Falls and their consequences are a major health problem in the older population, increasing their immobility, morbidity and mortality. This thesis focuses on older people living in geriatric care settings, frail older people who are most prone to suffer falls. The aim was to study predisposing and precipitating factors associated with falls in older people with or without cognitive impairment. In a cross-sectional study with a one-year prospective follow-up for falls 63% of the 83 residents suffered 163 falls and 65% of the fallers fell more than once. The antidepressants selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), impaired vision and being unable to use stairs independently were the factors most strongly associated with sustaining falls. Acute diseases were judged to have precipitated 32 % of the falls and drug side effects 9%. In another cross-sectional study with a one-year follow-up for falls, including 199 residents, previous falls and treatment with antidepressants (mainly SSRIs) were found to be the most important predisposing factor for falls. Acute disease was judged to be the precipitating factor alone or in combination, in 39% of the falls, medical drugs in 8%, external factors such as obstacles in 8% and other conditions both related to the individual and the environment, such as misinterpretation, misuse of roller walkers or mistakes made by the staff were judged to have precipitated 17% of the falls. In a population-based cross-sectional study including 3604 residents in geriatric care settings more than 8% sustained a fall at least once during the preceding week. A history of falls, the ability to get up from a chair, the need for a helper when walking, pain, cognitive impairment, use of neuroleptics and use of antidepressants were all associated with falls in multivariate analyses. In the subgroup of people with cognitive impairment (2008 residents) more than 9% had sustained a fall at least once during the preceding week. As for the whole population, being able to get up from a chair, previous falls, needing a helper when walking with the addition of hyperactive symptoms were the factors independently associated with falls. In a study with a one-year prospective follow up for falls, including 439 residents in residential care facilities, 63% sustained 1354 falls, corresponding to an incidence rate of 3.5 falls / person year. Thirty-three percent of the falls and 37% of the injurious falls occurred during the night (9pm-6am). There were significantly higher fall rates in the evening and in January, April, May, November and December. There were no associations between fall rates and any of the weather parameters studied. In conclusion falls and fall-related injuries in older people in geriatric care settings are common. Both predisposing and precipitating factors contribute to the risk of falling. Addressing precipitating factors for falls seems to be important in an individualised preventive strategy among older people in geriatric care settings.


Using Oyane ductile fracture criterion, a 2-D coupled thermo-mechanical simulation of center crack occurrence in round billet during 2-roll rotary rolling process is presented with the aid of FE code MSC.Superform. Based on an existing flat-die-model, an improved FE model is advanced, in which not only the influence of roll feed angle and entry cone angle but also the diameter of the piercing roll on the process are taken into account. By adopting the parameters of the Diescher piercer in 140mm Mandrel Mill of Bao Steel in China, the distribution and development of strain/stress in tube rounds are analyzed, and the eigenvalue of ductile fracture as well. The critical percentage of diameter reduction is obtained from the simulation. The result shows a good agreement with the experimental value, and therefore is of widely guiding significance to practical process for rationally formulating deformation parameters of steel tube piercing.


Background Physical examination is a critical component of medical practice yet skills are falling into disuse resulting in unfamiliarity with signs and an increased reliance on laboratory and imaging tests.1,2 The focus on safety and quality of care and efficient patient turnover has significantly impacted on the availability of patients with clinical findings willing to be examined by students. It is our experience and reported by others that skills' teaching is not consistent across clinical rotations.2 The need for standardisation and a shortage of training capacity have contributed to the increasing use simulation techniques. Methodology 2nd year students were divided into two groups, one taught peripheral arterial examination on a SimMan 3G and the second group on simulated patients (SPs) and assessed by OSCE with patients presenting with peripheral arterial disease. Feedback was obtained from students in focus group discussions. Results (Tables with results to be presented in the poster) There was no difference in the pass rate at OSCE between the two groups. SimMan better facilitated repeated practice, group learning, peer teaching and discussion which were highly valued by the students. Students felt that their spatial cognition, pattern recognition and development of mental spatial signs were not best facilitated during the SimMan tutorial. They also felt unprepared to deal with real patients in terms of having practiced appropriate language to issue commands, to put patients at ease or to reassure patients and felt embarrassed when faced with an intimate examination of a real patient for the first time. Conclusion Both methods of simulation teaching have distinct merits and the ideal approach maybe to use the SimMan in combination with SP tutorials. References Schwind CJ, Boehler ML, Folse R, Dunnington G, Markwell SJ. Development of physical examination skills in a third-year surgical clerkship. Am J Surg. 2001;181:338–40 Mangione S, Burdick WP, Peitzman SJ. Physical diagnosis skills of physicians in training: a focused assessment. Acad Emerg Med.1995;2:622–9 Ramani S. Twelve tips for excellent physical examination teaching. Med Teach. 2008;30:851–856


This paper is to explain about the picture in picture technology that is used innovatively for automated wireless home security. The present home security system needs an LCD screen that is located somewhere inside the home to view the camera video. At some point of time, consider the time when you are watching a very interesting program in the television, may be the last over of a T-20 match or the final minutes of a soccer match, your mind won't allow you to think of anything else than the ongoing match. At this circumstance, when anyone rings your door bell, naturally you won't mind that, whoever the guest may be. At another instance, if you are tired of attending unwelcomed guests n times, chances are there to neglect the guest at the n+1th time more consciously. If the guest at the door is an opportunity, it would be evidently missed. Our innovation to conquer this problem is, the video of the person standing at the door is made appeared at the television screen not by replacing the existing cable signal but as a pop up screen which covers a small portion of the TV screen. So, by noticing the pop up, one can decide which is vital - either the TV program or the guest. This pop up disappears automatically after a certain point of time when the guest leaves‥


My paper analyses the ekphrastic sequences in postmodern writer Tomas Eloy Martinez's novel, Santa Evita (1995), in which the photographic descriptions of Eva Peron are a recurring theme. The photographic ekphrasis in this novel reflects the various meanings and messages the photography has, but it also manifests the appropriation of the photographictools and mechanisms by the literary practice to create a deceitful sensation of reality in the reader-spectator. The fictive world is created by miming the physical and mechanical resources of the photographic technique. Therefore, I will consider the contribution of photography studies and history of photography to interpretation in an inter-arts discourse, with reference to Brunet's claim about photography having paradigmatically moved from the age of the icon (resemblance to something present) to the age of the index (trace of the absent) (2009:150). The referential ambiguity of the photography serves me to discuss further theoretical issues: 1- photography's relation to history-making, history-writing, art-making and fiction-writing in the post-modern aesthetics; 2-the concepts of referential and notional ekphrasis (John Hollander in Mitchell, 1994:157) in the light of the traditional claims of truth and documentation made by photographs and the new developments in fictional photography, photographic ekphrasis and other photo-textual productions.


The purpose of this paper is to describe a new algorithm for the pure eulerian interface capturing method FVCF-NIP. In this method, the interface is sharp and piecewise linear. In a cell containing two materials, termed as mixed cell, each one is pure at both sides of the interface and no diusion is allowed through it. A conservative scheme is written on each material volume using the condensate formalism which allows in particular sliding of materials on each others. However, material volumes in mixed cells can be tiny and therefore the condition on the time step can be too much restrictive. The conservative scheme is then written with a time step only calculated considering pure cells. In mixed cells, a control procedure is built to ensure a stable evolution in small materials volumes. This new algorithm enhances the robustness of the method and allows to simulate a wider range of ow regimes.


Design of hydraulic manifold blocks is a kind of complex solid special layout problem. Due to the complexity of the manifold blocks layout, intelligent optimization design system of the hydraulic manifold blocks is presented based on rule-based reasoning. The key of the manifold design is the hole's connection, and the special layout of manifold is introduced. Based on the relative position and connection relationship of the holes, special mathematic model and rule-based reasoning are proposed for the holes layout and connection design. Rule-based reasoning which is used to guide algorithm search direction is proposed according to the holes special location. Goal actuation control strategy is adapted to search a group of optimization solution which is satisfied with the connection requirement. An example of hydraulic cartridge manifold block of high-speed bar cutting machine is given. It is testified that single line net algorithm satisfies the design requirement of real time checking, the shortest connection route and minimum number of craft hole.


Majority of previous studies showed no association between a single health behavior and arterial stiffness, but the benefit of simultaneously having multiple healthy behaviors (optimal lifestyle) on the progression of arterial stiffness is unknown. Among 2810 individuals (age 60.0 ± 9.4, 46.5% male), optimal lifestyle marker (yes/no) on four health behaviors (ie, BMI < 25 kg/m2, never or former smoker, never or moderate drinker, exercised > 500 METS min/week) across four visits (≈ 5 years) were summed to create an optimal lifestyle score. Carotid arterial stiffness was measured using distensibility coefficient (DC) and Young's elastic modulus (YEM) at visit 1 and after a mean of 9.5 years (visit 5). The association of optimal lifestyle with 10‐year percent change in DC and YEM was assessed using multiple linear regression. DC decreased by 5.3% and YEM increased by 24.4% over 10 years. Mean optimal lifestyle score was 9.4 ± 3.1 (range: 0–16). Individuals in quintiles 2–5 of optimal lifestyle score compared to quintile 1 (with the least optimal lifestyle score) did not show slower deceleration of DC [Q2, −0.3% (95% CI: −6.0, 5.4); Q3, −0.01% (−4.5, 4.5); Q4, −0.6% (−5.2, 3.9); Q5, −0.4% (−5.3, 4.4)], trend p‐value = .82] or slower progression of YEM [Q2, 0.1% (−7.1, 7.3); Q3, −0.8% (−8.0, 6.5); Q4, 4.5% (−2.3, 11.3); Q5, −0.2% (−8.3, 7.9)], trend p‐value = .49] after adjusting for risk factors. The association remained non‐significant when stratified by categories of age, sex, race, BP control, and diabetes. Our findings indicate that optimal score on multiple health behaviors may not independently slow arterial stiffness progression.


Abstract. An important issue in statistical modeling is to determine the complexity of the model based on the scale of data so as to effectively mitigate the model's overfitting problems without big data. We adopt a data-driven approach to automatically determine the number of components of the model. In order to better extract robust features, we propose a framework of data-driven two-layer structure visual dictionary learning (DTSVDL). It works by dividing the visual dictionary structure learning into two levels: the attribute layer and the detail layer. In the attribute layer, the attributes of the image dataset are learned, and these attributes are obtained by a data-driven Bayesian nonparametric model. Then, in the detail layer, the detailed information over attributes is further explored and refined, and the attributes are weighted by the number of effective observations associated with each attribute. Our proposed approach has three main advantages: (1) the two-layer structure makes our building visual dictionary be more expressive; (2) the number of components in the attribute layer can be determined automatically from the data; (3) the components are automatically determined based on the scale of visual words; therefore, our model can well mitigate the overfitting problem. In addition, by comparing with stacked autoencoders, stacked denoising autoencoders, LeNet-5, speeded-up robust features, and pretrained deep learning model ImageNet-VGG-F algorithms, we find that our approach achieves satisfactory image categorization results on two benchmark datasets. Specifically, higher categorization performance is achieved than by the classical approaches on 15 scene categories and action datasets. We conclude that the resulting DTSVDL possesses a good generality derived from attribute information as well as an excellent distinction derived from detailed information. In other words, the visual dictionary learned by our algorithm is more expressive and discriminatory.


This article documents the life-cycle of the National Green Tribunal of India (NGT). The NGT is officially described as a "specialised body equipped with necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues"—a forum offering greater plurality for environmental justice. Its international and national recognition promotes it as an exemplar for developing nations. The change management theory underpinning the paper is drawn from the work of Kurt Lewin and Edgar Schein, thereby allowing the analysis of competing internal and external forces affecting the NGT. There is a transmigration of theory and its application from one discipline to another social science: business psychology and management to law. The article identifies and addresses the crisis, and analyses the reasons and actions of the principal actors or forces interested in supporting the NGT and, on the other hand, those who are concerned, challenged, and affected by its growth, activities, and popularity.


Abstract In recent years, a novel, specifically institutional approach to public regulation has become popular, particularly in the Anglo-Saxon world: 'Libertarian Paternalism' promises to tackle society's problems in a way that increases welfare without compromising people's freedom and autonomy. The key instrument advanced by this programme is nudges. Although nudges' ethical quality has been discussed at length, the political economy driving their implementation by self-interested (and possibly boundedly rational) policy makers and bureaucrats has been largely neglected so far. This paper elaborates on how this gap might be filled.


As discourse increasingly depends on digital technologies, this article proposes an integrative view of text and the digital medium. As will be shown, authors and users of hypertexts constantly reflect on the appropriateness of manifold structural bonds holding between text composition and text design. In metapragmatic reflections, the users/readers relate a text's audio-visual information to their previous knowledge of text design conventions. To describe the intermedial dimension of our metapragmatic analysis, we shall draw on Bolter and Grusin's theory of Remediation (1999). Defining four elemental phases of remediation will then help to ascertain the full metapragmatic potential of text design for meaningmaking processes in both new and old media.


Nilsson, P. (2014). Promoting physical activity at a local level, a study conducted at a local health campaign. Bachelor thesis in Public Health science. Department of work- and public health science. The academy of health and working life. University of Gavle. The aim: Physical activity is strongly associated to good health, both physically and mentally. In this study carried out at a local health campaign, the aim was to investigate whether the participants found the campaign motivating for physical activity.Method: This was examined through interviews in which 4 participants were asked to answer some questions about motivation and physical activity.Results: The results showed that the respondents experienced the local health campaign motivating to physical activity. The participants felt that they received social support from other participants, which seemed motivating to physical activity.Conclusion: Those who were interviewed in this study experienced the local health campaign as motivated for physical activity. Their participation has helped them find new ways to do their exercise. The inspiration the participants got during the campaign, they also had used for from a longer period of time after their participation. Keywords: Physical activity, motivation, health promotion, health campaign


As hydropower project construction and ecological support systems become more interdependent, new disciplines are needed to assess this ecological effect. An ecological footprint model of the hydropower project is presented based on the emergy theory (Em-EF). Modifications have been made to the Em-EF model, in response to its perceived shortcomings. The emergy of additional capacity of reservoir should be included in the renewable natural resources account. Further, the same emergy density should be used to calculate the ecological capacity supplied account and the ecological footprint occupied account. The aim of this paper is to show a modified ecological footprint calculation for the hydropower project. A large-scale (Ⅱ) hydropower project is selected as an example for the application. To demonstrate the mechanics of this modified method, we compared our calculations with the conventional one. The same conclusion is drawn using both methods: the ecological deficit of the hydropower project will occur before the design equilibrium year. But, the needed time to offset the ecological deficit is different. The modified model gives an even rational result than the conventional one.


The most important and primary endpoint in oncology research is overall survival. However, other endpoints such as time-to-progression, time-to-recurrence and response rate have their roles in oncology trials and these endpoints are assessed by the imaging evaluation of tumor burden. Recently published the revised version (version 1.1) of response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) is now the standards for the tumor response evaluation after treatment, and especially for cytotoxic agents. However, the problems are more complicated for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RECIST are mainly used for the response evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents. However, for the treatment of HCC, there are some locoregional treatments and molecular targeted agents, and after these treatments, tumor necrosis remains as non-enhanced tumor areas, whereas viable tumor parts can be noted by the enhanced areas. However, these necrotic areas should be included as being tumor when we adopt the pure anatomical criteria such as RECIST and this can distort the results of the response evaluation. For overcoming this problem, some new criteria were introduced and their principle is the measurement of enhancing portion of the tumor only. However, these new criteria still have limitations and functional imaging is thought to be the future problem-solving tool for the evaluation of response for molecular targeted agents.


This work wants to analyze, from the theoretical-conceptual architectural frame of the General Theory of Social Systems (TGSS), and problematize the relationships and the logical articulations between the system of politics, economics and law to observe what have been the hetero-descriptions of the democratic state in the periphery of modern society (1). The processes of functional differentiation characterizing the institutionalization of structures and expectations – normative, cognitive– in the evolutionary becoming of the State-nation, in Latin America, stabilized the logic of the patrimonial political centralism, so that the history of innumerable legal-political and economic reforms have been used rather to perpetuate the status quo than to change something (2). It's interesting to observe, for this reason, the developing of many forms of coordination and social development to achieve the desired modernity in the continent, from the presidential caudillism, Cepalian developmentalism (1950), military praetorianism (1970), till the forms of economical laissez faire (1990). These models have basically revolved around the valorization of the clientelistic political regime as a central space for the construction of democracy and the market (3). In this context, cognitive and normative expectations (law) have not managed to generate lasting political accommodations that facilitate sociopolitical evolution, where corporations, families and clientelistic caudillism continue to prevail, except the institutionalized expectations (4). The question then is not how 'democracy should be', but how is this possible in this periphery of modernity.


The abundant fine ash produced in the 2011 subglacial eruption of Grimsvotn, Iceland, highlights the fragmentation efficiency of mafic hydromagmatic eruptions, which is considerably higher than for comparable "dry" eruptions. Ash from the 2011 eruption can be divided into three morphological components—vesicular particles, shards, and dense fragments—distinguished by the size and abundance of constituent vesicles. We use the vesicle characteristics to define a new shape factor, the concavity index, which provides an unbiased way to classify individual ash particles as either bubbly (vesicular particles and shards) or dense. The relative proportion of bubbly and dense particles varies systematically with grain size, with the proportion of bubbly grains decreasing as the particle size approaches the modal bubble diameter. Measured bubble volume distributions are similar to those of rapidly quenched pyroclasts from Hawaiian fountains and suggest a comparable degassing history during magma ascent. Yet concordance between the size distributions of ash and of bubbles in the Grimsvotn samples stands in contrast to the size distributions in Hawaiian fountains, where pyroclasts are orders of magnitude larger than individual bubbles. We propose that the Grimsvotn ash formed by brittle disintegration of vesicular pyroclasts and that fragmentation efficiency was amplified by residual thermal stresses in glass quenched by glacial water. The strong control of resulting particle sizes and morphologies by the size and spatial distribution of bubbles demonstrates that the bubble population cannot be ignored when modeling hydromagmatic fragmentation.


During video-guided minimally invasive surgery, quality of frames may be degraded severely by cauterization-induced smoke and condensation of vapor. This degradation of quality creates discomfort for the operating surgeon, and causes serious problems for automatic follow-up processes such as registration, segmentation and tracking. This paper proposes a novel deep neural network based smoke removal solution that is able to enhance the quality of surgery video frames in real-time. It employs synthetically generated training dataset including smoke embedded and clean reference versions. Results calculated on the test set indicate that our network outperforms previous defogging methods in terms of quantitative and qualitative measures. While eliminating apparent smoke, it also successfully preserves the natural appearance of tissue surface. To the best of our knowledge, the presented method is the first deep neural network based approach for the surgical field smoke removal problem.


Modern societies have reconciled the dilemma between self-interest and caring for others by dividing women and men into different moral categories. Women have been expected to seek personal development by caring for others, while men care for others by sharing the rewards of their independent work achievements. Changes in work and family life have undermined this framework but have failed to offer a clear avenue for creating new resolutions. Instead, contradictory social changes have produced new moral dilemmas. Women must now seek economic self-sufficiency even as they continue to bear responsibility for the care of others. Men can reject the obligation to provide for others, but they face new pressures to become more involved fathers and partners. Facing these dilemmas, young women and men must develop innovative moral strategies to renegotiate work-family conflicts and transform traditional views of gender, but persisting institutional obstacles thwart their emerging aspirations to balance personal autonomy with caring for others. To overcome these obstacles, we need to create more humane, less gendered theoretical and social frameworks for understanding and apportioning moral obligation.


Our article aims at refocusing the debate in privilege studies from tackling the invisibility to challenging justifications of gender privilege. Focusing on instances in which men acknowledge that they receive preferential treatment, this study sheds light on how privilege is perceived and talked about in interviews with men in female-dominated occupations. In contrast to existing literature on the invisibility of privilege to the privileged, our analysis shows that the privileging of men is indeed known to them. However, our interviewees then employ specific discursive strategies to actively reframe and thereby silence privilege. They either justify privilege as an individual achievement or as a natural advantage of male bodies. In our discussion, we show how these discursive reframings build on existing discourses on gendered bodies and neoliberal subjectivity. Based on our key argument that gendered privilege is not invisible, but it is acknowledged and then actively reframed and thereby silenced, we argue for expanding the focus of privilege studies: Instead of primarily investing in making privilege visible to those who have it, we need to challenge the discourses that allow for reframing and silencing it.


The phrase 'War on Terror' has quietly been retired from official usage, but it persists in the American psyche, and our understanding of it is hardly complete. Nor will it be, W. J. T. Mitchell argues, without a grasp of the images that it spawned, and that spawned it. Exploring the role of verbal and visual images in the War on Terror, Mitchell finds a conflict whose shaky metaphoric and imaginary conception has created its own reality. At the same time, Mitchell locates in the concept of clones and cloning an anxiety about new forms of image-making that has amplified the political effects of the War on Terror. Cloning and terror, he argues, share an uncanny structural resemblance, shuttling back and forth between imaginary and real, metaphoric and literal manifestations. In Mitchell's startling analysis, cloning terror emerges as the inevitable metaphor for the way in which the War on Terror has not only helped recruit more fighters to the jihadist cause but undermined the American constitution with 'faith-based' foreign and domestic policies. Bringing together the hooded prisoners of Abu Ghraib with the cloned stormtroopers of the "Star Wars" saga, Mitchell draws attention to the figures of faceless anonymity that stalk the ever-shifting and unlocatable 'fronts' of the War on Terror. A striking new investigation of the role of images from our foremost scholar of iconology, "Cloning Terror" will expand our understanding of the visual legacy of a new kind of war and reframe our understanding of contemporary biopower and biopolitics.


Introduction Spleen stiffness has been shown to correlate with hepatic venous pressure gradient and can predict oesophageal varices. At present, no valid criteria or standardized method for spleen stiffness measurement exist. Aims/Background This study investigated the influence of different lying positions on spleen stiffness measurements. Method Twelve spleen stiffness measurements were performed in 5 patients using Fibroscan® before and after liver transplantation. For spleen stiffness, ultrasonography was first used to confirm splenic position prior to elastography. Spleen stiffness was measured in the right lateral and supine positions. Criteria for valid liver stiffness [>10 successful measurements, interquartile range (IQR)<30%, success rate >60%] were applied to spleen stiffness. Results Three spleen stiffness measurements were prior to liver transplantation and nine measurements were done at different time intervals after transplant. Prior to liver transplantation, all spleen stiffness measurements reached the maximum detection limit of the Fibroscan® and were excluded from analysis of different lying positions. Measuring spleen stiffness in the right lateral position yielded significantly lower stiffness compared to measurements in the supine position, with a median difference of 16.7% (IQR 14.6–23.7%) (n=9; p<0.01). When spleen stiffness measured in the right lateral decubitus was compared to the supine position, no significant differences were observed in IQR/Median [0.08 (0–0.19) versus 0.10 (0.04–0.19); p=0.76] or success rate (n=12; p=0.59). Figure 1 Spleen stiffnes measured in the right lateral decubitus versus the supine position. Conclusion We showed that spleen stiffness measured in the right lateral position is significantly lower than measurements in the supine position. This may reflect a local reduction in splenic venous pressure in the right lateral decubitus position.


Expanding visual categorization into a novel domain without the need of extra annotation has been a long-term interest for multimedia intelligence. Previously, this challenge has been approached by unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA). Given labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a target domain, UDA seeks for a deep representation that is both discriminative and domain-invariant. While UDA focuses on the target domain, we argue that the performance on both source and target domains matters, as in practice which domain a test example comes from is unknown. In this article, we extend UDA by proposing a new task called unsupervised domain expansion (UDE), which aims to adapt a deep model for the target domain with its unlabeled data, meanwhile maintaining the model's performance on the source domain. We propose Knowledge Distillation Domain Expansion (KDDE) as a general method for the UDE task. Its domain-adaptation module can be instantiated with any existing model. We develop a knowledge distillation-based learning mechanism, enabling KDDE to optimize a single objective wherein the source and target domains are equally treated. Extensive experiments on two major benchmarks, i.e., Office-Home and DomainNet, show that KDDE compares favorably against four competitive baselines, i.e., DDC, DANN, DAAN, and CDAN, for both UDA and UDE tasks. Our study also reveals that the current UDA models improve their performance on the target domain at the cost of noticeable performance loss on the source domain.


By adding Buck-type AC/AC converter to conventional power capacitor, dynamic capacitor (D-CAP) can be formed to compensate variable rather than fixed reactive power. However, some nonlinear distortion factors, namely grid harmonic voltage, voltage drop of switches and dead-time, would cause harmonics in its compensation current, meanwhile, its capacitance may interact with the grid inductance to cause series resonance. Both nonlinear distortion factors and series resonance would distort the waveform of its compensation current and make the grid current failed to meet the power quality standard IEEE Std.519. This paper focuses on the output current distortion of Buck-type D-CAP in reactive power compensation. For harmonic distortion, through establishing the equivalent circuit of Buck-type D-CAP, the generation of low-order harmonic current is investigated under three nonlinear factors. A current reshaping method to simultaneously diminish the harmonics caused by the three nonlinear distortion factors is thus adopted, which is a feedback control of output current harmonics. Then for series resonance, based on the block diagram of Buck-type D-CAP within the grid, transfer function from grid voltage to the output current is deduced and the corresponding Bode diagram is depicted. An active damping method is therefore suggested to shrink the low-order series resonance peak, by detecting power capacitor's voltage for feedback control. Finally, a combined control, reactive current reshaping with series resonance damping is proposed in this paper for three-phase Buck-type D-CAP. A wide variety of experimental results from a 33kVar/220V laboratory prototype are provided to demonstrate the validity of the combined control.


Background Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) reversal with neostigmine and glycopyrrolate has been reported to cause cardiac arrest in patients with a history of cardiac transplantation. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety of NMB reversal with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and muscarinic anticholinergics in these patients. Methods We queried the medical records of a large tertiary referral center for patients with a history of prior heart transplantation who underwent anesthesia including receipt of NMB reversal. Patient records were reviewed to investigate maximal decrease in heart rate (HR) after NMB reversal and incidence of death and cardiac arrest. Results Seventy-seven heart transplant patients underwent 118 subsequent anesthetics during which they received neostigmine and glycopyrrolate for NMB reversal. No patients had active pacemakers at the time of their anesthetics. Mean time from heart transplantation to NMB reversal was 2.9 ± 3.2 (median, 1.9; range, 0.01– 12.5) years. After NMB reversal, no patients received atropine or epinephrine, suffered cardiac arrest, or died within 30 days. Mean HR decrease, defined as the difference between the HR immediately before NMB reversal and the lowest HR within 5 minutes thereafter, after NMB reversal was 0.5 ± 3.2 with median 0 (range, −8 to 17) beats per minute. Mean HR decrease was not associated with transplantation type (biatrial versus bicaval, P = 0.2029) or with increasing duration of time from cardiac transplantation (P = 0.0874). Conclusions Although rare cases of cardiac arrest after NMB reversal have been reported, our experience would support the safety of neostigmine and glycopyrrolate in cardiac transplantation patients.


Washed elementary bodies obtained from dermal vaccine virus contain ash, carbohydrate, fat, and nitrogen a part of which is undoubtedly in the form of protein. These components are similar to those found in bacteria and other substances of protoplasmic origin.


Much has been written about how the Federal Sentencing Guidelines have changed the role of judges, prosecutors and probation officers in federal criminal courts. This paper, based on empirical research, adds a relatively new chapter to that literature by examining some of the ways in which defense attorney advocacy has been altered under the Guidelines regime. The study involves forty subjects, all federal criminal defense attorneys, who discuss their practices and experiences as advocates in a system that deters and penalizes zealous representation by equating it with the defendant's failure to accept responsibility or impediment of justice. The attorneys also describe their decreasing bargaining power in a system that over-empowers their prosecutorial adversaries, and the effect that this has on their work as advocates. The empirical evidence suggests that lawyers may have redefined what it means to be a good advocate in the face of the perceived rigidity and severity of the Guidelines. They devote their energies to counseling their clients, guiding them through the criminal adjudication process, and combing the complex sentencing rules for exceptions that might apply to their clients. Their accounts reveal that the role of the defense lawyer, as well as the impact of the right to counsel, has changed fundamentally from the time of Gideon v. Wainwright and other cases that championed the right to counsel as a vital safeguard for the protection of individual rights and the integrity of the criminal justice system.


Fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is characterized by the close correlation of chronic widespread pain and other non-pain related symptoms. Aim of this study was to investigate whether telerehabilitation that provides physical and psychological support services of the mind-body techniques can affect the clinical profile and pain relief of FM patients. The study included twenty-eight female FM patients, mean aged 56.61 ± 8.56 years. All patients underwent a rehabilitation treatment (8 sessions, 1/week, 1 h/each) through Zoom platform, with the following principles of rehabilitation treatment: Anchoring to a positive emotion; listen and perceive your "own" body; conscious breathing; improve interoceptive awareness; relax. All patients then underwent clinical assessment of the physical distress and fear of movement for the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS); the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS); the Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire (FABQ); with measures of physical and mental disability for the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ); the 12-Items Short Form Survey; the Resilience Scale for Adults and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Revised. The evaluations were performed at T0 (baseline), T1 (after 8 weeks of treatment), and T2 (after 1 month of follow-up). The main finding was that telerehabilitation reduced physical and mental distress, fear, and disability (p < 0.001). Resilience and coping ability were less affected by the rehabilitative treatment. Our attempt of mind-body technique telerehabilitation has shown good results in the improvement of painful symptoms and quality of life for the FM patients but showed fewer positive impacts for the resilience and coping abilities aspects.


The growth of the weight of East Asia and Southeast Asia (hereinafter: the Far East) in the world economy seems unstoppable. For this macro-region, which is becoming the number one economic centre of the world, Europe is the second largest trade partner after North America. Due to its specific production culture and scarce natural resources, the procurement and trade sales markets of the Far East are mostly different geographically (also by continents). This short paper is only an examination of what are the natural, economic, political and logistical criteria of the goods transportation between the Far East, a region more and more appreciated in the foreign trade of Hungary and Europe on both traditional and newly created routes. For Hungary, a landlocked country, it does matter what routes can offer transportation, which is the most favourable from economic aspects and also the most reliable. In our paper, besides the analysis of infrastructure and goods flows in the Western Europe/EU/Far East relations, we also outline the possible directions and means of Hungary's joining the trans-Eurasian land and combined (sea/land) routes.


BACKGROUND
The relationship between socioeconomic status and physical fitness level is unclear. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between socioeconomic factors and physical fitness among Korean adults.
PARTICIPANTS
A retrospective analysis of the physical fitness and demographic data extracted from the 2013 National Fitness Award project conducted in Korea. The data from 1690 men and 1982 women, 19-64-years-old, were included. Sampling strategy, using 14 clusters and stratification levels, ensured a national representation of the Republic of Korea. The following physical fitness variables were included in the analysis: time on the 50 metre dash run repetitions of shuttle run, distance of standing long jump, distance of sit-and-reach, number of sit-ups in 1 min, and grip strength. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine whether physical fitness levels were related to occupation (physically active, non-active and other), household income (divided into quartiles) and location of residence (rural or urban), adjusting for age and sex.
RESULTS
Participants with physically active occupations had higher fitness levels than those with non-active and other occupations. As the household income increased, the fitness levels also tended to increase. Participants living in a small city had higher fitness levels than those living in a large city, except on the 50 metre dash run.
CONCLUSIONS
Physical fitness variables could be affected by socioeconomic status.


AflatoxinB1 was extracted from rice contaminated artificially with Aspergillus flavus by using methanol-water (50:50 v/v). As for experiment group, sodium chloride was added into the extracted solution of AfB1, the excitation wavelength of 365 nm under the fluorescence mode, and the emission spectrum peak at 440nm were observed. To study the detoxification of AflatoxinB1 in several alkaline solutions, the solution of alkaline with difference concentration was added into the solution of AfB1 respectively. The results showed that all of three alkaline solutions could decrease the 440nm emission spectrum peak of solution of AfB1 in varying degrees, the effect to decrease emission spectrum peak of AfB1 was very obvious in sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) took second place, whereas in ammonia (NH3·H2O), the effect was the weakest among three alkaline solutions. Moreover, the effects were different in the same alkaline solutions with different concentration, as hydrochloric acid (HCl) in low concentration was added to this complex AfB1 alkaline solutions, detoxification efficacy of AfB1 were found to be obviously increased. It was concluded that the detoxification of AflatoxinB1 may be affected by alkaline solutions according to their concentration and be degraded greatly by acid addition.


The success and popularity of deep learning is on the rise, partially due to powerful deep learning frameworks such as TensorFlow and PyTorch, which make it easier to develop deep learning models. However, these libraries also come with steep learning curves, since programming in these frameworks is quite different from traditional imperative programming with explicit loops and conditionals. In this work, we present a tool called TF-Coder for programming by example in TensorFlow. TF-Coder uses a bottom-up weighted enumerative search, with value-based pruning of equivalent expressions and flexible type- and value-based filtering to ensure that expressions adhere to various requirements imposed by the TensorFlow library. We train models to predict TensorFlow operations from features of the input and output tensors and natural language descriptions of tasks to prioritize relevant operations during search. TF-Coder solves 63 of 70 real-world tasks within 5 minutes, sometimes finding simpler solutions in less time compared to experienced human programmers.


Negative sentences with epistemic modals (e.g., John might not come/John can not come) contain two logical operators, negation and the modal, which yields a potential semantic ambiguity depending on scope assignment. The two possible readings are in a subset/superset relation, such that the strong reading (can not) asymmetrically entails the weak reading (might not). In this situation, a potential learnability issue arises. Based on the Semantic Subset Principle, we anticipated that children's initial interpretations would sometimes differ from those of adults because children are expected to initially prefer strong (can not) readings for sentences that convey weak (might not) readings for adults. This proposal is investigated in two experiments using Standard Italian, which is an ideal testing ground for child language, in view of its simple modal paradigm. The results of these experiments confirm the predictions of the Semantic Subset Principle. Five-year-old Italian-speaking children were found to strongly favor the scope assignment that generates strong (can not) readings, even in cases where adults strongly favor the weak (might not) scope assignment. This result is discussed in relation to some recent alternative proposals (Gualmini & Schwarz, 2009; Musolino, 2006) that do not assume any initial bias toward the strong readings.


A study on small mammals (<2 kg) was conducted in Zaraninge Forest, Coast Region, Tanzania, in the dry and wet seasons from 1994 to1996. The forest was found to harbour 11 small mammal species from 11 genera and seven families. There was high similarity in the number of species caught during the two seasons (Sørensen Coefficient (CCs)=0.92), implying there to be minimal migration of the species in the area. A total of 159 individuals were caught during the dry season, rodents accounting for 89.3% of the total catch and insectivores 10.7%. The most common species were Cricetomys gambianus and Grammomys dolichurus that had trap successes of 2.83 and 1.11 respectively. During the wet season 185 animals were caught, rodents accounting for 92.4% of the total catch and insectivores 7.6%. Cricetomys gambianus was significantly more abundant during the dry season. Graphiurus murinus was not caught in this season and no trend in abundance was detected for the other species. Forest specialist species included Paraxerus palliatus and Petrodromus petersi. No species was endemic to the forest, nearendemic species that occur in coastal and Eastern Arc forests included P. petersi and Beamys hindei. B. hindei also occurs in a few other East African forests. Threatened species are B. hindei and P. palliatus that are vulnerable and P. petersi that is endangered. Lepus capensis is in Appendix I of CITES list and Hystrix cristata and Mellivora capensis in Appendix III. The forest, though small is in good health and fairly well protected, therefore the species are not in danger of being locally extinct in the near future.


Previous research has suggested that an age-related decline may exist in the ability to inhibit distracting information during visual search. The present experiments used a conjunction search task in which the within-item features of the target (an upright L) and the distractors (rotated Ls) were identical. In each of 2 experiments, both young and older adults searched the display significantly more rapidly when the distractors were all rotated in the same direction (homogeneous) than when the distractors were rotated in different directions (heterogeneous). The concept of a generalized, age-related slowing was able to account for many aspects of the data, although the degree of relative improvement associated with distractor homogeneity was greater for young adults than for older adults.


The labor shortage has affected every aspect of construction all over California, however the central coast has been hit especially hard. The central coast's location between the two major developmental hubs presents challenges such as relocating employees and finding skilled craftsman. One potential method that has been shown to increase productivity and cut costs is to prefabricate. Prefabrication can improve working conditions and increase worker safety while streamlining schedule and reducing environmental impact. While these benefits are certainly possible in larger cities that have the manufacturing grunt, this paper aims to understand if prefabrication is a viable way to alleviate the labor shortage in small communities. Research shows that there are a number of problems that present themselves to contractors located on the central coast, such as longer lead times on prefabricated items, a shortage of manufacturing plants, a shortage of labor, and a technology delay. Some contractors are combatting these issues with increased housing stipends for workers as well as varying levels of off-site prefabrication. Their success tends to be limited by trade coordination with architects as well as the size of the market.


Multihop wireless mesh networks are becoming a new attractive communication paradigm. Many cities and public places have deployed or are planning to deploy mesh networks to provide Internet access to residents and local businesses. Routing protocol design is critical to the performance and reliability of wireless mesh networks. Traditional routing protocols send traffic along pre-determined paths and have been shown ineffective in coping with unreliable and unpredictable wireless medium. In this paper, we develop a simple opportunistic adaptive routing protocol (SOAR) for wireless mesh networks. SOAR maximizes the progress each packet makes by using priority-based timers to ensure that the most preferred node forwards the packet with little coordination overhead. Moreover, SOAR minimizes resource consumption and duplicate transmissions by judiciously selecting forwarding nodes to prevent routes from diverging. To further protect against packet losses, SOAR uses local recovery to retransmit a packet when an ACK is not received within a specified time. SOAR uses a combination of selective ACKs, piggyback ACKs, and ACK compression to protect against ACK loss while minimizing ACK overhead. We evaluate SOAR using NS-2 simulations. Our preliminary results show that SOAR is promising to achieve high efficiency and effectively support multiple simultaneous flows.


Abstract At low temperature, T→0, the yield stress of a perfect crystal is equal to its so-called theoretical strength. The yield stress of nonperfect crystals is controlled by the stress threshold of dislocation mobility. A noncrystalline solid has neither an ideal structure nor gliding dislocations. Its yield stress, that is, the stress at which the macroscopic inelastic deformation starts, depends on distribution of local, attributed to each atomic site, critical stresses at which the local inelastic deformation occurs. We describe exactly solvable model of planar layer strength and sliding with an arbitrary homogeneous distribution of local critical stresses. The rate of the thermally activated sliding is closely related to parameters of the low-temperature strength. The sliding activation volume scales with the applied external stress as where β<1. The proposed model accounts for mechanisms and the yield stress of the low-temperature deformation of polycluster metallic glasses, because intercluster boundaries of a polycluster metallic glass are natural sliding layers of the described type.


* See Last Page for Key Revised 2016 Kirsch Page 1 Reference Study Type Patients/ Events Study Objective (Purpose of Study) Study Results Study Quality 1. Heit JA, Cohen AT, Anderson FA, Jr., on Behalf of the VTE Impact Assessment Group. Estimated Annual Number of Incident and Recurrent, Non-Fatal and Fatal Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Events in the US. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2005;106(11):910-. Review/OtherDx N/A To estimate the total annual number of nonfatal and fatal DVT and PE events (incident and recurrent) in the US. Estimated total annual number of symptomatic VTE events exceeded 600,000, (DVT, n=376,365; PE, n=237,058). Study confirms that VTE is a major US health problem. 4


The evaluation of scientific journal has become a necessary exercise for a variety of purposes and parties. We evaluated compliance with ISO standards for periodicals by the Spanish biomedical journal An. Med. Interna. Compliance with 136 data items based on different standards was evaluated with the help of a specially developed data sheet, and expressed as overall mean compliance (49.2%) and actual mean compliance (83.4%), i.e., compliance with those items considered necessary for the effective transfer of information via data bases. Items for which standardization was not optimal were examined in detail and specific recommendations for correction were given. We conclude that An. Med. Interna effectively fulfills its mission as an instrument for the communication of research results. In comparison with Spanish journals covering different areas and published by different organizations, compliance with international standards was better in An. Med. Interna.


AGREEMENT OF COMMONLY USED PREDICTION EQUATIONS FOR SPIROMETRY INTERPRETATION IN THAI PEOPLE WARAWUT CHAIWONG, SUREEPORN UTHAIKHUP, CHALERM LIWSRISAKUN, CHAICHARN POTHIRAT Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, and Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand


In this paper, electromagnetic emissions produced by a beam-plasma system are investigated using particle-in-cell simulations for the particular case when the typical transverse size of both 100 keV electron beam and produced plasma channel is comparable to the radiation wavelength. The interest in this regime of beam-plasma interaction is associated with highly efficient generation of electromagnetic waves near the plasma frequency harmonics that has been recently observed in laboratory experiments on the GOL-3 mirror trap. It has been found that the radiation power only from the vicinity of the doubled plasma frequency in these experiments can reach 1% of the total beam power. Subsequent theoretical and simulation studies have shown that the most likely candidate for explaining such efficient generation of electromagnetic radiation is the mechanism of a beam-driven plasma antenna based on the conversion of the most unstable plasma oscillations on a longitudinal density modulation of plasma ions. In this paper, we investigate how effectively this mechanism can work in a real experiment at the GOL-3 facility, when a thin sub-relativistic electron beam gets a large angular spread due to compression by a magnetic field, and the gas into which it is injected has macroscopic density gradients.


OBJECTIVE
To measure changes in rectal temperature and hematologic, biochemical, blood gas, and acid-base values before and after exercise.

ANIMALS
14 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers.

PROCEDURE
Dogs exercised continuously for 10 minutes by repeatedly retrieving a dummy thrown approximately 40 to 50 yards on land. The ambient temperature during each exercise period was recorded. Rectal temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate were measured; CBC and serum biochemical profile were determined; and arterial blood gas tensions, acid-base status, and plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations were measured at rest and immediately after exercise. Rectal temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and lactate and pyruvate concentrations were evaluated at intervals up to 120 minutes after exercise.

RESULTS
Immediately after exercise, rectal temperature increased markedly; ambient temperature did not affect rectal temperature. Arterial blood pH and PaO2 were significantly increased after exercise, and PaCO2 and bicarbonate concentration were significantly decreased after exercise. Also, statistically, but not clinically, significant increases were observed in RBC, WBC, and segmented neutrophil counts; hemoglobin, total protein, and serum sodium and potassium concentrations; PCV; anion gap; and creatine kinase activity. Plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations increased significantly after exercise, but there was no change in the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio.

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Reference values for healthy Laborador Retrievers during a standardized exercise protocol were established to compare data obtained from Laborador Retrievers with exercise intolerance and collapse. Important characteristics of lactate and pyruvate metabolism were documented that will enable more precise evaluation of exercise intolerance in this breed.


Laser-triangulation-based surface mapping has been used in a limited number of applications for many years, both for reverse engineering and manufacturing diagnostics. The history of these systems is outlined. Machines are becoming available that can be used to accurately scan small to medium size parts, generate a dense surface map of the part shape, and create a CAD data file describing the part in the form of splines or geometric primitives. Examples of currently available laser triangulation systems that are applicable to electronics product and reverse engineering are presented, along with a description of their specifications, limitations, and potential for future development.<<ETX>>


Many different reliable multicast protocols have been proposed and analyzed in the current literature. Since satellites are naturally a broadcast medium, multicast communications have the potential to greatly benefit from their wide-scale deployment. The performance of reliable multicast protocols needs to be studied and become better understood over networks including satellite links. Most of the analysis performed on these protocols has dealt with bandwidth usage, buffer requirements, and processing delay. Very few studies address the transmission delay incurred from using reliable multicast protocols. Hybrid error control protocols have been studied in terms of bandwidth and delay. The effects of different estimation schemes coupled with autoparity usage are investigated and results are compared. Simple adaptive mechanisms used with a local recovery scheme are found to offer the best overall results in terms of reducing recovery latency and satellite bandwidth usage.


Transmission of pathogens commonly carried by domestic sheep and goats poses a serious threat to bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations. All-age pneumonia die-offs usually ensue, followed by asymptomatic carriage of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae by some of the survivors. Lambs born into these chronically infected populations often succumb to pneumonia, but adults are usually healthy. Surprisingly, we found that introduction of a new genotype (strain) of M. ovipneumoniae into a chronically infected bighorn sheep population in the Hells Canyon region of Washington and Oregon was accompanied by adult morbidity (100%) and pneumonia-induced mortality (33%) similar to that reported in epizootics following exposure of naive bighorn sheep. This suggests an immune mismatch occurred that led to ineffective cross-strain protection. To understand the broader context surrounding this event, we conducted a retrospective analysis of M. ovipneumoniae strains detected in 14 interconnected populations in Hells Canyon over nearly 3 decades. We used multi-locus sequence typing of DNA extracts from 123 upper respiratory tract and fresh, frozen, and formalin-fixed lung samples to identify 5 distinct strains of M. ovipneumoniae associated with all-age disease outbreaks between 1986 and 2014, a pattern consistent with repeated transmission events (spillover) from reservoir hosts. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain associated with the outbreak observed in this study was likely of domestic goat origin, whereas strains from other recent disease outbreaks probably originated in domestic sheep. Some strains persisted and spread across populations, whereas others faded out or were replaced. Lack of cross-strain immunity in the face of recurrent spillovers from reservoir hosts may account for a significant proportion of the disease outbreaks in bighorn sheep that continue to happen regularly despite a century of exposure to domestic sheep and goats. Strain-specific immunity could also complicate efforts to develop vaccines. The results of our study support existing management direction to prevent contacts that could lead to pathogen transmission from domestic small ruminants to wild sheep, even if the wild sheep have previously been exposed. Our data also show that under current management, spillover is continuing to occur, suggesting that enhanced efforts are indicated to avoid introducing new strains of M. ovipneumoniae into wild sheep populations. We recommend looking for new management approaches, such as clearing M. ovipneumoniae infection from domestic animal reservoirs in bighorn sheep range, and placing greater emphasis on existing strategies to elicit more active cooperation by the public and to increase vigilance on the part of resource managers. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.


ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to examine the dynamic interaction of a cough jet with different indoor airflow distributions created by linear slot diffusers considering the inter-personal transport of coughed particles. The experimental measurements were performed in a chamber, where the interaction of a cough jet and downward jets with various momentums was visualized by smoke. In this study, parameters related to the dynamic interaction of a transient cough jet and a steady downward jet have been studied: (1) distance between the cough jet source and an exposed dummy (ED); (2) the initial momentum of the downward plane jet. The experimental results indicate that the ceiling-attached horizontal jets that are widely applied in the over-head mixing ventilation systems have difficulties in deflecting the cough jet, and thereby have difficulties in reducing inter-personal transport of the coughed particles. This study found that a downward plane jet could prevent the transport of cough particles from the cough dummy to the ED. When the ED is standing 0.5 meter away from the cough dummy, the personal exposure (PE) level to coughed particles by using a downward plane jet could be two orders of magnitude lower than by using ceiling-attached horizontal jets. In addition, this study quantifies the interaction of a cough jet and a downward plane jet in their ability to reduce exposure to coughed particles. The results may be used in the process of diffuser selection and suggests that ventilation systems employing downward plane jets with high discharge velocities might be useful in public spaces to reduce inter-personal exposure to coughed particles


Eighty-six county coordinators and psychiatrists from predominantly rural counties reported their perceptions of availability and quality of 21 types of inpatient, outpatient, and transitional living services in Wisconsin for five target populations: adult, children, adolescent, geriatric, and minority. Their ratings and priorities for addressing needs indicated (a) that transitional living services are insufficient and of inadequate quality for all populations; (b) that availability and quality of inpatient and outpatient services are better for adults; (c) that general needs across all populations for additional and higher quality services are for services that address specialized problems, both inpatient and outpatient; (d) that children, adolescent, minority, and geriatric populations have limited access to needed services; (e) that available services for these four groups are most often inadequate; and (f) that the needs of children and adolescents should be given highest priority, particularly their needs for transitional services and inpatient and outpatient services for special problems. Actions and recommendations are discussed for professionals and advocates to increase awareness of needs for quality services for children and adolescents, for expanding public information, and for design of local-county quality programs, including professional education and continuing outreach to important constituencies and advocates.


In response to the need for a diverse, highly skilled STEM workforce that can work collaboratively and communicate effectively, colleges of engineering have developed diversityfocused recruitment, retention, and outreach efforts. Many programs have also begun to emphasize technical communication skills. A national organization that integrates these priorities is the Engineering Ambassadors Network (EAN), which trains undergraduates to raise awareness of what engineers do and how they contribute to society. Typical ambassador activities include the delivery of a presentation and a hands-on activity to middle or high school students. Currently, there are an estimated 634 EAs in the United States. For many, the ambassador role begins during a large, multi-institution workshop. Post-event surveys reveal high levels of ability, confidence, and preparedness to create and deliver outreach presentations. Post-workshop interviews reveal that the training offers a platform for role identity development. The ambassador role aligns career-related motivations, resonance with messages contained in the National Academy of Engineering's Changing the Conversation report, beliefs about the mission of the EAN, and plans for fulfilling the Network's mission. After the initial training, students' role identities reflect an integration of their undergraduate engineering student role with the new role of ambassador, with the intermediary role of an effective presenter serving as a bridge. The workshop targets the need to improve students' communication proficiency, and focuses sparingly on the hands-on activity component of ambassadorship. Consequently, little is known about whether learning to create and facilitate a classroom activity impacts what ambassadorship means to students, and how these perceptions are integrated into existing ambassadorial or professional future role components of self-perceptions, goals, beliefs and action possibilities. The present study focused on two questions. 1. For students in an ambassador role during an outreach visit, what is the purpose of the hands-on activity? 2. How do ambassadors approach the development of a hands-on activity? The case study with embedded units arose from a fiveday intensive training at a small, engineering-focused university. Training involved 30 students, and a purposefully diverse sample of 8 students was obtained. All students had recently completed the national-level workshop. Post-training interviews were conducted with 4 junior and 4 senior ambassadors and elicited a narrative about the student's experiences at both the national and local training events. Local training required students to develop both a presentation and a hands-on activity. Two researchers coded the interview transcripts. We present findings thematically to discern several outcomes: Hands-on activities are conceptualized as serving a clear instructional and motivational purpose for students; ambassadors understood that activities reinforce presentation concepts and inspire students to be interested in engineering; ambassadors engaged in iterative design processes while creating activities, and sought the assistance of a supportive facilitator when necessary. The hands-on activities are, for ambassadors, a key component of outreach visits and that the local training environment supports the development of these activities. Activities are generally aligned with ambassadors' interests and prior knowledge, as well as the presentations that they are also developing in the training context. Additional theoretical and practical implications are discussed.


This paper presents an advanced modeling approach which significantly improves predictions of reaction rates and critical data that engineers need to design effective pressure relief systems. Ideally, pressure relief systems are sized exactly for the reaction characteristics of the chemicals in the vessel. However, with many chemicals and chemical mixtures, reaction chemistry is difficult to characterize because the individual components interact in complex ways. Furthermore, the high cost and risk of full‐scale reactivity experiments make test data scarce. Chemical engineers bridge this gap in part with small‐scale tests and modeling computer codes such as the one developed by the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS). The comprehensive approach developed in this paper provides a reliable design basis for difficult systems, including highly energetic and nonideal reactions, systems with continuing reactions in piping and containment vessels, and systems where homogeneous bubble collapse caused by rapid depressurization could cause a catastrophic vessel failure. We first examine possible mechanisms for catastrophic vessel failure and associated consequences. Next, we outline a detailed approach for emergency relief system design and reactivity testing.


Analysing large-scale surveillance video has drawn signi cant attention because drone technology and high-resolution sensors are rapidly improving. The mobility of drones makes it possible to monitor a broad range of the environment, but it introduces a more di cult problem of identifying the objects of interest. This thesis aims to detect the moving objects (mostly vehicles) using the idea of background subtraction. Building a decent background is the key to success during the process. We consider two categories of surveillance videos in this thesis: when the scene is at and when pronounced parallax exists. After reviewing several global motion estimation approaches, we propose a novel cost function, the log-likelihood of the student t-distribution, to estimate the background motion between two frames. The proposed idea enables the estimation process to be e cient and robust with auto-generated parameters. Since the particle lter is useful in various subjects, it is investigated in this thesis. An improvement to particle lters, combining near-optimal proposal and Rao-Blackwellisation, is discussed to increase the e ciency when dealing with non-linear problems. Such improvement is used to solve visual simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) problems and we call it RB2-PF. Its superiority is evident in both simulations of 2D SLAM and real datasets of visual odometry problems. Finally, RB2-PF based visual odometry is the key component to detect moving objects from surveillance videos with pronounced parallax. The idea is to consider multiple planes in the scene to improve the background motion estimation. Experiments have shown that false alarms signi cantly reduced. With the landmark information, a ground plane can be worked out. A near-constant velocity model can be applied after mapping the detections on the ground plane regardless of the position and orientation of the camera. All the detection results are nally processed by a multi-target tracker, the Gaussian mixture probabilistic hypothesis density (GM-PHD) lter, to generate tracks.


It will be recollected that in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xx. p. 283, there is a paper by Mr. Vicary, of Exeter, drawing attention to the pebble-bed of Budleigh-Salterton; appended to this is a description of some of the included fossils by the late Mr. Salter. Since this a paper on the Brachiopoda from the pebbles has been given (in vol. xxvi. p. 70) by Mr. Davidson. In the former paper a full description of the bed is given by Mr. Vicary, to which there is little or nothing to add. It is sufficient to say that it consists of a bed of nearly 100 feet of pebbles of various rocks, inclined at a low angle to the horizon, lying on and covered by the Trias, that the pebbles contain fossils, as a rule, unknown elsewhere in England, that the fossils in some are Silurian and in others Devonian, and that the matrix including Silurian and Devonian fossils is often identical. Through the kindness of Mr. Vicary I have been allowed to figure some of the more remarkable Lamellibranchs in his collection which were undescribed by Mr. Salter (or of which the descriptions and figures have been lost); and I have added a few of my own. This task would not have been attempted had there been any chance of a more competent person's undertaking it.


Iran is facing a daunting reality regarding the future of their water resources which may result in conflict and migration within the country with the potential to affect the Middle East and North African region and beyond. The country has failed to address critical preservation, risk mitigation, infrastructural, and political efforts to accommodate their rising population due to economic expansion. Water resources are dependent on social, political, economic, and environmental variables related to conflict and migration. Given the recent examples of water security issues in Syria resulting in migration and conflict, this thesis investigates the total available water per capita as a driver for the potential collapse of Iran's water resources. Portions of two key world system dynamics models were combined to identify interrelated variables leading to migration and conflict. It was found through multiple simulations that decreasing water per capita levels leads to increases in aggregated migration and death rates for this particular investigation. Further experimentation with other interrelated variables such as civil liberties, level of government, and GDP per capita may highlight other drivers and allow extension of this model to other countries of interest.


Determination of the overall spatial form of a residential area, which includes aspects such as building arrangement and site planning, is the primary step of residential area planning, and an important factor of formation of characteristics of the residential area. This paper analyzes the environmental factors that influence the spatial form of residential areas in sustainable residential area planning in China. The factors discussed involve aspects of the original eco-resources, building arrangement, greenery system, landscape and open space in the residential area. Through a comprehensive analysis of the factors presented above, the formation of the overall spatial form of residential areas can be effectively guided.


Freeze-dried alginate sponge crosslinked with covalent bonds was developed in our laboratory and has been demonstrated to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. In this study, we examined spinal cord repair using alginate sponge in infant rats. On postnatal day 8-12, the spinal cord was transversely resected at Th7-Th8 to produce a 2-mm gap. The gap was filled with alginate sponge in the alginate group. For the control group, the gap was left empty. In the alginate group, the recovery of evoked electromyogram and sensory-evoked potentials 6 weeks after surgery indicated that elongation of axons could establish electrophysiologically functional projections through the gap. A histological study revealed that myelinated and unmyelinated axons, surrounded by a perineurial-like structure, had elongated across the gap. An immunohistochemical examination revealed that elongation of astrocytic processes and/or migration of astrocytes into the alginate sponge was induced, whereas astrocyte gliosis was reduced at the interface between the implanted alginate and the host spinal cord, compared with the control group. However, a horseradish peroxidase tracing study revealed ascending and descending fibers had also elongated into the gap and reentered the other stump of the transected spinal cord beyond the gap. These results suggest that alginate might provide a permissive microenvironment for elongation of spinal cord axons.


The main contribution of this paper is to study the feasibility of an automated approach to the assessment and synthesis of control loops in substations of a district heating and cooling system. The low-level controllers in substation are usually PID-type controllers and can not easily be changed. Moreover, the tuning of these controllers is often done in an ad-hoc manner and remains in the initial tuning despite changes in the substation over their operational life. Consequently, insufficient control performance due to false tuning can be misinterpreted as a hardware issue and lead to unnecessary replacement of parts. In order to solve this problem, the paper proposes an approach to assess the control loop performance based on logged data from substations, and to subsequently tune the current substation controllers, when no hardware issues are detected. The approach is applied to a well-known building substation model in simulation, which indicates that the approach is feasible. Analysis of acquired data from a number of substations in the DHC system of Luleå Energi AB, provides evidence for the problem and how the approach can be applied in its future implementation. Moreover, a number of challenges and future work are indicated.


The algorithm for constructing conservation laws of Euler-Lagrange-type equations via Noether-type symmetry operators associated with partial Lagrangian has been presented. As applications, many new conservation laws of some important systems of nonlinear partial differential equations have been obtained.


Over twenty-five years have passed since this book was first published, and the first edition went through nine impressions. Originally it was intended to provide students and others with a sketch of the ministry of Jesus which made serious use of the sources underlying the synoptic gospels. Much has happened in New Testament studies during that time, and this completely revised edition takes recent developments into consideration. In particular, since many scholars believe the Fourth Gospel to be independent of the first three and to preserve much early tradition, Dr Hunter draws on its testimony for some aspects of Jesus' ministry. The text of the RSV and NEB has been substituted for the RV throughout the body of the book. This revised edition provides an account of the work and words of Jesus which, while not ignoring the contribution of German critics, reflects the less radical approach to be found in the writings of many distinguished British scholars. 'An excellent introduction to the ministry of Jesus for interested laymen, students and ministers' (Baptist Times).


Abstract The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a polyphagous pest in horticulture, mainly targeting pomaceous and citrus fruits. To gain better knowledge about its chemosensory system related to taste, essential for behavioural strategies and localisation of host plants, we examined the tarsal external morphology by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, focusing on sensilla. Numerous trichoid and chaetica sensilla, related to taste and mechanoreceptor systems, and other types of sensilla are present in tarsal segments. The responses of specific trichoid chemosensilla were also studied through electrophysiological experiments by stimulation with sodium chloride, fructose and four bitter stimuli. Electrophysiological data allowed us to distinguish three types of different neurons: high ("H"), middle ("M") and small ("S"). Increasing concentrations of sodium chloride enhanced the activity of H cells, while fructose boosted M cells activity. On the contrary, S cells showed no increase in spike activity after stimulation with these substances. Bitter stimuli induced no significant response on these cells. Behavioural assays showed no statistical difference among the responses to sugars, bitter substances and citric acid. Our results on taste stimuli will be useful in increasing knowledge of Ceratitis chemoreception, fundamental in new integrated pest management.


Logistics network design is commonly recognized as a strategic supply chain issue of prime importance. The location of production facilities, storage concepts, and transportation strategies are major determinants of supply chain performance. This chapter considers logistics network design for the particular case of closed-loop supply chains. We highlight key issues that companies are facing when deciding upon the logistics implementation of a product recovery initiative. In particular, we point out differences and analogies with logistics network design for traditional 'forward' supply chains. Moreover, we discuss the strategic fit between specific supply chain contexts and logistics network structures. Conclusions are supported by a quantitative analysis.


This study commenced with an investigation into a total synthesis of the antibiotic platensimycin 1.1 in chapter one. The key reaction for accessing the synthetically challenging fused ring system involved a meta-photocycloaddition reaction and the chapter one describes our attempts at the syntheses of the key substrates. Much of the chemistry was unsuccessful however we were able to attempt a key photochemical reaction however the desired compound was not obtained. On the basis of these outcomes we refocused our efforts towards the syntheses of kainic acid 2.1 and allokaininc acid 2.2 in chapter two. We aimed to devise a stereoselective synthesis of both kainic acid 2.1 and the allokainic acid 2.2, utilising the diastereofacial selectivity inherent in the previously synthesised oxazolidinone 2.240. Oxazolidinone 2.240 was subjected to a stereo and regiocontrolled 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to give isoxazole 2.279. Reduction, followed by dehydration of isoxazole 2.279 gave the enone 2.287 which forms the Michael acceptor in the key Michael addition reaction. The 1,4 addition on enone 2.287, gave the two diastereomers 2.328 and 2.329 which underwent sequential Wittig reaction, and Krapcho decarboxylation to give the formal synthesis of allokainic acid 2.2 and epikainate 2.346 respectively. An investigation was also conducted with the aim of altering the stereochemistry of the dicarboxylic group in compound 2.329, in order to produce a novel route to the stereoselective synthesis of kainic acid 2.1.

For figures referred to here please view abstract in full-text pdf


Abstract Background: The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing. CDI is diagnosed by toxin enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on stool samples. An earlier study evaluating EIA in IBD patients with CDI suggested that more than one stool sample be tested to increase diagnostic yield. We investigated whether repeat stool testing improves diagnostic accuracy for CDI in hospitalized IBD patients compared to hospitalized patients with CDI and no IBD. Methods: We performed retrospective data analysis from January 2005–May 2011 on 63,086 hospitalized patients who were tested for CDI using EIA or PCR. Of these, 2579 patients had IBD. Transition probabilities were calculated based on results from repeated tests. Results: Inclusive of all inpatients tested for CDI, 56,583 were tested using toxin EIA and 6503 were tested using PCR. In patients with no IBD, the first stool sample tested was positive in 90% and 94% with EIA and PCR respectively. In IBD patients tested using EIA, 101 were diagnosed with CDI. The first stool sample tested was positive in 81% of patients. Successive second and third stool samples yielded additional 14% and 5% CDI positive IBD patients. Conclusions: Approximately one in five IBD patients with CDI required repeat testing to yield a positive result with EIA. There are minimal diagnostic gains of repeat testing by EIA or PCR in patients without IBD. We recommend repeat stool testing for CDI when using EIA to increase diagnostic yield in IBD patients.


The Obama Administration's (Adminstration) mandate under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) that nearly all employers cover certain contraceptive drugs and devices in any employee health plan (the Mandate) opened a new front in the American abortion debate. Religious objectors charge that coverage of six specific "abortion-inducing" drugs and devices is tantamount to providing an "abortion on demand." The Administration and Mandate supporters insist that "drugs that cause abortion are not covered by [the Mandate]." This firestorm over such drugs and devices (together, emergency contraceptives or EC) reverberates far outside the Washington Beltway, spilling over to decisions facing women about whether to use EC after "unanticipated sexual activity, contraceptive failure, or sexual assault."This Article explores how it is possible that such wildly different claims can be made about the same drugs and devices, claims that create real confusion for real women who are deciding whether to use EC. It shows that both sides — Mandate supporters and opponents, family planning advocates and opponents of abortion — use conclusory labels to shorthand an extraordinarily complex and still-unfolding scientific understanding about how different kinds of EC work. Notwithstanding key differences in their mechanisms of action — that is, how the drug acts in a woman's body — supporters and opponents alike lump all EC together as if they work by precisely the same mechanism, glossing over important differences.Compounding the competing explanations about how EC works is the fact that both sides mean very different things when they claim something is or is not "abortion-causing." Mandate supporters contend that pregnancy begins when "a pre-embryo completes implantation," while objectors believe the "life of every human being [begins at] the moment of conception/fertilization," making its destruction "the killing of an innocent person."For women contemplating EC, separating "fact from fiction" is no easy task: "Since the approval of [ella] . . . there has been even more confusion and controversy." Precisely because of "myths" swirling around "in the popular press and on the internet," some women are now asking "tough questions about mechanisms of action."While it is easy to some to discount concerns about whether EC works after fertilization as a form of "zygote worship" shared only by religious zealots, many women of child-bearing age remain torn over using EC. For some, these qualms flow directly from their belief that life begins at fertilization. Although not an universally held view, deeply personal views about the beginning of life raise the question: Shouldn't doctors have an "open and honest conversation[ ] in layman's terms regarding EC, its benefits, and its potential consequences and let the patient make her own decision"?This Article maintains that a physician's "guidance on how and when to use [EC]" is necessary to equip women with the information needed to make informed decisions about their bodies and healthcare, guided by "their own moral or religious beliefs." Part II briefly recaps how the Mandate reinvigorated public concerns about abortion. It shows that religious objectors lifted their concerns about the contested drugs and devices directly from each label approved by the the Food and Drug Administration (FDA))-approved labels for each — as the Administration concedes in the litigation over the Mandate presently before the U.S. Supreme Court. Part III then assesses the conflicting claims made by both sides about how the contested drugs and devices actually work, focusing on two:, Plan B and ella. This Part shows that since Plan B's approval in 1999, it has never been shown to work after fertilization — despite statements on its own label. By contrast, ella is believed to "have an additional action of affecting the ability of the embryo to either attach to the endometrium or maintain its attachment, by a variety of mechanisms" after fertilization. As Part IV documents, significant numbers of women care deeply about whether a given drug acts after fertilization to prevent or disrupt implantation.Part V turns to the two prevailing standards for determining what patients should be told when providing fully informed consent to a treatment — the professional standard and the material risk standard. This Part concludes that under either standard, doctors have a duty to help women decipher the dense, technical explanations found on the FDA-approved labels if women are to make informed decisions to use EC guided by their own values. In doing so, physicians can add much-needed clarity to an issue muddied by political rancor, while enhancing the autonomy of the very women the Mandate sought to empower and assist.


OBJECTIVE
Restoring the proper sagittal alignment in adult spinal deformity (ASD) can improve radiological and clinical outcomes, but pseudarthrosis including rod fracture (RF) is a common problematic complication. The purpose of this study was to analyze the methods for reducing the incidence of RF in deformity correction of ASD.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively selected 178 consecutive patients (mean age 70.8 years) with lumbar degenerative kyphosis (LDK) who underwent deformity correction with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients were classified into the non-RF group (n = 131) and the RF group (n = 47). For predicting the crucial factors of RF, patient factors, radiographic parameters, and surgical factors were analyzed.

RESULTS
The overall incidence of RF was 26% (47/178 cases), occurring in 42% (42/100 cases) of pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO), 7% (5/67 cases) of lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) with posterior column osteotomy, 18% (23/129 cases) of cobalt chrome rods, 49% (24/49 cases) of titanium alloy rods, 6% (2/36 cases) placed with the accessory rod technique, and 32% (45/142 cases) placed with the 2-rod technique. There were no significant differences in the incidence of RF regarding patient factors between two groups. While both groups showed severe sagittal imbalance before operation, lumbar lordosis (LL) was more kyphotic and pelvic incidence (PI) minus LL (PI-LL) mismatch was greater in the RF group (p < 0.05). Postoperatively, while LL and PI-LL did not show significant differences between the two groups, LL and sagittal vertical axis correction were greater in the RF group (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, at the last follow-up, the two groups did not show significant differences in radiographic parameters except thoracolumbar junctional angles. As for surgical factors, use of the cobalt chrome rod and the accessory rod technique was significantly greater in the non-RF group (p < 0.05). As for the correction method, PSO was associated with more RFs than the other correction methods, including LLIF (p < 0.05). By logistic regression analysis, PSO, preoperative PI-LL mismatch, and the accessory rod technique were crucial factors for RF.

CONCLUSIONS
Greater preoperative sagittal spinopelvic malalignment including preoperative PI-LL mismatch was the crucial risk factor for RF in LDK patients 65 years or older. For restoring and maintaining sagittal alignment, use of the cobalt chrome rod, accessory rod technique, or LLIF was shown to be effective for reducing RF in ASD surgery.


The generation of a cartilage substitute will require both the mechanical and biochemical properties of the substance to approach that of native tissue. Recent studies (Buschmann et al., 1992, 1995; Bader and Lee, 1997) have shown that agarose can provide a suitable environment for the production of a mechanically functional matrix. Over time cells seeded in this matrix alter the intrinsic mechanical properties of the matrix. Additionally, several studies have included such biochemical factors as vitamin C (ascorbate) to the culture medium. This biological effector has varied effects on chondrocyte matrix biosynthesis. Specifically, it has been shown to promote calcification in chick growth plate chondrocytes (Wu et al., 1989), while it increased both type II and type I procollagen mRNA in 5 day culture (Sandell and Daniel, 1988). Conversely, it has been shown in bovine culture that aggrecan mRNA levels rise steadily in monolayer culture without ascorbate. but rise quickly and then fall off in its presence (Hering et al., 1994). To assess the effect of ascorbate in our system, primary bovine articular chondrocytes seeded in agarose, we initiated a study to examine the effects of ascorbate on both the production of cartilage extracellular matrix and the development of mechanical properties over a 14 day culture period. Three groups were studied: agarose disks without cells (control) and cell-seeded agarose disks maintained in DMEM supplemented daily with and without 50 μg/ml of ascorbate. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline contents of each disk were determined using standard colorimetric assays.


Abstract This investigation was aimed at the improvement of the compounding of alum hematoxylin. The advantages and disadvantages of the prevalent versions of Carazzi alum hematoxylin compoundings are analyzed. A novel modification of the Carazzi hematoxylin compounding is proposed, which is optimal for hematoxylin and eosin staining and for counterstaining of immunocytochemical preparations.


Quaternary InxAlyGa1-x-yN semiconductors have attracted much research interest because the use of this quaternary offer the great flexibility in tailoring their band gap profile while maintaining their lattice-matching and structural integrity. The structural and optical properties of InxAlyGa1-x-yN alloys grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is presented. The structural quality of InxAlyGa1-x-yN layers was characterized using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD). The results confirm that the InxAlyGa1-x-yN films had wurtzite structure and without phase separation. As the In composition increases, the Bragg angle of the (0002) InxAlyGa1-x-yN peak gradually decreases, indicating the increase in the lattice constant c of the alloys. FWHM of (0002) InxAlyGa1-x-yN decreases with increasing In composition from 0 to 0.04, that could indicate the decrease of quality of the samples due to point defects leading to non-uniformity of the epilayers. UV-VIS spectroscopy have been used to study the energy band gap of InxAlyGa1-x-yN. As the indium (In) compositions increases, the energy band gap decreases. However, for InxAlyGa1-x-yN with In composition of 0.1, the band gap shows a sudden increase in energy. This is probably due to local alloy compositional fluctuations in the epilayer. The bowing parameter which appears also to be very sensitive on In content is investigated and obtained b = 50.08 for quaternary InxAlyGa1-x-yN alloys. From photoluminescence (PL) measurement, green luminescence (GL) appears at PL spectrum of InxAlyGa1-x-yN, emitted for all x at ~530 nm and it become more pronounced as the In composition (x) increased, which is believed cause by gallium vacancies and related to isolated native defects. Keywords—HRXRD, nitrides, PL, quaternary, UV-VIS.


The recent increase in studies using the L2 Motivational Self System ( D o rnyei , 2005) to investigate language teachers' engagement (or lack thereof) in professional development (e.g., Hiver, 2013; Kubanyiova 2009; Kumazava, 2013) shows the increasing interest in bridging the research gap between language teacher education and teacher motivation. With the aim of contributing to this body of motivation research, this interview-based study uses a grounded theory approach to address the issues of how foreign language (FL) teachers in two types of Italian high schools (college preparation schools and vocational schools) experience and respond to changes in their proficiency. Findings show the influence of these pedagogical contexts on teachers' proficiency and engagement in development as well as the dynamic complexity of motivational processes. When dealing with professional development, FL teachers face two main decision-making moments: 1) deciding whether or not to engage in professional development activities; 2) maintaining their engagement with or without a supportive community. Their decision to engage often depends on the emotional dissonance between teachers' actual and possible L2 selves. The results have implications for designing in-service professional development courses with a bottom-up approach that take into consideration teachers' needs according to their school environments and enhance teachers' L2 selves' emotional guiding power.


Background: Eating a diet that is high in vitamins and low in fat is considered to be governed by social-cognitive factors, such as intentions, planning, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies. Purpose: A longitudinal field study was designed to examine the interrelationships of these factors with dietary behaviors. Method: In 697 South Korean men and women, objective health-risk status was assessed at Time 1 (cholesterol, blood pressure, and body mass index) in conjunction with self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and intentions. At Time 2, six months later, coping self-efficacy, planning, and dietary behaviors were measured. A two-group structural equation model for men and women was specified to determine the relations of distal and proximal predictors of a healthy diet. Results: Self-efficacy was of equal predictive power in men and women, whereas intentions and planning were relevant only in women. Objective risk status was associated with intentions in women but not in men. Conclusions: Results confirm the predictive power of the Health Action Process Approach and point to the role of gender in the self-regulation of dietary behaviors.