We show, by theory and experiment, that the stress put onto the equipment under test (EUT) when performing a radiated susceptibility test in a reverberation chamber (RC) is not affected by either the directivity pattern or the receiving polarization pattern of the EUT. The stress put onto the EUT will differ from the stress measured by a reference antenna in the RC. We have developed distribution functions for this discrepancy.


Objectives In India, female sex workers (FSWs), suffer from high HIV prevalence and abortions. Contraceptive use among general population women is well understood. However, FSWs contraceptives practices and reproductive health needs are under-researched. We investigated contraceptive practices among HIV-positive and negative FSWs in Goa, India and explored its association with socio-demographic and sex work related factors. Methods Cross-sectional study using respondent driven sampling recruited 326 FSWs. They completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and were screened for STI/HIV. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with sterilisation relative to no contraception. Results HIV prevalence was high (26%). Of the 59 FSWs planning pregnancy, 33% were HIV-positive and 5–7% had Gonorrhoea, Chlamydia and Trichomonas. 25% and 65% of FSWs screened-positive for Syphilis and Herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies respectively. Among the 260 FSWs analysed for contraceptive use, 39% did not use contraceptives, and 26% had experienced abortion. Half the FSWs had undergone sterilisation, and only 5% used condoms for contraception. Among HIV-positive FSWs, 45% did not use contraceptives. Sterilisation was independently associated with older age, illiteracy, having an intimate non-paying male partner, having children and financial autonomy. Exposure to National AIDS Control Organisation's HIV-prevention interventions was reported by 34% FSWs and was not significantly associated with contraceptive use (adjusted odds ratio 1.4, 95% CI 0.7 to 2.9). Conclusion HIV-prevention interventions should promote contraception, especially among young and HIV-positive FSWs. Integrating HIV treatment and care services with HIV-prevention interventions is vital to avert HIV-positive births.


Policies, research and pilot projects to commercialize carbon capture in the power sector have focused on coal plants. However, the expected world-wide consumption of natural gas in the power sector is not consistent with a sustainable environmental future without also employing carbon capture technologies to natural gas plants. One reason carbon capture from natural gas has not received much attention is, as will be discussed below, the very high cost of carbon capture from natural gas plants compared to the already considerable cost of carbon capture from coal plants. Capture of carbon with conventional natural gas turbines is not economically practical. Consequently, a different technology is needed to generate electricity from natural gas in the power sector. This technology should be competitive with natural gas turbines (disregarding its ability to employ carbon capture). This technology should permit the capture of carbon at low cost. Ideally, the cost should be significantly lower than the cost of carbon capture from coal plants (as measured by the cost per ton of
captured CO2).

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are the leading technology to meet these requirements. Their emissions of CO2 without carbon capture are relatively low due to their high efficiency. Significantly, in the SOFC exhaust, CO2 is only comingled with water and unreacted CH4. This enables low-cost separation of CO2. In addition, the efficiency losses from the application of carbon capture are minimal compared to the significant efficiency losses when carbon capture is applied to coal power
plants or natural gas turbines.

The primary barrier to the uptake of SOFCs is the development of a grid-scale SOFC with a comparable cost and reliability compared to the natural gas turbine. With a cost-competitive grid scale SOFC technology, the additional cost of carbon capture would be minimal compared to the cost-prohibitive carbon capture technologies that are available for coal power plants and natural gas turbines. Consequently, commercialization of carbon capture in the power sector could be achieved with policies that impose a much lower burden on the economy and a much lower increase of the cost of electricity than is now the case.

While the current research to achieve cost-competitive and reliable SOFCs for grid-scale application
is encouraging, these efforts should be significantly increased in order to achieve more rapid technology development and the opportunity to achieve grid-scale commercial application, a necessary step that enables further cost reduction (technology learning, or, learning by doing).


Prilutsky (1999, target paper) reports that Crowninshield and Brand's (1981) criterion, minimization of the sum of the cubes of muscle stresses, works well as a predictor of the division of labor between muscles, for various tasks. However, no direct benefit from minimizing this particular sum is apparent, and it seems likely that it is merely a correlate of the criterion that actually drives muscle choice. In many tasks, there would be a clear, direct benefit from minimizing metabolic energy costs, as Prilutsky (1999) points out. Alexander (1997a, 1997b) and Minetti and Alexander (1997) have shown how the metabolic energy costs of muscle contraction can be estimated, and used to predict optimum muscle properties or optimal patterns of movement. This article explores the feasibility of using the same approach to predict optimum division of labor between one- and two-joint muscles.


Many brownfield development projects and many redevelopment projects aimed at improving older urban spaces list sustainable development as a stated goal. It is a key question, however, whether the benefits of these redevelopment projects are equitably shared with the original members of the community, and in the case of brownfields with residents of adjacent neighbours, or are there differential benefits that accrue to new higher-income residents at the expense of current residents and retailers, and at the expense of existing community diversity? A case study of a brownfield development in Victoria, Canada, confirms concerns in the literature about income diversity in brownfield developments; a second case study of a Toronto neighbourhood suggests that there is no guarantee that local sustainable development projects within existing neighbourhoods will encourage or even maintain existing social diversity and equity. A similar trend is demonstrated in a series of infill projects that had profound ramifications on adjacent communities and indeed contributed to greater unsustainability in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver, British Columbia. It is concluded that the relationship between sustainable development and gentrification is more complex than has been previously suggested.


The development of efficient anomaly detection schemes is a key element for the implementation of autonomous optical networks as they can help telecom operators to automate the location of defective devices and track the overall performance of the network infrastructure. In that regard, the exploitation of receiver based digital signal processing (DSP) for optical performance monitoring has shown to be a promising enabler for detection of spatially resolved and wavelength-dependent properties and anomalies in optical fiber links. In this work, we study the benefits of applying DSP-based longitudinal power estimation on multiple wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) channels allocated in the optical grid to infer wavelength-wise characteristics of a C+L-band optical line system. In that context, we show that the applied scheme can successfully recreate a visualization of the spatial evolution of the gain tilt imposed by in-line optical amplifiers. Additionally, we propose the utilization of advanced DSP tools based on wavelet-denoising to enhance the performance of an anomaly detection approach. The proposed method not only can improve accuracy of the fault location, by reducing positioning uncertainty, but it also delivers more uniform readings of the anomaly signatures.


The following key questions and recommendations are presented herein: when is airway intubation initiated in severe trauma? Airway intubation must be initiated in severe trauma patients with a GCS of 8 or lower (1B). Should rapid sequence intubation (RSI) be performed in trauma patients? RSI should be performed in trauma patients to secure the airway unless it is determined that securing the airway will be problematic (1B). What should be used as an induction drug for airway intubation? Ketamine or etomidate can be used as a sedative induction drug when RSI is being performed in a trauma patient (2B). If cervical spine damage is suspected, how is cervical protection achieved during airway intubation? When intubating a patient with a cervical spine injury, the extraction collar can be temporarily removed while the neck is fixed and protected manually (1C). What alternative method should be used if securing the airway fails more than three times? If three or more attempts to intubate the airway fail, other methods should be considered to secure the airway (1B). Should trauma patients maintain normal ventilation after intubation? It is recommended that trauma patients who have undergone airway intubation maintain normal ventilation rather than hyperventilation or hypoventilation (1C). When should resuscitative thoracotomy be considered for trauma patients? Resuscitative thoracotomy is recommended for trauma patients with penetrating injuries undergoing cardiac arrest or shock in the emergency room (1B).


Dengue virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae is currently the major vector borne arboviral disease in the tropics. The virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Both the primary vector Aedes aegypti and the secondary vector Aedes albopictus are capable of transmitting all four dengue virus serotypes. Vector control has been the hallmark for the surveillance and control of dengue. Wolbachia pipientis are vertically transmitted intracellular gram negative bacteria that have been associated with their capabilities to alter their host reproductive phenotypes. Wolbachia-based strategies have been proposed for control of vector population and pathogen transmission rate. Aedes albopictus is spreading at an alarming rate and may one day displace the population of Ae. aegypti in Malaysia as have been observed in a few other countries. In this study, the role of Wolbachia on Malaysian Ae. albopictus dynamics and on its susceptibility towards dengue virus have been elucidated. Wolbachia infection status was studied and was found that most (91.6%) of Malaysian Ae. albopictus tested were superinfected with wAlbA and wAlbB which each fell into two distinct clades. Wolbachia was found in all gonads and in some midguts of the mosquitoes. Colonies of naturally Wolbachia infected Ae. albopictus and antibiotic treated Wolbachia free Ae. albopictus was generated. Removal of Wolbachia from Malaysian Ae. albopictus caused reduction in their fecundity, longevity and egg viability. Unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility was expressed which could be used for Wolbachia-based Ae. albopictus population control strategies in the future. Wolbachia did not affect Malaysian Ae. albopictus dengue infection and dissemination rate on all four dengue virus serotypes. In addition, Malaysian Ae. albopictus was shown to be a better vector for dengue serotype one (DENV-1) compared to the rest.


Subject of the present study was the investigation of the wake behind stepped circular cylinders. Experiments were performed using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Cylinder models with diameter ratios D/d=1, D/d=6/5 and D/d=2 were investigated at Reynolds numbers Re_{D}=2243.6, Re_{D}=12820.5 and Re_{D}=51282.1 with respect to the large diameter. Of main interest were the influences of step size and Reynolds number on the formation of vortex shedding cells. Mean flow characteristics and instantaneous captures of the flow field were analyzed in order to gain insight into vortex development in the wake. Spectral analysis was applied to obtain information on the number of forming vortex shedding cells. It was found that an increase in Re_D leads to a decrease in eddy formation length $L_f$. At the largest investigated Reynolds number, turbulence gained strong influence on the flow characteristics. An increase in stepsize leads to the development of a large and a small diameter wake with distinct eddy formation lengths L_{f,L} and L_{f,S}. Due to a mismatch in vortex shedding frequencies in the two wakes, vortices that come out of phase connect to subsequent vortices on the same side of the step. This occurs more frequently for a higher diameter ratio. Several vortex shedding cells were found in the wake of the step cylinders, their number increasing with the step size and differing for different Reynolds numbers. The wake behind step cylinders was discovered to be strongly three-dimensional. I order to complete the information about flow characteristics, measurements were performed in several parallel vertical and horizontal planes along the cylinder. PIV proved to be a good method for the investigation of flow features in the wake of step cylinders for the chosen model dimensions and Reynolds numbers.


Maintenance of thyroid function during pregnancy is critical for both maternal and fetal health and development; therefore, knowledge regarding the relationship between thyroid hormones and pregnancy is essential. The American Thyroid Association task force has developed clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease during pregnancy. Gestational thyroid diseases are divided into two classifications, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, which are further divided into more specific classifications based on clinical presentation. Differentiation, diagnosis, and monitoring of thyroid diseases throughout pregnancy require assessing symptoms, as well as obtaining levels of thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT 4) concentration by a simple serum test. Treatment goals are based on trimester-specific normal ranges of these hormone levels. Uncontrolled hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism during pregnancy can lead to adverse pregnancy complications and have negative effects on fetal development. However, debate still exists as to the benefit of thyroid hormone level screening in all pregnant patients versus only those with higher


The increasing demand on precious metals has motivated the development of a promising industry, deep sea mining. Currently major technical challenges exist in the development of this new industry, such as the vertical transportation, the seabed excavation process and the stability of the riser system. This paper will focus on the excavation process on the seabed.Considering the fact that the deep sea mining excavation process may occur at 3000∼6000 meters water depth, the hyperbaric pressure applied by the sea water will greatly influence the cutting process. Especially when the cutting speed of the cutter is very high, the so called "dilatancy hardening effect" (Brace and Martin, 1968) may make the seabed rock very difficult to excavate. These factors will make the rock excavation in deep sea much different from shallow water, which is the case in a normal dredging project. In this paper, the physics of the hyperbaric excavation process will first be described into detail.Because the hyperbaric rock cutting experiments are expensive, it is more feasible to make a numerical model to simulate the process, which eventually can replace the experiments. The main difficulties are to model the failure of rock and the interaction between the rock and the pore water. Considering the scale of the problem and the characteristics of the material, it is concluded that the discrete element method (DEM) will be the best tool to simulate the rock behavior. On the other hand, to describe the influence from the hyperbaric pressure which is induced by the sea water, governing equations for the fluid phase are derived and the finite volume method (FVM) is chosen to solve the equations. This paper will give a detailed description about the numerical methods and their interactions regarding this specific problem and show some preliminary tests on clay-like material cutting process.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


It is widely acknowledged that knowledge management is critical to an organization's survival and growth. Every day, higher education institutions that are considered knowledge centers generate massive volumes of data. When this data is analyzed using appropriate computational methods and technology, it can provide knowledge to improve organizational performance and students' academic experience. Healthcare organizations create massive volumes of data as a result of the usage of digital technologies to manage patient information and the organization's operations. When used successfully, this data aids in the creation of information that improves patient health and everyday organizational functioning, as well as the prevention of unfavorable public health scenarios such as the spread of infectious illnesses. This is where big data analytics comes in, providing rational methods for navigating enormous quantities of data to disclose knowledge that assists businesses and analysts in making faster and better decisions. Higher education, like healthcare, creates large amounts of heterogeneous data that hides useful knowledge. As a result, the strategies used by healthcare companies to improve their performance using big data are replicable in the education domain as well. This article examines the use of big data for knowledge management in healthcare using case studies incorporating various analytics and draws parallels to be applied in higher education. As a result, it highlights the possibility of adapting analytics technology and tools from healthcare to higher education with appropriate revisions and adaptations.


Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is recognized as a target for early intervention in elderly with high risk for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other related disorders. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is reemerging as a novel method of noninvasive brain stimulation in various neuropsychiatric disorders including MCI and dementia based on the potential clinical applications of its utility in modulating neuroplasticity. In this article, we review the neurobiology of aging, AD, and MCI from the perspective of tDCS and summarize the findings from studies applying tDCS in MCI to improve cognitive function. Studies on therapeutic application of tDCS to improve cognitive function in MCI and other related disorders have shown mixed results. Limited studies available in this topic suggest a potential role for tDCS in MCI. Low risk for adverse effects, lower cost, and the possibility of self-administered home-based intervention are important advantages that encourage further research in this field. There is a need for more evidence from large systematic randomized controlled trials regarding the efficacy of tDCS in MCI. Standardization of stimulation protocols, evaluation of long-term outcome with the possibility of maintenance tDCS, and efficacy of combined intervention of tDCS and cognitive training are important areas for future research in this area.


PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of extralinguistic factors in the acquisition process of the post-vocalic segments /N, L, S, R/. METHODS: The research involved 170 subjects with ages between 1:2 and 3:10 years, within normal phonological development, monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The data collected from these subjects were 3026 lexical items originated from AQUIFONO and INIFONO databanks. The roles of extralinguistic and linguistic variables in coda acquisition were investigated, however, in this article, only the results of the variables age and sex were explored. Statistical analysis used the VARBRUL package. RESULTS: Both extralinguistic factors analyzed were relevant to the process of normal phonological acquisition. Age played a statistically favorable role in the acquisition process of all phonemes in both coda positions. There was an increase in the correct production of phonemes with age, however this growth was not linear. The first productions of the rhyme VC with /L/ in final coda occurred at 1:2, while the complete mastery of all four segments licensed in coda position was gradual, and was attained in stages extended until 3:8. Among the variables considered, sex was the second most selected by the statistical program, showing significant statistical differences for the variable sex in the acquisition of codas with medial /N/, /L/ e /S/ and the final coda with /L/. CONCLUSION: It was found a higher probability of correct use of the coda as age increased, but regressions in its use were observed, which should be seen as a normal stage of the development. Regarding sex, there was a tendency for male subjects to present higher phonological precision, however, this does not mean they present different acquisition stages when compared with female subjects.


Several propane-oxidizing bacteria were tested for their ability to degrade gasoline oxygenates, including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME). Both a laboratory strain and natural isolates were able to degrade each compound after growth on propane. When propane-grown strain ENV425 was incubated with 20 mg of uniformly labeled [14C]MTBE per liter, the strain converted > 60% of the added MTBE to 14CO2 in < 30 h. The initial oxidation of MTBE and ETBE resulted in the production of nearly stoichiometric amounts of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), while the initial oxidation of TAME resulted in the production of tert-amyl alcohol. The methoxy methyl group of MTBE was oxidized to formaldehyde and ultimately to CO2. TBA was further oxidized to 2-methyl-2-hydroxy-1-propanol and then 2-hydroxy isobutyric acid; however, neither of these degradation products was an effective growth substrate for the propane oxidizers. Analysis of cell extracts of ENV425 and experiments with enzyme inhibitors implicated a soluble P-450 enzyme in the oxidation of both MTBE and TBA. MTBE was oxidized to TBA by camphor-grown Pseudomonas putida CAM, which produces the well-characterized P-450cam, but not by Rhodococcus rhodochrous 116, which produces two P-450 enzymes. Rates of MTBE degradation by propane-oxidizing strains ranged from 3.9 to 9.2 nmol/min/mg of cell protein at 28 degrees C, whereas TBA was oxidized at a rate of only 1.8 to 2.4 nmol/min/mg of cell protein at the same temperature.


Literatures of learning in organisations have discovered social capital could enrich the information and knowledge acquisition for organisational development. Typically social capital is taken as the resource which could dominate the volume of external knowledge; and the relevant discussions also mainly concentrate their advantage on external interactions. In this thesis, I turn the emphasis to internal networks. In the relevant researches of organisational learning, they have pointed out the significant influences of power, labour division and internal/departmental boundaries on knowledge sharing and learning interactions. Social capital, which is existed within and between group networks, could affect their organisational learning. Thus, in this thesis, I am going to seek the contributions on the studies of organisational learning and social capital by demonstrating the effect of social capital on knowledge transfer and learning ability, with the emphasis of internal social networks. In order to present the influences of social capital on collective learning by comparing different social networks, I provide the evidences which were collected in family and non-family businesses. They are allocated on smaller IT Industry in Taiwan. Family businesses and non-family businesses have different social interactions; IT industry in Taiwan is a significant sector with intensive knowledge communication. They therefore became the researched groups which could facilitate the study. This thesis will develop the following topics: 1) the effect and development of social capital and guanxi on internal social interactions and collective learning; 2) the comparison of different social networks through the data in family and non-family businesses; and 3) the efficiency of learning and innovation under different social networks. I present the comprehensive discussions between social capital and collective learning, in which it consists of the contribution on the development of social capital theory and also the effect of social networks on collective learning. Besides, I add the concept of guanxi to explain and discover some specific social interactions embedded in Chinese/Taiwanese culture. This discussion introduces the important role of guanxi in Chinese/Taiwanese society and also provides some new insights of guanxi in Chinese/Taiwanese social interactions. Besides, it also illustrates the effect of guanxi on knowledge accumulation and resource development in Chinese/Taiwanese social networks. Furthermore, I stress on the effect of social networks which could contribute to different learning efficiency and innovation capability. These comprehensive discussions about their learning efficiency between two different types of social networks could not only present the influences of social capital and guanxi on their internal learning but also provide an in-depth understanding on learning in smaller family and non-family businesses in Taiwan. Thus, this thesis is constructed by the theoretical basis of social capital, guanxi and organisational learning. The contributions cover the development of each theory respectively and also the integrated findings with evidence in family and non-family businesses.


Foucault's name is synonymous with the human sciences. The human sciences are active in the creation of knowledge that is used for the purposes of power and control. This study draws a link between ownership and control to management accounting in the rubber industry in Malaya, since its acquisition by the British. With the publication of Zorn and Leigh-Hunt's Manual of Rubber Companies 1969, it is now possible to assess the importance of agency houses and the interlocking directorships of the various rubber companies they managed and the management accounting tools that were used in maintaining power and control over the rubber plantation industry in Malaya, during this time. It provides evidence that it is management accounting, unlike financial accounting which is seen as a passive practice, which provides a neutral or unbiased representation of the underlying economic facts, and plays an active part in maintaining people in power and in control. The paper further provides evidence of the exploitative management accounting tools that were used for exploiting labour.


The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries and its treatment among the adult population of
Baku, Azerbaijan, with low socio-economic status (SES). Methods: Home-based and workplace dental examinations
were performed on 681 adults (of whom 338 were male and 343 were female) from the age groups 15-19 years, 20-29
years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60 years and older, all of whom resided in Baku city. The subjects were
workers and unemployed people with low incomes. The World Health Organization 1997 criteria were used for diagnosis
and recording of Decayed, Missing, or Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Dental caries was diagnosed at the caries into
dentine at the (D3) threshold, using a visual method with mouth mirrors, dental probes and daylight illumination.
Results: Results demonstrated an overall average caries prevalence of 96.7%. The lowest prevalence (86.1%) was in the
15-19 years group. Prevalence increased with age. The mean DMFT for all ages was 9.12, of which the M element was
6.81 and the F element only 0.35, resulting in a very low Care Index of 3.8%. There was a mean of 0.41 teeth per subject,
which manifested symptoms of either pulpitis or periapical infection and a mean of 0.72 teeth per subject present
as retained roots. In general, the subjects exhibited very low motivation for undergoing dental treatment and a poor level
of hygiene. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a very high prevalence of caries among Baku�s population with low
SES, a very high proportion of missing teeth, and a very low proportion of filled teeth, resulting in an extremely low
Care Index, demonstrating the inadequacy of the dental health service and the need to develop a programme aimed at
improving the dental health service provided for those from the lowest SES in Baku.


Increasingly, Western local governments are dealing with community-based initiatives (CBIs) of citizens providing public services. Municipalities possess critical resources CBIs generally lack, including subsidies, buildings, and exposure. There is still little knowledge on CBIs' factors for government support. Therefore, this study adopts an organizational perspective distinguishing among institutionalization (intraorganizational, e.g., organizational size and democratic legitimacy) and interaction (interorganizational, e.g., boundary spanning leadership [BSL]) factors for the support CBIs obtain from local government. Analyzing large N data (N = 2331) from CBIs in six countries by using structural equation modeling, we found that interaction factors are related to more government support, whereas institutionalization factors are less significant. More specifically, we found stronger relationships for BSL and linking social capital than for the factors related to the formalization and development of organizational infrastructure, including the much-discussed democratic legitimacy of CBIs, suggesting a limited interest of governments in this topic as a factor for support.


Layered lithium rich nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LR-NMC) represents one of the most promising cathode materials for application in high energy density lithium-ion batteries. The extraordinary capacity delivered derives from a combination of both cationic and anionic redox processes. However, the latter ones lead to oxygen evolution which triggers structural degradation and electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI) instability that hinders the use of LR-NMC in practical application. In this work, we investigate the surface chemistry of LR-NMC and its evolution upon different conditions to give further insights into the processes occurring at the EEI. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies reveals that once the organic component of the layer is formed, it remains stable independently on the higher cut-off voltage applied, while continuous growth of inorganics along with oxygen evolution occurs. The results performed on lithiated and de-lithiated LR-NMC surfaces indicate an instability of the EEI layer formed at high voltages, which undergoes a partial decomposition. Furthermore, the tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFPB) electrolyte additive simultaneously prevents excess LiF formation and changes the chemical composition of the EEI layer. This latter is characterized by a higher amount of poly(ethylene oxide) oligomer (PEO) species and LixPOyFz formation. In addition, the presence of boron containing compounds in the EEI layer cannot be excluded, which may be also responsible of the increased thickness of the EEI layer. Finally, fast kinetics at elevated temperatures exacerbate the salt decomposition which results in the formation of an EEI which is thicker and richer in LiF.


Africa has a youthful population and Botswana is no exception. As a result, Botswana suffers from high youth unemployment problems. Hence, this paper seeks to empirically investigate how the socioeconomic characteristics of the youth of Gabane village in Botswana influence their transitions among the three labour market positions, being state of employed, unemployed and seeking for work, and being out of the labour market between 2016 and 2017 for similar periods. The extent of transitions is measured in terms of the Markov transition probabilities of the youth, followed by multiple regression analysis using the multinomial logit model. The data was collected using Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) from all households in Gabane Village. This dataset provides a great opportunity that allows investigation of the factors influencing the transitions of people in the cross section of the population and provide significant policy proposal for consideration. Findings from the study indicate that the individual characteristics of the Gabane youth play a role in determining their transition probabilities across the labour market outcomes. Notably, being male versus being a female increases the relative probability of being employed or moving from the unemployment to employment state; the relative probability of moving from unemployment to employment increases with the age of the youth. The results also indicate that, despite the low-level of participation of youth in government programmes, that, participation in government programmes versus nonparticipation reduces the likelihood of being unemployed and education had no effect on the transition from unemployment to employment – that it is not statistically significantly different from zero. The study resulted in the following policy recommendations : There is need to reduce or eliminate obstacles that prevent the youth from participating in government programmes in large numbers and to provide education and training that meet the needs of industry. Policymakers need to require training institutions to involve industry so as to design education and training programmes that will provide the youth with the skills needed in the labour market.


In order for companies to be more responsive to actual customer demand, some degree of forecasting is necessary. In a study on supply chain improvement, the results indicate the importance of demand forecasting. The study show that manufacturers need to create a model of the near future, their demand forecast, to enable them to best configure their supply chain's resources. Forecasting is as important as ever, even as companies seek to become as responsive as possible. New software tools help companies make forecasting less of a black art and more of a scientific process. However, it is key that judgement is used to assess what the software proposes and collaboration, also enabled through software and the Internet, helps involve all key stakeholders to create a robust forecast that the business can work to.


The Neurological Exmnation of the FullTerm Newborn Infant. 2nd edition. By Heinz F. R. Prechtl. Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 63. (Pp. 68; illustrated. £4.25.) Heinemann: London; Lippincott: Philadelphia. 1977. For more than a quarter of a century S. Sainte-Anne Dargassies has been studying the neurological development of the newborn infant. Now the up-to-date results of her observations and experience have been made available in English, following the translation by Humbert Smith of the original 1974 edition in French. The book is divided into three sections. The first two deal successively with the neurophysiological development of term and preterm infants, while the third is devoted to the neurological assessment of gestational age. The techniques of observation and analysis are described in detail. No one reading this book can fail to appreciate the meticulous care and patience on which the work is founded, or fail to have their observational horizons widened with respect to clinical examination of the newborn. Medical libraries and neuropaediatricians will undoubtedly wish to purchase this book. However, most practising clinicians concerned with the newborn would be well advised first to purchase and read the 2nd edition of Heinz Prechtl's Neurological Examination of the Full-Term Newborn Infant, which has also just been published. This primer in the art of baby watching is only 68 pages long, but most admirably and precisely describes and illustrates all the techniques needed for making a detailed assessment of central nervous system function at birth. The importance of this subject cannot be over-emphasised. As Dr Ronald Mac Keith has written in the preface: 'The history tells of the risk, but only the neurological examination can tell the state of the brain's functioning. . .', and hence give us insights into aetiology, prognosis, and ultimately, we hope, prevention of cerebral disorders arising in the perinatal period.


Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may prevent Alzheimer dementia (AD). Methods: We analyzed the association of prior NSAID exposure with incident dementia and AD in the Adult Changes in Thought population-based cohort aged ≥65 years (median 74.8) at enrollment. Participants were members of Group Health, which provided computerized pharmacy dispensing records from 1977 onward. We studied 2,736 dementia-free enrollees with extensive prior pharmacy data, following them biennially for up to 12 years to identify dementia and AD. Cox proportional hazards regression assessed association of dementia or AD with NSAID use graded in standard daily doses (SDD) dispensed over 2 years (e.g., heavy use = 500+ SDD), with some analyses also adding consecutive biennial self-reports of NSAID use. Results: Pharmacy records identified 351 participants (12.8%) with history of heavy NSAID use at enrollment. Another 107 became heavy users during follow-up. Some 476 individuals developed incident dementia, 356 with AD (median onset ages 83.5 and 83.8 years). Contrary to the hypothesis that NSAIDs protect against AD, pharmacy-defined heavy NSAID users showed increased incidence of dementia and AD, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.66 (95% confidence interval, 1.24–2.24) and 1.57 (95% confidence interval, 1.10–2.23). Addition of self-reported exposure data did not alter these results. Conclusions: These findings differ from those of other studies with younger cohorts. The results observed elsewhere may reflect delayed onset of Alzheimer dementia (AD) in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) users. Conceivably, such delay could result in increased AD incidence in late old age. The relation of NSAID use and AD pathogenesis needs further investigation. ACT = Adult Changes in Thought; AD = Alzheimer dementia; ADL = activities of daily living; aHR = adjusted hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition; GH = Group Health; HR = hazard ratio; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OR = odds ratio; SDD = standard daily dose.


MEMICS provides a forum for doctoral students interested in applications of mathematical and engineering methods in computer science. Besides a rich technical programme (including invited talks, regular papers, and presentations), MEMICS also offers friendly social activities and exciting opportunities for meeting like-minded people. MEMICS submissions traditionally cover all areas of computer science (such as parallel and distributed computing, computer networks, modern hardware and its design, non-traditional computing architectures, information systems and databases, multimedia and graphics, verification and testing, computer security, as well as all related areas of theoretical computer science).


The Bela Ophiolite (BO) is part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. Rocks of BO were formed in both MORB and suprasubduction zone settings and include both ultramafic and mafic compositions. The ultramafic rocks were serpentinized after harzburgite. Orthopyroxene is more abundant than clinopyroxene. Serpentine commonly occurs as angular and medium sized fragments exhibiting mesh texture and within veins. Serpentine is associated with variable percentages of chlorite, magnetite, actinolite, talc, brucite and calcite. Shearing and faulting obliterated the primary textures and resultant microfractures permeate the rocks. On an AFM diagram samples from the study area plot in the field of metamorphic peridotite and ultramafic rocks of ophiolitic affinity. On a TAS diagram, the samples reflect a tholeiitic source that was generated at very high temperature, most commonly at a MORB setting. High range of Mg# 97.5 - 82.6 and low values of differentiation index (0.7 - 7.7) suggest primitive mantle compositions. The ultramafic rocks of the study area were serpentinized and subsequently altered into hydrothermal magnesite, hydromagnesite and brucite. The magnesite and associated hydromagnesite indicate formation within a low temperature regime. On a Fe versus Mn plot, and the average Cr/Mg, Fe/Mg and Mn/Mg values revealed that the studied magnesites were genetically affiliated with cryptocrystalline Kraubath type of magnesite.


Developing countries often have infrastructure needs that far outpace their ability to finance and undertake such projects. The private sector can foster development and help governments meet their infrastructure demands through Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs). PPPs allow governments to shift risk to the private sector and tap into the expertise of profit-maximizing firms. However, governments still face substantial exposure when deals fail. Over the past fifteen years, Chile has had great success with PPPs—most notably through toll road concessions. This paper examines the characteristics of Chile's PPP regime in order to pinpoint the factors that lead to successful private participation in infrastructure development. First, the bidding process is clear, transparent, and fair. Second, the robust regulatory framework for PPPs has remained stable and predictable. Third, concession contracts encourage compliance with clearly defined expectations and service levels. And finally, Chile's foreign investment laws protect investors and provide financial assurances for private sector capital.


A history of injustices to diverse groups of human subjects in medical research has resulted in concerted efforts by U.S. policymakers in the second half of the twentieth century to provide greater protection for future subjects. However, in the context of patient populations demanding better therapies, potential medical advances, and greater attention to issues of social justice, Kahn, Mastroianni, and Sugarman set out to reconceptualize the principle of justice in human subjects research to address these urgent concerns. In Beyond Consent, Kahn and colleagues advance a framework of justice in terms of access to participation in research, instead of protection. Their worthy cause, developed out of collaboration on the White House Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, aims to demonstrate how previously unaddressed notions of justice now require greater consideration in research. Specifically, they emphasize how fairness requires a greater distribution of risks and benefits, and that "equals should be treated equally." The volume does not report new research findings but rather draws on multidisciplinary approaches, including law, medicine, philosophy, history, and health policy, to argue that justice must go beyond informed consent. The editors posit that this challenge to protectionism is necessary given the heightened urgency for patients to benefit from investigational therapies although they incur increased risks.


Thin tidal estuarine deposits of the Naturita Formation (0–23 m) of the San Rafael Swell record the initial flooding of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, Utah, and capture the transition from inland fluvial systems to fully marine conditions over a time period of 5 My or less. A tide-dominated estuarine environment is favored due to the combined presence of mud and/or carbonaceous drapes on ripples and dunes, bidirectional flow indicators, sigmoidal cross-stratification, herring-bone cross-stratification, and bimodal paleocurrent measurements. Facies associations are arranged in a predictable manner. Locally at the base of the Naturita Formation, tidally influenced fluvial channel deposits are present. These are overlain by tidal bars, including subtidal bars and intertidal point bars. Overlying the tidal bars are sand-flat and mud-flat deposits as well as bedded coal and carbonaceous mudstone that represents a supratidal setting in the estuary. The Formation can be capped by a thin transgressive lag composed of shell debris, and/or pebbles, that marks the final transition into the fully marine Tununk Shale Member of the overlying Mancos Shale.
 Lateral relationships between estuaries and adjacent paleohighs shed light on the influence of foreland-basin tectonics on the location and preservation of tide-dominated estuaries. Estuarine and shoreface deposits are absent along the eastern flank of the San Rafael Swell and eastward for more than 80 km. This zone of nondeposition or erosion is coincident with the location of the forebulge in the developing foreland basin, implying that growth of the forebulge prohibited the development of, or enhanced the later erosion of, estuarine deposits. Conversely, enhanced accommodation in the transition into the foredeep depozone allow the preservation of tide-dominated estuarine deposits along the western flank of the San Rafael Swell. Additionally, the possibility of a pre-Laramide tectonic history for the San Rafael Swell is indicated by a distinct lack of Naturita Formation deposits in an area that is coincident with the modern-day axis of the anticline.
 Overall, the Naturita records the initial flooding of the Western Interior Seaway in the San Rafael Swell region and provides an excellent case study of the deposits that are laid down in a transgressive system that passes from coastal-plain to offshore deposits.


In this work we analyze content statistics of the V3C1 dataset, which is the first partition of theVimeo Creative Commons Collection (V3C). The dataset has been designed to represent true web videos in the wild, with good visual quality and diverse content characteristics, and will serve as evaluation basis for the Video Browser Showdown 2019-2021 and TREC Video Retrieval (TRECVID) Ad-Hoc Video Search tasks 2019-2021. The dataset comes with a shot segmentation (around 1 million shots) for which we analyze content specifics and statistics. Our research shows that the content of V3C1 is very diverse, has no predominant characteristics and provides a low self-similarity. Thus it is very well suited for video retrieval evaluations as well as for participants of TRECVID AVS or the VBS.


Abstract Objective: Prehospital time potentially impacts clinical outcomes in severely injured trauma patients. The importance of individual components, including scene and response time, however, is controversial. Our objective was to determine the impact of prehospital times on survival in severely injured patients. Methods: We reviewed injured trauma patients enrolled in a Korean EMS trauma registry during 2012. Severe trauma patients were defined as having either a "V" or lower in the AVPU system, a systolic blood pressure ≤90mmHg, or respiratory rate <10 or >29. Patients with Injury Severity Scores(ISS) < 9 were excluded. Patients were categorized by scene time into 4 groups as follows: <3 minutes, 3–6 minutes, 6–9 minutes, and ≥9 minutes and by prehospital time as follows: <16 minutes, 16–24 minutes, 24–32 minutes, and ≥32 minutes. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to adjust for possible confounders. Results: A total of 2,257 eligible patients were analyzed. Scene time was <3 minutes in 220 (9.7%), 3–6 in 865 (38.3%), 6–9 in 587 (26.0%), and ≥9 in 585 (25.9%). In-hospital mortality was 396 (17.5%). Compared to a scene time 6 to 9 minutes, mortality was higher as the scene time decreased: odds ratio (OR) = 1.3(3 to <6), OR = 1.9(0 to <3). Mortality was slightly decreased as prehospital time increased, OR = 1.0(16 to <24), OR = 0.9(24 to <32), OR = 0.7(≥32). Conclusion: Longer prehospital times did not increase mortality in severely injured trauma patients in Korea. Furthermore, longer scene times were associated with lower mortality.


Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has been associated with the use of pamidronate and zoledronic acid. ONJ was assessed prospectively since July 2003 in 202 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who received bisphosphonates since April 1995. Fifteen patients (7.4%) developed ONJ. The median time of exposure to bisphosphonates was 39 months for patients with ONJ compared to 28 months (p=0.048) for patients with no ONJ. The cumulative hazard of developing ONJ was significantly higher in patients treated with zoledronic acid alone than in those treated with pamidronate alone/pamidronate+zoledronic acid/zoledronic acid+ibandronate sequentially (1% at 1 year and 15% at 4 years vs. 0% and 5%, p=0.003). In conclusion, the risk of ONJ is increased with time of exposure and probably with the use of zoledronic acid.


PURPOSE
To determine how patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) differ from patients with the more common infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) with regard to patient and tumor factors, local treatment, and patterns of recurrence.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Twelve thousand two hundred six breast cancer patients entered onto 15 International Breast Cancer Study Group trials between 1978 and 2002 were categorized as having ILC, IDC, or other/mixed types.

RESULTS
Seven hundred sixty-seven tumors (6.2%) were classified as ILC, 8,607 (70.5%) were classified as IDC, and 2,832 (23.2%) were classified as other. The analysis is limited to the 9,374 patients categorized as either pure IDC or ILC. The median follow-up time was 13 years. Compared with IDC, ILC was associated with older age; larger, better differentiated, and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors; and less vessel invasion. Mastectomy was used more frequently for ILC (P < .01). There was a significant (P < .01) early advantage in disease-free survival and overall survival for the ILC cohort followed by a significant (P < .01) late advantage for the IDC cohort after 6 and 10 years, respectively. Similar patterns were observed in cohorts defined by ER status. ILC was associated with an increased incidence of bone events but a decrease in regional and lung events (all P < .01).

CONCLUSION
ILC is more than a histologic variant of breast cancer. The diagnosis of ILC carries distinct prognostic and biologic implications.


1. Brittney Statler, MD*
2. David J. Massop, MD†
3. John W. Schmidt, MD‡

1. *Division of Ophthalmology, Surgical Department, Brown University, Providence, RI

2. †Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX

3. ‡Division of Newborn Medicine, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE

A 2-month-old girl presents to her pediatrician for a regular checkup. Failure to gain weight, unmet developmental milestones, and hypotonia are observed, and the patient is admitted for evaluation for failure to thrive. The patient was born by spontaneous vaginal delivery at 39 weeks with a body weight of 2,690 g. Her newborn screening test result was normal. Shortly after birth, she was noted to have left buphthalmos associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and underwent left eye trabeculotomy 10 days after birth. Postoperatively, she experienced hypothermia to 91.4°F (33.0°C), an elevated ammonia level to 126 μg/dL with mild metabolic acidosis, and difficulty regaining consciousness. She was admitted to the hospital for observation, and her ammonia level returned to normal without treatment. No further evaluation was initiated because the hyperammonemia self-corrected and was thought to be a postoperative complication related to anesthesia. She is currently followed by a glaucoma specialist. At home, she eats 2 to 3 oz of partially hydrolyzed cow milk formula every 3 hours, including overnight, an average of 101 to 151 kcal/kg per day. She has had no vomiting, diarrhea, or difficulty breathing. Her family history includes healthy parents, who both repeated a year of elementary school and received special education, and 2 healthy older brothers. Her extended family history includes a maternal grandmother who had 1 term stillbirth and 1 miscarriage and a developmentally normal 2-year-old maternal first cousin with a history of congenital cataracts. On physical examination, she is afebrile and her pulse is 152 beats/min, respiratory rate is 32 breaths/min, length is 20 in (52 cm) (2.20 percentile), weight is 3,170 g …


STUDY QUESTION
Are clinic factors, including patients' experiences with patient-centred care, associated with dropout in fertility care?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Clinic factors, including patients' experiences with patient-centred care, are not related to dropout.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
In fertility care, a significant proportion of patients do not achieve pregnancy because they discontinue treatment prematurely. Many studies have tried to identify factors predicting dropout, showing incompatible results. However, these studies mainly focus on factors at the treatment and patient level, while clinic factors have received little attention.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
This prospective, longitudinal study was nested within a large RCT, which aims to improve the level of patient-centredness of Dutch fertility care. Of the 1620 infertile women who were invited to participate, the baseline measurement of the study (T0) included 693 women who completed a questionnaire about their experiences with patient-centred fertility care. The follow-up of the patients was 1 year (T1).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
All included women suffered from infertility and were undergoing treatment in one of the 32 Dutch clinics involved in the trial. Levels of patient-centredness were determined using the Patient-Centredness Questionnaire-Infertility (PCQ-Infertility) at T0. Meanwhile, a professionals' questionnaire was used to gather additional information on characteristics of the clinic (e.g. the number of patients per year or the presence of a fertility nurse). After 1 year, at T1 measurement, patients completed a questionnaire on their current status in fertility care, including their main reason for discontinuation if applicable.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
A total of 693 non-pregnant women completed the questionnaire set at T0 and 534 women (77.1%) provided consent for follow-up. At T1 measurement, 434 women (81.3%) completed the questionnaire and 153 of these women (35.2%) continued treatment while 76 women (17.5%) dropped out. Another 175 women (40.3%) had achieved pregnancy and 30 patients (7.9%) were advised to discontinue treatment for medical reasons. Neither levels of patient-centredness nor the additional clinic characteristics differed significantly between dropouts and compliers. However, patients who did not receive assisted reproduction treatment (ART; e.g. underwent intrauterine insemination, IUI) before they dropped out had significantly lower scores on the PCQ-Infertility subscale 'Respect for patients' values' than patients who continued their treatment [odds ratio (OR) 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.95]. Patients who received ART and, subsequently, dropped out had higher scores on the PCQ-Infertility subscale 'Patient involvement' than those receiving non-ART (OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.02-5.59).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
We were not able to follow-up a significant proportion (ca. 19%) of the 1620 women who were invited for T0 measurement, which might have biased our results. We also excluded patients who were still in the diagnostic work-up stage and this might have influenced our results as it is known that patients dropout at this stage. As the PCQ-Infertility was validated in patients who were already undergoing treatment, we decided to focus on this patient group only.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
The results of this study provide a better insight into those factors influencing dropout from the perspective of factors in the clinic itself. Although most clinic factors were not related to dropout, clinic factors might be of use when predicting dropout for specific patient groups, such as patients receiving ART and non-ART. Future research should involve an exploration of more specific predictors of dropout at the patient, treatment and clinic levels.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS
This work was supported by Merck Serono, the Netherlands. No competing interests declared.


This study analyses how changes in the distribution of market income, redistribution, and socioeconomic and demographic composition affected relative poverty in Finland in 1971–2011. The effects of these components are analysed using a shift-share analysis of households with a working-age head. Decompositions are carried out using subgroups based on educational level, socioeconomic status, the number of working adults in the household, age, and household size. The data used in the analysis are the Consumer Expenditure Survey for the year 1971 and the Income Distribution Survey for the years 1990 and 2011, from Statistics Finland. In the 1971–1990 period, the poverty rate declined mainly because the income transfer system was more redistributive in 1990 than in 1971. Between 1990 and 2011, the weakened redistributive capacity of the welfare state increased the poverty rate. Changes in the distribution of market income and increase in the number of persons without incomes related to the market also contributed to increasing poverty during the recent decades.


The exponential growth of mobile data traffic still remains an important challenge for the mobile network operators. In response, the 5G scene needs to couple fast connectivity and optimized spectrum usage with cloud networking and high processing power, optimally combined in a converged environment. In this paper, we investigate two 5G research projects; SESAME [1] and COHERENT [2]. We consider the proposed 5G architectures and the corresponding key network components, in order to highlight the common aspects towards the 5G architecture design.


Objectives To quantify the concordance of hospital child maltreatment data with child protection service (CPS) records, and identify factors associated with linkage. Methods Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted following retrospective medical record review and database linkage of 884 child records from 20 hospitals and the CPS in Queensland, Australia. Results Nearly all children with hospital assigned maltreatment codes (93.1%) had a CPS record. Of these, 85.1% had a recent notification. 29% of the linked maltreatment group (n=113) were not known to the CPS prior to the hospital presentation. Almost one third of children with unintentional injury hospital codes were known to the CPS. Just over 24% of the linked unintentional injury group (n=34) were not known to the CPS prior to the hospital presentation but became known during or after discharge from hospital. These estimates are higher than the 2006/2007 annual rate of 2.39% of children being notified to the CPS. Rural children were more likely to link to the CPS, and children were over three times more likely to link if the index injury documentation included additional diagnoses or factors affecting their health. Conclusions The system for referring maltreatment cases to the CPS is generally efficient, although up to 1 in 15 children had codes for maltreatment but could not be linked to CPS data. The high proportion of children with unintentional injury codes who linked to CPS suggests that clinicians and hospital-based child protection staff should be supported by further education and training to ensure children at risk are being detected by the child protection system.


Spectroscopy of radiation emitted by impurities and hydrogen isotopes plays an important role in the study of magnetically-confined fusion plasmas, both in determining the effects of impurities on plasma behavior and in measurements of plasma parameters such as electron and ion temperatures and densities, particle transport, and particle influx rates. This paper reviews spectroscopic diagnostics of plasma radiation that are excited by collisional processes in the plasma, which are termed 'passive' spectroscopic diagnostics to distinguish them from 'active' spectroscopic diagnostics involving injected particle and laser beams. A brief overview of the ionization balance in hot plasmas and the relevant line and continuum radiation excitation mechanisms is given. Instrumentation in the soft X-ray, vacuum ultraviolet, ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions of the spectrum is described and examples of measurements are given. Paths for further development of these measurements and issues for their implementation in a burning plasma environment are discussed.


One of the central problems of modernity has been the role race plays in politics. However, we are still not sure where the concept of race first emerges in the history of political thought. I argue that the first theorist to lay the grounds for a racial conception in politics is the Spanish Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas. In his effort to defend the 'rights' of the Amerindians, Las Casas constructs racial categories through his rhetorical enterprise. Rather than being a historian, a proto- anthropologist, or a defender of the 'Indians', Las Casas was chiefly a rhetorician of empire. In this enterprise, his account of Amerindian identity, bodies, appearance and culture created a racialized understanding of the newly discovered peoples of the Americas. By examining the birth of race in the writings of Las Casas, we learn of his fundamentally rhetorical project, the centrality of race to modernity, and Las Casas' influence on the early-modern Latin American intellectual tradition.


Practice-based research should be performed in all practice settings if the results are to be applied to all practice settings. While the previous statement seems intuitive, that is to have practice-based evidence strengthen evidence-based medicine. The development of such a system of data collection and dissemination has not developed very rapidly. This lecture will describe how the VetCompass Programme has grown and evolved to now provide a world-leading platform for unbiased, invisible data collection... This is a podcast of Steve and David's talk at the Veterinary Evidence Today conference, Edinburgh November 1, 2016.


This paper introduces the configuration and investigation of Neuro-Fuzzy controller taking into account Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) structural engineering for Load recurrence control of a segregated wind-smaller scale hydro-diesel half and half power framework, to manage the recurrence deviation and force deviations. Because of the sudden burden changes and discontinuous wind power, expansive recurrence vacillation issue can happen. This recently created control technique joins the upside of neural systems and fluffy deduction framework and has straightforward structure that is anything but difficult to actualize. In this way, so as to keep framework execution close to its ideal, it is alluring to track the working conditions and utilization overhauled parameters to control the framework. Recreations of the proposed ANFIS based Neuro Fuzzy controller in a separated wind-smaller scale hydro-diesel cross breed force framework with diverse burden unsettling influences are performed. a fluffy rationale (FL) controller were outlined independently to control the same half breed force framework for the execution examination. The execution of the proposed controller is confirmed from reenactments and correlations. Recreation results demonstrate that the execution of the proposed ANFIS based Neuro-Fuzzy Controller damps out the recurrence deviation and achieves the unfaltering state esteem with less settling time. The proposed ANFIS based Neuro-Fuzzy controller gives best control execution over an extensive variety of working conditions.


The framework for this paper is the growing concern about the worldwide increasing energy consumption of telecommunications systems and data centers, and particularly the contribution of the thermal management system. The present energy usage of these systems is discussed, as well as the relationship between cooling system design and the total cost of ownership. This paper identifies immediate and future thermal bottlenecks facing the industry, ranging from technological issues at the component and system level to more general needs involving reliability, modularity, and multidisciplinary design. Based on this enumeration, the main challenges to implementing cooling solutions are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to implementing liquid cooling, since this technology seems the most promising to addressing the key thermal bottlenecks, and improving the future sustainability of thermal management in the telecom and data center industry. Finally, an outlook is presented toward future potential challenges.


Convergent disk migration has long been suspected to be responsible for forming planetary systems with a chain of mean-motion resonances (MMRs). Dynamical evolution over time could disrupt the delicate resonant configuration. We present TOI-1136, a 700 ± 150 Myr old G star hosting at least six transiting planets between ∼2 and 5 R ⊕. The orbital period ratios deviate from exact commensurability by only 10−4, smaller than the ∼10−2 deviations seen in typical Kepler near-resonant systems. A transit-timing analysis measured the masses of the planets (3–8M ⊕) and demonstrated that the planets in TOI-1136 are in true resonances with librating resonant angles. Based on a Rossiter–McLaughlin measurement of planet d, the star's rotation appears to be aligned with the planetary orbital planes. The well-aligned planetary system and the lack of a detected binary companion together suggest that TOI-1136's resonant chain formed in an isolated, quiescent disk with no stellar flyby, disk warp, or significant axial asymmetry. With period ratios near 3:2, 2:1, 3:2, 7:5, and 3:2, TOI-1136 is the first known resonant chain involving a second-order MMR (7:5) between two first-order MMRs. The formation of the delicate 7:5 resonance places strong constraints on the system's migration history. Short-scale (starting from ∼0.1 au) Type-I migration with an inner disk edge is most consistent with the formation of TOI-1136. A low disk surface density (Σ1 au ≲ 103g cm−2; lower than the minimum-mass solar nebula) and the resultant slower migration rate likely facilitated the formation of the 7:5 second-order MMR.


The control approach applies multivariable model-predictive control principles to the entire network. The optimization scheme based on predictive-control aims at adjusting the decision variables in the supply chain to satisfy the customer orders with the least operating cost over a specified rolling time horizon using a detailed difference model of the system. Dedicated feedback controllers are utilized to maintain product inventory at all nodes of the supply chain network within pre-specified target levels that are subsequently embedded within the optimization control framework. The PID control policy is applied to promoting the predictive control effect, and the comparative simulations of the system under both PID and non-PID control are exerted. Simulated results prove that the inventory control system with the proposed MPC optimizations show good dynamic performance. But the MPC approach combined with PID control makes better effect on inventory predicted control in the supply chain network.


This study aims to examine the relationship between the investment in current assets and profitability and liquidity for industrial companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange, the researchers measured the investment in current assets through the ratio of current assets divided by total assets (C.AT.A), profitability measured by return on assets ratio (ROA), and liquidity measured through the Current Ratio (C.R). The researchers found that there is a relationship between investment in current assets & profitability, liquidity in companies listed in Amman stock exchange- industrial sector, and the researchers found that the ratio of (44.1%) of the changes that occur in the Return on Assets (ROA) and Current Ratio (C.R) belonging to the change in investment in current assets. Therefore; researchers recommended industrial companies to follow a moderate policy of investment in current assets. So that the ratio of current assets to fixed assets shall be moderate, reflecting a reasonable degree of risk and acceptable profitability which balanced between risk and return.


This report gives a complete catalog of minimal NOR circuits and minimal NAND circuits, assuming complements not available, for all logic functions of three variables. Minimal circuits for a function are those that satisfy these conditions: 1) The number of logic blocks of the circuit is least possible for performing the function; 2) The number of connections in the circuit (total number of inputs) is least possible, subject to the condition that the circuit satisfies the first condition. In addition, the circuits satisfy certain reasonable restrictions on fan-in and fan-out.


Svensson E, Jeffreys H, Li WC. The modulation of two motor behaviors by persistent sodium currents in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. J Neurophysiol 118: 121–130, 2017. First published March 22, 2017; doi:10.1152/jn.00755.2016.—Persistent sodium currents (INaP) are common in neuronal circuitries and have been implicated in several diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and epilepsy. However, the role of INaP in the regulation of specific behaviors is still poorly understood. In this study we have characterized INaP and investigated its role in the swimming and struggling behavior of Xenopus tadpoles. INaP was identified in three groups of neurons, namely, sensory Rohon-Beard neurons (RB neurons), descending interneurons (dINs), and non-dINs (neurons rhythmically active in swimming). All groups of neurons expressed INaP, but the currents differed in decay time constants, amplitudes, and the membrane potential at which INaP peaked. Low concentrations (1 M) of the INaP blocker riluzole blocked INaP ~30% and decreased the excitability of the three neuron groups without affecting spike amplitudes or cellular input resistances. Riluzole reduced the number of rebound spikes in dINs and depressed repetitive firing in RB neurons and non-dINs. At the behavior level, riluzole at 1 M shortened fictive swimming episodes. It also reduced the number of action potentials neurons fired on each struggling cycle. The results show that INaP may play important modulatory roles in motor behaviors.


Learning to Optimize (L2O), a technique that utilizes machine learning to learn an optimization algorithm automatically from data, has gained arising attention in recent years. A generic L2O approach parameterizes the iterative update rule and learns the update direction as a black-box network. While the generic approach is widely applicable, the learned model can overfit and may not generalize well to out-of-distribution test sets. In this paper, we derive the basic mathematical conditions that successful update rules commonly satisfy. Consequently, we propose a novel L2O model with a mathematics-inspired structure that is broadly applicable and generalized well to out-of-distribution problems. Numerical simulations validate our theoretical findings and demonstrate the superior empirical performance of the proposed L2O model.


Designs of Systems-on-Chip (SoC) modules can be comprehensively verified by property checking together with different coverage metrics. Some of these coverage criteria measure whether or not the property set fully describes the functional behavior of the design under verification. Making coverage statements with formal precision, however, is a difficult task, especially, in compositional verification approaches where the legal behavior of a module's environment is modeled through reactive environment constraints. In this paper, we address the validity of certain coverage criteria for property suites of individual SoC modules when composing these modules into a system. In particular, we provide a compositional reasoning framework determining that a system is "completely" verified if all modules are verified with Complete Interval Property Checking (C-IPC) under reactive constraints. Our method discovered issues that could not be detected by the verifications and coverage statements of the submodules alone.


Michael Ryan and Les Switzer. God in the Corridors of Power: Christian Conservatives, the Media, and Politics in America. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2009. 504 + xiv pp. $50.00 (Hardcover, CAD). ISBN-13: 978-0313356100 Ryan (Catholic) and Switzer (Protestant) are both veteran journalists--and now academics--who bring their considerable experience in these areas to the task of exploring public American conservative Christianity in this expansive work. Their distinct analytical contribution is to place American Christian conservatives within the broader American conservative political movement--a solid decision and something few other writers have done. After a chapter devoted to the historical development of American Christian conservatism and a chapter on American conservatism more generally, each subsequent topical chapter--on civil religion and the constitution; two on sex, gender, and religion covering abortion and gay marriage; science, and religion; and two on media and religion covering militarism and terrorism--includes a critical treatment of Christian conservatives alongside the conservative movement writ large. These chapters are quite thorough, covering a truly astonishing number of sources, though one could protest the omission of at least one important work: Gary Dorrien's massive tome on The Neo-Conservative Mind. (1) Further lacking is any work of serious scholarship on American religious conservatives and millennialism, such as Stephen Spector's American Evangelicals and Israel, (2) a categorical oversight producing an unfortunate weakness, indeed. Further, each chapter is not just historically rich: the authors apply a wide variety of critical theory to each topic--feminist, sociological, media, political, and psychological theory, among others--making it a valuable resource for general readers. The most important chapter, however, may be the one which showcases Ryan and Switzer's unique journalistic background, that on media theory, religion, and politics. In this chapter, they advocate a reflexive and critical (rather than positivist) objectivity in journalistic practice; provide critical reflection on the use of binary language in media; explore media frames; and provide a history of religion and the print press, television (from televangelism to secular news media), radio, and the Internet. They even include brief sections on conservative media moguls, empires, think tanks, educational institutions, and use of direct mail campaigns by parachurch organizations. The text is very accessible and well organized--not so easy a task when covering so much literature on theory. There are some concerns with their overall approach, however. Specifically, they suggest that American religious conservatives operate with a distinct epistemology comprised of "scripture--together with reason, church tradition, and the experiences of the believer" (2). This is not a helpful characterization of the movement. Most familiar with the literature would recognize this fourfold epistemology as distinctive of the Wesleyan Quadrilateral. This (Methodist) approach is a much broader epistemology than many, if not most Christian conservatives, would advocate; in fact, the iconoclastic character of some segments, such as the Baptist tradition from which Jerry Falwell hailed, would openly and actively reject church tradition and even experience. Certainly most Christian conservatives do not come from the Methodists, a distinctly moderate denomination as the authors themselves note. …


Steric bulk around catalytic centers is one of the most important factors determining catalytic reactivities and selectivities. This paper reports the synthesis of structurally diverse 5-iodo-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazolium salts and the evaluation of their catalytic activities as halogen-bonding donors for the aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 2-siloxy-1,3-butadiene with imines. We found that steric hindrance around an iodide atom in halogen-bonding donors significantly impacted catalytic efficiency.


To create carbon-based nanoscale integrated electronic, photonic, and spintronic circuit one must demonstrate the three functionalities in a single material, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), by engineering lateral size, shape, edges, number of layers and carrier density. We show theoretically that spatial confinement in GQDs opens an energy gap tunable from UV to THz, making GQDs equivalent to semiconductor nanoparticles. When connected to leads, GQDs act as single-electron transistors. The energy gap and absorption spectrum can be tuned from UV to THz by size and edge engineering and by external electric and magnetic fields. The sublattice engineering in, e.g., triangular graphene quantum dots (TGQDs) with zigzag edges generates a finite magnetic moment. The magnetic moment can be controlled by charging, electrical field, and photons. Addition of a single electron to the charge-neutral system destroys the ferromagnetic order, which can be restored by absorption of a photon. This allows for an efficient spin-photon conversion. These results show that graphene quantum dots have potential to fulfill the three functionalities: electronic, photonic, and spintronic, realized with different materials in current integrated circuits, as well as offer new functionalities unique to graphene.


Children with unintelligible speech differ in severity, underlying deficit, type of surface error patterns and response to treatment. Detailed treatment case studies, evaluating specific intervention protocols for particular diagnostic groups, can identify best practice for children with speech disorder. Three treatment case studies evaluated the efficacy of Core Vocabulary intervention for three boys with inconsistent speech disorder. The cases examined the effects of previous intervention, use of default preferred word plans and behaviour disorder on intervention outcome. Inconsistent speech disorder was diagnosed after Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology assessment. A Core Vocabulary approach to intervention was selected to focus on planning whole word production rather than surface error patterns or specific sound features. Individual differences between cases led to different amounts of intervention and the number of words taught during intervention. All three boys showed gains in intelligibility, accuracy and consistency of word production. Core Vocabulary intervention was shown to be appropriate for all three children, although their individual differences required clinical adaptation of the approach.


The article provides a foundation for the necessity of studying the social differentiation of mortality, in particular the influence of educational status and character of labour on length of life. It is indicated that higher indices of length of life are found among populations with high educational status and among people engaged in intellectual pursuits. The description is given of the methodological approaches to the construction of life expectancy tables according to the educational status and character of labour.


PART 1 This paper provides evidence on the timing of earnings management behavior for initial public offering (IPO) firms in the annual periods surrounding the offering. It also examines whether this behavior is related to CEO and CFO trading after the offering. Using discretionary accruals as my proxy for earnings management, I find that, for firms that file a new 10-K before the trading restrictions provided in underwriter lockup agreements end, average IPO-firm discretionary accruals are significantly positive in the first 10-K filed after the offering, and that these discretionary accruals are significantly larger than those in the offering prospectus. I also find a positive relation between CEO and CFO trading activity and discretionary accruals for the same group of companies. Taken together, the results suggest that earnings management behavior is more prevalent in the first 10-K filed than in the offering prospectus, that it is concentrated in the firms that file this 10-K before their lockup period expires, and that it is positively related to CEO and CFO trading after the offering. PART 2 This paper examines whether earnings management behavior has decreased in the period following the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) for IPO firms. It also explores how any changes I observe for IPOs relate to any changes that have occurred for the broader set of public companies. I find that IPO firms have experienced a significant decrease in earnings management after the passage of SOX. The results also provide evidence that this decrease is driven by the smallest public companies. While pre-SOX discretionary accruals for IPO firms are larger than those for non-IPO firms, I find that the post-SOX decrease in discretionary accruals results in the level of IPO-firm discretionary accruals becoming indistinguishable from that of non-IPO firms. Finally, the evidence suggests that the characteristics of post-SOX offerings are different from those of pre-SOX offerings, and that the decrease in discretionary accruals in the postSOX period remains after controlling for these changes.


In dissecting the lacrimal sac for the purpose of dacryocystectomy or for effecting permanent drainage by one of the several well described methods, the surgeon usually experiences difficulties of two kinds: first, excessive bleeding which constantly obscures the operating field and, second, loss of anatomic orientation. These difficulties are easily remedied by a slight modification of the operative technic, and operation on the lacrimal sac, which is frequently considered as technically rather difficult, becomes a simple and clean procedure. IMPROVED TECHNIC The one refinement of the technic consists in using a higher concentration of epinephrine in the procaine hydrochloride used for infiltration anesthesia. The usual surgical concentration of epinephrine is 1: 100,000 in 1 or 2 per cent procaine hydrochloride. By adding to this epinephrine-procaine hydrochloride mixture, obtained in ampules, 1 drop of sterile, but not boiled or autoclaved, solution of epinephrine (1: 1,000) for each cubic centimeter of


Abstract Objectives: Biological weapons are one of the oldest weapons of mass destruction used by man. Their use has not only determined the outcome of battles, but also influenced the fate of entire civilizations. Although the use of biological weapons agents in a terrorist attack is currently unlikely, all services responsible for the surveillance and removal of epidemiological threats must have clear guidelines and emergency response plans. Methods: In the face of the numerous threats appearing in the world, it has become necessary to put the main emphasis on modernizing, securing, and maintaining structures in the field of medicine which are prepared for unforeseen crises and situations related to the use of biological agents. Results: This article presents Poland's current preparation to take action in the event of a bioterrorist threat. The study presents both the military aspect and procedures for dealing with contamination. Conclusions: In Poland, as in other European Union countries fighting terrorism, preparations should be made to defend against biological attacks, improve the flow of information on the European security system, strengthen research centers, train staff, create observation units and vaccination centers, as well as prepare hospitals for the hospitalization of patients—potential victims of bioterrorist attacks.


An experimental system for the conversion of images into sound patterns was designed to provide auditory image representations within some of the known limitations of the human hearing systems possibly as a step towards the development of a vision substitution device for the blind. The application of an invertible (one-to-one) image-to-sound mapping ensures the preservation of visual information. The system implementation involves a pipelined special-purpose computer connected to a standard television camera. A novel design and the use of standard components have made for a low-cost portable prototype conversion system with a power dissipation suitable for battery operation. Computerized sampling of the system output and subsequent calculation of the approximate inverse (sound-to-image) mapping provided the first convincing experimental evidence for the preservation of visual information in sound representations of complicated images.<<ETX>>


This paper presents a technique for extraction of low frequency oscillations below 50 hz from motor current to detect induction motor faults through envelope analysis. Envelope is the argument of the analytic signal obtained from complexing the motor current as the real part and its Hilbert transform as the imaginary part. As the envelope works on narrow band frequencies or motor component signal, it can be using higher order wavelet at higher wavelet level which belongs to the narrow band harmonics or frequency components. Detail coefficient at higher wavelet level below 50 hz are processed to determine power detail density, defined as PDD and power detail energy, defined as PDE for faulty and healthy motor. PDD and PDE can be used here as fault parameters. KeywordsInduction Motor, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Hilbert Transform, Wavelet, PDD, PDE.


This paper presents a synopsis of discussions by commercial and subsis- tence fishers, biologists, fishery managers, and academicians about salmon manage - ment held at the symposium (this volume). The group reviewed current strategies and discussed changes that may be made to improve management with respect to fish numbers, stakeholder needs, and engagement of local people. The conservation of salmon Oncorhynchus spp. was a shared value among all participants along with the belief that sustainable salmon yields will ensure sustainable rural communities with- in the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK) region. Management by escapement goals was a useful management strategy; however, substantial concerns were expressed that high risks to salmon populations and fisheries existed when goals were based on maximum sustained yield concepts. Weekly in-season teleconferences among fishery participants and managers have provided important information, improved decision making, and built relationships and trust between managers and fishers. Traditional ecological knowledge was viewed as an important source of information and could be further incorporated into management decisions. Studies should be conducted to understand the nature of selective fishing on salmon (e.g., size, life history, sex), and its effects on the long-term sustainability of salmon populations. Allocation of sub- sistence harvest in times of salmon scarcity should recognize and prioritize human food as the highest use, then dog food, and last customary trade uses. Opportunities should be explored to increase interaction between freshwater and ocean managers to achieve a more holistic, ecosystem-based management of salmon stocks over their entire life history. Tensions exist within the fisheries including: commercial versus recreational versus subsistence fishers; downstream versus upstream fishers; and state versus federal management of subsistence fisheries. These tensions will continue to pose a challenge to management. With improved information, communication, and cooperation, successful management of AYK salmon is possible and will help ensure sustainability and opportunity for use by future human generations.


A growing awareness of the destructive effects of non-native invasive species has led to a massive increase in removal programmes around the world. However, little is generally known about what happens to sites following the removal of the invasives and the implicit assumption that the native community will return, unaided, to pre-invasion conditions is often left untested.

We assessed recovery of the native understorey plant community following removal of the non-native invasive Rhododendron ponticum L. from Scottish Atlantic oak woodland. We recorded understorey community composition in sites covering a gradient of increasing R. ponticum density, and across a separate series of sites covering a chronosequence of time since R. ponticum removal. We then compared both of these series to the target community found in uninvaded sites. We also analysed differences in soil chemistry between the sites to test for chemical legacy effects of invasion in the soil.

Native understorey cover declined as R. ponticum density increased, with bryophytes dropping to less than a third of the cover present in uninvaded sites and forbs and grasses being completely extirpated under dense stands.

Cleared sites showed no evidence of returning to the target community, even after 30 years of recovery, and instead formed a bryophyte-dominated "novel community," containing few of the typical oak woodland vascular plants.

Contrary to expectation, soil pH, C:N ratio and nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) were not affected by the invasion of R. ponticum, and chemical legacy effects in the soil were not responsible for the failure of the native community to revert to pre-invasion conditions. Instead, we hypothesise that the rapid formation of a bryophyte mat, coupled with the often substantial distances to potential seed sources, hindered vascular plant recolonisation.

Synthesis and applications. Clear evidence of invasion history can be detected in the understorey plant community even decades after the successful removal of the invasive Rhododendron ponticum L. This finding demonstrates that native communities may be unable to recover effectively of their own accord following invasive species removal, and will require further management interventions in order to achieve restoration goals.


Sorting from the Golgi apparatus requires the recruitment of cytosolic coat proteins to package cargo into trafficking vesicles. An important early step in the formation of trafficking vesicles is the activation of Arf1 by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1. To activate Arf1, GBF1 must be recruited to and bound to Golgi membranes, a process that requires Rab1b. However, the mechanistic details of how Rab1 is implicated in GBF1 recruitment are not known. In this study, we demonstrate that the recruitment of GBF1 also requires phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P]. Inhibitors of PtdIns(4)P synthesis or depletion of PI4KIIIα, a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, prevents the recruitment of GBF1 to Golgi membranes. Interestingly, transfection of dominant-active Rab1 increased the amount of PtdIns(4)P at the Golgi, as detected by GFP-PH, a PtdIns(4)P-sensing probe. We propose that Rab1 contributes to the specificity and timing of GBF1 recruitment by activating PI4KIIIα. The PtdIns(4)P produced then allows GBF1 to bind to Golgi membranes and activate Arf1.


This paper proposes an approach to scalability analysis of component-based systems. A theoretical model of the orchestrated behavior of a system's components is developed and potential bottlenecks are identified. The model is derived by performing an analysis of the average number of messages that each involved entity has to deal with, i.e. receive, elaborate and possibly forward. By appropriately setting the various model parameters, it is possible to evaluate a system's behavior in a number of different scenarios. The model itself is based upon a queuing network paradigm, whereby each component is associated with a "service centre" characterized by specific values of both the message arrival rate and the service time: based on such values, the utilization coefficient of the service centers is computed and the potential bottlenecks are identified. The queuing network model is also exploited to evaluate the performance of the overall system under various configurations. The proposed approach is introduced and developed by taking the CADENUS system as a running example. CADENUS is a component-based framework designed and developed within a recent IST project, whose main goal resides in the provisioning of Premium IP services by means of an effective application of the so-called mediation paradigm.


Aesthetics is an important aspect of the user experience. It is also among the principles for persuasive systems in the frameworks such as the functional triad by Fogg and the Persuasive Systems Design by Oinas-Kukkonen and Harjumaa. Yet, literature directly investigating the influence of aesthetics on persuasion is limited. Similarly, despite the significance of aversive stimuli on behaviour change, the research is also sparse. To understand how aesthetics affect reported persuasion, I designed a mobile app named Couch with two levels of each aesthetics and persuasion, utilizing aversive stimuli, with the aim of reducing sedentary behaviour. Participants reported significantly higher levels of persuasion in persuasive group compared to control group, showing the success of persuasion attempts. However, aesthetics had no significant effect on persuasion. I report additional findings regarding aesthetics, and discuss the implications for future work.


Decades of studies trying to define the extent to which artificial neural networks can exhibit systematicity suggest that systematicity can be achieved by connectionist models but not by default. Here we present a novel connectionist model of sentence production that employs rich situation model representations originally proposed for modeling systematicity in comprehension. The high performance of our model demonstrates that such representations are also well suited to model language production. Furthermore, the model can produce multiple novel sentences for previously unseen situations, including in a different voice (actives vs. passive) and with words in new syntactic roles, thus demonstrating semantic and syntactic generalization and arguably systematicity. Our results provide yet further evidence that such connectionist approaches can achieve systematicity, in production as well as comprehension. We propose our positive results to be a consequence of the regularities of the microworld from which the semantic representations are derived, which provides a sufficient structure from which the neural network can interpret novel inputs.


The empirical study of the time and values system perception in different social ethnic and age groups offers the possibility to understand the potential subjectivity of groups in transitional society. The goal of the research was the study of time perception, values system in different age and ethnic groups in the transitional society. The methodological basis of our research is the systemic approach and social constructivism. Social groups were studied – age groups (adolescents, youngers, adults); ethnic groups (Gagauz people, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Russians). In order to carry out the empirical research, standardized methods and semi-structured interview were applied: "The Scale of Time Attitudes" Nutten J.; semi-structured interview on time perception; the method elaborated by E. B. Fantalova. It was revealed that the groups of Russians, Bulgarians are characterized by a positive perception of present time, but the Gagauz people and Ukrainians perceived less positive the present time. Time perspective of these groups is short – from one year to five years – that can be an evidence of difficulties met by these groups in today transitional reality of the country. There were determined groups of youngers on time perception from optimistic to social-anxious (the given type, potential for migration). The study of values system of adolescent respondents from rural areas (most have parents working abroad) showed the importance of such values as health, happy family life and at the same time, the complexity of their basic needs' satisfaction.


Atomically flat (111) interfaces between insulating perovskite oxides provide a landscape for new electronic phenomena. For example, the graphene-like coordination between interfacial metallic ion layer pairs can lead to topologically protected states [Xiao et al., Nat. Commun. 2, 596 (2011) and A. Rüegg and G. A. Fiete, Phys. Rev. B 84, 201103 (2011)]. The metallic ion/metal oxide bilayers that comprise the unit cell of the perovskite (111) heterostructures require the interface to be polar, generating an intrinsic polar discontinuity [Chakhalian et al., Nat. Mater. 11, 92 (2012)]. Here, we investigate epitaxial heterostructures of (111)-oriented LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO). We find that during heterostructure growth, the LAO overlayer eliminates the structural reconstruction of the STO (111) surface with an electronic reconstruction, which determines the properties of the resulting two-dimensional conducting gas. This is confirmed by transport measurements, direct determination of the structure and atomic charge from coherent Bragg rod analysis, and theoretical calculations of electronic and structural characteristics. Interfacial behaviors of the kind discussed here may lead to new growth control parameters useful for electronic devices.