OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of antidepressants and pilocarpine on the quantity of myoepithelial cells and on the proliferation index of the epithelial cells of rat parotid glands. INTRODUCTION: Hyposalivation, xerostomia, and alterations in saliva composition are important clinical side effects related to the use of antidepressants. METHODS: Ninety male Wistar rats were allocated to nine groups. The control groups received saline for 30 (group C30) or 60 days (group C60) or pilocarpine for 60 days (group Pilo). The experimental groups were administered fluoxetine (group F30) or venlafaxine for 30 days (group V30); fluoxetine (group FS60) or venlafaxine (group VS60) with saline for 60 days; or fluoxetine (group FP60) or venlafaxine (group VP60) with pilocarpine for 60 days. Parotid gland specimens were processed, and the immunohistochemical expression of calponin and proliferating cell nuclear anti-antigen on the myoepithelial and parenchymal cells, respectively, was evaluated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey HSD and Games-Howell tests were applied to detect differences among groups (p<0.05). RESULTS: Compared with the controls, chronic exposure to antidepressants was associated with an increase in the number of positively stained cells for calponin. In addition, venlafaxine administration for 30 days was associated with an increase in the number of positively stained cells for proliferating cell nuclear anti-antigen. Fluoxetine and pilocarpine (group FP60) induced a significant decrease in the number of positively stained cells for calponin compared with all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The number of positively stained cells for calponin increased after chronic administration of antidepressants. The proliferation index of the epithelial cells of rat parotid glands was not altered by the use of antidepressants for 60 days.


AIMS
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) induce beneficial effects on the heart, but the mechanisms through which these effects are operated are not completely clarified yet. Among others, cardiac diseases are often associated with increased levels of cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF), that cause degeneration and death of cardiomyocytes. The present study has been carried out to investigate (i) the potential anti-apoptotic effects induced by the n-3 polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid (ALA) in experimental models of cardiac diseases characterized by high levels of TNF, and (ii) the potential role of caveolin-3 (Cav-3) in the mechanisms involved in this process.

METHODS AND RESULTS
An ALA-rich flaxseed diet, administered from weaning to hereditary cardiomyopathic hamsters, prevented the onset of myocardial apoptosis associated with high plasma and tissue levels of TNF preserving caveolin-3 expression. To confirm these findings, isolated neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were exposed to TNF to induce apoptosis. ALA pre-treatment greatly enhanced Cav-3 expression hampering the internalization of the caveolar TNF receptor and, thus, determining the abortion of the apoptotic vs. survival cascade.

CONCLUSION
This study unveiled the Cav-3 pivotal role in defending cardiomyocytes against the TNF pro-apoptotic action and the ALA capacity to regulate this mechanism preventing cardiac degenerative diseases.


The paper deals with the CRM performance measurement in the banking sectors of Serbia, Greece and India, using the integrated BSC and the customized ANP-BOCR approach. The BSC is used to develop and identify key financial and non-financial indicators attempting to holistically consider all related aspects on successful application of customer relationship management in banking. The customized ANP-BOCR model aims to prioritize the corresponding indicators to obtain more realistic performance results through the controlled hierarchy in the BOCR model. This study extends and deepens the performance measurement methodology based on the ANP-BOCR model and introduces a novel approach that is based on measuring scale customization, aiming at overcoming the major disadvantage of the original ANP-BOCR method which refers to the pair-comparison process. Thus, it provides a simple, efficient and effective way of data collection in geographically distant territories. The research findings depict poorly developed aspects of CRM in banking, that is, those indicators that may require further improvement to achieve outstanding organizational performances. Finally, the study shows that the applied methodological approach can be useful for benchmarking purposes in geographically distant territories, which further implies facilitating of strategies development towards achieving excellence in business. This paper can contribute to strategic management, financial management, innovation management, IT management and business decision-making in service organizations.JEL Classification: G21, L25, M20, C44, C83


Southwest Georgia has among the richest mussel assemblages in the world. The Chickasawhatchee Wildlife Management Area (WMA), location of the second largest swamp in Georgia, and the Elmodel WMA have recently been placed into permanent conservation status (+15,000 acres) providing an opportunity for the management of mussels. In 2001, 16 locations within the WMAs were surveyed for mussels using visual and tactile methods. Nine species were found with one being very rare (Alasmidonta triangulata) and another federally endangered (Lampsilis subangulata ). Mussel densities were much lower than those found in nearby streams, which may be due to prior land use and historical droughts. During the spring of 2003, we plan to relocate three mussel species (Elliptio complanata , E. crassidens, Villosa vibex) that serve as surrogates for endangered species. Their survivorship will be observed for two years; in addition, water quality and hydrology will be monitored. We hope that with the development of relocation methods and identification of suitable habitat, populations of endangered species can eventually be established within the WMAs.


Learners engaged in synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) work collaboratively to construct knowledge by providing each other with implicit and explicit feedback. In addition to its value in encouraging learners to make modifications toward target-like forms, the implicitness or explicitness of the feedback provides a means to understand the individual learner's language development (Aljaafreh & Lantolf, 1994). Being that microgenetic growth results from learners who provide each other with gradual and contingent help in face-to-face interactions (Ohta, 2000), it would be of interest to learn if such gradual and contingent help appears in SCMC with the same positive effects. Thus, this study explores two questions: (a) To what extent do learners in SCMC engage in similar patterns of assistance to those used in face-to-face interactions between students? (b) To what extent does microgenetic growth occur as a result of learner-learner interactions? For this study, two full classes of Intermediate Spanish I students were selected. Students were placed in pairs (plus two triads) and participated in a series of tasks as a part of their assigned class work. The researcher analyzed the discussion transcripts, identified different moments of assistance, and examined the data for instances of microgenetic growth. The results of this study suggest that, although learners did indeed provide each other with gradual and contingent feedback and, in some instances, showed microgenetic growth, neither were as apparent as those found in face-to-face interactions.


Previous studies on capital structure in Pakistan have reported evidence in support of the pecking order theory. However, this evidence is largely based on testing one dimensional relationship between leverage ratios and firms' profitability. The objective of this paper is to extensively test the pecking order theory in Pakistan with well-known pecking order testing models. Specifically, we use a sample of 321 firms listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2009 and test pecking order theory with models suggested by Shyam-Sunder and Myers, Frank and Goyal, Watson and Wilson, and Rajan and Zingales. Results of these models indicate that there exits only weak evidence in support of pecking order theory in Pakistan. However, strong support is found for pecking order theory when leverage ratios are regressed on profitability ratio, along with a set of control variables. This discrepancy in the results of the two sets of models needs further investigation, as well as care in interpreting the results of existing studies on capital structure in Pakistan. Our results show robustness even after controlling for possible profits understatements or weak corporate governance practices.


Abstract Purpose: To examine if individualised resistance training increases the daily physical activity of adolescents and young adults with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Method: Young people with bilateral spastic CP were randomly assigned to intervention or to usual care. The intervention group completed an individualised lower limb progressive resistance training programme twice a week for 12 weeks in community gymnasiums. The primary outcome was daily physical activity (number of steps, and time sitting and lying). Secondary outcomes included muscle strength measured with a one-repetition maximum (1RM) leg press and reverse leg press. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Results: From the 36 participants with complete data at 12 weeks, there were no between-group differences for any measure of daily physical activity. There was a likely increase in leg press strength in favour of the intervention group (mean difference 11.8 kg; 95% CI −1.4 to 25.0). No significant adverse events occurred during training. Conclusions: A short-term resistance training programme that may increase leg muscle strength was not effective in increasing daily physical activity. Other strategies are needed to address the low-daily physical activity levels of young people with bilateral spastic CP. Implications for Rehabilitation Progressive resistance training may increase muscle strength but does not lead to increases in daily physical activity of young people with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and mild to moderate walking disabilities. Other strategies apart from or in addition to resistance training are needed to address the low daily physical activity levels of young people with bilateral spastic CP and mild to moderate walking disabilities.


Motion planning in environments with multiple agents is critical to many important autonomous applications such as autonomous vehicles and assistive robots. This paper considers the problem of motion planning, where the controlled agent shares the environment with multiple uncontrolled agents. First, a predictive model of the uncontrolled agents is trained to predict all possible trajectories within a short horizon based on the scenario. The prediction is then fed to a motion planning module based on model predictive control. We proved generalization bound for the predictive model using three different methods, post-bloating, support vector machine (SVM), and conformal analysis, all capable of generating stochastic guarantees of the correctness of the predictor. The proposed approach is demonstrated in simulation in a scenario emulating autonomous highway driving.


At the 35th Cement and Concrete Science conference, we provided an example of how advances in computing power make atomistic modelling a viable approach for the study of chemical processes relevant to the construction industry. This paper describes developments of this work and how the combination of stable isotopes, atomic force microscopy (AFM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and atomistic modelling can provide new insights into the dissolution and carbonation mechanisms of lime. In this research AFM and atomistic modelling were used to investigate the dissolution mechanism of nano-sized Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) crystals. Experimental and computational results highlight differences in the solubility of {100}, {010} and {001} crystallographic faces. The {001} faces were shown to be the most stable. SIMS and Raman spectroscopy of 18O-labelled calcium hydroxide and computational techniques have allowed investigation of previously unknown details of the carbonation mechanism. Experimental results provide the first evidence of the theory proposed by Letolle and colleagues in 1990 regarding the formation of the carbonate ion (CO32-) by direct reaction of the hydroxyl ions (OH-) with carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in water. New insights into the transformation of meta-stable carbonates into stable phases in the first few minutes of carbonation are also reported.


Modelling complex concurrent systems is often difficult and error-prone, in particular when new concepts coming from advanced practical applications are considered. These new application domains include dynamicity, mobility, security, and localization dependent computing. In order to fully model and prototype such systems we propose to use several concepts existing in our specification language CO-OPN, like context, dynamicity, mobility, subtyping, and inheritance. CO-OPN (concurrent object oriented Petri net) is a formal specification language for modelling distributed systems; it is based on coordinated algebraic Petri nets. We focus on the use of several basic mechanisms of CO-OPN for modelling mobile systems and the generation of corresponding Java code. A significant example of distributors accessible through mobile devices (for example, PDA with Bluetooth) is fully modelled and implemented with our technique.


Important information is contained in the scene changes observed by temporal image sequences. The generation of the map containing the targets in multitemporal high resolution hyperspectral images is not an easy task. The problematic is the detection of "risk" targets like cars, tracks, work area, in situation of observations in different illumination conditions and strong background clutter. Nowadays, one of the requirements of the systems capable to identify targets of interest, is to have a reasonably large number of pixels on targets, and there are many types of changes which could be important, and it is often not possible to obtain a large number of pixels on them. Some examples could be cars or persons. The creation of the archive catalogues or scene understanding paradigms are based on the primitive feature extraction. It has not been considered as relevant external knowledge in order to implement a robust and general method to identify targets and reject non interesting changes independent of the data set. For this reason, the requirements on data pre-processing are realistic, i.e. the primitive feature shall be generic such that by different combinations is able to describe a large variety of changes and the data could be expected to be acquired from a satellite sensor in an operational system. The article presents a library of algorithms for characterization of scene changes. There are three kinds of changes: those representing the targets, those non interesting changes, also called false alarms, that correspond mostly to shadows, and finally, the changes due to strong clutter on the scenes. In the article are introduced firstly some unsupervised techniques for target detection. These are based on the extraction of the basic image primitives as spectral signatures or texture parameters, on the analysis of the spectral bands applying different operations between them, as sums, differences, ratios or even temporal escalar product, and also on the analysis of the principal components. Because of the nature of the sites, it is searched for other techniques more related with the composition of color of each band as vegetation indexes that could help in target detection. Following this approach, illumination invariant indexes are developped in order to detect the strong false alarms. Finally, the different algorithms are combined to optimize the final results. However, images can not only contain the quantitative and objective information obtained by unsupervised algorithms, but also subjective based on knowledge. The knowledge consists in the ensemble of existing information, know causalities and other type of associations between information and concepts. Knowledge-driven Information Mining System (KIM) is built in order to formalize the knowledge acquisition and the knowledge driven interpretation. It provides solutions how to access to large image data sets through information mining, and content based image retrieval. In the system, the user-defined semantic image content interpretation is linked with Bayesian networks to the completely unsupervised models. The meaning of image objects or structures is obtained by an interactive learning process fusing the relevant information extracted from the sensor image data set. A right combination of models and a good interaction by the user with the system goes to a clear detection of the targets.


The grave threat posed by the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone (EPGFZ) and other fault systems on the Tiburon Peninsula in southern Haiti was highlighted by the catastrophic M 7.0 Léogâne earthquake on 12 January 2010 and again by the deadly M 7.2 Nippes earthquakes on 14 August 2021. Early Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations suggest the 2021 earthquake broke structures associated with this fault system farther west of the 2010 event, but the rupture zones of both events are separated by a ∼50 km gap. This sequence provided the impetus to reconsider a nineteenth century earthquake that may have occurred within this gap. Though previous studies identified a single moderately large event on 8 April 1860, original sources describe a complex and distributed seismic sequence to the west of Port-au-Prince. These provide evidence for an initial event to the west of Les Cayes, on the southern coast of the Tiburon Peninsula. This was followed on the morning of 8 April 1860 by a damaging earthquake near l'Anse-à-Veau along the northern coast of the peninsula, which was succeeded 14 hr later by a larger mainshock to the east. Although locations cannot be determined precisely from extant macroseismic data, our preferred scenario includes an intensity magnitude (MI)∼6.2 foreshock, followed by an MI∼6.8 mainshock wholly or partially on the EPGFZ to the east of the foreshock. Our results suggest that, although earthquakes tend to trigger subsequent earthquakes on immediately neighboring fault segments, sequences can include gaps due to strain release by poorly characterized earthquakes in the historic past. We also document 83 aftershocks to the 1860 earthquake sequence, including a previously unknown damaging shock, estimated MI∼6.6, on 10 April 1860 near Jérémie, farther west of l'Anse-à-Veau.


The complex mechanisms by which turbulence is generated in the wake of non-connecting perpendicular cylinders and bars immersed in a uniform airflow have been investigated by undertaking a wind tunnel study. The effects, upon both the flow around each member in the configuration and the fluid motion in the near wake, of changes in the member spacing were assessed, and in this respect a critical separation distance has been identified. It was found that the overall flow field created by the perpendicular geometry can be divided into an inner region of highly disturbed conditions and an outer region of quasi two dimensional flow. The characteristics of the turbulent inner region were ascertained from comprehensive measurements of surface pressures, mean velocities, flow vorticity, and turbulence parameters including intensities, length scales, spectral energies and kinetic energies. The results revealed that, with regard to both section types, two fundamental regimes are possible, and that these are separated by a critical member spacing of three diameters/section depths. When the spacing is below this critical value the mechanism of turbulence generation is dominated by a pair of horseshoe vortices which develop around the centre of the downstream span. At the critical spacing, these horseshoe vortices are replaced by weaker longitudinal trailing vortices which persist over the range of spacings examined up to ten diameters/ section depths. Although the general characteristics of these mechanisms are similar in the case of both the perpendicular cylinders and perpendicular bars, the precise nature of each regime was found to be dependent upon section type. In addition, during the course of this research it was necessary to design and construct electronic equipment incorporating a dual channel analogue to digital conversion process. This enabled the simultaneous acquisition of data from two hot-wire anemometers for the purpose of obtaining spatial correlation coefficients.


In this work, we analyze the mean-square performance of different strategies for distributed estimation over least-mean-squares (LMS) adaptive networks. The results highlight some useful properties for distributed adaptation in comparison to fusion-based centralized solutions. The analysis establishes that, by optimizing over the combination weights, diffusion strategies can deliver lower excess-mean-square-error than centralized solutions employing traditional block or incremental LMS strategies. We first study in some detail the situation involving combinations of two adaptive agents and then extend the results to generic N -node ad-hoc networks. In the latter case, we establish that, for sufficiently small step-sizes, diffusion strategies can outperform centralized block or incremental LMS strategies by optimizing over left-stochastic combination weighting matrices. The results suggest more efficient ways for organizing and processing data at fusion centers, and present useful adaptive strategies that are able to enhance performance when implemented in a distributed manner.


Complexes of Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) with Schiff bases derived from condensation of substituted salicylaldehyde and 1-amino-2-mercapto-5-alkane-1,3,4-triazole, have been prepared. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibilities measurements, IR, NMR, electronic and ESR spectral data. On the basis of these studies, octahedral geometries have been assigned for these complexes.


In modern gas turbines or jet engines, the ingestion of hot gas through the hub-side gap between rotor and stator blades has to be prevented successfully in order to shield the turbine discs from high temperatures. For this purpose, compressor air is fed into the rotor-stator wheelspace. There it purges and hence seals the unavoidable gap between the rotor and the stator row which is referred to as the
rim seal.

In general, this so-called purge flow has detrimental effects. On the one hand, it does not fully contribute to the thermodynamic cycle of the engine. On the other hand, it spoils the main flow aerodynamics when it re-enters into the turbine. To reduce these detrimental effects and minimise the necessary amount of purge flow, a detailed understanding of the interaction between purge and main annulus flow
is necessary. For this purpose, this topic has been investigated by several projects.

Whereas in most of these projects the interaction between purge and main annulus flow has been investigated upstream of a rotor row in a high pressure turbine, in this thesis the purge flow injection upstream of the stator row of a low pressure turbine is examined. This aims to broaden the general understanding of the interaction
between purge and main annulus flow. Furthermore, a comparison of the effects upstream of a rotor row and upstream of a stator row is carried out.

For this investigation numerous experiments have been conducted during the EU Project MAGPI using the Large Scale Turbine Rig (LSTR) at Technische Universitat Darmstadt. This test rig is equipped with different measurement techniques, including pressure taps, 5-hole probes, PIV and a tracer gas system. In their combination these measurement techniques offer the possibility to study the purge flow induced effects in great detail.

The measurements reveal a significant influence of purge flow on the flow field within the main annulus and the rim seal. With increasing purge flow, a negative incidence develops at the stator row. This increases the crossflow within the passage and amplifies secondary flows. In addition to this amplification of secondary flows, which is generally similar to results observed for purge flow injection upstream of a rotor row, a significant influence of the purge flow delivery is observed. Especially in low pressure turbines, the purge flow is often supplied through discrete holes in the rotor drum. At sufficiently high pressure ratios, the purge flow may leave these holes in the form of discrete jets. These so-called drive arm hole jets are examined to influence the flow field in the rim seal significantly in the current configuration. That is, they form a purge flow filled vortex in the rim seal, which suppresses the
typical flow structure. In addition, these jets promote hot gas ingestion.

Overall, the method of the purge flow delivery is assessed to play a significant role on the effects caused by purge flow injection. Furthermore, the flow field measurements yield a detailed insight into the interaction between purge and main annulus flow.

Based on the results examined in this thesis, two different design proposals havebeen elaborated, which aim to reduce losses and hence increased the efficiency of the turbine


ABSTRACT The water vapour line-broadening (γ) and shift (δ) coefficients for 310 lines of 10 vibrational bands ν1, ν3, 2ν2, ν1+ ν2, ν2+ ν3, 2ν2 +ν3, 2ν1, ν1+ ν3, 2ν3 and ν1 +2ν2 induced by argon pressure were measured with a Bruker IFS HR 125 spectrometer. The measurements were performed at room temperature, at the spectral resolution of 0.01 cm–1 and over a wide pressure range of Ar. The calculations of the broadening coefficients γ and δ were performed in the framework of the semi-classical method. The intermolecular potential was taken as the sum of the atom–atom potential and the vibrationally and rotationally dependent isotropic induction+dispersion potential. The measured γ and δ were combined with literature data for the ν2 and 3ν1+ν3, 2ν1+2ν2+ν3 vibrational bands, and the optimal sets of potential parameters that gave the best agreement with the measured broadening coefficients for each vibrational band separately were found. Then, combined experimental data of 13 vibrational bands of H2O perturbed by Ar were used to determine the analytical dependence of some potential parameters on vibrational quantum numbers.


The field test protocol required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for field efficacy determinations of experimental rodenticides subject to EPA product registration consideration was evaluated. The two population monitoring methods used to fulfill the EPA requirement of a dual system of evaluating pretreatment and posttreatment rodent population levels were nontoxic food consumption and nontoxic tracking dusts. In these field experiments, both monitoring methods used were designed to measure test-population activity levels (that is, the population density) rather than test population size (that is, the numbers of animals), as was required by the EPA protocol. The measure of population activity levels appeared to describe adequately the effects of the rodenticide exposure on the test populations. The required dual system of population monitoring and the required duration of the testing period appeared to be unnecessarily costly. A single population activity monitoring method and a shortened test duration would seem to be adequate for evaluation of the field efficacy of experimental acute rodenticide tracking powders.


Myoclonus dystonia (M‐D) syndrome is a heritable movement disorder characterized by myoclonic jerks and dystonia primarily of the upper extremities. M‐D remains poorly responsive to pharmacological treatment. Emerging reports suggest good response to DBS of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) of the thalamus. This study aimed to appraise the value of these two DBS targets by evaluating reports available in the literature. A systematic search of published case reports and case series was performed on Medline and Embase. Responses to DBS were evaluated. Myoclonus was assessed with the Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale (UMRS) and dystonia by the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden dystonia rating scale (BFMDRS). The primary outcome of interest was the relative improvements noted with GPi, compared to VIM stimulation. A total of 17 publications yielded 40 unique cases, with mean follow‐up of 27.2 months. All patients demonstrated improvements in myoclonus scores, with 93.5% showing at least a 50% improvement in UMRS. The mean improvement in myoclonus scores was 72.6%. In contrast, dystonia scores were improved in 87.9% of patients, with 72.7% reporting at least a 50% improvement in BFMDRS. The mean improvement in dystonia scores was 52.6%. Improvements in myoclonus scores were similar for both GPi (75.7%) and VIM (70.4%; P = 0.27). However, the improvements in dystonia scores were greater with GPi (60.2%), compared to VIM (33.3%; P = 0.03). Although both targets achieve similar improvements in myoclonus, GPi stimulation may be a preferred target because it may achieve greater improvements in dystonia, compared to VIM stimulation. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society


This chapter examines the lives of a set of five Chinese Buddhist deity figures in Liverpool Museum, from 1867 to 1997. The largest figure, an almost life-size bronze statue of the Goddess of Compassion, Guanyin, probably dates from the early fifteenth century. The other four – Wenshu, Puxian, Weituo and Guangong - are early-seventeenth-century creations. All five belonged to a temple on Putuo Island, off the east coast of China. For over a thousand years this was one of the most important Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the country, devoted to the worship of Guanyin. The statues were taken from their temple in the 1840s by a British soldier just after the First Opium War (1839-1842). Once transported to England, they appeared at the Great Exhibition in 1851, the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857, and were auctioned at Sotheby's two years later. After passing through the hands of antiquarian collectors, the Chinese statues were accessioned into Liverpool Museum in 1867, where they remain to this day (Tythacott, 2009 [90-97]).


THIS PHOTOGRAPH OF Mohandas K. Gandhi (October 2, 1869–January 30, 1948), dressed only in a loincloth and working at his spinning wheel on the deck of the SS Rajputana, was taken in 1931 as Gandhi traveled to London to attend a high-level roundtable conference with British officials.1 Gandhi was leader of the Indian National Congress and the major force in its drive for independence. He had already led successful non-violent civil disobedience and tax resistance campaigns against British rule, culminating in the 250-mile "Salt March" from Ahmedabad to the Indian Ocean at Dandi (March 12–April 6, 1930).2 After violently assaulting the marchers, the British imprisoned Gandhi and 60000 supporters. Because of adverse worldwide publicity, the British eventually released Gandhi and in March 1931 negotiated an agreement with him for the release of the remaining political prisoners in exchange for the suspension of civil disobedience. The British invited Gandhi to London in late 1931, supposedly to discuss the transfer of power. The conference disappointed Gandhi but provided him with opportunities to win popular support. In 1930, he had already been declared Time's "Man of the Year"; in 1931, he won over such leading figures in London as George Bernard Shaw, Maria Montessori, and Charlie Chaplin. His every move was followed closely by the press, and after an audience at Buckingham Palace, he was asked if he had felt underdressed. His widely reported comment, expressed with typical Gandhian wit, was, "The king had on enough for both of us."3(p258)

Gandhi's manner of dress and commitment to hand spinning were essential elements of his philosophy and politics. He chose the traditional loincloth as a rejection of Western culture and a symbolic identification with the poor of India. His personal choice became a powerful political gesture as he urged his more privileged followers to copy his example and discard—or even burn—their European-style clothing and return with pride to their ancient, precolonial culture.4 Gandhi claimed that spinning thread in the traditional manner also had material advantages, as it would create the basis for economic independence and the possibility of survival for India's impoverished rural multitudes.5 This commitment to traditional cloth making was also part of a larger swadeshi movement, which aimed for the boycott of all British goods. As Gandhi explained to Charlie Chaplin in 1931, the return to spinning did not mean a rejection of all modern technology but of the exploitive and controlling economic and political system in which textile manufacture had become entangled. Gandhi said, "Machinery in the past has made us dependent on England, and the only way we can rid ourselves of the dependence is to boycott all goods made by machinery. This is why we have made it the patriotic duty of every Indian to spin his own cotton and weave his own cloth."6(p48)

The image of the emaciated, almost naked, and obviously nonviolent Gandhi hard at work at his spinning wheel had an electric effect on millions in India and across the world. He was hailed as the father of Indian independence, and starting in 1931, his traditional spinning wheel became the primary symbol on the flag of the Provisional Government of Free India.

Figure 1

Mohandas K. Gandhi


Dr. Elaine C. L. Yang is an early career researcher and an enthusiastic teacher. She is currently employed as an associate lecturer in the Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University, Australia. Elaine's research interest mainly lies in the areas of gender studies in tourism, Asian tourism, solo consumers, tourist experience in general and innovative qualitative research methods. Elaine's works have been published in reputable journals, including Tourism Management, Journal of Travel Research, Current Issues in Tourism, and Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management. She is also the co-editor of two books – Asian Culture and Contemporary Tourism and Asian Youth Travellers: Insights and Implications, and the lead guest editor for a special issue for Tourism Management Perspective entitled "Redefining Asian Tourism and Hospitality". Elaine was awarded a PhD at Griffith University, Australia in 2017. Her PhD dissertation, "Risk-taking on Her Lonely Planet: Exploring the Risk Experiences of Asian Solo Female Travellers", explored the risk perceptions and negotiation strategies of Asian women who travel alone, and the implications of risk experiences in relation to the individuals' lives and the social world. Her PhD was conducted during the #viajosola (which means "I travel alone") movement and completed at the height of the #metoo movement. Her research made contributions to the discourse of women's safety by elucidating the meanings of risk for female travellers in the increasingly risk-conscious society as well as the complex power relations underpinning the contemporary tourism space. Her research provided important insights and practical recommendations to the tourism industry in catering to the solo female travel market in Asia, which is a rising yet underresearched market. Instead of writing a traditional thesis, Elaine's PhD was a collection of five publications. The dissertation consists of: (1) a systematic literature review to investigate the knowledge gaps regarding risk and gender research in tourism, (2) a narrative synthesis to bring together literature from various disciplines and in multiple languages to map the fragmented knowledge of Asian female travellers from the 17 th century and earlier up to the present day, (3) an autoethnography study of her own experience as a Asian solo female traveller, (4) an empirical paper to investigate the issues of power and empowerment in the risk experiences of Asian women, and (5) another empirical paper to investigate the gendered and Western-dominated tourism space from a feminist geography perspective. During her PhD candidature, Elaine was a visiting research student at four institutions – Copenhagen Business School, Surrey University, Bournemouth University and Kempten University, where she presented and defended her PhD research. She has proudly received several awards for her PhD research, including the Bill Faulkner Award for Best PhD Scholar's Paper at the 2016 Annual Conference of the Council of Australasian Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE), the Favourite Presentation at the 2016 Annual Conference of the Association for Tourism in Higher Education (ATHE), and the Winner of Twitter Pitch Contest in 2016 at Griffith University. Her PhD research was featured in the media ( https://tinyurl.com/ycnuh2kb ) and Traveltalk magazine. In her next phase of research, Elaine will continue to build her expertise in gender studies, solo consumers, and Asian tourism but at the same time, she is seeking to expand her research portfolio into other areas. She is currently working on a number of exciting projects with collaborators from Australia, Taiwan, Macao, and the United Kingdom. Some of these projects include gender representation and needs in business events, solo dining experience in a Chinese context, and tourism aesthetics and mindful tourist experience. At Griffith University, Elaine teaches a wide range of courses, including People and Places, Tourism Impact Assessment, Cruise Industry Management, and Tourism and Hotel Economic Analysis. She has a great passion for teaching and always look for innovative approaches, such as flipped classroom, active and reflective learning, and experiential learning (e.g. field trip), to enhance her students' learning experience. She has consistently obtained outstanding evaluation and commendation for her teaching performance. She also enjoys working with postgraduate students. She has completed an honour supervision where her student studied the meta-stereotype amongst Asian academics in the Australian tourism academy. She is currently co-supervising a PhD student who explores the wellbeing of child labour in tourism in developing countries, and a graduate diploma student who investigates women empowerment in the Saudi Arabian tourism industry. Elaine has been invited to deliver a number of mentoring workshops and talks for PhD students and sessional tutors. One of the most recent workshops was the "No-Supervisors-Allowed Secret Session: Dialogues with recent PhD Graduates" at the 2018 CAUTHE Conference. Elaine is actively engaged in a variety of service activities. She serves as an editorial board member in two academic journals – Tourism Management Perspectives and Annals of Leisure Research, and an ad hoc reviewer for a number of journals, including Annals of Tourism Research, Current Issues in Tourism, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Tourism Review, Hospitality & Society, and Anatolia. Elaine also has experience organising a conference where she served as the managing editor at the 12th Asia Pacific Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education (APacCHRIE) Conference. She is currently a member of CAUTHE and Tourism Travel and Research Association (TTRA). Because of her passion for gender issues, Elaine is also a volunteered administrator at Women Academics in Tourism (WAiT), which is a social media group created by her PhD supervisor, Dr. Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore in 2014 to raise awareness of gender equality in the academia and to facilitate gender-related discussion. As an early career researcher, her advocacy for gender equality and expertise in tourism gender research have been recognised by the international tourism academe as she was invited to speak on a panel on "Women, Children and Sustainable Futures" at the 2017 TTRA Asia Pacific Chapter Conference. She was also a co-facilitator of the "Beauty and the Abuse" workshop at the 2017 Critical Tourism Studies Conference. The aim of the workshop was to start a dialogue on sexual harassment in academia. Elaine earned an undergraduate degree in Geography from National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan, where she also received the Outstanding Academic Performance Award. She received a master's degree in International Hospitality Management and was awarded a "Very Honourable Pass with Congratulations from the Jury" from the University of Toulouse 2 Le Mirail, France. Her master's thesis, "Eat to Live or Live to Eat? A Cross-cultural ZMET investigation on Food and Eating Perception of Malaysian Chinese and Taiwanese" used an innovative visual-based method to elicit the subconscious meanings of food and eating in two Chinese societies. Her master's research was published in three journals and presented at several international conferences where she won a Best Paper Award. When she was travelling to a conference to present the research, she was drugged and subsequently robbed in a hostel. That incident motivated her to do a PhD on the risk experience of solo female travellers. In her free time, Elaine enjoys practicing aerial yoga where she can see the world from a different perspective hanging upside down. As a solo travel researcher, Elaine enjoys the serendipity of wandering alone in unfamiliar places. She also likes diving and seeing the beautiful underwater world.


Rotational dislocations of patella, which involve rotation of the patella around a horizontal or vertical axis are rare. These rotational dislocations of patella are diffcult to reduce by close methods. These dislocations can have associated osteochondral and retinacular injury. We report a case of a 20-year-old male who presented with swelling and pain in the right knee following a motor cycle accident. Radiological evaluation using the computed tomography revealed a patellar dislocation with a concomitant Hoffa fracture. Patella was rotated around the vertical axis and was incarcerated into the Hoffa fracture. This is a very rare injury and frst of its kind to be reported. The diffculties in diagnosis, mechanism of injury and management have been discussed. We feel closed reduction of such an injury is likely to fail and open reduction is recommended.


Immigrant small business (ISB) in Sweden has brought much attention to some researchers in the past decade. However, most of ISB researchers in Sweden are dealing with immigrants as a whole group rather than study them separately by regions or countries. It is hard to know the specific characteristics of ISB with different ethnic background. In this paper, I study one ethnic group, Chinese immigrant's, small business by case study approach, to answer the research questions: reasons of self-employment, factors of influencing start-ups and business growth. According to empirical findings, prosperity achieving, career changing, and migration are the three main reasons of self-employment; network and local language skill are the two key factors influencing Chinese ISB start-ups; good market opportunities, higher industry rivalry, shortage of successor, and lack of development ambition are the four factors influencing business growth. With the empirical findings, I examine the previous influential ISB theories, which include minorities theory, ethnic enclave economy, and mixed embeddedness. I find ethnic enclave and mixed embeddedness theories can explain some of empirical findings, but not all of them, which means Chinese ISB in Sweden has specific characteristics which need further investigation.


Design and optimization of vibrotactile codecs require precise measurements of the compressed signals' perceptual quality. In this paper, we present two computational approaches for estimating vibrotactile signal quality. First, we propose a novel full-reference vibrotactile quality metric called Spectral Perceptual Quality Index (SPQI), which computes a similarity score based on a computed perceptually weighted error measure. Second, we use the concept of Multi-Method Assessment Fusion (MAF) to predict the subjective quality. MAF uses a Support Vector Machine regressor to fuse multiple elementary metrics into a final quality score, which preserves the strengths of the individual metrics. We evaluate both proposed quality assessment methods on an extended subjective dataset, which we introduce as part of this work. For two of three tested vibrotactile codecs, the MSE between subjective ratings and the SPQI is reduced by 64% and 92%, respectively compared to the state of the art. With our MAF approach, we obtain the only currently available metric that accurately predicts real human user experiments for all three tested codecs. The MAF estimations reduce the average MSE to the subjective ratings over all three tested codecs by 59% compared to the best performing elementary metric.


Google Search and its algorithm have been subject to intense antitrust scrutiny from competition authorities both in the United States and around the world. Google's introduction of Universal Search in 2007 integrated specialized search results within a narrow category (for example, shopping or local businesses) with its customary "blue links." This integration led to objections that Google was engaging in "search bias," and thus foreclosing specialized search rivals to the detriment of competition and consumers. In this paper, we describe the precise nature of the anticompetitive claims against Google and develop an economic framework and empirical test to assess these claims. We rely upon our economic framework to offer insights for competition authorities to consider for future cases involving platforms and allegations of foreclosure and exclusion.


The earliest vertebrate ears likely subserved a gravistatic function for orientation in the aquatic environment. However, in addition to detecting acceleration created by the animal's own movements, the otolithic end organs that detect linear acceleration would have responded to particle movement created by external sources. The potential to identify and localize these external sources may have been a major selection force in the evolution of the early vertebrate ear and in the processing of sound in the central nervous system. The intrinsic physiological polarization of sensory hair cells on the otolith organs confers sensitivity to the direction of stimulation, including the direction of particle motion at auditory frequencies. In extant fishes, afferents from otolithic end organs encode the axis of particle motion, which is conveyed to the dorsal regions of first-order octaval nuclei. This directional information is further enhanced by bilateral computations in the medulla and the auditory midbrain. We propose that similar direction-sensitive neurons were present in the early aquatic tetrapods and that selection for sound localization in air acted upon preexisting brain stem circuits like those in fishes. With movement onto land, the early tetrapods may have retained some sensitivity to particle motion, transduced by bone conduction, and later acquired new auditory papillae and tympanic hearing. Tympanic hearing arose in parallel within each of the major tetrapod lineages and would have led to increased sensitivity to a broader frequency range and to modification of the preexisting circuitry for sound source localization.


SQL statements control the bi-directional data flow between application programs and a database through a high-level, declarative and semantically rich data manipulation language. Analyzing these statements brings invaluable information that can be used in such applications as program understanding, database reverse engineering, intrusion detection, program behaviour analysis, program refactoring, traffic monitoring, performance analysis and tuning, to mention some of them. SQL APIs come in two variants, namely static and dynamic. While static SQL statements are fairly easy to process, dynamic SQL statements most often require dynamic analysis techniques that may prove more difficult to implement. The goal of the paper is to identify and evaluate the most effective techniques for dynamic SQL statement analysis in data-intensive application programs. First, it describes the SQL API variants from the program architecture point of view. Then, it discusses some of the most important software engineering applications to which SQL statement understanding can be a significant contribution. A large range of analysis and processing techniques are proposed and the properties of each of them are evaluated. Finally, the applicability of these techniques to the software engineering applications is established. Two practical applications are presented and


Background. Azerbaijani mugham reflects the innermost creative music identity of the Azerbaijani heritage through one of the most complex forms of communication, the voice. Traditional performances of vocal mugham require improvisatory skills, possession of an extraordinary vocal range, and the ability to recite extensive poetry (ghazal), which are set to specific melodic modes. This paper explores the acoustic features of mugham, and is a part of ongoing research that investigates vocal production, performance practice, and the cognitive perception of Azerbaijani vocal mugham. It originated as part of a Master's thesis, and hypothesizes that the singer's formant is present in the sound of bam (low register singing) and zil (high register singing) in vocal mugham.   Despite the abundance of scholarly material focusing on mugham, little is known about the acoustic and physiologic properties of Azerbaijani vocal mugham, specifically how bam and zil are produced. This research fills the gap in understanding the vocal production, acoustic and physiologic aspects of this Ancient art form of vocal expression. Methods. It uses the Long Term Average Spectrum (LTAS) to investigate acoustic parameters, looking for common factors in the distribution of energy across frequency spectrums. It analyses the sound produced by five professional female Azerbaijani Mugham singers between the ages of thirty and fifty. Each singer performed the same piece, entitled "Mirza Huseyn Segahi." Excerpts were spliced. Duration was relatively similar for each singer in bam and zil. Minor differences in duration were the result of different improvisatory elements used by the singers. Instrumentation. The data gathered from each recording were analyzed using the Multi Speech Voice Analysis program (Kay–Pentax, Lincoln Park, NJ), Presser Voice Laboratory in order to investigate the contour of the acoustic spectrum. The analysis was performed on each singer's bam and zil singing samples, observing changes, or the lack of change, in the LTAS data. The LTAS data showed prominent peaks and valleys in five instances of ban for all five singers. It was possible to identify a singer's formant for all samples. Results. Although, Azerbaijani vocal mugham singing is different from classical opera, the presence of singer's formant was also evident in the sound of bam and zil of vocal mugham. Preexisting scientific acoustic analysis has looked for a singer's formant in various vocal styles, such as folk singing, country singing, and opera singing. Scientists, Johan Sundberg, in his research, "The Source Spectrum in Professional Singing; Articulatory Interpretation of the Singing;" and in "Level and Center Frequency of the Singer's Formant," explains that singer's formant is a particular acoustic phenomenon that appears as a result of the lowering of the larynx that in turn creates the conditions for a clustering of the upper formants. Sundberg writes, that this acoustic phenomenon is a prominent sound energy peak, which occurs as a result of the clustering of the third, fourth, and fifth formants. The strong spectral peaks that are identified as a singer's formant appear in the upper part of the acoustic spectrum, between 2.5 and 3.3 kHz, depending upon voice classification. Conclusions. Through the LTAS voice analysis, it was evident that Azerbaijani vocal mugham singers singing in bam and zil ranges employ the acoustic phenomenon of the singer's formant.  The vocal ranges, bam and zil, are not to be equated with a traditional classical understanding of registers. They mainly describe vocal tessitura, referring to the high or low range within the compass of a singer's voice. However, the fact that the singer's formant is present in the sound of the singers, singing in the low range of bam and in the high range of zil indicates that the positioning of the larynx is stable and low. This results in the clustering of the third, fourth, and fifth formants, comprising of the singer's formant. Keywords: Azerbaijani, mugham, singer's formant, bam, zil, voice science, acoustic parameters


The aim of this study is to describe and interpret discussions between teachers and children, in which the children are expected to solve problems through the use of art and form. One result is the identification of three ideal types of conversations, which I have named creative, reproductive and instrumental conversation. The cultural historical theory has been used as an analytical tool. That which I have chosen to call as the aesthetic position and the social position can explain different things because they focus on different aspects in the cultural-historical theory and refer to different social practices and discourses for learning.


It is now commonplace for complex physical systems such as the climate system to be studied indirectly via computer simulations. Often, the equations that govern the underlying physical system are known but detailed or highresolution computer models of these equations ("governing models") are not practical because of limited computational resources; so the models are simplified
or "parameterised". However, if the output of a simplified model is to lead to conclusions about a physical system, we must prove that these outputs reflect reality and are not merely artifacts of the simplifications. At present,
simplifications are usually based on informal, ad-hoc methods making it difficult or impossible to provide such a proof rigorously. Here we introduce a set of formal methods for generating computer models. We present a newly developed
computer program, "iGen", which syntactically analyses the computer code of a high-resolution, governing model and, without executing it, automatically produces a much faster, simplified model with provable bounds on error compared
to the governing model. These bounds allow scientists to rigorously distinguish real world phenomena from artifact in subsequent numerical experiments using the simplified model. Using simple physical systems as examples, we illustrate that iGen produces simplified models that execute typically orders of magnitude faster than their governing models. Finally, iGen is used to generate a
model of entrainment in marine stratocumulus. The resulting simplified model is appropriate for use as part of a parameterisation of marine stratocumulus in a Global Climate Model.


Severe ulcerative genital diseases can cause destruction of the prepuce, glans, or sometimes of the whole penis (phagedena). We observed a characteristic pattern of partial destruction of the prepuce as a result of a wide variety of ulcerative genital diseases. Five patients, two with severe genital herpes, one with hidradenitis suppurativa, and two with donovanosis presented with perforation on the dorsal surface of the prepuce. In four of them, the glans protruded through the defect and in one, the defect was not large enough to allow protrusion of the glans. In two patients, the preputial sac was obliterated. The relatively decreased blood supply of the prepuce is the probable explanation for perforation at this selective site.


A data-driven approach to solving the problem of excess water production was the focus of this study. In this research, several reservoir models were simulated for 26 years, and data obtained after simulation was used to develop two artificial neural network models to predict the water cut for various producers. The first 22 years of data obtained from simulation was used to train the first neural network model, and the model was then used to forecast the water cut for the last four years of production. The developed neural network model was able to accurately forecast the water cut for the last four years of production of a well, with a regression coefficient of 0.9985 and mean square error of 1.5985*10-. The second neural network model developed served a slightly different purpose. The model was developed to investigate its sensitivity to changes in reservoir conditions. Data used for training the second neural network model was obtained from the simulation results of a set of reservoir models, and the model was used for predicting well water cut of producers in a slightly modified version of those reservoir models. To investigate the sensitivity of the second model, the modified parameters included; permeability contrast, horizontal permeability, perforation interval of producers, the separation distance between an injector and a producer, and the initial aquifer pressure. The prediction by the second model was as good as the forecast by the first model and even better in some cases, indicating that the datadriven approach proposed in this work can serve as a technique for tackling the problem of excess water production in the oil and gas industry. Keyword: Artificial neural network (ANN), Reservoir simulation, Water cut prediction, water production


Variations of the antenna primary beam (PB) pattern as a function of time, frequency, and polarization form one of the dominant direction-dependent effects at most radio frequency bands. These gains may also vary from antenna to antenna. The A-Projection algorithm, published earlier, accounts for the effects of the narrow-band antenna PB in full polarization. In this paper, we present the wide-band A-Projection algorithm (WB A-Projection) to include the effects of wide bandwidth in the A-term itself and show that the resulting algorithm simultaneously corrects for the time, frequency, and polarization dependence of the PB. We discuss the combination of the WB A-Projection and the multi-term multi-frequency synthesis (MT-MFS) algorithm for simultaneous mapping of the sky brightness distribution and the spectral index distribution across a wide field of view. We also discuss the use of the narrow-band A-Projection algorithm in hybrid imaging schemes that account for the frequency dependence of the PB in the image domain.


In the literature in the field of cancer care, especially in the literature concerning national cancer control programmes, the terms governance and stewardship in/of cancer care are used, but usually not explained or defined. Therefore, we planned a systematic literature review in order to find the definitions of the terms governance and stewardship in/of cancer care. It was planned to create new definitions of the mentioned terms in case of unsuccessful finds. A literature review using PubMed, Google and MeSH as well as an opportunistic search for extra articles and chapters from books and grey literature was performed. Most of the found and analysed articles did not give exact explanation of the terms governance/stewardship in/of cancer care or they cited older articles (published before the year 2000) where the terms are used mostly in the field of clinical governance or in the completely other fileds, mostly banking, economy, religion or spirituality. Therefore, it was decided in the working group of experts from different European countries collaborating within in the work package Governance of integrated and comprehensive cancer care in the frame of the Innovative Partnership for the Action Against Cancer Joint Action project on cancer to create new definitions which we are presenting for the first time. The new definitions will facilitate the understanding of the leadership tasks in the area of cancer care and cancer control and will be particularly useful in the field of cancer programmes.


Multihoming, the practice of connecting to multiple providers, is becoming highly popular. Due to the growth of the BGP routing tables in the Internet, the way to get multihomed in IPv6 is required to allow route aggregation in order to preserve the scalability of the interdomain routing system. After several years of development, the IETF and the research community propose drastic changes in how site multihoming shall be achieved in IPv6. Those changes will potentially affect the fundamental multihoming mechanism, as well as intradomain routing, traffic engineering and even the behaviour of hosts within the multihomed site. This paper presents the required functionalities and the constraints imposed to the solutions to the IPv6 multihoming problem. It surveys the main multihoming approaches that have been proposed to the IETF over the period 2000 2005. It proposes a taxonomy, and compares the solutions according to their mechanisms, benefits and drawbacks. This survey also outlines the major steps that have led to a new multihoming architecture for IPv6.


Modeling tools are useful for basic understanding of power system, particularly for new engineers. Such tools help the new engineers to modulate the system under normal and faulty conditions. This paper presents the modeling and simulation of digital reverse power relay on MATLAB/Simulink®. Various data conversion steps in digitization of a signal are also discussed. In the past, electromechanical relays were commonly used, now such relays have been replaced with high accuracy and high speed digital relays. Fast operation of relay is desirable, particularly for such type of faults which could lead to system blackout. Digital relays offer other advantages also, in term of multiple variable settings and compact size. In this paper, the relay performance is tested on 11kV synchronous generator, connected with 220kV through a step up transformer.


Temperature is a primary factor affecting the rate of plant development; as the climate warms, extreme temperature events are likely to increasingly affect agriculture. Understanding how to improve crop tolerance to heat stress is a key concern. Wild plants have evolved numerous strategies to tolerate environmental conditions, notably the regulation of root architecture by phytohormones, but the molecular mechanisms of stress resistance are unclear. In this study, we showed that high temperatures could significantly reduce tobacco biomass and change its root architecture, probably through changes in auxin content and distribution. Overexpression of the OsPT8 phosphate transporter enhanced tobacco tolerance to high-temperature stress by changing the root architecture and increased the antioxidant ability. Molecular assays suggested that overexpression of OsPT8 in tobacco significantly increased the expression of auxin synthesis genes NtYUCCA 6, 8 and auxin efflux carriers genes NtPIN 1,2 under high-temperature stress. We also found that the expression levels of auxin response factors NtARF1 and NtARF2 were increased in OsPT8 transgenic tobacco under high-temperature stress, suggesting that OsPT8 regulates auxin signaling in response to high-temperature conditions. Our findings provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of plant stress signaling and showed that OsPT8 plays a key role in regulating plant tolerance to stress conditions.


This paper investigates the role played by endogenous money in models with interest-sensitive expenditures. In particular, it examines the impact of endogenous money on a baseline neoclassical model arguing against the frequently asserted claim that traditional neoclassical macroeconomics is compatible with endogenous money. It demonstrates firstly that endogenous money is a sufficient condition to render unstable a neoclassical model characterised by interest-sensitive expenditures, full employment and money neutrality. Secondly, it shows that the introduction of either money illusion on the part of workers or a Taylor rule governing monetary policy are alternative methods of stabilising models with interest-sensitive expenditures and endogenous money, though with different implications for the full employment and neutrality characteristics of the standard model. Thirdly, it raises questions about whether models which incorporate Taylor rules can be properly characterised as containing endogenous money and it provides an alternative interpretation of such models. The paper concludes by arguing that money supply endogeneity of the extreme or accommodationist type is of fundamental significance for the construction of a theory of long period unemployment but it identifies a set of remaining questions which need to be addressed in the advancement of this project.


BACKGROUND
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the combination of the ImmuKnow assay (IMK) and cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) genotype assay is useful for identifying the risk of morbidity and mortality in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) patients, and also to investigate the optimal cutoff value of IMK level of immune status.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sixty six LDLT patients, who were randomly screened by using IMK between March 2002 and June 2011, were divided into 2 groups: patients in whom at least 1 IMK value was <175 ng/mL (Group A, n=16) and patients in whom all IMK values were >175 ng/mL (Group B, n=50). Both donors and recipients were evaluated for the CYP3A5 genotype.

RESULTS
The frequencies of cytomegalovirus and bacterial infection in Group A were significantly higher than those in Group B (P<0.001). The short term mortality was 4 (25.0%) in Group A and none in Group B, and the IMK level in all four cases became <100 ng/mL at least one time before death. The rate of CYP3A5*1 allele (expressors) among recipients was significantly higher in Group A than in Group B (63.6% vs. 22.2%, P=0.0147). The rates of CMV infection and bacterial infection, and the IMK levels was significantly higher in recipients with expressors (p=0.0216, p=0.0332, and p=0.0433, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
The combination of the IMK and CYP3A5 genotype assay is useful for monitoring immune status after LDLT, and the IMK level <100 ng/ml might be the critical level to make a recovery from the severe immunesupressive condition.


Abstract This article explores how the asymmetric institutionalization of the United Kingdom's multinationality interacted with the COVID-19 pandemic. The UK's political elite has traditionally accepted the country's multinational character, but democratic institutionalization of it occurred relatively recently and in a remarkably asymmetric manner. Only the UK's minority nations possess devolved governments, while the largest nation, England, is governed directly from the center. This framework has consequences for the pandemic response. It has clarified the relevance of devolved legislatures, but also highlights continued resistance of the UK's governing elite to acknowledge the multi-level character of the state.


In this piece, we argue that an economy of publication and citations has emerged that not only changes the notion of what is deemed quality in educational research but also changes the incentives of us as researchers. With pressure on publishing in 'international' journals, education researchers are increasingly pushed to publish their research in the article format, and for many, in their second or third language (English). Additionally, we are to direct the research to an audience who might not at all be interested or knowledgeable about the context under scrutiny. With such pressure to publish in English-language journals, the question of who is allowed to publish and who is cited is of paramount significance. Based on our own empirical research on the adult educational research field as well as other bibliometric research, we propose that there is an 'Anglophone' bias in educational research. We end with a discussion on the implications of the current trend to publish in indexed English-language journals and suggest that 'Anglophone' as well as non-Anglophone scholars need to start citing other scholars than those from the dominating 'Anglophone' countries in order to further enhance knowledge and debate within education. The ultimate irony of the developments described in this piece is that the researchers from non-Anglophone countries actively engage in a publication game that underscores their own subordination.


In this work we present the results of an investigation to diagnose the issue of mathematical vocations in Primary Education, with special emphasis on girls in the third stage of Primary Education. The study uses a mixed and parallel focus qualitative and quantitative approximation on a sample of 172 girls and 168 boys between 9 and 12 years old from eight educational centers in the municipalities of Vigo and Pontevedra, Spain. The instruments used for data collection were a 28-question questionnaire, interviews and discussion groups on the perception, knowledge and assessment of different aspects related to the question of mathematical vocations and the importance of mathematics in life. We found that individuals recognize the usefulness and importance of mathematics, but not its realization in professional activity or in daily life, associating mathematics mainly with calculation. Moreover, there is a clear difference in self-concept in boys and girls with respect to mathematics, girls believe that they have more difficulties to work with the subject and they think that they are more difficult. Finally, a gender bias was found in the responses consistent with traditionally feminized professions. Furthermore, it was found that girls are more aware of the application of mathematics than boys and the need to develop activities that give visibility to the scientificmathematical role is confirmed.


Abstract. We use magnetic field and plasma observations from the Van Allen Probes, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system (GOES) spacecraft to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of long-lasting poloidal Pc4 pulsations in the dayside magnetosphere. The pulsations were observed after the main phase of a moderate storm during low geomagnetic activity. The pulsations occurred during various interplanetary conditions and the solar wind parameters do not seem to control the occurrence of the pulsations. The most striking feature of the Pc4 magnetic field pulsations was their occurrence at similar locations during three of four successive orbits. We used this information to study the latitudinal nodal structure of the pulsations and demonstrated that the latitudinal extent of the magnetic field pulsations did not exceed 2 Earth radii (RE). A phase shift between the azimuthal and radial components of the electric and magnetic fields was observed from ZSM  =  0.30 RE to ZSM  =  −0.16 RE. We used magnetic and electric field data from Van Allen Probes to determine the structure of ULF waves. We showed that the Pc4 magnetic field pulsations were radially polarized and are the second-mode harmonic waves. We suggest that the spacecraft were near a magnetic field null during the second orbit when they failed to observe the magnetic field pulsations at the local times where pulsations were observed on previous and successive orbits. We investigated the spectral structure of the Pc4 pulsations. Each spacecraft observed a decrease of the dominant period as it moved to a smaller L shell (stronger magnetic field strength). We demonstrated that higher frequencies occurred at times and locations where Alfven velocities were greater, i.e., on Orbit 1. There is some evidence that the periods of the pulsations increased during the plasmasphere refilling following the storm.


We report depiction of brain MRI lesions in a 33-year-old woman with multiple cranial neuropathies (II, III, V, VII, VIII, IX and X) due to neurosarcoidosis. She developed the right facial nerve palsy and vestibulopathy. MRI disclosed gadolinium-enhancement in the right geniculate ganglion and VIII cranial nerve. One week later, she had motor palsy of the left VII, IX and X cranial nerves, and hypoesthesia in the left V 2 and V 3 regions. Gadolinium-enhancing lesions were found in the bilateral IX and X cranial nerves, the pontine leptomeninges and the fourth ventricle. These neuroradiological hallmarks displayed that widespread basal meningitis and inflammation of the cranial nerves could contribute to the crucial pathogenesis of multiple cranial neuropathies in neurosarcoidosis. doi:10.4021/jnr47w


Determination of the DNA sequences corresponding to all 91 pneumococcal capsular biosynthetic (cps) loci (1, 3, 6, 9) has allowed serotype determinations from pneumococcal isolates and clinical specimens using conventional PCR assays (2, 4, 7, 8, 10). We developed sequential, multiplexed PCR schemes that resolve 33 serologic specificities, including 20 serotypes and 13 serotype subsets (4, 7, 8). We recently expanded the scheme to 40 specificities (www.cdc.gov/ncidod/biotech/strep/pcr.htm).

PCR primers targeted serotype-specific open reading frames within central portions of known cps loci (4, 7, 8). Subsequent information (1, 3, 6) revealed that we primarily targeted serotype-specific oligosaccharide repeat unit polymerases (wzy encoded), glycosyl transferases, and flippases (wzx encoded). Our serotype 19A primers, however, targeted the mnaA gene that encodes UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase (8). Although the mnaA sequence differs markedly among the 15 cps loci that harbor it (serotypes 19A, -B, -C, -F; 12A, -B, -F; 9A, -N, -L, -V; 4; 36; 44; 46), due to potential exchanges of heterologous mnaA genes, we recently changed the 19A PCR assay to target wzy (our unpublished data). The wzy19A and wzy19F genes putatively provide the basis of the structural difference between the related 19A and 19F capsules (1).

Recently, we evaluated Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 2584-08(19F) that was typed as 19F using the serology-based reaction and found that it yielded a false-positive 19A result with our mnaA-based assay as well as a false-negative 19F PCR result using our wzy19F-specific assay. We found that this strain had an apparently rare multilocus sequence genotype 3040 (ST3040) that is not related to other known genotypes. Strain 2584-08(19F) reactivity with seven different monoclonal antibodies targeting 19A and/or 19F (5, 11) was consistent with results from previously characterized 19F strains (M. H. Nahm, unpublished data).

We retrospectively tested 71 diverse 19F isolates using the 19A mnaA assay and found no false positives. We also found no discrepant results among 100 mnaA PCR-based 19A isolates also determined to be 19A based upon quellung reaction results. Unexpectedly, upon testing strain 2584-08(19F) using our newer 19A assay based upon the wzy19A gene sequence (completely conserved within the three available cps19A loci), we again obtained a false-positive 19A result. Using primers 19AFwzyF (5′TTGAAGTTGATGAAAGAAAACGAGG) and 19AFwzyR (5′ATAAAGTTGCCAGTAACTGTACTC), we subsequently amplified and sequenced the 1,335-bp wzy structural gene from 2584-08(19F) and found that the sequence (GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ829071","term_id":"229559728","term_text":"FJ829071"}}FJ829071) shared 88% sequence identity with wzy19A from known 19A cps loci (GenBank accession no {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CR931675","term_id":"68643359","term_text":"CR931675"}}CR931675 is representative) and only 78% identity with wzy19F from known 19F cps loci (GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CR931678","term_id":"68643444","term_text":"CR931678"}}CR931678 is representative). As expected, we found near identity to the wzy19A-based primers and marked divergence from our standard wzy19F-based typing primers. Subsequently, we formulated new serotype 19A identification primers (19AF3 [5′ GAGAGATTCATAATCTTGCACTTAGCCA] and 19AR3 [5′ CATAATAGCTACAAATGACTCATCGCC]) based upon differences between wzy19A and all other wzy genes, including the 2584-08(19F) wzy gene. The current wzy19A-based PCR assay tested positive against 42 serotype 19A isolates and was negative against 31 diverse 19F isolates, including 2584-08(19F). Due to the high homology of the wzy gene of 2584-08(19F) with the serotype 19A wzy gene, we are unable to design a new wzy-specific primer set that would be specific for both 2594-08(19F) and commonly recovered type 19F isolates without giving false-positive PCR results for 19A isolates. We place more priority upon eliminating rare false-positive 19A results than illuminating rarely encountered false nontypeable results for serotype 19F.

Based upon cumulative results from concurrent serology- and PCR-based testing of diverse isolate sets, we are confident that the sequential PCR assay is accurate for the vast majority of isolates. However, in view of this newly identified potential for false-positive 19A results, we will continue quellung serotyping in parallel with sequential PCR-based serotype determination until biologically based sequence signatures are identified for each serotype.


What is the current status of Haemophilus influenzae as an agent of invasive infection in Sweden? H. influenzae type b (Hib) used to be a common cause of meningitis, epiglottitis and severe sepsis in young children. In the late 1980's an effective conjugated vaccine against Hib was developed and a dramatic fall in Hib incidence was observed in countries that implemented vaccination. This includes Sweden, where the vaccine was implemented in 1992. Since the mid 1990's, scattered international reports have suggested increasing incidences of invasive disease caused by non-type b isolates of H. influenzae. A few of these reports have suggested serotype replacement.
In order to answer the initial question, we studied the epidemiology, the clinical burden and antimicrobial resistance of invasive H. influenzae in Sweden 1997-2010. Two aspects of the pathogenesis of invasive H. influenzae disease were addressed; bacterial binding to the extracellular matrix and the role of complement regulator binding in invasive disease. A case report of a severe invasive H. influenzae type f infection, including an examination of contributing host factors, is also presented.
Our results suggest that invasive disease by H. influenzae has not disappeared, but the epidemiology has radically changed. We found no support for serotype replacement in young children. In adults, and especially elderly adults, the incidence of invasive disease by non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) increased significantly during the study period. The results also suggest an increased incidence of invasive disease by H. influenzae type f (Hif), and type f is the most common serotype in Sweden today. Cases of invasive disease by non-type b isolates that occurred in healthy adults were often severe, suggesting the existence of hypervirulent non-type b strains. The β-lactam resistance of invasive H. influenzae isolates increased during the study period, due to an increase of β-lactamase negative β-lactam resistant NTHi. A clonal expansion of a β-lactamase negative ampicillin resistant (BLNAR) clone, frequently found in invasive disease, was suggested.
The ability of H. influenzae to bind laminin, and anchor the extracellular matrix through the adhesin Protein E was confirmed. Binding to complement regulators was not higher in invasive as compared to nasopharyngeal NTHi isolates, and thus did not seem central for invasive capacity. Speculation, but no comprehensive conclusion as to what host factors relate to invasive disease by H. influenzae in adults was possible.
The results suggest that the vaccination against H. influenzae type b remains very effective 20 years after it was introduced, but that continued surveillance of incidence and antimicrobial resistance of invasive Haemophilus disease is warranted. The results also suggest that ongoing research should focus on non-typeable H. influenzae, which today dominates all types of H. influenzae infections.


This paper studies the computational complexity of temporal planning, as represented by PDDL 2.1, interpreted over dense time. When time is considered discrete, the problem is known to be EXPSPACE-complete. However, the official PDDL 2.1 semantics, and many implementations, interpret time as a dense domain. This work provides several results about the complexity of the problem, studying a few interesting cases: whether a minimum amount ϵ of separation between mutually exclusive events is given, in contrast to the separation being simply required to be non-zero, and whether or not actions are allowed to overlap already running instances of themselves. We prove the problem to be PSPACE-complete when self-overlap is forbidden, whereas, when allowed, it becomes EXPSPACE-complete with ϵ-separation and undecidable with non-zero separation. These results clarify the computational consequences of different choices in the definition of the PDDL 2.1 semantics, which were vague until now.


Membrane proteins are the gateways into cells and therefore a critical part of pharmaceutical research. Membrane proteins, in fact, have been shown to be the target of over 50% of all medicinal drugs. The development of drugs that acts on membrane proteins, however, has been limited by the lack of high resolution structural data. This lack of information results from a lack of a generic method to extract active membrane proteins from the cell membrane. We have developed a novel styrene maleic acid (SMA) / lipid particle system termed SMALP that preserves the structural and functional integrity of membrane proteins. We have optimised this system and used it to solubilise two membrane proteins with different architectures and functions. The first, human adenosine 2a receptor (A2aR), is a G-protein coupled receptor, a 7 transmembrane helix protein that is involved in cell signalling, whereas the second, FtsZ-interacting protein A (ZipA), is a protein involved in bacterial cell division that contains a single transmembrane domain. In this project, standardised purification protocols were developed that produced pure proteins without the need to add any detergents. The subsequent biophysical characterisation that included circular dichroism, mass spectrometry and sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation indicated that these purified SMALP solubilised proteins were natively folded once encapsulated. The activities of both proteins were then tested and shown to be close to that expected for the intact proteins in the cell membrane. Taken together these data suggest that the SMALP system offers the solution to membrane protein purification into the future.


The development of increased bacteriologic and viral screening has revealed evidence of exposure to possible pathogens in animals from even the best suppliers. Because the cost in money and space to quarantine all rodents in many types of research institutions is great, and because of an increased ability to detect possible pathogens, a dilemma exists. At the same time, regulations are being implemented which, in many cases, mandate a quarantine period. In all cases, however, the professional judgement of laboratory animal medicine specialists is increasingly needed to interpret the best course of action. A proper matching of animal quality with a realistic assessment of research requirements seems the best course, with quarantine implemented where truly appropriate.


After three decades of living in their new home, Kurds in the UK have progressed from being a 'victim diaspora' into becoming more organised, and capable of meeting the diverse needs of their community. Most UK-based Kurds refuse to use the official legal system to settle their disputes, at least initially. Instead, they prefer to resolve their disputes within the community, and for this purpose, they have recreated their own hybridised customary justice system, consisting of the Kurdish Peace Committee (KPC). This more organised system is a first for Kurds, and is involved in the settlement of cases as diverse as family disputes and minor criminal cases. This article examines how and why this community prefers to solve their disputes themselves instead of approaching the police or courts. This work also includes a discussion of Kurdish society, including its historical pluralistic experience, reasons for its members' emigration from Turkey and their ethnic reconstruction in the UK. A selection of case studies are used to illustrate how this body has helped to resolve some disputes, to develop Kurdish customs and traditions under different circumstances, and to act as a bridge between the official legal system of the British society and Kurdish values and norms.


Within the field of neuroscience there is need for new information technologies to provide better access to the extensive body of knowledge related to brain research and better support for discovery processes. In scientific research, certain intersections of people, ideas, and techniques lead to advancements, and information plays an important role in this process. This paper reports on case studies that investigate how information fuels progress at three multidisciplinary neuroscience laboratories. The results presented here profile the research environments and information practices of active neuroscientists, and a working information-seeking typology is introduced. New means of quantifying and visualizing data played a role in most of the breakthroughs reported by researchers, and interpreting new experimental findings in relation to previous research is a standard problem. Participants ranked information for solving instrumentation and technique problems as highly important, and a literature mining technique for searching PubMed (Arrowsmith) proved to be of value in their daily work. The mobility of information, a topic of much interest in scientific informatics, was a central theme in the case studies, but "boundary work" and the "newness" of information were also important factors in the discovery process.


Large‐amplitude and long‐period pulses are observed in velocity time histories of near‐fault ground‐motion records. The pulses in these records have significant damage effect on flexible structures due to their long‐period property; therefore, more attention should be paid to the frequency components in the ground motion. Based on the identification of frequency components in the original record, a new method based on the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) is proposed here. A ground‐motion record can be decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) that carry different frequency components by the HHT without contamination from any a prior function. Only two fixed parameters, the peak ground velocity (PGV)/peak ground acceleration (PGA) ratio and the energy change of every IMF, are used to classify pulse‐like ground‐motion records. The inherent pulses of these records can also be extracted, based on the selection of IMFs for which PGV/PGA ratios are larger than 0.12 and energy changes that are greater than 0.1. For multipulse cases, all the pulses can be captured after extracting once, and the time course of inherent pulses can also be obtained. Then, pulse periods are calculated based on the solutions of instantaneous frequency of the peak for the extracted pulses. All the periods obtained using the HHT method can be verified by the results obtained from Baker's wavelet method. The 24 controversial records that are discussed in previous studies are examined here as well. The HHT method is a complete procedure that includes the classification of pulse‐like ground motions, the extraction of velocity pulses, and the solution of pulse periods. It works well for multipulse records, especially because it can provide the exact timing of all the inherent pulses.


Background and Objectives : Objectives of this study were to investigate a similarity of fingerprint pattern types and minutiae of Thai twins. Methods: Fingerprinting was of 100 twin pairs in Thailand (200 subjects; male = 71, female = 129). The twins were informed and gave consent prior to printing their finger tips using a transparent adhesive tape technique. Results: Subjects were classified into 64 identical-twin pairs and 36 non-identical twin pairs according to the criteria of biological and similarity measures. The fingerprint pattern were identified and classified based on the US Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation, which is commonly used in a forensic examination into eight types as follows: plain whorl, central pocket loop whorl, double loop whorl, accidental whorl, radial loop, ulnar loop, plain arch and tented arch. Results reveal that proportions of the eight fingerprint pattern types on ten fingers between identical-twin pairs and non-identical twin pairs are not significantly different (LRc 2 =11.785, df=6, p=0.068). For example, identical-twins had 57.80% ulnar loops, and 29.0% plain whorls compared to 56.40% and 29.70% for those of non-identical twins, respectively. Comparison of the same type of finger pairs in the match between the pair of fingers. Analytical overview of the similarities of the fingerprints, 8 showed that identical-twins have the fingerprint very similar to the percentage 79.06 and the non-identical twins   have the fingerprints of the same percentage, 58.88 for the same type of sensor. The average minutiae of the twins, as identical-twins are non-identical twins. The results showed that the difference is statistically significant (t = -2.377, df = 197, p = 0.018) are not significantly different between the minutiae of the identical-twins as non-identical twins. Conclusions: Test results are not statistically significant different types of fingerprint Ten inches between identical-twins are non-identical twins. However, the different types of fingerprints and the special features . Between the gender of the twins .


Abstract Many cities have to cope with annual snowfall, but are struggling to manage their snow plowing activities efficiently. Despite the fact that winter road maintenance has been a popular research subject for decades, very few papers propose scalable models that can incorporate side constraints encountered in real-life applications. In this work, we propose a Constraint Programming formulation for a Snow Plow Routing Problem (SPRP). The SPRP under consideration involves finding a set of vehicle routes to service a street network in a pre-defined service area, while accounting for various vehicle constraints and traffic restrictions. The fundamental mathematical problem underlying SPRP is the well-known Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP). Common Mathematical Programming (MP) approaches for CARP are typically based on: (i) a graph transformation, thereby transforming CARP into an equivalent node routing problem, or (ii) a sparse network formulation. The CP formulation in this article is based on the former graph transformation. Using geospatial data from the city of Pittsburgh, we empirically show that our CP approach outperforms existing MP formulations for SPRP. For some of the larger instances, our CP model finds 26% shorter plowing schedules than alternative Integer Programming formulations. A test pilot held with actual vehicles proves the applicability of our approach in practice: our routes are 3–156% shorter than the routes the city of Pittsburgh generated with commercial routing software.


Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities with an incidence of 1:444 births.1 Ireland has the highest prevalence of DS in Europe, which may be partially explained by the legislation against termination of pregnancy.1 Individuals with DS are at higher risk of developing coeliac disease (CD) compared with the general population (5%–10% vs 1%).2

CD can be difficult to diagnose due to the frequency of asymptomatic cases, and it can be particularly difficult to identify clinically in children with DS in whom short stature, abdominal distension and constipation are common clinical features. The European Society …


Atmospheric aerosols play a key role in climate change, and have adverse effects on human health. Given South Africa's status as a rapidly-developing country with increasing urbanisation and industrial growth, information on the quality of ambient air is important. In this study, the chemical composition of ambient particles and the particles in fresh biomass burning plumes were studied at a savannah environment in Botsalano, South Africa. The results showed that Botsalano was regularly affected by air masses that had passed over several large point sources. Air masses that had passed over the coal-fired Matimba power station in the Waterberg, or over the platinum group metal smelters in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex, contained high sulfate concentrations in the submicron ranges. These concentrations were 14 to 37 times higher compared with air masses that had passed only over rural areas. Because of the limited nature of this type of data in literature for the interior regions of southern Africa, our report serves as a valuable reference for future studies. In addition, our biomass burning study showed that potassium in the fresh smoke of burning savannah grass was likely to take the form of KCl. Clear differences were found in the ratios for potassium and levoglucosan in the smouldering and flaming phases. Our findings highlight the need for more comprehensive chamber experiments on various fuel types used in southern Africa, to confirm the ratio of important biomass burning tracer species that can be used in source apportionment studies in the future.


The unauthorized addition of third party charges to telecommunications bills ("cramming") is a growing problem that has caught the attention of federal regulators and state attorney generals. This Article therefore discusses the problems associated with cramming, and highlights consumers' uphill battles in seeking remedies with respect to cramming claims. Indeed, it is imperative for policymakers, researchers, consumer advocates, and industry groups to collaborate in developing means for resolving these claims. Accordingly, this Article offers a proposal for resolving cramming disputes in order to advance this collaboration, and inspire development of a functioning online dispute resolution ("ODR") process to handle these claims. This process is designed to provide consumers a quick and easy-to-understand option for reporting and resolving cramming cases.


Hericium erinaceus has attracted tremendous interest owing to its compelling health-promoting properties. However, breeding of elite cultivars of H. erinaceus is hindered by the lack of a genetic and molecular toolbox. Here, we performed resequencing analysis of 127 F1 single-spore isolates and constructed the first high-resolution genetic map of H. erinaceus. With the use of recombination bins as markers, an ultradense genetic map consisting of 1,174 bins (including 37,082 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) was generated. This newly developed genetic map covered 1,096.5 cM, with an average bin spacing of 0.95 cM. High collinearity between genetic map and H. erinaceus genome assembly was revealed by aligning scaffolds to this genetic map using bin markers as anchors. The application of this newly developed genetic map in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was also elucidated, and four QTLs for monokaryon growth were recovered. One QTL, mgr1, which contributes 12.1% of growth variations, was located near the mating type A (MAT-A) loci. Overall, this newly constructed high-resolution genetic map (or bin map) could be used as reference in future genetic, genomic, and breeding studies on H. erinaceus.


A single injection of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induces a state of immunologic tolerance to the trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten, which is specific and dose dependent. multiple injections of TNBS induce a longer lasting state of unresponsiveness than single injections. Escape from tolerance is characterized by the production of only 2-mercaptoethanol (ME)-sensitive (19S) anti-TNP antibody whether tolerance is induced by single or multiple injections. multiple injections of hapten-carrier conjugate (TNP-sheep erythrocytes) extend the duration of the tolerance induced by multiple injections of TNBS. The anti-TNP response of animals escaping from tolerance induced by multiple TNBS injections and extended by multiple hapten-carrier challenges consisted entirely of ME-sensitive (19S) antibody. Substitution of carrier for hapten-carrier conjugate in the initial challenge injection resulted in a normal anti-TNP response pattern in terms of class and temporal sequence of antibody produced during escape from tolerance. TNBS treatment had no effect upon the "accelerated" response to carrier induced by low-dose carrier priming, and TNBS treatment induced tolerance to TNP in low-dose carrier-primed mice.


Proteins are a matter of dual nature. As a physical object, a protein molecule is a folded chain of amino acids with multifarious biochemistry. But it is also an instantiation along an evolutionary trajectory determined by the function performed by the protein within a hierarchy of interwoven interaction networks of the cell, the organism and the population. A physical theory of proteins therefore needs to unify both aspects, the biophysical and the evolutionary. Specifically, it should provide a model of how the DNA gene is mapped into the functional phenotype of the protein. We review several physical approaches to the protein problem, focusing on a mechanical framework which treats proteins as evolvable condensed matter: Mutations introduce localized perturbations in the gene, which are translated to localized perturbations in the protein matter. A natural tool to examine how mutations shape the phenotype are Green's functions. They map the evolutionary linkage among mutations in the gene (termed epistasis) to cooperative physical interactions among the amino acids in the protein. We discuss how the mechanistic view can be applied to examine basic questions of protein evolution and design.