FITRIA-1410130169: THE USE OF FIVE WH-QUESTIONS IN COMPOSING NARRATIVE TEXTS IN PATHWAY TO ENGLISH BOOK BY ERLANGGA
In education, writing is one of students' activity. There are many reasons to write, both in and outside class. Firstly, writing gives more ‗thinking time' than they attempt spontenous conversation. It is the obligation of students to study in or outside class. Not only for the students but also for all of people who want to write an essay, pharagraph, a story (narrative text, descriptive text) and so on. The students get the problems to make narrative text. When the teacher gives an explanation about narrative text, they understand it, but they can not answer the questions from its narrative story text. The questions in narrative texts is information question or five wh-questions. Question is a sentence that need answer or information. In this explanation we focus on the written language. We use questions to ask information and also for requests, suggestions, offers, etc. There are three kinds of questions in English: Yes/No Questions. These are simple question eliciting the answer yes or no only. Attached (Tag) Questions. These are also yes/no questions, but the special form into which they are put shows which of these two answer is actually expected. Interrogative-Word Questions. These are questions that elicit specific information-a person, place, time, etc. Five wh-questions are what, who, when, where, why and how. These words are the words that in five wh-qiestions. Wh-question is the question that its form can be used in every text.
The aims of research are to know the type of wh-questions commonly used in Narrative Texts in Pathway to English Book by Erlangga and to know the function of wh-questions that the researcher found in its Narrative Texts in Pathway to English Book by Erlangga. The method of this research is qualitative research and used content analysis. The technique for collecting data in this research is collecting, reducing, presenting and concluding. Technique for analysis data is consist of four steps. The steps are collecting, coding, presenting and concluding and by using study document.
The result are the use of who is the highest than the use of what, where, when, how, the use of how is the rare and the use of why is the lowest in the narrative text in pathway to English book by Erlangga and The use of function of who as subject of question is the highest, the use of the function of what as object is the rare and the use of function of what as activity of question and the use of function of how using with much are the lowest because the use of function of what as activity and how using with much in question is just one in its narrative texts in Pathway to English book by Erlangga.
Key words: The Use of type and function of five wh-questions.


ABSTRACT Aims: The aims of this pilot study were to identify occupational therapy interventions provided to short-term rehabilitation clients at skilled nursing facilities and to determine if therapists engaged clients in interventions with an occupation-centered approach. Methods: This study utilized a prospective mixed methods design with in-depth observations of two occupational therapists and three clients. Field notes, schematic drawings, and the Occupation-Centered Intervention Assessment documented and captured 57 interventions. Results: Provision of interventions occurred primarily in the clinic (36/57), with exercise and rote practice as the most common intervention approach (26/57), and interventions that utilized occupation were rated higher on the OCIA indicating a more occupation-centered approach. Conclusions: More than half of the interventions did not involve the use or focus on occupation, indicating a gap between theoretical frameworks and interventions taught in professional school and what actually occurs in practice.


Physicians and other healthcare professionals may often be faced with the need to change opioids during the course of a patient's opioid analgesic care due to a number of clinical reasons. The act of converting opioid analgesics, for many physicians, nurses, and pharmacists, who do not receive adequate training, remains a challenging and often uncomfortable aspect of pain treatment. Part of the challenge clinicians face is secondary to the relatively weak literature evidence base that exists to support the equianalgesic ratios provided in textbooks, journals, and other medical resources. Another aspect involves the lack of a widely recognized treatment algorithm or guideline to assist clinicians with opioid conversion. The final decision on which opioid dose to prescribe must involve a thorough clinical assessment to minimize the risk of prescribing inappropriate opioid doses over or under the patient's actual need. The purpose of this paper is to provide the clinician with an approach for dealing with the conversion between opioid analgesics that is standardized, yet allows for individualized results to meet unique patient needs. We present a 5-step process as a guide for clinicians faced with the need to change a patient's opioid regimen. This approach may help to build a comfort level when dealing with the clinical challenges of converting from one opioid to another.


With the recent advancement of smartphone technology in the past few years, smartphone usage has increased on a tremendous scale due to its portability and ability to perform many daily life tasks. As a result, smartphones have become one of the most valuable targets for hackers to perform cyberattacks, since the smartphone can contain individuals' sensitive data. Smartphones are embedded with highly accurate sensors. This article proposes BetaLogger, an Android-based application that highlights the issue of leaking smartphone users' privacy using smartphone hardware sensors (accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope). BetaLogger efficiently infers the typed text (long or short) on a smartphone keyboard using Language Modeling and a Dense Multi-layer Neural Network (DMNN). BetaLogger is composed of two major phases: In the first phase, Text Inference Vector is given as input to the DMNN model to predict the target labels comprising the alphabet, and in the second phase, sequence generator module generate the output sequence in the shape of a continuous sentence. The outcomes demonstrate that BetaLogger generates highly accurate short and long sentences, and it effectively enhances the inference rate in comparison with conventional machine learning algorithms and state-of-the-art studies.


Hydrological processes within the terrestrial water cycle operate over a wide range of time and space scales, and with governing equations that may be a mixture of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs). In this paper we propose a unified strategy for the formulation and solution of fully coupled process equations at the watershed and river basin scale. The strategy shows how a system of mixed equations can be locally reduced to ordinary differential equations using the semidiscrete finite volume method (FVM). Domain decomposition partitions the watershed surface onto an unstructured grid, and vertical projection of each element forms a finite volume on which all physical process equations are formed. The projected volume or prism is partitioned into surface and subsurface layers, leading to a fully coupled, local ODE system, referred to as the model "kernel." The global ODE system is assembled by combining the local ODE system over the domain, and is then solved by a state‐of‐the‐art ODE solver. The unstructured grid, based on Delaunay triangulation, is generated with constraints related to the river network, watershed boundary, elevation contours, vegetation, geology, etc. The underlying geometry and parameter fields are then projected onto the irregular network. The kernel‐based formulation simplifies the process of adding or eliminating states, constitutive laws, or closure relations. The strategy is demonstrated for the Shale Hills experimental watershed in central Pennsylvania, and several phenomena are observed: (1) The enslaving principle is shown to be a useful approximation for soil moisture–water table dynamics for shallow soils in upland watersheds; (2) the coupling shows how antecedent moisture (i.e., initial conditions) can amplify peak flows; (3) the coupled equations predict the onset or threshold for upland ephemeral channel flow; and (4) the model shows how microtopographic information controls surface saturation and connectivity of overland flow paths for the Shale Hills site. The open‐source code developed in this research is referred to as the Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (PIHM).


In order to achieve global carbon reduction targets, buildings must be designed to be energy efficient. Building performance simulation methods, together with sensitivity analysis and evolutionary optimization methods, can be used to generate design solution and performance information that can be used in identifying energy and cost efficient design solutions. Sensitivity analysis is used to identify the design variables that have the greatest impacts on the design objectives and constraints. Multi-objective evolutionary optimization is used to find a Pareto set of design solutions that optimize the conflicting design objectives while satisfying the design constraints; building design being an inherently multi-objective process. For instance, there is commonly a desire to minimise both the building energy demand and capital cost while maintaining thermal comfort.
Sensitivity analysis has previously been coupled with a model-based optimization in order to reduce the computational effort of running a robust optimization and in order to provide an insight into the solution sensitivities in the neighbourhood of each optimum solution. However, there has been little research conducted to explore the extent to which the solutions found from a building design optimization can be used for a global or local sensitivity analysis, or the extent to which the local sensitivities differ from the global sensitivities. It has also been common for the sensitivity analysis to be conducted using continuous variables, whereas building optimization problems are more typically formulated using a mixture of discretized-continuous variables (with physical meaning) and categorical variables (without physical meaning).
This thesis investigates three main questions; the form of global sensitivity analysis most appropriate for use with problems having mixed discretised-continuous and categorical variables; the extent to which samples taken from an optimization run can be used in a global sensitivity analysis, the optimization process causing these solutions to be biased; and the extent to which global and local sensitivities are different. The experiments conducted in this research are based on the mid-floor of a commercial office building having 5 zones, and which is located in Birmingham, UK. The optimization and sensitivity analysis problems are formulated with 16 design variables, including orientation, heating and cooling setpoints, window-to-wall ratios, start and stop time, and construction types. The design objectives are the minimisation of both energy demand and capital cost, with solution infeasibility being a function of occupant thermal comfort.
It is concluded that a robust global sensitivity analysis can be achieved using stepwise regression with the use of bidirectional elimination, rank transformation of the variables and BIC (Bayesian information criterion). It is concluded that, when the optimization is based on a genetic algorithm, that solutions taken from the start of the optimization process can be reliably used in a global sensitivity analysis, and therefore, there is no need to generate a separate set of random samples for use in the sensitivity analysis. The extent to which the convergence of the variables during the optimization can be used as a proxy for the variable sensitivities has also been investigated. It is concluded that it is not possible to identify the relative importance of variables through the optimization, even though the most important variable exhibited fast and stable convergence. Finally, it is concluded that differences exist in the variable rankings resulting from the global and local sensitivity methods, although the top-ranked solutions from each approach tend to be the same. It also concluded that the sensitivity of the objectives and constraints to all variables is obtainable through a local sensitivity analysis, but that a global sensitivity analysis is only likely to identify the most important variables. The repeatability of these conclusions has been investigated and confirmed by applying the methods to the example design problem with the building being located in four different climates (Birmingham, UK; San Francisco, US; and Chicago, US).


This article intends to sketch a history of some of the principle ideas, themes and values buttressing New Zealand Muslim thought and Weltanschauung. The argument is predicated upon the hypothesis that in defining religious and spiritual identity one of the most vital aspects to be taken into consideration are the multiple differences in epistemological, methodological and ontological assumptions as we try to comprehend the primary sources of religious knowledge and practice. In the first section of the article, the general heuristic and methodology of describing and demarcating the identities of Muslims, or ways of being a Muslim in New Zealand, in an existential sense, is presented. The second part discusses research that has detected and delineated Muslim identity among New Zealand citizens. The third section attempts to present an elucidation on some of the main topics underpinning the worldview of local Muslims, including the precepts of religio-communal authority, autonomy and agency, and ideas related to the conceptualisation and interpretation Islamic traditions.


Postharvest modification of flesh firmness and its relationship to pectin solubility were investigated in eight commercial cultivars of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud.). A considerable difference in the softening rate was found between cultivars. Relatively rapid softening to desirable texture was found in the flesh of 'Sapporo King ER', 'Melorin', and 'King Melty' within three or four days after harvest. The flesh of 'Ichihime', 'Red 113', and 'G 08' showed slower softening, taking approximately a week to obtain acceptable texture. Especially in 'Ichihime' and 'Red 113', the flesh remained relatively firm even after 14 days. 'Rupia Red' and 'Earl's Knight Shunjukei' showed an intermediate softening rate. These characteristics corresponded to the objective measurement, and a logarithmic relationship was found between sensory scores of flesh firmness and hardness measured by texture analyzer. Furthermore, significant differences between cultivars in the rate of pectin solubilization were observed, which corresponded to the rates of flesh softening. A significant negative correlation was observed between texture analyzer-measured hardness and water-soluble pectin content, which seemed to fit an exponential curve. The hardness for acceptable eating quality varied from cultivar to cultivar. The contribution of this objective method of measuring flesh firmness to the evaluation of eating quality, and its difficulty due to differences in postharvest behavior of cultivars, are discussed.


We introduce a novel framework that provides a logical structure for classifying and organizing fundamental components and concepts of location privacy. Our framework models mobile networks and applications, threats, location-privacy preserving mechanisms, and metrics. We demonstrate the relevance of our framework by showing how the existing proposals in the field of location privacy are embodied appropriately in the framework. Our framework provides "the big picture" of research on location privacy and hence aims at paving the way for future research. It helps researchers to better understand this field of research, identify open problems, appropriately design new schemes, and position their work with respect to other efforts. The terminology proposed in this framework also facilitates establishing an inter-disciplinary research community on location privacy.


This research is aimed to analyze macro factors consist of Inflation Rete, Dolars Kurs, and World Oil Price on Stock Price of  Transportation Sub Sectors Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchanges between 2016-2018. As such the goal of this research is to determine the influence of makro economic factors on transportation stock price. The sampels in these research are picked with purposive sampling method with 10 Transportation Company. The analiysis technique used in this research is multiple regression. The partly (t-test) concludes that inflation do not have significant effect on stock price, Kurs have significant effect on stock price in 0.1 significancy level and world oil price have significant effect on stock price with 0.05 significancy level


The nature of corporate involvement in human rights abuses, coupled with the difficulty of securing prosecutions in the host jurisdiction, has focused attention on the potential liability of the parent corporation under the domestic laws of the home jurisdiction. Focusing on the common law jurisdictions of Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, this Article analyzes the application of domestic principles of complicity to extraterritorial conduct by corporations. In the context of MNCs, liability for the failure resides with the parent itself, rather than in the complex web of its subsidiaries. For example, the International Criminal Court Act of 2001 (U.K.) imposes liability for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, and applies extraterritorially to acts committed outside the jurisdiction by U.K. nationals or residents. Anvil NL became a wholly owned subsidiary of Anvil Mining Ltd., and its shares of Anvil NL were delisted from the Australian and Berlin Stock Exchanges. Prior to 1998, it appears that FCPA prosecutions primarily involved U.S. corporations operating directly in foreign countries. Such liability is justified not only because of the difficulty of pursuing offenders in the host jurisdiction, but because of the culpability of the parent corporation itself.


Abstract Riparian ecosystems host an high level of biodiversity but anthropic activities have deeply altered their naturalness and functionality. The present study was carried out in a protected area along a recently regulated tract of the upper River Tiber (Tuscany, central Italy). The study's aim is to explore different components of plant diversity (species richness, species composition, β-diversity) in the riparian habitats to determine the most relevant conservation issues. Twelve transects were allocated along the riparian zone and a stratified random sampling was performed on the habitat detected along the transects with 184 plots of 1 x 1 m. Species richness was analysed by the use of set of species-richness estimators. The different patterns of plant diversity were analysed by NMDS, Indicator Species Analysis and SDR with symplex analysis. Five habitat types were detected in the study area. Three well-represented habitats (riparian woodlands, shrublands and dry bars) showed a higher number of species; flooded banks and marshlands were much less common and were also less species rich. Species composition and indicator species analysis showed however that marshlands were the richest in taxa having high conservation value and in indicator species. The habitats differed greatly in species composition; β-diversity analysis showed a low number of shared species between the habitats. High values of species replacement and low similarity values were recorded between the plots within the habitats. The study shows some differences between quantitative and qualitative patterns of biodiversity in the study area. The results suggest that to maintain habitat species diversity, the best conservation strategy for the study area is to protect as large an area as possible


We present and discuss near-ultraviolet and optical groundbased spectra of the 20 brightest Seyfert 2 nuclei, and HST ultraviolet images and ultraviolet spectroscopy for a few of them. The goal is to study the starburst-AGN connection and the origin of the featureless continuum. The results indicate that half of the nuclei in the sample harbor a young and/or intermediate age population. These stars are formed in powerful and dusty starbursts of short duration, that have bolometric luminosities similar to the estimated bolometric luminosities of their obscured Seyfert 1 nuclei.


Many remote sensing data processing problems are inherently constituted by several tasks that can be solved either individually or jointly. For instance, each image in a multitemporal classification setting could be taken as an individual task. Here, the relation to previous acquisitions should be properly considered because of the nonstationary behavior of temporal, spatial, and angular image features which gives rise to distribution changes. This phenomenon is known as covariate shift. Additionally, when labeled data are scarce or expensive to obtain, the small sample-set problem arises, which makes solving the problems independently in each domain difficult. Multitask learning (MTL) aims at jointly solving a set of prediction problems by sharing information across tasks. This paper introduces MTL in remote sensing data classification. The proposed methods alleviate the data set shift by imposing cross-information in the classifiers through matrix regularization. We consider the support vector machine (SVM) as the core learner and two different regularization schemes: 1) the inclusion of relational operators between tasks and 2) the pairwise Euclidean distance of the predictors in the Hilbert space. These methods rely on simple and intuitive modifications of the kernel used in the standard SVM. Experiments are conducted in three challenging remote sensing problems: cloud screening from multispectral images, land-mine detection using radar data, and multitemporal and multisource image classification. The pairwise method consistently outperforms standard independent and aggregate approaches by about +2% to 4% in all problems at no additional cost. Also, the solutions found give us information about the distribution shift among tasks.


During the last decade, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as an important alternative to traditional analysis of serum and plasma proteins by agarose or celluloseacetate electrophoresis. CE analysis of plasma proteins can now be fully automated and also includes bar-code identification of samples, preseparation steps, and direct post-separation quantitation of individual peaks, which permits short assay times and high throughput. For laboratory work, it is important to have reference values from healthy individuals. Therefore, plasma samples from 156 healthy blood donors (79 females and 77 males) have been analyzed with the Capillarys instrument and the new high resolution buffer, which yields higher resolution than the beta1-beta2+ buffer. Albumin concentrations in samples are measured using nephelometry in order to assign protein concentrations to each peak. The 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles for both the percentages of different peaks and the protein concentrations in the peaks are calculated according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry on the statistical treatment of reference values. The Capillarys instrument is a reliable system for plasma protein analysis, combining advantages of full automation with high analytical performances and throughput.


This paper addresses the availability of digital multimedia broadcasting to provide better charging services to electric vehicles. Through the advertisement framework which has been implemented by an extended TPEG frame and is capable of updating current waiting time in each charging station within a few second, the broadcast can eliminate multiple information retrieval requests from a lot of vehicles. The in-vehicle application first selects the candidate stations based on remaining battery and its current location. The uplink channel can be connected by either the cellular network or WiFi interface, if necessary. Then, the charging time estimation and time overhead for detour is evaluated to select the best one. Due to the delay in information posting, there can be inconsistency between the posted and the actual waiting time. The experiment shows that the inconsistency ratio is not so significant if charging stations are sufficiently available.


Advancements in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies for e-mobility in terms of characteristic improvements and declining costs are proving to be beneficial for their application for both utility-scale and small-scale stationary energy storage. However, LIBs face challenges related to perceived future supply–demand mis-match of critical raw materials such as cobalt and lithium, and general safety and cost factors, particularly for off-grid markets. Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are promising alternative for LIBs for stationary energy storage applications owing to their superior volumetric capacity, abundance and the low cost of magnesium metal. Nevertheless, the progress of RMBs is critically limited by the materials (anode, electrolyte, cathode, current collector) challenges. The formation of a non-ion conducting layer on the magnesium metal with conventional electrolytes during cycling is one such challenge that severely affects the development of RMB technology. This chapter presents a literature-based review on the research of the development of various types of anode materials such as Mg nanostructures, Mg intermetallic alloys and insertion-type materials for RMBs.


The paper presents a case-study of a pre-fabricated housing module built in Messina (Sicily, Italy) and the assessment of its energy performances under the net zero energy perspective. The potential of ventilative natural cooling application in the case-study is also investigated. Some particular features of the building the modularity, the prefabrication, the rapidity of assembly, the possibility of being built on disconnected soils and the absence of maintenance identify an effective use as a temporary housing solution for e.g. workers in proximity of an isolated working place or in emergency situations such as earthquakes and natural disasters. Monitoring studies were performed during some weeks in summer, the building was simulated in energy plus environment, validated obtaining small and acceptable differences between monitored and simulated data. Results identify the building as a plus zero energy building, with generation nearly doubling the overall electricity consumption. Natural ventilation in the hot Sicilian climate would prove efficient to reduce electricity consumption for cooling by 20% in a year mainly during mid-seasons but the design needs to be improved by including a more bioclimatic-oriented approach.


PurposeOur overall objective is to develop novel biomimetic materials that support the regeneration of diseased or damaged corneal tissue. This presentation will provide an update on such materials developed in our group.MethodsWe have developed a range of collagen-based materials as mimics of the cell-free corneal stromal extracellular matrix. Promising material formulations were tested pre-clinically for their physical properties (e.g. mechanical, optical, water uptake, etc.) and physiological properties (e.g. interactions with corneal cells, biodegradation, in vivo implantation in animals etc.). One of the early formulations was clinically tested in the corneas of 10 patients, results of which will be discussed.ResultsMore recently, our team of Canadian and Swedish researchers reported the successful implantation of cell-free, bioengineered corneas into patients with keratoconus and central scarring in a Phase 1 clinical trial. These implants acted as stable scaffolds that promoted functional regeneration of corneal cells and nerves. At 24 months post-operative, six of the ten patients could see four times further than before the operation. With the help of rigid contact lenses – the results in all ten patients were similar to what the traditional corneal transplant with human donor tissue would be, with one patient achieving 20/20 vision and two others with 20/25 vision.ConclusionsDespite the promising clinical results, more robust and elastic materials are required to withstand the adverse host conditions faced for high risk transplantation in severely damaged or diseased corneas as well as for full-thickness corneal implants. Examples of next generation biomaterials that have been implanted into animal models as partial and full-thickness grafts that allow regeneration of nerve sub-types and show resistance to neovascularization will be shown.


The present study was aimed to determine the scolicidal effect of stem and root alcoholic extract of Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) on the viability and fatty acids content of Ecinococcus granulosus protoscolices. The study elucidate the scolocidal effect of both stem and root extracts. Its seemed that the scolocidal effect of root extract was higher than that of stem extract ie. LC50 and LC90 of stem extract were 5 and 9 mg/ml respectively while LC50 and LC90 of root extract were 3 and 8 mg/ml respectively. GLC analysis of E. granulosus protoscolices was stated presence of nine fatty acids esters, which were Lauric (C12:0); Myrisitic (C14:0); Palmatic (C16:0); Stearic (C18:0); Archidic (C20:0); Behenic (C22:0), which were saturated fatty acids, and Oleic (C18:1); Linoleic (C18:2); Linolenic (C18:3) which were unsaturated fatty acids. Treating E.granulosus protoscolices with LC50 of pomegranate stem bark was showing slight and swing effect on fatty acid content, while treated the protoscolices with LC50 of root bark were resulted in obvious increase in short length fatty acids like Lauric, Myrisitic and Palmatic in compare with control group. In contrast the long chain fatty acids concentration like Oleic, Linoleic and Linolenic were decrease.


The growth of health promotion as a topic for discussion and a principle for practice is widespread, and affects all groups of health professionals. The Healthy Cities project, like Health for All, was inaugurated by the World Health Organization and has informed policy throughout the world. Healthy Cities: Research and Practice examines the application of the project in a number of countries. The contributors explore problems in the relationship between policy makers, communities, and academic researchers, and discuss how the Healthy Cities program affects housing policy, community development, scientific interchange and health education. In addition, the Editors, John Davies and Michael Kelly, provide a context by tracing the history of the WHO projects and discuss them in the broader context of scientific and philosohical debates about modernism and post-modernism. The contributors are drawn from practitioners and scientists with wide experience in the area from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and the United States. Healthy Cities will be invaluable to all those working at community level and in government with an interest in health, as well as students of health promotion.


A pilot UASB reactor coupled with an external ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was operated under three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) for domestic wastewater treatment. The aim was to assess the HRT influence on system performance and fouling. The highest concentrations of COD, total solids, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) in UASB effluent and permeate were found when the UASB reactor was operated under the lowest HRT studied (4 hours); although the fulfillment of Mexican Standard for wastewater reclamation was not compromised. This fact could be attributed to the higher shear stress forces inside the UASB reactor when it was operated at low HRT, which promoted the release of biopolymeric substances in its effluent. Besides, the fouling propensity in the UASB effluent was worsened with HRT reduction, by increasing the fouling rate and the specific cake resistance. Based on these results, it is recommended to avoid operating the UASB reactor at low HRTs (less than 4 hours) in order to control SMP and EPS fouling potential. The results presented also suggest that HRT reduction has a detrimental effect on performance and fouling.


With the wide-spread use of blockchain technology, Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) protocols are explored as a means to achieve consensus on which transactions should be processed next. BFT protocols are not a one-size-fits-all solution: they should be chosen according to the blockchain's use case, which can range from supply chain management to decentralised storage, requiring specialisation e.g. regarding throughput, latency, or level of decentralisation. Previously, consensus protocols were usually hardcoded into the blockchain infrastructure and could not be exchanged, therefore inhibiting flexible use of an otherwise generic blockchain infrastructure. Hyperledger Fabric claims to provide modular consensus and support for crash-fault and Byzantine fault tolerant protocols. However, integrating a BFT protocol has shown that Fabric's architecture is currently not well-suited for this fault model as it requires substantial changes and thereby breaks Fabric's modularity. This also has to be repeated for each integrated BFT protocol. In this paper, we present Bloxy, a blockchain-aware trusted proxy running on the replica that encapsulates all BFT client functionality. Bloxy enables transparent access to generic BFT frameworks and preserves Fabric's modularity even for the Byzantine fault model. It runs inside a trusted execution environment based on Intel's Software Guard Extensions. Bloxy offers blockchain-specific communication mechanisms as well as short-term block storage to handle crashes or disconnects to ensure that all nodes receive block updates. We implemented two Bloxy-based ordering services based on PBFT and the hybrid BFT protocol Hybster. Our evaluation shows that our approach increases throughput by up to 71% compared to directly integrated BFT protocols.


An investigation was carried out to determine the applicability of the conventional models to the mixed matrix permeability data reported in the literature. The series, parallel, Maxwell, effective medium theory (EMT), geometrical mean, and te Hennepe models were employed to estimate the zeolite permeabilities pertaining to various gases. The variations of the zeolite permeabilities with respect to the model, polymer type, and zeolite loading used were taken as indicators of the suitability of the models to be applied to permeability data. Data reported for various zeolites and polymers were utilized in the calculations. The results obtained showed that in many cases, taking into consideration the zeolite and polymer permeabilities and the zeolite loading is not sufficient to describe the performances of the zeolite-polymer mixed matrix membranes in an accurate manner. It is demonstrated that the properties of an additional phase, the interphase, should also be taken into consideration for a better prediction.


ABSTRACT A new thermally stable, nanocrystalline bainitic steel has been developed, rich in nickel and aluminium. During tempering, it is expected that a significant quantity of intermetallic precipitates will form. This was confirmed by X-ray diffractometry, scanning transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform analysis of atomic column images, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction. These are the first intermetallics to be produced in a nanocrystalline bainitic steel.


The Ty transposable elements of Saccharomyces cerevisiae consist of a single large transcription unit whose expression is controlled by a combination of upstream and downstream regulatory sequences. Errede (B. Errede, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:57-62, 1993) has shown that among the downstream control sequences is a binding site for the transcription factor, MCM1. A small restriction fragment containing the Tyl MCMI-binding site exhibits very weak activation of heterologous gene expression. The absence of SPT13 (GAL1l) causes a dramatic increase in activity directed by these sequences. This effect is mediated through the MCM1-binding site itself. MCM1 mRNA and protein levels, as well as its affinity for its binding site, are unchanged in the absence of SPT13. Our results suggest that SPT13 has a role in the negative control of MCM1 activity that is likely to be posttranslational. A role for SPT13 in the negative regulation of the activity of the Tyl MCMI-binding site is consistent with our previous proposal that sptl3-mediated suppression of Ty insertion mutations could be attributed to the loss of negative regulation of genes adjacent to Ty elements.


The article analyzes the processes of radicalization and its expression into hate crimes via the concept of hate and studies the impact of new media and social network on the two phenomena. It is argued that new media and social networks are important factors in the process of normalization of radicalism. Specifics of hate speech are discussed as par excellence techniques of normalization.


Template technology has a great contribution to domain of design, especially computer aided design. Based on existing technologies and methodology, authors have applied the concept of cooperative template to the study of visual design environment. A framework of visual design environment of cooperative template is introduced including cooperative template description, element constraint, working flow and parallel mechanism. Several instances like Die cooperative & Sofa are provided to demonstrate the features and utility of the design environment. As a new concept, result of application makes authors believe that cooperative template play an important role in information-reducing, relation-order and design efficiency in CSCD environment.


This article discusses the self-characterizations of the contemporary North American school of Conceptual writing, arguing that certain exponents of Conceptualism disavow a relation to Language writing, claiming an alternate predecessor in Conceptual art. The article in turn posits that the appropriative technique of "reframing" used by Conceptualists has been under-theorized, given its importance as a compositional strategy of unreadability, and in turn approaches the Conceptual textual readymade as "strategic medium translation" (one form of "medium envy"). Tracing other modes of radical mimesis in Conceptualism that shadow economic phenomena, the article analyzes works by Robert Fitterman as exemplary of radical mimesis critical of digital capitalism.


EPA2142. Master Engineering and Policy Analysis. The course is a survey of models for analyzing and supporting design and decision-making in multi-actor settings. This lecture adds several ways to analyze and interpret n-person cooperative games. The Core follows naturally from definitions of individual rationality and collective rationality. The Shapley Value follows naturally from a set of axioms about fairness. In addition to these solution concepts, a power index may help to quantify (relative) power in, for example, voting situations. The Shapley-Shubik Power Index and the Banzhaf Index are explained and contrasted in this module.


The initiatives that promote the decriminalization of abortion have shown the lack of clarity and precision that exists around some terms used by those who promote it. This is the case of the use of the term "gender perspective". It is common to find the term gender in the various provisions relating to the protection of the "rights of women" with terms like "gender discrimination", "gender violence", "gender equity" among others. But, what is the real meaning of gender perspective? Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to distinguish between gender perspective and gender ideology, and determine which of these concepts is connected to the request for abortion. Also, make a brief analysis of the ways in which women's movements have begun the search for equality between men and women. This will make it possible to identify the thought that underlies the claims of abortion as a woman's right.


This paper proposes and evaluates a set of access selection principles for data services in multi-access wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) and wireless local area network (WLAN) networks. Access selection principles based on different input parameters are evaluated and compared in terms of their achieved bitrate characteristics. A heterogeneous user behavior with spatial traffic hotspots, covered by WLAN access points, is assumed. Results indicate that in many scenarios the simple access selection principle 'WLAN if coverage' yields satisfactory results. In scenarios with high traffic load concentrated to the hotspots or cellular access technologies offering bitrates in the same order as WLANs, better results may however be achieved with more sophisticated principles taking also traffic load into account.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to improve the mealtime experience of older people in a hospital setting through helping staff to make changes to their clinical practice and the ward environment.

BACKGROUND
Poor nutritional care has been a persistent and seemingly intractable problem for many years.

METHODS
We used an action research design for the study, drawing on techniques from practice development to support the action phase of the work, including action learning, role modelling good practice and reflection. The ward context was explored at the beginning and end of the study using focus groups, interviews, observation and benchmarking.

RESULTS
Ward staff made a number of changes to their nursing practice. The most significant was that all staff became engaged with, prioritized and were involved in the mealtime, ensuring that there was sufficient time and expertise available to assist patients with eating.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that it is possible to change nursing practice at mealtimes and that this change leads to improvements in patients' experience through ensuring they receive the help they need. Relevance to clinical practice. Although hospital mealtimes are frequently viewed as problematic, we have shown that nurses can be enabled to make changes to their practice that have a positive impact on both the mealtime experience and wider patient care.


The developers of public health campaigns have often attempted to elicit disgust to persuade members of their target audiences to change their behaviour in the interests of their health. In this critical essay, I seek to problematise this taken-for-granted and unquestioned tactic. I assert that the pedagogy of disgust in public health campaigns has significant ethical, moral and political implications. In outlining my argument, the literature on the social, cultural and political elements of disgust is drawn upon. I also draw more specifically on scholarship demonstrating the ways in which disgust has operated in relation to health and medical issues to reinforce stigmatisation and discrimination against individuals and groups who are positioned as disgusting. It is concluded that advocates of using such tactics should be aware of the challenge they pose to human dignity and their perpetuation of the Self and Other binary opposition that reinforces negative attitudes towards already disadvantaged and marginalised individuals and social groups.


This guide provides science abstract information and a go-to list for students to access current science articles in our quality subscription databases.


Firms such as Facebook, Google and MySpace are rapidly emerging as leaders of what is known as the 'Web 2.0' era of commerce. The common distinguishing characteristic of these firms is the primary basis of the value they provide, namely a forum for iterative collaboration and interactive content creation and modification for users. Their strategies underlie an important, currently unfolding phenomenon – that of 'value co-creation' and a transformation in the way value is created and experienced by producers and consumers. It is the intent of this article to analyse this phenomenon and its implications for entrepreneurial opportunities. Drawing from an interdisciplinary body of literature in networked organisations, Web 2.0 technologies and innovation, we identify the trends driving this transformation, the process by which it is accomplished and its outcomes. Our analysis lays out a theoretically grounded explanation for the occurrence of value co-creation and consequent opportunities for entrepreneurship, and provides direction for future research.


The Anabaptists of the sixteenth century emerged at a time of societal and religious upheaval and change. They rejected the nature and practices of the church in the Christendom era: synthesis of gospel and culture, shallow discipleship and lack of missionary engagement. As western culture slowly emerges from Christendom, the Anabaptist vision offers resources, insights and experience for Christians today grappling with how the church engages with culture, tells the gospel and nurtures disciples. This article argues that from the context of the United Kingdom, it is time to take a further step from endorsing Anabaptist values towards establishing believers' communities in the re-discovered Anabaptist vision of peacemaking, radical discipleship, and love for enemies and neighbours.


Tomeet the rapid development of flexible, portable, and wearable electronic devices, extensive efforts have been devoted to develop matchable energy storage and conversion systems as power sources, such as flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), supercapacitors (SCs), solar cells, fuel cells, etc. Particularly, during recent years, exciting works have been done to explore more suitable and effective electrode/electrolyte materials as well as more preferable cell configuration and structural designs to develop flexible power sources with better electrochemical performance for integration into flexible electronics. An overview is given for these remarkable contributions made by the leading scientists in this important and promising research area. Some perspectives for the future and impacts of flexible energy storage and conversion systems are also proposed.


The output feedback H∞ control is addressed for a class of continuous-time Markov jump linear systems with the Markov process taking values in an infinite countable set S. We consider that only an output and the jump parameters are available to the controller. Via a certain bounded real lemma, together with some extensions of Schur complements and of the projection lemma, a theorem which characterizes whether there exists a full-order solution to the disturbance attenuation problem is devised in terms of two different linear matrix inequality (LMI) feasibility problems. This result connects a certain projection approach to an LMI problem which is more amenable to computer solution, and hence for design. We conclude the paper with some algorithms for the construction of such controllers and an illustrative example.


Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a promising p-type polymer to optimize the architecture, charge transfer, and environmental stability in electronic devices. Therefore, it can be a suitable material for a hole transporting layer in lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the mismatch of band alignment with perovskites suppresses efficient charge extraction and transfer. This results in the significant loss of open-circuit voltage (Voc) and resultant device performance deterioration. Therefore, modifying the energy level is essential to improve band alignment with perovskites. Here, a cobalt complex, tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine) cobalt(II) di[bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide] (Co(II)-TFSI) is used as a p-dopant in P3HT. This enhances the conductivity and leads to a downward shift of the energy levels. The efficient charge extraction and transfer from perovskite considerably improves the device performance, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.28% and Voc of 1.061 V. Moreover, a flexible device incorporating Co-P3HT exhibits impressive 11.84% PCE and mechanical stability up to 600 bending cycles. And the flexible Co-P3HT device shows better air stability than the Li-doped P3HT (Li-P3HT) device for 40 days. These results suggest that Co(II)-TFSI is an alternative to Li salts to realize high performance in PSCs incorporating polythiophene derivatives.


1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol very rapidly stimulates the incorporation of [4,5-3H]leucine into at least two proteins of the chick intestinal mucosal cells. The smaller of the two proteins has mol.wt. approx. 42000, very similar to actin. Other properties of this protein were investigated, including its solubility in salt solution and its behaviour on gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, and in all cases the 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-stimulated protein was indistinguishable from intestinal actin. It was also shown that the brush borders of mucosal cells contain both beta- and gamma-actin in approximately equal amounts and that both forms of the protein appear to be affected by the hormone. It is concluded therefore that one of the earliest actions of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is to stimulate the incorporation of leucine into beta- and gamma-actin of the mucosal cells or into two proteins very like them.


Microsporidian infections are increasingly recognized as an important cause of morbidity for persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Encephalitozoon (formerly Septata) intestinalis is a recently described microsporidian that causes intestinal and disseminated infections in severely immunocompromised patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Several studies suggest that albendazole is an effective therapy for E intestinalis infection. However, relapses of symptoms and reappearance of microsporidian spores in diagnostic specimens have been reported following treatment in some cases. Because these results are based on examination of feces or cytologic specimens with an inherent sampling bias, it would be ideal to have autopsy data on the complete tissue evaluation of major organ systems of patients who had antemortem E intestinalis infection treated with albendazole. This report describes an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient with diarrhea and wasting syndrome associated with E intestinalis infection. Treatment with albendazole produced relief of his clinical symptoms and eliminated microsporidian spores in his feces. Following his death from other causes, an autopsy was performed. Comprehensive microscopic examination of all major organs revealed no evidence of residual microsporidian infection, suggesting parasitologic cure of E intestinalis with albendazole. The postmortem finding of complete clearance of microsporidia from body tissues is significant for future albendazole treatment of patients infected with E intestinalis and provides strong support for the value of the autopsy in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobials in emerging infections.


Reach and frequency (R&F) is a core lever in the execution of ad campaigns, but it is not widely captured in the marketing mix models (MMMs) being fitted today due to the un-availability of accurate R&F metrics for some traditional media channels. Current practice usually uses impressions aggregated at regional level as inputs for MMMs, which does not take into account the fact that individuals can be exposed to an advertisement multiple times, and that the impact of an advertisement on an individual can change based on the number of times they are exposed. To address this limitation, we propose a R&F MMM which is an extension to Geo-level Bayesian Hierarchical Media Mix Modeling (GBHMMM) and is applicable when R&F data is available for at least one media channel. By incorporating R&F into MMM models, the new methodology is shown to produce more accurate estimates of the impact of marketing on business outcomes, and helps users optimize their campaign execution based on optimal frequency recommendations.


The paper focuses on the development trends of the transport infrastructure of Eurasia in the context of the economic and political integration of the countries on the continent. Leading states of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) made proposals on large-scale infrastructure projects in the Eurasian space after financial crisis 2008– 2009. Russia is extremely interested in integrating into these initiatives, but faces a number of difficulties. Some of them are connected with the peculiarities of regulation of transport issues within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union. The article analyzes Russia's current infrastructure development dialogue with the APR states, including the initiative of coordination of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road Economic Belt. The authors examine main Eurasian infrastructure projects interesting for complex EEU infrastructure development as well as the main challenges and opportunities for Russia arising in the framework of the interaction of the EEU and the APR countries in the field of infrastructure. The authors conclude that integration of Russia into Eurasian transport and logistics initiatives requires the coordination of the transport agenda with trade and investment regulation. This coordination suggests close cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Commission, and in the long term – even the transfer of competencies related to the development of the EAEU infrastructure agenda to the supranational level.


CsrA is a small dimeric protein that binds RNA and is one of the few known examples of transcript-specific protein regulators of translation in bacteria. A protein called FliW binds to and antagonizes CsrA to govern flagellin homeostasis and flagellar assembly. Despite having a high-resolution three-dimensional structure of the FliW-CsrA complex, the mechanism of noncompetitive inhibition remains unresolved. Here, we identify FliW residues required for antagonism and we find that the residues make a linear connection in the complex from initial binding interaction with CsrA to a critical salt bridge near the core of the CsrA dimer. We propose that the salt bridge represents an allosteric contact that distorts the CsrA core to prevent RNA binding. ABSTRACT The RNA-binding protein CsrA is a posttranscriptional regulator encoded by genomes throughout the bacterial phylogeny. In the gammaproteobacteria, the activity of CsrA is inhibited by small RNAs that competitively sequester CsrA binding. In contrast, the firmicute Bacillus subtilis encodes a protein inhibitor of CsrA called FliW, which noncompetitively inhibits CsrA activity but for which the precise mechanism of antagonism is unclear. Here, we take an unbiased genetic approach to identify residues of FliW important for CsrA inhibition and these residues fall into two distinct spatial and functional classes. Most loss-of-function alleles mutated FliW residues surrounding the critical regulatory CsrA residue N55 and abolished interaction between the two proteins. Two loss-of-function alleles, however, mutated FliW residues near the CsrA core dimerization domain and maintained interaction with CsrA. One of the FliW alleles reversed a residue charge to disrupt a salt bridge with the CsrA core, and a compensatory charge reversal in the CsrA partner residue restored both the salt bridge and antagonism. We propose a model in which the initial interaction between FliW and CsrA is necessary but not sufficient for antagonism, and for which salt bridge formation with, and deformation of, the CsrA core domain is likely required to allosterically abolish RNA-binding activity. IMPORTANCE CsrA is a small dimeric protein that binds RNA and is one of the few known examples of transcript-specific protein regulators of translation in bacteria. A protein called FliW binds to and antagonizes CsrA to govern flagellin homeostasis and flagellar assembly. Despite having a high-resolution three-dimensional structure of the FliW-CsrA complex, the mechanism of noncompetitive inhibition remains unresolved. Here, we identify FliW residues required for antagonism and we find that the residues make a linear connection in the complex from initial binding interaction with CsrA to a critical salt bridge near the core of the CsrA dimer. We propose that the salt bridge represents an allosteric contact that distorts the CsrA core to prevent RNA binding.


: Responding to the patient's uncomfortable reaction following certain periodontal surgery procedures, notably the sensitivity to temperature and touch, has been a source of frustration to both the practitioner performing the surgery as well as the patient. This case demonstrates the placement of an easily applied desensitizing paste (Duraphat) at the time of surgery, which enables the patient to avoid uncomfortable sensitivity after the dressing has been removed and allows the patient to return to good oral hygiene practices quickly, thereby avoiding new accumulation of bacteria. It also prevents further periodontal destruction, which is the purpose of the periodontal treatment. This presentation and diagrammatic explanation demonstrate placing this topical paste during the surgery, just before suturing. This particular paste is easy to place, and ease of placement is not inhibited by moisture in the affected area. The desensitizing effect for the immediate postoperative period provides comfort for the patient and helps to maintain trust between the dentist and the patient.


I propose the status quo bias hypothesis, which predicts that housing wealth increases preference for status quo arrangements with respect to Social Security. I contrast the status quo bias hypothesis with the claim that housing wealth reduces support for social insurance, and test the hypothesis in two empirical studies. A survey experiment finds that homeowners informed about high historical home price appreciation (HPA) are about 8 percentage points more likely to prefer existing Social Security arrangements to privatized retirement accounts, compared to those informed about low historical HPA. Observational data from the 2000-2004 ANES panel show that homeowners who experience higher HPA are about 11 percentage points more likely to prefer status quo levels of spending on Social Security than those in the bottom HPA quartile. No significant HPA effects are observed among renters, and for other domains of social insurance among homeowners. The evidence suggests that housing wealth's conservatizing effect should be interpreted as a status quo preference, rather than opposition to redistributive social policies.


Multiple enterprise system instances in organizations with multiple business units are quite costly to maintain and causes the lack of common business processes. To consolidate these systems into one or fewer instances has the benefits of reduce costs, centralize IT and standardize business processes. But a consolidated model may not be the best choice for every company. To help companies with this decision making process, we studied relevant papers and provided several consideration factors that companies should concern before conducting a system consolidation program. By analyzing their situation according to these factors, companies will get a clearer view on whether they should consolidate their enterprise systems or not. In this thesis a case study is conducted with Holmen Paper. Our study with Holmen Paper focused on the maintenance area of theirs three paper mills. By analyzing these paper mills' situations based on three of our consideration factors, we made the conclusion that Holmen Paper should consolidate their systems in the maintenance area when they are ready.


To define the growing significance of cellular targets and/or effectors of cancer drugs, we examined the fitness dependency of cellular targets and effectors of cancer drug targets across human cancer cells from 19 cancer types. We observed that the deletion of 35 out of 47 cellular effectors and/or targets of oncology drugs did not result in the expected loss of cell fitness in appropriate cancer types for which drugs targeting or utilizing these molecules for their actions were approved. Additionally, our analysis recognized 43 cellular molecules as fitness genes in several cancer types in which these drugs were not approved, and thus, providing clues for repurposing certain approved oncology drugs in such cancer types. For example, we found a widespread upregulation and fitness dependency of several components of the mevalonate and purine biosynthesis pathways (currently targeted by bisphosphonates, statins, and pemetrexed in certain cancers) and an association between the overexpression of these molecules and reduction in the overall survival duration of patients with breast and other hard-to-treat cancers, for which such drugs are not approved. In brief, the present analysis raised cautions about off-target and undesirable effects of certain oncology drugs in a subset of cancers where the intended cellular effectors of drug might not be good fitness genes and that this study offers a potential rationale for repurposing certain approved oncology drugs for targeted therapeutics in additional cancer types.


Sulfate radical-based oxidation process (SRAOP) is an efficient way to completely degrade toxic dyes from wastewater. The purpose of this study is to utilize zeolite beta to support cobalt ions as a catalyst for such application. Zeolite beta was synthesized hydrothermally with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 30. Cobalt was impregnated into zeolite beta via wet impregnation method, with cobalt loading of 2wt% and 5wt% Co2+/zeolite beta. Catalyst characterization was done by XRD, ICP, SEM-EDS, FT-IR, BET, and TPD. Methylene blue was used as model dye to investigate the catalytic capability of the catalyst. The set up for the batch reaction was a 500 mL beaker containing 200 mL of 100 ppm dye mechanically stirred at 300 rpm. Oxone concentration was 2mM and the catalyst loading was varied with concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 g/L. UV-vis was employed to determine the concentration of dye remaining in the solution. Catalyst particle size ranged from 150 to 300 nm with BET surface area of 576.2 m2/g. The dye exhibited adsorption activity to the zeolite, where 92.4% of the dye were adsorbed after 2 hours. Degradation capability of the catalyst was satisfactory, reaching 100% removal after 45 minutes. The study showed that utilization of zeolite beta as a support for cobalt shows promising results for SRAOP application.


Using unique ambipolar conduction, a Schottky barrier multibit cell can be programmed using source-side electron injection and can be erased reversely using drain-side hole compensation. This paper numerically discusses the particular reading operation and cell scalability of the Schottky barrier multibit cell resulting from the presence of Schottky source/drain barriers. Forward and reverse reading schemes were examined to determine the multibit-cell state. Critical cell factors, such as channel length, Schottky barrier height, and electrode voltage, were examined to select appropriate structural parameters and operational conditions. Because of the unique Schottky source/drain barriers, the scaled Schottky barrier cell exhibits excellent short-channel immunity and retains the nature of cell reading, source-side programming, and drain-side erasing in a nanoscale regime. Preserving a compact stack-gate architecture and a thorough CMOS process, the Schottky barrier multibit cell serves as a promising candidate for use in nonvolatile embedded and commodity memory devices.


The development of the capability to machine glass materials to optical quality is highly desirable. In this work, the deformation characteristics of brittle materials were analyzed by micro and nano indentations. Diamond cutting of optical glass BK7 was performed in order to investigate the tool wear mechanism in machining of brittle materials and the effect of tool vibration on material removal mechanism. The tool wear mechanism was discussed on the basis of the observation of wear zone. Ductile-mode cutting has easily been achieved with the application of ultrasonic vibration during cutting of glass. It was confirmed experimentally that the tool wear and surface finish were improved significantly by applying ultrasonic vibration to the cutting tool.


Boundary elements are thought to define the peripheries of chromatin domains and to restrict enhancer-promoter interactions to their target genes within their domains. We previously characterized a cDNA encoding the BEAF-32A protein (32A), which binds with high affinity to the scs' boundary element from the Drosophila melanogaster 87A7 hsp70 locus. Here, we report a second protein, BEAF-32B, that differs from 32A only in its amino terminus. Unlike 32A, it has the same DNA binding specificity as the complete BEAF activity affinity purified from Drosophila. We characterize three domains in these proteins. Heterocomplex formation is mediated by their identical carboxy-terminal domains, and DNA binding is mediated by their unique amino-terminal domains. The identical middle domains of 32A and 32B are dispensable for the functions described here, although they may be important for boundary element function. 32A and 32B apparently form trimers, and the ratio of 32A to 32B varies at different loci on polytene chromosomes as judged by immunofluorescence. The scs' element contains a high- and low-affinity binding site for BEAF. We observed that interaction with the low-affinity site is facilitated by binding to the high-affinity site some 200 bp distant.


Increased macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-coated platelets, as well as decreased numbers and/or impaired function of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, has been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Low-dose histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's) are anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents that can enhance immunosuppression in graft-versus-host disease by increasing the number and function of Foxp3+ Treg cells, but it is unclear whether they have the potential to promote immune tolerance and platelet release in ITP. In this study, we performed in vitro and in vivo experiments and found that a low-dose HDACi (chidamide) alleviated thrombocytopenia in passive and active murine models of ITP. Further, low-dose HDACi's attenuated macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-coated platelets, stimulated the production of natural Foxp3+ Treg cells, promoted the peripheral conversion of T cells into Treg cells, and restored Treg cell suppression in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we confirmed that low-dose HDACi's could regulate CTLA4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells through modulation of histone H3K27 acetylation. Low-dose HDACi treatment in ITP could be offset by blocking the effect of CTLA4. Therefore, we propose that low-dose chidamide administration has potential as a novel treatment for ITP in the clinic.


: Complicated intra-abdominal and skin and skin structure infections are widely varied in presentation. These infections very often lead to an increase in length of hospital stay, with a resulting increase in costs and mortality. In addition, these infections may be caused by a wide variety of bacteria and are often polymicrobial with the possibility of the presence of antimicrobial-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum β -lactamase strains ( Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae ), and K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing strains. In combination with patients' immunosuppression or comorbidities, the treatment and management options for initial therapy success are few. Tigecycline, a new glycylcyline antimicrobial from the tetracycline drug class, represents a viable option for the successful treatment of these infections. It has been shown to have activity against a wide variety of bacteria, including the antimicrobial-resistant strains. As with all tetracycline drugs, it is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women. The potential side effects are those typical of tetracycline


A survey based study was aimed to measure the gender-wise attitudinal differences among 1877 students of 8 different universities from pure and social science faculties, regarding online system of examinations. Therefore, a questionnaire based on 5-point rating scale was designed. This questionnaire was responded by 1877 students, out of which 1052 have already attempted papers online in different forms i.e. MS Certification, online GRE test, online IELTS and so on. An overwhelming majority (81% - 90%) of the sampled students expressed that online system of examinations are interesting because it improves their grades, results are unbiased, saves their time, supports to understand the national and international universities pattern of examinations and secure. Besides of these, a good majority (71% - 80%) of sampled students also expressed that computer systems may affect thinking potential during exam and online examinations overburden learning process; therefore, should be avoided. Overall female students and students from pure sciences disciplines were found to be more interested in online system of examinations. Significant attitudinal differences were found in the group of female students from Social Sciences and Pure Sciences.


Research in clinical practice arises as a constant need for improvement to provide better care to patients, train better human resources and make a daily reflection on the amount of scientific information we receive every day. We want to reflect on how the Centro de Adiestramiento en Investigación Clínica (CAIC) from our healthcare activity changed our practice.


OBJECT
Although posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is an excellent procedure to attain circumferential decompression, it is technically demanding and can lead to various surgical complications. The authors retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with nonisthmic spondylolisthesis who underwent PLIF to reveal the incidence and risk factors for perioperative complications of PLIF.

METHODS
A total of 240 patients underwent PLIF. The fusion level was at L4-5 in 220, L3-4 in 18, and L5-S1 in 2. The medial walls of the fusion segment's facet joints were resected, and the VSP Spine System was used for the pedicle screw instrumentation. The operations were performed by 7 surgeons, who were divided into 4 groups according to their level of experience with spinal surgery.

RESULTS
The average operation time was 175 +/- 49 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was 746 +/- 489 ml. A total of 90 patients (37.5%) experienced complications; 41 (17%) experienced transient neurological complications, and 18 (7.5%) experienced permanent neurological complications. The mean neurological score according to the Japanese Orthopaedic Association improved from 14.3 +/- 3.8 to 24.7 +/- 4.0 in the patients without complications and from 14.8 +/- 3.6 to 24.0 +/- 3.9 in the patients with complications. Multivariate analysis concerning the relationship between complications and risk factors (operation time, estimated intraoperative blood loss, and surgeon experience) revealed that operation time was the only significant risk factor for complications.

CONCLUSIONS
Perioperative complications of PLIF were more frequent in this homogeneous study group than in other studies of various implants. Total excision of the facet joints might preclude neurological complications.


Online Social Networks (OSNs) have been gaining great importance among Internet users in recent years.  These are sites where it is possible to meet people, publish, and share content in a way that is both easy and free of charge. As a result, the volume of information contained in these websites has grown exponentially, and web search has consequently become an important tool for users to easily find information relevant to their social networking objectives. Making use of ontologies and user profiles can make these searches more effective. This article presents a model for Information Retrieval in OSNs (MOBIRSE) based on user profile and ontologies which aims to improve the relevance of retrieved information on these websites. The social network Facebook was chosen for a case study and as the instance for the proposed model. The model was validated using measures such as At-k Precision and Kappa statistics, to assess its efficiency.


Due to the low income and rapid growth of the population, the government realized fully that the economic development of the country could not be safely delayed. Accordingly, Thailand inaugurated the First Six-Year National Economic Development Plan 1961. This study is dedicated to economic analysis and has examined the country's historical economic background as well as present-day economic development. The methods used to carry on the study are divided into six chapters. The first deals with the historical economic and political pattern for gaining some information about impediments to growth in the past. The second is concerned with population -- how the economic development was affected by various levels of population growth. The third to fifth chapters pertain to the analysis of economic performances during the first economic development plan with some recommendations about the direction of the future development of Thailand's economy. The final chapter attempts to examine and evaluate the achievement of the plan. The writer hopes that through this study interested individuals may get some insight into both the historical and present-day economic practices and problems in Thailand.


Universal Steganalysis can classify images without the knowledge of steganographic algorithms. This steganalysis will blindly classify an image as cover or not, but finding how much payload embedded, is still an open problem. This paper focuses on the above problem. Firstly, they use features from universal steganlysers and apply principal component analysis to improve the false positive rate. The above features are then used to estimate the payload by using support vector regression. The support vector machine classifier capable of assigning stego images to six popular steganographic algorithm after applying Principal Component Analysis: JP Hide & Seek, PVD, LSB flipping, Outguess, S-Tool and F5 is trained. This provides significantly more reliable results compared to their previous work on universal steganalysis. The performance is also evaluated by quantitative steganalysis for six steganographic algorithms. Defence Science Journal, 2010, 60(4), pp.412-414 , DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.60.499


Lateral-abnormal projectiles with different geometrical nose pin on the front of the penetrator are designed as soil penetrator. A comparative analysis of the twodimensional motion of the non-normal penetration of different lateral-abnormal projectiles into soil at small angles of attack (AOA) is carried out with Modified Integrated Force Law (MIFL) methods in which the stress algorithms are numerically integrated over the top and bottom surfaces of the projectile to determine the force and moment acting on the projectile based on the spherical cavity expansion theory. Critical conditions for the occurrences of the instability and the reverse of the lateralabnormal projectile trajectory are discussed. The proposed model in which the wake separation and reattachment between projectile body and target are taken into account is capable of predicting J-hook trajectory of the lateral-abnormal projectiles into soil at various small AOA and shows good agreement with the field test data.


As the uses for antibiotics in medicine and surgery have become more widespread and frequent, and as the number of available antibiotic agents has increased, an evergrowing list of complications to these drugs has been reported. These range from the commoner and less serious reactions, such as urticaria, drug fevers, and rashes, to the potentially fatal complications, such as superinfections and acute pseudomembranous enterocolitis. While most of these untoward effects have been frequently reported and are well documented, there are certain rarer, less well-known complications of antibiotic therapy. It is the purpose of this report to present a case of one such complication—respiratory arrest following the intraperitoneal administration of neomycin—and thus to emphasize the potential danger of the administration of the drug by this route. This complication has received only slight attention in the literature, and it is believed that the present case is the sixth to be reported.


The present work aimed to estimate the adaptability and stability of new papaya hybrids. The experiments were carried out at the company Caliman Agrícola S/A, in the municipalities of Linhares-ES and Pureza-RN, with seven hybrids from inbred parents of the groups 'Solo' and 'Formosa' and three controls ('Golden', 'Calimosa', and 'Tainung 01'). The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with four replications and ten plants per plot. The variables mean fruit weight (MFW), number of commercial fruits (NCF), and production (PROD) were measured at 270, 360, 450, and 540 days after planting. Afterward, the adaptability and stability of the hybrids were estimated using the Lin and Binns, Eberhart and Russell, and Mixed Models. MFW was less affected by the evaluation periods and showed high behavior predictability. The hybrids UC10, UC12, UC14, UC15, and UC16 were the most adapted and predictable and can be recommended for the regions where the experiment took place.


The market for N-glycosylated therapeutic proteins represents multi-billion dollars in sales and is growing more than 10% each year. As a consequence there is a need for cost-effective production platforms that display correct and homogeneous N-glycosylation. In this thesis, we investigate the use of mushroom forming basidiomycetes for the production of N-glycosylated therapeutic proteins


Because of data limitations, the quantification of consumption smoothing in response to economic shocks has been challenging to investigate empirically. We used monthly data on total household spending, income, and labor force participation to estimate the effects of unemployment on household spending. The data come from the RAND American Life Panel, a standing survey sample that is representative of the United States adult population. We compare monthly spending and income of households prior to unemployment with spending and income following unemployment for up to 40 months. We compare spending and income following re-employment with spending and income while unemployed. We find that by month two of unemployment total household spending per month declined to about 83 percent of pre-unemployment spending. At about 14 months of unemployment, spending began to decline further, reaching 70 percent of pre-unemployment spending by month 30. Income declined much more sharply to 37 percent of its pre-unemployment level by month two of unemployment, with little change after that as the duration of unemployment increased. Thus, consumption does not decline as much as income, so that it is somewhat smoothed relative to income; yet, particularly over long-duration unemployment the decline is substantial. On re-employment, income increased rapidly, spending much less rapidly. As of the third month, high-frequency spending was about 9 percent above its value in the last month of unemployment. It continued to increase until it was about 20 percent higher. Just as with an income drop, spending is somewhat smoothed when income increases.


The terebratuloids we present in this paper, are mentioned for the first time in Argentina. New internal characteristics are described for the first time in Scaphiocoelia bolivzensis Whit. and Cranaena nov. sp. They were collected from the Talacasto Formation (San Juan) assigned with no doubts to the Lower Devonian. The presence of Scapbiocoelia shows for the first time a correlation betwccn Devonian brachiopods of Bolivia and the Argentine Precordillera.


We formulate a model for probability distributions on image spaces. We show that any distribution of images can be factored exactly into conditional distributions of feature vectors at one resolution (pyramid level) conditioned on the image information at lower resolutions. We would like to factor this over positions in the pyramid levels to make it tractable, but such factoring may miss long-range dependencies. To fix this, we introduce hidden class labels at each pixel in the pyramid. The result is a hierarchical mixture of conditional probabilities, similar to a hidden Markov model on a tree. The model parameters can be found with maximum likelihood estimation using the EM algorithm. We have obtained encouraging preliminary results on the problems of detecting masses in mammograms.


The purpose of this study is to describe the values developed in the development of the child ' s personality character, describe the implementation of the development of children ' s personality traits, the strategy of developing the personality character of children, the constraints in the implementation of the development of child personality character in the Integrated Islamic School of Magelang District 2015. With a qualitative approach using purposive sampling technique. The results pointed. PAUD Integrated Aisyiyah Insan Robbani Muntilan and Islamic Early Childhood Ibnu Hadjar refers to the provisions of the implementation of Character Education established by the Ministry of National Education, early childhood education developed values of personality traits based on the value determined by the school. Implementation of character formation is done as an effort to form the character of child ' s personality. Character development strategy is done by the method of playing while singing, exemplary methods, methods of advice, methods of supervision and method of habituation. Constraints, especially parents support factors related to school policy in the development of children ' s personality traits.


Nine solutions to the cache consistency problem for shared-memory multiprocessors with multiple translation-lookaside buffers (TLBs) are described. A TLB's function is defined, and it is shown how TLB inconsistency arises in uniprocessor and multiprocessor architectures. The problem of TLB consistency is solved in a uniprocessor and in multiprocessors with a shared bus, virtual-address caches, and hardware cache consistency. Solutions that can be implemented in multiprocessors with more general interconnection networks and without hardware cache consistency are presented.<<ETX>>


The rate of image acquisition in modern synoptic imaging surveys has already begun to outpace the feasibility of keeping astronomers in the real-time discovery and classification loop. Here we present the inner workings of a framework, based on machine-learning algorithms, that captures expert training and ground-truth knowledge about the variable and transient sky to automate (1) the process of discovery on image differences, and (2) the generation of preliminary science-type classifications of discovered sources. Since follow-up resources for extracting novel science from fast-changing transients are precious, self-calibrating classification probabilities must be couched in terms of efficiencies for discovery and purity of the samples generated. We estimate the purity and efficiency in identifying real sources with a two-epoch image-difference discovery algorithm for the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) survey. Once given a source discovery, using machine-learned classification trained on PTF data, we distinguish between transients and variable stars with a 3.8% overall error rate (with 1.7% errors for imaging within the Sloan Digital Sky Survey footprint). At >96% classification efficiency, the samples achieve 90% purity. Initial classifications are shown to rely primarily on context-based features, determined from the data itself and external archival databases. In the first year of autonomous operations of PTF, this discovery and classification framework led to several significant science results, from outbursting young stars to subluminous Type IIP supernovae to candidate tidal disruption events. We discuss future directions of this approach, including the possible roles of crowdsourcing and the scalability of machine learning to future surveys such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST).


Microfiltration/ultrafiltration (MF/UF) membranes and ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection serve as attractive alternative technologies to aid utilities in complying with both the LT2ESWTR and Stage 2 D/ DBP. However, both technologies are limited in their ability to remove viruses and at the same time there is a lack of methods to accurately demonstrate virus removal in full-scale settings. In evaluating the efficacy of MF/UF membranes and UV disinfection systems for virus removal, appropriate surrogates are therefore required. In most cases, various surrogates are used to evaluate the removal performances of individual treatment technologies. This henceforth limits its application when multiple treatment systems are evaluated in series. In view of this, fluorescent-conjugated MS2 and F8781 microspheres were evaluated as possible surrogates for virus removal by integrated coagulation-MF/UF filtration-UV disinfection. At 5 mg Al3þ/L, the highest removal of MS2-Sypro was observed, followed by MS2-AMCA, and F8781 during the coagulation-flocculation stage. During MF and UF filtration, dye surrogates provided an underestimate of virus removal except for F8781, which had a considerably smaller particle size than other surrogates. Nevertheless, MS2-SR could accurately represent AD5 during low pressure (LP) UV irradiation but MS2-AMCA existed as a more accurate representation of AD5 as compared to F8781 microspheres during medium pressure (MP) UV irradiation. MS2-SR and MS2-AMCA are therefore preferred surrogates for an integrated filtrationUV disinfection system for LP and MP UV, respectively. doi: 10.2166/ws.2014.061 s://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/14/6/991/415863/991.pdf H. Guo J. Y. Hu (corresponding author) Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Research was conducted in 2002 and 2003 by noaa's national Marine fisheries service, southeast fisheries science center, to investigate changes in hook design and bait type to reduce the bycatch of sea turtles on pelagic longlines in the western north atlantic ocean. The effectiveness of 18/0-20/0 circle hooks and 10/0 Japanese tuna hooks with squid (Illex spp.) and mackerel bait (Scomber scombrus linnaeus, 1758) was evaluated against the industry standard 9/0 J-hooks with squid bait with respect to reducing sea turtle and shark interactions while maintaining swordfish (Xiphias gladius linnaeus, 1758) and tuna (Thunnus spp.) catch rates. In total, 973,734 hooks were deployed during the study. Individually, circle hooks and mackerel bait significantly reduced both loggerhead [Caretta caretta (linnaeus, 1758)] and leatherback [Dermochelys coriacea (vandelli, 1761)] sea turtle bycatch. The combination of 18/0 circle hooks with mackerel bait was even more effective for loggerhead sea turtles and had a significant increase in swordfish catch by weight. The combination 18/0 circle hooks with squid bait resulted in a significant decrease in the swordfish catch and a significant increase in the catch rate of blue shark [Prionace glauca (linnaeus, 1758)] , bluefin tuna [Thunnus thynnus (linnaeus, 1758)], and albacore tuna [Thunnus alalunga (bonnaterre, 1788)]. With all hook types, mackerel bait resulted in a significant decrease in blue shark, bigeye tuna [Thunnus obesus (lowe, 1839)], and albacore tuna, but significantly increased the catch of porbeagle [Lamna nasus (bonnaterre, 1788)] and shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus rafinesque, 1810).


The basic anatomy of the vertebrae and disc is presented. Instrinsic spinal stability is provided by the intervertebral discs and ligaments, extrinsic stability by the muscles. In the sagittal plane the axis of motion is related to the disc; in the horizontal plane it is determined by facet orientation. The vertebral end-plates are most susceptible to injury, followed by the vertebral body and the disc. The end-plates tolerate greater dynamic than static forces. Muscle action during lifting decreases the load on the intervertebral discs by transforming the thorax and abdomen into semirigid-walled cylinders. Interdiscal pressure is greatest while sitting, less in standing, and least reclining. Bracing provides incomplete immobilization, but substitutes for abdominal muscle action. The inflated corset decreases disc pressure by increasing intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressures. Abdominal strengthening exercises can be of benefit in low back disorders by the same mechanism.


This paper presents a mechanism for developing knowledge based support for real time application of multiagent systems (MAS) in control, automation and diagnosis of electric power systems. In particular it presents a way for autonomous agents to utilize a qualitative means-ends based model for reasoning about control situations. The proposed mechanism has been used in different scenarios of electric power distribution system protection and control. Results show that agents can use local models of their environment and coordinate with other agents to analyze and understand a disturbance situation and choose an appropriate control action. The paper also elaborates on real time interfacing between multi-agent systems and industry standard distribution automation and control system.


Thyroid cancer incidence continues to increase, remaining the most common endocrine malignancy. The need for effective systemic therapies combined with high incidence of driver mutations and overexpression of molecular pathways make refractory thyroid cancer an ideal candidate for treatment with novel agents. Multikinase inhibitors have caused a paradigm shift in the treatment of patients with advanced iodine-refractory thyroid cancer. These agents have shown to be the most effective systemic therapy for this disease not only causing prolonged responses but also improving survival. The activity of these agents inhibiting several pathways simultaneously, such as rearranged during transfection protooncogene, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and angiogenesis, can probably explain the effectiveness in controlling the progression of this malignancy. Several of these agents are currently on clinical studies in patients with differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer and most of them are showing promising clinical activity. With the approval of vandetanib for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer, a new era in the management of this disease has begun. The molecular rationale for the use of these drugs for thyroid cancer is discussed as well as their promising clinical results.


With the ever-increasing emphasis on maintaining road assets to a high standard, the need for fast accurate inspection for road distresses is becoming extremely important. Surface distresses on roads are essentially three dimensional (3-D) in nature. Automated visual surveys are the best option available. However, the imaging conditions, in terms of lighting, etc., are very random. For example, the challenge of measuring the volume of the pothole requires a large field of view with a reasonable spatial resolution, whereas microtexture evaluation requires very accurate imaging. Within the two extremes, there is a range of situations that require 3-D imaging. Three-dimensional imaging consists of a number of techniques such as interferometry and depth from focus. Out of these, laser imagers are mainly used for road surface distress inspection. Many other techniques are relatively unknown among the transportation community, and industrial products are rare. The main impetus for this paper is derived from the rarity of 3-D industrial imagers that employ alternative techniques for use in transportation. In addition, the need for this work is also highlighted by a lack of literature that evaluates the relative merits/demerits of various imaging methods for different distress measurement situations in relation to pavements. This overview will create awareness of available 3-D imaging methods in order to help make a fast initial technology selection and deployment. The review is expected to be helpful for researchers, practicing engineers, and decision makers in transportation engineering.


The continuously increasing emissions of CO2 and Methane result in the enhanced greenhouse effect. The IPCC assessments for the 21st century refer to a 3 o C increase in temperature and 50 cm rise in sea level on average. It is therefore understood that every nation must create a National Adaptation Strategy to face the impacts of the forthcoming climate changes. For Greece, an adaptation plan should include: The vulnerability index of the coastal regions according to the national development plan. The determination of the procedures towards adaptation in view of climate changes. The determination of the national criteria to face extreme phenomena due to anthropogenic climate changes. The technical and legal action plans. The responsibility of the various public sectors to overcome gaps or overlaps in the actions to mitigate the impact and The general national adaptation principles. The presentation analyses all the above concepts and proposes specific guidelines to formulate a Greek National Adaptation Strategy to mitigate the impacts of anthropogenic climate changes.


A Victorian urban legend maintains that 'Miss Whitehead, the Bank Nun', a black–clothed woman in a nun–like headdress, frequently visited the Bank of England to protest her brother's 1812 execution for financial forgery. Well–known by 1880, the story is largely neglected by modern scholarship on the depiction of forgery. I reveal that the Bank Nun is a Victorian literary invention, the product of a series of texts that enlist Gothic imagery to debate financial forgery's impact, prosecution, and punishment and the economic empowerment of women and working–class people. The character's development begins with the sketch collection Streetology of London, or the Metropolitan Papers of the Itinerant Club (1837), which vilifies financial forgery by transforming the historical Miss Whitehead into 'the Bank Nun', an update of the venal nun of Gothic literature. Contesting this narrative, 'Sweeney Todd' creator James Malcolm Rymer's penny novel The Lady in Black, or, the Widow and the Wife (1847–8) reinvents the Bank Nun as a Gothic heroine whose ordeal demonstrates that forgery prosecution oppresses the productive classes. These angelic and demonic instantiations of the Bank Nun proliferated throughout the Victorian era, generating an enduring myth.


In this paper we present the problem of optimizing a business process model with the objective of finding the most beneficial assignment of tasks to agents, without modifying the structure of the process itself. The task assignment problem for four types of processes are distinguished and algorithms for finding optimal solutions to them are presented: 1) a business process with a predetermined workflow, for which the optimal solution is conveniently found using the well-known Hungarian algorithm. 2) a Markovian process, for which we present an analytical method that reduces it to the first type. 3) a non-Markovian process, for which we employ a simulation method to obtain the optimal solution. 4) the most general case, i.e. a non-Markovian process containing critical tasks. In such processes, depending on the agents that perform critical tasks the workflow of the process may change. We introduce two algorithms for this type of processes. One that finds the optimal solution, but is feasible only when the number of critical tasks is few. The second algorithm is even applicable to large number of critical tasks but provides a near-optimal solution. In the second algorithm a hill-climbing heuristic method is combined with Hungarian algorithm and simulation to find an overall near-optimal solution for assignments of tasks to agents. The results of a series of tests that demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithms are included.


A method of tracking formants defines a formant search space comprising sets of formants to be searched. Formants are identified for a first frame in the speech utterance by searching the entirety of the formant search space using the codebook, and for the remaining frames by searching the same space using both the codebook and the continuity constraint across adjacent frames. Under one embodiment, the formants are identified by mapping sets of formants into feature vectors and applying the feature vectors to a model. Formants are also identified by applying dynamic programming to search for the best sequence that optimally satisfies the continuity constraint required by the model.