Rapid and complete rehydration, or restoration of fluid spaces, is important when acute illness or excessive sweating has compromised hydration status. Many studies have investigated the effects of graded concentrations of sodium and other electrolytes in rehydration solutions; however, no study to date has determined the effect of carbohydrate on fluid retention when electrolyte concentrations are held constant. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of graded levels of carbohydrate on fluid retention following exercise-induced dehydration. Fifteen heat-acclimatized men exercised in the heat for 90 min with no fluid to induce 2-3% dehydration. After a 30-min equilibration period, they received, over the course of 60 min, one of five test beverages equal to 100% of the acute change in body mass. The experimental beverages consisted of a flavored placebo with no electrolytes (P), placebo with electrolytes (P + E), 3%, 6%, and 12% carbohydrate solutions with electrolytes. All beverages contained the same type and concentration of electrolytes (18 meq/l Na(+), 3 meq/l K(+), 11 meq/l Cl(-)). Subjects voided their bladders at 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min, and urine specific gravity and urine volume were measured. Blood samples were taken before exercise and 30, 90, 180, and 240 min following exercise and were analyzed for glucose, sodium, hemoglobin, hematocrit, renin, aldosterone, and osmolality. Body mass was measured before and after exercise and a final body mass was taken at 240 min. There were no differences in percent dehydration, sweat loss, or fluid intake between trials. Fluid retention was significantly greater for all carbohydrate beverages compared with P (66.3 +/- 14.4%). P + E (71.8 +/- 9.9%) was not different from water, 3% (75.4 +/- 7.8%) or 6% (75.4 +/- 16.4%) but was significantly less than 12% (82.4 +/- 9.2%) retention of the ingested fluid. No difference was found between the carbohydrate beverages. Carbohydrate at the levels measured exerts a mild influence on fluid retention in postexercise recovery.


Self-incompatibility RNases (S-RNases) are an allelic series of style glycoproteins associated with rejection of self-pollen in solanaceous plants. The nucleotide sequences of S-RNase alleles from several genera have been determined, but the structure of the gene products has only been described for those from Nicotiana alata. We report on the N-glycan structures and the disulfide bonding of the S3-RNase from wild tomato (Lycopersicon peruvianum) and use this and other information to construct a model of this molecule. The S3-RNase has a single N-glycosylation site (Asn-28) to which one of three N-glycans is attached. S3-RNase has seven Cys residues; six are involved in disulfide linkages (Cys-16-Cys-21, Cys-46-Cys-91, and Cys-166-Cys-177), and one has a free thiol group (Cys-150). The disulfide-bonding pattern is consistent with that observed in RNase Rh, a related RNase for which radiographic-crystallographic information is available. A molecular model of the S3-RNase shows that four of the most variable regions of the S-RNases are clustered on one surface of the molecule. This is discussed in the context of recent experiments that set out to determine the regions of the S-RNase important for recognition during the self-incompatibility response.


The aim of this study is to illuminate social worker's perception of social class within the Swedish social service system. This study therefor examine if social class contributes to the production and reproduction of the client and what impact social class has on the interaction between client and social workers. The study was conducted with qualitative semi-structured interviews with social workers from three different departments of social service. The theoretical approach is Yeheskel Hasenfeld's theory about moral practices in welfare organisations, Michael Lipsky and Roine Johansson's theories about client construction and Pierre Bourdieu's class theory. The conclusion of this study is that social class affects individual conditions and opportunities in Swedish social service. Social worker's perceptions of social class have an impact on the construction of clients and will affect what level of service a client receives.


The apertures of many optical telescopes are constructed of multiple mirror segments. To attain the performance of a monolithic mirror, the segments must be corrected in tip, tilt, and piston. In this paper we consider a three-segment optical telescope and develop an optimization based algorithm for determining the initial error of the segmented aperture through a sequence of displacements, thereby facilitating correction of the initial error. The optimization algorithm is used to investigate the effects of sensor quantization on the achievable correction accuracy.


Despite thymic involution, the number of naive CD4(+) T cells diminishes slowly during aging, suggesting considerable peripheral homeostatic expansion of these cells. To investigate the mechanisms behind, and consequences of, naive CD4+ T cell homeostasis, we evaluated the age-dependent dynamics of the naive CD4+ T cell subsets CD45RA+CD31+ and CD45RA+CD31-. Using both a cross-sectional and longitudinal study design, we measured the relative proportion of both subsets in individuals ranging from 22 to 73 years of age and quantified TCR excision circle content within those subsets as an indicator of proliferative history. Our findings demonstrate that waning thymic output results in a decrease in CD45RA+CD31+ naive CD4+ T cells over time, although we noted considerable individual variability in the kinetics of this change. In contrast, there was no significant decline in the CD45RA+CD31- naive CD4+ T cell subset due to extensive peripheral proliferation. Our longitudinal data are the first to demonstrate that the CD45RA+CD31+CD4+ subset also undergoes some in vivo proliferation without immediate loss of CD31, resulting in an accumulation of CD45RA+CD31+ proliferative offspring. Aging was associated with telomere shortening within both subsets, raising the possibility that accumulation of proliferative offspring contributes to senescence of the naive CD4+ T cell compartment in the elderly. In contrast, we observed retention of clonal TCR diversity despite peripheral expansion, although this analysis did not include individuals over 65 years of age. Our results provide insight into naive CD4+ T cell homeostasis during aging that can be used to better understand the mechanisms that may contribute to immunosenescence within this compartment.


Through a digital interface and biosignal feedback, the IBPoet makes explicit the embodied and cognitive processes at play in everyday language interactions. A Reader reads a pre-selected poem to a Readee in front of an Audience. The Readee, who sits comfortably and listens to the poem, is instrumented with two primary biosensors: an OpenBCI Electroencephalogram (EEG) and an electromyogram (EMG) sensor. The Reader receives direct sensory feedback from these sensors in the form of a vibration band and heat gloves. Projected behind the Reader and Readee is the text being read, with keywords replaced by empty boxes. New words will appear that are selected according to the Readee's emotional state -thanks to an algorithm that interprets her/his biosignals. With the contrast and similarities between the spoken and projected poems, the Audience senses the emotional connection between the Reader and Readee as it shifts through states of resonance and dissonance, calm and stress.


This article (1) has been retracted at the request of the editors. Following an institutional review by Wayne State University (Detroit, MI), the primary affiliation for several of the authors, it was determined that the article (1) included falsification and/or fabrication, including inappropriate cutting/pasting and image manipulation of the left eight bands of the OPG Western blot bands in Fig. 3C. As a result of these findings, the institution recommended retraction and, upon internal review, the editors agree with this recommendation.


This paper presents the bioethical discourse as a stimulus to dialogue between beliefs, ideologies, rationalities, and persons. Among its dominant themes, it may be distinguished between those related to communities and those related to individuals. Although equity belongs into the former, it finds expression in individual life as solidarity and empathy. It is possible to formulate guidelines for research in social science and epidemiology distinguishing between values, principles and behavior rules, which find expression in the notion that bioethical reflection must anticipate challenges and dangers and not simply respond to technoscientific developments.


The purpose of this paper is to provide an indication as to the motivation of people to remain in academic positions where substantial economic inequity is present and more favourable alternative employment is possible. This is important for the retention of qualified academic staff in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and for the supply of well-educated workers in this developing country.,The authors surveyed 94 national (indigenous) academic staff at a prominent PNG university for their perceptions of organisational justice and management support, with an aim determining if these variables were related to workers' affective commitment (AC) and intentions to turnover. The surveyed staff members are all employed on an inequitable basis in that their salaries and living conditions are inferior to those of equally qualified expatriate academic staff.,The research found that staff members' emotional connection (affective commitment (AC)) to their work was predicted by organisational support, whereas lack of organisational support predicted academic staff turnover.,Universities must provide supportive environments to enable staff to remain focussed and committed in order to maintain high morale and reduce turnover in academic staff.,Previous research on this topic has emphasised the economic inequity faced by national academic staff members in PNG's high education institutions. The current research applies motivation theory to people experiencing this obvious inequity. It finds that an environment where workers experience management support and a sense of intrinsic reward can effectively influence their intention to remain at their place of work as well as their emotional connection to their institution and their students.


Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), or N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) are increased in patients with chronic disease-related anemia. They increase the binding activity of GATA and inhibit erythropoietin (Epo) promoter activity. In this study, we examined the ability of K-7174 (a GATA-specific inhibitor) to improve Epo production when inhibited by treatment with IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, or L-NMMA. Epo protein production and promoter activity were induced in Hep3B cells with 1% O2. However, 15 U/ml IL-1beta, 220 U/ml TNF-alpha, or 10(-3) M L-NMMA inhibited Epo protein production and promoter activity, respectively. Addition of 10 microM K-7174 rescued these inhibitions of Epo protein production and promoter activity induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, or L-NMMA, respectively. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that addition of K-7174 decreased GATA binding activity, which was increased with the addition of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, or L-NMMA. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of mice with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha decreased the hemoglobin concentrations and reticulocyte counts. However, the addition of K-7174 reversed these effects. These results raise the possibility of using K-7174 as therapy to treat anemia.


An iterative pilot symbol aided procedure for detection in multipath fading channels that does not neglect intersymbol interference (ISI) and achieves diversity combining with unresolved signal path components is introduced. The algorithm resolves the received signal into components corresponding to each path. The estimated components are combined for obtaining the next sequence estimate, and, thus, no signal energy is lost. The proposed approach attempts iterative unconstrained maximization of the likelihood function using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The EM solution is based on the approach to parameter estimation for superimposed signals introduced by Feder and Weinstein (1988). It allows for symbol-by-symbol maximization in the M-step for orthogonal signaling pulses.


Kinase‐catalyzed protein phosphorylation plays an essential role in a variety of biological processes. Methods to detect phosphoproteins and phosphopeptides in cellular mixtures will aid in cell biological and signaling research. Our laboratory recently discovered the utility of γ‐modified ATP analogues as tools for studying phosphorylation. Specifically, ATP‐biotin can be used for labeling and visualizing phosphoproteins from cell lysates. Because the biotin tag is suitable for protein detection, the biotinylation reaction can be applied to multiple phosphoproteomics applications. Herein, we report a general protocol for labeling phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins in biological samples using kinase‐catalyzed biotinylation. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 4:83‐100 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Case histories of two asthmatic patients who are allergic to the pollen allergen of Prosopis juliflora, a perennial tree abundantly seen in Delhi and northern India, are presented. Both developed immediate (Type I) as well as late (Type III) responses to intradermal, as well as inhalation, provocation tests. Prior inhalation of disodium cromoglycate inhibited the dual asthma response to inhalation tests but did not inhibit the response to intradermal tests.


Environmental pollution and fuel savings are a significant problem for the life of the future. The need-based electric vehicle that can replace the use of energy. Therefore, the hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that is right for a solution to reduce environmental pollution and save fuel. In addition to the hybrid vehicle has several sections, among which the use of electric motors. The aim is to meet the energy needs of a DC electric motor as a vehicle drive hybrid cars, so as to determine the electric motor in accordance with the needs and characteristics of the hybrid car. Besides the basic principle is to try to design a machine that relate to the needs of its specifications. Then obtained the results of research on the use of current and voltage when the gas pedal is pressed / stamped starts from 10o - 50o can be concluded that the more the gas pedal board, the increasing speed with an electric motor rotation of 794 (rpm), 47.56 voltage (volts ), the current 20.3 (ampere), then the required power DC electric motor that is equal to 984.75 (watts).


Study Design. The authors studied 319 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated at the same institution with either a Boston brace or a Charleston bending brace. Objectives. To determine if both orthoses are equally effective in stopping curve progression and preventing the need for surgical correction. Summary of Background Data. Early reports suggest that the Charleston brace may be comparable to the Boston brace in its effectiveness and that both braces positively influence the natural history of idiopathic scoliosis. Methods. Skeletally immature (Risser 0, 1, or 2) patients with idiopathic scoliosis who were 10 years old or older at the time of brace prescription, had curves from 25° to 45°, and had no prior treatment were studied retrospectively. All measurements were collected by a single observer, and all patients were followed up to skeletal maturity. Results. The Boston brace is more effective than the Charleston brace, both in preventing curve progression and in avoiding the need for surgery. These findings were most notable for patients with curves of 36°-45°, in whom 83% of the those treated with a Charleston brace had curve progression of more than 5°, compared with 43% of those treated with the Boston brace (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. When given the choice between these two orthoses in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the authors recommend use of the Boston brace. The Charleston brace should be considered only in the treatment of smaller single thoracolumbar or single lumbar curves.


Carbon dioxide capture and storage into underground geological formations is a promising route to reduce emissions into the atmosphere and limit global warming. Geo-sequestration involves the injection of carbon laden solutions directly into the pore space in sedimentary rocks, saline formations, or abandoned oil fields. More scientific research is still needed to understand how the pore structure and material properties of the rock matrix influence the extent to which pressurized fluids can be injected and permeate the pore network. Our research focuses on studying the fundamental mechanics of pore infiltration at micro- and nanoscopic scales to develop a comprehensive model of carbon dioxide sequestration within geological pore networks. We are using single and two-phase flow simulations of fluid injection into the rock pore space, modeled as a network of capillaries representing the geometry extracted from high-resolution X-ray microtomography of suitable rocks. To experimentally validate the simulation results, we have developed a Si/SiO2 lab-on-chip platform for testing porosity models on well-defined geometries at the microscale. The single and multiphase flow measurements performed on the microfluidic chip are monitored with optical microscopy in real time. In this contribution, we will report the progress in our research and development of optical imaging techniques applied to the microfluidic chip. Specifically, we demonstrate how advanced image analysis can be used to extract information about the flow properties. The image analysis results are critical for calibrating high-accuracy flow simulation models for pore scale injection and mineralization of carbon dioxide. The rock-on-chip platform is used also to measure chemical and physical processes governing the carbonate precipitation step of CO2 mineralization. The reaction of CO2 in the microfluidic channels can be detected through crystal formation over time. Fluorescence microscopy and Raman-spectroscopy is used to monitor carbonate precipitation rates directly on chip, to map minerals and track reaction kinetics under different conditions.


The essay explores the use of digital history for the systematic study of the periodical press in the late Ottoman Eastern Mediterranean (1906 – 1918) as a discursive field. It evaluates the methodological and practical challenges of digital history as rooted in the socio-technical infrastructures of the Global North when applied to the Global South. It does so using a case study of four Arabic journals from Baghdad, Beirut, Cairo, and Damascus. After outlining the need for building a corpus and the challenges presented by this effort, this article explores a digital corpus of a total of circa 2.65 million words through (social) network analysis and stylometric authorship attribution.


Researchers are now realizing the promise of molecular biology and genomic engineering. In the United States, President Obama has prioritized innovations in genomic research and therapies with funding infusions into national programs such as the Precision Medicine Initiative and the Cancer Moon Shot 2020. More than a decade after the completion of the Human Genome Project, our understanding of the human genome has now ushered us into the era of genetic modification capabilities known as genome editing, or gene editing. Building on the scientific foundation of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology and human gene transfer research, gene editing enables the alteration of the genetic make-up in a manner that was previously only a theoretical possibility. Current gene editing technology improves on prior cellular-based therapies and gene therapies because it directly targets nucleotides in the defective gene. Following the discoveries of zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), a technique known as clustered regulatory-interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) is the most precise, efficient, and least expensive method of gene editing to date. First described in 2012, CRISPR-Cas9 uses the Cas9 enzyme and an RNA guide sequence to target a particular gene sequence, remove the faulty gene, and insert a new functioning gene and fuse the genetic strand back together. New variants of the CRISPR technology are currently being explored.CRISPR is garnering significant attention in the U.S. for both its relative simplicity over previous gene editing techniques and for its potential long-term commercial impacts. Shortly after the publication of the CRISPR discovery in Science, several leading gene editing scientists formed Editas Medicine in Cambridge, Massachusetts with a $43 million capital investment to design clinical trials based on the CRISPR and TALEN platforms. Reports indicate that Editas is projected to begin clinical trials by 2017 for a rare retinal disorder called Leber congenital amaurosis. But Editas is not the only player. Many of the early researchers involved in developing the CRISPR technology, including Jennifer Doudna (Caribou Biosciences) and Emmanuelle Charpentier (CRISPR Therapeutics) have also formed companies to develop applications using the CRISPR system. Recently on June 2016, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) approved a University of Pennsylvania protocol applying CRISPR) to genetically modify human T-cells in fifteen individuals suffering from multiple myeloma, melanoma, and sarcoma. Funded by the new Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and led by Dr. Carl June, the clinical trial protocol has yet to be reviewed and approved by the appropriate institutional bodies and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Although in early stages of regulatory approval, the June 2016 decision of the RAC sheds new light on the ongoing debate regarding the ethical and legal implications of gene editing research. Concern about gene editing has inspired a broad global discussion in scientific and bioethics communities as to proper regulation and whether to halt future research on germline, or heritable, applications. This global discussion is nestled in the rich history of genetic research and the existing federal frameworks in place to oversee clinical trials, as well as the distinction between somatic and germline interventions. This article will examine the current regulatory landscape for gene editing research in the U.S. as positioned within the historical context and recent developments in this area.


As Elizabeth Greenhalgh alludes to in the introduction of her well-researched and constructed monograph, The French Army and the First World War, common perceptions of France's military experience between 1914 and 1918 have tended to be reduced to mere flashpoints of interest. Obvious examples would naturally include the Miracle of the Marne, Verdun and the 1917 mutinies. Indeed, for British readers these are likely to have weathered the test of time respectively through association with the opening engagements of the BEF; the sheer weight of tragedy (accessible both visually and emotionally through visits to its renowned ossuary and surrounding sites of remembrance); as well as being indelibly etched into popular culture by Stanley Kubrick's interpretation of events in Paths of Glory (1957). Yet acceptance of such a limited view means missing the essential impact, over a sustained and continuous period of time, of the Allied Forces' largest and most influential contributor. It is this scale, a theme returned to in many different guises throughout the ostensibly chronological account, which Greenhalgh manages to convey with immense clarity. Not only did it affect the French Army's operational undertakings across numerous theatres; or its materiel, and by extension economic, output to support these and her allies' campaigns, but it also proved to be a dislocating and subsequently a unifying influence on the relationship between army and society.


A new recycling plant for post-use electric home appliances was constructed and is currently under demonstration. The environmental performance of the new recycling scenario was assessed by means of LCA in comparison with those of conventional recycling/disposal scenarios. The conventional scenarios selected were a shredding system with iron recovery and landfilling without recovery of valuable materials. It is concluded that the proposed scenario using the new recycling plant significantly reduces environmental burdens compared with the conventional options. Also a framework of the systems evaluation including materials balance simulation and treatment cost estimation is explained.


This cross-sectional study was conducted among librarians from Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa to establish the prevalence of occupational burnout in the library set up. A previously validated self-administered questionnaire [Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)] was used to collect information on the prevalence and pattern of job burnout among the respondents. The occurrence of extreme burnout among the respondents, especially those working in the Electronic and Reference Services area of their libraries was found. The findings of this research calls for both professional and personal avenues to deal with or lessen this menace as it is a difficult issue that affects the wellbeing of library staff, which can thwart libraries from accomplishing their points.


This paper develops a parsimonious model for predicting utilization of a regional system of psychiatric facilities based on census data. The model combines conceptual simplicity with readily-available data sources. In practical terms, the model removes the need to undertake comprehensive and expensive utilization surveys. In theoretical terms, the model indicates that the fundamental relationship between utilization rates and key social indicators is stable through time. Although further testing is necessary, it would seem that these key indicators can provide reasonable estimates of psychiatric morbidity for up to ten years in the future.


This article explores the leadership agency of tourism faculty in higher education and recommends actions to enhance leadership for social change. Based on a review of literature grounded within an agency perspective, a conceptual framework is presented that identifies systemic and individual influences on leadership. Three types of freedom for faculty to engage in leadership behaviors arise: (1) the capacity of the individual to lead; (2) the freedom afforded by the organizational context to lead in accordance with one's capacity to lead; and (3) the social freedom to lead derived from each faculty member's disciplinary and departmental norms and structures.


Carrying out science at extreme scale is the next generational challenge facing the broad field of scientific research. Cloud computing offers to potential for an increasing number of researchers to have ready access to the large scale compute resources required to tackle new challenges in their field. Unfortunately barriers of complexity remain for researchers untrained in cloud programming. In this paper we examine how cloud based architectures can be used to solve large scale research experiments in a manner that is easily accessible for researchers with limited programming experience, using their existing computational tools. We examine the top challenges identified in our own large-scale science experiments running on the Windows Azure platform and then describe a Cloud-based parameter sweep prototype (dubbed Cirrus) which provides a framework of solutions for each challenge.


This is an analysis of different approaches in the use of technology by Boeing and DoD to determine how they may have affected development time for the C-17 and the Boeing 777. Boeing's focus on cost, schedule, performance, and market competition is contrasted to DoD's focus on performance. The paper concludes that the mere existence of a technology should not obscure (a) the impact its maturity may have on program cost and risk, (b) whether it will meet a real need of the user as opposed to a gold plated one, and (c) whether the added development time it may require could pose unanticipated problems for the customer, or even result in fielding an obsolete weapons systems.


An index based on winter counts shows that the population of the Mute Swan in Britain underwent a 25% decline between the years 1960-61 and 1964-65, following a peak in 1959-60. In the last three years the numbers have remained constant in the country as a whole, though an increase has taken place in the north and a decrease in the midlands and west. There is no migration and little movement of swans other than following watercourses. The average annual mortality for swans ringed when under one year old, excluding recoveries in year of ringing, is 40.5%, and for birds ringed when over one year 38.5%. The cold weather in the winters of 1962 and 1963 increased both mortality and recovery rates, but mortality was lower than average in 1963-64. There is possibly greater survival in the third and fourth years of life than in the first two. Overhead wires are responsible for over 44% of Mute Swan recoveries where the cause of death is known: young birds are no more vulnerable to this hazard than older ones. Other causes of death include oiling, disease, cold weather, shooting and fighting.


Many organizations are applying Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to improve operational efficiency, enhance information quality, and achieve reductions in processing time of critically important business information. EDI today represents an opportunity to improve business processes and business controls directly even though challenges are expected. It is in light of the opportunities and challenges that this study is done, specifically focusing on the benefits and challenges of implementation and application of EDI in Kenya considering the case of Kilindini Waterfront Project. Data was collected from 45 managers of the firms selected using convenient sampling. The respondents were asked about perceived benefits of EDI application and perceived challenges of EDI implementation and application. The questionnaires were mainly hand delivered to the respondents. The data collected was analyzed with the use of frequency tables, proportion, percentages, cross tabulations and factor analysis using SPSS. Majority of the firms that were studied had less than 1,000 employees which may possibly mean the firms are less labor intensive and therefore relying more on automated processes. This study also show that most of the respondents were experienced with EDI implementation and application and therefore had the necessary knowledge sought for. From the factor analysis carried out on the variables of the benefits of EDI application, the deduction drawn indicates that firms that apply EDI benefited. Some of the benefits include reduced errors, access to information, enhanced competitive capacity and improved trading partner relationship. Despite the benefits of EDI application, it was also found that there are several challenges encountered in the implementation of EDI. From the factor analysis carried out on the variables of the challenges in the EDI implementation, the deduction drawn indicates some of the challenges to be lack of top management support, negative staff attitude, inadequate IT staff training and inadequate non IT staff training. This study also indicated that there were challenges encountered in the application of EDI. From the factor analysis carried out on the variables of the challenges of EDI application, the deductions drawn indicate some of the challenges to be inadequate non IT staff training, lack of trust of other EDI partners, lack of flexibility, lack of maintainability and lack of awareness of benefits of EDI.


: This study was designed to investigate the relation of Trait Emotional Intelligence with student achievement goals in the context of English as a Foreign Language. Given the challenging nature of EFL, the importance attached to teachers' emotions as the basis of a psychologically secure and motivating learning environment and students' achievement goals as a key concept for positive academic results, the present research sought to fill in a gap in the literature, shed light on the nature of the constructs as well as their potential association and broaden the knowledge base of this field of research thus facilitating Foreign Language teaching and learning. Twenty-seven in-service EFL teachers working in secondary education and their 531 students from various schools in the prefecture of Trikala participated in the present research. The results showed that teachers' Trait Emotional Intelligence failed to predict which type of goals students would pursue. It was also revealed that students' Trait Emotional Intelligence positively correlated with mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance and performance-approach goals whereas it negatively correlated with performance-avoidance goals.


A third-generation adenoviral vector containing recombinant human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene was delivered by bronchoscope in escalating doses to the conducting airway of 11 volunteers with cystic fibrosis. Assessments of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), efficiency of gene transfer, and cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to vector administration were performed. DLT, manifest by flulike symptoms and transient radiographic infiltrates, was seen at 2.1 x 10(11) total viral particles. A highly specific assay for gene transfer was developed using in situ hybridization with an oligoprobe against unique vector sequence. Detectable gene transfer was observed in harvested bronchial epithelial cells (<1%) 4 days after vector instillation, which diminished to undetectable levels by day 43. Adenovirus-specific cell-mediated T cells were induced in most subjects, although only mild increases in systemic humoral immune response were observed. These results demonstrate that gene transfer to epithelium of the lower respiratory tract can be achieved in humans with adenoviral vectors but that efficiency is low and of short duration in the native CF airway.


Automation can make surface irrigation more attractive to the irrigator
by reducing labor and energy requirements. Where lands and soils are well
suited for surface irrigation, it is often more economical to improve surface
systems than to convert them to energy intensive systems requiring many
times more energy.

Canal systems need to be improved to facilitate on-farm automation by
providing water on demand at the farm turnout. Improvements required to
partially satisfy this need include: greater use of automatic control facilities,
increasing the storage capacity of the system by constructing small regulating
reservoirs and providing additional freeboard, improving turnouts to allow
acceptance or rejection of the farm delivery, and improved water-measurement
devices to measure water volumetrically. Where these improvements are
not made, small farm reservoirs may be needed to provide water on demand
and to facilitate automation of the farm system.

Many surface systems can be improved by replacing open - ditches with
buried pipelines and gated surface pipe. Systems with pipelines can be
improved by using automated valves and controls with existing facilities.
Both programable controllers and manually reset timers can be used for
either fully automatic or semiautomatic operation.

Runoff was reduced about 45 per cent on experimental test plots using
cutback furrow irrigation streams. Less water was applied with timer-controlled,
semiautomatic irrigation than with manual irrigation. This
resulted in higher production efficiencies in terms of crop yield per unit of
water applied.

Irrigation efficiencies with present systems having long lengths-of-run
can be improved by using either surface or buried pipe laterals to divide the
total field length into two or more subruns. This is usually not practical
unless the system is automated.


SIR,-I read with interest your leading article (1 June, p. 457) which referred to recent work on this disorder. I had just completed a survey of most of the medical journals of Africa south of the Sahara from 1960 to 1974 and had found no mention of this disease in Africans. In 1960 I had suggested as a tentative hypothesis that the rarity of non-infective colonic diseases in Africans was due to diets which contained large amounts of fibre-rich starchy carbohydrate. This may be called the "fibre hypothesis," those words being employed at that time. There appeared to be rarity of constipation, irritable bowel disease, diverticular disease, appendicitis, ulcerative colitis, haemorrhoids, polyps, and carcinoma of the large bowel and rectum.1 The position does not seem to have changed much in the intervening 14 years. My clinical obsetrvations, based on some 30 years' medical experience in East Africa, have been considerably amplified by my Uganda colleague, Mr. Denis Burkitt, and the studies of Mr. Neil Painter. There is a possibility that irritable bowel disease often precedes diverticular disease. It is therefore of interest that we are presenting shortly much new information, necropsy, radiological, and clinical, concerning the great rarity of diverticular disease in many countries in Africa and Asia.2 At medical 'boards I had frequently retired European government officials for incurable irritable bowel disease, having satisfied myself that no significant and detectable tropical infection was present. In 1960 I could not remember ever having diagnosed an African as having suffered from irritable bowel disease so I suggested that a placid temperament and high-carbohydrate diets rich in dietary fibre protected them against oonstipation and irritable bowel disease. Doubtless many risk factors occur and the reocorded death rates from diseases which are seldom fatal may be an unreliable source of evidenoe concerning irritable bowels or diverticular disease. Hospital admissions also for either disease are highly selective3 and should not be used by themselves to prove or disprove the relationship of dietary fibre to either disorder. It is also suggested that we produce a serious confusion of thought if w refer to the dietary fibre hypothesis as the bran hypothesis3 for many Africans do not consume cereals or bran but remain almost free of these complaints.-I am, etc.,


The changes in the engineering-construction industry of the 21st century require organizations to take a more active role in developing knowledge management and learning organization initiatives. The need to both retain knowledge within the organization and focus on continuous human resource development throughout all levels of the organization is becoming a primary challenge throughout the industry. This paper addresses this challenge by focusing on the question of the link between knowledge management and learning organizations, and how to transform an organization from a focus on knowledge management to a focus on developing a learning culture. Based on a series of studies by the writers into the characteristics of both knowledge management and learning organizations, this paper outlines models of each of these concepts and introduces a bridge that details the level of knowledge management implementation that must be in place prior to an organization having the capacity to move to a learning focus. Additionally, the case studies conducted during the current study provide a basis for presenting potentially unsuccessful paths that may be selected by organizations during the imple- mentation of a knowledge management to learning organization transition.


Generally it is believed that Wordsworth was a poet of nature and that he was an escapist as he ran as hard as he could, towards the world of nature, to get away from the realities of life. But the fact is that Wordsworth was a poet of Humanity; he stood more for the real happiness and well being of man rather than observing rainbows and fields. He employs nature in his poems as a remedy to a diseased world and shows how nature heals, nurtures and restores the soul from the enervating effects of industrialism and materialism. Wordsworth was an environmentalist, psychiatrist, educationist, in short a lover of mankind. This article intends to explore Wordsworth as a poet of Humanity who throughout his life fought for the betterment of Humanity.


Sun is the most important source of renewable source
of energy. During the past few decades there has been an everincreasing interest in Photovoltaic (PV) cells as it directly converts solar radiation into electricity. This paper involves the performance study of photovoltaic system under concentrated solar radiation. The main problem with the concentration solar energy is the drastic increase in temperature of the photovoltaic module resulting in a
decrease in performance efficiency of the system. This problem of overheating of the system can be overcome by providing cooling which would ensure operation of the module in the optimal temperature range. Hence, the setup would function as a hybrid model serving the dual purpose of power generation while also utilizing the waste heat for water heating applications. The experimental set up consist of a novel arrangement of concentrator and reflector and the cooling system. The Hybrid Photovoltaic System was repeatedly tested under real time conditions on several
days. A comparison was drawn between the results obtained from direct exposure of a standard photovoltaic module to that obtained from the hybrid system in order to better understand the improvement in performance parameters. The study shown a significant improvement of output of standard photovoltaic module under the concentrated solar radiation.


Foster children represent a vulnerable pediatric population with complex health needs including both acute and chronic conditions that require comprehensive health care management. However, years of research has continually demonstrated a poor provision of health care services to this at risk population including gaps in preventative care and poor follow-up with specialty services. Current literature reveals that the health care management for foster children continues to be fragmented and subpar. Several health care delivery models, standards of care, and interventions have been recommended in an effort to improve the outcomes among foster children. However the perspective of foster parents, key caregivers, has been missing in current evidence. This investigation serves as a descriptive study utilizing grounded theory methodology to explore health care management from the Hawaii foster parent's perspective. The purpose of the investigation was two-fold: 1) to describe foster parents' experience obtaining health care for their foster children and 2) to elicit foster parents' opinions about whether or not a health education program designed for foster parents would be helpful. After completing seven individual interviews, which were analyzed using constant comparative analysis, 19 categories were developed describing the foster parent experience related to policy and services, social environment, physical environment, biology, and behavior. The concept of a medical home model was identified as unfeasible for Hawaii foster families, and large variations in health education preparation among foster parents was observed while a significant interest in further education on health-related topics was identified as a necessity. Implications for practice and recommendations for further research were also generated.


Conspectus This Account focuses on the coordination chemistry of the microbial iron chelators called siderophores. The initial research (early 1970s) focused on simple analogs of siderophores, which included hydroxamate, catecholate, or hydroxycarboxylate ligands. The subsequent work increasingly focused on the transport of siderophores and their microbial iron transport. Since these are pseudo-octahedral complexes often composed of bidentate ligands, there is chirality at the metal center that in principle is independent of the ligand chirality. It has been shown in many cases that chiral recognition of the complex occurs. Many techniques have been used to elucidate the iron uptake processes in both Gram-positive (single membrane) and Gram-negative (double membrane) bacteria. These have included the use of radioactive labels (of ligand, metal, or both), kinetically inert metal complexes, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. In general, siderophore recognition and transport involves receptors that recognize the metal chelate portion of the iron–siderophore complex. A second, to date less commonly found, mechanism called the siderophore shuttle involves the receptor binding an apo-siderophore. Since one of the primary ways that microbes compete with each other for iron stores is the strength of their competing siderophore complexes, it became important early on to characterize the solution thermodynamics of these species. Since the acidity of siderophores varies significantly, just the stability constant does not give a direct measure of the relative competitive strength of binding. For this reason, the pM value is compared. The pM, like pH, is a measure of the negative log of the free metal ion concentration, typically calculated at pH 7.4, and standard total concentrations of metal and ligand. The characterization of the electronic structure of ferric siderophores has done much to help explain the high stability of these complexes. A new chapter in siderophore science has emerged with the characterization of what are now called siderocalins. Initially found as a protein of the human innate immune system, these proteins bind both ferric and apo-siderophores to inactivate the siderophore transport system and hence deny iron to an invading pathogenic microbe. Siderocalins also can play a role in iron transport of the host, particularly in the early stages of fetal development. Finally, it is speculated that the molecular targets of siderocalins in different species differ based on the siderophore structures of the most important bacterial pathogens of those species.


Background: The perennial medicinal herb Dioscorea zingiberensis is a very important plant used for steroid drug manufacturing for its high level of diosgenin in rhizome. Although the stimulation of diosgenin accumulation by ethylene has been reported in a few of plant species, its regulation is not yet characterized at the molecular level, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Results: In this study, the effects of ethylene on diosgenin biosynthesis in in vitro cultures of D. zingiberensis were described. The results showed that, in samples treated with ethylene at concentration E3 (10 4 dilution of 40% ethephon), the diosgenin biosynthesis was significantly promoted in comparison with the control samples. Treatment with high concentrations of ethylene had inhibitory effect, whereas with low concentration of the gas elicitor brought about no detectable deleterious effect on the growth rate and diosgenin content of the cultures. The considerable increase of diosgenin level in in vitro cultured Dioscorea zingiberensis by ethylene application is accompanied by the concomitant increase of soluble proteins and chlorophyll content. The gene expressions of cycloartenol synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase but not of squalene synthase or farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase were up-regulated by applied ethylene. Conclusions: Our results suggest that ethylene treatment enhanced diosgenin accumulation via up-regulation of the gene expressions of cycloartenol synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.


The purpose of this paper is to discern the correlation among dimensions of national culture and the shadow economy. Correlation analysis and Hofstede's categorized national culture dimensions were used. Correlation analysis revealed a correlation between the shadow economy and the following: the dimensions of national cultural power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism vs collectivism. There is a slight correlation between the shadow economy and masculinity vs femininity. This is a novel empirical analysis of the shadow economy existing among the dimensions of national culture.  The unexpected findings of high correlation between some national cultural dimensions suggests the need for more research in this area. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.29.1.18069


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To identify and evaluate the information needs of wives of men diagnosed with prostate cancer who were treated first with radical prostatectomy and to measure the extent to which their needs were met.

DESIGN
Descriptive.

SETTING
Comprehensive cancer center designated by the National Cancer Institute.

SAMPLE
66 wives of men with prostate cancer.

METHODS
On the second day after their husbands underwent prostatectomies, the wives of men with prostate cancer completed the Family Inventory of Needs-Wives and a demographic data form.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Information needs and the perceived degree to which they were met.

FINDINGS
All needs were identified as important but were met to varying degrees. Five items were not rated "unmet" by any respondents, whereas four items were considered unmet by at least 30% of respondents. Evidence suggests that the age of the wife influences the percentage of unmet needs, with older wives having more unmet needs. P values for the relationship between needs and the age of the wife, her educational level, and the time between diagnosis and treatment were less than 0.05.

CONCLUSIONS
Illness prompts a wife's need for information, which supports findings of earlier research.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Wives have a wide range of information needs. Assessing education needs and the degree to which they are met can guide nurses in restructuring education. Support and guidance regarding more difficult issues, such as fatigue and sexual activity, can decrease barriers to communication. Using a multimodality approach to education, constantly reassessing needs, and encouraging questions are imperative.


Background Anal intercourse (AI) is a risk factor of HIV/HPV infection and anal cancer. However, heterosexual AI practises are ill-understood. Our objective was to understand the level and heterogeneity in AI among heterosexual youth Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed was searched for studies reporting heterosexual AI among the general population with a mean age < 25 years published 1975–2012. Meta-analysis and meta-regression were used where appropriate to summarise estimates and test whether continent, survey year, mean age and interview method explained variation in AI prevalence among sexually active and all youth. Results 110 eligible studies were identified from North America (n = 75), Europe (14), Africa (13), Latin America (4) and Asia (4). Studies of AI prevalence over lifetime (n = 66) and 3 months (n = 16) only are reported here. Both lifetime and three-month AI prevalence estimates were too heterogeneous to pool (I2 > 90%). Lifetime AI prevalence was 0.2%–55.7% and 0.0%–38.8% in sexually active and all youth, respectively. AI among all youth increased significantly (p≤ 0.05) with mean age. Among sexually active youth, interview method explained 12% and 47% of variation in AI prevalence in male/mixed gender samples, respectively. Higher prevalence was reported using more confidential methods. Lifetime prevalence increased significantly with survey year among all gender groups in Europe, but not elsewhere. Three-month AI prevalence was 5.1%–52.6% and 1.3%–22.7% in sexually active and all youth, respectively. Among all youth, mean age explained 76% and 80% of variation in female and mixed AI prevalence, respectively. Three-month prevalence increased significantly with survey year in sexually active female samples (all from North America). Conclusion AI is common among all young heterosexual populations, with prevalence increasing in Europe and possibly among females in North America. It could therefore become an increasingly important determinant of HIV and HPV transmission.


Near-Infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is a useful tool for direct and on-site identification of rock mineralogy in spite of the difficulties arising in spectral evaluation, due to limited availability of spectral libraries at the time. Especially in the field, a functional methodology for the identification and evaluation if possible, of the geologic materials, is of interest to many researchers. However, several different parameters (such as grain size, color, mineralogy, texture, water content etc.) can affect the spectroscopic properties of the samples resulting in spectral variability. The subject of the present work focuses in various lithotypes (monzodiorite, diorite, altered diorite, actinolite schist, cataclasite, slate) from Kos Island, Aegean Sea, in Greece, all bearing hydrous minerals in various amounts. The evaluation of the results obtained from NIR spectroscopy offered important qualitative information about the mineralogy of the lithotypes examined. The important asset of the method is that no sample preparation was necessary. From the reflectance spectra, the NIRactive minerals that were identified include chlorite, micas, amphiboles and epidotes. Petrographic and mineralogic analyses were also employed in order to confirm the NIR results and provide more detailed information about the mineralogy of the samples, the grain size and the orientation of the minerals. Correlation of wavelength positions at ~1400 nm with loss on ignition (LOI) values led us to relate the various lithotypes in terms of their petrological affinities. NIR spectroscopy was proved to be a useful tool, especially for the mineralogic identification of rocks underwent lowto medium grade metamorphism, from greenschist to amphibolite facies.


In this thesis, we develop path integral localization methods that are familiar from topological field theory: the integral over the infinite dimensional integration domain depends only on local data around some finite dimensional subdomain.
We introduce a new localization principle that unifies BRST localization, the non-Abelian localization principle and the conformal generalization of the Duistermaat-Heckman integration formula.
In addition, it is studied if one can possibly derive a generalized Selberg's trace formula on locally homogeneous manifolds using localization techniques. However, a definite answer is obtained only in the Lie group case (we complete the work of R. Picken) in which it is an application of the Duistermaat-Heckman integration formula. Also a new derivation of DeWitt's term is reported.
Furthermore, connections between evolution operators of integrable models and localization methods are studied. A derivative expansion localization is presented and it is conjectured to apply also to integrable models, for example the Toda lattice.
Moreover, a pedagogical introduction to the localization techniques is given, as well as a list of selected references that might be useful for a beginning graduate student in mathematical physics or for a mathematician who would like to study the physical point of view to topological field theory and string theory.


Past attempts to visualize the internal structure of the spinal cord in vivo have been hampered by many factors, including the small size of the cord, the dense bony investiture of the spine, and the similarities of tissue densities from one region to another within the cord. Delayed CT is the imaging technique currently being used at our institution as an adjunct to iopamidol myelography to visualize the deep gray matter of the cord. This visualization is achieved by a poorly understood differential gray/white-matter enhancement, possibly due to either a shielding effect of the white matter as it envelops the gray matter, a differential absorption rate between gray and white matter, or a greater rate of reabsorption of contrast by the more highly vascularized gray matter. This method is not being advocated as a primary diagnostic technique due to the lack of reliability in providing successful results from section to section, from patient to patient, and from one time period of delay to the next. Instead, it is an initial attempt to image the basic, intrinsic structure of the spinal cord in vivo, which may herald a valuable advance in imaging methodology.


The Drosophila heart consists of two major cell types: cardioblasts, which form the contractile tube of the heart; and pericardial cells, which flank the cardioblasts and are thought to filter and detoxify the blood or hemolymph of the fly. We present the completion of the entire cell lineage of all heart cells. Notably, we detect a previously unappreciated distinction between the lineages of heart cells located in the posterior seven segments relative to those located more anteriorly. Using a genetic screen, we have identified the ETS-transcription factor pointed as a key regulator of cardioblast and pericardial cell fates in the posterior seven segments of the heart. In this domain, pointed promotes pericardial cell development and opposes cardioblast development. We find that this function of pointed is carried out primarily if not exclusively by the pointedP2 isoform and, that in this context, pointedP2 may act independently of Ras/MAPK pathway activity. We go on to show that the GATA transcription factor pannier acts early in dorsal mesoderm development to promote the development of the cardiac mesoderm and thus all heart cells. Finally, we demonstrate that pannier acts upstream of pointed in a developmental pathway in which pannier promotes cardiac mesoderm formation, and pointed acts subsequently in this domain to distinguish between cardioblast and pericardial cell fates.


With a simple and high-yield production method, a zinc-containing sustained-release composition capable of stabilizing a physiologically active protein or peptide, typically G-CSF by precipitation and retaining drug efficacy for several days in a living body owing to its sustained releasability is provided. Concretely, a zinc-containing sustained-release composition produced by forming a precipitate by mixing a physiologically active protein or peptide, a water-soluble zinc salt, a water-soluble carbonate and/or a water soluble phosphate aqueous solution. The zinc-containing sustained-release composition may be administered as a zinc-containing sustained preparation by adding a pharmaceutically acceptable additive as is necessary.


A systematic optical absorption study near the fundamental absorption edge was carried out on both amorphous and polycrystalline films of Stibnite in the temperature range 90-320 K. Films were grown using naturally occurring single crystals of Stibnite. The optical band gap of thermally evaporated films which have the stoichiometry Sb 43 S 57 was determined to be direct and temperature dependant. The band gap of amorphous phase at any temperature is considerably less than that of crystalline ones. The temperature dependence of band gap in both the cases agrees well with Varshni formula. The optical gap at 0 K for amorphous and crystalline films were determined by fitting experimental data to Varshni formula to be 1.95 eV and 2.13 eV with the temperature coefficient of band gap -8.72 x 10 -4 eV/K and -7 x 10 -4 eV/K respectively. We strongly believe that the band gap value depends on the sulphur content in the films. The films of thickness greater than 2000 A show interference pattern in the transmission spectra. The optical constants n and k were determined using the interference fringes in the wavelength range 600 - 900 nm for film thickness 2000 - 8000 A. In both cases n and k show thickness dependence.


A full relativistic detailed-level-accounting approach has been developed independently to deal with the detailed spectral line effects on the opacity of the third most abundant element in stars: oxygen. The atomic energy levels and the oscillator strengths of the radiative transitions between the energy levels are obtained by carrying out the full relativistic one-configuration Dirac-Fock calculations. The photoionization cross sections are obtained via an average atom scheme with a consideration for the splitting of the ionization threshold due to the ionization stages and the term-couplings. As an example, the spectra resolved opacities and the mean opacities of oxygen are calculated to show the importance of the detailed spectral line profiles with the density of the matter.


The Highland Border–Fair Head–Clew Bay–Baie Verte–Brompton Suture (Clew Bay Suture) on Achill Island, western Ireland is an E–W-trending zone of vertical, ductile dextral transpression bounding the southern edge of the Dalradian terrane. The Achill Dalradian, a sequence of coarse-grained psammite overlain by conglomerate, quartzite, schist and limestone, disposed in recumbent curvilinear folds, represents Laurentian continental margin deposits which were translated westward during deformation, parallel to the suture trace. Studies of fabric development and albite porphyroblast growth indicate that E–W dextral transpression and west-directed recumbent folding were synchronous, and are interpreted as separate expressions of the same NW-directed terrane impingement event. This process of terrane-docking was marked by a c.4kbar phase of decompression Within the suture, four separate terrane-slivers are recognized. The presence of pyrope-garnet and crossite-amphibole within two imply the Clew Bay Zone experienced sufficient displacement to exhume rocks from deep lithospheric-levels. In addition, the extensive retrogression and destruction suffered by these remnant high pressure mineral assemblages during the albite-generating transpressional phase, implies that ductile deformation was enhanced by the introduction of fluid into and along the suture zone during impingement.


Management of advanced or recurrent pelvic cancer has evolved dramatically over the past few decades. Patients who were previously considered inoperable are now candidates for potentially curative surgery and avoid suffering with intractable symptoms. Up to 10% of primary rectal cancers present with isolated advanced local disease and between 10% and 15% of patients develop localized recurrence following proctectomy. Advances in surgical technique, reconstruction and multidisciplinary involvement have led to a reduction in mortality and morbidity and culminated in higher R0 resection rates with superior longer‐term survival outcomes. Recent studies boast over 50% 5‐year survival for rectal with an R0 resection. Exenteration has cemented itself as an important treatment option for advanced primary/recurrent pelvic tumours, however, there are still a few controversies. This review will discuss some of these issues, including: limitations of resection and the approach to high/wide tumours; the role of acute exenteration; re‐exenteration; exenteration in the setting of metastatic disease and palliation; the role of radiotherapy (including intra‐operative and re‐irradiation); management of the empty pelvis; and the impact on quality of life and function.


Summary The Carboniferous system in the East Midlands is comprised of a limestone-shale series or a massive limestone (the Carboniferous Limestone) overlain by a cyclic sequence of sandstones, mudstones, seat-earths and coals (the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures). The geology is described briefly and modifications are made to correlations of the Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures in the light of recent studies of information obtained by deep drilling for oil. Most of the Carboniferous ground-waters discussed are saline with total concentrations ranging up to 246 000 mg/1. The concentration in all formations increases from the Eakring-Kelham Hills area towards Gainsborough, that is from SW to NE, and the variation in ionic content associated with this increase is discussed. The ground-waters are believed to have originated from the diagenesis of Carboniferous marine and brackish waters and possibly some Permian marine waters. They have probably been concentrated by argillaceous beds acting as semi-permeable membranes and it is suggested that the increase in the Ca/Cl and Mg/Cl ratios as the total ionic concentration increases is due to the selective concentration of calcium and magnesium ions by argillaceous beds. In the south-west and south of the East Midlands the saline water has been diluted, probably by meteoric water moving through the aquifers from the outcrop areas and discharging into Permo-Triassic rocks, where these overlie Carboniferous aquifers at depth in the south-east of the region.


Directed by Richard Boleslavsky, 1934; released on DVD, 2009.

It may seem strange to review a movie originally released more than 75 years ago, even as re-presented in the form of an 'archive collection' DVD. However, a film seen perhaps for the first time long after its original cinematic release by a contemporary audience with wholly different standards, expectations and values is not really the same film at all; and while the gender politics, uncritical attitude to medicine and the mainstream Hollywood production values of Men in White may now seem very dated, for viewers with a medical humanities interest the passage of time can yield fresh perspectives not readily available to the film's original audience.

Men in White , a full-on hospital melodrama adapted from a Pulitzer Prize-winning play by Sidney Kingsley and starring Clark Gable and Myrna Loy, is a classic Hollywood Golden Age movie in which, perhaps not altogether intentionally, medicine—or more precisely, the professional calling of medicine—takes centre stage and is even allowed to call time on the two co-stars' decidedly on–off romance. Under the benevolent but demanding guidance of his mentor Dr Hochberg (Jean Hersholt), Dr George Ferguson (Clark Gable), a brilliant young surgeon at St. George's Hospital, New York, devotes himself to saving the lives of his patients and to …


BACKGROUND
Maternal malnutrition can lead to low birth weight in babies, which puts them at risk of developing non-communicable diseases later in life. Evidence from developed countries has shown that low birth weight is associated with a predisposition to higher rates of non-communicable diseases later in life. However, information on this is lacking in developing countries. Thus, this work studied the effects of maternal nutritional indicators (hemoglobin and total protein) on birth weight outcome of babies to forecast a paradigm shift toward increased levels of non-communicable diseases in children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Mother-baby pairs were enrolled in this study using systematic random sampling. Maternal haemogblobin and total proteins were measured using micro-hematocrit and biuret methods, and birth weights of their babies were estimated using the bassinet weighing scale.

RESULTS
Of the 168 (100%) babies that participated in this study, 122 (72.6%) were delivered at term and 142 (84.5%) had normal birth weights. Mean comparison of baby's birth weight and maternal hemoglobin was not significant (P = 0.483), that for maternal total protein was also not significant (P = 0.411). Even though positive correlation coefficients were observed between birth weight of babies, maternal hemoglobin and total proteins, these were however not significant.

CONCLUSION
Maternal nutrition did not contribute significantly to low birth weight in our babies. Therefore, association between maternal nutrition and low birth weight to predict future development of non-communicable diseases in our study group is highly unlikely. However, we recommend further work.


Negative sequence currents are induced in the rotor of a turbine generator when there is imbalance in the three phase armature currents. By adopting surface impedance boundary conditions to represent the rotor steel, three dimensional finite element methods can be used to determine the effect of barriers to the current flow caused by transverse balancing slits and gaps between slot wedges or dampers, with realistic computational resources. Total loss is largely unaffected by these barriers but loss distribution may be modified by more than 10% from a model where they are ignored. The dampers play a vital role in reducing the total loss.


This paper explores the role of civic culture in expanding fiscal capacity by developing a model based on reciprocal obligations: citizens pay their taxes and the state provides public goods. Civic culture evolves over time according to the relative payoff of civic‐minded and materialist citizens. A strong civic culture manifests itself as high tax revenues sustained by high levels of voluntary tax compliance and provision of public goods. This captures the idea of government as a reciprocal social contract between the state and its citizens. The paper highlights the role of political institutions and common interests in the emergence of civic culture.


The traditionally wired automation infrastructure is quickly migrating to more flexible and scalable wireless solutions. To cope with the stringent requirements of process automation in terms of latency and reliability, the network resources must be optimized to ensure timely and reliable communication. This paper considers the joint routing and transmission scheduling problem for reliable real- time communication over lossy networks. Specifically, we impose a strict latency bound for packet delivery from source to destination, and devise optimal transmission scheduling policies that maximize the success probability of delivering the packet within the specified deadline. A solution to this problem allows to characterize the set of achievable latencies and packet reliability for a given network. We offer a complete understanding of the problem when erasure events on links are independent and follow a Bernoulli process. We consider both static and dynamic resource allocation policies, and compare them in numerical examples.


Author(s): Biwer, Matthew E | Advisor(s): VanDerwarker, Amber M | Abstract: In this dissertation I explore the complexities of culture contact and colonialism through the lens of daily foodways to evaluate cultural interaction and entanglements between disparate cultural groups. Focusing on provincial sites of the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600 – 1000) Wari Empire in the south-central Peruvian Andes, I incorporate macrobotanical and microbotanical remains to investigate not only how food was a medium through which Wari colonists and indigenous groups negotiated the colonial encounter on the Wari frontier, but also use food to interpret the nature of the contact. Plant presence, processing and discard activities, architectural features, and artifacts associated with household structures form the basis of analysis for characterizing site foodways. This examination of plant-based food activities informed my interpretation of Wari provincial cuisine and serves as a means to evaluate how cultural negotiations were experienced by both colonizer and indigenous groups on the frontier.A qualitative comparison of spatial patterns of archaeobotanical remains from three provincial Wari sites, including Cerro Baul in the Moquegua Valley, Quilcapampa in the Siguas Valley, and Hatun Cotuyoc in the Lucre Basin, serves as the foundation for developing provincial Wari cuisine. Similarities and differences in the patterning of plant remains and associations between plant types, site architecture, artifacts, and space, were identified at these provincial Wari sites. Although environmental factors, interregional trade, and local colonial entanglements likely limited the production and distribution of certain plants, I argue the identified foodways shared between the sites represent a collective Wari provincial cuisine. This provincial cuisine could have produced and maintained a cohesive Wari identity on the borderlands and frontiers of the empire.The Wari pattern of plant use at Cerro Baul was compared to those of the local indigenous Huaracane at the site of Yahuay Alta in the Moquegua Valley to determine if foodways may have served as a medium of culture contact. The plant data suggest that upon Wari incursion into the Moquegua Valley the Wari and Huaracane communities shared food traditions. Specifically, at Yahuay Alta (Huaracane site) I recovered large quantities of molle drupes (Schinus molle), a plant I assert is a primary element of Wari provincial foodways. I argue that during this period of Wari colonization and culture contact, the Huaracane adopted the Wari practice of brewing chicha de molle. Interestingly, the identified pattern of molle use at Yahuay Alta differs from the Wari sites, suggesting the indigenous Huaracane adopted the Wari practice of brewing chicha de molle but did so on their own terms by integrating the practice into an existing set of social, economic, and political organizations.The approach to culture contact and colonialism employed in this dissertation departs from previous studies by considering quotidian foodways as a salient element of cultural interaction in the past. From a regional perspective this research characterizes provincial foodways in the Wari Empire using the remains of daily household and public meals to further develop research of provincial identity and food production.


Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) type 2A is a rare inherited tumor predisposition syndrome, which is primarily associated with benign tumors of the blood vessels of the central nervous system and eyes and benign tumors of the adrenal gland, though renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can also be part of this tumor spectrum. Two large regional VHL type 2A kindreds have been assessed over decades at the University of Pittsburgh. Both kindreds have markedly high rates of adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, and almost no cases of RCC. By mutational analysis, each kindred has a separate disease-causing missense mutation of the VHL gene: Y112H (334 T to C) in Family 1, and Y98H (292 T to C) in Family 2. Both gene changes arise from a tyrosine to histidine substitution in exon 1 of the VHL gene on chromosome 3p25. Phenotypic expression in the family with Y112H (Family 1) has been described in the past, however the phenotype related to Y98H (Family 2) has not heretofore been described. Although these mutations are similar and occur within the same region of the gene, I hypothesize that there are differences in disease expression between the families, particularly related to pheochromocytoma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the phenotypic expression of VHL in these genotypically different VHL type 2A kindreds.Public Health Significance:Although VHL disease is clinically rare, the treasure trove of information provided by large VHL type 2A kindreds can help to clarify phenotype, penetrance, and survival patterns as well as further define surveillance algorithms.


Education, in and of itself, is neither irrelevant nor outmoded. However, the current need to educate a planetary citizenry under conditions relevant to the living context of our planet is palpable. A new education paradigm is emerging to address this need, and it takes its cue from the life sciences—biomimicry, ecosystem studies, permaculture and the like, and from the sciences of complexity—complex adaptive systems theory, second order cybernetics, social systems dynamics and the emerging field of systemic innovation. This article explores both the pressures for such a new paradigm of education, tracing their sources to contemporary dynamics in society and environment, and outlines of the new paradigm in education that is emerging in various parts of the world. Key to this new paradigm is the emphasis on lifelong learning and empathy oriented education, both critical ingredients to the transformative role of education for individual and collective thrivability. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Although administrators unanimously agree that the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) is underfunded, it is also unanimous that there are problems in the efficiency of expenditures management. From this perspective, this study assessed the health technical efficiency in the seven cities of the Rota dos Bandeirantes health region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2009 to 2012, through the Health Technical Efficiency Index. This index includes structure and results indicators, mainly from the goals and indicators agreement system, and it is collected from the database of the SUS Informatics Department. It was identified that only one city reached high health technical efficiency, while the other cities presented low efficiency. It was concluded that cities with higher income available and higher per capita expenditures achieved the best health indicator results and, therefore, better health technical efficiency indexes. However, some cities, even though small in structure, obtained better results than neighboring cities, which shows structure management efficiency. Thus, the resource represented an essential condition for efficiency, however not sufficient.


The reactivity of the pancreas in normal and in decapitated in utero fetuses from mothers with experimental diabetes was evaluated from the increased insulin secretion in vitro in response to glucose and theophylline. It was shown that B cells of the islet system in the pancreas of normal fetuses from animals with alloxan diabetes are capable to react to glucose from the 18th day of the prenatal life while those from normal mothers from the 21st day. Removal of the nervous and endocrine regulation centres in fetuses decapitated in utero leads to the loss of the sensitivity to glucose in fetuses both from normal and diabetic mothers.


Stakeholders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are concerned about the sustainability of the country's water system. The Ninth Development Plan (2009-2014) formulates a number of policy directives to make the water system more sustainable. Assessing whether these policies can improve the degree of sustainability of the water system is a challenge because it is linked with many economic sectors, and characterized by a high degree of uncertainty. Conventional techniques of assessing water system performance do not reveal system wide impacts of water system policies, either on the supplyor the demand-side. This paper presents an approach and some preliminary results in evaluating policies to assess their degree of sustainability. A multi-generational comprehensive wealth framework captures the notion of sustainability across the economy, which the analysis applies partially for water system assessment. By including uncertainty formulations in a system dynamics model, the analysis provides a risk-based view of water system performance showing that policy impacts under uncertainty are likely to be very different than those expected in deterministic planning scenarios.


Plasmonics is a rapidly developing field concerning light manipulation at the nanoscale with many potential applications, of which plasmonic circuits are promising for future information technology. Plasmonic waveguides are fundamental elements for constructing plasmonic integrated circuits. Among the proposed different plasmonic waveguides, metallic nanowires have drawn much attention due to the highly confined electromagnetic waves and relatively low propagation loss. Here we review the recent research progress in the waveguiding characteristics of metallic nanowires and nanowire-based nanophotonic devices. Plasmon modes of both cylindrical and pentagonal metallic nanowires with and without substrate are discussed. Typical methods for exciting and detecting the plasmons in metallic nanowires are briefly summarized. Because of the multimode characteristic, the plasmon propagation and emission in the nanowire have many unique properties, benefiting the design of plasmonic devices. A few nanowire-based devices are highlighted, including quarter-wave plate, Fabry-Prot resonator, router and logic gates.


Telemedicine consultations in remote intensive care units (ICUs) overseas were found to be effective in reducing mortality and hospital length of stay (LOS). In Australia, there were anecdotal reports of these clinical outcomes. This retrospective before and after study assessed the improvement in patient outcomes with the implementation of a telemedicine program in a regional high dependency unit. Daily virtual consultations were conducted between the rural facility and the intensivists at the regional centre. A total of 525 patients received intensive care support between 2010 and 2015. Hospital and High Dependency Unit mortality showed no evidence of significant differences between the telemedicine group and the baseline (relative risk 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99–1.06, P=0.25 and relative risk 1.00, 95% CI 0.98–1.03, P=0.67 respectively). The hospital LOS was lower in the baseline group by 1.5 days. There was no significant difference in High Dependency Unit LOS. To adjust for the covariates in LOS, log linear regression analysis was performed. The telemedicine intervention, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores and inter-hospital transfers were found to contribute significantly to hospital LOS. The most important result of the study was that the proportion of inter-hospital transfers was lower in the telemedicine group (relative risk 0.88, 95% CI 0.80–0.98, P=0.03) compared to baseline. This means that critically ill patients in our regional centre can continue to receive specialist care remotely through tele-ICU consultations thus avoiding the need for patient transport. However, further study is needed to establish the benefits and risks of telemedicine intervention in ICUs in Australia.


This special issue of Small Enterprise Research (SER) is dedicated to family business, a topic which, although sometimes mentioned in passing in the journal, has not previously been the subject of a special issue. A comparative lack of attention to the special nature of family firms is typical of business scholarship generally where the non-family (or widely-held) corporate form dominates both the business research literature and business education. Family business has also been slow to attract public policy attention, perhaps because family businesses are stereotyped as small, despite the international prominence of huge family-based enterprises such as Newscorp.


The ocean energy development is one of the main pillars of the EU Blue Growth strategy. However, while the technological development of devices is growing fast, their potential environmental effects are not well-known. The nascent status of the Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) sector and Wave Energy (WE) in particular, yields many unknowns about its potential environmental pressures and impacts, some of them still far from being completely understood. Wave Energy Converters' (WECs) operation in the marine environment is still perceived by regulators and stakeholders as a risky activity, particularly for some groups of species and habitats. The SafeWAVE project aims to improve the knowledge on these impacts trough an Environmental Research Demonstration Strategy based on the collection, processing, modelling, analysis and sharing of environmental data collected in WE sites from different European countries where WECs are currently operating (Mutriku power plant and BIMEP in Spain, Aguçadoura in Portugal and SEMREV in France) representing different types of technology, different types of locations and different types of project scales, therefore, different types and/or magnitudes of environmental impacts. As part of SafeWAVE project, environmental monitoring plans relative to electromagnetic fields, acoustics (noise), seafloor integrity and fish communities need to be put in place. In the case of fish communities, generally speaking, any artefact located in the sea may cause an attraction effect on fish communities, especially if it is floating. In the case of Marine Renewable Energy Devices, during the operation phase, in general, the placement of any artefact in the sea can result in an attracting effect on fish communities, especially if it is floating. In order to study this possible effect, fish communities monitoring around the Penguin WEC-2 of WELLO-Oy localized in BiMEP test site with the ITSASDRONE surface drone developed by AZTI was planned. The study was designed to carry out the tunning and conditioning of the ITSASDRONE and to discover the associations between WECs and fish aggregations. Penguin WEC-2 of WELLO was removed from BiMEP test site due to an alarm of leakage. Consequently, we decided to carry out the monitoring work around the HarshLab, a floating laboratory device constructed by Tecnalia and localized also in BiMEP test site. The study allows us to validate the ITSASDRONE as a viable autonomous vehicle for fish school monitoring. It still needs some technological improvement related to navigation system, but in general, the ITSADRONE meets the objectives for which it was conceived and could be an excellent monitoring technique due to its capacity to work remotely and in near shore areas. Schools of unidentified small pelagic fish were observed distributed throughout the water column, predominantly near the bottom in the device area. But, future studies are needed to further explore the association between WECs and fish aggregations. The aim of this communication is to show the work done by an autonomous marine surface drone, ITSASDRONE, in relation to fish monitoring in BiMEP area.


This paper demonstrated the feasibility of the adding roof on Ming Dynasty Castle in the Square City of the Ming Tomb. First, the structure composition of the existing ground in Square City and the wall of Ming Dynasty Castle was proved preliminary, through CT imaging of electromagnetic waves and on-site trench. Second by means of FEM, the stress and deformation of the wall load imposed were simulated. At last, the strain deformation of corridor in long period was monitored by grating sensors. It repeatedly demonstrated that the programs of adding roof on Ming Dynasty Castle can be achieved in the technology.


Information is the lifeblood of tourism, influencing individual motivation to travel. Whilst the WWW offers opportunities for information's ready supply and exchange there are often issues surrounding access to it, most notably, but not exclusively, for disabled users. This is the topic of web content accessibility. This paper assesses the accessibility of Australian, UK and US-based hotel-accommodation websites. Moreover, given the highinvolvement nature of the travel decision for disabled travellers, the study also assesses whether the information published meets the needs of the disabled. The study finds low levels of accessibility and little specific information that is likely to meet the needs of some disabled consumers. It concludes that organisations are a long way from meeting competitive, legal and technological imperatives for accessibility.


Inhibition of angiogenesis is a useful strategy to prevent cancer growth by targeting new vessels that grow to nourish actively proliferating tumor cells. Endothelial cells can use a number of different pathways to cause angiogenesis, and each step in these pathways can be targeted. The use of multi-targeted drugs is gaining much importance in this scenario. Our previous results have shown that chebulagic acid (a benzopyran tannin present in the fruits of Terminalia chebula) has anti-angiogenic properties. Thus, this study was designed to examine the molecular mechanism for the anti-angiogenic effects of chebulagic acid. Results from our investigations using molecular docking studies and human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture suggested that chebulagic acid inhibits both GSK-3β-dependent β-catenin phosphorylation (an important mediator of VE-cadherin-β-catenin signaling) and VEGFR2 phosphorylation, which is an important step in VEGF signaling. Chebulagic acid inhibits angiogenesis by blocking both the VEGF-VEGFR2 complex and cell-cell contact dependent downstream signaling pathways.


The analysis of the network structure of the functional connectivity data constructed from fMRI images provides basic information about functions and features of the brain activity. We focus on the two features which are considered as relevant to the brain activity, the criticality and the constraint regarding energy consumptions. Within a wide variety of complex systems, the critical state occurs associated with a phase transition between distinct phases, random one and order one. Although the hypothesis that human brain activity is also in a state of criticality is supported by some experimental results, it still remains controversial. One issue is that experimental distributions exhibit deviations from the power law predicted by the criticality. Based on the assumption that constraints on brain from the biological costs cause these deviations, we derive a distribution model. The evaluation using the information criteria indicates an advantage of this model in fitting to experimental data compared to other representative distribution models, the truncated power law and the power law. Our findings also suggest that the mechanism underlying this model is closely related to the cost effective behavior in human brain with maximizing the network efficiency for the given network cost.


This work presents a study that used distributed language representations of test items to model test item difficulty. Distributed language representations are low-dimensional numeric representations of written language inspired and generated by artificial neural network architecture. The research begins with a discussion of the importance of item difficulty modeling in the context of psychometric measurement. A review of the literature synthesizes the most recent automated approaches to item difficulty modeling, introduces distributed language representations, and presents relevant predictive modeling methods. The present study used an item bank from a certification examination in a scientific field as its data set. The study first generated and assessed the quality of distributed item representations with a multi-class similarity comparison. Then, the distributed item representations were used to train and test predictive models. The multi-class similarity task showed that the distributed representations of items were more similar on average to items within their content domain versus outside of their domain in 14 out of 25 domains. The prediction task did not produce any meaningful predictions from the distributed representations. The study ends with a discussion of limitations and potential avenues for future research.


This paper extends the L1 adaptive control architecture from (Cao and Hovakimyam, 2006) to parametric strict feedback systems in the presence of unknown time-varying parameters and bounded disturbances, which are not required to have slow rate of variation. We prove that the L1 adaptive control architecture ensures guaranteed transient response for system's both signals, input and output, simultaneously. Simulations of a benchmark example conclude the paper.


San Francisco Marriott Hotel. San Francisco, California. March 2008. Copyright © 2008 Susan M. Frey Abstract: Archives, as repositories of information related to a person or community, can reveal much about a society"s character. As repositories of select information, archives serve an important social function. Since the information they contain is "worth knowing" they are enculturative. In dystopian societies exploitation of the people is often achieved by controlling information. What data is collected, how and where it is stored, how and by whom it is managed and disseminated, and how it is officially interpreted figures largely in issues of propaganda, censorship, and privacy. Our data can become so internalized into our collective consciousness that we often interpret ourselves as artifacts of information, such as when our body art (i.e. tattoos) tells our personal story. In fiction we push this concept to the point that the human body becomes a literal archive. In Fahrenheit 451 (1966), Johnny Mnemonic (1995), and The Final Cut (2004) human beings are used as information repositories. Examining what information they preserve is as important as asking why their bodies become archives in their societies. The protagonists in these films attempt to manipulate the societal mechanisms that subjugate and dehumanize the citizenry by taking control of the data that is embedded in their own personhood. This act of rebellion not only serves a political function, but also becomes an act of personal transformation, a search for the nature of truth, and a re-examination of what it is that is "worth knowing". How the characters in these films are alternately damaged and empowered by being turned into human archives is examined in an effort to expose different epistemological models and ways of coping with identity.


Genetic algorithm (GA) is applied for the estimation of two-peaked analytically extended function (2P-AEF) parameters in this paper. 2P-AEF is used for approximation of measured and typical lightning discharge currents. Lightning discharge channel is often modeled as thin-wire vertical antenna at perfectly conducting ground. Engineering lightning stroke models assume that the current along that channel is related to the channel-base current which may be measured at the instrumented tall towers and in triggered lightning experiments. Mathematical modeling of lightning currents is important in verification of lightning strokes models based on simultaneously measured electromagnetic fields at various distances, so as in lightning protection studies, computation of lightning induced effects and simulation of overvoltages in power systems. Typical lightning discharge currents of the first positive, first negative, and subsequent negative strokes are defined by IEC 62305 Standard based on comprehensive measurements. Parameters of 2P-AEF's approximation of the typical negative first stroke current are determined by GA and compared to approximations obtained by other functions. Measured currents at Monte San Salvatore in Switzerland, at Morro de Cachimbo Station in Brazil, and in rocket-triggered lightning experiments at Camp Blanding in Florida are approximated by 2P-AEFs, and good agreement with experimentally measured waveshapes is obtained.


The surface hardening of steel components makes it possible to achieve high abrasive wear resistance without the necessity of hardening the entire cross-section of a given element. As a result, lower stress are introduced and the cost of the process can be reduced. Because of very high heating rates (of up to 10⁹ K/s) as well as the ease of dynamic deflection and focusing, the use of the electron beam to harden component surfaces enables the obtainment of surface layers characterised by required properties. This article constitutes an overview of publications concerning electron beam-based surface hardening.


Background: Different forms of reward systems have been more common in Sweden and are used in purpose to motivate employees to work in accordance with a company's goals. By creating work motivation among the employees, a more congruent situation can appear between them and the managers, and the company can perform better results. Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to study and analyse a reward system from the employees perspective, regarding it's affect on work motivation. Demarcation: Salary and reward are two different kinds of incitement and we will only focus on rewards that are received beyond the ordinary salary. We will also demarcate the thesis to focus on bonussystem as a form of reward system. Research method: We have carried out interviews with a person who represent the trade union and with three employees who represent the three different departments at the company. Interviews have also been made with the person who is responsible for the company's reward system at Ostgota Brandstodsbolag. Result: The study shows that a reward system founds to be very positive among employees, due to that it is an extra compensation that can be received beyond the salary. A reward system is motivating when the employee gives the opportunity to influence the goals and measures. Communication is also of great importance to cause work motivation among employees.


Social network sites like MySpace and Facebook serve as "networked publics." As with unmediated publics like parks and malls, youth use networked publics to gather, socialize with their peers, and make sense of and help build the culture around them. This article examines American youth engagement in networked publics and considers how properties unique to such mediated environments (e.g., persistence, searchability, replicability, and invisible audiences) affect the ways in which youth interact with one another. Ethnographic data is used to analyze how youth recognize these structural properties and find innovative ways of making these systems serve their purposes. Issues like privacy and impression management are explored through the practices of teens and youth participation in social network sites is situated in a historical discussion of youth's freedom and mobility in the United States.


The purpose of this project was to undertake a consolidated comprehensive review of the Florida Department of Transportation Transit Corridor Program. Technical Memorandum Number One provides a summary of all transit corridor projects either under way or beginning on July 1, 1993 through December 31, 1999. Technical Memorandum Number Two provides an examination of the relative successes or weaknesses of the projects undertaken. Technical Memorandum Number Three provides specific recommendations for both procedural and programmatic changes to the Transit Corridor Program.