetic-vagal balance in our study through the indices and joint action of the vagal and sympathetic components on the heart, with sympathetic predominance (LF) (results were 0.022, 0.018 and 0.021 comparing with the parameters of perfusion analysis SSS, SRS and SDR, respectively.
Conclusion: We did not verify correlation between the cardiac autonomic modulation by linear parameters of HRV, with the positive or negative result of MPS, in patients with or without previous diagnosis of ischemic heart disease.


We introduce an unfitted finite element method with Lagrange-multipliers to study an Eulerian timestepping scheme for moving domain problems applied to a model problem where the domain motion is implicit to the problem. We consider the heat equation as the partial differential equation (PDE) in the bulk domain, and the domain motion is described by an ordinary differential equation (ODE), coupled to the bulk partial differential equation through the transfer of forces at the moving interface. The discretisation is based on an unfitted finite element discretisation on a time-independent mesh. The method-of-lines time discretisation is enabled by an implicit extension of the bulk solution through additional stabilisation, as introduced by Lehrenfeld & Olshanskii (ESAIM: M2AN, 53:585–614, 2019). The analysis of the coupled problem relies on the Lagrange-multiplier formulation, the fact that the Lagrange-multiplier solution is equal to the normal stress at the interface and that the motion of the interface is given through rigid-body motion. This paper covers the complete stability analysis of the method and an error estimate in the energy norm. This includes the dynamic error in the domain motion resulting from the discretised ODE and the forces from the discretised PDE. To the best of our knowledge this is the first error analysis of this type of coupled moving domain problem in a fully Eulerian framework. Numerical examples illustrate the theoretical results.


Surprisingly little attention has been paid to the Levite of Judges 17–18, perhaps because he is unnamed and not listed in the standard biblical encyclopedias. This study examines Judges 17–18 in order better to understand how the Levite is characterized in the narrative. By means of close textual analysis, the Levite is shown to be a complex and somewhat contradictory figure, being passive but ambitious, meek but confident, a thief as well as a servant of Yhwh , and a "father" with no sense of familial obligation. He is a type figure who still has a number of well-developed traits. For example, he is a wanderer with no destination, speaks when spoken to, and is a sojourner who is recognizably out of place. He is valued for his priestly capabilities but is nevertheless subservient to the men who seek his services. He is persuadable, self-serving, and ultimately disloyal. Therefore, even though his name is not known, the Levite of Judges 17–18 can still be considered one of the more richly drawn characters in the book of Judges and perhaps in the Hebrew Bible as a whole.


In 1998, approximately 57,000 tons of titanium metal was consumed in the form of mill products (1). Only about 5% of the 4 million tons of titanium minerals consumed each year is used to produce titanium metal, with the remainder primarily used to produce titanium dioxide pigment. Titanium metal production is primarily based on the direct chlorination of rutile to produce titanium tetrachloride, which is then reduced to metal using the Kroll magnesium reduction process. The use of titanium is tied to its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. Aerospace is the largest application for titanium, and titanium cost has prevented its use in non-aerospace applications including the automotive and heavy vehicle industries.


We report polarization independent wavelength conversion based on one-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers. A spectrum-sliced amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source is used to provide a non-polarized pump. The signal is coherent lights coming from a tunable laser. When adjusting the polarization of the signal using a polarization controller, the variation of wavelength conversion efficiency is less than 0.2 dB. We use the vector theory of four-wave mixing to analyze the polarization independent nature of wavelength conversion by using randomly polarized pumps.


A novel compiler strategy for generating high quality code is described. The quality of the code results from reimplementing the program in the target language using knowledge of the program's behavior. The research is a first step towards formalizing the expertise of the assembly language programmer. The ultimate goal is to formalize code generation and implementation techniques it, the same way that parsing and code generation techniques have been formalized. An experimental code generator based on the reimplementation strategy will be constructed. The code generator will provide a framework for analyzing the costs, applicability, and effectiveness of various implementation techniques. Several common code generation problems will be studied. Code written by experienced programmers and code generated by a conventional optimizing compiler will provide standards of comparison.


Become an expert in implementing advanced, network-related tasks with Python.About This BookBuild the skills to perform all networking tasks using Python with easeUse Python for network device automation, DevOps, and software-defined networkingGet practical guidance to networking with PythonWho This Book Is ForIf you are a network engineer or a programmer who wants to use Python for networking, then this book is for you. A basic familiarity with networking-related concepts such as TCP/IP and a familiarity with Python programming will be useful.What You Will LearnReview all the fundamentals of Python and the TCP/IP suiteUse Python to execute commands when the device does not support the API or programmatic interaction with the deviceImplement automation techniques by integrating Python with Cisco, Juniper, and Arista eAPIIntegrate Ansible using Python to control Cisco, Juniper, and Arista networksAchieve network security with PythonBuild Flask-based web-service APIs with PythonConstruct a Python-based migration plan from a legacy to scalable SDN-based network.In DetailThis book begins with a review of the TCP/ IP protocol suite and a refresher of the core elements of the Python language. Next, you will start using Python and supported libraries to automate network tasks from the current major network vendors. We will look at automating traditional network devices based on the command-line interface, as well as newer devices with API support, with hands-on labs. We will then learn the concepts and practical use cases of the Ansible framework in order to achieve your network goals.We will then move on to using Python for DevOps, starting with using open source tools to test, secure, and analyze your network. Then, we will focus on network monitoring and visualization. We will learn how to retrieve network information using a polling mechanism, ?ow-based monitoring, and visualizing the data programmatically. Next, we will learn how to use the Python framework to build your own customized network web services.In the last module, you will use Python for SDN, where you will use a Python-based controller with OpenFlow in a hands-on lab to learn its concepts and applications. We will compare and contrast OpenFlow, OpenStack, OpenDaylight, and NFV. Finally, you will use everything you've learned in the book to construct a migration plan to go from a legacy to a scalable SDN-based network.Style and approachAn easy-to-follow guide packed with hands-on examples of using Python for network device automation, DevOps, and SDN.


Background & Objective: There is plenty of fatty acids of omega-3 in Salmon Fish that affect brain development and function, therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Salmon fish's oil on learning avoidance in mature male rats. Materials & Methods: In this empirical study, we used 40 mature male rats that were enrolled into control, sham and experimental groups. The control group was not treated. The sham group received only 1 ml saline daily, 3 experimental groups of different types received 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 ml/kg body weight respectively, for 28 days. For the evaluation of avoidance learning behavior, the shuttle box was used. The data was evaluated using ANOVA. Results: The results suggest that consumption of salmon oil significantly increases in minimum and maximum doses (P<0.01) and average doses )P>0.001( the process of avoidance learning. Conclusion: Salmon oil can lead to increased learning. Therefore, further investigation can be used to treat learning disorders and memory.


Viewing angle enlargement is essential for SLM-based 3D holographic display. An idea of constructing equivalent-curved-SLM-array (ECSA) is proposed by linear phase factor superimposition. Employing the time division and spatial tiling (TDST) techniques, an ECSA-based horizontal 4f optical system is designed and built. The horizontal viewing angle of a single SLM is increased to 3.6 times when retaining the same hologram area. An interlaced holographic display technique is developed to remove the flicker effect. Holographic augmented reality is performed using the TDST system. Floating holographic 3D image with parallax and accommodation effects is achieved. Both TDST and interlaced technique may extend to multiple SLMs system to achieve larger viewing angle.


Assessments of the quality of democracy focus on deviations from the rule of law and decreasing levels of political participation, but do not adequately explore the mechanisms through which the quality of democracy decreases. Populism is such a mechanism, used by populist leaders, after they ascent to power. Populism is combined with clientelism and corruption to form means of political domination in democratic regimes which are back-pedalling or backsliding. Examples are three recently consolidated democratic regimes of Western Balkans. The governments of Aleksandar Vucic in Serbia, Nikola Gruevski in FYR Macedonia and Milo Djukanovic in Montenegro purposefully use populism, clientelism and corruption. Although not present in all backsliding democracies, populism, clientelism and corruption are associated with backsliding from recently consolidated democracies and deterioration of the quality of democracy.


When two transgender teenagers posted eerily similar suicide letters to public Tumblr accounts in late 2014 and early 2015, they inspired a viral memorialization effort across the website. In this article, I argue the widespread circulation of transgender suicide rhetoric facilitates the possibility for queer rhetors to provoke collective enactments of rhetorical agency even after their deaths. I identify the suicide letters as an emergent rhetorical form, which on its dissemination and due to its intelligibility, incites a kairotic moment. The kairotic moment may be protracted by a network of bodies who feel and collectively reproduce its sensate exigence. As it becomes viral, the kairotic moment acts as the queer futurity of ecological rhetorical agency because it stretches the visceral pressure of exigence beyond its original spatiotemporal emergence, draws bodies into collaborative networks, and orients invention toward the dismantling of normative rhetorical constructs and the composition of alternative worlds.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of good visual outcome after cataract extraction of complicated cataracts due to uveitis. Methods and Design: 115 patients were selected in eye OPD and admitted in the ward. Informed consent was taken. Ocular examination included visual acuity with and without correction. All the patients were operated for extracapsular cataract extraction with intra ocular lens implantation by single surgeon. Follow up visit were done after one week, 3 weeks and final acuity was taken after six weeks postoperatively. Visual acuity of the patients was checked with Snellen's chart on each visit. Results: Best corrected visual acuity after six week was ranged from CF to 6/9. 26 eyes (22.6%) attained good visual acuity (6/6 – 6/18), 73 eyes (63.5%) attained border line visual acuity (6/18 – 6/60) and 16 eyes (13.9%) attained poor visual acuity (<6/60). Conclusion: Cataract surgery in complicated cataracts improves visual acuity as well as helps in management of posterior segment complications.


Men have been found to attribute more sexual meaning to cross-gender interactions than women do—a finding that has come to be known as the oversexualization effect. Despite the large body of research supporting the notion that men are more biased in their perceptions than women, researchers are moving beyond gender differences and examining personality variables to identify factors that can explain and predict the oversexualization effect. However, results have been mixed. Thus, the goal of this study was to develop a measurement tool, the Sexual Intent Scale, which assesses individual differences in attributing sexual intent. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Sexual Intent Scale revealed the scale has three components we termed Sexual Facility, Friendship Facility, and Sexual Empathy. Temporal reliability and convergent and construct validity as well as norms and subscale correlations are presented. Results are discussed in terms of the scale's utility and directions for future research are explored.


Meat production for human consumption has serious environmental implications, including contributing significantly to climate change. People's behaviour about food choice, particularly meat, plays a key role in determining the future direction of food production. Meat production, in most cases, is more resource intensive and environmentally more expensive than plant based food production. For this reason, a shift in attitude about meat consumption needs to take place to reduce the environmental impact agriculture has on the planet (i.e. moving toward less meat intensive diets), particularly in developed countries. Attitudes and behaviour are influenced by values, which are guiding principles in people's lives, making them important in the decision making process.  This research explores the role of information as a means of changing attitudes towards meat consumption and environmental concern and whether this effect depends on an individual's values. Survey participants were assigned randomly to a no-information control group, a message targeting self-enhancement values, or a message targeting self-transcendence values. Results indicate that information can significantly increase concern about an environmental issue but did not change attitudes towards meat consumption. Furthermore, the framing of a message can play a role in how people respond to the information provided, given their predisposing values. Implications of this research can be applied to future environmental information campaigns, through the increased effectiveness of targeted information.


DNA barcoding, genetic distances and phylogenetic relations among some Plectropomus species (Family: Serranidae) were evaluated based on Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CoxI) nucleotide sequences. DNA barcoding for all sequences obtained from all studied samples collected from different parts showed a complete similarity between them. Therefore, a consensus sequence was used for all local samples. The phylogenetic relations that reconstructed among evaluated Plectropomus species showed that, this genus was clustered into two main groups. The first group is including two unique clads (P. pessuliferus and P. laevis), while the second group is including P. leopardus and P. maculatus. The highest distance value was calculated between P. pessuliferus and P. maculatus. On the other hand, the lowest distance value was calculated between P. pessuliferus. and P. laevis. Sequence conservation, nucleotide composition, single nucleotide polymorphism and average number of nucleotide differences were estimated in all evaluated fishes and revealed that DNA barcoding was an efficient method for exploring the genetic variations among estimated fish species as well as similarity or variation within species.


Localization is a key issue in multirobot formations, but it has not yet been sufficiently studied. In this paper, we propose a ceiling vision-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) methodology for solving the global localization problems in multirobot formations. First, an efficient data-association method is developed to achieve an optimistic feature match hypothesis quickly and accurately. Then, the relative poses among the robots are calculated utilizing a match-based approach, for local localization. To achieve the goal of global localization, three strategies are proposed. The first strategy is to globally localize one robot only (i.e., leader) and then localize the others based on relative poses among the robots. The second strategy is that each robot globally localizes itself by implementing SLAM individually. The third strategy is to utilize a common SLAM server, which may be installed on one of the robots, to globally localize all the robots simultaneously, based on a shared global map. Experiments are finally performed on a group of mobile robots to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.


Shining a spotlight on the Cape Verde Islands illuminates the rich diversity of theatre of the African diaspora and places its unique crioulo identity and creole identities in general, center stage. This article focuses on the post-independence theatre movement in Cape Verde where the re-Africanization theories of Amílcar Cabral (assassinated PAIGC leader in Cape Verde's liberation struggle) shaped national identity and guided the pioneering work of theatre troupe Korda Kaoberdi (Wake up, Cape Verde). Under the dynamic leadership of Francisco Gomes Fragoso, a medical doctor who adopted the artistic name of Kwame Kondé, the troupe Korda Kaoberdi sought to create "a genuinely Cape Verdean and authentically African theatre." Armed with the tenets of Cabral's political theory, Fragoso reclaimed performance traditions that had been suppressed during Portuguese colonialism in order to train actors as combatants in cultural warfare. In doing so, Fragoso positioned the fledgling theatre artists of Korda Kaoberdi alongside the freedom fighters, asserting as Cabral did that culture is a weapon and sign of liberation. The author offers first-ever reconstructions of their historical productions based on archival research, Fragoso's own writings, festival participant-observations, and personal


Hensel's lemma has been the basis for the computation of the square roots of p-adic numbers in Zp. We generalize this problem to the computation of qth roots of p-adic numbers in Qp, where q is a prime and p is greater than q. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of qth roots of p-adic numbers in Qp. Then, given a root of order r, we use the Newton-Raphson method to approximate the qth root of a p-adic number a. We also determine the rate of convergence of this method and the number of iterations needed for a specified number of correct digits in the approximate.


Background and Objectives: Siblings of disabled children are more at risk of developing mental illnesses. More than 50 international studies show that about 8% of children and adolescents suffer from a mental disorder, which is almost always a source of difficulties both at the interpersonal level (in the family and with peers) and at school. Healthy siblings of children with disabilities are one of the groups most at risk for consequences in psychological health and well-being. As some authors suggest, siblings build their idea of "being people", in terms of character and personality, by continuously and daily confronting themselves with the theme of disability and a family context subjected to continuous stress. The following contribution aims to compare emotional–behavioral disorders in healthy siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder, in healthy siblings of children with Down's syndrome and in healthy siblings of children with typical development. Materials and Methods: The results involve 153 children from the region of Campania and their caregivers through the administration of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results: From the data, it emerged that siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder and siblings of children with Down's syndrome have a greater emotional fragility, especially among male subjects. Conclusions: Our results require us to reflect on the clinical and policy measures needed to ensure the well-being of siblings of disabled children, mainly through appropriate sibling coping training.


This paper examines the use of national microsimulation models in a cross-country context and highlights some of the difficulties associated with carrying out comparative research. Changes to the equivalence scales of social assistance systems in favour of children in Germany, Ireland and the UK were modelled. Unlike a number of previous studies of this kind, reforms were modelled in the policy and societal context in which the reforms are set. To do this, three national tax-benefit microsimulation models were used. The analysis highlighted both the different structure of the policy instruments used across the countries, but also the importance of the national environments in which the policy is set.


The aim of this study describes how the process of intercultural communication students, what are the constraints or barriers faced by the students in the process of intercultural communication, how the students realise the harmony in intercultural communication. The researcher uses a qualitative ethnographic approach. The result show that 1) Indonesian language as an introduction and an opening at the Darul A'mal boarding school environment, 2) Indonesian as a language that is easily understood, 3) the use of the Java language as a language of communication Kromo Inggil to an older person, 4) the Java language is used in the process of reviewing the yellow book learning, 5) use of the letters pegon, Furthermore, to achieve harmony in the process of intercultural communication of the students apply the following things: 1) mutual respect and appreciation, 2) tolerance that accepts differences.

Keywords: Inter-Cultural Communication, Harmonizaion Santri, Process of intercultural symbolic


Including unlabeled data in the training process of neural networks using Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) has shown impressive results in the image domain, where state-of-the-art results were obtained with only a fraction of the labeled data. The commonality between recent SSL methods is that they strongly rely on the augmentation of unannotated data. This is vastly unexplored for audio data. In this work, SSL using the state-of-the-art FixMatch approach is evaluated on three audio classification tasks, including music, industrial sounds, and acoustic scenes. The performance of FixMatch is compared to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) trained from scratch, Transfer Learning, and SSL using the Mean Teacher approach. Additionally, a simple yet effective approach for selecting suitable augmentation methods for FixMatch is introduced. FixMatch with the proposed modifications always outperformed Mean Teacher and the CNNs trained from scratch. For the industrial sounds and music datasets, the CNN baseline performance using the full dataset was reached with less than 5% of the initial training data, demonstrating the potential of recent SSL methods for audio data. Transfer Learning outperformed FixMatch only for the most challenging dataset from acoustic scene classification, showing that there is still room for improvement.