This paper applies conversation analysis methods to a large public meeting. Examination of various pivotal speech acts and actions as performed by the presenters as well as the attendees suggested the enactment and sequencing of these different modes of interaction did not evolve randomly. As in any system, all elements within a group are interdependent and reciprocally influential; therefore, in this meeting, as the communication modes, communication goals, topic initiation, and agenda management roles shifted, individual parties and the group as a whole subtly coordinated to accommodate those shifts. One particular participant performed several implicit and explicit functions in the ongoing communication system of this meeting. Comparing his apparently spontaneous behaviors to the planned procedures of the program presenters revealed possible insights into how better to serve the diverse goals of presenters who want an orderly intake of information and attitudes and attendees who want a sense of involvement and empowerment.


We set up to analyze polymorphisms in hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2) gene in healthy fertile women (n = 158) and in women with unexplained infertility (n = 116) and to investigate the potential role of HABP2 in receptive endometrium. Minor rs1157916 A and the major rs2240879 A alleles together with AA genotypes were significantly less frequent in infertile women than in controls. Immunohistochemistry analysis of endometrial HABP2 expression at the time of implantation identified significantly lower HABP2 protein level in infertile women in stroma and vessels than in fertile women. Migration assay analysis of cultured trophoblast and endothelial cells toward HABP2 protein referred to the function of HABP2 in endometrial endothelial cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that polymorphisms in the regulatory region of HABP2 gene could influence gene expression levels in the receptive endometrium and could thereby be one reason for infertility complications in women with unexplained infertility. Additionally, HABP2 protein involvement in endometrial angiogenesis is proposed.


Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 17E4 reacts with a surface carbohydrate determinant and agglutinates cells of Candida albicans. Using this MAb, we have isolated N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced nonagglutinating mutants. Eleven of these were characterized for the presence and expression of the surface antigen recognized by MAb 17E4 by immunoblot analysis of whole cells and by fluorescence flow cytometry. Soluble cell wall extracts from five mutant strains were negative by immunoblot analysis. The reactivities of the strains with several other MAbs and commercial antisera (Candida Check; Iatron Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan) which also recognize carbohydrate determinants were examined by immunoblot analysis of whole cells. Mutant strains showed no or reduced expression of the MAb 17E4 antigen and could be placed into at least two distinct phenotypic classes. Recognition by the other MAbs tested showed a similar pattern, while recognition by the commercial antisera was unchanged in the mutant strains. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis of mannan prepared from the wild type and nonexpressing mutant-strain 4A showed that the spectra from the mutant strain were simpler than those of the wild type. Most of the beta-1,2 linkages and all of the C-1 phosphate linkages were absent in the 4A mannan spectra, which suggested that the mutant mannan lacked the phosphate-bound beta-1,2-linked mannooligosaccharides. The effect of the surface defect on the ability of mutant strain 4A to adhere and to invade host tissue was examined in two murine models. In ex vivo binding assays, strain 4A showed reduced binding to the marginal zone and increased binding to the white pulp of splenic tissue, decreased binding to kidney tissue, and no change in binding to liver tissue compared with the wild type. In vivo, no difference was observed in translocation of the wild type or strain 4A to liver following immuno-compromising treatment of infant mice which had been challenged with either strain by the oral-intragastric route.


Mr. J.J., painter, has been a professional artist for thirty years. On clinical examination of the color vision by pseudo-isochromatic plates, City University Colour Vision Test, standard and desaturated Panel-D 15, Farnsworth 100-hue test and Nagel's anomaloscop evidenced a typical hereditary deuteranopia. Neverless, the recognition and the denomination of coloured samples, presented singly or in simultaneous chromatic contrast, evidenced only a few errors. In an interview, the subject explained his difficulties with colours, mainly with green, and the procedures used to avoid mistakes in painting: knowledge of the names of colors written on tubes; precise order of arranging the tubes; use of a palette restricted to some basic hues, avoiding green. The subject artistic technique is based on drawing, on better perceived colours (i.e. the blues) and on value contrasts. He also enumerated his difficulties with colours in casual situations: clothes, traffic, food. Some reproductions of the works of the painter illustrate this study.


A longitudinal electroencephalogram (EEG) study was performed with 5 participants tested for 3 sessions at age 4 and 12 months and 6 years to study brain electrical activity responses to perception of structured forwards optic flow, structured reversed optic flow, and non-structured random visual motion. Analyses of visual evoked potentials (VEP) and timespectral evolution (TSE) were conducted on EEG data recorded with 128and 256-channel Geodesic Sensor Net 200 (GSN). Children's motor skills were also tested with Movement ABC battery. A significant decrease in latency was found with increasing age. No significant effect of visual motion condition or interaction effect was found. Individual TSE analyses revealed that infants at 4 months primarily displayed desynchronized theta-band activity for motion stimuli, and synchronized theta-band activity for static non-flow stimuli. The 12-month-old infants showed much of the pattern of the children, however with more activity in alphaand beta-band range. Children had a further increase in alphaand beta-band activity, as well as increased synchronized activity to motion stimuli that is more in accordance to the previous findings in adults. The development of visual perception of optic flow is believed to be an interacting process between neurobiological development and increased self-produced locomotor experience. A larger number of participants is necessary to further investigate the development of visual motion perception from infancy to childhood.


In this article, the author discusses the reasons for creating the National Education Commission, its links with the Enlightenment, the school program, PE and, above all, the centralized system of management and financing of the reform. In the first place, reference was made to the characteristic trends of the Enlightenment, the way the Republic of Poland functioned until the partitions, and in the second part to KEN reform. The reform was not the effect of the long-term state education policy. It was created thanks to the coincidence of the unexpected liquidation of the Jesuit Order in Europe. The financial security of the reform was money gained from the sale of wealth of the Order, used thanks to the pioneering system in Europe of centralized management and financing of the reform. As it turned out, this system – in the absence of control – made it possible to squander and even misappropriate a large part of the funds. The effect of this was the collapse of many schools and a small number of secular teachers (eg. PE was often conducted by older students). In the KEN reform, it is difficult to find the characteristic features of the Enlightenment, because of world-view and mental-cultural issues. Moreover, the reform did not have long term prospects on the one hand due to the limited size of post-Jesussian wealth, on the other – due to the lack of alternative finacial security – regularly incoming taxes to the state, which was not the case in the Commonwealth of Poland.


The sixth skull cap of Pithecanthropus erectus (or skull V, since the Modjokerto skull has not been given a number) was found in the upper layers of the Trinil beds of Sangiran (Central Java) in 1963, associated with fossils of the Sino-Malayan fauna. No stone tools were discovered in direct association with the find.

The specimen consists of the occipital, both parietals, both temporals, sphenoid fragments, the frontal and the left zygomatic bone. We consider the skull to be a male in his early twenties. The occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal bones demonstrate definite pithecanthropine characteristics, and the cranial capacity is estimated to be 975 cm3.

Of the superstructures, the supraorbital torus is extraodinarily thick, approaching the condition in Australopithecus boisei and Rhodesian man. And the sagittal torus is certainly higher than in skulls I and II, but lower than in skull IV. In addition, the angle between the occipital and nuchal planes is larger than in the previous finds. As revealed by various features, the gap between the robustness of skull IV on one hand, and skulls I, II and III on the other, is bridged by the present find. There is no reasonable taxonomic need to ascribe this specimen to a new species, because it seems to be merely an intrapopulational variant of the same species.

Other skulls of P. erectus suggest that the bregmatic eminence, and hence the vertex, is invariably situated at bregma, but this new skull cap deviates from the pattern. Its pteric regions disclose the anthropoid X and I types. The middle meningeal groove pattern is similar to other Pithecanthropus skulls; however, it betrays a known anomaly in that the main stem is covered for a short distance by a bony plate. The mastoid process is fairly well developed, and is also well pneumatized as in P. pekinensis, with its air cells invading the pronounced supramastoid crest.

The zygomatic bone, the first one recovered of P. erectus, does not show characters of particular importance. In fact, its thickness is in the range of modern man.

We would like to stress that the absence of the cranial base does not necessarily indicate that the specimen must be a poor victim of cannibalism, since the morphology of the base renders it more susceptible to post-mortem natural traumata.


You have invited me to speak about Morals without Faith. Briefly, I take it, this question means: is there any moral law for agnostics? But it might be more interesting to put it rather differently: to ask, not simply whether there is a moral law for those who do not believe in God, but whether there is any such law even for those who do independent of their belief? We are then asking: Does being under a moral law mean nothing more than being commanded by God? Is the only incentive for obeying it in our love or fear of Him, the only criterion by which to judge the morality of actions in their conformity to a revealed standard? Or would it be more true to say that the law which God wishes us to obey is that law to which we ought to conform because it corresponds to our nature and conditions in this world, a law which, apart from being God's will, we can understand as being indispensable to the kind of beings we are?


Objectives: Unintentional opioid overdose deaths are a public health crisis, and naloxone is the most effective harm reduction tool to curb many of these deaths. There is growing evidence that take-home naloxone can prevent opioid overdose in targeted populations. The goal of this study is to measure the opioid overdose reversal rate with take-home naloxone among participants with a diagnosis of opioid use disorder (OUD) in an opioid treatment program (OTP) setting. Methods: Patients enrolled in an outpatient OTP program were eligible for this prospective cohort study between April 4, 2016 and July 4, 2016. Two hundred forty-four study participants received overdose education, instruction on how to use naloxone, and were provided with 2 doses of a take-home naloxone auto-injector kit. They were subsequently followed for 3 months. Results: Thirty-one study participants reported overdose reversals using naloxone auto-injector kits on 38 community members. All overdose reversals were heroin-related. Eighty-seven per cent of the community members reversed with naloxone were friends or relatives of the study participants. Conclusions: This study validates that naloxone is not commonly used on the index study participant, but is often used on a secondary target among people who inject drugs. The large number of overdose reversals reported in this prospective study suggests that this novel model for naloxone use may be replicated at other OTP settings to reduce opioid overdose deaths.


Context. Large cavities in disks are important testing grounds for the mechanisms proposed to drive disk evolution and dispersion, such as dynamical clearing by planets and photoevaporation. Aims. We aim to resolve the large cavity in the disk around HD 34282, whose presence has been predicted by previous studies modeling the spectral energy distribution of the disk. Methods. Using ALMA band 7 observations we studied HD 34282 with a spatial resolution of 0.10″ × 0.17′′ at 345 GHz. Results. We resolve the disk around HD 34282 into a ring between 0.24′′ and 1.15′′ (78 +7 -11 and 374 +33 -54 au adopting a distance of 325 +29 -47 pc). The emission in this ring shows azimuthal asymmetry centered at a radial distance of 0.46′′ and a position angle of 135° and an azimuthal FWHM of 51°. We detect CO emission both inside the disk cavity and as far out as 2.7 times the radial extent of the dust emission. Conclusions. Both the large disk cavity and the azimuthal structure in the disk around HD 34282 can be explained by the presence of a 50 M jup brown dwarf companion at a separation of ≈0.1′′.


This study was conducted to determine the effect of rewards systems and training and development on employee retention, mediated by the effects of job satisfaction, in Yemeni commercial banks. The study used cross-sectional data collection methods. Data was collected from the headquarters of 15 commercial banks. A set of questionnaires using a 5-point Likert scale was distributed to employees; the data was analyzed using the Structured Equation Model (SEM) by IBM SPSS AMOS 25.0. The results indicated that both the rewards system and training and development significantly affect job satisfaction, while job satisfaction has a significant positive effect on employee retention. Training and development themselves have no statistically significant effect on employee retention. The results showed that job satisfaction plays a mediating role because the indirect effect is significant. The mediation is complete because the direct impact is not significant. The result indicates that job satisfaction is an important variable that links the reward system and training and development to employee retention in Yemeni banks. This study is expected to make significant theoretical, practical, and methodological contributions to this field of research due to the development of a model of the effects of the reward system and training and development on employee retention through job satisfaction.


The application of the AC and DC lines on the same transmission tower is an economical and practical approaching that increase the power transmission capacity of an existing transmission corridor. But, In this case, Inductive and capacitive coupling between AC and DC lines on the same tower should be investigated in advance. According to the installation plan of 80kV ±60MW bipole HVDC in Cheju, KOREA that will be commissioned until 2011, DC lines will parallely operate with 154㎸ 2 AC lines in existed 154㎸ AC 4 lines transmission tower. This paper presents the steady state analysis results about the interaction between 154㎸ AC and 80kV DC lines in the same transmission tower.


Tumor cells acquire metastasis-associated (MA) phenotypes following genetic alterations in them which cause deregulation of different signaling pathways. Earlier, we reported that an upregulation of the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway (WP) is one of the genetic salient features of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and WP signaling is associated with metastasis in TNBC. Using cBioPortal, here we found that collective % of alteration(s) in WP genes, CTNNB1, APC and DVL1 among breast-invasive-carcinomas was 21% as compared to 56% in PAM50 Basal. To understand the functional relevance of WP in the biology of heterogeneous/metastasizing TNBC cells, we undertook this comprehensive study using 15 cell lines in which we examined the role of WP in the context of integrin-dependent MA-phenotypes. Directional movement of tumor cells was observed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and quantitative confocal-video-microscopy while matrigel-invasion was studied by MMP7-specific casein-zymography. WntC59, XAV939, sulindac sulfide and beta-catenin siRNA (1) inhibited fibronectin-directed migration, (2) decreased podia-parameters and motility-descriptors, (3) altered filamentous-actin, (4) decreased matrigel-invasion and (5) inhibited cell proliferation as well as 3D clonogenic growth. Sulindac sulfide and beta-catenin siRNA decreased beta-catenin/active-beta-catenin and MMP7. LWnt3ACM-stimulated proliferation, clonogenicity, fibronection-directed migration and matrigel-invasion were perturbed by WP-modulators, sulindac sulfide and GDC-0941. We studied a direct involvement of WP in metastasis by stimulating brain-metastasis-specific MDA-MB231BR cells to demonstrate that LWnt3ACM-stimulated proliferation, clonogenicity and migration were blocked following sulindac sulfide, GDC-0941 and beta-catenin knockdown. We present the first evidence showing a direct functional relationship between WP activation and integrin-dependent MA-phenotypes. By proving the functional relationship between WP activation and MA-phenotypes, our data mechanistically explains (1) why different components of WP are upregulated in TNBC, (2) how WP activation is associated with metastasis and (3) how integrin-dependent MA-phenotypes can be regulated by mitigating the WP.


The vision of exploring extraterrestrial water findings employing a remotely operated submersible, as proposed by JPL/NASA for the investigation of the possible ocean underneath the frozen crust of Jupiter's moon Europa, is now taking a step further into fulfilment. The Angstrom Space Technology Centre has developed a sophisticated vehicle concept based on microtechnology for most of the navigational systems and payload systems. This enables a high function density, and a compact vehicle with a diameter of 50 mm and length of 200 mm, i.e. an overall size allowing the vehicle to be deployed through a borehole like that typical for arctic drilling. Here, the system architecture of the vehicle complying with the requirements on manoeuvrability, operational functions, and mission objectives is presented. In short, the vehicle in the first version will operate in deep and narrow waters, and will be equipped with a camera, sonar imaging system, an electronic tongue for chemical sampling, and a Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) sensor. Although the vehicle will be given certain autonomy in later versions, the first edition will rely on remote manual guidance. Commands for this, as well as power download, and data upload will be communicated through an optic fibre. The objective of this contribution is to present, for the first time, the status of the project including, briefly, the first results from miniaturized sonar, the vehicle bus design, and the design, realization and testing of the propulsion and attitude control systems differing in manoeuvrability, weight/volume, redundancy and efficiency.


The intentional burning of forest biomass commonly known as "ground-clearing fires" is an age-old and widespread practice in the country and is seen as a major contributor to global emissions of greenhouse gases. However, global awareness of their potential impact is relatively recent. The occurrence of large ground-clearing fires in the Brazilian and international scenarios drew attention to the problem, but the measures taken to prevent and/or control the fires are still insufficient. In the Amazon region, with distinct geographical and environmental features from the rest of the country, with its historic process of land occupation, every year the ground-clearing fires expose larger portions of the population making them vulnerable to its effects. In this context, this non-systematic review presents the papers written over the past five years about the fires in the Brazilian Amazon and respiratory illness. The main objective is to provide information for managers and leaders on environmental issues about the problems related to biomass burning in the Amazon region.


Educational success is mainly based on the formation of effective learners. Students' learning is affected by several variables, such as intelligence, motivation, teaching and learning approaches. Research showed that approaches to learning are among one of the most important variables that influence students' learning quality. They are related to how students experience and organize the subject matter of a learning task. It is important to understand what and how students learn, rather than how much they remember. This paper aims to test the validity of the Turkish version of the Approaches and Study Skill Inventory for Students (ASSIST), which explores the types of learning approaches (deep surface or strategic), applied to the first-year undergraduate engineering students having mathematics as a compulsory course at Istanbul Technical University. Validation has been done by explanatory factor analysis. Afterwards, the relationship between the learning approaches and extracurricular factors is critiqued. For this purpose, the association between the language of the subject (English or Turkish) and the students' learning approaches are investigated. Similarly, the relationship between learning approaches and parental education level as well as high school type is examined. Correlations between learning approaches conceptions of learning and teaching types are also tested.


Problems in the delivery of construction are supply chain issues in the procurement area, and not caused by the complexity of the construction industry. In order to prove this, Best Value Procurement has been applied in procuring travel services within pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim. In this paper the authors propose that there are similarities in the procurement of services at BI and the procurement of construction services. It is proposed that the best value PIPS process makes a procurement officer a professional, able to deliver any service. The BVP PIPS test to deliver travel services increased value and performance and minimized the cost of the service. The conclusion is that the best value PIPS process has great potential to increase the value and performance in the delivery of other services.


The synergies between technological developments and market-exchange mechanisms hold considerable promise to unlock market inefficiencies and unleash a new era of digital commerce. Two powerful and fundamental techno-economic forces are already in motion in Internet commerce. One, micro-commoditization, is the ability of a producer to disaggregate a product or service into granular components and deliver it to consumers in a sequence. The other, micro-consumption, is the ability of users to consume such components over time to satisfy a specific need. These emerging phenomena are likely to revolutionize trade practices in the digital world. A model of the interactions among the underlying components of this emerging market structure is developed that envisions the consequents of their behavior on digital markets and consumer behavior, and derives a visionary framework for micro-product market structures of the future.


This letter presents a motion compensation solution for high-resolution automobile frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The motion error model is proposed, and the characteristics of the motion error in automobile FMCW SAR are analyzed by comparing with that of airborne SAR. Furthermore, an effective compensation approach is presented, which can handle motion error while keeping the data well focused in the case of high resolution. Finally, we validate the formulated motion error model and compensation method by using simulated FMCW SAR data as well as the real data that were acquired by the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results show that the proposed method can work well for automobile FMCW SAR.


BACKGROUND
Healthcare workers need to be supported to maintain sufficient levels of motivation and productivity, and to prevent the debilitating effects of stress on mental and physical well-being.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of preventive staff-support interventions to healthcare workers.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched The Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (EPOC) Specialised Register (and the database of studies awaiting assessment), Biblioweb (searched 28 August 2008); The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 3) (searched 28 August 2008); MEDLINE, Ovid 1950 to August Week 2 2008 (searched 26 August 2008); CINAHL, Ovid 1982 to August Week 4 2008 (searched 26 August 2008); EMBASE, Ovid 1980 to 2008 Week 34 (searched 26 August 2008); PsycINFO, Ovid 1806 to July Week 5 2008 (searched 27 August 2008); Soc iological Abstracts, CBA 1952 to present (searched 28 August 2008).

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials of interventions to support healthcare workers in coping with work-related stress, preventing burnout and improving job satisfaction, without changing contractual conditions of service or physical work environment. Three types of interventions were included in this review: (1) support groups for staff; (2) training in stress management techniques; and (3) management interventions for supporting staff.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently performed study selection, quality assessments and data abstraction.

MAIN RESULTS
Ten studies involving 716 participants met the criteria for inclusion. None assessed the effects of support groups for health workers. Eight studies assessed the effects of training interventions in various stress management techniques on measures of stress and/or job satisfaction, and two studies assessed the effects of management interventions on stress, job satisfaction and absenteeism.Three studies demonstrated a beneficial effect of stress management training intervention on job stress. Only one of these showed that this effect is sustainable over the medium-term. One study demonstrated the beneficial effect of a high intensity, stress management training intervention on burnout. Low and moderate intensity stress management training interventions failed to demonstrate benefit on burnout or staff satisfaction.Management interventions demonstrated increases in job satisfaction, but failed to show effect on absenteeism.Most studies had several methodological shortcomings leaving them vulnerable to potential biases.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of stress management training interventions to reduce job stress and prevent burnout among healthcare workers beyond the intervention period. Low quality evidence suggests that longer-term interventions with refresher or booster sessions may have more sustained positive effect, but this needs to be rigorously evaluated in further trials.Low quality evidence exists to show that management interventions may improve some measures of job satisfaction. However, further trials are needed to assess whether this finding is replicable in other settings. There was insufficient evidence of the benefit of management interventions on staff absenteeism.Rigorous trials are needed to assess the effects of longer-term stress management training and management interventions in primary care and developing country settings.


The odd-electron molecular theory, which takes into account the electron correlation, has been applied for a comparative consideration of sp2 nanocarbons and their siliceous analogues. Four characteristic quantities that involve the energy misalignment, the number of effectively unpaired electrons, the squared spin value, and CC and SiSi chemical bond lengths have been suggested to classify the extent of the odd electron correlation in both families. Providing a considerable enlargement of the internuclear distances, the electron correlation in siliceous species is extremely strong thus resulting in complete radicalization of the species and proving the impossibility of their existence at ambient conditions in contrast to carboneous ones that are not so strong correlated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The Site Frequency Spectrum (SFS), summary statistic of the distribution of derived allele frequencies in a sample of DNA sequences, provides information about genetic variation and can be used to make population inferences. The exact calculation of the expected SFS in panmictic population has been derived in the Markovian coalescent theory for decades, but its generalization to the structured coalescent is hampered by the almost exponential growth of the states space. We propose here a complete algorithmic procedure, from how to build a suitable state space and sort it, to how to take advantage of the sparsity of the rate matrix and to solve numerically the linear system by an iterative method. The simplest case of the symmetrical n-island is then processed to arrive at a ready-to-use demographic parameters inference framework.


In this paper, blind identification of single-input multiple-output (SIMO) systems using second-order statistics (SOS) only is considered. Using the assumption of a specular multipath channel, we investigate a parametric variant of the so-called subspace method. Nonparametric subspace-based methods require precise estimation of the model order; overestimation of the model order leads to inconsistent channel estimates. We show that the parametric subspace method gives consistent channel estimates when only an upper bound of the channel order is known. A new algorithm, which exploits parametric information on the channel structure, is presented. A statistical performance analysis of the proposed parametric subspace criterion is presented; limited Monte Carlo experiments show that the proposed algorithm is second-order optimal for a large class of channels.


BACKGROUND
The hypothesis that economic growth has been the principal source of mortality decline during the 20th century in the United States is investigated. This hypothesis is consistent with the large epidemiological literature showing socioeconomic status to be inversely related to health status and unemployment associated with elevated morbidity and mortality rates. Despite evidence over many years showing economic growth, over at least a decade, to be fundamental to mortality rate declines and unemployment rates showing lagged, cumulative effects on mortality rate increases, a recent paper argues that the impact of economic growth is to increase the mortality rate.

METHODS
This study utilizes age-adjusted mortality rates over 1901-2000 in the United States as the outcome measure, while independent variables include real GDP per capita in purchasing power parity, the unemployment rate, and the employment to population ratio. A basic interaction model is constructed whereby (i) real GDP per capita, (ii) the unemployment rate, and (iii) the multiplicative interaction between real GDP per capita and the unemployment rate are analysed in relation to age-adjusted mortality rates. The Shiller procedure is used to estimate the distributed lag relations over at least a decade for variables (i), (ii), and (iii). The error correction method is used to examine these relations for both levels and annual changes in independent and dependent variables.

RESULTS
While GDP per capita, over the medium- to long-term, is strongly inversely related to mortality rates during 1901-2000, in the very short term-i.e. within the first few months-rapid economic growth is occasionally associated with increased mortality rates estimated in annual changes. With respect to the unemployment rate, the first year (without lag) will frequently be associated with a decrease in mortality, but thereafter, and at least for the following decade, the effect is to increase the mortality rate. Thus, the net effect of increased unemployment is a substantial increase in mortality. This is also reflected in the entirely negative relation between the cumulative effects of the employment to population ratio and mortality rates over a decade.

CONCLUSIONS
Economic growth, cumulatively over at least a decade, has been the central factor in mortality rate decline in the US over the 20th century. The volatility of rapid economic growth as it departs from its major trend, has a very short-term effect (within a year) to increase mortality-partly owing to adaptation to new technology and the adjustment of the formerly unemployed to new jobs, social status, and organizational structures.


The inhibition effects and mechanisms of chlorinated methane, anthraquinone and acetylene on methanogenesis in the anaerobic digestion process of biodegradable solid wastes were investigated. It was found that both chloroform and acetylene could effectively inhibit methanogens. Acetylene inhibited the activity of methanogens, while chloroform inhibited metabolic process of methanogenesis. A central composite design (CCD) and response surface regression analysis (RSREG) were employed to determine the optimum conditions and interaction effects of chloroform and acetylene in terms of methane and hydrogen production. Acetylene promoted the inhibition efficiency (F = 31.14; P 0.05). In addition, a maximum hydrogen production of 1.6 ml was estimated under the optimum conditions of chloroform concentration of 6.69 mg kg(-1) and acetylene concentration of 3.08 x 10(-3) (v/v). Chloroform had a significant effect on enhancing the production of propionic acid and a minimum molar ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid of 0.707 was reached with the chloroform concentration of 9.24 mg kg(-1) and acetylene concentration of 4.0 x 10(-3) (v/v). Hence, methanogens can be inhibited while the stabilization process of solid wastes can still work well. Moreover, co-inhibition technology practice at landfills was feasible and the environmental damage was negligible, according to the analysis and experimental results.


Biomimetics often provides efficient ways to create a product incorporating novel properties. Here we present the replication of the Pieris rapae butterfly optical structure. This butterfly has white wings with black spots. The white coloration is produced by light scattering on pterin beads ranging from 100 to 500 nm whereas black spots correspond to areas without pterin beads, thus revealing a highly pigmented layer underneath. In order to mimic the butterfly wing structure, we deposited SU-8 beads produced by electrospraying on a black absorbing layer made of black SU-8. We thereby replicated the optical effect observed on Pieris rapae. Additional experiments showed that the white coloration replication is a structural color. Finally, we further demonstrate that these optical engineered surfaces can be used for sucrose sensing in the range of 1 g/L to 250 g/L.


In colleges and universities, as amount of students has become more and more and their psychology have also become more and more complicate, additionally, psychological consultation work is also very finite. Though higher education administrators have already adopted some efficient artificial monitor to manage their students, the structural contradictions of student management have become more and more obvious than before. In order to deal with complex, covert and exceeding spatio-temporal psychology of these students, we should urgently use an advanced technology to design a kind of student psychology predicting system based on spatio-temporal database. Via the system the educational management can mainly supervise and actively prevent instead of dealing with accident passively. According to the practical requirements of educational management, firstly, the system creates students' spatial trip information database, which mainly includes students' spatial location, behavior, psychological dynamic and time. And then it uses association analysis technology to extract their relationship among student's spatial location, behavior, psychological dynamic and time. Finally, the system will provide predicating association rules for higher education administrator. Via these rules education administrator will draw up some measures to supervise students' psychological dynamic and actively prevent violent and passive behavior.


A national study of care and outcomes in children born with a unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) was performed over a 15-month period. Two cohorts of children ('5-year-olds' and '12-year-olds') were examined. There were 57 active cleft teams in the U.K. with 105 consultant orthodontists involved in the care of these children. Only 36 teams could provide basic data such as patients names. Of the patients, 47-51 per cent had neonatal appliances. The dental arch relationships were measured with the Goslon Index and a Five-Year-Old Index, 37-39 per cent of both age groups were either 'poor' or 'very poor'. Seventy per cent of the 12-year-old patients had a Skeletal III relation and 42 per cent of bone grafts were seriously deficient or failed. Dental treatment for active caries was needed by 40 per cent of 5-year-olds and 20 per cent of 12-year-olds. In addition, the training of recently appointed consultant orthodontists involved in the care of these children was scrutinized. As a whole, the results were disappointing with standards of care not significantly raised in the last decade. Recommendations have been made to the Department of Health and the implications for the orthodontic profession are explored. Overall, it seems that fewer orthodontists will need to be involved in a centralized care model for these children.


There is strong evidence of Government commitment to urban renewal in the Urban White Paper and we have very much welcomed much that is in it. It demonstrates a recognition that successful regeneration depends on a stable economy, a progressive tax and benefit system, high quality education and healthcare as well as encouragement for enterprise and competitiveness. All of this must be backed up by physical change on the ground. There needs to be a greater recognition of the importance of physical regeneration to socio-economic centred regeneration activity. A great deal of progress has been made, but below is a summary of measures that we would like to see to build on this. These points are amplified in the attached paper.


INTRODUCTION
The Rural Undergraduate Support and Coordination program funds medical schools to provide all medical students some time in rural Australia throughout their course. The University of Adelaide has developed a rural week program for both first and second year students to fulfill part of this objective.

METHODS
First year students' rural week is an introduction to a range of rural health issues, Indigenous culture and rural lifestyle issues. Second year students choose either a clinical rural week with a general practitioner or a week of Indigenous cultural learning with the Adnyamathanha people in the Flinders ranges, South Australia. Evaluation data were collected from students, practitioners and university staff during rural weeks in 2003 and 2004 using quantitative and qualitative methods.

RESULTS
First year students increased their knowledge of and interest in rural medicine and enjoyed their (limited) clinical interaction with patients. Second year students appreciated the clinical experience and valued the welcome they received from doctors and practice staff. Those who chose Indigenous cultural programs appreciated the opportunity to interact with and learn from Indigenous people. General practitioners valued contributing to student knowledge and skills and the opportunity to promote rural practice. Volunteer community members were very enthusiastic about meeting the students and their generosity had a significant impact on the students' ideas about rural lifestyle. University academic and administrative staff found rural week very intensive work but experience and thorough preparation now ensures that few problems occur.

CONCLUSION
Rural weeks are now an established part of the first year and second year curriculum at the University of Adelaide Medical School. The ability to provide small groups of students with an intense introduction to rural practice and/or Indigenous culture results in a positive change in opinion about this aspect of medical education. Students now have first-hand experience to positively influence their choice of rural education or Indigenous health options in the medical course. Problems do occur with students being away from the traditional classroom, and protocols have been put in place for behaviour of all parties. Despite the rural weeks program being very demanding on staff energy, financial resources, general practices and rural communities, we feel that this program is valuable and sustainable. Further experience will determine if rural weeks function effectively as a recruitment strategy for the long rural placements offered by the Rural Clinical School.


This paper details our analysis of the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), a free, user-maintained, online resource of production details for over 390,000 movies, television series and video games, which contains information such as title, genre, box-office taking, cast credits and user's ratings. We gather a series of interesting facts and relationships using a variety of data mining techniques. In particular, we concentrate on attributes relevant to the user ratings of movies, such as discovering if big-budget films are more popular than their low budget counterparts, if any relationship between movies produced during the "golden age" (i.e. Citizen Kane, It's A Wonderful Life, etc.) can be proved, and whether any particular actors or actresses are likely to help a movie to succeed. The paper also reports on the techniques used, giving their implementation and usefulness. We have found that the IMDb is difficult to perform data mining upon, due to the format of the source data. We also found some interesting facts, such as the budget of a film is no indication of how well-rated it will be, there is a downward trend in the quality of films over time, and the director and actors/actresses involved in a film are the most important factors to its success or lack thereof. The data used in this paper is not freely distributable, but remains copyright to the Internet Movie Database inc. It is used here within the terms of their copying policy. Further distribution of the source data used in this paper may be prohibited.


Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome occurred in a patient with sarcoidosis. Typical features of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis were present on kidney biopsy. A unique finding was the occurrence of IgA in blood vessels of the skin and lymph node. Whereas the sarcoid hilar adenopathy responded to steroid therapy, the nephrotic syndrome was resistant to steroids and immunosuppression. Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responsiveness showed no abnormalities except cutaneous anergy. Glomerulonephritis is uncommon in sarcoidosis, and a brief outline of this association is included. This patient is of importance in view of the unexplained relationship between idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and T lymphocyte abnormalities.


The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the response of thin plates, made of Docol 600 DL steel and the aluminium alloy EN-AW-1050A-H14, subjected to blast loading. The intention was also to validate the use of the shock tube facility at SIMLab at NTNU, and to recreate the experiments by using non-linear finite element (FE) numerical simulations. The material parameters were obtained by performing tensile tests of the two materials. An accurate material description was obtained by applying an inverse modelling method. To verify the pressure distribution in the shock tube, blast experiments were conducted and the exact pressures applied to the plate were measured. The results displayed a uniform pressure distribution subjected to the plate. After calibrating the pressure, component experiments were used to determine the structural response of the steel and aluminium plates. Different analytical techniques were used in order to predict the structural response of the plates. Due to a dynamic blast loading, idealizations and analytical solutions proved to be too inaccurate. Numerical non-linear finite element simulations had to be introduced in order to solve the plate problem. The finite element program Abaqus CAE was used to provide a simple numerical model of the plates. The implemented blast loads were based on the Friedlander equation. Although several simplifications were made in the design of the plates, the numerical model provided efficient results with adequate accuracy. A parameter study was performed in order to investigate how different parameters in the numerical model influenced the response of the plate. The reflected peak pressure and the thickness of the plate proved to affect the structural response the most.


Small and medium-sized enterprises ("SMEs") are important stakeholders for both environmental and economic policymaking. Among OECD countries, they represent roughly 99.7% of all enterprises and 60% of total employment. Simultaneously, while their individual environmental footprint is small, on aggregate, SMEs contribute up to 70% of industrial pollution in Europe. Thus, they have tremendous potential as drivers of green and inclusive growth. Through a comprehensive literature review, this issue paper assesses the trade-offs and synergies between SMEs' ability to deliver green growth – through greening processes like eco-innovation and adoption of green measures - and their ability to contribute to inclusive growth – through job creation and inclusive business models. This issue paper also reviews relevant policy measures that can help SMEs navigate the opportunities and challenges in delivering green and inclusive growth.


We provide a rationale for pyramidal ownership (the control of a firm through a chain of ownership relations) that departs from the traditional argument that pyramids arise to separate cash flow from voting rights. With a pyramidal structure, a family uses a firm it already controls to set up a new firm. This structure allows the family to 1) access the entire stock of retained earnings of the original firm, and 2) to share the new firm's non-diverted payoff with minority shareholders of the original firm. Thus, pyramids are attractive if external funds are costlier than internal funds, and if the family is expected to divert a large fraction of the new firm's payoff; conditions that hold in an environment with poor investor protection. The model can differentiate between pyramids and dual-class shares even in situations in which the same deviation from one share-one vote can be achieved with either method. Unlike the traditional argument, our model is consistent with recent empirical evidence that some pyramidal firms are associated with small deviations between ownership and control. We also analyze the creation of business groups (a collection of multiple firms under the control of a single family) and find that, when they arise, they are likely to adopt a pyramidal ownership structure. Other predictions of the model are consistent with systematic and anecdotal evidence on pyramidal business groups.


This paper reported the research on the simultaneous separation and determination of six cephalosporins by RP-HPLC. Six cephalosporins are cefalcor, cefalexin, cefradine, cefadroxil, cefominox and cefoxitin. The analytical conditions for this method were as follows: a Hypersil ODS C18(200 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microns), detection wavelength: 254 nm; a mobile phase solution of 50 mmol/L monopotassium phosphate (pH 3.4)-acetonitrile (87.5:12.5) and DAD detector. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The calibration curves of the six compounds were linear, the correlation coefficients were 0.9951 for cefominox, 0.9999 for the others, the range were 164 ng-16.4 micrograms for cefominox, 99 ng-9.934 micrograms for cefadroxil, 104 ng-10.358 micrograms for cefalcor, 122 ng-12.224 micrograms for cefalexin, 107 ng-10.702 micrograms for cefradine and 115 ng-11.506 micrograms for cefoxitin. The recovery rates were 103.5% for cefominox, 99.3% for cefadroxil, 101.4% for cefalcor, 101.5% for cefalexin, 98.7% for cefradine and 97.6% for cefoxitin. Six cephalosporins were all stable in 50 mmol/L monopotassium phosphate (pH 3.4-4.6). When preparations of these cephalosporins were determined, it is indicated there were no difference between the results by using this method and the pharmacopoeia methods. The total separation time of these cephalosporins was within fifteen minutes. This method is simple, sensitive, rapid and accurate.


HOW DOES an ethnic group that has historically been dominant in its society adjust to a more modest and balanced role? Put differently, how do white Americans learn to be positive participants in a richly pluralistic nation? These questions have always been a part of the agenda of multicultural education but are now coming more clearly into focus. Most of our work in race relations and multicultural education in the United States has emphasized -- and appropriately so -- the particular cultural experiences and perspectives of black, Asian, Hispanic, and American Indian groups. These are the people who have been marginalized to varying degrees by the repeated assertion of dominance by Americans of European ancestry. As the population of the United States shifts to embrace ever-larger numbers of previously marginalized groups, there is an emerging need to take a closer look at the changing role of white Americans. Part of this need is generated by the growing evidence that many white Americans may not be comfortable with the transition from their dominant status. As our population becomes more diverse, we have seen an alarming increase in acts of overt racism. The number and size of hate groups in the United States is rising. Groups such as the Aryan Nation, neo-Nazis, and skinheads tend to play on the anger, ignorance, and fears of the more alienated, disenfranchised, and uneducated segments of white society. Too many segments of our white American population remain committed to their position of dominance; they are willing to defend it and legitimize it, even in the face of overwhelming evidence that our world is rapidly changing.[1] Taken as a whole, these realities strongly suggest that a peaceful transition to a new kind of America, in which no ethnic or cultural group is in a dominant position, will require considerable change in education and deep psychological shifts for many white Americans. Attempting to effect these changes is part of the work of multicultural education, and that challenge leads us to a central question: What must take place in the minds and hearts of white Americans to convince them that now is the time to begin their journey from dominance to diversity? There is much that needs to be said to help us understand our collective past, as well as the present. In a sense we are all victims of our history, some more obviously and painfully than others. It is critical that we white Americans come to terms with our reality and our role. What does it mean for white people to be responsible and aware in a nation where we have been the dominant cultural and political force? What can be our unique contribution, and what are the issues we need to face? How do we help create a nation where all cultures are accorded dignity and the right to survive? I explore these questions here from the perspective of a white American. Each nation, of course, has its own special history to confront and learn from, but the depth and intensity of our struggle with diversity in the United States has significant lessons to teach both our own people and the rest of the world. AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS European Americans share at least one commonality: we all came from somewhere else. In my own family, we loosely trace our roots to England, Holland, France, and perhaps Scotland. However, with five generations separating us from our various "homelands," we have derived little meaning from these tenuous connections with our ancestral people across the water. This is true for many white Americans, who are often repulsed by the appellation "European American" and would never choose such a descriptor for themselves. They simply prefer to be called "American" and to forget the past. On the other hand, many white Americans have maintained direct and strong ties with their European roots. They continue after many generations to draw meaning and pride from those connections. …


International arbitration has gained acceptance in many jurisdictions as a convenient method for resolving competition law disputes. In Australia, it remains unclear whether competition disputes are arbitrable, even though Australian courts and legislatures have recognized the legitimacy of arbitration as a dispute resolution process. This article outlines a model which would allow competition arbitration to operate within the Australian commercial and legal environment. Options are presented to alleviate the difficulties which continue to be experienced during US and EU antitrust arbitration proceedings and at the award enforcement stage. It is envisaged that the recommendations made by this article will enable international arbitration to become a complementary method of competition law enforcement, if Australia trusts arbitrators with antitrust.


With the exception of mammalian hibernators, entering and emerging from a state of metabolic rate depression is a physiological capacity, alien to warm blooded animals. Many marine ectotherms, including some benthic fish, however, make use of metabolic rate reduction to survive prolonged periods of environmental hypoxia, common in coastal and oceanic habitats. Hypoxic specialist sediment dwellers can survive for several weeks under conditions close to anoxia, and some of these animals even avoid exposure to fully normoxic conditions. We have studied oxidative stress markers in several infauna worms and mud clams, exposed to environmental hypoxia and found them to maintain strong antioxidant capacity.Entering a hypoxic state causes a regulatory response in mammals, involving activation of hypoxia inducible transcription factor HIF-1 α, which is stabilized under severe tissue hypoxia and, after dimerization with HIF-1?, induces up-regulation of genes that preserve functionality in hypoxic tissues. An oxidized tissue redox state and reactive oxygen species are know to prevent HIF-1 α stabilization and interfere with the hypoxic signalling cascade. We were interested in HIF-1 α functionality in hypoxia tolerant marine ectotherms and studied HIF-1 regulation in response to thermal stress and hypoxic exposure in North Sea and polar confamilial fishes (eelpout). We found constitutive HIF-1 α protein levels in fish liver and an increase of DNA binding activity of the HIF-1 dimer under severe cooling in the North Sea eelpout, presumably related to functional hypoxia in liver tissue. Generally, HIF-1 activation was more pronounced at more reduced tissue redox state, however oxidative stress markers were simultaneously increased. Several HIF-1α sequences were since obtained from temperate and polar fish species and will be discussed with respect to the functional peculiarities of the transcription factor in hypoxia tolerant ectotherms.


A high-temperature, low-power silicon tunnel diode oscillator transmitter with an on-board optical power converter is proposed for harsh environment MEMS sensing and wireless data telemetry applications. The prototype sensing and transmitting module employs a MEMS silicon capacitive pressure sensor performing pressure to frequency conversion and a spiral loop serving as an inductor for the LC tank resonator and also as a transmitting antenna. A GaAs photodiode converts an incoming laser beam to an electrical energy for powering the prototype design. The system achieves a telemetry performance up to 250/spl deg/C over a distance of 1.5 m with a transmitter power consumption of approximately 60 /spl mu/W.


When developing a combat simulation system model, how to design its architecture determines if the final simulation result is satisfying or not. Here, a novel network-centric architecture is brought forward to support the modeling for combat simulation systems. This architecture takes the communications network model as the basis platform, enable various combat entity models being flexibly plugged to the network model platform. Then, as the core of this architecture, the communication network model is researched weightily, such as the model resolution, hot swapping model design, network scenarios' generation, and so on.


Auroral whistler‐mode radio emissions called saucers are of fundamental interest because they require an unusually stationary emission process in the dynamic auroral environment, and it is a mystery how that can happen in this or similar conditions elsewhere in geospace. The Cusp Alfvén and Plasma Electrodynamics Rocket (CAPER‐2), launched into the cusp, obtained the first rocket measurements of a large‐scale, multiple‐armed dayside saucer, similar to those observed by the DEMETER satellite, with the addition of particle measurements and ground‐based measurements. Analysis of saucer shapes, directional measurements using waveforms, and ground‐based data show that, accounting for estimated uncertainties, these originate at altitudes ∼4,000 km within the cusp, the eastern side of which is penetrated by the rocket ∼100 s after the saucers are encountered. On‐board particle instruments show dispersed electron bursts in the cusp, Alfvénically accelerated at altitudes at or above the saucer sources.


When emancipation occurred on the Indian Ocean island of Pemba, most slaves' movements were constrained by colonial policies. While many certainly moved from their former master's land, many more remained.1 The responses of former slaves on Pemba to emancipation mirrored similar patterns found on other small island communities such as St. Louis and Goree in Senegal, and the Caribbean islands of Barbados, Antigua, and Montserrat among others.2 In all of these islands government policies and limited access to land for purchase forced ex-slaves to remain as squatters on the land they had previously worked and used as their provision gardens. For ex-slaves around the world, freedom rarely meant citizenship.3 Thus, former slaves had to find ways to incorporate themselves into the larger society in which they lived. As in the Senegalese colonies, former slaves on the island of Pemba worked to integrate themselves into the local community. In day-to-day life on Pemba, community mattered in how a person negotiated their status in society. A variety of factors counted in creating status, but one that has been overlooked is the role of heshima or "honor." There was no single way to earn heshima and no single person who bestowed it on others. Rather, it was a social status that a person earned from their community over time and through their behavior. While economics and heritage were certainly reflected in one's heshima, they were not the only factors in deciding who had heshima and who did not. Only the members of a community could impart this status, which was constantly renegotiated as people moved, married, and progressed through life. For the majority of the Pemban population-who had legally been slaves until the final abolition in 1909-the development of heshima was one way in which members could redefine their identity.4 As Ann Twinam's work in colonial Latin America suggests, honor was communally negotiated-not something that was simply assumed. "Embedded in a simple hello could be underlying codes that precisely located an individual's rank within the social hierarchy."5 While this suggests a top-down approach to who could confer heshima on an individual, it is more likely that this negotiation took place from both the top and the bottom. Trevor Getz notes that in colonial Senegal, "Wherever possible, these individuals [former slaves] sought to assert a higher status by reworking their family trees or suing their antagonists, who were usually their former masters or their masters' relatives, with whom they were economically forced to remain in contact."6 Social status was something in flux and contested, on all levels of society. Heshima was significant for the less-affluent classes on Pemba: the former slaves, migrant workers, peasants, and especially women. For these groups, heshima allowed them status in the community, permitting them access to land and credit during the non-harvest seasons, and status in local disputes through the court system. Having heshima became as vital for some people as their ethnicity, and for former slaves having heshima was an important factor in giving them community acceptance in the post-emancipation period. As later examples will show, people's status, their heshima, was negotiated regularly and denoted their place in the communities in which they lived. Background Omani Arabs began a concerted effort to colonize the East African coast in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By the 1840s, the Omani Sultan moved his capital to Zanzibar Town on Unguja Island, the largest of the Zanzibari isles. While Unguja was the home of the Arab elite, the majority of the agricultural produce exported from the islands came from the second-largest island, Pemba. Slave labor was used throughout the Sultanate to produce cloves and coconuts for export. In 1890, ostensibly to end slavery, the British declared a protectorate over the Omani domains. Within seven years the British had forced the initial abolition of slavery and ushered in a period of shifting identity as former slaves and masters negotiated the difficult terrain of maintaining a social hierarchy in a "free" state. …


Many researchers adopted the quasi static roll over testing in the calculation of a prototype prosthetic feet roll over shape. In this work, the prototype of a new carbon fiber prosthetic foot was tested for roll over characteristic. An inverted pendulum like apparatus has been built to achieve the required test, and the prosthesis roll over shape calculated. Roll over characteristics were estimated as: effective radius of curvature about 202mm, center of curvature of 26.55mm, and the forward travel against shank angle was plotted.


This paper presents the design principles, implementation, and evaluation of the RETOS operating system which is specifically developed for micro sensor nodes. RETOS has four distinct objectives, which are to provide (1) a multithreaded programming interface, (2) system resiliency, (3) kernel extensibility with dynamic reconfiguration, and (4) WSN-oriented network abstraction. RETOS is a multithreaded operating system, hence it provides the commonly used thread model of programming interface to developers. We have used various implementation techniques to optimize the performance and resource usage of multithreading. RETOS also provides software solutions to separate kernel from user applications, and supports their robust execution on MMU-less hardware. The RETOS kernel can be dynamically reconfigured, via loadable kernel framework, so a application- optimized and resource-efficient kernel is constructed. Finally, the networking architecture in RETOS is designed with a layering concept to provide WSN-specific network abstraction. RETOS currently supports Atmel ATmegal28, TI MSP430, and Chipcon CC2430 family of microcontrollers. Several real-world WSN applications are developed for RETOS and the overall evaluation of the systems is described in the paper.


When Virgil wrote his Aeneid he was, according to Brooks, Otis, giving new breath and life to a form some 700 years obsolete'!. The present paper surveys the history of the Latin epic in the 1200 years after Virgil's death, and finds the 'obsolete form' still living, and, indeed, enjoying, from the ninth century onwards, a considerable revival, a revival that reached a climax with the so-called and much discussed 'Renaissance of the Twelfth Century'2 How do we explain this phenomenon" Was it a pale, atavistic, anachronistic reflection of the 'unexampled metamorphosis ... accomplished' by Virgil, this 'quite new thing in literature'J, or was it linked with some vital threads in the nco-Latin culture of the central middle ages in western Europe? Was 'epic' the tired product of antiquarian schools in the after-glow of Graeco-Roman culture or a mode of expression that enabled contemporaries to illuminate some of the major problems of their day for a cultivated audience of persons closely involved with the management of current social and political problems') I hope to confirm in what follows the impression that 'epic' remained a vital and frequently practised form of expression for the centuries that followed the fall of the Roman Empire, a form of expression suited to the exploration of the largest and most perplexing of contemporary problems. My major illustration will be the late Carolingian poem known as the Waltharius, nd the links that I believe exist between the composition of this poem and the problems late Carolingian bishops were encountering in connection with the new marital legislation and attitudes of the Carolingian church. In brief, I propose that the author of this poem was consciously reshaping older Germanic material to suit new clerical tastes and attitudes. His purpose was partly poetic, to express older Germanic heroic themes in Virgilian hexameters4, that is, to reduce Germanic legend to a pleasurable and entertaining form suited to the new Latin reading classes of the Carolingian Empire, and partly utilitarian, to provide the leading clergy of the day with a form of this legendary material that would suitably underline a view of the relationship between aristocratic men and women that the upper clergy wished to impart -for quite practical reasons -to their lay contemporaries. My elaboration of these ideas will break into two parts. The first deals with the tradition of epic inherited by the middle ages, and, in brief, what they did with it; the second will concentrate on an exploration of the relationship between the Waltharius and the problems the upper clergy were faced with in later Carolingian times.


This paper reviews data collection practices in electromagnetic articulography (EMA) studies, with a focus on sensor placement. It consists of three parts: in the first part, we introduce electromagnetic articulography as a method. In the second part, we focus on existing data collection practices. Our overview is based on a literature review of 905 publications from a large variety of journals and conferences, identified through a systematic keyword search in Google Scholar. The review shows that experimental designs vary greatly, which in turn may limit researchers' ability to compare results across studies. In the third part of this paper we describe an EMA data collection procedure which includes an articulatory-driven strategy for determining where to position sensors on the tongue without causing discomfort to the participant. We also evaluate three approaches for preparing (NDI Wave) EMA sensors reported in the literature with respect to the duration the sensors remain attached to the tongue: 1) attaching out-of-the-box sensors, 2) attaching sensors coated in latex, and 3) attaching sensors coated in latex with an additional latex flap. Results indicate no clear general effect of sensor preparation type on adhesion duration. A subsequent exploratory analysis reveals that sensors with the additional flap tend to adhere for shorter times than the other two types, but that this pattern is inverted for the most posterior tongue sensor.


AIMS
To evaluate the current evidence that examined the effects of nurses' work environment interventions on nurse, patient, and hospital outcomes; and the key intervention characteristics.

DESIGN
Quantitative systematic review without meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES
Nine databases (British Nursing Index, CINAHL, EMBASE, Global Health, Global Health Archives, MEDLINE, Ovid Nursing, PubMed, and Web of Science) were searched following Systematic review Without Meta-analysis guideline to elicit studies that examined effects of interventions aimed at improving nurses' work environments among peer-reviewed publications from inception to April 2019.

METHODS
Database search used the following keywords: nurs*, patient, hospital, healthcare intervention, organizational improvement, nurs*adj4 outcome, patient adj4 outcome*, hospital adj4 outcome*, and their MeSH terms. The Cochrane's Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Intervention (ROBINS-I) was used for quality appraisal. Donabedian model of Quality of Care was used as the framework to categorize interventions components focusing on structure and process aspects of the nurse work environments.

RESULTS
The interventions included the use of accreditation process, educational strategies, and participatory approach. By defining the interventions which demonstrated positive effects on the nurse, patient, and hospital outcomes as effective, it appears that they are more consistently characterized as focusing on process improvement, adopting participatory approach, with greater involvement of frontline and nurse executives and at unit-level implementation.

CONCLUSION
Although the heterogeneity in the design of the review studies precludes making conclusive insights on the best evidence to improve nurses' work environments, the review informs the major research gaps in the topic area and the ways to design better interventions to enhance the outcomes.

IMPACT
The study provides insights on intervention components and strategies that can contribute to healthy nurse work environments. By adapting unit-level process improvements that actively involve frontline and nurse executives, nurse leaders may provide a more directed approach towards achieving favourable outcomes.


Foot print patterns of the bound feet of a 90-year-old Chinese female were made to obtain insight into the ergonomic consequences of a Chinese custom that caused significant disabilities for many women throughout history. Pressure patterns were evaluated using the techniques applied to standard thumb print analysis. A digital summary of the pressure patterns were compared to the patterns obtained from a normal subject. The outcomes indicated that the bound foot produced greater plantar tissue pressures than the non-bound foot. These observations help explain the discomfort, gait abnormalities, and disabilities exhibited by many older women with bound feet living in China today. Although foot-binding is no longer practiced, this study offers an ergonomic perspective on a custom practiced in China for centuries.


The thesis aims to contribute to the discussion on the compatibility of joint maritime
operations with the principle of non-refoulement and with international protection
obligations in general. The limited availability of information on JOs such as reports,
evaluations or operational plans, does not allow a sufficient examination of compliance
during operations on the ground. Therefore the legal framework guiding joint maritime
operations will be at the focus of the analysis. By shedding light on the protection
safeguards provided therein the analysis will allow to draw conclusions on their
probable effect on compliance in practice.
In order to analyse the compliance of maritime operations coordinated by Frontex with
the principle of non-refoulement two aspects are of importance: the obligations arising
from the principle of non-refoulement and the protection safeguards provided in the
legal framework of maritime JOs.
Based on these two aspects, the guiding questions of the thesis are:
· What is the scope of protection of the principle of non-refoulement within the
EU refugee regime?
· What are the obligations for maritime JOs that arise from the scope of
protection?
· What is the legal framework governing Frontex-led sea operations?
· Does this legal framework provide adequate protection safeguards that ensure
the observance of the principle of non-refoulement?
· Does it clearly define who is responsible for providing the protection when
several Member States are engaged in the operation?
· What are the improvements that can be expected from actual political and legal
developments?
In order to answer these questions, the thesis is structured as follows: The following
section outlines the legal basis of maritime interception and defines the term of
maritime interception. Then the regulations guiding JOs are presented and an overview
of maritime JOs is given (chapter 2). In the third chapter the principle of nonrefoulement
will be defined in order to establish a set of criteria that must be respected
during maritime interception operations (chapter 3). The fourth part defines the legal
framework of maritime JOs and examines whether the legal framework can ensure
adequate protection for intercepted people with regard to their right to non-refoulement.
In view of recent political and legal developments the prospect for an endorsement of
the respect of international protection during maritime JOs shall be analysed (chapter 4).
Finally some conclusions on the compliance of maritime JOs with the principle of nonrefoulement
will be drawn (chapter 5).


More and more softwares based on web service technologies are developed. Before their releases on the Internet, it is necessary to evaluate these systems' performance, especially their response time under different workload pressures. However, existing performance testing benchmarks and tools for web service applications are difficult to adapt to various user-specific testing purposes. This paper proposes a configurable web service performance testing framework which contains client module, application server module and database module. Client module, by using the network cooperation method that one central client drives several other clients, adapts to a great number of concurrent customers to request web services. Application server module contains web services under testing and external supporting web services, each of which is configured as a plug-in. The process to realize mixed ratio of web service interactions is similar to dealing cards and adapts to different commercial application characteristics. In database module, the data model including table and attribute dependence can be customized, and the data scale initialization can be resized according to the topology of above dependence. As such, this framework allows testers to dynamically define their data model, customize their scale of database, configure their transaction characteristics, deploy their application strategies and confirm their performance metrics..


Context: India has the third-highest number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the world. Early diagnosis can prevent HIV transmission and since a large proportion of the Indian population are likely to be seen in a dental setting, it may serve as an important site for early HIV diagnosis. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of HIV, attitudes, and willingness to conduct HIV testing among Indian dentists. Settings: A cross-sectional survey of 503 Indian dentists was conducted in Delhi, Gandhinagar, Bhubaneswar, and Hyderabad (representing low, moderate, and high HIV prevalence areas). Subjects and Methods: HIV knowledge was measured using the HIV-KQ-18, and attitudes and willingness were examined. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test were performed using SPSS version 21. Results: A third of the respondents had a high HIV knowledge score. High knowledge scores were positively associated with age group, level of education, and dental specialty. Over 73% were willing to deliver HIV-positive test results. Almost 80% of the respondents felt that rapid HIV testing was needed in a dental setting. Attitudes and willingness were found to be significantly related to the survey site suggesting cultural difference as an important factor in taking up HIV testing. Conclusions: General awareness of HIV among this sample of Indian dentists appears to be low. The findings from this study however suggest that Indian dentists have expressed a need for rapid HIV testing in dental setting with a strong emphasis on the need for further education on HIV testing.


A recurring problem in most rich societies is that students in general do not take enough math despite high availability of relatively well-paid jobs in fields that demand math, such as engineering, statistics, teaching and technology. Students see math as hard, boring and irrelevant, and do not respond (at least not sufficiently) to motivational factors such as easier admission to higher education or interesting and important work.


This study has developed a production inventory model where the cycle timeis fuzzy, the existence of defective products is assumed in each batch andproduct screening is performed both in-production and after-production.Triangular fuzzy numbers serve to model uncertainties in the cycle time, anda fuzzified total inventory profit function is created by thedefuzzification method known as the signed distance method. The classicalapproach is used to determine the optimal policy, with the ideal cycle timematched to the total profit. Although assuming asymmetric triangular fuzzynumbers prevents the calculation of a clear analytical solution, the methodapproaches as closely as possible to an analytical solution. A numericalsolution to only one equation is needed to obtain the optimal configuration.Conversely, there is a positive trade-off, with an analytical solution tothe optimization problem if there is an assumption of symmetrical triangularfuzzy numbers. The proposed model is illustrated by a numerical example. Thepaper presents results and sensitivity analyses, in both tables and graphicillustrations. The effects on total profit are discussed in relation tovarious parameters. From the numerical studies, it is observed that thelevel of fuzziness influences the cycle time and an approximately linearrelationship, in the opposite direction, was found between the total profitand the level of fuzziness, when it was increased.


A transcription factor represses abscisic acid biosynthesis and fruit ripening. Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates plant development and adaptation to environmental conditions. Although the ABA biosynthesis pathway in plants has been thoroughly elucidated, how ABA biosynthetic genes are regulated at the molecular level during plant development is less well understood. Here, we show that the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) zinc finger transcription factor SlZFP2 is involved in the regulation of ABA biosynthesis during fruit development. Overexpression of SlZFP2 resulted in multiple phenotypic changes, including more branches, early flowering, delayed fruit ripening, lighter seeds, and faster seed germination, whereas down-regulation of its expression caused problematic fruit set, accelerated ripening, and inhibited seed germination. SlZFP2 represses ABA biosynthesis during fruit development through direct suppression of the ABA biosynthetic genes NOTABILIS, SITIENS, and FLACCA and the aldehyde oxidase SlAO1. We also show that SlZFP2 regulates fruit ripening through transcriptional suppression of the ripening regulator COLORLESS NON-RIPENING. Using bacterial one-hybrid screening and a selected amplification and binding assay, we identified the (A/T)(G/C)TT motif as the core binding sequence of SlZFP2. Furthermore, by RNA sequencing profiling, we found that 193 genes containing the SlZFP2-binding motifs in their promoters were differentially expressed in 2 d post anthesis fruits between the SlZFP2 RNA interference line and its nontransgenic sibling. We propose that SlZFP2 functions as a repressor to fine-tune ABA biosynthesis during fruit development and provides a potentially valuable tool for dissecting the role of ABA in fruit ripening.


Optical fibre sensors are employed in the measurements of a number of different physical properties or for event detection in safety and security systems. In those environments which suffer from electromagnetic disturbance, in harsh environments where electronics cannot survive and in applications in favour of distributed detection, fibre-optic sensors have found natural areas of use. In some cases they have replaced conventional electronic sensors due to better performance and long-term reliability, but in others they have had less success mainly due to the higher costs which are often involved in fibre-optic sensor systems.Intensity modulated fibre-optic sensors normally require only low-cost monitoring systems principally based on light emitting diodes and photodiodes. The sensor principle itself is very elemental when based on coupling between fibres, and coupling based intensity modulated sensors have been utilised over a long period of time, mainly within displacement and vibration sensing. For distributed sensing based on intensity modulation, optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) systems with customised sensor cables have been used in the detection of heat, water leakage and hydrocarbon fluid spills.In this thesis, new concepts for intensity modulated fibre-optic sensors based on coupling between fibres are presented, analysed, simulated and experimentally verified. From a low-cost and standard component perspective, alternative designs are proposed and analysed using modulation function simulations and measurements, in order to find an improved performance. Further, the development and installation of a temperature sensor system for industrial process monitoring is presented, involving aspects with regards to design, calibration, multiplexing and fibre network installation. The OTDR is applied as an efficient technique for multiplexing several coupling based sensors, and sensor network installation with blown fibre in microducts is proposed as a flexible and cost-efficient alternative to traditional cabling.As a solution to alignment issues in coupling based sensors, a new displacement sensor configuration based on a fibre to a multicore fibre coupling and an image sensor readout system is proposed. With this concept a high-performance sensor setup with relaxed alignment demands and a large measurement range is realised. The sensor system performance is analysed theoretically with complete system simulations, and an experimental setup is made based on standard fibre and image acquisition components. Simulations of possible error contributions show that the experimental performance limitation is mainly related to differences between the modelled and the real coupled power distribution. An improved power model is suggested and evaluated experimentally, showing that the experimental performance can be improved down towards the theoretical limit of 1 μm.The potential of using filled side-hole fibres and polarisation analysis for point and distributed detection of temperature limits is investigated as a complement to existing fibre-optic heat detection systems. The behaviour and change in birefringence at the liquid/solid phase transition temperature for the filler substance is shown and experimentally determined for side-hole fibres filled with water solutions and a metal alloy, and the results are supported by simulations. A point sensor for on/off temperature detection based on this principle is suggested. Further the principles of distributed detection by measurements of the change in beat length are demonstrated using polarisation OTDR (POTDR) techniques. It is shown that high-resolution techniques are required for the fibres studied, and side-hole fibres designed with lower birefringence are suggested for future studies in relation to the distributed application.


For aeons, cutaneous sporadic melanoma, exhibiting either a slow or rapid growth rate, is identified using a set of well defined histopathological criteria. Such diagnostic step is greatly appreciated, and it brings a rough estimate of the probable evolution of the cancer. Some additional assessments try to improve the progressive prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. In this scope, fractals and spectral analyses expect to better perceive the individual progressive characteristics of each tumor. The extent in the tumoral germinative compartment and the peritumoral microvascular network are explored and should in a near future make clear the progressive potential of cutaneous melanoma. The posible tumoral regression and the immune reaction should be better perceived.


Mutations in the serine-threonine tumor-suppressor kinase LKB1 are responsible for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, characterized by hamartomatous proliferation and an increased risk of developing cancer. Mutations in lkb1 have also been identified in sporadic cancers, suggesting a wider role for LKB1 in cancer that is not limited to hamartomatous polyposis syndromes. Here, we show that LKB1 catalytically deficient mutants, when introduced into DLD1p21 / p53 / colorectal cancer cells, allowed for progression of cells through to S phase of cell cycle and elicited the expression of Rb, cyclin E, and cyclin A2 whereas the introduction of LKB1 lead to G1 cell cycle arrest independent of p21 and/or p53 expression. Furthermore, we show that LKB1 catalytically deficient mutants activate the expression of cyclin D1 through recruitment to response elements within the promoter of the oncogene. In addition to compromising the tumor-suppressor function of LKB1, our findings highlight an emerging role for LKB1 catalytically deficient mutants, a gain of oncogenic properties. [Cancer Res 2007;67(12):5622–7]


Today's data-rich documents are often complex datasets in themselves, consisting of information in different formats such as text, figures, and data tables. These additional media augment the textual narrative in the document. However, the static layout of a traditional for-print document often impedes deep understanding of its content because of the need to navigate to access content scattered throughout the text. In this paper, we seek to facilitate enhanced comprehension of such documents through a contextual visualization technique that couples text content with data tables contained in the document. We parse the text content and data tables, cross-link the components using a keyword-based matching algorithm, and generate on-demand visualizations based on the reader's current focus within a document. We evaluate this technique in a user study comparing our approach to a traditional reading experience. Results from our study show that (1) participants comprehend the content better with tighter coupling of text and data, (2) the contextual visualizations enable participants to develop better summaries that capture the main data-rich insights within the document, and (3) overall, our method enables participants to develop a more detailed understanding of the document content.


Venous ulcers, sometimes termed varicose or stasis ulcers, are a consequence of damage to the valves in the veins of the legs, leading to raised venous pressure. They are characterized by a cyclical pattern of healing and recurrence. There is a need to have a thorough assessment of patients with leg ulcers by an appropriately experienced clinician to maximize the chance of healing the ulcer. The main treatment is the application of compression, either in the form of compression bandages or hosiery. Dressings are applied beneath the compression with a view to controlling exudate, comfort and to aid healing. There are a large number of dressing products and types available but the evidence to justify their use is poor. The main treatment for venous ulcers should therefore be the application of compression therapy with a simple, low adherent dressing.


Web services are widely accepted and adopted to provide business functionality in business world. Especially, Web service is chosen to compose business process by companies to achieve their business objectives. Business process contains a set of activities, which represent business interactions between Web services spanning company boundaries. As Web services are built in open distributed environment, it is apt to cause security concerns. Security problems mainly prevent many companies from implementing Web services. This paper proposes an extended RBAC model, called WS-RBAC4BP, to protect Web services in business process. In this model, companies and Web services are considered as subjects and protected objects, respectively. New types of constraints are introduced. Furthermore, the system architecture of WS-RABC4BP is presented. This paper also gives examples to illustrate the model


Immunotherapy plays a crucial role in the treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) remains a therapeutic challenge because of its strong resistance to both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This review explains the advancements of new biologics for the treatment of metastasized renal cell carcinoma with the use of cytokines, interleukin – 2 (IL-2), lymphocyte killer cells (LKC), and IFN alpha. Several immunotherapeutic approaches are being in use for the management of the MRCC, which includes inactivated tumor cells and genetically modified tumor vaccines (GMTV), peptide-based vaccines, and dendritic cells. The role of CD4+ T cell and CD8+ immunity in tumor protection in animal models is also discussed.


The justification for placing Parmenides fr. 3 (DK 28B3) in "Truth" is weak, and both its ambiguity and capacity to generate radically different interpretations suggest that it belongs to "Doxa." The paper analyzes the fragment's sources (Clement, Plotinus, and Proclus), the circumstances of its belated entry into any collection (1835), and argues that the ongoing debate between the reading of Diels and the reading of it introduced by Zeller arises from the presupposition—heretofore unquestioned—that it belongs in "Truth." The paper's principal purpose is not to settle this famous interpretive dilemma nor to reinterpret B3 within "Doxa," but rather to destabilize the currently unquestioned view that it belongs in "Truth," and to call into question any global interpretations of Parmenides that make B3 a central component


This study examined the relationship between flexibility of learning, support services and students' attitude towards distance learning programme in Nigeria. Correlational research design was adopted and 385 participants constituted the sample of the study using a multi-stage sampling procedure. The instrument used for data collection was a researchers-designed questionnaire comprising of three sections. The questionnaire was validated by experts and administered once on the randomly selected sample to determine the internal consistency of the items. Cronbach Alpha formula yielded 0.74, 0.77 and 0.78 for the three different constructs of the questionnaire. Two research questions were raised and two corresponding null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Data gathered were analysed using Mean, Standard Deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation formula. The results obtained reveal a positive correlation between the flexibility of learning and students' attitude towards distance learning programme (r=0.439, p<0.05). Also, there was a positive correlation between support services and students' attitude towards distance learning programme (r=0.334, p<0.05). It was therefore recommended among others that providers of distance learning programmes should ensure high flexibility and quality learner support services in order to cater for academic needs of learners with different characteristics as these would enhance students' positive attitude and improve the enrolment of candidates for distance learning programmes.


This paper used panel regression and GARCH analysis to investigate changes in volatility of total returns of European energy companies due to energy sector liberalisation events. The paper constructed an index of 24 energy companies and calculated a 22 days rolling standard deviation of daily total returns over a 21 year period. Eight liberalisation events were identified. An unbalanced random-effects panel regression was used to analyse liberalisation's impact on the standard deviation. A GARCH (Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heterosce-dasticity) analysis was used on the constructed index to measure volatility clustering and conditional variance. The panel regression showed that overall volatility has increased, however some liberalisation events decreased volatility. The GARCH analysis demonstrated that returns increased over the time period and found high autocorrelation, but no conditional variance using a 1 day lag. Our analyses show that both risk and return have increased during liberalisation with the largest increases in volatility and return occurring when businesses and households could freely choose suppliers.


We study the problem of a firm that faces asymmetric information about the productivity of its potential workers. In our framework, a worker's productivity is either assigned by nature at birth, or determined by an unobservable initial action of the worker that has persistent effects over time. We provide a characterization of the optimal dynamic compensation scheme that attracts only high productivity workers: consumption –regardless of time period– is ranked according to likelihood ratios of output histories, and the inverse of the marginal utility of consumption satisfies the martingale property derived in Rogerson (1985). However, in the case of i.i.d. output and square root utility we show that, contrary to the features of the optimal contract for a repeated moral hazard problem, the level and the variance of consumption are negatively correlated, due to the influence of early luck into future compensation. Moreover, in this example long-term inequality is lower under persistent private information


supported by evidence', but others may legitimately consider the outcomemodifiable if not avoidable and suggest that although ultimately unnecessary in the overwhelming majority of fit patients, pre-oxygenation is a sensible precaution against the rarer eventuality that could be devastating in such a fit patient. It would, furthermore, be highly embarrassing for the specialty if such an outcome and opinion led to the imposition of pre-oxygenation by the regulatory agencies, thereby repeating the lesson of the anaesthetic checklist. Safety in anaesthetic practice involves not only pre-empting predictable complications but minimising the sequelae of unanticipated complications. Our broader professional responsibilities demand that we look critically at all areas of practice to define areas of vulnerability. This editorial has looked at just one small area. The opinion of Dr Aveling does not convince me that the specialty should stop looking.


The c-fms proto-oncogene encodes an integral transmembrane glycoprotein with tyrosine specific protein kinase activity whose properties resemble those of receptors for polypeptide growth factors. The relatively restricted expression of the feline c-fms gene in mononuclear phagocytes (peripheral blood monocytes and tissue macrophages) and their committed bone marrow progenitors suggested that c-fms encoded a receptor for a macrophage specific growth factor. We found that the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte colony stimulating factor, CSF-1 (M-CSF), is biochemically and immunologically related to the c-fms gene product, consistent with the hypothesis that c-fms is identical to the CSF-1 receptor gene (Sherr et al, 1985). Although the activity of CSF-1 has been defined through its action on haemopoietic cells, the c-fms gene is expressed in human placenta (Müller et al, 1983a) and in human choriocarcinoma cell lines derived from placental trophoblasts (Müller et al, 1983b). The latter cell lines exhibit binding sites for CSF-1, suggesting that this colony stimulating factor might also have an embryological role in placental development. The retroviral oncogene v-fms is a potent fibroblast transforming gene, whereas c-fms can be expressed at relatively high levels in certain normal tissues without causing neoplastic transformation. The glycoprotein encoded by v-fms is closely related to the c-fms gene product but differs at its extreme carboxy terminal end. Because v-fms, like c-fms, encodes a competent ligand binding domain, cells producing the v-fms gene product acquire the ability to bind CSF-1. Moreover, many fibroblast cell lines susceptible to transformation by v-fms produce the growth factor. Although this raises the possibility that v-fms transforms cells by an autocrine mechanism, antibodies to epitopes in the v-fms-coded ligand binding domain that interfere with CSF-1 binding, or antibodies to CSF-1 itself, do not affect the transformed phenotype. In membrane preparations, tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of the v-fms product appears to be constitutive, whereas in vitro phosphorylation of the c-fms-coded glycoprotein on tyrosine is enhanced in the presence of CSF-1. These results are most compatible with the possibility that critical alterations in the 3' coding region of the c-fms gene activate its kinase activity and unmask its latent transforming potential. An implication of these findings is that chromosomal rearrangements affecting c-fms could contribute to myeloid leukaemogenesis.