Abstract Introduction: Recognition and optimization of strategies in sport games is difficult in particular in case of team games, where a number of players are acting "independently" of each other. One way to improve the situation is to cluster the teams into a small number of tactical groups and to analyze the interaction of those groups. The aim of the study is the evaluation of the applicability of SOCCER© simulation in professional soccer by analyzing and simulation of the tactical group interaction. Methods: The players' positions of tactical groups in soccer can be mapped to formation-patterns and then reflect strategic behaviour and interaction. Based on this information, Monte Carlo-Simulation allows for generating strategies, which – at least from the mathematical point of view – are optimal. In practice, behaviour can be orientated in those optimal strategies but normally is changing depending on the opponent team's activities. Analyzing the game under the aspect of such simulated strategies revealed how strictly resp. flexible a team follows resp. varies strategic patterns. Approach: A Simulation- and Validation-Study on the basis of 40 position data sets of the 2014/15 German Bundesliga has been conducted to analyze and to optimize such strategic team behaviour in professional soccer. Results: The Validation-Study demonstrated the applicability of our tactical model. The results of the Simulation-Study revealed that offensive player groups need less tactical strictness in order to gain successful ball possession whereas defensive player groups need tactical strictness to do so. Conclusion: The strategic behaviour could be recognized and served as basis for optimization analysis: offensive players should play with a more flexible tactical orientation to stay in possession of the ball, whereas defensive players should play with a more planned orientation in order to be successful. The strategic behaviour of tactical groups can be recognized and optimized using Monte Carlo-based analysis, proposing a new and innovative approach to quantify tactical performance in soccer.


We test whether output growth in European economic agglomeration regions depends on financial development. To this end we suggest a relative measure of the quality of financial institutions rather than the usual quantity proxy of financial development. In order to measure the quality of financial development we use profit efficiency derived from stochastic frontier analysis. We show that more efficient banks spur regional growth while the typically used quantity measure of financial development is negligible. Also, our results suggest an additional channel through which better banking can spur growth: the interaction of more credit with efficient banks.


EPP(Expanded Polypropylene) media with a large surface area was developed to treat the first flush of storm water from motorway. A series of studies have been carried out concerning the main mechanism of physical characteristics with the filtration and adsorption of EPP media in EcoTank system in order to evaluate the performance risk for treating trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) under uncertainty. In view of quantitative and qualitative risk analysis, this study assesses the uncertainty analysis involved in predicting of treating heavy metals from road runoff using an EcoTank system. Results of treatment performance estimation after the treatment of trace metals using an uncertainty analysis were 50.0.% probability (class 3; moderate) for Cd, 52.0% probability (class 4; high) of Cr, 47.1% probability (class 3; moderate) for Cu, 44.4% probability (class 3; moderate) for Pb and 51.2% probability (class 4; high) for Zn, respectively. The performance risk values of all the heavy metals satisfied the acceptable criteria.


Mn-Al thin films with the composition of 31-68 at.% Mn were prepared by rf magnetron sputtering at various substrate temperatures then annealed in vacuum. Effects of the chemical composition, substrate temperature and annealing temperature on the magnetic properties of Mn-Al films have been investigated. The analysis of X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurement indicate that /spl tau/-phase was synthesized at a composition range of 40-60 at.% Mn. However, the formation of large amount of /spl tau/-phase occurred for Mn/sub 50/-Al/sub 50/ films, which have a high coercivity up to about 3000 Oe and a fairly large saturation magnetization of about 420 emu/cc. >


Background/aims The aim of this study was to generate and evaluate individualised post-therapeutic optical coherence tomography (OCT) images that could predict the short-term response of antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy for typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) based on pretherapeutic images using generative adversarial network (GAN). Methods A total of 476 pairs of pretherapeutic and post-therapeutic OCT images of patients with nAMD were included in training set, while 50 pretherapeutic OCT images were included in the tests set retrospectively, and their corresponding post-therapeutic OCT images were used to evaluate the synthetic images. The pix2pixHD method was adopted for image synthesis. Three experiments were performed to evaluate the quality, authenticity and predictive power of the synthetic images by retinal specialists. Results We found that 92% of the synthetic OCT images had sufficient quality for further clinical interpretation. Only about 26%–30% synthetic post-therapeutic images could be accurately identified as synthetic images. The accuracy to predict macular status of wet or dry was 0.85 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.95). Conclusion Our results revealed a great potential of GAN to generate post-therapeutic OCT images with both good quality and high accuracy.


Recent studies revealed global shifts in RNA editing, the modification of RNA sequences, across many cancers. Besides a few sites implicated in tumorigenesis or metastasis, most tumor-associated sites, predominantly in noncoding regions, have unknown function. Here, we characterize editing profiles between epithelial (E) and mesenchymal (M) phenotypes in seven cancer types, as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key paradigm for metastasis. We observe distinct editing patterns between E and M tumors and EMT induction upon loss of ADAR enzymes in cultured cells. E-M differential sites are highly enriched in genes involved in immune and viral processes, some of which regulate mRNA abundance of their respective genes. We identify a novel mechanism in which ILF3 preferentially stabilizes edited transcripts. Among editing-dependent ILF3 targets is the transcript encoding PKR, a crucial player in immune response. Our study demonstrates the broad impact of RNA editing in cancer and relevance of editing to cancer-related immune pathways.


This paper presents error correction estimates of a simple interdependent model of the labour market using monthly data over 1990-1994 for the industrial sector in Poland and Hungary. The aim is to investigate three issues in the performance of labour markets during transition. First, is there a stable labour market equilibrium or do high unemployment rates across the region indicate hysteresis? Second, has the intensity of employment adjustment increased with progress in institutional reforms that strengthened corporate governance at the enterprise level? Third, what governs the evolution of real wages and to what extent is there evidence for strong insider power in the labour market? The results reveal striking differences between Poland and Hungary. The former exhibits hysteresis and evidence for considerable insider power while the latter has experienced adjustment towards a stable labour market equilibrium. The intensity of adjustment, however, is high in both countries over the sample period and fails to respond to the initiation of institutional reforms.


The combination of microscope mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) with protein identification methodology: the molecular scanner, was explored. The molecular scanner approach provides improvement of sensitivity of detection and identification of high-mass proteins in microscope mode IMS. The methodology was tested on protein distributions obtained after separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). High-quality, high-spatial-resolution ion images were recorded on a TRIFT-II ion microscope after gold coating of the MALDI sample preparation on the poly(vinylidenedifluoride) capture membranes. The sensitivity of the combined method is estimated to be 5 pmol. The minimum amount of sample consumed, needed for identification, was estimated to be better than 100 fmol. Software tools were developed to analyze the spectral data and to generate broad mass range and single molecular component microscope mode ion images and single mass-to-charge ratio microprobe mode images.


: The application of the tumor stem cell assay to the study of human tumor cell kinetics has the potential for major advances in our knowledge of proliferative characteristics of clonogenic human tumor cells. From simultaneous evaluation of in vitro drug sensitivity, in vitro doubling time, and the thymidine suicide index, plus flow cytometry, cytogenetic analysis, and assessment of differentiation markers, substantial insights into the basic biology of tumor cell growth may be attained. As discussed in other chapters, using modifications of the two-layer system, one can assess both local cell-mediated and humoral factors that might influence in vitro kinetics and drug sensitivity. The next few years should see the acquisition and integration of valuable new information that should allow more rational approaches to the treatment of tumors by taking full advantage of information on both kinetics and drug sensitivity of clonogenic human tumor cells.


Abstract Analyses of predatory damage on subfossil hard parts can be used to document the trophic role played by species that were abundant prior to human impact even when pre-impact surveys are lacking or when predators have not left skeletal remains. Before upstream dams and water diversions, the bivalve Mulinia coloradoensis was the most common mollusk inhabiting the Colorado River Estuary. Today, only a small population has survived the environmental changes caused by reduction in the river's flow. When abundant, this species was a major source of food for predatory gastropods and crabs, as shown by the characteristic damage inflicted by these predators. Boreholes made by predatory gastropods were found in 23% of the 600 individuals sampled from shell accumulations that date from the era prior to upstream dams and diversions. Marginal shell damage characteristic of predatory portunid crabs was found in 27% of the individuals. Thirty-four percent of the individuals had damage from earlier attacks. Shells were tumbled to provide criteria to distinguish ante-mortem biological damage to the shell margin from post-mortem physical damage. Decline in the population of this prey species likely caused a decline in the populations of its predators and species higher in the food chain, prey-switching, or both effects. Restoration of river flow would increase populations of M. coloradoensis and species that depend on it for food, including commercially important crabs.


: Severe respiratory failure may develop in patients following or during various types of shock. A number of mechanisms for the genesis of this syndrome have been proposed. The exact role of each of these etiologies is unknown, but a combination of these and others may be the actual causative factors. Prevention of respiratory failure consists of prompt resuscitation of shock, and prevention of hypoventilation or atelectasis, embolism and infection. Judicious use of oxygen and electrolyte fluids is also important in prophylactic therapy. At the present the principal feature in treatment consists of IPPV with adequate inspired oxygen concentration. If progressive pulmonary deterioration occurs in patients on IPPV, the CPPV may be indicated. Judicious use of CPPV may result in an apparent improvement of shock lung in some instances.


The interaction of free convection with thermal radiation of a viscous incompressible unsteady MHD flow past a vertical cylinder with variable surface temperature and concentration is analyzed. The fluid is a gray, absorbing-emitting but non-scattering medium and the Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. The governing equations are solved using an implicit finite-difference scheme of Crank-Nicolson type. Numerical results for the transient velocity, the temperature, the concentration, the local as well as average skin-friction, the rate of heat and mass transfer are shown graphically. It is observed that the presence of as well as increase in the magnetic field leads to decrease in the velocity field and rise in the thermal boundary thickness. The numerical predications have been compared with the existing information in the literature and good agreement is obtained. Keywords: Heat Transfer, radiation, finite-difference Scheme, vertical cylinder DOI: 10.3329/jname.v5i2.2615 Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 6 (1)(2009) 1-24


This paper contains a regional-comparative analysis of some of the most important indicators of the world production and international trading in fruit, as extremely significant in the diet and indispensable food product group. It specially analyses trends, concerning regional differences in the volume, dynamics and structure of production and trade of apples, plums, cherries and sour cherries, strawberries, raspberries and grapes. Regions, i.e. countries, the largest producers and largest exporters and importers of these products have been defined. Subsequently, it was found that there are very significant regional differences which is the consequence of numerous natural, economic and social factors. In the analysis of character of relations and the degree of influence of aformentioned factors on changes and development directions of the observed phenomenon, quantitative and qualitative market research methods were used.


ABSTRACT Entomophagy has grown in interest as an alternative source of protein that could complement future demand for meat products. As a novel food, there are still many barriers to the adoption in western countries. Based on three models, the Theory of Planned Behavior, Expectancy Value and SPARTA, a new model is proposed. It considers key factors that could most influence consumers about their intentions, rejection and determinant behaviors regarding the extent insects such as crickets and cricket protein could replace animal protein in Brazil. Data from a sample of 404 respondents was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. The results reveal the positive influence of the perceived Behavioral Control and the negative influence of Subjective Norm as the main determinants of the intention to consume insects. The theoretical contribution of the research was the construction of a comprehensive and replicable converged behavioral model for application in the food innovation sector.


Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are found in up to 10% of the more than 200 million annual pregnancies worldwide. Approximately 14% of maternal deaths and 10% of stillbirths have HDP as their cause. The first part of this thesis asked: who are the women most likely to benefit from effective HDP prevention? These disorders invariably still occur and need to be managed. This thesis' second part was dedicated to studying outcomes of immediate delivery (ID) versus expectant management (EM). Part I investigates the importance of maximum diastolic arterial blood pressure (MaxDBP) for pre-eclampsia risk evaluation in a subsequent pregnancy. Higher MaxDBP pressure increased pre-eclampsia risk. We also show that delivery of an small-for-gestational-age infant increases pre-eclampsia risk in the following pregnancy and vice-versa. Part II describes results obtained by meta-analysis of individual data from participants in different studies in the Netherlands and abroad. Results show ID reduces HELLP syndrome and eclampsia risks, but increases respiratory distress syndrome rates. Part II also shows that cesarean section and adverse neonatal outcome rates are comparable in IDxEM for women presenting with unripe cervixes. Women at high risk of pre-eclampsia should be promptly identified, allowing preventive measures. When HDP eventually occur, effective management is of paramount importance. This thesis contributes towards both these goals.


The distinction between integral and separable dimensions is of central importance to understanding how humans integrate information from multiple stimulus sources. One approach to characterizing stimulus integrality is through a set of speeded categorization tasks most closely associated with the work of Wendell Garner. These tasks demonstrate that integral dimensions result in marked speed up or slow down in responding when there is correlated or irrelevant variation, respectively, compared with a baseline task. Little, Wang & Nosofsky (2016) recently found that the slow down or interference can be largely explained by a reduction in the number of direct repetitions in a modified Garner filtering task. In this paper, we examine a large sample of subjects tested on either separable or integral dimensions to determine the extent of and individual differences in the overall and sequential effects in the standard Garner tasks.


This paper explores the problem of pricing an option on the cash commodity in Canadian dollars when the commodity is priced relative to a U.S. futures market. A general options pricing model is developed that separates out the value of a quantos risk and basis risk. The paper uses daily data for cattle, corn and soybeans in Ontario, and the model is employed to price the option on the cash commodity with basis risk and the option on a quantos, without basis risk. The relationship between the pricing model and over-the-counter options and market revenue insurance is also discussed.


The regional development policy in Brazil materializes mainly in the regional development funds for the north-east (FNE), the north (FNO), and the centre-west (FCO), in which more than EUR36 billion was invested between 2004 and 2010. This paper examines the economic effect of these regional development funds using for the first time a unique and recent data provided by Brazil.s government. The study uses spatial panel models and different spatial scales of municipalities and micro-regions to analyse the effect of development funds on regional GDP per capita growth during 2004-10. The results suggest that development funds have positive impact on GDP per capita growth mainly at municipality level. Furthermore, the results indicate that different modalities of FCO, FNO, and FNE affect regional growth differently.


Background: Awareness of any issue that may affect the learning process of nursing students in the clinical area is essential to ensure that maximum benefits are gained from this aspect of nursing education. Factors which influenced learning in the clinical area among students at a school of nursing located in urban Jamaica were studied. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with stratified random sampling of 149 Year 2 and Year 3 students enrolled in a three-year baccalaureate nursing programme was conducted. Data were collected using a 30-item self-administered questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 17 ® for Windows ® . Results: All selected participants in Year 3 and 70.3% of Year 2 recruits, participated in the study; mean age was 23.9 ± 4.52 years (range 19-42 years) and 98.4% were females. The majority of the students, identified preceptorship (89.6%), support from the clinical staff (78.4%), ratio of preceptor to students (74.8%) and the quality of pre-clinical conferences (63.8%) as having the greatest impact on learning. Over 70% of students indicated that the type of interpersonal relationships they had with the clinical staff and preceptors affected their learning experiences. Most (75.8%) of the participants were of the opinion that there were reasons to be anxious in the clinical area. Conclusions: Positive interpersonal relationships and the use of demonstration and return demonstration were identified as being influential to learning in the clinical area. These factors should inform the teaching of nursing students through preceptorship in the clinical area.


Being familiar with characteristics of industrial town effluents from various wastewater treatment units, which have high qualitative and quantitative variations and more uncertainties compared to urban wastewaters, plays very effective role in governing them. With regard to environmental issues, proper operation of wastewater treatment plants is of par- ticular importance that in the case of inappropriate utilization, they will cause serious problems. Processes that exist in environmental systems mostly have two major characteristics: they are dependent on many variables; and there are complex relationships between its components which make them very difficult to analyze. In order to achieve a better and efficient control over the operation of an industrial wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), powerful mathematical tool can be used that is based on recorded data from some basic parameters of wastewater during a period of treatment plant operation. In this study, the treatment plant was divided into two main subsystems including: Low TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) treatment unit and Biological unit (extended aeration). The multilayer perceptron feed forward neural network with a hidden layer and stop training method was used to predict quality parameters of the industrial effluent. Data of this study are related to the Fajr Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant, located in Mahshahr—Iran that qualita- tive and quantitative characteristics of its units were used for training, calibration and validation of the neural model. Also, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique was applied to improve performance of generated models of neural networks. The results of L-TDS unit showed good accuracy of the models in estimating qualitative profile of wastewater but results of biological unit did not have sufficient accuracy to being used. This model facilitates evaluating the performance of each treatment plant units through comparing the results of prediction model with the standard amount of outputs.


Background: Since nurses work with humans, nursing education helps them understand humans and acquire relative knowledge in order to identify and solve problems.
Method: A focus group interview was conducted with 10 participants who attended a chorus activity.
Result: The analysis revealed five themes. "Cooperation and interaction" showed highly positive results and revealed that music helped each participant develop respect and understand for others. "Confidence and sense of accomplishment" helped participants improve school credits, work performance, and attitudes. Regarding "natural communication with the leader," participants considered it a good opportunity to develop a close association with their professor. "Emotional stability" was experienced by getting along with friends, seniors, and juniors during the chorus activity. Finally, "Adaptation to nursing" was identified as an essential factor for a nurse.
Conclusion: These findings indicate that music helps nursing students gain stability during university life, decreases stress, and improves self-regard, communication, cooperation, and confidence.


Garnet-bearing, mantle-derived pyroxenites have been found at a new locality in Hawaii, Kaula Island. They occur as xenoliths in a nephelinite tuff. Some of the pyroxenites contain basaltic glasses, a common feature in mantle-derived xenoliths. Results of petrography, mineral chemistry, and least-squares mixing calculations show that the glasses are products of infiltration of the host nephelinite into the xenoliths and partial assimilation of garnet, spinel, and clinopyroxene. These results should encourage others to thoroughly test petrographically viable explanations for glasses in xenoliths before invoking absent phases or metasomatic fluids as explanations for the glasses.


The aim of this study is to investigate cell adhesion and viability on highly rough polymeric surfaces with gradient roughness ratios and wettabilities prepared by microreplication of laser micro/nano-textured Si surfaces. Negative replicas on polydimethylsiloxane as well as positive ones on a photocurable (organically modified ceramic) and a biodegradable (poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) polymer have been successfully reproduced. The final culture substrates comprised from forests of micron-sized conical spikes exhibiting a range of roughness ratios and wettabilities, was achieved by changing the laser fluence used to fabricate the original template surfaces. Cell culture experiments were performed with the fibroblast NIH/3T3 and PC12 neuronal cell lines in order to investigate how these surfaces are capable of modulating different types of cellular responses including, viability, adhesion and morphology. The results showed a preferential adhesion of both cell types on the microstructured surfaces compared to the unstructured ones. In particular, the fibroblast NIH/3T3 cells show optimal adhesion for small roughness ratios, independent of the surface wettability and polymer type, indicating a non-monotonic dependence of cell adhesion on surface energy. In contrast, the PC12 cells were observed to adhere well to the patterned surfaces independent of the roughness ratio and wettability. These experimental findings are correlated with micromechanical measurements performed on the unstructured and replicated surfaces and discussed on the basis of previous observations describing the relation of cell response to surface energy and rigidity.


For many wheelchair users, performing transfers is essential for achieving independence with daily activities. However, transfers are particularly straining on the upper limbs and may contribute to the development of pain and overuse injuries at the shoulder. The purpose of this study was to determine the muscular demands of seven bilateral muscles acting at the shoulder and elbow during level and non-level transfers with and without a gap separating the wheelchair and target surface. Fourteen men with spinal cord injury transferred from their own wheelchair to a 1) level bench, 2) level bench with a 10 cm gap, 3) higher bench (+10 cm), 4) higher bench with a 10 cm gap, 5) lower bench (-10 cm), and 6) lower bench with a 10 cm gap in a random order. The maximum surface EMG reached during transfers was normalized to the subject's maximum EMG value reached during maximum static contractions for each muscle. Gaps required greater recruitment of the biceps and anterior deltoid muscles (p < 0.05). The increased muscle activation observed with gaps is likely due in part to increased combined shoulder flexion and abduction and glenohumeral joint strain on the anterior wall. As a result, individuals with SCI should be advised to position their wheelchair as close as possible to the surface they intend to transfer. © 2010 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.


Defining thresholds of prognostic markers is essential for stratified medicine. Such thresholds are mostly estimated from purely statistical measures regardless of patient preferences potentially leading to unacceptable medical decisions. Quality-Adjusted Life-Years are a widely used preferences-based measure of health outcomes. We develop a time-dependent Quality-Adjusted Life-Years-based expected utility function for censored data that should be maximized to estimate an optimal threshold. We performed a simulation study to compare estimated thresholds when using the proposed expected utility approach and purely statistical estimators. Two applications illustrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology which was implemented in the R package ROCt (www.divat.fr). First, by reanalysing data of a randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of prednisone vs. placebo in patients with chronic liver cirrhosis, we demonstrate the utility of treating patients with a prothrombin level higher than 89%. Second, we reanalyze the data of an observational cohort of kidney transplant recipients: we conclude to the uselessness of the Kidney Transplant Failure Score to adapt the frequency of clinical visits. Applying such a patient-centered methodology may improve future transfer of novel prognostic scoring systems or markers in clinical practice.


The research studied enhanced treatment of sewage from discharging points of rivers by biofilm process dosing with enzyme and the effect of mineral oil on removal rates of the main pollution indexes, and investigated promotion effect of enzyme (including the laboratory developed compounded enzyme and the foreign composite enzyme) on treatment of sewage by biofilm process. The research results indicated that when mineral oil with the concentration of 25mg/L was added to reactor A, B and C, respectively, the removal rates of mineral oil, CODCr and ammonia nitrogen all obviously decreased. Meanwhile, the removal rates of mineral oil, CODCr and ammonia nitrogen were higher in reactor B and C than in reactor A, and the removal rates of them in reactor B were similar to them in reactor C, which indicated that enzyme had good promotion effect on biofilm process during the sewage treatment process.


This article offers a critical analysis of emotional intelligence (EI) as a dominant discourse that establishes ways of understanding, managing, and learning about emotions in the field of education. The first section gives an overview of the recent interest in the emotional along with how the popularity of ideas associated with emotional intelligence derives from its ability to associate itself with other influential discourses that emerge from the brain sciences (neurology, cognitive psychology etc.). As part of this discussion, some of EI's main qualities are questioned, for example, its neutrality, its potential to go beyond the dualist approaches that dominate traditional conceptions, and its proposal for a paradigm shift. The second part of the article examines the presence and impact of the discourse of emotional intelligence in the field of education in the form of mechanisms for measuring emotional intelligence and programmes of emotional intelligence or emotional literacy. The importance of educators' emotional involvement is discussed, as is the problem of the subjectivating power of this discourse. It concludes with arguments that invite us to reflect and explore alternative ways of understanding and framing the emotional and emotional education.


Cybercrime has become a global phenomenon, which is causing more harm to individual citizens, organizations, society and the state. Most countries in the world compare cybercrime with such offences as terrorism and drug trafficking due to its risks and profitability. Therefore, the legal regulation of cybercrime is one of the most relevant problems in the world, including Lithuania and our neighbouring country, Russia. So far cybercrime analysis in scientific literature has been rather limited. We have not succeeded in finding a comparison between the regulatory practices of cybercrime in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Lithuania in any of the references. The main goal of the thesis paper is to analyse and to compare the electronic information security legal framework of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Lithuania. The article consists of two parts. The first part deals with the comparative aspect of strategic documents—the program governing electronic information protection in Lithuania and the Russian Federation. The second part of the article examines the comparative aspect of electronic information protection legislative, legal framework Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation. It was found that at the moment in both countries there is a strategic document which defines the planned state policy in this area, but the lack of a Lithuanian Law which can fully and consistently regulate social relations in relation to electronic information security. Several different approaches have been used in the research. The authors have used a comparative method to investigate the Lithuanian and Russian legal framework for the security of electronic information. Empirical analysis of legal documents was used to determine the legal regulation of the security of electronic information in Lithuania and Russia. Legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation have been analysed. Having analysed the official documents, the method allows identification and description of the relationship between the valid legal regulations accurately. Using literature resources the authors have used the deductive method, which allows drawing sufficiently reliable conclusions. The latest scientific literature and dictionaries have been used to study the definitions.


Neuropathology is a field that correlates autopsy findings to clinical symptomatology. Since the brain has an inordinate number of parceled regions, each having a different function, it makes more sense to work in an inverse fashion and use clinical findings to establish pathological correlations. In this regard, a lesion in the prefrontal lobes can explain some of the salient findings in schizophrenia, for example, scrambled lan-guage, disordered thinking, and abnormal behavior. Recent quantitative cytoarchitectural observations by Goldman-Rakic and Selemon sustain such a correlation. By using a computerized image analysis system, these authors have described an abnormally high neuronal density and reduced cortical thickness in many of their patients with schizophrenia. The importance of these findings is discussed in terms of the recent schizophrenia literature.


Covariant $R_\xi$ gauge fixing is notoriously difficult for large lattice volumes, large $\xi$ and small $N_c$. We thoroughly test different convergence techniques, which allows the gauge fixing of lattice configurations with a total volume of (3.25 fm)$^4$, up to $\xi=0.5$. We are able to study the gluon propagator in the infrared region and its dependence on the gauge fixing parameter $\xi$. As expected, the longitudinal gluon dressing functions stay constant at their tree-level value $\xi$. Similar to the Landau gauge, the transverse $R_\xi$ gauge gluon propagators saturate at a non-vanishing value in the deep infrared for all values of $\xi$ studied. We compare with very recent continuum studies and perform a simple analysis of the found saturation with a dynamically generated effective gluon mass.


Optical Full Field Techniques (OFFT) are more and more utilized by mechanical laboratories. Among these methods, interferometry techniques (mainly composed of Speckle/Grating Interferometry or Speckle/Grating Shearography) are more difficult to use in a mechanical lab context, because of their sensitivity to external vibrations (except shearography), and because of the global lack of optical culture of mechanical engineers. Speckle-based methods are of great practical interest for the users, but their signal to noise ratio (SNR) is affected by the rigid body motion of the specimen. Here, the speckle decorrelation is minimized at local scale directly using the SNR. First, a shearography experiment is modeled to characterize the recorrelation procedure for a rigid body motion, a constant strain map and finally a high degree of localization. The mean noise level is found to be 6 times higher than a fully-correlated phase map for a 1 pixel speckle size. Last, a first application to a single-ply fabric composite lamina is shown. Resulting strain maps are of high quality with a very low spatial resolution (4 pixels). The local bending / global tension coupling effect is clearly put in evidence.


A bloom of the hydromedusan jellyfish, Timoides agassizii, occurred in February 2011 off the coast of Sohar, Al Batinah, Sultanate of Oman, in the Gulf of Oman. This species was first observed in 1902 in great numbers off Haddummati Atoll in the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean and has rarely been seen since. The species appeared briefly in large numbers off Oman in 2011 and subsequent observation of our 2009 samples of zooplankton from Sohar revealed that it was also present in low numbers (two collected) in one sample in 2009; these are the first records in the Indian Ocean north of the Maldives. Medusae collected off Oman were almost identical to those recorded previously from the Maldive Islands, Papua New Guinea, the Marshall Islands, Guam, the South China Sea, and Okinawa. T. agassizii is a species that likely lives for several months. It was present in our plankton samples together with large numbers of the oceanic siphonophore Physalia physalis only during a single month's samples, suggesting that the temporary bloom off Oman was likely due to the arrival of mature, open ocean medusae into nearshore waters. We see no evidence that T. agassizii has established a new population along Oman, since if so, it would likely have been present in more than one sample period. We are unable to deduce further details of the life cycle of this species from blooms of many mature individuals nearshore, about a century apart. Examination of a single damaged T. agassizii medusa from Guam, calls into question the existence of its congener, T. latistyla, known only from a single specimen.


This article explores a case study of school system and whole-school accountability, couched in terms of staff professional performance indicators, that has been implemented in Sydney Catholic Education Office schools. These schools' strong performance in Statewide examinations has been accompanied by the development of a culture characterised by a strong emphasis on accountability and ongoing review. This form of accountability is argued to be both professionally transparent and robust, as well as conducive to increased professional activity and student outcomes.


A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system that enables communication and control that is not based on muscular movements, but on brain activity. Some of these systems are based on discrimination of different mental tasks; usually they match the number of mental tasks to the number of control commands. Previous research at the University of Malaga (UMABCI) have proposed a BCI system to freely control an external device, letting the subjects choose among several navigation commands using only one active mental task (versus any other mental activity). Although the navigation paradigm proposed in this system has been proved useful for continuous movements, if the user wants to move medium or large distances, he/she needs to keep the effort of the MI task in order to keep the command. In this way, the aim of this work was to test a navigation paradigm based on the brain-switch mode for 'forward' command. In this mode, the subjects used the mental task to switch their state on /off: they stopped if they were moving forward and vice versa. Initially, twelve healthy and untrained subjects participated in this study, but due to a lack of control in previous session, only four subjects participated in the experiment, in which they had to control a virtual robot using two paradigms: one based on continuous mode and another based on switch mode. Preliminary results show that both paradigms can be used to navigate through virtual environments, although with the first one the times needed to complete a path were notably lower.


We hypothesize that individuals can be grouped into robust metabolic phenotypes (metabotypes) based on biochemical, anthropometric, gut microbial and metabolomics data and that such metabotypes will reflect differences in cardiometabolic disease risk and can act as targets for tailored nutritional prevention. We furthermore hypothesize that diet-gut microbiota interactions will be major determinants of the metabotypes.

 Metabotyping is currently performed based on baseline data from 628 Danish adults from a validation sub-study of the Danish Diet Cancer and Health-Next Generation cohort. Participants were
 followed for one year, also providing data at 6 and 12 months. Dietary data was obtained by food frequency questionnaire and repeated 24h recalls and data on physical activity, smoking, sociodemographic factors, disease prevalence and use of medication was collected by questionnaires. Untargeted metabolomics and gut microbiota are currently determined. Metabotypes will be identified using clustering algorithms, variable optimization and data integration of the plasma metabolome, the 16S rRNA microbiota and 14 biochemical and anthropometric variables. Differences in habitual diet and physical activity across metabotypes will be determined as well as main metabotype determinants and potential plasma metabolite biomarkers. We will also assess the reproducibility of the metabotypes and biomarkers over time.

 Two clusters of individuals were identified by using the currently available clinical and anthropometric data. One of the clusters presented with mean values consistent with overweight, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Next, we will integrate the plasma metabolomics and gut microbial data into the analysis to determine the metabotypes.

 We have identified one higher risk group and one lower risk group for cardiometabolic disease and will identify and characterize metabotypes based on more extensive data. Future research will assess whether individuals belonging to different metabotypes respond differently to dietary interventions.

 Formas, Sweden.


Abstract Networks are very useful tools to decipher complex regulatory relationships between genes in an organism. Most work address this issue in the context of i.i.d., treated vs. control or time-series samples. However, many data sets include expression obtained for the same cell type of an organism, but in several conditions. We introduce a novel method for inferring networks from samples obtained in various but related experimental conditions. This approach is based on a double penalization: a first penalty aims at controlling the global sparsity of the solution whilst a second penalty is used to make condition-specific networks consistent with a consensual network. This "consensual network" is introduced to represent the dependency structure between genes, which is shared by all conditions. We show that different "consensus" penalties can be used, some integrating prior (e.g., bibliographic) knowledge and others that are adapted along the optimization scheme. In all situations, the proposed double penalty can be expressed in terms of a LASSO problem and hence, solved using standard approaches which address quadratic problems with L1 -regularization. This approach is combined with a bootstrap approach and is made available in the R package therese1. Our proposal is illustrated on simulated datasets and compared with independent estimations and alternative methods. It is also applied to a real dataset to emphasize the differences in regulatory networks before and after a low-calorie diet.


Representations of multiracial Americans, especially those with one black and one white parent, appear everywhere in contemporary culture, from reality shows to presidential politics. Some depict multiracial individuals as mired in painful confusion; others equate them with progress, as the embodiment of a postracial utopia. In Transcending Blackness , Ralina L. Joseph critiques both depictions as being rooted in—and still defined by—the racist notion that blackness is a deficit that must be overcome.

Analyzing emblematic representations of multiracial figures in popular culture—Jennifer Beals's character in the The L Word ; the protagonist in Danny Senza's novel Caucasia ; the title character in the independent film Mixing Nia ; and contestants in a controversial episode of the reality show America's Next Top Model , who had to "switch ethnicities" for a photo shoot—Joseph identifies the persistence of two widespread stereotypes about mixed-race African Americans, those of "new millennium mulattas" and "exceptional multiracials." The former inscribes multiracial African Americans as tragic figures whose blackness predestines them for misfortune; the latter rewards mixed-race African Americans for successfully erasing their blackness. Addressing questions of authenticity, sexuality, and privilege, Transcending Blackness refutes the idea that race no longer matters in American society.


Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous mutualists of terrestrial plants and play key roles in regulating various ecosystem processes, but little is known about AMF biogeography at regional scale. This study aims at exploring the key predictors of AMF communities across a 5000-km transect in northern China. We determined the soil AMF species richness and community composition at 47 sites representative of four vegetation types (meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe and desert) and related them to plant community characteristics, abiotic factors and geographic distance. The results showed that soil pH was the strongest predictor of AMF richness and phylogenetic diversity. However, abiotic factors only have a low predictive effect on AMF community composition or phylogenetic patterns. By contrast, we found a significant relationship between community composition of AMF and plants, which was a surprising result given the extent of heterogeneity in the plant community across this transect. Moreover, the geographic distance predominantly explained the AMF phylogenetic structure, implying that history evolutionary may play a role in shaping AMF biogeographic patterns. This study highlighted the different roles of main factors in predicting AMF biogeography, and bridge landscape-scale studies to more recent global-scale efforts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Hard magnetic Sm-Co thin films were prepared on Cr buffered MgO(001) single crystals by pulsed laser deposition. The texture of the films as well as the magnetic properties were measured for films deposited at different temperatures. Sm-Co is a system with high uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, where the c-axis is the axis of easy magnetization. Thin films of this material, with high coercivity and remanence, are of increasing interest for application in magnetic miniature devices. To explore the potential of this permanent magnetic material, a strong texture with a wellaligned c-axis is required. Analysis of several pole figures shows that mainly two types of orientations develop which grow epitaxially on Cr. For one orientation, the c-axis lies n the sample surface parallel to Cr(110). The c-axis of the second orientiation is tilted by 60° out of the surface plane.


This article aims to show the carcinogenic effects of free radicals on human health. It is endorsed that the hypothesis of organic aging is caused by oxidative stress as a consequence of the free radicals. Furthermore, several prophylaxis methods in which the human organism can delay the oxidative stress are demonstrated, thus greatly reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases, cancer or death.


This study examines the effects of entrepreneurial human resource practices on market-oriented behaviour, relational capability, and business performance at small-sized firms. For the purpose of the study, a survey was carried out for two different product types, namely handi crafts and food/drink, and sample firms were purposively selected. Interestingly, the findings suggest that, though practices may not directly improve firms' performance, implementing practices characterised by entrepreneurial orientation is a start for high performance as market oriented behaviour and relational capability moderate the effects. The practices stimulate employees' mind-sets, shaping their behaviour and willingness to find new ways of doing business and satisfying external customers. The implication of the study was that such practices should be designed to improve small firms' market-oriented behaviour and relational capability for better business performance. Keywords :  Entrepreneurial Human Resource Practices, Relational Capability, Market Orientation, Business Performance https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.9.2.133-146


Robert Kastenbaum, creator of the award-winning Encyclopedia of Death, has now collected and edited a source of reliable information on adult development that is accessible to the general reader, useable by professionals, and perfect for those who are simply browsing. This work is a fascinating and highly informative look at the milestones and ordeals, the key issues, and the concerns of American adults. The book expands our understanding of adulthood through 105 articles written by more than 70 contributing specialists from the fields of psychology, anthropology, religion, and sociology.


Deep learning is a popular machine learning approach which has achieved a lot of progress in all traditional machine learning areas. Internet of thing (IoT) and Smart City deployments are generating large amounts of time-series sensor data in need of analysis. Applying deep learning to these domains has been an important topic of research. The Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) network has been proven to be well suited for dealing with and predicting important events with long intervals and delays in the time series. LTSM networks have the ability to maintain long-term memory. In an LTSM network, a stacked LSTM hidden layer also makes it possible to learn a high level temporal feature without the need of any fine tuning and preprocessing which would be required by other techniques. In this paper, we construct a long-short term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network structure, use the normal time series training set to build the prediction model. And then we use the predicted error from the prediction model to construct a Gaussian naive Bayes model to detect whether the original sample is abnormal. This method is called LSTM-Gauss-NBayes for short. We use three real-world data sets, each of which involve long-term time-dependence or short-term time-dependence, even very weak time dependence. The experimental results show that LSTM-Gauss-NBayes is an effective and robust model.


ABSTRACT The development of anoxia within tissues represents a significant challenge to most animals because of the decreased capacity for aerobic ATP production, the associated loss of essential cellular functions and the potential for detrimental tissue oxidation upon reoxygenation. Despite these challenges, there are many animals from multiple phyla that routinely experience anoxia and can fully recover. In this Review, we integrate knowledge gained from studies of anoxia-tolerant species across many animal taxa. We primarily focus on strategies used to reduce energy requirements, minimize the consequences of anaerobic ATP production and reduce the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species, which are responsible for tissue damage with reoxygenation. We aim to identify common strategies, as well as novel solutions, to the challenges of anoxia exposure. This Review chronologically examines the challenges faced by animals as they enter anoxia, as they attempt to maintain physiological function during prolonged anoxic exposure and, finally, as they emerge from anoxia. The capacity of animals to survive anoxia is also considered in relation to the increasing prevalence of anoxic zones within marine and freshwater environments, and the need to understand what limits survival. Summary: Here we integrate knowledge gained from studies of anoxia-tolerant species from many animal taxa to identify common strategies, as well as novel solutions, for the challenges of anoxia exposure.


In a double-blind, randomised controlled trial, we studied 40 patients who received one of four intra-articular injections at the end of arthroscopic surgery. Each group contained ten patients. The patients in Group 1 received normal saline 25 ml; those in Group 2 received bupivacaine 0.25% 25 ml; those in Group 3 received morphine 5 mg in normal saline 25 ml; and those in Group 4 received a combination of bupivacaine 0.5% 12.5 ml and 5 mg of morphine made up to 25 ml with normal saline to produce the same bupivacaine concentration as Group 2. At the time the patient awoke, and 30min, Ihr, Ihr 30min, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, 12hr, and 24hr postoperatively, pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale. The need for supplementary analgesic agents in the first 24 hours was recorded. All pain scores were significantly lower (P< 0.05) in Groups 2, 3 and 4 compared with the control group with the exception of Group 2 at 24 hours. Pain scores were significantly lower (P<0.05) for Group 2 compared with Group 3 for the first 90 minutes postoperatively. At 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively the pain scores were significantly lower (P<0.05%) for Group 3 compared with Group 2. Group 4 had the lowest pain scores over the recorded period compared with the other groups. The need for supplemental analgesia was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the treatment Groups 2, 3 and 4 compared to the control Group 1. There was no significant difference in supplemental analgesic requirements between Groups 2, 3 and 4. A combination of bupivacaine and morphine injected intra-articularly following arthroscopy provided superior analgesia compared with that achieved by either drug alone.


SUMMARY
The circadian clock is the endogenous timer that coordinates physiological processes with daily and seasonal environmental changes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, establishment of the circadian period relies on targeted degradation of TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) by the 26S proteasome. ZEITLUPE (ZTL) is the F-box protein that associates with the SCF (Skp/Cullin/F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase that is responsible for marking TOC1 for turnover. CULLIN1 (CUL1) is a core component of SCF complexes and is involved in multiple signaling pathways. To assess the contribution of CUL1-containing SCF complexes to signaling within the plant oscillator, circadian rhythms were examined in the recessive, temperature-sensitive CUL1 allele axr6-3. The activity of CUL1 in this mutant declines progressively with increasing ambient temperature, resulting in more severe defects in CUL1-dependent activities at elevated temperature. Examination of circadian rhythms in axr6-3 revealed circadian phenotypes comparable to those observed in ztl null mutants; namely, lengthened circadian period, altered expression of core oscillator genes, and limited degradation of TOC1. In addition, treatment of seedlings with exogenous auxin did not alter TOC1 stability. These results demonstrate that CUL1 is required for TOC1 degradation and further suggest that this protein is the functional cullin for the SCF(ZTL) complex.


Predator-prey-relationships are often investigated and described with respect to consumption on prey as a lethal (=killing) effect. However, knowledge on the role of non-lethal predator effects that may change prey behavior, such as predation risk effects on prey reproduction, is scarce. It is assumed that these risk-effects are likely to contribute strongly to the total effect of predators.
A reduction in the reproductive output of the common periwinkle Littorina littorea while exposed to the green crab Carcinus maenas was already demonstrated in the laboratory. This risk-effect was ought to be shown in the field by the following experiments in the rocky intertidal shore of Helgoland.
In prior to the field experiment (two runs, 7 days each) I designed two factorial laboratory experiments (10 days each) in order to analyze the influence of (1) tides and (2) snail-density on the reproductive output of L. littorea in the presence and in the absence of C. maenas. Besides number of eggs, I measured algal consumption (Fucus serratus) and shell thickness.
In the density-experiment L. littorea reduced eggs by 20 % in the presence of C. maenas. No influence of tides or snail-density on the risk-effect was found. Based on this fact, I did expect the risk-effect to appear in the field.
In the field I found that snails produced 38,4% less eggs in the presence of C. maenas. An increase in the number of eggs appeared from March to May, afterwards the number of eggs decreased within 5 days by 78%.
Fucus consumption was only significantly reduced in the density-experiment (2) while exposed to a green crab. Shell-growth did not change between all treatments. A correlation (40%) of Fucus consumption and number of eggs was only demonstrated for the density-experiment.
Since tides and snail-density did not influence the risk-effect of C. maenas on the reproductive output of L. littorea, I conclude that the effect is likely to appear without temporal or spatial restrictions in the area where both species coexist. The findings emphasize the importance of risk- effects in comparison with lethal effects.


Optimization of antibiotic production medium and fermentation conditions of Streptomyces parvulus strain sankarensis-A10 was studied using classical and statistical methods. After selection of the basal production medium, the effect of sea water and incubation time on antibiotic production was investigated by classical method. In the first step of optimization, factors that significantly affect antibiotic production such as starch, K2HPO4, FeSO4.7H2O, KNO3 and pH were selected based on Plackett-Burman design. In the second step, three significant factors, starch, KNO3, pH, with a positive effect were optimized with a 33 factorial Box-Behnken design and analysed using response surface analysis. The optimal values for maximum antibiotic production were as follows, starch- 20 g/l, pH- 8.0 and KNO3- 3 g/l. Under optimal conditions, the antibacterial activity was found to be 620 U/ml and 616.66 U/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively, which indicated that the activity was 1.4 folds higher in contrast to antibacterial activity prior to optimization. TLC-based partial purification of crude extract and bioassay of the fractions revealed the presence of four active compounds with Rf values of 0.275, 0.2, 0.125 and 0.062. These could probably be novel bioactive compound(s) in the crude extract, which could prove to be a novel source of antibiotics.


This paper deals with the visual control of the Gough-Stewart platform using a central catadioptric camera observing the platform's legs. This allows a large field of view to be obtained and avoids the occlusion problems observed when a classical perspective camera is used. An automatic and simple method to detect the projections of the leg in the image is also proposed. The control scheme presented here is shown to encompass the classical perspective camera case, as well as catadioptric ones. Finally, experimental results comparing two kinds of visual features (leg directions and leg edges) are described.


Backround. Pancreas resection is the only curative treatment for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In the event of unexpected incidental liver metastases during operative exploration patients were traditionally referred to palliative treatment arms. With continuous progress in the surgical expertise simultaneous pancreas and liver resections seem technically feasible nowadays. The aim of this study therefore was to analyze the impact of synchronous liver-directed therapy on operative outcome and overall survival in patients with hepatic metastasized pancreatic adenocarcinoma (HMPA). Methods. 22 patients who underwent simultaneous pancreas resection and liver-directed therapy for HMPA between January 1, 2004 and January 1, 2009 were compared to 22 patients who underwent classic pancreas resection for nonmetastasized pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NMPA) in a matched pair study design. Postoperative morbidity, preoperative, and operative data and overall survival were analyzed. Results. Overall survival was significantly decreased in the HMPA group. Postoperative morbidity and mortality and median operation time did not significantly differ between the groups. Conclusion. The results of our study showed that simultaneous pancreas resection and liver-directed therapy may safely be performed and may therefore be applied in individual patients with HMPA. However, a potential benefit of this radical surgical approach with regard to overall survival and/or quality of life remains to be proven.


Hip fracture is usually seen in advanced age. Due to the presence of metastases in elderly patients, the density of bones decreases, and the possibility of fracture increases. Cytokines, released from osteoclasts resulting in post-bony destruction, cause pain by activating pain receptors; hence, pain-related motion restriction may occur. Bone marrow suppression and medulla spinalis pressure may be seen in metastatic bone tumors. Three major complications can be observed in hip fracture operations: (1) perioperative bleeding, (2) bone cementum implantation syndrome and (3) thromboembolism. These indicate superiority of general anesthesia: 1 –controlled respiration. 2 –Invasive interventions to be performed during shock treatment can be made more easily and smoothly. 3 – The safest way to ensure that patients remain immobilized on the operating table. 4 – Hemodynamic parameters can be better controlled. Regional anesthesia has benefits such as allowing early mobilization and postoperative pain control and few complications such as hypoxia, deep vein thrombosis and consciousness blurring. Various regional anesthesia methods such as spinal, epidural, combined spinal-epidural and peripheral nerve blocks are applied. The knowledge and experience of the anesthetist, the general condition and the mental state of the patient, the skill of the surgeon and the type of surgery determine the type of the anesthesia.


Context
Cancer occurs as a consequence of the dysregulation of genes during cell division, resulting in an increased proliferation rate and loss of vital checkpoints in cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) makes use of photosensitizers, oxygen, and light at visible wavelengths to stimulate formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and trigger apoptosis of cancer cells. Homeopathic remedies commonly affect genes, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Bcl2, thereby stimulating cancer-cell death.

Objective
The study intended to examine and summarize the latest findings in preclinical, in vitro, and in vivo studies on the mechanisms of homeopathy and PDT in cancer therapy.

Design
The research team conducted a literature review using extensive databases made available by the University of Johannesburg Library. The databases used, included, Science Direct, Ebsco Host and Pubmed.

Setting
This study took place at the Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg.

Results
Studies demonstrated an ability for both homeopathic remedies and photodynamic therapy to induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interfering with mitochondrial pathways leading to a release of cytochrome-c, the production of reactive oxygen species and by interfering with cancer cell genes by upregulating p53 and Bax and down-regulating TNF-α.

Conclusions
Both homeopathy and PDT demonstrate antineoplastic effects; however; more research needs to be conducted before any conclusions can be made.


Although the process of public and stakeholder participation continues to be intensively investigated and discussed in academic circles, the implementation of participatory methods in practice remains problematic. This can be attributed to the lack of knowledge transfer on the one hand, and the general underestimation of participatory approaches in planning processes on the other.
A possible solution - participatory processmanagement - is introduced in this article. Participatory process management means that all participatory activities are embedded in the overall planning activities of a project. The most significant criteria for a participatory process are identified as 'objectives', 'constraints' and 'process'which together forma framework for combining generally applicablemethodswith local constraints and the objectives of a project. Themain elements of the participatory management framework introduced here are levels and classes of participation and a generic process scheme includingmonitoring and evaluation of participatory processes. This work is based upon long-term experiences of consultants and scientists. However, the insights from the InterReg project TRUST are particularly valuable and confirm the hypotheses that different water management projects are comparable in terms of their participatory process performance. The participatory management framework is a step forward in closing the gap between scientific knowledge about participatory methods and their applicability in practice.


Despite the importance of reciprocity in many areas of social life, little is known about possible factors affecting it and its interplay with the self-interest motive to maximize one's own gains. In this study, we examined the role of cognitive control in reciprocal behavior to determine whether it is a deliberate and controlled act or whether the behavior is evoked automatically. In Experiment 1, depletion of cognitive control resources increased the rate of rejected unfair offers in the ultimatum game despite associated financial loss. In Experiments 2A and 2B, using 2 depletion manipulations, we extended these results and showed that depleted participants returned more money in response to highly trusting investments during the trust game. These results suggest that reciprocity considerations are actively suppressed when attempting to maximize one's own gains. When cognitive control is limited, this suppression becomes difficult, and consequently reciprocity considerations prevail.


An important question is whether it is possible to build a sensor to identify the constituents and estimate their volume fractions in a mixture. In this paper, frequency dependent permittivity measured from dielectric sensors was used to identify both chemical species and their volume fractions of binary mixtures. Our analysis using the data presented in the literature and on-chip coplanar waveguide measurements, in 1-30 GHz range, illustrates that complex permittivity measurements are sufficient to estimate the volume fractions when the constituents of the mixture are known. Changes in concentrations are required to identify the constituent chemicals of binary mixtures when the constituents are unknown. Additional information, such as nonlinear dielectric properties, is required to identify constituents and volume fractions in mixtures with many chemical species.


ABSTRACT To date, the phenomenological and functional aspects of autobiographical memory have by and large been studied separately. This is quite remarkable, given that both can inform each other, and that investigating their interaction can add to the understanding of the (in)adaptivity of certain memory characteristics for our well-being. In other words, examining how particular features of autobiographical memory are adept or inept at serving specific functions, could help us to better comprehend and explain relations between memory and psychological well-being. We discuss previous attempts to integrate phenomenology with functionality and formulate three main directions for future research based on the current state of the art. The directions concern (1) focusing on functionality (adaptivity) and not merely on the use of memories in phenomenological work, (2) attention for the bidirectionality of the relation between phenomenology and functionality, and (3) the addition of narrative constructs like coherence to the traditional range of phenomenological features. We will illustrate our directions for the reintegration of phenomenology with functionality through the social function of coherent autobiographical memories. This framework could help to stimulate future empirical studies and pave the road for new clinical interventions to improve psychological well-being.


As ports seek to maintain support for their operations amidst growing environmental awareness and social pressure, it is important they provide benefits for the local population to offset negative impacts. Ports can add additional economic benefits for the cities they are located in by encouraging maritime clusters, industrial development, a circular economy, and waterfront development. The current level of adoption, interest in future adoption, barriers to implementation, and attitudes towards the views of the local population were assessed via an online questionnaire sent to port authorities in 26 countries. The potential and willingness of ports to be on the frontline of the transition to a circular economy globally has been clearly identified for the first time, seeing a 60% increase between current levels of adoption and future interest in adoption. Barriers to a circular economy are comparable to barriers to widely adopted methods, such as industrial development and a waterfront economy. It is likely that circular economy activities in port cities will add additional local benefits and reduce the negative impacts of a port. A new framework is proposed to help ports and cities collaborate and encourage greater adoption of the circular economy.


This study describes the early expression and function of β-catenin in the gastropod, Crepidula fornicata. In other bilaterians β-catenin functions in cell adhesion, gastrulation, and cell signaling, which is related to the establishment of the dorso-ventral axis and mesendoderm. Here, we studied the distribution of β-catenin mRNA and protein in C. fornicata via whole mount in situ hybridization and by expressing GFP-tagged β-catenin in vivo. During early cleavage, β-catenin mRNA and protein appear to be broadly localized to all cells in the early embryo. The mRNA tends to be concentrated at inter-phase centrosomes in these cells. At later stages, the mRNA is predominantly in the vegetal macromeres, and subsequently in the rudiment of the hindgut, stomodeum, and velar lobes. Expression of full-length GFP-tagged protein suggests that there is no active mechanism to degrade β-catenin within cells of the early embryos prior to the 25-cell stage. However, by the second day of development, when the fourth quartet micromeres have formed, β-catenin becomes selectively stabilized in the progeny of the 4d mesentoblast (e.g., ML and MR and their daughters) and is missing from most other blastomeres, including vegetal macromeres. Over the next 2 days of development, during subsequent divisions of 4d, β-catenin protein becomes progressively degraded, along the proximo-distal axes, within the progeny of the paired mesendodermal bands. The cells located at the tips of the mesodermal bands (2 mL² and 2 mR²) are the last to contain this protein, which is no longer detected after 4 days of development. In animals like C. fornicata, which undergo a spiral cleavage program (e.g., molluscs, annelids, nemerteans, and polyclad flatworms), the mesentoblast or 4d cell represents the progenitor of endomesoderm (forming hindgut, internal and external kidneys, and various muscles). Therefore, the selective stabilization of β-catenin in the progeny of 4d in C. fornicata is consistent with arguments that a basic, ancestral role of β-catenin lies in the formation of endomesodermal fates. Experiments using a truncated β-catenin clone show that the regions located in the C-terminus, distal to the 11th armadillo repeat, are required for normal stabilization/degradation of β-catenin protein within the embryo. Microinjection of translation blocking β-catenin morpholinos into zygotes led to the down-regulation of β-catenin expression. This resulted in the subsequent failure of gastrulation, but did not interfere with the formation and early cleavage of 4d, although there were no discernable differentiated cell fates in these defective embryos. These results are compared with those obtained in other metazoans.


This article introduces textual intervention as a reading strategy to examine whether interpretations of supposedly gender-inclusive biblical passages are actually inclusive. A detailed reading of Mark 7:14–23 with a female subject and object exposes how scholarly readings are based on male anatomy, excluding the female from the generic anthrōpos (person). Interpreters have previously believed the passage to center on the ability of food and unclean hands to defile a person. However, this article's reading, which focuses on a female body, uncovers a radically different interpretation of the passage, revealing multivalent fields of reference within the text not previously seen and reexamining the classifications of inner and outer purity used in Mark 7 in light of female anatomy.


Recently, liquid chromatography based on tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become an efficient tool in analyzes of many compounds in various biological matrices. However, as known by researchers, these biological matrices cause various interferences by suppressing (ion suppression) or increasing ionization (ion enhancement). Since this challenge was recognized in the 1990s, many studies have been published on it, and its causes have been reviewed countless times for various compounds. However, none of the current studies specifically addressed aspects of matrix effects that have to do with catecholamines.

This review will focus on these issues, critically discussing experiments and results of matrix effects in LC-MS/MS applications on catecholamine analysis in various biological matrices. Moreover, it can be guided on the performance of studies on matrix effects in LC-MS/MS procedures in bioanalytical systems.

This article is useful for academics such as analytical chemists, pharmacologists and also members of the pharmaceutical industry working on catecholamines and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.


This thesis is concerned with embedded systems for Digital Signal Processing (DSP) that consist of multiple programmable digital signal processors augmented with custom VLSI components; we will refer to such systems by the term "multiprocessor." The dataflow model of computation has been widely used for providing a formal methodology for specifying computations and mapping them to such multiprocessor systems.
In this thesis, we focus on DSP algorithms that can be specified as Synchronous Data Flow graphs and its extensions. Such algorithms can be efficiently scheduled onto multiple processing elements (a processor could be either programmable or a custom VLSI component) at compile time--computations in the graph are assigned to processors at compile time and the execution order of tasks assigned to each processor is also determined at compile time.
In such a compile-time (static) scheduling strategy, it is possible to predict the run time inter-processor communication (IPC) pattern. We present two techniques that make use of this compile-time determined communication pattern, for minimizing IPC and synchronization overhead in the parallel implementation. The first technique is aimed at eliminating arbitration and synchronization costs when using shared memory for IPC. We call this the Ordered Transactions strategy; the idea is to determine the order in which processors require access to shared resources and to enforce this order at run time. Enforcing such an order eliminates contention for shared resources and the need for explicit synchronization. We describe the design and hardware implementation details of a prototype multiprocessor board that was built as a proof-of-concept for the ordered transactions strategy.
The second technique we present in this thesis consists of efficient algorithms for minimizing synchronization costs in statically scheduled multiprocessors. These include procedures for detecting and eliminating redundant synchronization points in the schedule and systematically adding certain synchronization points with a view towards reducing the overall synchronization cost.


BACKGROUND
Latent autoimmune diabetes in Adults (LADA) is a slowly developing type 1 diabetes which presents as non-insulin dependent diabetes and progresses to insulin dependence. However, the best treatment strategy for LADA is unclear.

OBJECTIVES
To compare interventions used for LADA.

SEARCH STRATEGY
Studies were obtained from searches of electronic databases (including MEDLINE, EMBASE), supplemented by hand searches, conference proceedings and consultation with experts.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Selection was in duplicate by two independent reviewers. RCT and controlled clinical trials evaluating interventions for LADA or type 2 diabetes with antibodies were included.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Studies were summarised in a descriptive manner.

MAIN RESULTS
Searches identified 8067 citations. Eight publications (seven studies) were included, involving 735 participants. All studies had high risk of bias. There were no data on use of metformin or glitazones alone. Rosiglitazone or sulphonylurea (SU) with insulin did not improve metabolic control significantly more than insulin alone. SU alone gave either poorer (one study, mean difference in HbA1c 2.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9 to 4.7) or equivalent metabolic control compared to insulin alone (two studies). There was evidence that SU caused earlier insulin dependence (insulin treated at two years: 60% (SU) and 5% (conventional care) (P < 0.001); classified insulin dependent: 64% (SU) and 12.5% (insulin group) (P = 0.007)). No interventions influenced fasting C-peptide, but insulin maintained stimulated C-peptide better than SU (one study, mean difference 7.7 ng/ml (95% CI 2.9 to 12.5) and insulin with rosiglitazone was superior to insulin alone (one study) at maintaining stimulated C-peptide. A pilot study showed better metabolic control at six months with subcutaneously administered glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) GAD65, a major autoantigen in autoimmune diabetes, compared to placebo. There was no information regarding quality of life, mortality, complications or costs in any of the publications. Time from diagnosis varied between recruitment at diagnosis to recruitment at nine years of disease duration and there was a great deal of variation in the selection criteria for LADA patients, making it difficult to generalise findings from these studies.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There are few studies on this topic and existing studies have a high risk of bias. However, there does seem to be an indication that SU should not be a first line treatment for antibody positive type 2 diabetes. There is no significant evidence for or against other lines of treatment of LADA.


Cooperative transmissions combat various fading effects in wireless communications by employing multiple antennas from different nodes to achieve spatial diversity. Virtual Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) is one instance of cooperative transmissions capable of achieving higher receiving SNR, which can either extend the transmission range or increase the transmission rate. While the physical layer performance of Virtual MISO has been well studied, this paper describes the Cooperative Source Routing (CSR) protocol to convert physical layer gain into network level performance improvement. With both route request and route reply control packets being transmitted cooperatively, CSR can explore routes with high cooperative diversity. We demonstrate CSR's performance through simulation and compare CSR with other protocols.


The combination of electric vehicles (EVs) and intermittent renewable energy sources has received increasing attention over the last few years. Not only does charging electric vehicles with renewable energy realize their true potential as a clean mode of transport, charging electric vehicles at times of peaks in renewable energy production can help large scale integration of renewable energy in the existing energy infrastructure. We present an agent-based model that investigates the potential contribution of this combination. More specifically, we investigate the potential effects of different kinds of policy interventions on aggregate EV charging patterns. The policy interventions include financial incentives, automated smart charging, information campaigns and social charging. We investigate how well the resulting charging patterns are aligned with renewable energy production and how much they affect user satisfaction of EV drivers. Where possible, we integrate empirical data in our model, to ensure realistic scenarios. We use recent theory from environmental psychology to determine agent behaviour, contrary to earlier simulation models, which have focused only on technical and financial considerations. Based on our simulation results, we articulate some policy recommendations. Furthermore, we point to future research directions for environmental psychology scholars and modelers who want to use theory to inform simulation models of energy systems.


AIMS
The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of 2 weeks of intermittent screening for asymptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) in 75/76-year-old individuals.

METHODS AND RESULTS
The cost-effectiveness analysis of screening in 75-year-old individuals was based on a lifelong decision analytic Markov model. In this model, 1000 hypothetical individuals, who matched the population of the STROKESTOP study, were simulated. The population was analysed for different parameters such as prevalence, AF status, treatment with oral anticoagulation, stroke risk, utility, and costs. In the base-case scenario, screening of 1000 individuals resulted in 263 fewer patient-years with undetected AF. This implies eight fewer strokes, 11 more life-years, and 12 more quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) per 1000 screened individuals. The screening implies an incremental cost of €50 012, resulting in a cost of €4313 per gained QALY and €6583 per avoided stroke.

CONCLUSIONS
With the use of a decision analytic simulation model, it has been shown that screening for asymptomatic AF in 75/76-year-old individuals is cost-effective.


Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been historically the major cause of kidney disease in diabetic patients. However, recent studies have found a high proportion of diabetic patients with biopsy proven Non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) or NDRD superimposed on DN. These findings have resurfaced the interest in establishing which of these patients may benefit most from a kidney biopsy. Our study aims to enlighten the prevalence and etiology of biopsy proven NDRD and to explore clinical and morphologic differences encountered in the diabetic patient with NDRD. Methods: Medical records of all diabetic patients who underwent native kidney biopsy for suspected NDRD from January 2016 to December 2018 at Hospital Curry Cabral Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, EPE, were analysed retrospectively. Results: We review medical records of 67 patients. All patients had a diabetes mellitus diagnosis at the time of biopsy and were biopsied for NDRD suspicion. In our population, 55.2% had DN (7.5% presented simultaneously DN and NDRD) and 41.8% had isolated NDRD. The most frequent causes of NDRD were IgA nephropathy (25%) and Chronic Interstitial Nephritis (10.8%). A shorter duration of diabetes had a statistically significant association with NDRD. Conclusions: Nearly half diabetic patients proposed to kidney biopsy have a NDRD. Since kidney biopsy is essential to establish the diagnosis and subsequently provide adequate treatment, this resource should be used in the diabetic diabetic patient with NDRD suspicion, especially in those with a shorter duration of diabetes. Additional data is necessary to establish which patients should be proposed to earlier kidney biopsies.


A commentary on a video interview with Pete Seeger [Video accessible on httpss://vimeo.com/118369128 . In the video "A Reflection on Woody Guthrie's 'Union Maid': An Interview with Pete Seeger," filmed in September 2013, ninety-four year old Pete Seeger recounts the story of how Woody Guthrie composed the song "Union Maid." Seeger reflects on his friendship with Guthrie while also foregrounding the dialogic interplay in the making of folk music as he discusses the origins of the song, both lyrically and melodically. Through this narrative told through his eyes, Seeger shows how songs materialize out of moments and experiences through the push and pull of human relationships. For Seeger, the social and historical context surrounding the song is just as important as the individual moment of its creation, which gives us insight not just into the song's history but also into Seeger's own perspective on the creative process: it is not about the individual imposing a will on the world, but it is about the artist listening to the people.


: Report of accidental ingestion and aspiration of lamp oil of a boy aged 16 months. He develops in a few hours a severe pneumonitis with tachycardia. Echocardiography shows diminished contractability. After losing his symptoms, the chest x-rays on the 13th day show bilateral pneumatoceles. The course remains asymptomatic and radiographs taken 15.5 weeks after the accident show replacement by scars. Usually the prognosis is good. Indication for invasive treatment is given when cardiorespiratory insufficiency or a rupture into the pleura space are seen.


The village pub has been described as part of England's history (Kingsnorth, 2008) but changing rural populations and economic transformations have seen a decline in their number. This paper explores the inter-related social and economic features of the village pub, being a business as well as a social venue that forms part of the identity of their communities. Primary data is drawn from a study of village pubs in Lincolnshire, a rural county in the East of England, to explore how different people relate to village pubs. Embeddedness theory, which explains that economic actions are heavily influenced by social factors, is then used to explore how the social values attached to the village pub might be better captured to add to their economic viability.


This paper examines the suitability and potential of reducing the acquisition requirements of a novel radiation mapper through the application of the non-linear deconvolution technique, CLEAN. The radiation mapper generates a threshold image of the target scene, at a user defined distance, using a single pixel detector manually scanned across the scene . This paper provides a discussion of the factors involved and merits of incorporating CLEAN into the system. In this paper we describe the modifications to the system for the generation of an intensity map and the relationship between resolution and acquisition time for a target scene. The factors influencing image fidelity for a scene are identified and discussed with the impact on fill-factor of the intensity image, which in turn determines the ability of the operator to accurately identify features of the radiation source within a target scene. The CLEAN algorithm and its variants have been extensively developed by the radio astronomy community to improve the image fidelity of data collected by sparse interferometric arrays. However, the algorithm has demonstrated surprising adaptability including terrestrial imagery, as detailed in Taylor et al. SPIE 9078-19 and Bose et al., IEEE 2002. CLEAN can be applied directly to raw data via a bespoke algorithm. However, this investigation is a proof-of-concept and thus requires a well tested verification method. We have opted to use the public ally available implementation of CLEAN found in the Common Astronomy Software Applications (CASA) package. The use of CASA for this purpose dictates the use of simulated input data and radio astronomy standard parameters. Finally, this paper presents the results of applying CLEAN to our simulated target scene, with a discussion of the potential merits a bespoke implementation would yield.


ABSTRACT Against the backdrop of a massive expansion in higher education, the number of students in higher education (HE) experiencing mental health problems is increasing, which poses a significant challenge to HE institutions in terms of how they best respond to students with mental health needs. This paper considers the implications of such developments by assessing the experience of students with mental health problems within one HE institution. The factors influencing students' ability to seek help is explored alongside their experience of accessing and using student support services. The study found that there was a general reluctance amongst students to disclose their mental health problems or to seek help, largely due to the stigma that exists. However, students who did seek help from University support and counselling services valued this and students benefited when there was a formal link between NHS and university support services. The implications of the study findings for HE institutions are then considered.


Burleson KM, Olimpo JT. ClueConnect: a word array game to promote student comprehension of key terminology in an introductory anatomy and physiology course. Adv Physiol Educ 40: 223–228, 2016; doi:10.1152/advan.00106.2015.—The sheer amount of terminology and conceptual knowledge required for anatomy and physiology can be overwhelming for students. Educational games are one approach to reinforce such knowledge. In this activity, students worked collaboratively to review anatomy and physiology concepts by creating arrays of descriptive tiles to define a term. Once guessed, students located the structure or process within diagrams of the body. The game challenged students to think about course vocabulary in novel ways and to use their collective knowledge to get their classmates to guess the terms. Comparison of pretest/posttest/delayed posttest data revealed that students achieved statistically significant learning gains for each unit after playing the game, and a survey of student perceptions demonstrated that the game was helpful for learning vocabulary as well as fun to play. The game is easily adaptable for a variety of lowerand upper-division courses.


The great political philosopher John Stuart Mill once asked, "Was there any domination which did not appear natural to those that possessed it?" (Mill 1984, 269–270). For same-sex couples seeking access to the institution of marriage, the public sense that marriage is naturally and obviously meant only for opposite-sex couples has been a formidable barrier. The first state supreme courts to rule on same-sex marriage, in the early 1970s, simply relied upon dictionary definitions to hold that marriage was obviously a heterosexual institution. Politicians mostly ignored the issue altogether until the courts of Hawaii, Vermont, and Massachusetts forced public debate of the issue.


Stressful life events have been associated with preterm delivery in some studies but not in others. One cause of this inconsistency may be that different life events have different effects. The author used data collected by the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, a survey of American women with a recent live birth, for 1990–1995 to examine the relationship between individual life events and the risk of preterm delivery overall and by levels of severity. Four events of the 18 examined were associated with an increased risk of at least one category of preterm delivery: being in debt, being injured by a partner, having someone close attempt suicide, and being divorced. Women who reported being in debt had an increased risk of preterm delivery overall and for each level of severity. One event, having a partner who lost his (or her) job, was associated with a decreased risk of preterm delivery. These results provide some support for the theory that increased stress from life events causes preterm delivery. The lack of a pattern by type of stress, expected stressfulness, or severity of prematurity are hard to reconcile with those theories, however.


Bile acids are often refluxed into the lower oesophagus and are candidate carcinogens in the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. We show here that the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA), is the only one of the commonly refluxed bile acids tested here, to show genotoxicity, in terms of chromosome damage and mutation induction in the human p53 gene. This genotoxicity was apparent at both neutral and acidic pH, whilst there was a considerable increase in bile-induced toxicity at acidic pH. The higher levels of cell death and low cell survival rates at acidic pH may imply that acid bile exposure is toxic rather than carcinogenic, as dead cells do not seed cancer development. We also show that DCA (at neutral and acid pH) induced the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cytoplasm of exposed cells. We further demonstrate that the genotoxicity of DCA is ROS mediated, as micronu-cleus induction was significantly reduced when cells were treated with DCA + the anti-oxidant vitamin C. In conclusion, we show that DCA, is an effective genotoxin at both neutral and acidic pH. As bile acids like DCA can induce DNA damage at neutral pH, suppressing the acidity of the refluxate will not completely remove its carcinogenic potential. The genotoxicity of DCA is however, ROS dependent, hence anti-oxidant supple-mentation, in addition to acid suppression may block DCA driven carcinogenesis in Barrett's patients.


This thesis looks into how to create a dynamic model of riser slugging. The model created is a six-state model based on mass conservation of the gas and liquid phases in the well, pipeline and riser. Matlab is used to create the model. The model is created in such a way that the process uses an integrator with variable step length while the sampling of data uses a fixed sampling rate. This gives the model properties resembling a real scenario. The model is used to test out different control systems based around the top side valve. A subsea valve was also tested, but gave poor results. The model worked very well when testing out the control solutions. It is easy to get the data required, and very intuitive to use. The active control of the top side valve gave an average increased production of 8.43%. Control based on the well head pressure had problems with flow spikes in the transitions every time the set point changed. The control based on the mass flow out fixed this problems, but was not able to stabilize already slugging flow.


Monomer vanillin methacrylate(VMA)was synthesized byreacting o-vanilline with methacryloylchloride. The monomercharacteristics was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Homo-polymer and co-polymers of VMA with hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate(HEMA) at different feedcomposition was prepared by free radical solution polymerization at 70 ±2°C using 2,2'- azobisisobutyronitrile(AIBN) as an initiator and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Antimicrobial activity of the polymers was also investigated against various bacteria, fungi and yeast.


An Introduction to the Special Issue of the Bulletin. The essays emerged out of a panel discussion co-sponsored by the "Queer Theory and LGBT Studies Consultation" and the "Teaching Religion Section" at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion. Contributors were invited to produce reflections on teaching religion queerly, teaching religion as a queer thing, subverting conventional definitions of (the) discipline, and teaching religion outside of religious studies departments/programs, among other possible topics.


Concurrently detecting the electrical activity of neurons and neurotransmitter release signals, will have a great significance in understanding the working mechanism of the brain. This paper describes a neural information detecting system based on microelectrode array(MEA) measuring neuroelectricity in hippocampus in vivo and dopamine(DA) in vitro. The detecting system contains of electrophysiological headstage, electrochemical headstage, microprocessor, electrophysiological signal amplifier, data acquisition module and neural signal analysis software. In electrophysiological test, the neural information detecting system was applied to detect neuroelectricity in hippocampus of SD rat with 16-channel microelectrode array in vivo. Active potentials were captured. The amplitude of the recorded neural spikes reached 182.90 μV, and signal to noise ratio was 7:1. For measure dopamine as neurotransmitter, there was a good linear relationship between response current and concentration of dopamine from 10nM to 18.88μ with correlation coefficient of 0.9974. Electrophysiological experiment and electrochemical experiment demonstrate the capability of the neural information detecting system to capture dual mode neural signal, which provides a convenient way to study dual mode operating mechanism of neural system.


In this work we investigate, by means of direct numerical hyperviscous simulations, how rotation affects the bidimensionalization of a turbulent flow. We study a thin layer of fluid, forced by a two-dimensional forcing, within the framework of the "split cascade" in which the injected energy flows both to small scales (generating the direct cascade) and to large scale (to form the inverse cascade). It is shown that rotation reinforces the inverse cascade at the expense of the direct one, thus promoting bidimensionalization of the flow. This is achieved by a suppression of the enstrophy production at large scales. Nonetheless, we find that, in the range of rotation rates investigated, increasing the vertical size of the computational domain causes a reduction of the flux of the inverse cascade. Our results suggest that, even in rotating flows, the inverse cascade may eventually disappear when the vertical scale is sufficiently large with respect to the forcing scale. We also study how the split cascade and confinement influence the breaking of symmetry induced by rotation.