The current state of the nation's infrastructure, and in particular bridges, has been an ongoing topic of discussion amongst engineering professionals and academia scholars, including its ascent to the short list of political topics in an election year. There is no shortage of historical data available on the condition and performance of bridges across U.S. states, including the Department of Transportation's Bridge Management System (BMS) and the National Bridge Inventory (NBI).But, what is lacking however in current practice is a user-friendly platform that automatically generates the desired level of information from the gathered data sets into a systematic, comprehensive manner that can be interpreted by all levels of the transportation profession. We propose a methodology that generates a dashboard system that concisely summarizes the performance measures and structural conditions of the selected bridge provided within the aforementioned datasets via Business Intelligence (BI) software. Moreover, a visualization tool that has the ability to display a model representation of the analyzed bridge structure in 3-Dimensional form is introduced through the application of Oracle R Enterprise. Such improved features of analysis will allow Transportation practitioners alike to (almost overnight) enhance their job performance, which comes at a crucial time within a profession that is witnessing the exponential advancement of technology, increased demand for big data analytics, and a national infrastructure of bridges that is arguably "crumbling under our feet."


This article is a summary of the proceedings and recommendations of the seminar on
Fisheries extension conducted at the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin from 8-10 December1980. Fisheries extension is one of the weakest links in the development programmes for fisheries in our country. Realising the immediate need to bring into focus fisheries extension, the Central Marine fisheries research Institute desired to organise a forum for discussing the subject by bringing together different fisheries interests in the country. This resulted in the seminar on fisheries extension jointly organise the four fisheries institutes of the Indian councilof agricultural research, namely the central marine fisheries research institute, central inland fisheries research institute, Central Institute of fisheries technology and Central Institute of Fisheries Education


The article is devoted to manual therapy practice for diagnostics and treatment of vertebrogenic pain syndrome in general practice. Analytical roundup of sources proves medical advantage of implementation of manual therapy basic methods by general practice specialists.


A 1.1 GeV electron storage ring is now fully operational at the Duke University Free Electron Laser Laboratory. This ring is dedicated to drive a variety of very high brightness short- wavelength sources ranging from UV to gamma-rays. In this paper we present overview of short-wavelength radiation sources including THE OK-4 (XUV FEL, wiggler radiation and inverse Compton (gamma) -rays), X-ray bend-magnets synchrotron radiation, soft X-ray NIST undulator radiation and hard X-ray inverse Compton source. We also describe status of the sources and our short-term and long-term plans.


This paper aims to measure a population's level of knowledge and active use of certain digital tools that play a primary role in developing their media literacy. To achieve it, an Online Digital Literacy test was designed to measure the knowledge and active usage of 45 different online software packages. This tool works as a reliable indicator to identify a population's media literacy development in terms of its linguistic and technological dimensions. More than 1,500 subjects of different gender, age and level of studies were tested in different cities within the autonomous community of Castilla and Leon in Spain, to measure their competence using these tools. The resulting data has enabled the identification of the level differences between age groups and gender and to formulate proposals in respect of digital literacy to enhance the public's competence in terms of media education. The general results indicate that people's Online Digital Literacy level is lower than ideal and that there is a level divide in relation to gender and age and that the average user has a social and recreational profile as a consumer of pre-existing content on the Internet rather than as manager, instigator or creator of his or her own content. This paper's conclusions therefore raise awareness of these deficiencies and encourage academic institutions to design specific digital literacy educational programmes to help citizens become media empowered.


In all temperate countries campylobacter infection in humans follows a striking seasonal pattern, but little attention has been given to exploring the epidemiological explanations. In order to better characterize the seasonal patterns, data from nine European countries and New Zealand have been examined. Several European countries with weekly data available showed remarkably consistent seasonal patterns from year to year, with peaks in week 22 in Wales, week 26 in Scotland, week 32 in Denmark, week 30 in Finland and week 33 in Sweden. In Europe, the seasonal peak was most prominent in Finland and least prominent in Scotland and Austria. In New Zealand the seasonality was less consistent since the peak was more prolonged. Possible explanations for the seasonal peaks are discussed. Research into the causes of campylobacter seasonality should help considerably in elucidating the sources of human infection.


ABSTRACT The physical environment in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) institutions provide children with possibilities for play. This study describes a physical environmental intervention aiming to increase the possibilities for functional play in the indoor environment, and its influence on children's well-being and physical activity. The intervention involved the establishment of a tumbling space with soft surfaces, mats and big construction materials. The sample consists of video observations of 65 children's free play in seven ECEC institutions at two data points. Multilevel regression analysis indicates that children's physical activity and functional play is strongly related to the use of a tumbling space, and that the intervention group had a higher increase in functional play following the intervention compared to the control group. The impact of the tumbling space on well-being is limited. The results indicate that targeting children's possibilities for functional play may be beneficial form a health promotion standpoint.


We propose a generalization of the classical notion of the V @Rthat takes into account not only the probability of the losses, but the balance between such probability and the amount of the loss. This is obtained by defining a new class of law invariant risk measures based on an appropriate family of acceptance sets. The V @Rand other known law invariant risk measures turn out to be special cases of our proposal.


Interoperability is the challenge of getting processes to share and exchange information
effectively. Service orientation relates to creating self-contained, self-describing, accessible,
and open, computer services. Both these challenges relate to the representation of the data
being exchanged/manipulated. There are various existing sources of research information in
the University, for example, ePrints – the publications repository. Research information is
complex, structured data, and the future requirements of it are only partially known. If we
commit to one encoding, or even one representation language, later it may turn out to be
inadequate or obsolete. Current work [10] on these issues points to representing the data in
an ontology.
More specifically, an ontology is a notion defined by Gruber as an explicit specification of a
conceptualization [8]. The term (from the Greek, ontos: of being and logia: study) is
borrowed from Philosophy and it refers to the subject of existence. In Artificial Intelligence
(AI), an ontology is constituted by a specific vocabulary used to describe a certain reality,
plus a set of explicit assumptions regarding the intended meaning of the vocabulary [7].
Thus, the ontology describes a formal specification of a certain domain: a shared
understanding of a domain of interest as well as a formal and machine understandable
model of this domain.
In the e-business context [6], a mechanism to improve system usability, maintenance,
efficiency and interoperability could reside in the formal description of the semantic of the
document-based framework for business collaborations. The formal descriptions could be
provided through the definition of an ontology that represents the implicit concepts and the
relationships that underlie the business vocabulary.


A phosphorus implanted p-Si layer with dose slightly higher than its critical value was studied by EER combined with stripping-etching technique. The concept of a certain optimal wavelength, named "Specially Effective Wavelength" (SEW), is introduced for the optical measurements of structurally disordered materials. At SEW, the absorption coefficients of a material with different degree of disorder, from crystalline to amorphous, are all equal. For Si, the SEW is approximately 3490 A, i. e. hw ~ 3.55 eV (in the E1, E2 + △/1 region), and the corresponding absorption coefficient is 106cm-1 independent of its degree of disorder. The depth profile of (△R/R)3.55ev is related to that of disorder degree, and the characteristic relations △R/R(D) were obtained for all of the three depth regions. The resulting curve for the implant-damaged region is similar to that reported by Anderson et al. for GaAs layers implanted with inert elements ions. By use of stripping, the observation of the disorder degree dependence of the 3.4 eV structure lineshapes has been realized in a wide range with only one sample. A comparison is made with the lineshape features of vacuum evaporated Ge films. Some conclusions have been drawn from these measurements about the mixed lattice interaction origin of the 3.4 eV spectral region of silion. It has been confirmed that EER is a powerful technique with extremely high sensitivity for the investigation of ion implanted semiconductor layers.


The following thesis is concerned with reconstructing the life of Eugippius of Lucullanum, abbot of the monastery of St Severinus. We must rely upon written sources for the majority of our information about Eugippius' career as biographer and abbot, and we have three texts from which we must reconstruct the details of his vocation. The texts are useful for a multitude of reasons, and have already been utilized by scholars working on diverse topics. They also reflect three distinct phases and interests of Eugippius' career. First chronologically is his Excerpta ex operibus sancti Augustini, a florilegium dedicated to the virgin Proba; second we have the Vita sancti Severini, Eugippius' most personal work, chronicling the life and miracles of his mentor, St Severinus; finally, we have a monastic regula that has only recently been ascribed to Eugippius; this rule contains extracts from a range of earlier
authorities, from Augustine to Cassian to the Regula Magistri. All three sources are problematic, as they are fundamentally lacking in personal details, which makes reconstructing Eugippius' activities a complex and challenging task.

For additional information, we must look to both the environment in which he was working, which involves examining the political situation in Italy following Theoderic's rise to power, as well as the religious tensions precipitated by the Acacian and Laurentian Schisms. Finally, it is also necessary to consult the works of Eugippius' circle of contacts, as often their personal details, letters, and written documents provide details that are omitted from Eugippius' own work.


A typical database workload consists of several query instances of different query types running concurrently. The execution of each query may interact with the execution of the other queries. It is well known that such interactions can have a significant impact on database system performance. In this article we propose three new approaches to model and measure query instance and query type interactions. Our approaches require no prior assumptions about the internal aspects of the database system, making it non intrusive, namely, portable across systems. Furthermore, to demonstrate the profit of exploiting query interactions, we have developed a novel interaction-aware query scheduler for online workloads, called Intelligent Scheduler for Multiple-query Execution Ordering (ISO, for short). In order to verify the efficiency of the proposed approaches for measuring query interaction and of IOS, an experimental evaluation using TPC-H workloads running on PostgreSQL has been done. The results show that the proposed approach has potential to improve the efficiency of database tuning tools.


Abstract Archaeologists traditionally investigate the emergence of complex sociopolitical formations at micro- and macroscales. As fruitful as these analyses have been, they ignore insights garnered from studying how the diverse members of individual communities contested for power and material resources during periods when former political capitals were in decline. Such volatile circumstances provide ample opportunities for those seeking power to experiment with novel political forms while their would-be subordinates maneuver to undermine these overweening ambitions. Site 128 in the Naco Valley, northwestern Honduras, witnessed these struggles during the Terminal Classic. Taking advantage of the waning power of the Naco Valley's Late Classic rulers at La Sierra, magnates in this small community competed for control over clients and their labor. The resulting political configuration pitted corporate institutions against individual aggrandizers, each using a limited suite of valuable resources to capture the loyalty and labor of supporters. The inability of one faction to vanquish the other created an unstable situation ultimately undermined by unresolved tensions. Though studies of political decline usually highlight the falls of dynasties, there is much to be gained by studying those who scrambled, with varying success, to cobble together sociopolitical structures in the shadows of former states.


Preterm births account for about 12% of deliveries in the USA and have a disproportionate impact on neonatal mortality and long-term morbidity adding to the substantial economic and emotional burden on their families and society. Late preterm (born between 340/7 and 366/7 weeks) and moderate preterm (320/7–336/7 weeks) (LMPT) births constitute >80% of the burden of prematurity and account for one-third of all neonatal intensive care admissions. LMPT births are associated with an over fourfold higher risk of neonatal mortality and 3.5 times higher risk of morbidity than their term counterparts. Severity of morbidity in survivors likely occurs along a continuum as gestational age at birth progresses from the very preterm to the late preterm infant. LMPT infants are twice as likely to have long-term neurodevelopmental disability, predominantly in the cognitive domain, compared with their term-born peers.1 Population-based studies that describe neurodevelopmental consequences following moderate and late prematurity suggest that gestational age at birth may be causally associated with the risk of adverse outcomes. However, the considerable heterogeneity in the phenotypic presentation and outcome of moderate and late preterm infants is likely a result of the complex interactions among maternal health and disease, the intrauterine fetal environment, fetal sex, number, placental health and environmental factors. Thus, gestational age at birth may merely be a trans-sectional point in the maturational trajectory of development and function of …


The overall objective of this study is to determine what neighbourhood and offender-related demographic characteristics impact crime rates in the City of Toronto. By doing so, quantitative and qualitative approaches were implemented in this study. This study includes both property and violent crime datasets from 2014-2016 and census related information from the 2011 Canadian Census. The advancing techniques of Geographical Information System (GIS) has been explored and applied to achieve a thorough understanding of crime occurrences and patterns in the city. Hotspot and Kernel Density mapping were applied to analyze the spatial distribution of crime occurrences and account for spatial autocorrelation. Findings revealed that property and violent crimes across the three years of study showed similar distribution of significant hotspots in the core, Northwest, and East end of the city. An Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression was conducted to examine the ways in which individual and neighbourhood demographic characteristics predict the effects of crime occurrences. The OLS model was a good predictor for offender-related demographics as opposed to neighbourhood level demographics at the 0.05 significant level. These findings revealed that social disadvantaged neighbourhood characteristics such as low income, unemployment, low education, female lone parent were poor predictors of property crimes but good predictors for violent crimes. However, individual characteristics were.


Web-based social networks enable new community-based opportunities for participants to engage, share their thoughts, and interact with each other. Theses related activities such as searching and advertising are threatened by spammers, content polluters, and malware disseminators. We propose a scalable spam detection system, termed Oases, for uncovering social spam in social networks using an online and scalable approach. The novelty of our design lies in two key components: (1) a decentralized DHT-based tree overlay deployment for harvesting and uncovering deceptive spam from social communities; and (2) a progressive aggregation tree for aggregating the properties of these spam posts for creating new spam classifiers to actively filter out new spam. We design and implement the prototype of Oases and discuss the design considerations of the proposed approach. Our large-scale experiments using real-world Twitter data demonstrate scalability, attractive load-balancing, and graceful efficiency in online spam detection for social networks.


The diagnostic use of assessment to provide feedback to teachers and students over the course of instruction is called formative assessment. It stands in contrast to summative assessment, which generally takes place after a period of instruction and requires making a judgment about the learning that has occurred e.g., by grading or scoring a test or paper.This study was undertaken to sketch out theimpact of formative assessment on academic achievement of secondary school students. The study was experimental in nature and a pretest/posttest control group design was used. The sample of the study was consisted of 60 students of class 10 th and these were grouped in control and experimental groups equally. Both groups were pre-tested. The experimental group was taught and assessed with formative assessmentduring treatment and the control group was not assessed during treatment..It was concluded that formative assessment has positive effects on the achievements of students.


From introduction: This paper is intended to introduce economists to a simple SIR model of the progression of COVID-19 to aid understanding of how such a model might be incorporated into more standard macroeconomic models. An SIR model is a Markov model of the spread of an epidemic in which the total population is divided into categories of being susceptible to the disease (S); actively infected with the disease (I); and resistant (R), meaning those that have recovered, died from the disease, or have been vaccinated. The initial distribution of the population across these states and the transition rates at which agents move between these three states determine how an epidemic plays out over time. These transition rates are determined by characteristics of the underlying disease and by the extent of mitigation and social distancing measures. This model allows for quantitative statements regarding the tradeoff between the severity and timing of suppression of the disease through social distancing and the progression of the disease in the population.


The concept of integrable boundary conditions is applied to hydrodynamic type systems. Examples of such boundary conditions for dispersionless Toda systems are obtained. The close relation of integrable boundary conditions with integrable reductions in multifield systems is observed. The problem of consistency of boundary conditions with the Hamiltonian formulation is discussed. Examples of Hamiltonian integrable hydrodynamic type systems on a segment and a semiline are presented.


The syntheses of four S6-cages with different cavity sizes are described. In regard of potential applications for radioimmunotherapy with 111Ag, their coordination behaviour towards Ag(I) was evaluated by studies of their reactivity in solution and of their crystal structures. All cages reacted differently with Ag(I). Whereas S6-cages based on 3,8,12,17,20,25-hexathiabicyclo[8.8.8]-hexacosane (14) and on 5,9,17,21,28,31-hexathiabicyclo[11.11.11]pentatriacontane (18) showed only external Ag(I) coordination, successive adaptation of the cage size, yielded ligand 24, based on 4,7,13,21,24,25-hexathiabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane, which gave a complex with internal-peripheral Ag(I) binding.


Ludwik Fleck is known mainly for his pioneering studies of science as a social activity. This text investigates a different aspect of Fleck's epistemological thought—his engagement with normative aspects of medicine and public health and their political underpinnings. In his sinuous professional trajectory, Fleck navigated between two distinct thought styles: fundamental microbiological research and practice-oriented investigations of infectious diseases. Fleck's awareness of tensions between these two approaches favored the genesis of his theoretical reflections. At the same time, his close observation of medical and epidemiological practices led him to the conclusion that collectively produced scientific facts are situated and fragile. Thought collectives, Fleck explained, can err or yield to external pressures, with potentially disastrous consequences. While Fleck the reflexive experimental scientist has been creatively translated into the science studies idiom, Fleck the reflexive practical microbiologist and public health expert still awaits inspired translation.


This paper proposes an epigraphical relaxation (ERx) technique for non-proximable mixed norm minimization. Mixed norm regularization methods play a central role in signal reconstruction and processing, where their optimization relies on the fact that the proximity operators of the mixed norms can be computed efficiently. To bring out the power of regularization, sophisticated layered modeling of mixed norms that can capture inherent signal structure is a key ingredient, but the proximity operator of such a mixed norm is often unavailable (non-proximable). Our ERx decouples a layered non-proximable mixed norm into a norm and multiple epigraphical constraints. This enables us to handle a wide range of non-proximable mixed norms in optimization, as long as both the proximal operator of the outermost norm and the projection onto each epigraphical constraint are efficiently computable. Moreover, under mild conditions, we prove that ERx does not change the minimizer of the original problem despite relaxing equality constraints into inequality ones. We also develop new regularizers based on ERx:one is decorrelated structure-tensor total variation for color image restoration, and the other is amplitude-spectrum nuclear norm for low-rank amplitude recovery. We examine the power of these regularizers through experiments, which illustrates the utility of ERx.


Predictive process monitoring has recently become one of the main enablers of data-driven insights in process mining. As an application of predictive analytics, process prediction is mainly concerned with predicting the evolution of running traces based on models extracted from historical event logs. This paper presents a process mining approach, which uses convolutional neural networks to equip the execution scenario of a business process with a means to predict the next activity in a running trace. The basic idea is to convert the temporal data enclosed in the historical event log of a business process into spatial data so as to treat them as images. To this purpose, every trace of the event log is first transformed into the set of its prefix traces (i.e. sequences of events that represent the prefix of a trace). These prefix traces are mapped into 2D image-like data structures. Created spatial data are finally used to train a Convolutional Neural Network, in order to learn a deep learning model capable to predict the next activity (i.e. the activity associated to the event occurring after the last event in the considered prefix trace). This predictive deep model can be employed as a powerful service to support participants in performing business processes since it guarantees a higher utilization by acting proactively in anticipation. Preliminary tests with two benchmark logs are carried out to investigate the viability of the proposed approach.


How to profit in Bull and Bear markets with technical analysis. This groundbreaking work discusses all the major technical indicators and shows how to put the indicators together in order to provide excellent buy and sell signals in any market. One of the best-written, most accessible books on technical analysis ever published.


A quick and convenient method for the preparation of 2-aminobenzophenone derivatives is described. This approach consists of the nucleophilic substitution reaction of nitrobenzenes by phenylacetonitrile under conventional and ultrasonic conditions followed by reduction of the produced 2,1-benzisoxazole to 2-aminobenzophenone. This 2-step reaction was studied by changing the reaction parameters (reaction temperature, ultrasound power, and reaction time). The results clearly demonstrated that using ultrasound irradiation results in a high yield within a short reaction time.


This paper aims to study the effect of three alkyl quaternary salts on stability of colloidal sols further used as water-insoluble oligomers for encapsulation of an active flavonoid compound – quercitin. The preparation procedure is described and practical remarks on silica-based sol-gels are included. It is also demonstrated how to exploit the sol-gel preparation route in order to improve the thermal resistance of quercitin and to increase an optical function - fluorescence. The evolution in time of competitive hydrolysis and condensation processes has been observed by dynamic light scattering measurements. The sol-gel materials with entrapped quercitin molecule have been characterised by spectral methods (FT-IR, UV-VIS-NIR), fluorescence and by thermal analysis as well. Sol-gel materials doped with active flavonoid compound may be used in preparation of some functional materials with bioactive properties.


Magnetic CuO-Fe3O4 composite was fabricated by a simple hydrothermal method and characterized as a heterogeneous catalyst for phenol degradation. The effects of pH and bicarbonate ions on catalytic activity were extensively evaluated in view of the practical applications. The results indicated that an increase of solution pH and the presence of bicarbonate ions were beneficial for the removal of phenol in the CuO-Fe3O4 coupled with persulfate (PS) process. Almost 100% mineralization of 0.1 mM phenol can be achieved in 120 min by using 0.3 g/L CuO-Fe3O4 and 5.0 mM PS at pH 11.0 or in the presence of 3.0 mM bicarbonate. The positive effect of bicarbonate ion is probably due to the suppression of copper leaching as well as the formation of Cu(III). The reuse of catalyst at pH0 11.0 and 5.6 showed that the catalyst remains a high level of stability at alkaline condition (e.g., pH0 11.0). On the basis of the characterization of catalyst, the results of metal leaching and EPR studies, it is suggested that phenol is mainly destroyed by the surface-adsorbed radicals and Cu(III) resulting from the reaction between PS and Cu(II) on the catalyst. Taking into account the widespread presence of bicarbonate ions in waste streams, the CuO-Fe3O4/PS system may provide some new insights for contaminant removal from wastewater.


Abstract:Drawing on theories and methodologies associated with the field of textual criticism and scholarly editing, as well as those associated with the field of book history, this article examines the publishing of Christos Tsiolkas's novel The Slap in the United States. All aspects of the publication process are surveyed—including design, marketing, and screen adaptation—but this article devotes its greatest critical attention to the editorial process. Ultimately, it contends that reading a US edition of The Slap is a substantially different experience from reading an Australian edition. This groundbreaking argument is the result of several unique or rare critical decisions. This article is unique, firstly, in the scope of its examination of the publishing of an Australian book in the United States—considering editorial, design, marketing, and screen adaptation. Second, it is rare for its close analysis of a previously overlooked category of editorial variation between editions. Finally, this article is uncommon because its analysis of editorial variation is focused on a book that received editorial attention that is reflective of a contemporary industry standard, rather than an outlier case. What remains unknown, however, is how typical Tsiolkas's The Slap is of US editions of contemporary books originally published in Australia.


Retinal ganglion cells of the Y type in the cat retina produce two different types of response: linear and nonlinear. The nonlinear responses are generated by a separate and independent nonlinear pathway. The functional connectivity in this pathway is analyzed here by comparing the observed second-order frequency responses of Y cells with predictions of a "sandwich model" in which a static nonlinear stage is sandwiched between two linear filters. The model agrees well with the qualitative and quantitative features of the second-order responses. The prefilter in the model may well be the bipolar cells and the nonlinearity and postfilter in the model are probably associated with amacrine cells.


In Europe the demand of functional foods varies remarkably from country to country, on the basis of the alimentary traditions, the enforced legislation and the different cultural heritage that people have acquired. The opportunities of expansion on the market seem to be quite favorable and the interest of the consumers is rather high. But the diffusion of these products in the community area is slowed down by some obstacles. One of main ones is the lack of an official law-recognized definition for these references, necessary in order to clearly assign these products to the food sector rather than to the pharmaceutical one. In a such situation, we note that nowadays it is impossible to carry out a complete survey of this world, due to the lack of homogeneous and trustworthy statistical data and to the confused definition of the sector. In fact, every country adopts his own national legislation and includes in this class different products. The variable meaning assumed by the term "functional food" in the EU member states, can also hinder the free trade even within the EU boundaries. In fact, pursuing the safeguard of human health, each partner can block the admission of a product, even if it comes from an other EU member country. This lack of clarity at the production phase is reflected in a difficult control at the consumption phase. The disinformation of the trade operators and, consequently, of the consumers can involve some risks for these last ones due to not only to the deficiency of benefits, using functional foods, but also possible damages to the health. Ambiguous definition and gaps of knowledge about the composition and the effects of these products, in fact, can interfere with an aware choice of purchase and an organized development of the sector.


Ethanol was produced from saw dust of Masonia wood by means of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. The Ethanol produced was blended with Diesel in different proportions. The fuel properties of the Ethanol-Diesel (ED) blends at different temperatures and load conditions were experimentally investigated. The properties determined were relative density, cloud point, pour point, flash point, viscosity and the calorific value. The Diesel Engine Test Bed (Petter: PJ2W-type, 7227/22.5 BS) was used with ED blends having 5, 10, 15 and 20% ethanol with respectively 95, 90, 85 and 80% diesel on a volume basis to know the performance of the blends. The experimental results of the engine's performance which include the brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency for the fuel blends were analyzed to know the suitability of using ED blend in Compression Ignition engine. The results show that both the relative density and viscosity of the blends decreased as the ethanol content in the blends was increased. All the blends were found to have the same cloud point of 5°C with that of diesel while their pour points vary and differ from that of diesel. All the blends have flash points 65% lower than that of diesel. The calorific values for ED5, ED10, ED15 and ED20 blends were 2, 3, 4 and 6% respectively less than that of diesel. The engine's performance analysis indicated that there was an increase in brake thermal efficiency of the engine with increased proportion of ethanol in the fuel blends. The ED20 gave higher brake thermal efficiency than the diesel fuel at all load conditions. It was observed that at all loads conditions; the mass flow rate of ED20 was low so, resulting in decreased in specific fuel consumption. At all loads conditions, carbon dioxide emissions increased while hydrocarbon emissions decreased with increased amount of ethanol in the fuel blends, with ED20 showing the least emissions levels. Also, at all loads conditions, NOX emission of the blends was found to be higher than that of standard diesel due to the oxygen concentration and combustion timing. The results found showed that the ED20 (20% ethanol and 80% diesel) can be used in CI engine without any modification.


This thesis concentrates on those factors important to the geography of the economic and social organisation of Beirut for which reasonably reliable material could be obtained. This results in three main groups, namely the pattern of land values (III), the socio-economic morphology (IV) and business land use (V). Two minor sections, the physical background (I) and the historical background (II) introduce the physical and temporal setting of the city. The land values pattern exhibits features characteristic of both western and non western cities, with the direction of change being distinctly towards the western pattern. The same is true of the socio-economic morphology and the business land use. Relics of the old oriental pattern still stand out against the flood-tide of increasing westernisation. Further, there is marked a real differentiation of rate of change within the city itself. Wherever possible, material has been quantified to provide a basis for future comparative studies. Elsewhere comments are based on personal study of the situation with local inhabitants. The increasingly sophisticated nature of urban theory is recognised by the author but in view of the lack of comparative data this thesis remains a largely empirical study. It is hoped that it will add to the compendium of individual studies of Middle Eastern cities on which comprehensive theories of Middle Eastern urban geography can in future be based.


This study uses data from TikTok (N = 8,173) to examine how short-form video platforms challenge the protest paradigm established by the mainstream media in the Black Lives Matter movement, which was triggered by George Floyd's death on 25 May 2020. A computer-mediated visual analysis, computer vision, is employed to identify the presence of four visual frames of protest (riot, confrontation, spectacle, and debate) in multimedia content. Results of descriptive statistics and the t-test indicate that the three delegitimizing frames—riot, confrontation, and spectacle— are rarely found on TikTok, whereas the debate frame, that empowers marginalized communities, dominates the public sphere. However, although the three delegitimizing frames receive lower social media visibility, as measured by views, likes, shares, followers, and durations, legitimizing elements, such as the debate frame, minority identities, and unofficial sources, are not generally favored by TikTok audiences. This study concludes that while short-form video platforms could potentially challenge the protest paradigm on the content creators' side, the audiences' preference as measured by social media visibility might still be moderately associated with the protest paradigm.


interplay of genomic component and the exposome. Parental diet has been shown to affect offspring metabolic health via multiple epigenetic mechanisms. Excess carbohydrate intake is one of the driving forces of the obesity and metabolic syndrome pandemics. This review summarizes the evidence for the effects of maternal carbohydrate (fructose, sucrose, glucose) overnutrition on the modulation of metabolic syndrome components in the offspring. Despite substantial discrepancies in experimental design, common effects of maternal carbohydrate overnutrition include increased body weight and hepatic lipid content of the "programmed" offspring. However, the administration of sucrose to several rat models leads to apparently favorable metabolic outcomes. Moreover, there is evidence for the role of genomic background in modulating the metabolic programming effect in the form of nutri-epigenomic interaction. Comprehensive, robust studies are needed to resolve the temporal, sex-specific, genetic, epigenetic and nutritional aspects of parental overnutrition in the intergenerational and transgenerational pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome.


For a conductive, elastic matter in thermodynamic equilibrium the LORENTZ force, which includes the COULOMB force for charged systems, is the only macroscopic interaction between the electromagnetic field and the matter. If irreversible currents such as diffusion and ionic currents are observed, these currents and their coupling can dominate the behaviour. Then, to describe that system it is necessary to start with a macroscopic description, which remains valid outside of the equilibrium. A macroscopic description of these currents is used to deduce a very simple model for an electrolytic actuator.


The process of detection for the head and modifier in Malay sentences from the cultural heritage domain is difficult to identify. This is due to the position of head and modifier which varies in sentences depending on the sentence structures. Hence, there are different point of views about the theory and concept of detection for the head and modifier in a compound noun that have been discussed by language experts. Additionally, the existing research is also limited especially in the areas of computational linguistics. Therefore, research should be conducted to identify appropriate methods especially used in the detection of head and modifier which appear in Malay setences from the cultural heritage domain. The aim of this study is to construct a list of heuristic rules to be used for detecting the position of compound nouns in Malay sentences from cultural heritage domain. By using 15 rules, the position of head and modifier that exist in a compound noun can also be detected. These rules are called heuristic rules. The purpose of formulating these 15 rules is to detect the head and modifier that exist in the Malay sentences from the cultural heritage domain. To measure the accuracy of the results, precision, recall and F1-score values are used. Based on the results of the experiments, Sentence Structure of Malay Cultural Heritage Domain (SADWBM) have an F1-score of 80.4% compared to Noun Phrase Structure (SFN) which is 56%. Consequently, SADWBM shows better scores compared to SFN. Therefore it is clear that the approach used in this study is effective in resolving the identified problems.


UNLABELLED
Difficult intubation is a serious challenge for emergency doctors and anesthesiologists.

AIM
This study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of imaging methods combined with clinical anatomic data in predicting difficult intubation by developing a score as thorough and easy to use as possible.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
This prospective study was carried out on a series of 121 patients (51 males and 70 females), aged between 18 and 85 years (mean age 45.5 years) in the interval September 2010 0 June 2011. The patients, scheduled for various surgical interventions requiring general anesthesia by oral tracheal intubation, were randomly selected and gave a written consent. Children and pregnant women were excluded. The criteria for clinical anatomic assessment and cerebral and cervical imaging methods were used in all patients. By corroborating these data, a difficult intubation prediction score, named OMLET, was developed. It included 5 parameters: obesity (IMC), Mallampati score (modified), position of the larynx as to the spine, cervicothoracic angle (CTA), and head extension (DTM). Each variable was attributed 0 or 2 points, the highest score being 10 points, the obtained score being directly proportional with the expected difficulty during oral tracheal intubation.

RESULTS
Of the 121 patients, 9 were difficult cases, the incidence of difficult intubation being 7.43%. The Cormack-Lehane score predicted a difficult intubation in 11 of the 121 cases (sensitivity 77.78%, specificity 96.43%), while the OMLET score predicted 6 of the 9 difficult intubations (sensitivity of 66.67%, specificity of 95.43%. positive predictive value 54.55%, and negative predictive value 97.27%).

CONCLUSIONS
The OMLET score proved effective in predicting difficult intubation expressed in its high specificity and sensitivity, and could be used especially in patients with conditions of the cephalic extremity and neck inevitably requiring before surgery investigation of these areas.


This paper explores the complexity in the connection between city liveliness and land use configurations for housing and consumption amenities. The sources of this complexity are captured by an integrated spatial and temporal non-stationary modelling approach that uses local linear methods to estimate heterogeneous dynamics of the spatial-temporal process. City liveliness is measured by aggregated space-time human activity intensities using mobile phone positioning data from Beijing. We find that the land use configurations for housing amenities contribute little to city liveliness, whereas consumption amenities play a significant role in attracting human activity intensities. However, such effects vary substantially over space and during a 24-hour life span. These results provide the estimates of the changes in hourly human activity distribution that would influence the form of social engagement, development patterns, and public investment policy.


The behaviour of M. leprae in fat tissue was studied. Preadipocyte cells were infected with M. leprae and injected intradermally (I.D.) into nude mice. Adipose nodules obtained by in vivo differentiation of infected cells were maintained in vivo for 3 months and subsequently incubated in vitro for 3 months. Counts of bacilli showed no increase over this 6 months period. It is concluded that undifferentiated preadipocyte and mature fat cells are not permissive for M. leprae. The morphological changes observed following passage of M. leprae into adipose nodules might be related to the process of adipose cell differentiation.


Introduction Medical educators need to demonstrate that their trainees meet expected competency levels when progressing through medical education. This study aimed to develop competency-based pass/fail cut-scores for a graduation required Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), and examine validity evidence for new standards. Methods Six clinicians used the modified Angoff method to determine the cut-scores for an 8-station OSCE. The clinicians estimated the percentage of minimally competent students who would answer each checklist item correctly. Interrater reliability, differences in other academic achievements between pass/fail groups, educational impact, and response process were examined. Results One hundred seventy-four rising 4th-year medical students participated in the OSCE. The cut-scores determined for the OSCE resulted in a substantially lower failure rate (5% vs. 29% of the previous year). The inter-rater reliability across domains and cases was .98 (95% CI = .97 .99). The pass/fail groups significantly differed in six of the eight measures of academic achievements included in the study. Discussion The impact of the standards setting was substantial as it significantly reduced the failure rate and burdens of remediation for both students and faculty. The very high inter-rater reliability indicates that the modified Angoff method produced reliable cut-scores. The significant differences between the pass/fail groups in other measures support external validity of the standards and ensure no false passes. The study also supports response process Lee M, Hernandez E, Brook R, Ha E, Harris C, Plesa M, Kahn D MedEdPublish https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2018.0000200.1 Page | 2 validity by including discussion among judges and check of previous student performances, as well as recruiting and training multiple clinician educators experienced in medical student teaching. Conclusion Findings of the study provide strong evidence supporting validity of the new cut-scores from a wide spectrum of validity metrics, including response process, internal structure, relations to other variables, and consequences. The study also added to the literature the value of the modified Angoff method in determining competency-based standards for OSCEs.


For years, wear debris analysis has been at the forefront of predictive and preventative maintenance monitoring; ranging from applications on simple devices to extremely complex equipment and engines. At the heart, lubricant analysis has provided a wealth of knowledge to the industry - paving the way for breakthroughs in technology and a global expansion in oil analysis business. As a result, the industry thrives on having the ability to assess the changing physical and/or chemical attributes of debris as leading indicators for the amount, mode, type, and trend of degradation.


Problem statement: The contemporary miniature of Turkey owes much to the great painting heritage of Ottoman. Although it declined during its fluctuating path after the formation of the Republic of Turkey (1923) and not traceable in Turkish art until the 1940s, it has ultimately managed to achieve special styles and personal methods with the help of artists who have tried to revive miniature. The personal styles and innovations after 1970 can be clearly traced back into two sections including thematic evolution and innovation of miniatures and then the formal evolution and innovation of the miniatures. Research objective: This study intends to study the developments and innovations of contemporary Turkish painters and answer these two questions during the research: "What are the characteristics of Turkish miniature after the establishment of the republic?" And "What innovative works have emerged in contemporary Turkish miniature?" » In this regard, to answer the questions in this study, the works of ten contemporary Miniaturists who have a personal style have been studied. Research method: In this study it is tried to investigate the developments and innovations of contemporary Turkish painters by utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information through library and archival methods through correspondence with the artists themselves and bringing together works from their personal collections. Conclusion: The results indicated that a group of painters has come up with innovations in theme by benefiting from the style of Ottoman classical school of miniature, and another group has not only changed the common style of classical miniature, but also has painted in the realm of performance and conceptual arts. In other words, contemporary painters have managed to present contemporary concepts to the audience in modern expressive forms while preserving the traditions of Ottoman miniature.


This is an analytical hospital based study carried out in relatives of patients suffering from sickle cell disease (SCD) who referred to Elobied Hospital. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of sickle cell trait (HbAS) among those relatives and to assess their CBC. One hundred persons of seventeen different tribes were included (48% males and 52% females) with an age ranged between 4 to 70 years. From each person, 2.5 mL of venous blood was collected into EDTA container. Blood film, complete blood count (CBC) and sickling test were performed immediately. Then haemolysate was made and stored at (– 20 � � C) for electrophoresis test. The results of hemoglobin electrophoresis show that, 54% of target samples were heterozygous carrier (HbAS) while 42% were normal (HbAA) and 4% were diagnosed as sickle cell disease (HbSS). The highest distribution of sickle cell trait was among Bederia tribe 9 (23.1%) followed by Fulani and Selehab 6 (15.4% for each tribe). The results of CBC show no significant difference in the values of haemoglobin (Hb) , haematocrite (HCT%), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell count (RBCs), white cell count (WBCs) and platelets count (Plt) between sickle cell trait (HbAS) and normal individuals (HbAA). This work concluded that members of the studied tribes are potentially capable for spreading of SCD in western Sudan.


In the development of wireless cellular network, there are some different focuses. As far as these focuses are concerned, the wireless and cellular network works with different bandwidth and radio frequency. Also, the next generation cellular network must have important services, for example, the media service. To use the media service, we need stable bandwidth and bundle delay time because in 3G cellular network, the IP handoff problem may come from the faster speed than that in wireless network. Therefore, we propose QoS architecture to provide bandwidth, to lower handoff problem and to increase the bandwidth utilization.


C-peptide reduces diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic patients and experimental animal models. However, the mechanisms mediating the beneficial effect of C-peptide remain unclear. We investigated whether altered renal afferent-efferent arteriole tonus or alterations in tubular Na+ transport (T(Na)) in response to C-peptide administration mediate the reduction of diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration. Glomerular filtration rate, filtration fraction, total and cortical renal blood flow, total kidney O2 consumption (QO2), T(Na), fractional Na+ and Li+ excretions, and tubular free-flow and stop-flow pressures were measured in anesthetized adult male normoglycemic and streptozotocin-diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. The specific effect of C-peptide on transport-dependent QO2 was investigated in vitro in freshly isolated proximal tubular cells. C-peptide reduced glomerular filtration rate (-24%), stop-flow pressure (-8%), and filtration fraction (-17%) exclusively in diabetic rats without altering renal blood flow. Diabetic rats had higher baseline T(Na) (+40%), which was reduced by C-peptide. Similarly, C-peptide increased fractional Na+ (+80%) and Li+ (+47%) excretions only in the diabetic rats. None of these parameters was affected by vehicle treatments in either group. Baseline QO2 was 37% higher in proximal tubular cells from diabetic rats than controls and was normalized by C-peptide. C-peptide had no effect on ouabain-pretreated diabetic cells from diabetic rats. C-peptide reduced diabetes-induced hyperfiltration via a net dilation of the efferent arteriole and inhibition of tubular Na+ reabsorption, both potent regulators of the glomerular net filtration pressure. These findings provide new mechanistic insight into the beneficial effects of C-peptide on diabetic kidney function.


The aim of the study is to evaluate the potential of greenhouse gases, and production and substitution of fossil fuel from animal manure. This paper describes a model for the prediction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ammonia emissions, originated from animal husbandry, were presented. The input data in the model were primarily acquired from different Norwegian governmental institutions; however, some were unavailable. The remaining data were based on personal knowledge such as manure storage conditions (i.e., storage time on Norwegian farms, temperature ranges between storage periods, loading capacity of trucks for manure transport, etc.). The model included: methane emissions from animal facilities and waste storage units, ammonia emissions from storage units, nitrous oxide from stores, transportation of manure to collaborative biogas plants, and energy production and substituted energy when biogas production was selected. The model was then used to study the reduction in GHG emissions when anaerobic digestion was applied. All of the calculated gas emission values showed that methane was sensitive to temperature; however, only 4% of emissions were emitted from animal facilities due to minor amounts of manure. The contribution of stored manure in summer was approximately 62%, although some amounts were excluded because it was the grazing season. The estimates of GHG effects of anaerobic treatment was 45% lower than the governmental estimates. The contribution of ammonia emissions to GHG emissions is small due to low oxidation rates, but the reduction itself can lead to increase ammonia concentrations in manure and thereby reduce the need of artificial nitrogen input. Transportation represented a minor contribution to GHG outlets compared to the reduction potential when including the substitution effect of biogas as an energy carrier, even for the longest transportation distances modeled. The type of energy carrier biogas that would be substituted was the most important factor for the potential reduction in GHGs.


Focal adhesion molecules involve in cellular migration, attachment, and play a role in endometriosis pathomechanisms. Recent studies showed that the expression of RAC1, a gene encoded focal adhesion molecule, was predominantly found in endometriosis. As gene expression may be regulated by DNA methylation. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze promoter methylation level of RAC1 gene and mRNA expression in endometrial and peritoneal endometriosis tissues. This study using 20 endometrial and 9 peritoneal tissues from the same patients and 20 normal endometrial. The DNA and RNA from samples were isolated, DNA was converted using sodium bisulfite and amplified using Methyl Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (MSP) method. The methylation level was determined by the intensity measurement of the bands that arose in gel electrophoresis using ImageJ software, whereas mRNA expression level was measured by Reverse Transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method. The mRNA expression level of RAC1 gene in peritoneal endometriosis increased compared to normal endometrium, as well as compared to endometrial endometriosis, but there was no significant difference in endometrial endometriosis compared to normal. Promoter hypermethylation level of RAC1 gene in peritoneal endometriosis was significantly different compared to normal endometrium, however not significant to endometrial endometriosis. Methylation level of its gene in endometrial endometriosis shown no significant difference compared to normal. There was association between promoter hypermethylation level and its mRNA expression in endometrial endometriosis (R= 0.014; p=0.952). The elevation of mRNA expression of RAC1 gene plays a role in endometrial cell migration to peritoneum, and associated with promoter hypermethylation level of its gene.


Several H-zeolite and HZSM-5 catalysts was preparated and their characters have also been investigated. H-zeolit Catalyst was preparated from Natural Zeolite that obtained from Malang District and Gunung Kidul District. Diethyl ether was produced by Ethanol with concentration of 95%. This research use fixed bed reactor that 1 gram of catalyst as bed catalyst, atmospheric pressure and temperature 140 o C as the operating condition. Ethanol vapor from vaporization tank was driven by 200 ml/min Nitrogen stream. The responds in this research is liquid product concentration; diethyl ether, ethanol, methanol and water concentration. The results showed that the largest ethanol conversion was produced by the use of 56.44% HZSM-5 and the largest yield of diethyl ether diethyl was produced by the use of alumina and H-zeolite catalyst. The larger ratio between natural zeolite with HCl solvent will produce the larger surface area of catalyst and ethanol conversion. The largest ethanol conversion was produced at reactan ratio 1:20. [Keywords:  catalyst; ethanol conversion; dehydration process; yield of diethyl ether; natural zeolite].


Modern malware increasingly exploits information hiding to remain undetected while attacking. To this aim, network covert channels, i.e., hidden communication paths established within legitimate flows, can be used to exfiltrate data or exchange commands without getting noticed by firewalls, antivirus, and intrusion detection systems. Since the secret data can be directly injected in various portions of the stream or encoded via suitable alterations of the traffic, spotting hidden communications is a challenging and poorly generalizable task. Moreover, the majority of works addressed IPv4, thus leaving the detection of covert channels targeting IPv6 almost unexplored. This paper presents bccstego, i.e., an inspection framework for computing statistical indicators to reveal covert channels targeting the IPv6 header. The proposed approach has been designed to be easily extended, for instance to search for channels not known a priori. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our first tool in the bccstego framework as well as its ability to handle high-throughput IPv6 flows without adding additional delays.


The central topic of the international PhD student conference
was artworks study that is intrinsically linked to the notion
of memory. The aims were twofold: first of all to understand
how icons, books, reliquaries and other artefacts became
vehicles of meanings, meanings which are now mostly
incomprehensible but must have been clear to its contemporary
audience. Second, we aimed to understand how these objects
could have changed the memory of the place in which they were
preserved. With this goal in mind, we engaged in dialogue
across a wide range of perspectives on the sense of memory
transmitted by artworks. The essays in this book thus represent
some of the perspectives by which an object can be seen in its
historicity.


Abstract In economic literature comparisons between the American and German Council of Economic Advisors lead to the result that the American Council works quite well, whereas the German Council is broadly criticized. On a closer look, these conclusions are disputable. Therefore, in this contribution we analyse both institutions with respect to different functions of scientific advice such as: (1) operative advice, (2) conception, (3) information of the public, (4) legitimization, and (5) filter. Our approach shows that the simultaneous treatment of all functions by one institution is impossible. Finally, the institutionalization of the German Council is quite appropriate with respect to some functions of scientific advice.


Adolescence is a stage of life when potentially harmful behaviors to health can be initiated. For this reason, the assessment of quality of life at this age is useful to identify higher risk groups that may prejudice general well-being. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life and associated factors in a sample of 754 adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19. For the measurement of quality of life a Portuguese language version of the 12-item short-form (SF-12) Health Survey questionnaire was used. The results revealed that satisfactory levels of quality of life are higher with the frequent practice of physical activities and the absence of conditions such as work activities and the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. The female sex was correlated with lower scores in mental aspects of quality of life.


Background: Community-based sustainability transitions projects are increasingly being considered for their potential as policy delivery vehicles for the UK government Climate Change Act commitments. At the same time, project funders seek reassurances that their investments are relevant in helping communities mitigate, and adapt to, the effects of climate change. Despite this increased pressure, recent research suggests that evaluations of such sustainability transitions projects have, on the one hand variable impacts, or impacts that are of an inadequate scale, duration, or type, or on the other, that project staff lack the capacity or resources to undertake monitoring and evaluation to the degree of rigour expected by policy makers and funders.
Purpose: This article reports on an extended case study of a fully-funded five year community-based sustainability transitions project in Leicestershire, England. In particular, it reviews the deployment of developmental evaluation (DE) methods in an attempt to capture the project team's learning about doing community-based sustainability work.
Setting: A funded community-based sustainability transitions project in a south Leicestershire market town.
Intervention: Developmental evaluation methods were used to capture project-based learning as a resource for project innovation and adaptation.
Research Design: Phronetic case study.
Data Collection and Analysis: Participant-observation, action research, focus and special issue group facilitation.
Findings: Use of a developmental evaluation method identified key learning points for the project actors; these focused on how the project had adapted to the complexities of the operating environment through innovations in second-order learning or learning how to learn. The paper makes recommendations for the design and funding arrangements of community-based sustainability transitions initiatives and developmental evaluation is endorsed as a viable and promising adjunct to more traditional impact, economic, and process evaluation methodologies.
Keywords: developmental evaluation; second-order learning; community-based sustainability; phronesis; action research; project design.


Escherichia coli K1 CMP-sialic acid synthetase catalyses the synthesis of CMP-sialic acid from CTP and sialic acid. The active site of the 418 amino acid E. coli enzyme was localized to its N-terminal half. The bacterial CMP-sialic acid synthetase enzymes have a conserved motif, IAIIPARXXSKGLXXKN, at their N-termini. Several basic residues have been identified at or near the active site of the E. coli enzyme by chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis. Only one of the lysines in the N-terminal motif, Lys-21, appears to be essential for activity. Mutation of Lys-21 in the N-terminal motif results in an inactive enzyme. Furthermore, Arg-12 of the N-terminal motif appears to be an active-site residue, based on the following evidence. Substituting Arg-12 with glycine or alanine resulted in inactive enzymes, indicating that this residue is required for enzymic activity. The Arg-12-->Lys mutant was partially active, demonstrating that a positive charge is required at this site. Steady-state kinetic analysis reveals changes in k(cat), K(m) and K(s) for CTP, which implicates Arg-12 in catalysis and substrate binding.


There are two techniques for excising a parotid gland tumor. The first technique is the anterograde approach, and the second is the retrograde approach. Although the anterograde approach has generally been adopted, the retrograde approach may be useful depending on the identification and dissection of the facial nerve and the localization of the tumor. We reviewed 35 patients who were surgically treated with a parotidectomy using the retrograde approach between 2002 and 2012 at Tenri Hospital. We also reviewed the clinical records for evidence of temporary or definitive injury to the facial nerve. In cases where the identification of the main nerve trunk was expected to be difficult, the parotidectomy was performed using the retrograde approach guided by the mandibular branch. In cases where a tumor was located in the marginal region of the parotid gland, the retrograde approach was guided by the mandibular branch or the zygomatic branch. Of the 35 patients, 17 underwent the retrograde approach guided by the mandibular branch and 18 underwent this approach guided by the zygomatic branch. The mean surgical time and amount of bleeding using the retrograde approach were 70.7 minutes and 33.9 g, respectively. Two of the 35 patients in the retrograde group exhibited a temporary facial deficit.


A correspondence between the Equivalence principle and the homogeneity of the universe is discussed. We show that under the Newtonian gravity, translation of co-moving coordinates in a uniformly expanding universe defines a new accelerated frame. A consistency condition for the invariance of this transformation yields the second Friedman equation. All these symmetries are lost when we modify Newton's second law and/ or the Poisson equation. For example by replacing Newton's second law with non-linear function of the acceleration, as Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) suggested, the concept of relative acceleration is lost. As a consequence the homogeneity of the universe breaks. Therefore MOND which changes Newton's second law or a QUAdratic Lagrangian (AQUAL) which changes the Poisson equation are not complete theories and they should be amended to preserve the cosmological principle. Only locally could MOND be used as a toy model, but not as a global theory which should describe a universe in large scales.


The OMM(On-Machine-Measurement) system has many advantages compare to conventional measurement in the way the time and cost. But, the sensor suitable to OMM system is restrictive use. Touch trigger probe sensor has long time for measurement and non-contact sensor has directional demerit. Because the long mechanical parts such as gear and lead screw for pump, injector and machine tools has big and heavy, unclamp and transferring for measurement in machining process is very difficult. This paper presents a development of ultra miniature eddy current displacement sensor with 3 axes for On-Machine-Measurement system. The accuracy of the sensor is experimentally proved in the grinding machine. In experimental results, the accuracy has under ±5 ㎛.


This paper aims to explore the literature on office design approaches (ODAs) in relation to employee health. The overall goal is to facilitate the practical use and theoretical development of design approaches to healthy offices.,A scoping review of 7,432 papers collected from 4 electronic databases and 5 scientific journals resulted in the selection of 18 papers for content analysis.,Various ODAs relating to building design features and health were identified. The findings highlight challenges for this emergent field, including a paucity of literature on ODAs, a lack of definitions of health and healthy offices, ambiguous design strategies and a lack of a holistic ODA.,ODAs are potentially valuable resources but an under-considered topic for healthy office development. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first scoping review to map and compare different design approaches in the context of office design and its main contribution is in encouraging researchers and practitioners to bring a salutogenic and holistic perspective to their design approaches.


The results of the first international survey on forensic speaker comparison practices are presented in this paper. Thirty-six experts from 13 countries and 5 continents responded to a series of questions concerning their practices in casework. Despite the responses revealing a range of differences, there is nevertheless a reasonably strong convergence with respect to the importance assigned to particular speech features, methodology and choice of framework for expressing conclusions. Practices and preferences revealed by the survey are discussed in the context of constraints imposed by the institutions and jurisdictions within which the participants are situated, and in relation to contemporary trends and developments within forensic speech science.


The cytotoxic effects of amphetamine derivatives were studied by immunocytochemistry to identify the cellular compartments affected by these drugs, to obtain morphologic evidence of neuronal degeneration, and to assess the potential for regeneration. The substituted amphetamines, MDA, MDMA, PCA, and fenfluramine, all release serotonin and cause acute depletion of 5-HT from most axon terminals in forebrain. (1) Unequivocal signs of axon degeneration were seen at 36-48 hour survivals: 5-HT axons exhibited increased caliber, huge, swollen varicosities, fragmentation, and dilated proximal axon stumps. (2) Fine 5-HT axon terminals were persistently lost after drug administration, while beaded axons and raphe cell bodies were spared. These two types of 5-HT axons, which arise from separate raphe nuclei and form distinct ascending projections, are differentially vulnerable to psychotropic drugs. (3) From 2-8 months after treatment, there was progressive serotonergic re-innervation of neocortex along a fronto-occipital gradient. Longitudinal 5-HT axons grew into layers I and VI from rostral to caudal, before sprouting into middle cortical layers; this bilaminar pattern of growth simulates perinatal development of 5-HT innervation. This study demonstrates differential vulnerability of 5-HT projections, evidence for axonal degeneration, and sprouting of 5-HT axons leading to re-innervation of forebrain. While the sprouting axons are anatomically similar to the type that was damaged, it is not known whether a normal pattern of innervation is re-established.


Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (EKR) was among the most important psychiatrists of the twentieth century. Current media reports on her
legacy are often misrepresentative of her many contributions to a wide field within the medical world. Speaker, Ken Ross discusses
the historical context of his mother's inspirations and guiding principles that lead her to the field of end-of-life (EOL). Elisabeth
Kubler-Ross' seminal 1969 work, On Death and Dying, opened the door to understanding individuals' emotional experiences with
serious illness and dying. This year marks the 50th anniversary of this seminal book. A review of the how the grief theory has come
to dominate the medical worlds perspective of grief theory in this last half century. Further, the Five Stages of Grief™ has now been
adopted to explain not only loss related to death but all sorts of loss including: divorce, job changes, and all major life changes.
This recent adaption of the stage theory is known as well as the "Kubler-Ross Change Curve". Audience members will expect to
gain a better understanding of Kubler-Ross' techniques and approaches to the dying. Discussions will include: hospice, palliative
care, bioethics, and others. Many individuals working in EOL have a distorted conception of the Five Stages of Grief ™. Ross will
explain EKR's corrected and more comprehensive description of the stages of grief including more than ten stages she reported fifty
years ago. Last, the speaker will discuss what it was like to take care of this famous caretaker for the last nine years of her life. The
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Foundation currently continues the work of this ground-breaking pioneer in Europe, Asia, and Latin America.
A short description of the Foundations effects around the world will be described.


ABSTRACT The most important problem in the interpretation of the micropetrology of sandstones is the evaluation of the abundance of detritus of first-cycle as opposed to polycyclic origin. At present few tools or data with which to make this distinction exist, largely because of the lack of study by sedimentary petrologists of igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and soils. Also, studies of relative rates of abrasion of sand-sized rock fragments and feldspar are rare. Most igneous and metamorphic rocks are equilibrium or near equilibrium assemblages of minerals. The mineral species present in such rocks are controlled by the laws of physical chemistry applied to the bulk chemical composition of the magma or pre-existing rocks. In contrast, sandstones are invariably non-equilibrium mineral assemblages and, therefore, the mineralogic character and origin of each sand grain must be considered as independent of surrounding grains. For this reason sedimentary petrology is a more difficult field of study than igneous or metamorphic petrology. The interpretation of ultimate provenances of sandstones has suffered from over-application of generalizations and under-application of detailed mineralogic analyses and interpretations. New ways of analyzing data concerning the mineral composition of sandstones are needed.


The membranous labyrinth of the inner ear is a highly complex organ that detects sound and balance. Developmental defects in the inner ear cause congenital hearing loss and balance disorders. The membranous labyrinth consists of three semicircular ducts, the utricle, saccule, and endolymphatic ducts, and the cochlear duct. These complex structures develop from the simple otic placode, which is established in the cranial ectoderm adjacent to the neural crest at the level of the hindbrain at the early neurula stage. During development, the otic placode invaginates to form the otic vesicle, which subsequently gives rise to neurons for the vestibulocochlear ganglion, the non‐sensory and sensory epithelia of the membranous labyrinth that includes three ampullary crests, two maculae, and the organ of Corti. Combined paracrine and autocrine signals including fibroblast growth factor, Wnt, retinoic acid, hedgehog, and bone morphogenetic protein regulate fate determination, axis formation, and morphogenesis in the developing inner ear. Juxtacrine signals mediated by Notch pathways play a role in establishing the sensory epithelium, which consists of mechanosensory hair cells and supporting cells. The highly differentiated organ of Corti, which consists of uniformly oriented inner/outer hair cells and specific supporting cells, develops during fetal development. Developmental alterations/arrest causes congenital malformations in the inner ear in a spatiotemporal‐restricted manner. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying inner ear development is important not only for the management of patients with congenital inner ear malformations, but also for the development of regenerative therapy for impaired function.


This paper describes a robust hierarchical algorithm for fully-automatic registration of a pair of images of the curved human retina photographed by a fundus microscope. Accurate registration is essential for mosaic synthesis, change detection, and design of computer-aided instrumentation. Central to the algorithm is a 12-parameter interimage transformation derived by modeling the retina as a rigid quadratic surface with unknown parameters. The parameters are estimated by matching vascular landmarks by recursively tracing the blood vessel structure. The parameter estimation technique, which could be generalized to other applications, is a hierarchy of models and methods, making the algorithm robust to unmatchable image features and mismatches between features caused by large interframe motions. Experiments involving 3,000 image pairs from 16 different healthy eyes were performed. Final registration errors less than a pixel are routinely achieved. The speed, accuracy, and ability to handle small overlaps compare favorably with retinal image registration techniques published in the literature.


This paper examines the welfare loss of import restrictions on bananas in Australia and whether the import restrictions have turned into a particular form of export promotion. We set up a model in which there is free domestic entry, with banana producers accepting losses in normal years, off-set by large profits in years when cyclones destroy a large proportion of the banana plants because of sufficiently low elasticity of demand. Using the cyclones of 2006 and 2011 as exogenous events, we identify the elasticity of demand for bananas in Australia to be around -0.5. We indeed find limited evidence for an 'over-shooting' in terms of the supply response after these cyclones, leading to positive exports years after cyclones have hit and re-planted banana plants have become productive. Combining the elasticity estimates with information on turnover, we get an estimated welfare loss of 600 million dollars per year due to banana import restrictions.


In this paper, we propose a self-supervised learning procedure for training a robust multi-object tracking (MOT) model given only unlabeled video. While several self-supervisory learning signals have been proposed in prior work on single-object tracking, such as color propagation and cycle-consistency, these signals cannot be directly applied for training RNN models, which are needed to achieve accurate MOT: they yield degenerate models that, for instance, always match new detections to tracks with the closest initial detections. We propose a novel self-supervisory signal that we call cross-input consistency: we construct two distinct inputs for the same sequence of video, by hiding different information about the sequence in each input. We then compute tracks in that sequence by applying an RNN model independently on each input, and train the model to produce consistent tracks across the two inputs. We evaluate our unsupervised method on MOT17 and KITTI -- remarkably, we find that, despite training only on unlabeled video, our unsupervised approach outperforms four supervised methods published in the last 1--2 years, including Tracktor++, FAMNet, GSM, and mmMOT.


Migrant populations are often vulnerable, and various political, economic, cultural, historical and social situations can make it especially challenging to address public health issues. Not attending to these issues poses increased risks for the migrants, the people in the country they live in, eventually, the rest of the world. There are many locations high density with density population migrants throughout the world, amongst there are the Thailand/Myanmar border it is estimated more than one million migrants have crossed from Myanmar into Thailand. This area has one of Asia's highest malaria infection rates and an increased prevalence of tuberculosis. In 2000, the Ministers of Health of Thailand and Myanmar met jointly to address the public health issues in the border area. Following this meeting the World Health Organization, supported by United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), provided funding to support program activities. This included the establishment of the Border Health Program which was initiated in 2001. The Thai/Myanmar Border Health Program sought to improve the health of the most vulnerable populations on the border, and key elements of the program were data collection and system development, coordination, training and information distribution. Implicit to the success of the program was ongoing coordination with the various players, including the governments, nongovernmental organizations ("NGOs"), donors, researchers and UN agencies. Several lessons were learned which can be applied in similar settings, and needs for research and study were identified. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 43-9)


In humans, endurance training markedly reduces the rate of hepatic glucose production during exercise. To determine whether this is due to a reduction in glycogenolysis, in gluconeogenesis, or in both processes, six men were studied at rest and during 2 h of cycle ergometer exercise at 60% pretraining peak O2 consumption (VO2peak), both before and after completion of a strenuous endurance training program (cycling at 75-100% VO2peak for 45-90 min/day, 6 days/wk for 12 wk). The overall rate of glucose appearance (Ra) was determined using a primed continuous infusion of [6,6-2H]glucose, whereas the rate of gluconeogenesis (Rgng) was estimated from the incorporation of 13C into glucose (via pyruvate carboxylase) from simultaneously infused [13C]bicarbonate. Training did not affect glucose kinetics at rest but reduced the average Ra during exercise by 42% [from 36.8 +/- 3.8 to 21.5 +/- 3.6 (SE) mumol.min-1.kg-1; P < 0.001]. This decrease appeared to be mostly due to a reduction in hepatic glycogenolysis. However, the estimated Rgng during exercise also decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with training, falling from 7.5 +/- 1.6 mumol.min-1.kg-1 (23 +/- 3% of total Ra) before training to 3.1 +/- 0.6 mumol.min-1.kg-1 (14 +/- 3% of total Ra) after training. These training-induced adaptations in hepatic glucose metabolism were associated with an attenuated hormonal response to exercise (i.e., higher insulin and lower glucagon, norepinephrine, and epinephrine concentrations) as well as a reduced availability of gluconeogenic precursors (i.e., lower lactate and glycerol concentrations). We conclude that endurance training reduces both hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during prolonged exercise in men.


The introduction of hydrogen into titanium VT1-0 by the methods of plasma-immersion ion implantation (PIII) from the hydrogen plasma of a source with a heated cathode and into high-frequency discharge (HFD) plasma was studied. Modes of installations for introduction are chosen proceeding from the requirement of the maximum content of hydrogen in the samples. It is established that saturation from the HFD-plasma leads to a significant enrichment to a depth of 1.2 μm, at the introduction of hydrogen by the PIII this depth is 0.6 μm. The hydrogen content of 0.06 wt.% in the samples after saturation in the HFD plasma, and 0.049 wt.% after PIII. During PIIII (with an energy of 0.9-1.5 keV), hydrogen is strongly scattered by the surface of the sample and is captured predominantly by surface defects (including those created by the ions themselves), as well as by vacancies in the near-surface layers. Upon saturation from the HFD-plasma, hydrogen diffuses into the interior of the sample and settles in interstices and at grain boundaries. At the same time, saturation from the HFD plasma and PIII lead to significant change in the crystal parameters and the creation of hydride phases.


The artificial feeds or pellets turns out as important need in full filling the protein needs for fish or shrimp growth in semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture systems. One of the environment stressor factors on aquaculture is the process to full fill the protein source, the fish meal and oil, which act as the main components on pellets. The most possible impact to the environment which may occur is derived from unsustainable catch methods which may affect the fishes stocks. This study is aimed to discover the traceability and sustainability aspects of fish meal and oil in order to comply with global standards for responsible aquaculture such as the ASC (Aquaculture Stewardship Council) standards. The study used a descriptive analysis method by conducting the field survey and interview to collect the data. This study sistematically analyses and presents the facts obtained from the study in order to be understood and concluded easier. The aim of the descriptive study is to sistematically and accurately describe the facts. Data were collected from survey activities on 1) the five major compound aquafeeds manufacturers in Indonesia for shrimp in East Java and West Java Provinces, 2) fish meal and fish oil producers in Provincies of East Java and West Java, and 3) fish landing ports and fishermen to investigate the sustainability of fish meal and fish oil sources. The field survey activities were carried out based on the requirements and recommendations for the possibility of available environmental issues. In the process of collecting data, an intensive communication with the aquafeeds manufacturers and fish collectors/fishermen was conducted during the study. Estimated shrimp feed productions in Indonesia in 2010 and 2011 were reported similar approximately 250,000 mt/year. Fish meal sources used in compounded aquafeeds for shrimp from different shrimp feed manufacturers varied depending on the requirement levels of fish meal origin (imported fish meal or domistic fish meal). In general, the manufacturers more used the imported fish meal (54.6%) than the domistic one (45.4%). All imported fish meal used by the shrimp feedmills is from the same captured wild fish source (Peru origin; exclusively Peruvian anchovy, Angraulis ringens) completed by the certification of Global Aquaculture Practices (G.A.P). Similarly, on the other hand all domistic fish meal used by the shrimp feedmills is from the same captured wild fish source (Bali Bay–Banyuwangi origin; exclusively Bali sardine, Sardinella longiceps) with no G.A.P certification. Dietary fish meals for Penaeus monodon were higher (30%) than those for Litopenaeus vanname (20–25%). However, dietary fish oil for Penaeus monodon and Litopenaeus vanname were similar ranging from 1–3%. As the result, FFER (feed fish equivalence ratio) performances for Penaeus monodon were higher than those for Litopenaeus vanname. However, no difference was found between FCR (feed conversion ratio) performances for Penaeus monodon and Litopenaeus vanname with similar FCR values of 1.5–1.8. In conclusion, to sustain fish meal and fish oil availability for shrimp aquafeed industry in Indonesia for the future, efforts should be carried out on reduction of fish meal and fish oil inputs in feed, development of integrated farming system, promotion of environmentally sound aquaculture practices and resource management, and discovery of more alternative feedstuffs for fish meal and fish oil. More intensive collaborations between the government and the private sectors to this matter would safe and sustain shrimp aquaculture industry in Indonesia for the future.


Philosophers and cognitive scientists have recently argued that perception is enactive (e.g., Varela, Thompson, & Rosch 1991; Noe, 2004; Di Paolo, 2009). 1 To put it simply, perception is action-oriented. When I perceive something, I perceive it as actionable. That is, I perceive it as something I can reach, or not; something I can pick up, or not; something I can hammer with, or not, and so forth. Such affordances (Gibson, 1977, 1979) for potential actions (even if I am not planning to take action) shape the way that I actually perceive the world. One can find the roots of this kind of approach in the pragmatists (e.g., Dewey, 1896), but also in phenomenologists like Edmund Husser!, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Merleau-Ponty (1962) is most often cited in this regard, but Merleau-Ponty himself points back to Husserl's analysis of the "I can" in Jdeen II (Husser! 1952), and to his analysis of the correlation between kinesthesia and perception (1973b; see Zahavi, 1994 and Gallagher & Zahavi, 2008 for further discussion). With this enactive view in mind, we revisit Husserl's account of time-consciousness. In his analysis, the very basic temporal structure, protention-primal impression-retention, is said to characterize perception, as the most basic form of cognition as well as consciousness in general. As such, the temporal structure of perceptual consciousness should in some significant way reflect or enable its enactive character. Our question is this: if perception is enactive, then at a minimum, shouldn't its temporal structure be such that it allows for that enactive character? In the first part of this essay, we provide a brief account of Husserl's classical analysis. We then proceed to focus on the concept of primal impression by considering various objections that have been raised by Jacques Derrida and Michel Henry, who basically argue in opposite directions. Derrida emphasizes the relationality of time-consciousness and downplays the importance of the primal impression, whereas Henry emphasizes the irrelationality of time-consciousness and downplays the importance of protention and retention. In a further step, we consider some of Husserl's later manuscripts on time, where he revises his original privileging of the primal impression. In the final section, we turn to the question of an enactive temporal structure.


OF DISSERTATION OBTAINING GENUINE FAMILY INVOLVEMENT: UNPACKING THE SYSTEM OF CARE VALUES AND PRINCIPLES Despite the federal government's $1.5 billion investment between 1993 and 2010 to fund 164 separate community-based systems of care, there has been an extremely limited attempt to measure the impact of system of care. The impetus for this research is the struggle for how the value based concept of system of care is communicated within a community. While child mental health services researchers have published a number of randomized control trials to explore individual level supports for youth served in a system of care community, researchers have struggled to devise a way to measure system of care philosophy diffusion. While system of care is a system level intervention, this study explored the role of the system of care value: family voice as it pertains to direct practice for children and families. The goal was to assess whether specific direct practices regularly associated with system of care (i.e., wraparound or home-based services) lead to greater family voice or if the mere presence of a high-functioning system of care community leads to equal family voice for all receiving community-based services. The primary finding was a relationship between the perception of family functioning and perceived empowerment/self-efficacy. This finding suggests that as functioning improves, so does a caregiver's perception of their personal empowerment/ self-efficacy. While the framing of this study was to "unpack" the system of care value of family voice, the findings do not support any clear cut explanation for how family voice is promoted or communicated to families. Based on the findings, it appears as if families feel more empowered as their child improves. Additional research needs to be done on the application of family voice within the practice setting to better understand how to best instruct staff to infuse family voice in their daily practice.


Background: Perceived discrimination (PD) is a risk factor of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) for children, youth, and adults. However, it is unknown whether the association between PD and STB frequency differs between African American (AA) and Non-Hispanic White children. Objectives: In this study, we compared AA and non-Latino White children for the association between PD and STB frequency in a national sample of 9-10-year-old American children. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which included 7883 non-Latino White or AA children between the ages of 9 and 10. The predictor variable was frequency of PDs. Race was the moderator. The outcome variable was STB frequency, treated as a count variable, reflecting positive STB items endorsed over the life-course. Covariates included sex, age, marital status, household income, parental education, parental employment, trauma, and economic difficulties. Poisson regression was used for data analysis. Results: Of all the participants, 5994 were non-Latino Whites, and 1889 were AAs. Overall, PD frequency was positively associated with STB frequency. A statistically significant interaction was found between race and PD, suggesting that the association between PD and STB frequency is weaker in AA than non-Latino White children. Conclusion: The observed weaker association between PDs frequency and STB frequency in AA than non-Latino White children suggests that PD may be a less salient risk factor of STB frequency for AA than non-Latino White children. Researchers should explore factors other than PD for suicide prevention of AA children in the US.


The powerful impact of airing popular media products such as films or television shows had increased tourist visitation numbers to film destinations. Understanding the drivers of screen tourism and connecting its effects are crucial issues to be investigated. However, studies on the screen tourism particularly in Malaysia are still very limited. Thus this paper fills the gap in examining the psychological drivers in a film or TV show that encourages tourist visitation, from the Malaysian viewers' perspectives. Grounded with the 3P's (Place, Performance and Personality) Pull Factor theory suggested by Gjorgievski and Trpkova (2012), this study examines how the effects of "Place", "Performance" and "Personality" Pull Factor lead to trigger the viewers' travel intention. Only 3P's Pull Factor theory was referred to in this study, thus future research utilizing push factor theory may be beneficial. Data was collected from Malaysian viewers' by using self administered questionnaire and was analyzed using Statistical Program for Social Analysis (SPSS) version 20. Through a series of descriptive and inferential analysis such as Standard Multiple egressions and One-way ANOVA, some meaningful results were obtained. Findings revealed that from the Malaysian perspectives, the 3P's Pull Factor theory is recognized as the contributor towards viewers' travel intention to film destinations. The significant effects of the 3P's Pull Factor theory towards viewers' travel intention have given some implication not only to the academic perspectives, but also practical perspectives, namely film makers, destination developers and promoter as well as relevant tourism authorities.


initially, but this soon subsides to 18-20. (3) The present tube works efficiently in practice; I have spent up to three hours using it continuously. An elderly friend has also used the tube quite satisfactorily. As the appliance is designed chiefly for earthquake victims and refugees, as well as mountaineers, exposed to hypothermia, the very light weight (213 g) and small cost (currently £1-60) are most important. In practice it works well. REGINALD BOWESMAN


Have generic management texts and associated knowledges now extensively diffused into public services organizations? If so, why? Our empirical study of English healthcare organizations detects an extensive presence of such texts. We argue that their ready diffusion relates to two macro-level forces: (i) the influence of the underlying political economy of public services reform and (ii) a strongly developed business school/management consulting knowledge nexus. This macro perspective theoretically complements existing explanations from the meso or middle level of analysis which examine diffusion processes within the public services field, and also more micro literature which focuses on agency from individual knowledge leaders.


The mechanisms of the response of ornithine decarboxylase(ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, to amino acid supplementation were studied in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2. Supplementation of serum-deprived, subconfluent Caco-2 cells with any one of a series of amino acids (10 mM) resultedin increased ODC activity, reaching a maximum of approx. 12.5-fold after approx. 4 h, over control cells either not supplemented or supplemented with iso-osmolar D-mannitol. Glycine, L-asparagine and L-serine, as well as their D-enantiomers, were the strongest effectors and acted in a concentration-dependent manner; millimolar concentrations of most of these amino acids being sufficient to significantly increase ODC activity. In contrast, supplementation with D-methionine, L-lysine, L-aspartate or L-glutamate had little or no effect on ODC activity, whereas supplemental L-methionine, L-arginine, L-ornithine or L-cysteine was inhibitory. Polyamine assays showed that the putrescine content of cells varied in accordance with the changes in ODC activity. Western-blot and Northern-blot analyses revealed specifically increased levels of ODC protein but not mRNA,respectively, in response to supplementation with an ODC-inducing amino acid. Suppression of the increase in cycloheximide-treated cellsconfirmed a requirement for protein synthesis. Pulse-labelling of cellswith [(35)S]methionine showed a 3-fold increase in thesynthesis of ODC protein after 4 h of supplementation with glycineor L-serine. Supplemental glycine also augmented, reversibly, the half-life of ODC by almost 4-fold and simultaneously decreased the activity of putrescine-induced free antizyme. These results suggest that translational, but not transcriptional, regulation of ODC takes part in ODC induction by amino acids in Caco-2 cells. However, it also appears to occur in concert with decreased enzyme in activation and/or degradation.