Infiniband switches cannot drop packets to deal with congestion. As a result, switch buffers can fill up, block upstream switches and even choke flows that are not contending for the congested link. The Infiniband standards body is exploring mechanisms to control congestion. This report describes the key elements of a congestion control approach that we have advocated. Our approach combines a low level mechanism that reacts quickly to short term demand variations with a centralized mechanism that deals with long term congestion and non-compliant devices. A simple switch-based mechanism detects flows that are causing congestion or are propagating the congestion. Switches mark the packet headers of these flows to inform the destination device of the congestion which in turn notifies the source device. In response, source devices adjust their packet injection based on a novel hybrid mechanism that combines the advantages of rate and window control. Adjustment policies are designed to enable high throughput while preventing starvation.


Abstract : The proof-of-concept model for ALAP demonstrates the feasibility of equating Army measures of OPTEMPO, maintenance rates, and funding levels to sustainment capability. Synergy's ALAP shows that we can link weapon system readiness to sustainability given current and future programmed budget positions to create a viable POM and PPBES decision support tool. This model also supports the hypothesized outcome of current funding levels affecting future capabilities to successfully prosecute combat missions and contingency operations.


The coarse-graining approach is one of the most important mod- eling methods in research of long-chain polymers such as DNA molecules. The dumbbell model is a simple but e-cient way to describe the behavior of poly- mers in solutions. In this paper, the dumbbell model with internal viscosity (IV) for concentrated polymeric liquids is analyzed for the steady-state and time-dependent elongational ∞ow and steady-state shear ∞ow. In the elonga- tional ∞ow case, by analyzing the governing ordinary difierential equations the contribution of the IV to the stress tensor is discussed for ∞uids subjected to a sudden elongational jerk. In the shear ∞ow case, the governing stochastic difierential equation of the flnitely extensible nonlinear elastic dumbbell model is solved numerically. For this case, the extensions of DNA molecules for difier- ent shear rates are analyzed, and the comparison with the experimental data is carried out to estimate the contribution of the efiect of internal viscosity.


Ten patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with motor fluctuations under levodopa treatment were given repeated equal subcutaneous injections of apomorphine [minimal effective dose (MED)] in 1 day. The MED was defined as the dose of apomorphine necessary to induce at least 60% reduction of motor disability for a minimum period of 10 min. MED was found for each patient in previous study days. In eight a subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine was performed on a different day. Four patients with simple fluctuations ("wearing off") showed a progressive reduction of the motor response to apomorphine injections, but three of the four had a stable response (continuous "on") to apomorphine infusion. Six patients with complicated fluctuations also exhibited a decreasing response to successive apomorphine injections and often completely failed to respond to some of the boluses. The response to a subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine was unstable in three of four cases. These findings indicate that a reduction of striatal dopaminergic receptor sensitivity is associated with repeated "pulsatile" apomorphine administration in parkinsonian patients with oscillations of motor performance. It is suggested that altered regulation of dopaminergic receptor sensitivity following pulsatile stimulation with levodopa may be a relevant phenomenon in the pathogenesis of motor fluctuations in PD.


This paper presents a new phenomenon found for unbalanced power flow solutions-the existence of two voltage solutions at the neutral points of unbalanced three-phase circuits. The phenomenon is different from that found in traditional single-phase balanced power flow solutions. It is dependent on the degree of system or load unbalance. If the unbalance is reduced to zero, the two solutions will merge into one. This paper presents our observations and analysis on the problem. A test system is used to illustrate the practical significance of the phenomenon. We hope this work will stimulate further research on this challenging and interesting problem.


Paul Sudeck is not generally recognised as a pioneer in anaesthesia, although he is well known for the atrophy of bone named after him. However, he not only championed the use of ether as a safe anaesthetic agent, described a method of ether analgesia for outpatient surgery and devised an inhaler for its administration, but also reintroduced nitrous oxide into Germany and invented possibly the first circle carbon dioxide absorption system with an optional attachment for continuous positive pressure respiration useful for the performance of thoracotomies.


The discourse theory of Ernesto LACLAU and Chantal MOUFFE brings together three elements: the FOUCAULTian notion of discourse, the (post-) MARXist notion of hegemony, and the poststructuralist writings of Jacques DERRIDA and Roland BARTHES. Discourses are regarded as tempo rary fixations of differential relations. Meaning, i.e. any social "objectivity", is conceptualised as an effect of such a fixation. The discussion on an appropriate operationalisation of such a discourse theory is just beginning. In this paper, it is argued that a triangulation of two linguistic methods is appropriate to reveal temporary fixations: by means of corpus-driven lexicometric procedures as well as by the analysis of narrative patterns, the regularities of the linkage of elements can be analysed (for example, in diachronic comparisons). The ex ample of a geographic research project shows how, in so doing, the historically contingent constitution of an international community and "world region" can


OBJECTIVE--To assess the prevalence of colourings and preservatives in drug formulations in the United Kingdom. DESIGN--Postal survey. PARTICIPANTS--All pharmaceutical manufacturers in the United Kingdom were requested to supply data on drug formulations with particular regard to the content of colourings and preservatives. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Prevalence in proprietary drugs of colourings or preservatives, or both, that have been implicated in adverse reactions. Computation of a list of formulations of bronchodilators, antihistamines, and antibiotics that are free of such additives. RESULTS--A total of 118 out of 120 pharmaceutical companies supplied the data requested. In all, 2204 drug formulations were analysed and found to contain 419 different additives, of which 52 were colourings and preservatives that have been implicated in adverse reactions; 930 formulations contained such an additive. Tartrazine was the fourth most commonly occurring colouring, being present in 124 drug formulations. CONCLUSION--Many drugs contain additives that help to identify them and prolong their shelf life but are implicated in adverse reactions in some people. Some form of labelling of drug additives would enable these people to avoid drugs containing such additives.


A variety of fatty acids exists in the diet of humans, in the bloodstream of humans, and in cells and tissues of humans. Fatty acids are energy sources and membrane constituents. They have biological activities that act to influence cell and tissue metabolism, function, and responsiveness to hormonal and other signals. The biological activities may be grouped as regulation of membrane structure and function; regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, transcription factor activity, and gene expression; and regulation of the production of bioactive lipid mediators. Through these effects, fatty acids influence health, well-being, and disease risk. The effects of saturated, cis monounsaturated, ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acids are discussed. Although traditionally most interest in the health impact of fatty acids related to cardiovascular disease, it is now clear that fatty acids influence a range of other diseases, including metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Scientists, regulators, and communicators have described the biological effects and the health impacts of fatty acids according to fatty acid class. However, it is now obvious that within any fatty acid class, different members have different actions and effects. Thus, it would seem more appropriate to describe biological effects and health impacts of individual named fatty acids, although it is recognized that this would be a challenge when communicating outside of an academic environment (eg, to consumers).


Among the primary phenomena observed when studying fire suppression are fuel surface cooling, fire plume cooling and inerting effects. The last two result from water evaporation generating a significant vapor concentration, thus leading to an important heat sink as well as displacement and dilution of both oxygen and fuel vapor. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS.v6) is expected to be able to reproduce these effects. Extinguishment criterion focusing on plume cooling and inerting effects is based on a dedicated heat balance, whereas suppression model related to fuel surface cooling evaluates the burning rate decrease according to an exponential law taking into account local water mass reaching the fuel surface per unit area and an empirical constant which penalizes the prediction ability. Therefore, a new model derived from an Arrhenius equation has been implemented, which links the burning rate to the fuel surface temperature. Numerical simulations are conducted and compared with experimental data for all extinguishing mechanisms.


OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to develop a novel method to estimate single-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using a combination of contrast-enhanced CT and serum creatinine (SCr) values and to validate the resulting estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) by comparing them with the single-kidney Gates GFR, which is based on renal dynamic imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixty-two patients with asymmetric renal disease who underwent unenhanced and triphasic contrast-enhanced CT of the kidneys, 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid renal dynamic imaging, and SCr testing within 1 week were retrospectively included. The eGFR was split into single-kidney GFRs of the left and right kidneys by a proportionality factor derived from the products of renal volume and CT number increments of the multiphasic CT images, which produced unenhanced phase (yielded by the renal volume proportional factor alone), arterial phase, venous phase, and nephrographic phase CT split eGFRs. The four CT split eGFRs were compared with the Gates GFR using the paired-sample t test, Pearson correlation analysis, and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS. Correlation coefficients and 95% CIs between the four CT split eGFRs and Gates GFR were as follows: unenhanced phase, 0.729 (95% CI, 0.626-0.805); arterial phase, 0.781 (95% CI, 0.685-0.849); venous phase, 0.788 (95% CI, 0.690-0.839); and nephrographic phase, 0.842 (95% CI, 0.758-0.902) (all, p < 0.001). The paired differences between the CT split eGFRs and Gates GFR were as follows: unenhanced phase, 2.04 ± 10.85 (95% CI, 0.01-4.07) mL/min/1.73 m2; arterial phase, 2.04 ± 10.56 (95% CI, 0.06-4.02) mL/min/1.73 m2; venous phase, 2.04 ± 10.04 (95% CI, 0.16-3.92) mL/min/1.73 m2; and nephrographic phase, 2.04 ± 8.92 (95% CI, 0.37-3.71) mL/min/1.73 m2. These results suggest a maximum deviation from the Gates GFR of ± 44.9% for the unenhanced phase eGFR, ± 43.7% for the arterial phase eGFR, ± 41.6% for the venous phase eGFR, and ± 36.9% for nephrographic phase eGFR. CONCLUSION. Split renal function can be estimated using a combination of contrast-enhanced CT and SCr values to calculate eGFR. The CT images of the nephrographic phase may be the optimal choice to use in this proposed method.


A genetic screen was performed to find new mutants with an erecta (er) phenotype and to identify genes that may function with ER, a receptor-like kinase. These mutants were named elk (for erecta-like) and were placed into five complementation groups. We positionally cloned ELK4 and determined that it encodes AGB1, a putative heterotrimeric G-protein beta subunit. Therefore, elk4 was renamed agb1. agb1-1 plants express similar fruit phenotypes, as seen in er plants, but differ from er in that the stem is only slightly shorter than that in the wild type, the pedicel is slightly longer than that in the wild type, and the leaves are rounder than those in er mutants. Molecular analysis of agb1-1 indicates that it is likely a null allele. AGB1 mRNA is expressed in all tissues tested but is highest in the silique. Analysis of agb1-1 er double mutants suggests that AGB1 may function in an ER developmental pathway regulating silique width but that it functions in parallel pathways affecting silique length as well as leaf and stem development. The finding that AGB1 is involved in the control of organ shape suggests that heterotrimeric G-protein signaling is a developmental regulator in Arabidopsis.


All stress-related inputs are conveyed to the hypothalamus via several brain areas and integrated in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) where corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is synthesized. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is present in both magnocellular and parvocellular divisions of the PVN, and the latter population of AVP is colocalized with CRH. CRH and AVP are co-secreted in the face of certain stressful stimuli, and synthesis of both peptides is suppressed by glucocorticoid. CRH and AVP stimulate corticotropin (ACTH) secretion synergistically, but the physiological relevance of the dual corticotroph regulation is not understood. Norepinephrine (NE) is a well known neurotransmitter that regulates CRH neurons in the PVN. We explored the mode of action of NE on CRH and AVP gene transcription in the PVN to examine the effect of the neurotransmitter on multiple genes that are responsible for a common physiological function. After NE injection into the PVN of conscious rats, CRH heteronuclear (hn) RNA increased rapidly and markedly in the parvocellular division of the PVN. AVP hnRNA did not change significantly in either the parvocellular or magnocellular division of the PVN after NE injection. The present results show that the transcription of CRH and AVP genes is differentially regulated by NE, indicating the complexity of neurotransmitter regulation of multiple releasing hormone genes in a discrete hypothalamic neuronal population.


Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is capable of providing an ultrathin layer on high-aspect ratio structures with good conformality and tunable film properties. In this research, we modified the surface of ZnO nanowires through ALD for the fabrication of a ZnO/SiO2 (core/shell) nanowire microfluidic device which we utilized for the capture of CpG-rich single-stranded DNAs (ssDNA). Structural changes of the nanowires while varying the number of ALD cycles were evaluated by statistical analysis and their relationship with the capture efficiency was investigated. We hypothesized that finding the optimum number of ALD cycles would be crucial to ensure adequate coating for successful tuning to the desired surface properties, besides promoting a sufficient trapping region with optimal spacing size for capturing the ssDNAs as the biomolecules traverse through the dispersed nanowires. Using the optimal condition, we achieved high capture efficiency of ssDNAs (86.7%) which showed good potential to be further extended for the analysis of CpG sites in cancer-related genes. This finding is beneficial to the future design of core/shell nanowires for capturing ssDNAs in biomedical applications.


In this paper, we propose a novel tracking algorithm that combines complementary tracking modules with a new object representation model to balance between stability and adaptivity. To reduce the update error of online tracking, we present three complementary modules (a stable module, a soft stable module, and an adaptive module) and fuse them by using a biased multiplicative criterion. The combination of those modules not only facilitates the accurate location of the tracked object but also makes our tracker adaptive to appearance change. For objection representation, we present an appearance model named pixel-wise spatial pyramid (PSP), which employs pixel feature vector to combine several pixel characteristics. During the updating process, we update the codebook by using the reserved pixel feature vectors that are selected by a distance-based scheme. Then, we generate an evolving target representation by using a hybrid feature map that consists of the reserved pixel vectors and antipart of the previous hybrid feature map. Numerous experiments on various challenging image sequences demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs favorably against several state-of-the-art algorithms, especially for drastic appearance change.


BACKGROUND
The role of general anesthetics as a risk factor for possible neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in humans is unresolved. The investigation of the role of anesthetics in the development of postgeneral anesthesia (anesthesia onward) NDDs has proven to be complicated, partly because of the inherent confounding in clinical cohort studies, and partly by the fact that anesthetics are only one part in the complex process of anesthesia-surgery.

METHODS
Utilizing the Swedish databases Child and Adolescent Twins Study in Sweden (CATSS) and National Patient Register (NPR), we investigated twins discordant for anesthesia, born between 1997 and 2004 for traits of NDDs. We identified 68 twin pairs discordant for anesthesia and explored traits of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Learning Disability (LD), and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in them while simultaneously taking congenital abnormalities and systemic disorders (CSDs) into account. We analyzed the possible effect of anesthesia on neurodevelopmental problems, and we analyzed the within-pair differences using conditional linear regression.

RESULTS
Twins with a recorded episode of anesthesia had higher traits of NDDs than twins without; similarly twins with CSDs had higher mean scores on all traits than twins without CSDs. The within-pair analyses suggested that exposure to anesthesia was associated with higher scores of ADHD (regression coefficient 1.02 and 95% confidence intervals: 0.27-1.78) in monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for anesthesia. This effect remained when adjusting for congenital abnormalities.

DISCUSSION
Our finding that traits of ADHD were slightly associated with anesthesia in a genetically sensitive design is in need of replication and warrants further investigation. Future studies should aim to elucidate mechanisms behind this possible association (e.g. anesthetics doses, age at exposure, exposure duration).


This syllabus provides an overview of American Legal History, focusing on the manner in which law has been used to organize American society. Several themes will be traced through the semester, including law's role in encouraging innovation and regulating social relations, in part through the elaboration of legal disciplines like property, tort, contract, criminal law, tax, business associations, administrative law, environmental law, securities regulation, commercial law, immigration, and health law. Emphasis will also be placed on the origins and evolution of constitutional law, from the founding to the present.


: The callotasis technique of De Bastiani was used to perform 11 lower extremity lengthenings in ten pediatric and adolescent patients (aged 8.1-18 years). Average gain in length was 5.0 cm per segment (15% of original bone length). All lengthened segments healed without bone grafting or internal fixation. Healing index was 32 days per centimeter gained. The device was well tolerated and easily removed in the clinic setting. There were 13 minor complications, managed without hospitalization. Three angular deformities required manipulation under anesthesia. One angular deformity remains uncorrected, and one patient lacked 1.1 cm of achieving the desired length. All other patients gained the desired length. There were no refractures, deep infections, or other complications. Limb lengthening by the De Bastiani method is a satisfactory procedure for the pediatric and adolescent patient with moderate limb-length discrepancy.


The profitability, break-even point, elasticity of production, and resource use efficiency of poultry egg production by poultry egg farmers was determined in Abuja. Primary data were collected from 62 farmers drawn from the area of study by a simple random sampling technique. Analysis of data was carried out via the use of descriptive statistics, multiple regression, costs and returns analysis (budgeting), and break-even analysis. The costs and returns analysis indicated that an average farmer invested annually NGN (Nigerian naira currency) 3,504,352 (USD 1 is approximately NGN 160) in poultry egg production. The gross margin, net income, and gross return invested were NGN 10,875,663, NGN 9,798,772 and 1.72 respectively. These figures suggest that egg production in the study area was profitable. The study also showed that the break-even point for an average poultry egg farmer in Abuja was 3,978 crates of eggs per annum and the margin of safety ratio was 89 percent. In addition, the results of the study revealed that poultry egg farmers had positive, decreasing returns to scale (0.508) in egg production which indicated that poultry egg production was in the rational stage of production (Stage 2). Poultry production was profitable in Abuja but the farmers were not fully efficient in the use of their resources. To improve the profitability and resource use efficiency of poultry production, it was recommended that poultry egg farmers should implement better management practices to minimize the incidence of disease outbreaks, thereby reducing the cost of production.


The ..cap alpha.. activity of cigarette smoke tar deposited onto membrane filters was found to be associated with the relatively insoluble fraction. Perfusion of the tar with physiological saline resulted in no change in the mean measured activity, but there was more variability in the measured values for the perfused tar than for the initial tar samples. Analysis of cigarette smoke condensate shows that radium and thorium are present, but over 99% of the ..cap alpha.. activity results from /sup 210/Po. Repeat measurements after a time lapse of 2 1/2 years indicate that the initial /sup 210/Pb content of the tar is roughly 30 to 40% of the original /sup 210/Po content for both unprocessed and perfused samples. An increase in the ..cap alpha.. activity concentration of smoke deposited in lung tissue may result from the lack of solubility of the radioactive material compared with other smoke constituents.


In many pathogenic bacteria, iron starvation serves as an environmental signal that triggers the expression of virulence factors, many of which are found on the cell surface or secreted into the culture supernatant. Using the chelating agent nitrilotriacetic acid, we have established conditions for iron starvation of the important human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (the group A streptococcus) and determined that iron limitation results in the specific appearance of several new proteins in the culture supernatant. One of these supernatant proteins is the ADP-ribosylating protein known as streptococcal plasmin receptor (Plr) or as the streptococcal surface glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase because of its other activities. Upon iron starvation, Plr is specifically released into the culture supernatant in a time-dependent manner, and its appearance in the supernatant is not accompanied by induction of plr mRNA synthesis. Release of Plr from the bacteria may be important for the virulence of group A streptococci and the manifestation of diseases.


Susceptibility test of 0,223% d-alletrin against adult Cx. p. quinquefasciatus was conducted in the Entomology Laboratory of Health Ecology Research Centre in Jakarta. A randomized complete design was performed using 4 replicates for each application. Regression analysis was applied to analyse the data. The adult mosquitoes of 3 days old, blood-fed females was involved in the test. The indicator of 0,223% d-alletrin effectiveness was knock-down time and mortality. The results showed that d-alletrin was able to knock-down 20% of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus within one hour. Based on regression analysis (Y = 3,31 + 0,31 X) knock-down time 50 (WLso) was reached at the 170 th minute. While 50% mortality was reached at the 198 th minute (Y = -3,6 + 0,37 X). After 6 hours of exposure all of the mosquitoes were knocked-down and 91% were killed and after 7 hours of exposure all of the mosquitoes were killed.


The use of copper(I)-catalyzed "click" reactions of azides and alkynes for covalent layer-by-layer grafting on polyethylene is described. Water-soluble poly(N-alkylacrylamide) copolymers that contain pendant azide or alkyne groups that can be thermally separated from aqueous solutions were used to alternately "click" together azide and alkyne polymers via 1,2,3-triazole formation onto a prefunctionalized alkyne-containing surface. The layer-by-layer self-assembly process proceeds under ambient conditions and was followed by ATR-IR spectroscopy using control reactions to show that azide groups and copper catalysis are required for the assembly process. Post-graft functionalization of the hyperbranched assembly is used to demonstrate that the functional interfaces so formed can be further derivatized for other functions.


Background/Objectives: Data-driven models such as Recurrent Fuzzy Neural Network (RFNN) have been proven to be great methods for modeling, characterizing and predicting various kinds of nonlinear hydrologic time series data such as rainfall, water quality and river runoff. In modeling and predicting river runoff, the most important advantage of data driven models is that they do not need as much data as do physical models such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). In Vietnam, most of data which are required by SWAT are not available, thus data-driven models seem to be more suitable for predicting river runoff than SWAT. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of SWAT, RFNN and an improvement of RFNN (RFNN-GA), which is a hybrid of RFNN and Genetic Algorithm (GA) in predicting the runoff of Srepok River in Central Highland of Vietnam. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Coefficient of correlation (R2) and mean absolute relative error (MARE) are used to analysis and compare the performance of SWAT, RFNN and RFNN-GA. Findings: The experimental results demonstrate that RFNN and RFNN-GA give the performance better than that of SWAT and they are able to be applied to real applications. Among these methods, RFNN-GA is the most superior. Application/Improvements: In the terms of MARE and R2, RFNN-GA improves RFNN 0.9% and 2.2%, respectively; and improves SWAT 27.4% and 12.5%, respectively. RFNN-GA was deployed to predict the runoff of Srepok River in Central Highland of Vietnam.


Predictions of the future climate require long-time simulation of a chaotic dynamical system. This poses a challenge for numerical simulations, as these do not necessarily capture the correct long-term behaviour of chaotic systems. This problem is exacerbated by the wide range of length scales present in atmospheric and oceanic dynamics. The modeling choices for small scale processes have a large impact on long term statistics of the scales of interest. This thesis studies the dynamics of two different fluid models as a proxy for atmospheric dynamics: a point vortex flow on the sphere and two-dimensional turbulent flow on a torus. We apply gentle dynamical perturbations commonly used in molecular dynamics to these fluid dynamics problems as a means for improving the statistical veracity of low fidelity simulations. For the point vortex system we study a system consisting of both strong and weak vortices. The strong vortex dynamics are mildly influenced by the weak vortices on a short time scale, but the presence of the weak vortices introduces a variability in the strong vortex energy. We mimic this behaviour in a model with only the strong vortices by gentle perturbations to the equations of motion. The perturbations have a stochastic forcing such that the modified dynamics ergodically sample an invariant measure consistent with observations from the strong vortex system in contact with the weak vortices. We choose the invariant measure as the minimal entropy density consistent with observations. The required Lagrange multipliers can be computed either a priori using a sample set in some prior distribution, or they can be computed on-the-fly using the simulation history as an ensemble. The latter method allows the observations to be updated during runtime, providing the opportunity for data-assimilation. We construct a Poisson integration method for the aforementioned point vortex dynamics by splitting the Hamiltonian into its constituent vortex pair terms. The method provides exact solutions to a Poisson system with the same bracket as the original dynamical system, but with a modified Hamiltonian function. Different orderings of the pairwise interactions are considered and are also used for the construction of higher order methods. The energy and momentum conservation of the splitting schemes is demonstrated for several test cases. For particular orderings of the pairwise interactions, the schemes allow scalable parallelization. This results in a linear -- as opposed to quadratic -- scaling of computation time with system size. We also explore the direct modification of the pseudo-spectral truncation of two-dimensional, incompressible fluid dynamics on a torus to maintain a prescribed kinetic energy spectrum. The method provides a means of simulating fluid states with defined spectral properties, for the purpose of matching simulation statistics to given information, arising from observations, theoretical predictions or high fidelity simulations. In the scheme outlined here, Nos\'{e}-Hoover thermostats -- commonly used in molecular dynamics -- are introduced as feedback controls applied to energy bands of the Fourier-discretized Navier-Stokes equations. As we demonstrate in numerical experiments, the dynamical properties -- quantified using autocorrelation functions -- are only modestly perturbed by our device, while ensemble dispersion is significantly enhanced in comparison with simulations of a corresponding truncation using hyperviscosity.


Clathrate hydrates and ice I are the most abundant crystals of water. The study of their nucleation, growth, and decomposition using molecular simulations requires an accurate and efficient algorithm that distinguishes water molecules that belong to each of these crystals and the liquid phase. Existing algorithms identify ice or clathrates, but not both. This poses a challenge for cases in which ice and hydrate coexist, such as in the synthesis of clathrates from ice and the formation of ice from clathrates during self-preservation of methane hydrates. Here we present an efficient algorithm for the identification of clathrate hydrates, hexagonal ice, cubic ice, and liquid water in molecular simulations. CHILL+ uses the number of staggered and eclipsed water-water bonds to identify water molecules in cubic ice, hexagonal ice, and clathrate hydrate. CHILL+ is an extension of CHILL (Moore et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 4124-4134), which identifies hexagonal and cubic ice but not clathrates. In addition to the identification of hydrates, CHILL+ significantly improves the detection of hexagonal ice up to its melting point. We validate the use of CHILL+ for the identification of stacking faults in ice and the nucleation and growth of clathrate hydrates. To our knowledge, this is the first algorithm that allows for the simultaneous identification of ice and clathrate hydrates, and it does so in a way that is competitive with respect to existing methods used to identify any of these crystals.


Brown trout (Salmo trutta) broodstock from a single population were separated prior to spawning and exposed to two different holding environments: a 'raceway system' and a 'tank system'. Eggs were stripped from females and 13 measures of egg quality were collected, analysed individually, combined by principle components analysis into an integrated egg quality score which was validated against egg survival. The multivariate egg quality score (PC1) differed for fish held in the tank and raceway systems. Egg survival, chorion breaking strength and chorion Se concentrations were higher in eggs produced by broodstock held in the tank system compared to those in the raceway system. In contrast, chorion concentrations of P and K were higher in eggs from fish held in the raceway system. The results suggest that brown trout broodstock reared in tank systems produced higher quality eggs compared to trout reared in raceways. Finally, this study also indicates that multivariate statistical analysis can be used to determine egg quality from multiple egg parameters.


Diabetes is a leading cause of lower limb loss in the United States that disproportionately affects minority groups of lower socioeconomic status. The reasons for these disparities are poorly characterized. We employed qualitative (focus group discussions, FGD) and quantitative (survey) methods among persons with diabetic foot disease. Participants were stratified into two groups: a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) group and minor amputation (ankle or below) group. The FGDs addressed patient experience with a goal of understanding: (1) foot care knowledge, (2) barriers to care, and (3) preferred foot-related educational methods. 5 sessions were conducted with 6-12 people each. Participants were recruited from clinics at a safety-net hospital in Atlanta that provides care to an inner-city population with a high burden diabetic foot related complications. Forty participants (90% Black) were enrolled. Surveys revealed an adequate knowledge of proper diabetic foot care, with ≥70% of participants correctly answering questions relating to proper self-care. Several dominant themes emerged from the FGDs. Personal barriers to self-care included lack of motivation, difficulty accessing supplies due to cost and/or lack of insurance, and being unable to limit activity for proper offloading. Participants frequently reported systematic barriers, citing difficulty making timely appointments and reaching a provider to arrange care. Participants reported that foot-related knowledge and access to care improved with greater disease severity but that knowledge and interventions seemed to come too late in their disease course. They expressed interest in peer support groups to facilitate learning and sharing information about diabetic foot care. These findings indicate patients with DFU or minor amputations in our institution have adequate footcare-related knowledge, but barriers to care and lack of motivation limit appropriate foot care. Disclosure M. Fayfman: None. M. Schechter: None. C.N. Amobi: None. R.N. Williams: None. J.L. Hillman: None. R. Rajani: None. D.C. Ziemer: None. M.M. Alam: None. R. Kempker: None. G.E. Umpierrez: None.


The objective of this article is to describe the outcome of supply chain activities in the context of different teleological approaches. It widens and complements the current views on supply chain management (SCM) in literature, and it should also be valuable from a managerial perspective. The topic addressed should be seen as a seed for further discussion. The author therefore raises a quest for inclusion of a strand of thought labelled 'transformative chain management' (TCM) in SCM. It should be strongly noted that the idea of TCM is not to propose a new acronym, nor replace SCM with another acronym, but to highlight that it could serve as a point of reference, and complement the dominant strands of thought that appear to govern the supply chain activities of some Scandinavian companies.


The dialogue of knowledge between subsistence fishermen and shellfish gatherers on the right to a healthy working environment is established as a new process for claims for an improvement in working conditions by populations affected by environmental problems, and especially in Todos os Santos Bay (BTS). The communities surrounding the BTS have complained to the State Public Prosecutor about the harmful effects to health and the environment caused by the Aratu Industrial Complex and the Port of Aratu. Researchers in the fields of, chemistry, toxicology, oceanography, biology and medicine from the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) have demonstrated the effects of contamination on the BTS in sundry scientific publications. The scope of this article is to reflect on the contribution of that dialogue on environmental labor law (DAT) in Brazil. The methodology of this study involved semi-structured interviews, participant observation and document analysis. The conclusion reached is that environmental labor law in Brazil must include the dialogue of knowledge to ensure access to a healthy working environment for subsistence fishermen and shellfish gatherers.


Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) aims to recover the reward function underlying a Markov Decision Process from behaviors of experts in support of decision-making. Most recent work on IRL assumes the same level of trustworthiness of all expert behaviors, and frames IRL as a process of seeking reward function that makes those behaviors appear (near)-optimal. However, it is common in reality that noisy expert behaviors disobeying the optimal policy exist, which may degrade the IRL performance significantly. To address this issue, in this paper, we develop a robust IRL framework that can accurately estimate the reward function in the presence of behavior noise. In particular, we focus on a special type of behavior noise referred to as sparse noise due to its wide popularity in real-world behavior data. To model such noise, we introduce a novel latent variable characterizing the reliability of each expert action and use Laplace distribution as its prior. We then devise an EM algorithm with a novel variational inference procedure in the E-step, which can automatically identify and remove behavior noise in reward learning. Experiments on both synthetic data and real vehicle routing data with noticeable behavior noise show significant improvement of our method over previous approaches in learning accuracy, and also show its power in de-noising behavior data.


OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and sociomedical outcome in patients with various clinical manifestations of humidifier disease and work related asthma after removal from further exposure. METHODS: Follow up investigation (range 1-13 years) of respiratory symptoms, spirometry, airway responsiveness, sickness absence, and working situation in patients with (I) humidifier fever (n = 12), (II) obstructive type of humidifier lung (n = 8), (III) restrictive type of humidifier lung (n = 4), and (IV) work related asthma (n = 22). All patients were working at departments in synthetic fibre plants with microbiological exposure from contaminated humidification systems or exposure to small particles (< 1 micron) of oil mist. RESULTS: At follow up patients with work related asthma were less often symptom free (37%, 7/19) than patients with humidifier disease (I, II, III) (67%, 16/24). Mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of patients with obstructive impairment had been increased significantly at follow up but still remained below the predicted value. Mean forced vital capacity (FVC) of patients with initially restrictive impairment had returned to normal values at follow up. Airway hyperresponsiveness at diagnosis persisted in patients with obstructive impairment (II + IV 14/17, but disappeared in patients with humidifier fever (3/3) and restrictive type of humidifier lung (2/2). In patients with obstructive impairment (II + IV), FVC and FEV1 at diagnosis were negatively associated with the duration between onset of symptoms and diagnosis and the number of years of exposure. Those with positive pre-employment history of respiratory disease had a lower FEV1 at diagnosis. Sickness absence due to respiratory symptoms decreased in all groups of patients after removal from further exposure, but this was most impressive in patients with the humidifier lung (II, III) and patients with work related asthma (IV). At follow up 83% of the patients were still at work at the same production site, whereas 11% received a disability pension because of respiratory disease. CONCLUSION: In patients with work related respiratory disease caused by exposure from contaminated humidification systems or oil mist, removal from further exposure resulted in clinical improvement, although, especially in those with obstructive impairment, signs persisted. Because of the possibility of transferring patients to exposure-free departments most patients could be kept at work.


Over the past decade, a deepening understanding of the gravity of the problem of statelessness, as well as the growing realisation that the international legal framework relating to statelessness exhibits numerous shortcomings, has made it clear that this issue warrants further engagement by the international community. This article looks more closely at statelessness as a fundamental challenge for Europe in the twenty-first century. The piece discusses why finding an appropriate response to statelessness can be deemed imperative, taking into account both human rights and human security considerations. To provide an impression of current opportunities for addressing statelessness, some of the strengths and limitations of the existing international legal framework relating to statelessness are presented. Finally, the article discusses a number of recent developments, in particular in Europe, which may open new avenues for meeting the challenge of statelessness in the future.


The management of B3 lesions is both controversial and complicated. There have been recent publications regarding how best to manage this heterogeneous group particularly in light of the Marmot Review and with the advent of vacuum-assisted biopsy technique. It is recognized that B3 lesions on core biopsy can be upgraded to malignancy in up to one-third of cases, but this is predominantly to ductal carcinoma in situ or low-grade invasive tumours. The upgrade rate is mainly associated with B3 lesions with epithelial atypia. This review summarizes the current management and focuses on the proposed future management of these B3 lesions.


Paper plays a crucial role in many developing world information practices. However, paper-based records are inefficient, error-prone and difficult to aggregate. Therefore we need to link paper with the flexibility of online information systems. A mobile phone is the perfect bridging device. Long battery life, connectivity, solid-state memory, low price and immediate utility make it better suited to developing world conditions than a PC. However, mobile software platforms are difficult to use, difficult to develop for, and make the assumption of ubiquitous connectivity. To address these limitations we present CAM - a framework for developing mobile applications for the rural developing world. CAM applications are accessed by capturing barcodes using the phone camera, or by entering numeric strings with the keypad. Supporting minimal navigation, direct linkage to paper practices and offline multimedia interaction, CAM is uniquely adapted to rural user, application and infrastructure constraints


Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone malignancy with a high relapse rate despite combined treatment with surgery and multiagent chemotherapy. As for other cancers, OS-associated microenvironment may contribute to tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. We consider mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) as a relevant cellular component of OS microenvironment, and have previously found that the interaction between MSC and tumor cells is bidirectional: tumor cells can modulate their peripheral environment that in turn becomes more favorable to tumor growth through metabolic reprogramming. Here, we determined the effects of MSC on OS stemness and migration, two major features associated with recurrence and chemoresistance. The presence of stromal cells enhanced the number of floating spheres enriched in cancer stem cells (CSC) of the OS cell population. Furthermore, the co-culturing with MSC stimulated the migratory capacity of OS via TGFβ1 and IL-6 secretion, and the neutralizing antibody anti-IL-6 impaired this effect. Thus, stromal cells in combination with OS spheres exploit a vicious cycle where the presence of CSC stimulates mesenchymal cytokine secretion, which in turn increases stemness, proliferation, migration, and metastatic potential of CSC, also through the increase of expression of adhesion molecules like ICAM-1. Altogether, our data corroborate the concept that a comprehensive knowledge of the interplay between tumor and stroma that also includes the stem-like fraction of tumor cells is needed to develop novel and effective anti-cancer therapies.


Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether occupational health and safety (OHS) management used to manage musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the aged care sector reflects contemporary research evidence of best practice to reduce the incidence of these disorders. Design/methodology/approach In total, 58 interviews were conducted with managers and supervisors in the aged care sector across four organisations in Australia. Policies and procedures relating to MSDs were reviewed for each organisation. Findings Policies and procedures for managing MSDs do not reflect contemporary evidence, which supports a complex aetiology, related to a range of physical and psychosocial workplace factors. Despite strong evidence that psychosocial factors contribute to MSD development, these were not included in the policies and procedures reviewed. Findings from the interviews management practices including leadership and various components of HRM were functioning well but fragmentation was evident due to the challenging nature of the aged care sector. Practical implications To address the significant burden of MSDs in the aged care sector, policies and procedures need to include coverage of psychosocial and physical workplace factors. The development of systematic and integrated OHS management at the workplace level may play an important role in the effective management of MSDs. Originality/value This study offers insights into the previously unexplored area of MSD risk management and the role of management practices such as HRM in the aged care sector.


This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on growth performance, lipid metabolism, gut microbial, antioxidant status and immune responses of juvenile loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Five experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of chitosan (0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2 and 5% CHI) for 50 days. Results of the present study showed that body weight gain was significantly higher in fish fed chitosan supplemented diets in dose dependent manner than control group. Increasing dietary chitosan levels reduced gut lipid content. Meanwhile the mRNA expression levels of intestine lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid binding protein 2 were significantly reduced with incremental dietary chitosan level. The percentages of total monounsaturated fatty acid decreased, while polyunsaturated fatty acid increased with dietary chitosan. The fish fed 0.5% CHI had higher mucus lysozyme activity (LZM) than those fed 0% CHI, but the LZM activity was significantly decreased with advancing chitosan supplement. The expression levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase revealed a similar trend, where the highest expressions were found in fish fed 5% CHI diet. In the term of intestine microbiota between 0 and 1% CHI groups, the proportion of bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes increased, whereas the proportion of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes decreased as the fish supplemented chitosan. In conclusion, supplementation of chitosan improved growth performance, antioxidant status and immunological responses in loach.


The trace amines (TAs), tryptamine, tyramine, and β-phenylethylamine, are synthesized from precursor amino acids via aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). We explored their role in the neuromodulation of neonatal rat spinal cord motor circuits. We first showed that the spinal cord contains the substrates for TA biosynthesis (AADC) and for receptor-mediated actions via trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) 1 and 4. We next examined the actions of the TAs on motor activity using the in vitro isolated neonatal rat spinal cord. Tyramine and tryptamine most consistently increased motor activity with prominent direct actions on motoneurons. In the presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate, all applied TAs supported expression of a locomotor-like activity (LLA) that was indistinguishable from that ordinarily observed with serotonin, suggesting that the TAs act on common central pattern generating neurons. The TAs also generated distinctive complex rhythms characterized by episodic bouts of LLA. TA actions on locomotor circuits did not require interaction with descending monoaminergic projections since evoked LLA was maintained following block of all Na+-dependent monoamine transporters or the vesicular monoamine transporter. Instead, TA (tryptamine and tyramine) actions depended on intracellular uptake via pentamidine-sensitive Na+-independent membrane transporters. Requirement for intracellular transport is consistent with the TAs having much slower LLA onset than serotonin and for activation of intracellular TAARs. To test for endogenous actions following biosynthesis, we increased intracellular amino acid levels with cycloheximide. LLA emerged and included distinctive TA-like episodic bouts. In summary, we provided anatomical and functional evidence of the TAs as an intrinsic spinal monoaminergic modulatory system capable of promoting recruitment of locomotor circuits independent of the descending monoamines. These actions support their known sympathomimetic function.


The effectiveness of patent protection depends not only on the existence of patent laws on the books, but also on the ability to enforce the rights granted by those laws. In recent years, there has been concern expressed in Australia that courts are providing inadequate protection for patent owners: that they are anti-patent. We argue that there are two fundamental problems with this line of argument. The first is that although it is essentially an empirical issue, the debate has largely been based on anecdotal evidence provided by vested interest groups. Second, many existing studies are critical of the observed low levels of success in patent litigation disputes without properly recognizing that a patent does not provide any guarantee of validity if challenged in a court of law. Given the selection bias, only those cases where validity is highly questionable may actually make it to court. To incorporate these issues into the debate, we have created and analysed a database of all patent enforcement decisions (on both validity and infringement) of Australian courts for the period 1997-2003. We report descriptive statistics on patent litigation including detailed information on the duration of such litigation. Our analysis indicates that, in line with theoretical predictions, patent owners are more likely to have at least some of their claims upheld in both validity and infringement determinations than they are to lose all of their claims.


Background and purpose: Ferula szowitsiana is one of the Iranian medicinal plants that could be effective for pain relief since it affects opioid, cannabinoid and adenosine receptors. In this study the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula szowitsiana on pain was investigated in rats. Materials and methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula szowitsiana was solved in saline, ethanol and tween 80 (8:1:1). Male rats weighing 200-250g were placed in different groups: control, control with visceral pain, intraperitoneal administration (i.p.) of solvent, solvent with visceral pain, doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of extract, naloxone, extract with naloxone, extract with visceral pain, intrathecal administration (i.t.) of solvent, 8μg/10μl of extract and 8μg/10μl of extract with visceral pain groups. Tail flick apparatus were used for thermal pain assessment. Results: Ferula szowitsiana extract reduced thermal pain threshold (P<0.01). The i.t administration of equivalent concentration of effective dose of extract which was used in i.p administration did not lead to a significant hyperalgesia unlike the systemic administration. On the other hand, the results showed no significant difference between the group receiving the extract and extractnaloxone groups. Also i.p. administration of extract caused a visceral pain (P<0.001). Conclusion: Ferula szowitsiana extract leads to visceral pain in i.p. administration and referred pain in tail region, therefore, it causes the activation of TRPV1 receptors in indirect pathway and then reduce thermal pain threshold.


The causes of death of popes are reviewed in the light of existing knowledge, and analysed in terms of four periods: First Period (64-604) Early Middle Ages (604-1054), Late Middle Ages and Renaissance (1054-1492), and Post-Renaissance (1492-2000). Among those who died of natural causes, multi-disease pathology was commonly present as is to be expected in an older population group, and acute terminal febrile illnesses, malaria, stroke, severe heart disease, gout or poly-arthritis, terminal kidney disease, gallstones, cancer, dysentery, the plague, lung infection, gangrene of a leg, abscesses, depression or debilitating psychiatric illness. Unnatural causes comprise inter alia assassination, death in prison or in exile, casualties of war or public violence, poisoning and stoning during street violence. This study covers the time period up to the year 2005.


Purpose Little is known about whether sugar intake is a risk factor for myopia, and the influence of glycemic control remains unclear, with inconsistent results reported. This study aimed to clarify this uncertainty by evaluating the link between multiple glycemic traits and myopia. Methods We employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design using summary statistics from independent genome-wide association studies. A total of six glycemic traits, including adiponectin, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and proinsulin levels, were used as exposures, and myopia was used as the outcome. The inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method was the main applied analytic tool and was complemented with comprehensive sensitivity analyses. Results Out of the six glycemic traits studied, we found that adiponectin was significantly associated with myopia. The genetically predicted level of adiponectin was consistently negatively associated with myopia incidence: IVW (odds ratio [OR] = 0.990; P = 2.66 × 10−3), MR Egger (OR = 0.983; P = 3.47 × 10−3), weighted median method (OR = 0.989; P = 0.01), and weighted mode method (OR = 0.987; P = 0.01). Evidence from all sensitivity analyses further supported these associations. In addition, a higher HbA1c level was associated with a greater risk of myopia: IVW (OR = 1.022; P = 3.06 × 10−5). Conclusions Genetic evidence shows that low adiponectin levels and high HbA1c are associated with an increased risk of myopia. Given that physical activity and sugar intake are controllable variables in blood glycemia treatment, these findings provide new insights into potential strategies to delay myopia onset.


This study used qualitative content analysis to examine the way in which adolescent interracial romances are portrayed in Young Adult novels. The purpose of the study was not only to identify the consistent, overarching themes in the novels but also to compare their depiction of adolescent interracial romances to the research on the reality of the experience of these relationships. Seven realistic fiction, YA novels in which the protagonists date interracially were selected for the study, and analyzed in depth using several guiding questions based on the literature, emergent coding, and the constant comparative method. Overall, the study found that the portrayal of adolescent interracial romances in these novels was positive, encouraging the hope for a more tolerant, integrated society in the future. Surprisingly, race was not the focus of most of the novels, and the difference in race was often only a secondary obstacle to the relationships.


The mechanism behind the Long Secondary Period (LSP) observed in pulsating red giants still remains unknown. In this work, I investigate the connection between the Red Giant Branch and Asymptotic Giant Branch evolution and the appearance of the LSP - the phenomenon observed in a large fraction the red giants. I use the OGLE-III sample of the OSARG variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. I construct the density maps in the period-luminosity as well as color-magnitude planes for the stars showing LSP and compare them to the remaining giants. I also fit the spectral energy distribution to test whether an additional source of reddening is present in the LSP stars. I post a hypothesis that the LSP phenomenon may be related to a transition between the different pulsation period-luminosity sequences. I also show that an overabundance of the stars showing Long Period Variables can be observed around the Tip of the Red Giant Branch, and much more prominently, at the upper part of the Asymptotic Giant Branch. The main over-density region appears to be slightly fainter and redder than the bulk of the Asymptotic Giant Branch. It also seems to correspond to the area of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram where stable winds and high mass loss are present. The LSP can possibly be a recurring phenomenon appearing and disappearing in various points of the red giant evolution. The LSP stars appear to be more reddened than other giants, which suggests the intrinsic nature of the reddening, likely related to large dust emission. The analysis seems to confirms the hypothesis that there is a relation between the mass loss due to the presence of strong stellar wind and the appearance of LSP.


Measuring the similarity between documents is an important operation in the text processing field. In this paper, a new similarity measure is proposed. To compute the similarity between two documents with respect to a feature, the proposed measure takes the following three cases into account: a) The feature appears in both documents, b) the feature appears in only one document, and c) the feature appears in none of the documents. For the first case, the similarity increases as the difference between the two involved feature values decreases. Furthermore, the contribution of the difference is normally scaled. For the second case, a fixed value is contributed to the similarity. For the last case, the feature has no contribution to the similarity. The proposed measure is extended to gauge the similarity between two sets of documents. The effectiveness of our measure is evaluated on several real-world data sets for text classification and clustering problems. The results show that the performance obtained by the proposed measure is better than that achieved by other measures.


Experiments in this thesis tested recognition memory tasks in human participants. Recognition memory tasks measure novelty preference when participants are exposed to familiar and novel stimuli. The majority of this research has been conducted using non-human animal samples, although there have been some experiments testing humans. The experiments in this thesis expand on and modify recognition memory tasks for humans. The experiments presented tested an associative model of recognition memory, as recognition memory can also be explained by other accounts. Recognition memory tasks were adapted for human participants by presenting images on a computer screen fitted with a non-invasive eye-tracker. Eye movements were recorded so dwell times could be used to determine if participants were spending more time looking at expected (familiar) or unexpected (novel) stimuli. It was predicted that humans would perform recognition memory tasks in a similar way to animals and that results would be best explained by the associative account (Wagner's SOP model). The experiments in Chapter 2 did find support of a contextual learning task in human adults and children, which can be explained by the associative, declarative and generalisation decrement accounts. Experiments in Chapter 3 that sought to test the associative account by testing a Pavlovian manipulation known to affect learning, namely extinction, were unsuccessful. Experiments in Chapter 4 tested the associative model using spacing experiments that manipulate the time between sample presentations during training. These experiments were also unsuccessful. The conclusion of this thesis is that results from non-human animal studies suggest that the associative account better explains behaviour in recognition memory tasks, however the experiments presented in this thesis, which tested human participants, were unable to find evidence to support the associative account being superior at explaining behaviour in the tasks tested.


Exploring globalization from a labor history perspective, Aviva Chomsky provides historically grounded analyses of migration, labor-management collaboration, and the mobility of capital. She illuminates the dynamics of these movements through case studies set mostly in New England and Colombia. Taken together, the case studies offer an intricate portrait of two regions, their industries and workers, and the myriad links between them over the long twentieth century, as well as a new way to conceptualize globalization as a long-term process.

Chomsky examines labor and management at two early-twentieth-century Massachusetts factories: one that transformed the global textile industry by exporting looms around the world, and another that was the site of a model program of labor-management collaboration in the 1920s. She follows the path of the textile industry from New England, first to the U.S. South, and then to Puerto Rico, Japan, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and Colombia. She considers how towns in Rhode Island and Massachusetts began to import Colombian workers as they struggled to keep their remaining textile factories going. Most of the workers eventually landed in service jobs: cleaning houses, caring for elders, washing dishes.

Focusing on Colombia between the 1960s and the present, Chomsky looks at the Uraba banana export region, where violence against organized labor has been particularly acute, and, through a discussion of the AFL-CIO's activities in Colombia, she explores the thorny question of U.S. union involvement in foreign policy. In the 1980s, two U.S. coal mining companies began to shift their operations to Colombia, where they opened two of the largest open-pit coal mines in the world. Chomsky assesses how different groups, especially labor unions in both countries, were affected. Linked Labor Histories suggests that economic integration among regions often exacerbates regional inequalities rather than ameliorating them.


This thesis deals with issues related to investments and regulation of high-voltage electricity grids, and to the households' demand for electricity. The thesis consists of four self-contained papers. Papers I and II address the challenge of reaching agreements on the expansions of electricity grid infrastructure across national borders. Agreements can be problematic to reach due to regional welfare-effects from new infrastructure, which leads to questions of how investment costs should be shared and under what circumstances cooperation will be rational for all nations. This relates to both the allocation rule used, and the number of countries involved in the sharing (e.g., bilateral or regional). These issues are analysed by game theoretic methods and a numerical optimisation model of the electricity systems of six European countries. Results show that proportional sharing of investment costs in relation to benefits is the most practical solution, and that it also gives outcomes in terms of welfare and transmission capacity that are very close to the regional welfare optimum.The utilities responsible for the transmission system operation and the grid development are the national Transmission System Operators (TSO). The TSOs are monopoly utilities that operate under regulatory oversight. The absence of competition in this sector means that regulators have an important role in monitoring performance and ensuring overall efficiency. One way to do this is by frontier benchmarking methods. However, there are in general no national comparators for TSO, which means that performance needs to be measured against international comparators. Paper III applies a benchmark model to analyse the technical efficiency of 29 European TSO. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate efficiency scores and different approaches to account for the heterogeneity in operating environments are tested. Results show that the average technical efficiency is between 88% and 94%, depending on model and data sample. While this indicates that there are efficiency differences between the TSOs, the extension to regulation of TSOs is not straight forward since the reasons for inefficiency may be due to factors that are outside the TSO's control.In Paper IV attention is turned towards the households' demand for electricity. The question answered is how the ageing populations in OECD countries, and the consequential changes in population age-structures, may affect the residential demand for electricity. The implications of changing demography is analysed by a family life-cycle model, and an empirical analysis is made by specifying an econometric model of electricity demand that includes the population age-structure by four age-group variables. Results show that the oldest age-group has the largest positive effect on aggregate per capita consumption, while the other groups have lower but similar effects. The results have implications for projections of future electricity demand and for policies aimed at influencing households' electricity demand, not the least since the share of elderly in the populations of western societies will increase by several percentage points over the coming decades.


We report a general and fast approach that can transfer any hydrophobic nanocrystals into water within several seconds without vigorous stirring or ultrasonication treatment at room temperature. The key factor is to find a suitable solvent that can be soluble in both organic solvent and water using the classical "like dissolves like" rule. Hydrophobic nanocrystals covered with oleic acid, oleylamine, and TOPO have been successfully transferred into water. The second ligand could be any amphiphilic ligands, such as sodium oleate, decanoate, dopamine, CTAB, and so on. The surface charge could be tuned to negatively or positively charged by using different ligands. After phase transfer, the original properties, including the plasmonic, magnetic, catalytic, and fluorescence properties, of the nanocrystals are well retained.


Phosphorus (P) eutrophication in the aquatic system is a global problem. With a nega- tive impact on health industry, food security, tourism industry, ecosystem health and economy. The sources of P include both point and nonpoint sources. Controlling P inflow from point sources to aquatic systems have been more manageable, however control ling nonpoint P sources especially agricultural sources remains a challenge. The forms of P include both organic and inorganic. Runoff and soil erosion are the major agents of translocating P to the aquatic system in form of particulate and dissolved P. Excessive P cause growth of algae bloom, anoxic conditions, altering plant species composition and biomass, leading to fish kill, food webs disruption, toxins production and recreational areas degradation. Phosphorus eutrophication mitigation strategies include controlling nutrient loads and ecosystem restoration. Point P sources could be controlled through restructuring industrial layout. Controlling nonpoint nutrient loads need catchment management to focus on farm scale, field scale and catchment scale management as well as employ human intervention which includes ferric dosing, on farm biochar application and flushing and dredging of floor deposits. Ecosystem restoration for eutrophication mitigation involves phytoremediation, wetland restoration, riparian area restoration and river/lake maintenance/restoration. Combination of interventions could be required for successful eutrophication mitigation. indicate contrasting finding on the success of the mitigation strategies, whereby some reported success indicated no response to P eutrophication mitigation. As a result, it there need in some cases to combine multiple eutrophication mitigation interventions for example control of nutrient loading, physicochemical and physicomechanical interventions in of and ensure successful mitigation process.


Land managers must balance the needs of a variety of species when manipulating habitats. Structured decision making provides a systematic means of defining choices and choosing among alternative management options; implementation of a structured decision requires quantitative approaches to predicting consequences of management on the relevant species. Multi-species occupancy models provide a convenient framework for making structured decisions when the management objective is focused on a collection of species. These models use replicate survey data that are often collected on managed lands. Occupancy can be modeled for each species as a function of habitat and other environmental features, and Bayesian methods allow for estimation and prediction of collective responses of groups of species to alternative scenarios of habitat management. We provide an example of this approach using data from breeding bird surveys conducted in 2008 at the Patuxent Research Refuge in Laurel, Maryland, evaluating the effects of eliminating meadow and wetland habitats on scrub-successional and woodland-breeding bird species using summed total occupancy of species as an objective function. Removal of meadows and wetlands decreased value of an objective function based on scrub-successional species by 23.3% (95% CI: 20.3–26.5), but caused only a 2% (0.5, 3.5) increase in value of an objective function based on woodland species, documenting differential effects of elimination of meadows and wetlands on these groups of breeding birds. This approach provides a useful quantitative tool for managers interested in structured decision making. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.


Extensive research has been done on the generation of unstructured grids in reservoir simulation, with the aim of better representing the geology. We introduce UPR (Unstructured PEBI-grids for Reservoirs), a free, open source module for the Matlab Reservoir Simulation Toolbox. This module automates the generation of grids that conform to structures in subsurface reservoirs. The module implements the new methods presented in this thesis. These methods generate PEBI-grids that conform to wells and faults. The grids honor faults exactly. By using our novel method for treating intersections, it handles several hard cases robustly, including, intersection of multiple faults, intersections of wells and faults, and faults intersecting at sharp angles. We have also generalized our method to three dimensions, and present how one can create unstructured 3D PEBI-grids that conform exactly to faults.


This thesis focuses on the significance of managers HRD-activities (learning activities) in modern career contexts. Based on literature study and several pre-studies, a conceptual research model was developed containing three main elements: HRD-pattern, psychological career contract and mobility perspective. With this model it was studied whether managers expectations about career self-management directly or indirectly (via HRD-pattern) impact their mobility perspectives. The main study was conducted in six Dutch companies in banking & insurance and in a temporary employment agency (N=242).
With the shift from traditional to modern careers, more emphasis is put on flexibility and career self-management. Development is the central element of a career for which the primary responsibility lies with the employee. The employer is expected to fulfil a facilitating role. Career development has become a mutual responsibility of organisations and employees. Employees expectations about their own commitment to career self-management and about the support for career self-management from their organisations are part of the psychological career contract. The more career self-management is emphasised in such a contract, the more modern the contract is. Moreover, a contract can be more or less unbalanced, depending on the extent to which both perspectives (commitment and support) converge or diverge. Contract-unbalance is expected to have negative effects on behaviour and motivation.
The nature of the psychological career contract will influence the way managers learn. In traditional careers employees could survive by learning (organisation-) specific content in order to perform well in their current job. In modern careers, however, generic value of HRD-activities is more important because it contributes to the new career goal: employability. To measure managers learning behaviour, the HRD-pattern was developed, which is a summarizing characterisation of the variety in generic value of various HRD-activities. The HRD-pattern may vary from poor to rich referring to the expected effects on future mobility chances: the mobility perspective. A mobility perspective consists of the ability and the willingness to fulfil another job, respectively called mobility-scope and pursuit of mobility.
The study shows that managers feel highly committed to and moderately supported for career self-management. Their psychological career contracts are intermediately modern. Moreover, they use a large variety of HRD-activities, which are merely informal and are used management-task independently. Managers HRD-patterns are moderately till highly rich and their mobility perspectives consist of broad scopes and intermediately high levels of mobility pursuit.
Modern psychological career contracts appear to positively impact the mobility scope via the use of HRD-activities. This is the so-called HRD-path, which symbolises a positive trajectory. Focusing on the level of unbalance, we see a direct influence of the contract on pursuit of mobility (not mediated by the HRD-pattern). Apparently, managers follow the flight-path in case they perceive an unbalanced psychological career contract.
In sum, employees mobility perspectives can be enlarged as a result of modern career notions and as a result of perception of unbalance. It is stressed that the HRD-path and the flight-path are not equally satisfactory.


Abstract. With the fast growth of internet-based sharing mechanism and OpenGIS technology, users nowadays enjoy the luxury to quickly locate and access a variety of geospatial data for the tasks at hands. While this sharing innovation tremendously expand the possibility of application and reduce the development cost, users nevertheless have to deal with all kinds of "differences" implicitly hidden behind the acquired georesources. We argue the next generation of GIS-based environment, regardless internet-based or not, must have built-in knowledge to automatically and correctly assess the fitness of data use and present the analyzed results to users in an intuitive and meaningful way. The VISA approach proposed in this paper refer to four different types of visual aids that can be respectively used for addressing analyzed results, namely, virtual layer, informative window, symbol transformation and augmented TOC. The VISA-enabled interface works in an automatic-aware fashion, where the standardized metadata serve as the known facts about the selected geospatial resources, algorithms for analyzing the differences of temporality and quality of the geospatial resources were designed and the transformation of analyzed results into visual aids were automatically executed. It successfully presents a new way for bridging the communication gaps between systems and users. GIS has been long seen as a powerful integration tool, but its achievements would be highly restricted if it fails to provide a friendly and correct working platform.


Legislative study committees have been appointed to explore the possibility of establishing a state agricultural cost share program in Georgia. The objective of this paper is to describe the programs in Kentucky and North Carolina and identify the features that might serve as models for the Georgia program. North Carolina established an Agriculture Cost Share Program in 1983 and the current funding level is $6.9 million per year. Kentucky established a Soil Erosion and Water Quality Cost Share Program in 1994. This is a much smaller program with a current funding level of $2.7 million per year. Both programs are administered through local soil and water conservation district offices and cost share best management practices (BMPs) at a rate of 75%. BMPs animal waste storage facilities, lagoon closure, riparian buffers, and nutrient management plans. Part of the funds are used for technical support in both programs. A Georgia cost share program should include many of these features including technical and administrative support, a 75% cost share rate, a focus on a limited number of BMPs, and state-wide application.


This study exploits the introduction of high subsidies for anti-malaria products in Senegal in 2009 to investigate if malaria prevents parents to invest in child health. Building upon the seminal paper of Dow et al. (1999), we develop a simple model of health investments under competing mortality risks, in which people allocate expenses to equalize lifetime across all causes of death. We predict that private health investments to fight malaria as well as other diseases should increase in response to anti-malaria public interventions. To test this prediction, we use original panel data from a Senegalese household survey combined with geographical information on malaria prevalence. Our strategy is to compare the evolution of child health expenditures before and after anti-malaria interventions, between malarious and non-malarious regions of Senegal. We find that health expenditures in malarious regions catch up with non-malarious regions, at the extensive and intensive margins, and both in level and in composition. The same result holds for parental health-seeking behavior in case of other diseases like diarrhea. We provide evidence that these patterns cannot be explained by differential trends in total income or access to healthcare or child morbidity between malarious and non-malarious regions. Our results suggest that behavioral responses to anti-malaria campaigns magnify their impact on all-cause mortality for children. JEL Classification: D1, H51, I1, J13, O15


Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common infertility disorder affecting a significant proportion of the global population. It is the main cause of anovulatory infertility in women and is the most common endocrinopathy affecting reproductive-aged women, with a prevalence of 8–13% depending on the criteria used and population studied. The disease is multifactorial and complex and, therefore, often difficult to diagnose due to overlapping symptoms. Multiple etiological factors have been implicated in PCOS. Due to the complex pathophysiology involving multiple pathways and proteins, single genetic diagnostic tests cannot be determined. Progress has been achieved in the management and diagnosis of PCOS; however, not much is known about the molecular players and signaling pathways underlying it. Conclusively PCOS is a polygenic and multifactorial syndromic disorder. Many genes have been associated with PCOS, which affect fertility either directly or indirectly. However, studies conducted on PCOS patients from multiple families failed to find a fully penetrant variant(s). The present study was designed to review the current genetic understanding of the disease. In the present review, we have discussed the clinical spectrum, the genetics, and the variants identified as being associated with PCOS. The mechanisms by which variants in the genes confer risk to PCOS and the nature of the physical and genetic interaction between the genetic elements underlying PCOS remain to be determined. Elucidation of genetic players and cellular pathways underlying PCOS will certainly increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. The study also discusses the current status of the treatment modalities for PCOS, which is important to find new ways of treatment.


Illite is a distinctive clay mineral formed by K alteration within hydrothermal alteration zones in porphyry Cu deposits. Based on differences in spatial distribution, Kübler index, number of swelling layers, and polytype, two kinds of illite are recognized within the Dexing porphyry Cu deposit, East China. One is a hydrothermal mineral within hydrothermally-altered granodiorite porphyry and altered tuffaceous phyllite near the contact zone with the granodiorite porphyry cupola. The hydrothermal illite is formed by illitization of plagioclase and/or micas during hydrothermal fluid-rock interaction. The considerable variation of their higher Kübler indices (0.17–1.41°Δ2θ) with swelling layer is affected by fluid/rock ratio or fluid flux. The other type of illite is a product of low-grade metamorphism within tuffaceous phyllite away from the porphyry cupola (>2 km), and has a lower Kübler index (0.06–0.13°Δ2θ), a 2M1 polytype, and no swelling layers. We suggest that, within the mineralized alteration zone, the lower the Kübler index, the stronger the degree of alteration, and the higher the copper grade. This is caused by a higher fluid/rock ratio in the middle-upper portions of the contact zone.


On the basis of water‐rock interactions, hydrogeochemical characteristics of spring, stream, wetland, and lake waters in the Mogan and Eymir Lakes special environmental protection area of Turkey were modeled using a reaction‐path simulation method. Geochemical characteristics of surface waters, mineralogical sources of ion concentrations in the springs, mixing, and evaporation/dilution relationships between the compositions of input flows and the lakes and between the compositions of inflows and wetlands were quantitatively determined. Major ion distributions in spring water reflect mineralogical characteristics of the lithologies that have been traversed by related springs before reaching the surface. Mixing and evaporation/dilution calculations show that approximately 41 to 83% of the ion concentrations in the Mogan Lake is provided by groundwater and the remaining is supplied by streams. In addition to the mixing, cation exchange and carbon dioxide (CO2) outgasing reactions are also required to obtain the observed lake composition. Chemistry of the wetland waters provided by Mogan Lake by way of groundwater and the regulator canal is primarily controlled by CO2 ingasing and exchange reactions. Small amounts of dilution by other sources are also required. The majority of ion concentrations in Eymir Lake water, on the other hand, is supplied by the wetland area. Ion concentration contributions of groundwater from other areas to the Eymir Lake are calculated to be approximately 8 to 59% of the total input. Silica precipitation, exchange, and evaporation are the effective processes in the production of Eymir Lake water concentrations. In general, the ranges of model results are consistent with those of hydrological data.


The Standard Model of particle physics successfully describes the fundamental particles and their interactions, but suffers from a few critical limitations which raise the intriguing possibility of new physics beyond it. My dissertation focuses on the study of the phenomenologically important quantities in the Standard Model, particularly, involving the high precision first principle calculations in the low-energy ($\sim1$GeV) regime of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the $SU(3)$ component of the Standard Model. In this regime, since the QCD coupling becomes strong and the quarks and the gluons are confined to bound states called hadrons, a perturbative expansion in the coupling constant is not possible. However, the introduction of a four-dimensional Euclidean space-time lattice allows for an ab-initio treatment of QCD and provides a powerful tool - lattice QCD to study the low energy dynamics of the hadrons using numerical simulations.

I have used existing methods of lattice QCD and developed new methods to study the pseudoscalar and the vector mesons (quark-antiquark hadrons) made of valence light (up and down), strange and charm quarks which are important final states in a number of decay processes that are studied in experiments and are sensitive to new physics. From the large time exponential behaviour of the meson correlators generated on lattice, I have extracted the masses and the decay constants (annihilation amplitude) of the mesons. My results include the most accurate lattice QCD calculation to date of the properties of the vector mesons $\phi$ and $\rho$. In lattice QCD calculations, the systematic uncertainty coming from the renormalisation constants relating the lattice results to the continuum results can be crucial and therefore has been determined precisely.

Subsequently, we realised that our methods can also be extended to the calculation of the hadronic vacuum polarisation (HVP) contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $a_\mu$. The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, shows a large discrepancy ($\sim3\sigma$) between theoretical and experimental results, putting the Standard Model to one of its most stringent tests. To complement the plans for a four-fold improvement in its experimental uncertainty, this project aims to improve the dominant contributions in the theoretical uncertainty coming from the hadronic vacuum polarisation to $\sim1\%$. I with my collaborators have developed a new lattice QCD method to calculate the HVP, making a significant progress over previous calculations by achieving an unprecedented precision ($\sim2\%$) in the HVP.

The quark flavour sector of the Standard Model is also a fertile ground to test any new physics effect through the Unitarity test of the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. Therefore, my aim was to perform a lattice QCD calculation of the scalar and the vector form factors (over a large $q^2$ region including $q^2=0$) associated with the $D\rightarrow Kl\nu$ semi-leptonic decay. The central CKM matrix element, $V_{cs}$ in the Standard Model, is then calculated by comparing the lattice QCD results for the form factors and the experimental decay rate.

For my research I have used publicly avalilable MILC HISQ configurations with dynamical up, down, strange and charm quarks. For most of my calculations I have used HISQ valence quarks except for the renormalisation of currents where for the comparison between different lattice formalisms I have also used the clover valence quarks.


Time correlations in the fluorescence of a multilevel atom are studied in terms of the quantum statistics which describe the emission of the next photon. The next photon equations are substantially simpler than the a photon equations (or so-called optical Bloch equations) yet they contain phase information lost in the averaging procedure that yields the a photon equations. Employing the next photon equations we present a quantum formalism in which the time development of the wave function of the atom is dramatically modified by the observation of a dark period. This ''collapse'' of the quantum state due to measurements with a null result (such as the failure to record events in a photodetector) is the cause of intermittent atomic fluorescence even when the exciting field is arbitrarily coherent. The next photon and a photon formalisms are contrasted and applied to photon antibunching. The phenomenon of photon bunching which characterizes sideband correlations is also calculated. Observable effects particular to the coherent intermittency are emphasized.


In most of today's campus-like learning settings students are frequently confronted with e-learning systems that do not only deliver and display learning content, but are equipped with a number of integrated tools for file sharing, communication, personalisation (personal annotations, text marking etc.) and cooperation. However, recent observations show that these functions are rarely used. One reason for not using the technological opportunities for informal communication and interaction is the misdesign of such systems with respect to team awareness in learning teams. The poor support for synchronous and asynchronous communication and collaboration in today's e-learning systems has motivated the development and prototypical implementation of a context-aware team interaction support system, offering up-to-the-moment information about location, state and activities of learning teams and thus helping to build up awareness of the surrounding, in which team learning processes can take place. In this paper, we present an extensible awareness system, which is capable of providing context information in a presentation independent format. A team space is provided for mobile learning teams, integrating state and task awareness functionality with synchronous and asynchronous communication means.


Hindsight bias occurs when people feel that they "knew it all along," that is, when they believe that an event is more predictable after it becomes known than it was before it became known. Hindsight bias embodies any combination of three aspects: memory distortion, beliefs about events' objective likelihoods, or subjective beliefs about one's own prediction abilities. Hindsight bias stems from (a) cognitive inputs (people selectively recall information consistent with what they now know to be true and engage in sensemaking to impose meaning on their own knowledge), (b) metacognitive inputs (the ease with which a past outcome is understood may be misattributed to its assumed prior likelihood), and (c) motivational inputs (people have a need to see the world as orderly and predictable and to avoid being blamed for problems). Consequences of hindsight bias include myopic attention to a single causal understanding of the past (to the neglect of other reasonable explanations) as well as general overconfidence in the certainty of one's judgments. New technologies for visualizing and understanding data sets may have the unintended consequence of heightening hindsight bias, but an intervention that encourages people to consider alternative causal explanations for a given outcome can reduce hindsight bias.


DC/AC converters are widely used in several applications; traditionally, they can be classified in two types: the voltage-source inverters (VSIs) and the current-source inverters (CSIs). Their use depends on their application; however, some of them are common for both types of converters. Another possibility for the dc/ac conversion is the multilevel configuration, and the most analyzed is the VSI. In this paper, a different multilevel CSI is proposed: the paralleled configuration. To control the converter, a different sinusoidal pulse with modulation is employed; it consists of modifying the reference signal instead of using multiple carriers. Additionally, a balancing method for the inductor currents is given. The operation, analysis, and implementation are presented; moreover, simulation and experimental results are shown.


Epistemologists and those involved in feminist philosophy have expanded philosophical analyses of epistemic injustices and its subparts over the last decade. In doing so, such authors have thoroughly discussed the role of credibility deficits and the harms they cause for those receiving the deficits. In this literature, however, credibility excesses have not received as much attention owing to their tendency to be socially advantageous for those receiving them. In this paper, I show that epistemic justice relies in part on taking these excesses into account. More specifically, I illustrate how adjusting only credibility deficits leads to a two-fold problem. On the one hand, it leads to an epistemic harm insofar as not taking the excesses into account can cause us to draw the wrong conclusion from furnished testimonies. If one persons testimonial excess is still greater than another's corrected deficit in a certain way, then the person with the excess will be favored over the other person even once the deficit is corrected. On the other hand, it can also lead to a moral harm that wrongs the person who received the eventually corrected deficit in their capacity as a knower. It does so in instances when it undermines the person's self-trust. As such, if we are willing to adjust credibility deficits up in the project of epistemic justice we also have to be willing to adjust credibility excesses down in at least some cases. Adjust Both: Adjusting Credibility Excesses for Epistemic Justice Lindsay M. Whittaker


The cell membrane large conductance voltagedependent chloride channel (Maxi Cl channel) has been recorded in different cell types following excision of membrane patches or stimulation by antiestrogens under whole-cell recording conditions. However, both its molecular nature and relevance to cell physiology await elucidation. Its electrophysiological properties resemble those of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) of the outer mitochondrial membrane. This observation has led to the controversial hypothesis that VDAC could be the molecular correlate of the plasma membrane Maxi Cl channel. We have investigated the cellular localization of VDAC and its relationship with the antiestrogen-activated Maxi Cl current in C1300 neuroblastoma cells. The presence of a plasma membrane VDAC was demonstrated by immunoblotting of membrane fractions with monoclonal antibodies against the VDAC and by reverse transcription-PCR using primers that hybridize to a VDAC sequence coding for an N-terminal leader peptide required for its plasma membrane sorting. Besides, VDAC colocalized with markers of plasma membrane lipid rafts (cholera toxin subunit) but not caveolin-1. Transfection of C1300 cells with an antisense oligonucleotide directed against the specific membrane leader sequence of VDAC markedly reduced both VDAC immunostaining and antiestrogenactivated Maxi Cl currents, suggesting that VDAC forms the plasma membrane Maxi Cl channel or a part thereof.


Because E2A aims to ensure the widest possible access to reproductive health and family planning services the project in this literature review focuses on one specific population of young people largely neglected by reproductive health programs to date: first-time parents. E2A defines first-time parents as young married mothers under the age of 25 and their partners who have one child. E2A's literature review looks at published and grey literature in an effort to describe both enabling and constraining demand- and supply-side factors that influence first-time parents' use of contraceptives for the purpose of spacing their second and subsequent pregnancies.


Historians make research queries on Google, ProQuest, and the HathiTrust. They garner information from keyword searches, carried out across millions of documents, their research shaped by algorithms they rarely understand. Historians often then visit archives in whirlwind trips marked by thousands of digital photographs, subsequently explored on computer monitors from the comfort of their offices. They may then take to social media or other digital platforms, their work shaped through these new forms of pre- and post-publication review. Almost all aspects of the historian's research workflow have been transformed by digital technology. In other words, all historians – not just Digital Historians – are implicated in this shift. The Transformation of Historical Research in the Digital Age equips historians to be self-conscious practitioners by making these shifts explicit and exploring their long-term impact. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.


A taxonomic survey of a wide range of bacteria has been made with the aid of an electrical computing machine. The strains examined fell into five main groups: (1) Gram-positive organisms, including streptococci, micrococci, staphylococci, Aerococcus, Erysipelothrix, Listeria and certain diphtheroids; (2) predominantly Gram-negative organisms, including enterobacteria, pseudomonads Pasteurella, Vibrio, Actinobacillus, Loefflerella, Brucella, Neisseria, Chromobacterium and also Bacillus; (3) Corynebacterium diphtheriae; (4) acid-fast bacilli; (5) spirilla. Within group 1 were subgroups representing Streptococcus, Micrococcus and Staphylococcus. Within group 2 were subgroups representing: (a) most enterobacteria together with Pasteurella pestis and Vibrio; (b) Brucella, Neisseria, Actinobacillus lignieresi, Pasteurella septica and possibly also Shigella; (c) pseudomonads; (d) Bacillus; (e) Chromobacterium violaceum and (f) Proteus. The taxonomy suggested by this study is compared with that in current use. Temporary working type strains of most of the species are suggested for use in surveys of this kind. The limitations of the method and of using old laboratory records are discussed.