The objective of this study was to compare the effects of risperidone and olanzapine in schizophrenic patients with intolerant extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) on first generation antipsychotics. We conducted an 8-week, rater-blinded, flexible dose study. Seventy patients with schizophrenia, who met the DSM-IV research criteria of having neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia or parkinsonism, were randomly assigned to risperidone or olanzapine group. The primary outcome was a comparison of the incidence of concomitant anticholinergic drugs usage between the groups to manage their acute dystonia and parkinsonism. The average doses of risperidone and olanzapine from baseline to study end point were 1.8—3.5 mg/day and 7.7—11.7 mg/day, respectively. There were no significant differences in demographic data, severity of EPS or psychotic symptoms between the groups at baseline assessment. Patients taking risperidone had significantly higher incidence of using anticholinergic drugs to manage acute dystonia or parkinsonism overall during the study (OR = 5.17, 95%CI = 1.49—17.88, P = 0.013). There was no significant between-group difference in the changing of rating scales of EPS and psychotic symptoms. The results of our study favour olanzapine as a better choice in schizophrenic patients with intolerant EPS. Double-blinded, fixed dose and different ethnical study for EPS-intolerant schizophrenic patients is needed to confirm the results of our study.


Purpose - This paper aims to analyse the economics of financing banking supervision and attempts to respond to two questions: What are the most common financing practices? Can the differences in current financing practices be explained by country-specific factors, using a path-dependence approach? Design/methodology/approach - The paper performs an empirical analysis that identifies the determinants of the financing structure of banks' prudential supervision using a sample of 90 banking supervisors (central banks and financial authorities). Findings - The paper concludes that supervisors in central banks are more likely to be publicly funded, while financial authorities are more likely to be funded via a levy on the regulated banks. The financing rule is also explained by the structure of the financial systems. Public funding is more likely in bank-oriented structures. Finally, the geographical factor is also significant: European bank supervisors are more oriented towards the private funding regime. Practical implications - In general, the paper does not find evidence of the role of the political factor, the size of the economy, the level of development and the legal tradition. Originality/value - The paper analyses the financial governance of banking supervision in a sample of 90 countries world-wide. The empirical analysis focuses on the financing rules and identifies factors that explain the differences between supervisory authorities.


The Malthusian Catastrophe describes a world in which unchecked population growth outstrips the resources needed for survival. Malthus' theory reverberates in the current debate over the economic consequences of population aging. As American society faces turbulent socio-economic changes there is resurgence of unease over the increasing number of older adults. The Malthusian Catastrophe has become a Methusian Catastrophe. Some predict the eventual bankruptcy of social systems as the growing number of older adults disrupts the dependency ratio and bleeds the economy dry at the expense of others, notably children and young, working adults. Pitting older adults against younger individuals creates a zero-sum fallacy, and may further marginalize vulnerable older adults. Instead of scapegoating older adults, we should look towards policies that acknowledge and respect the diversity of the American population.


Current electrical systems are faced with the limitation in performance by the electrical interconnect technology determining overall processing speed. In addition, the electrical interconnects containing many long distance interconnects require high power to drive. One of the best ways to overcome these bottlenecks is through the use of optical interconnect to limit interconnect latency and power.
This research explores new computer-aided design algorithms for developing optoelectronic systems. These algorithms focus on place and route problems using optical interconnections covering system-on-a-chip design as well as system-on-a-package design. In order to design optoelectronic systems, optical interconnection models are developed at first. The CAD algorithms include optical interconnection models and solve place and route problems for optoelectronic systems. The MCNC and GSRC benchmark circuits are used to evaluate these algorithms.


The reduction of energy consumption in electric trains is a big challenge of the next years. Lower consumptions means a more convenient design of the electric power supply network of the trains; in particular increasing the margin between peak demand and maximum power limit of the network improves the overall reliability. To this aim, the energy recovered from braking of one train may be used to aid the acceleration of the same or another train. Recovering energy from braking is a well-known idea, and the possibility to exchange energy between breaking trains and departing trains is very attractive. With this goal in mind the train vectors need to exchange information about their instantaneous power consumption and the data should be available for comparisons in a common time scale. In this paper will be presented an Android based measurement system for electric trains able to make synchronous measurements. The measurement system presented is composed of wireless sensors making it easy to install on modern train vectors.


This study, concentrating in particular on the sale of grain and fish, examines evidence of the way in which prices were determined in the market places of English boroughs in the later Middle Ages. It argues that public intervention, inspired by principles of Canon Law, was more active than has previously been supposed, and that free-bargaining between buyers and sellers was not allowed. On the contrary, there was at any given moment an official market price, authorized by market officials, that was binding on both buyers and sellers. For large consignments of grain or fish entering urban markets, there was a further, subsidiary procedure for fixing prices whereby sellers had to agree to a selling price with the town authorities before the goods were put on sale. The object of these procedures was to hold down prices in the interests of urban consumers. The offence of forestalling, usually understood simply as the creation of monopolies by those who bought up produce on its way to market, often involved the further charge of evading these price-setting arrangements. The paper demonstrates that urban price-setting policies were not wholly neutral between different types of households, since a widespread system of rationing favoured free burgesses over others in times of scarcity. It may also be observed that many prosecutions for offences relating to high prices were more a symbolic assertion of the liberties of free burgesses than a response to serious misdemeanours. There was inevitably some potential for conflict in the enforcement of policies based on the assumption that grain prices were set from day to day in urban markets, given that, in reality, price changes often originated in the countryside in the course of negotiation between rural producers and urban buyers.


Abstract Introduction Varying public views on cannabis use across countries may explain the variation in the prevalence of use, policies, and research in individual countries, and global regulation of cannabis. This paper aims to describe the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries. Methods PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 2010 to 2020. Searches were conducted using the relevant country of interest as a search term (e.g., "Iran"), as well as relevant predefined keywords such as "cannabis," "marijuana," "hashish," "bhang "dual diagnosis," "use," "addiction," "prevalence," "co-morbidity," "substance use disorder," "legalization" or "policy" (in English and non-English languages). These keywords were used in multiple combinations to create the search string for studies' titles and abstracts. Official websites of respective governments and international organizations were also searched in English and non-English languages (using countries national languages) to identify the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research in each of those countries. Results The main findings were inconsistent and heterogeneous reporting of cannabis use, variation in policies (e.g., legalization), and variation in intervention strategies across the countries reviewed. European countries dominate the cannabis research output indexed on PubMed, in contrast to Asian countries (Thailand, Malaysia, India, Iran, and Nepal). Conclusions Although global cannabis regulation is ongoing, the existing heterogeneities across countries in terms of policies and epidemiology can increase the burden of cannabis use disorders disproportionately and unpredictably. There is an urgent need to develop global strategies to address these cross-country barriers to improve early detection, prevention, and interventions for cannabis use and related disorders.


Spray drift associated with agrochemical operations is highly dependent upon the physical properties of the spray solution with respect to how they influence atomization. This study examined two spray solutions across a wide range of solution temperatures for two nozzles spraying into two high speed airstreams. The dynamic surface tension and viscosity of the spray solutions were also measured across the range of temperatures. Generally as the solution temperature increased, the dynamic surface tension and viscosity both decreased. This decrease in physical properties was directly related to the decrease in spray droplet size for all nozzles and airspeeds tested. Monitoring of spray solution temperature throughout the spray system of a typical agricultural aircraft demonstrated that while changes in the spray solutions temperature do occur, the range is much less than the ranges across which this atomization study covered. During a typical aerial application scenario, the temperature of a spray solution and the associated physical properties and atomization characteristics would not be expected to see significant variation.


Context: Software start-ups are young companies aiming to build and market software-intensive products fast with little resources. Aiming to accelerate time-to-market, start-ups often opt for ad-hoc engineering practices, make shortcuts in product engineering, and accumulate technical debt. Objective: In this paper we explore to what extent precedents, dimensions and outcomes associated with technical debt are prevalent in start-ups. Method: We apply a case survey method to identify aspects of technical debt and contextual information characterizing the engineering context in start-ups. Results: By analyzing responses from 86 start-up cases we found that start-ups accumulate most technical debt in the testing dimension, despite attempts to automate testing. Furthermore, we found that start-up team size and experience is a leading precedent for accumulating technical debt: larger teams face more challenges in keeping the debt under control. Conclusions: This study highlights the necessity to monitor levels of technical debt and to preemptively introduce practices to keep the debt under control. Adding more people to an already di cult to maintain product could amplify other precedents, such as resource shortages, communication issues and negatively a ect decisions pertaining to the use of good engineering practices.


In the middle of writing pedagogy mainsteam which places writing as solitary activity, collaborative writing has been emerged as a promising activity providing both instructional and nurturing effects. Then, collaborative writing has been common practice in the teaching of EFL writing. When teachers taught and students wrote through collaborative writing, it was conflicting situation for them and invited some tensions. Revealing their experiences became an academic effort to add knowledge about collaborative writing in EFL context.

The study was approached through narrative inquiry which primarily focused on EFL university teachers' experiences in teaching and students' experiences in learning through collaborative EFL writing. A pilot study was done to identify the participants. The three teacher-participants were selected among EFL writing teachers at UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang who had process approach orientation and intensively applied peer collaboration for some years. Meanwhile, the two student-participants were selected based on their three-semester enrollment in Writing courses which used collaborative writing. Narrative frame and interview were used as the research instruments. Both teachers and students were asked to write their experiences in the narrative frame to have past, present, future order from their experiences. The interview was done after the participants finished writing the narrative frames. The interview was to gain depeer information about their life history with collaborative writing, contemporary experiences with collaborative writing activity, and aspirations for future direction.

Teachers reflected that applying collaborative writing in the middle of mainstream writing pedagogy raised some opportunities and challenges. The legitimation from sociocultural perspective, CLT, and process writing pedagogy has made collaborative writing accountable in EFL writing context. Teachers' reflection in managing collaborative writing informed that grouping system and evaluation procedures should be carefully handled to have high equality and mutuality. Teachers shared that collaborative writing gave great possibilites for giving instructional and nurturing effects. The findings of the study also reveal teachers' aspirations for their future collaborative writing.

Being intensively exposed by collaborative writing activities, firstly, students felt it was difficult to work together in producing a text. They felt that it was like endless competition, and it easily raised situation in which there was dominant-passive relationship. Meanwhile, students also narrated that collaborative writing provided instructional effects indicating from the improvement on their grammar, content, and language style. The collaboration also stimulated other skills such as social interaction, negotiation, and responsibility. For future collaborative writing, students hoped that it should be built based on complementary situation and interdependent relationship in finishing the writing task.

This narrative study is not free from limitations. It challenged me to take balance position in representing teachers and students' narratives. It is also still far from its ability to capture all important experiences that reflected day-to-day experiences of teachers and students. However, this narrative study offers theoretical and pedagogical implication. The theoretical implication is to incorporate previous efforts to confirm the sociocultural theory, CLT, and process writing pedagogy as strong supports for applying collaborative writing. The pedagogical implication of the study is it provides supplementary empirical evidence for the benefits of collaborative writing in EFL context. It also informs the complexities of collaborative writing faced by teachers and students which then can be used as point of departure for better practice of collaborative writing in EFL context.

Point worth noting about this narrative study is that educational needs and approaches are changing, and teacher-educators need to explore various approaches, methods, and pedagogies to address these changing needs in their teaching and learning. A need analysis and research on teacher training programmes using collaborative writing should be conducted before any changes in their pedagogical practices. For further studies, involving students from all proficiency levels to share the narratives will be essential to conduct.


Cells from the retinas of cattle eyes have been growing continuously in tissue culture for more than one year in our laboratory. The culture medium used is defined as modified 199, with 20 per cent calf serum. The glass surfaces of Blake bottles, toxin bottles, cover slips, and synthetic membranes provide the substrate for these monolayer cultures. The cell population doubles every 7 to 14 days. The cells can be transferred and divided by trypsinization. Cultures can be maintained in the same vessel for periods of one to three months or longer, with no cell deterioration. Small, medium, and large cells resembling neurons and glia cells are observed. The number of these cells varies with the age of the culture. The morphology, staining properties, and growth rate of these retinal cells are described.


In this paper, we study the hard and soft support vector regression techniques applied to a set of $n$ linear measurements of the form $y_i=\boldsymbol{\beta}_\star^{T}{\bf x}_i +n_i$ where $\boldsymbol{\beta}_\star$ is an unknown vector, $\left\{{\bf x}_i\right\}_{i=1}^n$ are the feature vectors and $\left\{{n}_i\right\}_{i=1}^n$ model the noise. Particularly, under some plausible assumptions on the statistical distribution of the data, we characterize the feasibility condition for the hard support vector regression in the regime of high dimensions and, when feasible, derive an asymptotic approximation for its risk. Similarly, we study the test risk for the soft support vector regression as a function of its parameters. Our results are then used to optimally tune the parameters intervening in the design of hard and soft support vector regression algorithms. Based on our analysis, we illustrate that adding more samples may be harmful to the test performance of support vector regression, while it is always beneficial when the parameters are optimally selected. Such a result reminds a similar phenomenon observed in modern learning architectures according to which optimally tuned architectures present a decreasing test performance curve with respect to the number of samples.


Research on finite element methods applied on metal cutting is reviewed. From manufacturing point of view, the implementation of finite element methods for modeling and simulating the process of metal cutting can potentially reduce the number of iterations and result in a substantial cost savings. A general view of machining process evolution from simple analytic models to sophisticated finite element models is depicted. The gist of current research as well as its strategy and the special feature in modeling the metal cutting process are outlined and the future research needs is discussed. In conclusion, the use of finite element methods on metal cutting is limited to modeling the orthogonal cutting, chip formation, distribution of stress, strain, strain-rate, temperature and residual stress with majority assumption that cutting tool is a rigid body.


The article analyzes the relationship between the assets of the oil industry and the industry organizational structure at the level of the producing regions. When considering assets in oil production, we focus on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the resource base, primarily on the volumes of recoverable reserves and their depletion. The analysis of the organizational structure of the industry is based on the estimates of the concentration levels of companies in oil production. The performed analysis allows to conclude that in most of the Russian Federation subjects, the organizational structure of the oil industry does not correspond to the assets. For example, in a number of regions, there is a high concentration of companies with a high depletion of reserves. This situation is largely determined by a weak development of small and medium-sized oil business. The development of the organizational structure should be connected with the reform of the institutional conditions in resource management. Currently, these conditions are formed at the federal level and are outside the scope of the regional authorities. Resource base, primarily in mature oil and gas regions, requires stimulating the development of small and mediumsized oil business including support from the regional authorities. The study of regional aspects of the organizational structure of oil production allows identifying the characteristics of certain regions, dependencies and drivers that are not visible when considering these issues at the country level. The obtained results can be used for the development of the system of state regulation in the oil and gas sector both at the federal and regional levels.


Shigella sonnei has become the most frequently reported cause of shigellosis in the United States. Since Shigella subgroup D has no other serotypes, colicin production has been used as a basis for differentiating and identifying epidemiologically related strains. The results of colicin typing 115 cultures of S. sonnei from eight outbreaks of shigellosis occurring in widely separated regions of the United States support the usefulness of this technique. In each outbreak, the cultures were either of the same colicin type or were uniformly untypable. Unrelated cases yielded a variety of types. Definitions of the relative frequencies and geographic distributions of the various strains of S. sonnei in the United States await an accumulation of experience with the method.


The role of aggression as a factor promoting invasiveness remains hotly debated. Increased aggression or a lack of tolerance for conspecifics may promote population spread. Some previous research suggests that more aggressive or bold individuals are increasingly likely to disperse and as such these individuals may be overrepresented at the invasion front. In contrast, it has also been argued that individuals at the invasion front represent the least aggressive or least competitive individuals in the population, as these animals are excluded from established areas. Accordingly, the invasion front should be made up of shy, submissive individuals that exhibit reduced aggression. In this study we explore these alternative predictions by quantifying the levels of intra-specific aggression in the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), an invasive fish that continues to spread rapidly through the Laurentian Great Lakes region in North America. We collected size matched male round goby from an invasion front as well as from an area with an established population, and we staged resource contests between them. Invasion front fish won 65% of the contests and tended to perform more aggressive acts overall. Invasion front fish were not more active or bold prior to the contest, and used the same types of aggressive displays as fish from established areas. Our results also showed that body size asymmetry was an overriding determinant of competitive outcomes, and that body size rather than individual variation in aggressiveness might be the most important contributing factor determining the composition of round goby invasion fronts throughout the Laurentian Great Lakes and its tributaries.


Background: Premature cervical softening and shortening may be considered an early mechanical failure that predisposes to preterm birth. Preliminary clinical studies demonstrate that cervical elastography may be able to quantify this phenomenon and predict spontaneous preterm delivery. Objective: To explore a new approach for cervix elasticity and length measurements with tactile-ultrasound probe. Methods: Cervix probe has tactile array and ultrasound transducer designed to apply controllable load to cervix and acquire stress-strain data for calculation of cervical elasticity (Young's modulus) and cervical length for four cervix sectors. Average values, standard deviations, intraclass correlation coefficients and the 95% limits of agreement (Bland-Altman plots) were estimated. Results: Ten non-pregnant and ten pregnant women were examined with the probe. The study with non-pregnant women demonstrated a reliable acquisition of the tactile signals. The ultrasound signals had a prolonged appearance; identification of the internal os of the cervix in these signals was not reliable. The study with pregnant women with the gestational age of 25.4 ± 2.3 weeks demonstrated reliable data acquisition with real-time visualization of the ultrasound signals. Average values for cervical elasticity and standard deviations of 19.7 ± 15.4 kPa and length of 30.7 ± 6.6 mm were calculated based on two measurements per 4 sectors. Measurement repeatability calculated as intraclass correlation coefficients between two measurements at the same cervix sector on pregnant women was found to be 0.97 for cervical elasticity and 0.93 for the cervical length. The 95% limits of agreement of 1) cervical elasticity were from −22.4% to +14.9%, and 2) cervical length from −13.3% to +16.5%. Conclusions: This study demonstrated clinically acceptable measurement performance and reproducibility. The availability of stress-strain data allowed the computation of cervical elasticity and length. This approach has the potential to provide cervical markers to predict spontaneous preterm delivery.


In this note we propose an analog of the well-known Cohen-Lenstra heuristics for modules over the Iwasawa algebra $\Lambda$. It turns out that only the analog of the real-quadratic situation leads to a convergent series and hence to potential predictions. We determine the sum of this series, which runs over all isomorphism classes of finite $\Lambda$-modules, and we discuss the partial sum that arises by restricting to cyclic $\Lambda$-modules. We demonstrate that this subsum is almost as large as the total sum. No attempt is made to test the heuristics numerically.


Oxochlorates can be used as electron acceptors for microbial respiration in a variety of bacterial species, and oxochlorate respiration plays a substantial role in the biotransformation of these environmental contaminants. Although oxochlorate respirers are widely spread in the environment, only few enzymes and even fewer genes, involved in the metabolism of oxochlorates have been isolated and characterised. This thesis describes the results from studies of the enzymes and genes for chlorate respiration in Ideonella dechloratans. The transformation of chlorate to chloride ion and molecular oxygen is catalysed by two enzymes in I. dechloratans, chlorate reductase and chlorite dismutase. Chlorate reductase catalyses the reduction of chlorate to chlorite. This enzyme is trimeric () and contains a molybdopterin cofactor, iron-sulphur clusters, and haem b. Chlorate reductase belongs to class II of the dimethyl sulphoxide reductase family. Chlorite dismutase is a tetrameric haem enzyme, and decomposes chlorite to chloride ion and molecular oxygen. Recently, two homologues with high identity were discovered in the databases. Expression of the I. dechloratans chlorite dismutase gene in Escherichia coli resulted in an active recombinant enzyme with native-like catalytic properties. A detailed comparison between the native and recombinant chlorite dismutases revealed the presence of a post-translational modification, possibly a covalent cross-link in the native enzyme. The genes for chlorate metabolism were found in a cluster, in which the genes for chlorate reductase and the gene for chlorite dismutase are separated by a novel insertion sequence


ABSTRACT States play an important role in gender equality through policy structuring. In this case study, the aim is to explore whether changes in parental leave policies over two decades trickle down to changes in gendered time use in two polarised countries: Sweden and Spain, represented by the Basque Country. Sweden represents dual-earner countries with high relative gender equality, whereas Spain represents a south European policy model supporting a breadwinning/homemaker ideal. The results show that changes in the gendered time use among mothers and fathers in both countries are associated with changes in parental leave policies. Changes in policies directed towards increasing gender equality reduce the gender gap in time use among mothers and fathers and seem to increase gender equality within a country. From these results, the conclusion is that parental leave policies that are structured to promote or enable gender equality could reduce the gender time gap in work among mothers and fathers.


Inadequately relieved pain is regularly described after intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization. Pulmonary dysfunction, cardiac dysfunction, and issue weaning from mechanical ventilation are conceivable penalties prompted by using ongoing pain. Managing pain in ICUs can also seem daunting due to the patients' serious and regularly unstable fitness status, healthcare providers' lack of cognizance involving pain's impact on usual health status, coupled with the physical care needs within the quintessential care environment. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are in greater danger of ache and they are having pain even whilst resting. If the pain is no longer accurately treated, it leads to destructive impact and will increase the probabilities of persistent ache and posttraumatic stress problems in these patients. In ICU patient, anxiety, delirium and sleep deprivation amplify the sensitivity to pain. The organ dysfunctions in these sufferers will limit the efficiency of analgesic medicinal drug and make bigger the toxicity. Pain evaluation is the primary indispensable aspect in sufficient administration of pain. The distinct ache scales are used to rely on their capabilities to communicate. The usually used analgesic remedy in ICU sufferers is opioids however there is an multiplied use of multimodal analgesia and analgosedation method apparent reasons. In the administration of ache in ICU patients, the involvement of ache administration teams, the use of scientific pathway, suggestions and protocols may additionally have higher impacts.


Cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic diarrheal disease, significantly contributes to the mortality of people with impaired immune systems worldwide. Infections with an animal-adapted genotype (Genotype 2) of Cryptosporidium parvum were found in a human population in Uganda that shares habitats with free-ranging gorillas, from which the same genotype of C. parvum had been recovered previously. A high prevalence of disease was found in park staff members (21%) who frequently contact gorillas versus 3% disease prevalence in the local community. This indicates a zoonotic transmission cycle of this pathogen against which no effective prophylaxis or therapy exists. The results of the study questionnaire demonstrated a high percentage of people not undertaking appropriate precautions to prevent fecal-oral transmission of C. parvum in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. This human population will benefit from stronger compliance with park regulations regarding disposal of their fecal waste within the park boundaries.


More than ten years ago, a Guardian columnist observed a growth in the charity shop sector due to an increase in the number of such outlets on the high streets of towns and cities in the UK. The Guardian more recently reported on a new charity store image evidenced by brand-new charity fashion boutiques being launched by Oxfam in London. This new mode of charity store sold selected re-styled and re-designed items created by young designers from the London College of Fashion. The article stated that 'the charity was taking its first step towards a more fashion-conscious image: away from the slightly battered shoes and oversize floral skirts it's known for and into the world of designer one-offs and couture accessories' (Freeman, 2008). It is unquestionable that charity shops have the potential to offer good value fashion to people on a budget as well as attracting fashion-conscious customers. However, if the charity shop is to make the most of this opportunity then certain retail practices are in need of change. The aim of this research was to explore the current trend of UK charity retailers upgrading towards a new target market through the launching of specialist fashion stores and to examine effective strategies for charity shops to achieve up-market fashion retailing. Three retail models from the literature review were used and the research makes use of illustrated visual evidences to demonstrate the performance of charity shops compared to up-market fashion stores. Structured observations, photography and semi-structured interviews were used to develop a new 'Mannequin Model' to provide a strategy for charity shops wanting to move into the mid-upper levels of the fashion market. A synthesis representation of localisation and specialisation was found to have potential for launching a specialist fashion outlet in the charity retail sector.


Predicting campylobacteriosis cases is a matter of considerable concern in New Zealand, after the number of the notified cases was the highest among the developed countries in 2006. Thus, there is a need to develop a model or a tool to predict accurately the number of campylobacteriosis cases as the Microbial Risk Assessment Model used to predict the number of campylobacteriosis cases failed to predict accurately the number of actual cases. We explore the appropriateness of classical time series modelling approaches for predicting campylobacteriosis. Finding the most appropriate time series model for New Zealand data has additional practical considerations given a possible structural change, that is, a specific and sudden change in response to the implemented interventions. A univariate methodological approach was used to predict monthly disease cases using New Zealand surveillance data of campylobacteriosis incidence from 1998 to 2009. The data from the years 1998 to 2008 were used to model the time series with the year 2009 held out of the data set for model validation. The best two models were then fitted to the full 1998–2009 data and used to predict for each month of 2010. The Holt‐Winters (multiplicative) and ARIMA (additive) intervention models were considered the best models for predicting campylobacteriosis in New Zealand. It was noticed that the prediction by an additive ARIMA with intervention was slightly better than the prediction by a Holt‐Winter multiplicative method for the annual total in year 2010, the former predicting only 23 cases less than the actual reported cases. It is confirmed that classical time series techniques such as ARIMA with intervention and Holt‐Winters can provide a good prediction performance for campylobacteriosis risk in New Zealand. The results reported by this study are useful to the New Zealand Health and Safety Authority's efforts in addressing the problem of the campylobacteriosis epidemic.


The study examines the role of social media in non-profit organizations using the case study from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand Country office. As Social media become a significant channel to raise the visibility and promote the work of the organization.The focus of this research examines what drives organizations adopting social media through a model built round four key factors, 1.) The importance of social media, 2.) The impact to image of the organization, 3.) Communication strategies and, 4.) Characteristics of content on social media channels. The research aims to analyze mediums that affect the behavioral transformation of the four factors by integrated with the existing theoretical perspectives.The research was conducted in the UNDP country office social media channels mainly on Facebook from December 2013 to February 2014, using content analysis and interviewing as main methods. With the adoption of social media, the main conclusion of the study: gradually impact of social media in the enhancement of NGOs images, the changes in the construction of the content, the popularity of the themes in social media influenced by the domestic environments in the country and yet a substantial potential of social media in organizational advocacy.


Beginning with Daniel's findings and recommendations regarding prison suicides, this commentary extends the discussion to include jail suicides. Some paradoxes and exceptions to general trends and recommendations are highlighted to advance the discussion on demographic correlates, screening methods, and interventions intended to prevent suicide in jails and prisons.


During the Meiji period, traditional Chinese learning (kangaku) in Japan went through a reorganization process under the influence of Western modern structures of knowledge that led to the establishment of a new discipline close to Western-style sinology. The Imperial University of Tokyo and the Imperial University of Kyoto both played an important role in this process. The former is often described as defending a more traditionalist view of Chinese studies whereas the latter is associated with Shinagaku, name of the supposedly Western oriented Kyoto school of Sinology. This paper examines the validity of this common understanding through the analysis of some of the "fathers" of Shinagaku. Samuel Guex: Université de Genève. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


The article focuses on the debate concerning the participation of laborers in the management of the enterprise. Duchini makes clear that this perspective calls for the replacement of the theory of enterprise in its abstract forms with the objective investigation of the modern corporate structure, defined as the set of relations and ratios between the various constitutive elements of an enterprise located in space and time. The enterprise is depicted as a human collectivity which organizes itself and ties particular relations for the achievement of a common purpose. The main groups involved in an enterprise are capital holders, labor, and governing body or entrepreneur (collegial governing body). In Duchini's view the enterprise has a goal to reach – making least-cost utilities – and it is structured to reach this goal by heeding technical needs in the most proper way, that is to say respecting human needs.


Three further titles in the series - offering the absolute authenticity of the First Folio in a totally accessible form. This brand new edition accurately reproduces the First Folio of the plays of William Shakespeare (1623) letter for letter, dot for dot, but does so in modern type. At a stroke, the dust of ages is blown away and what Shakespeare actually intended is revealed to modern readers. Now Shakespeareans everywhere - students, actors, directors - can see for themselves what the Folio really says. As a further aid to understanding, on each opposite page, the same text appears but this time in a fully modernised version. This modern edition offers a useful safety net whenever the Folio becomes problematic. Each volume, scrupulously edited by Shakespeare scholar Nick de Somogyi, also contains two introductions - one to the series, one to the particular play - textual notes, an appendix giving variant versions from the Quarto where appropriate, and a facsimile page from the First Folio.


From Compact Cassettes to Music Streaming Services: The Sociocultural Change of Background Music Industry
The history of electronically mediated background music in Finland can be divided into era of scarcity, era of availability and era of plenty. The centralised and regulated supply of background music of the 1970s was followed by re-regulation of media and establishment of commercial radio stations increasing music consumption and listening to it while engaged to other activities. Analogue and tape-based solutions were first replaced with physical digital platforms and programming and finally with music streaming applications and music contents of the international media houses.
The transformation of music platforms, music delivery channels and modes of listening are closely related to histories of technology, the social use of music and agencies of background music entrepreneurs. The article clarifies the transforming relationship of the environment, listening and music from the 1970s to the present day with the help of recent and archived interviews of representatives of background music companies.
Keywords: background music; music cultures; anthropology of sound


We investigate the stability of dark solitons with respect to periodic amplification by studying sideband generation. It is shown that these sidebands grow exponentially as a result of a four-wave mixing process with the cw background. We derive expressions for the positions of the sidebands and present numerical simulations that are in excellent agreement with the theoretical description. A comparison is made with bright solitons, showing that dark soliton propagation is less perturbed only over very short amplifier chains. We also relate our results to laser cavities and discuss the prospects for dark soliton lasers.


Recent legislative trends in India reflect the need for a mandatory pre-legislative process. Pre-legislative consultation affords the benefit of legitimacy to laws arrived at through citizen participation. Furthermore, it informs decision-makers of the lived experiences of those most likely impacted by the legislation. Laws that receive pre-legislative consultation are attuned to realities, which increases the likelihood of their effectiveness. This article explores how several of India's recent laws that received pre-legislative consultation have been rendered more robust and effective than others. As exemplified by current protests by transgender, intersex and gender non-conforming people in India, the Government's most recent Transgender Bill, which neglected pre-legislative deliberation process, fails the people it purports to protect. As explored in this article, the Bill fails to uphold constitutionally protected principles, as recognized in the recent Supreme Court case that upheld transgender persons' fundamental rights. As such, the Transgender Bill reflects a need to engage with the intrinsic and instrumental value of pre-legislative consultation and deliberation in India. In locating transnational trends towards employing such a process, this article argues that India would greatly benefit from mandatory pre-legislative consultation and deliberation. By creating a process that allows for citizen participation in law-making, particularly when such laws impact marginalized communities, legislation would reflect societal needs and eschew a top-down, majoritarian approach.


This research is motivated because of the negative pressure that arise in the human being called Threat Emotions or feel threatened. While Trust (Brand Trust) awakened because of the expectation that the other party will act in accordance with the needs and desires of consumers. For that, Pepsodent toothpaste trusted by consumers will be able to overcome the problems of dental health experienced by consumers in the District of Jambu. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Threat Emotion and Brand Trust on Purchase Decision of Pepsodent Toothpaste (Case Study on Consumers in Jambu District). This type of research is explanatory, with data collection techniques through kuesione, interview and literature study. The technique of taking respondents using multistage sample technique. Respondents numbered 100 people who are consumers of toothpaste consumers of Pepsodent in the District of Jambu. The analysis technique used is quantitative. Quantitative analysis uses validity test, reliability test, correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, simple and multiple regression analysis, and significance test (t test and F test). The results of this study indicate that Threat Emotion and Brand Trust have a positive influence on Purchase Decision of Pepsodent Toothpaste (Case Study on Consumers in Jambu District). Variable Brand Trust has the greatest influence that is 0.750 while variable Threat Emotion has the effect of 0.427. Simultaneously (together) the variables of Threat Emotion and Brand Trust have contributed 57.7 percent to the Purchase Decision of Pepsodent Toothpaste. Suggestion that can be given, for pepsodent toothpaste manufactures, should be more aggressive to conduct product introduction progams to consumers about what is given or the benefits of pepsodent thoothpaste more fully for consumers who use it. So that will feel the effect or deeper threath emotion that will increase brand trust that makes purchasing decisions increase.


Two-phase flow in porous media is an important subsurface process that has significant
impacts on the global economy and environments. To study two-phase system in porous
media, capillary pressure (Pc
), relative permeability (Kr), bulk electrical conductivity (σb) and
bulk relative permittivity (eb) are often employed as characterization parameters. Interestingly,
all of these parameters are functions of water saturation (S). However, the non-uniqueness in
the Pc
-S, Kr-S,σb-S and eb-S relationships pose considerable challenges in employing them
for effective monitoring and control of the two-phase flow processes. In this work, laboratory
scale experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the factors and
conditions contributing to the non-uniqueness in the above relationships for silicone oil-water
and supercritical CO2-water flow in porous media, with a special emphasis on geological
carbon sequestration.
Specifically, the dynamic capillary pressure effect, which indicates the dependence of the Pc
-
S relationship on the rate of change of saturation (∂S/∂t) during two-phase flow in porous
media was investigated. Using a silicone oil-water system, the dynamic capillary pressure
effect was quantified in term of the parameter named the dynamic coefficient,
 , and it was
found to be dependent on the domain scale and the viscosity ratio of the two fluids. It was
found that

increases with the domain scale and the viscosity ratio. It is inversely affected
by
S t
, which is related to the degree of resistance to the fluid motion, namely, viscosity.
In almost all cases,

was found to decrease monotonically with an increase in water
saturation, S. An order increase in magnitude of

was observed as the domain scale
increases from 4cm scale to 8cm in height. A similar order of increase in

was observed in
the 12cm high domain scale. There is an order increase in the value of

for the silicone oilwater
system as the viscosity ratio increases from 200 to 500. For the supercritical CO2
(scCO2) and water system in porous media, the experiments and numerical simulations
showed that

increases with rising system temperature and decreasing porous media
permeability.
Dimensionless analysis of the silicone oil-water experimental results showed that by
constructing non-dimensional groups of quantities expressing a relationship among different
variables on which

depends, it is possible to summarise the experimental results and
determine their functional relationship. A generalised scaling relationship for

was derived
from the dimensionless analysis which was then validated against independent literature
data. The exercise showed that the -S relationship obtained from the literature and the
ii
scaling relationship match reasonably well. This work also demonstrated the applicability of
an artificial neural network (ANN) as an alternative computational platform for the prediction
of the domain scale dependence of
τ .
The dependence of the Kr-S relationship on ∂S/∂t was also investigated. The results showed
that the Kr-S curve under dynamic flow condition is different from that under the quasi-static
condition. Kr
for water (Krw) increases with increasing water saturation and decreases with
the increase in viscosity ratio while Kr
for silicone oil (Krnw) increases with decreasing water
saturation as well as with the increase in viscosity ratio. Also, Krw decreases while Krnw
increases with the increasing boundary pressure.
However, the eb-S and σb-S relationships were found to be independent of ∂S/∂t for the
scCO2-water system in carbonate and silicate porous media. Nevertheless, the eb and σb
values decrease as the water saturation decreases in the two porous media samples. While
eb decreases with increase in temperature in silica sand, the trend in the limestone showed a
slight increase with temperature, especially at high water saturation. Also, the eb-S
relationship is shown to be affected by pressure in silica sand increasing with the pressure of
the domain. On the contrary, the σb-S relationship increases as the temperature increases
with more significance at higher water saturation in the silica sand sample.
This work further demonstrated the application of a membrane in the monitoring of the CO2
in geological sites used for carbon sequestration. Commercial silicone rubber coupled with a
pressure transducer showed potential in the detection of CO2 leakage from geological sites.
The response of the device in terms of the mass of permeated gas, permeability and gas flux
were investigated for both CO2 and N2. In addition, the monitoring of potable water
contamination in a shallow aquifer by the migrating or leaking of CO2 is demonstrated with
the combination of the pH analysis, geoelectrical measurement techniques and the
membrane-sensor system.
Overall, the work in this PhD research demonstrated robust applications of two-phase
systems' characterization parameters under different scenarios in the porous media.
Implications of the findings in this work to the monitoring and control of two-phase systems in
porous media are expatiated.


In the present work, cerebellar neural net injury was induced by toxic doses of NO-generative compound (NaNO2). A protective role of glial cells was revealed in such conditions. The present results were compared with those of the previous work concerning the action of high concentration glutamate on the frog cerebellum (Samosudova et al., 1996). In both cases we observed the appearance of spiral-like structures--"wrappers)"--involving several rows of transformed glial processes with smaller width and bridges connecting the inner sides of row (autotypic contact). A statistic analysis was made according to both previous and present data. We calculated the number and width of rows, and intervals between bridges depending on experimental conditions. As the injury increased (stimulation in the NO-presence), the row number in "wrappers" also increased, while the row width and intervals between bridges decreased. The presence of autotypic contacts in glial "wrappers" enables us to suppose the involvement of adhesive proteins--cadherins in its formation. The obtained data suggested that the formation of spiral structures--"wrappers" may be regarded as a compensative-adaptive reaction on the injury of cerebellar neural net glutamate and NO-generative compounds.


A novel beamforming architecture based on optical Butler matrices is proposed and experimentally evaluated. The optical Butler matrix operating principle and the effects of fabrication inaccuracies on the beamformer radiation pattern are presented. The proposed architecture offers simultaneous multibeam generation capability. 40 GHz RF phase measurements are presented with low ripple and high linearity. Finally, an upgraded architecture is proposed which allows to double the number of beams (2N).


We present a case study for detecting the four-dimensional (4-D) displacement of rift zones affected by large-magnitude deformation, by using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Our method relies on the combination of displacement time series generated from pixel offset estimates on the amplitude information of multitemporal SAR images acquired from different orbit passes and with different looking geometries. We successfully applied the technique on advanced SAR (ASAR) Envisat data acquired from ascending and descending orbits over the Afar rift zone (Ethiopia) during the 2006–2010 time span. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique to retrieve the full 4-D (i.e., north, east, up, and time) displacement field associated with active rifting affected by very large-magnitude deformation.


DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-SCALE AND AUTOMATED MEMBRANE EXTRACTION SYSTEMS FOR WATER ANALYSIS by Xiaoyan Wang Monitoring of trace level contaminants in water involves the extraction and enrichment of analytes. Over the years several techniques have been developed for this purpose. Currently there is an urgent need for the development of micro-scale extraction techniques that can lead to simple, fast trace analysis. Automated instruments that can be used for continuous, on-line analysis are also important. Membrane extraction can address both these needs, because it can be carried out in a continuous fashion and can also be miniaturized. This research addresses these two aspects of membrane extraction for the next generation of sample preparation. Micro-Scale Membrane Extraction: Micro-scale hollow fiber membrane extraction was studied for extraction and preconcentration of non-polar analytes as well as haoacetic acids in water. They represent two important classes of pollutants. The goal was to optimize solvent systems to provide high enrichment and reproducible results. The concept of using a barrier film as a means of providing a diffusional barrier on the membrane fiber was developed. It was found to play an important role by protecting the organic acceptor from migration, resulting in much less acceptor loss. The analytes were extracted from water sample without any pretreatment into an organic acceptor via an organic layer on the membrane (referred to as barrier film). The concentrated extract was analyzed by HPLC and the separation was achieved within 12 minutes. Enrichment factors as high as 4555 were obtained in a 60minute extraction. This represented a 27 times enhancement over that has been preiously published in the literature. Detection limits were at low to ppt level with RSDs between 1.60 and 7.65%. Large linear dynamic ranges with good linearity (R2 between 0.9870 and 0.9997) were achieved. The implementation of a barrier film represents a major development in the area of membrane based microextraction because it allows a wide variety of solvents to be used and also the use of rigorous extraction conditions. Micro-fluidic devices were designed and fabricated for analyte enrichment. The analytical approach is based on supported liquid membrane extraction (SLME) followed by direct }{PLC-UV detection without any derivatization. Channel dimensions and the flow rates affected enrichment factors and extraction efficiencies. Enrichment factors (EF) as high as 54 were obtained on a 2x2 cm extraction module. Large linearity ranges with good linearity (R2 between 0.9895 and 0.9996), high precisions (RSD between 3.56 and 8.54%) and detection limit as low as 2 ng/mL were obtained. Automated, On-line Membrane Extraction: On-line extraction involves the continuous introduction of water on the feed side of the membrane and continuous enrichment of analytes on the permeate side. In fact membranes represent the only extraction media where such a continuous process is possible. Two different extraction approaches were investigated. The first was for realtime monitoring of haloacetic acids in water, and the second was for on-line liquid-liquid membrane extraction followed by membrane concentration. Hollow fiber liquid-liquid membrane extraction (LLME) and SLME followed by on-line HPLC-UV detection were developed for continuous monitoring of the nine HAAS. With continuous LLME, seven halo-acetic acids could be analyzed and EF was around 50. All the nine acids could be extracted and quantified by continuous SLME. Experiments with laboratory standards demonstrated that EF and extraction efficiency could be as high as 500 and 54%, respectively. Relative standard deviations based on seven replicates were between 3.3 and 10.3 %, and the MDLs were at sub-ppb levels. A total analytical system (TAS) was developed by interfacing continuous membrane extraction, pervaporation and on-line HPLC-UV detection. Organics from a water sample were extracted into an organic solvent, and then concentrated via pervaporation prior to HPLC-UV detection. Factors affecting the system performance were studied. With optimized experimental parameters enrichment factors as high as 192 were obtained, the method detection limits were at low ng/mL levels, and the precisions were better than 5%. DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-SCALE AND AUTOMATED MEMBRANE EXTRACTION SYSTEMS FOR WATER ANALYSIS


Author-supplied abstract:
Developing large-scale complex systems in student projects is not common, due to various constraints like available time, student team sizes, or maximal complexity. However, we succeeded to design a project that was of high complexity and comparable to real world projects. The execution of the project and the results were both successful in terms of quality, scope, and student/teacher satisfaction. In this experience report we describe how we combined a variety of principles and properties in the project design and how these have contributed to the success of the project. This might help other
educators with setting up student projects of comparable complexity which are similar to real world projects.


Monospecific antibodies against A-protein from rat liver cytosol were prepared. Complete nonidentity was established in comparison of the A-protein and ligandin, which was similar to A-protein in binding properties. Besides, A-protein found in cytosol of liver tissue was present in cytosol of small intestine. It was not found in the cytosol of other 17 tissues. A-protein appeared in ontogenesis earlier than ligandin: its concentration sharply increased in rat embryonal liver within 16--18 day of gestation. Level of A-protein was decreased 2--4-fold in primary rat hepatomas. A-protein and ligandin are the isoforms of binding proteins, which characterize different steps of the differentiation of the hepatocytes.


The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) significantly impacts living conditions in a large part of Asia, and therefore, it is important to understand its major driving mechanisms. Winter sea surface temperature (SSTW) and circulation in the southern Okinawa Trough are today both primarily controlled by the EAWM. Here we present a new SSTW reconstruction for the last millennium based on a diatom record from sediment core MD05‐2908, from the continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough off northeastern Taiwan. Our reconstruction indicates that SSTW varied between 14.1 and 19.6°C over the past 1,000 years. Changes in SSTW in the southern Okinawa Trough correspond closely to the index of warm winters based on historical documents from the East Asian monsoon domain. This implies that our SSTW record can be used to reconstruct EAWM variability during the last millennium. Comparisons with the reconstructed winter Arctic Oscillation (AO, developed from historical snow anomaly events in Eastern Asia) and Arctic sea ice cover reveal a significant positive correlation between the EAWM and AO during the time interval from 1000–1400 Common Era (C.E.), coinciding with reduced sea ice cover. However, there is no significant correlation with increased sea ice cover during the interval from 1400 to 1700 C.E. This suggests that the reduction in Arctic sea ice may periodically have played a role in strengthening the relationship between the EAWM and the AO during the last millennium and that the current and future reduction in Arctic sea ice may have significant consequences for the EAWM.


Validation and verification of Software Product Lines is particularly challenging due to the complex structure and interaction of commonalities and variabilities among products. There are several approaches to specify the structure of such commonalities and variabilities, such as the delta-oriented approach. Building upon such a structure, we propose an approach to avoid redundant analysis in Software Product Lines by extending them to semantic behavioural changes. To this end, we propose to use Differential Symbolic Execution, an automated technique for proving functional behavioural equivalence based on satisfiability modulo theories. Our proposal aims at identifying the behavioural commonalities of one software product relative to another and exploits them in order to establish an efficient model-based testing trajectory.


After the national republic had fallen in Azerbaijan in 1920 and the nation taken in the USSR, people's view of the world was reshaped. Foreseeing that the sustainability of the Soviet order depends on educating children, the Communist Party rapidly started to improve the children's literature. Furthermore, the Soviet ideology began to be transferred to the children in Azerbaijan via magazines and newspapers. Improved under the control of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijani children's literature maintained the goal of raising Soviet minded people thanks to the topics and heroes in the literature. Three stages were considered so that Azerbaijani children could be raised with communist mentality. These stages are: Oktyabryat (age 7-9), Pioner (age 10), Komsomol (age 14). Oktyabryat was the first title given on the way to the Communism. The Soviet government made use of the power of the press, magazines and newspapers in order to carve socialism ideology into people's minds. With the purpose of raising children with the Soviet mentality, the children's magazine called Pioner (1927-1990) began publishing in Baku, in 1927. The magazine was issued 11 times a year. 80 percent of the essays, stories and poems were served for the Communist propaganda. These praised the Soviet era, told stories about Lenin's success in school and included poems about the Soviet ancestry. National identity and national thoughts weren't even a matter of discussion. Following the magazine, a newspaper called "Azerbaijani Pioneer" began publishing. The purpose of this newspaper was to spread the Communist ideals among children. This assertion presents the development of children's literature in Azerbaijan from 1927 to 1990; the way the Communist propaganda was spread via essays, stories, riddles and poems published during the era; the way children were brainwashed; its negative impact; how atheism was first introduced; how the national conscious demolished; and their reflection in today's world. It should be highlighted that there have been no published studies conducted on the impact of these magazines on the children's education.


It is significant to scientifically evaluate the thermal insulation solutions used in building envelope. Considering four solutions, a regional suitability evaluation model is established by analyzing some factors such as technology, construction and economy. The evaluation model is based on the analytic hierarchy process, and the weights of performance indices are acquired from Delphi techniques. Combining the qualitative and quantitative analysis, some problems can be found out in the practical application of the solutions. The proposed suitability evaluation model can give scientific evaluation for the application and development of the energy-saving wall materials in hot summer and cold winter zone in China.


In the context of virtual reality applications such as games, films and training exercises, the virtual environment is fundamental to the viewer's experience. Improvements in computer graphics, particularly in rendering and artificial intelligence, continue to make virtual worlds look and feel more believable and more natural. This thesis focuses on virtual landscapes and the industry requirement for increasingly large digital assets, such as artificial landscapes extending as far as entire planets. This, however, requires high financial investment in artists and designers to carry out tedious, detailed tasks. As a result, tools which reduce the artists' workload are valued, facilitating both faster work-flow and artistic control of the final visual result. Commercial production tools commonly incorporate procedural and stochastic methods. Although they can, in theory, provide a great deal of freedom, their use is limited by the fact that they often limit artistic control by employing non-intuitive parametric controls. This can make it hard for users to edit a generated scene or add data-based assets later. Alternative tools give the artist complete control over the content created at the expense of a heavy work-flow. This thesis addresses the problems involved in production of virtual landscapes by creating a series of tools which improve production workflow. These tools are built to simultaneously exploit real-world data as well as traditional algorithmic models, whilst also providing means of artist interaction and guidance. Contribution is made in the following three contexts: aerial footage is explored to create environments which incorporate the statistical distributions of different types of vegetation in real-world landscapes; stochastic methods are applied to real-world elevation maps to facilitate height-field manipulation using frequency-based controls; and finally, landscape ecology is investigated along with the application of ecological modelling to landscape synthesis, resulting in a toolset encouraging early user-involvement in the creative process. The presented systems run interactively, allowing user-involvement throughout, and together contribute to a fluid workflow for landscape production whereby the artist may define a scene in terms of a layout map of ecosystems (or object classes) as well as a customisable terrain elevation map. An agent-based simulation then 'plants' and 'grows' vegetation instances on the landscape. This simulation can be paused and all inputs adjusted at any point. The work presented represents an important contribution to the problem of virtual landscape contribution, addressing some of its more considerable bottlenecks.


Generic Fourier descriptor yield spectral features and have better retrieval performance due to multi-resolution analysis in both radial and circular directions of the shape. In the proposed work, an automated bamboo species recognition system based on shape features of bamboo culm sheath has been developed using Generic Fourier Moment and compare the result with Hu moment. The performance of the classifier is compared based on the classifier accuracy and conclude that the Fourier moment have significantly good results compare to Hu moment. The results obtained shows considerable recognition accuracy proving that the techniques used is suitable to be implemented for commercial purposes.


The McMartin Preschool Abuse Trial, the longest and most expensive criminal trial in American history, should serve as a cautionary tale. When it was all over, the government had spent seven years and $15 million dollars investigating and prosecuting a case that led to no convictions. More seriously, the McMartin case left in its wake hundreds of emotionally damaged children, as well as ruined careers for members of the McMartin staff. No one paid a bigger price than Ray Buckey, one of the principal defendants in the case, who spent five years in jail awaiting trial for a crime (most people recognize today) he never committed. McMartin juror Brenda Williams said that the trial experience taught her to be more cautious: I now realize how easily something can be said and misinterpreted and blown out of proportion. Another juror, Mark Bassett, singled out experts for blame: I thought some of the expert testimony about the children told you more about the expert than the child. I mean, if the expert says children are always 100% believable and then you have a child who is not believable, either the expert is extremely biased or they've never seen anything like that child before. The McMartin trial had its origins in a call placed to police in Manhattan Beach, California by Judy Johnson, the mother of a two-and-a-half-year-old son who attended the McMartin Preschool on about ten occasions in 1983. Johnson told Detective Jane Hoag that a school aide, Ray Buckey, the 25-year-old son of the owner of the preschool, had molested her son. Despite the fact that the young boy was unable to identify Ray from photos and medical investigations of the boy showed no signs of sexual abuse, the police conducted searches of Buckey's home, confiscating such evidence as a rubber duck, a graduation robe, and Playboy magazines. Detective Hoag arrested Buckey on September 7, 1983. On March 22, 1984, a grand jury indicted Ray Buckey, Peggy Buckey (Ray's mother), Peggy Ann Buckey (Ray's sister), Virginia McMartin (founder of the preschool thirty years earlier), and three other McMartin teachers, Mary Ann Jackson, Bette Raidor, and Babette Spitler. The grand jury initially indicted the McMartin Seven on 115 counts of child sexual abuse. Two months later, and additional 93 indictment counts were added, as District Attorney Robert Philobosian pursued his strategy of hyping the McMartin case to boost his chances in an upcoming primary election. In June, bail for Peggy Buckey was set at one million dollars. Ray Buckey was held without bail. There are many lessons to be learned from the McMartin Preschool Trial. There are lessons for police and prosecutors, but there are also lessons for the media. It was pack journalism - slanted heavily toward the prosecution, providing sensational headlines day after day, almost never seriously questioning the allegations - that turned the McMartin trial into the expensive and damaging fiasco that it became.


ABSTRACT Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is observed in Prion-related disorders (PrDs). The protein disulfide isomerase ERp57 is a stress-responsive ER chaperone up-regulated in the brain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. However, the actual role of ERp57 in prion protein (PrP) biogenesis and the ER stress response remained poorly defined. We have recently addressed this question using gain- and loss-of-function approaches in vitro and animal models, observing that ERp57 regulates steady-state levels of PrP. Our results revealed that ERp57 modulates the biosynthesis and maturation of PrP but, surprisingly, does not contribute to the global cellular reaction against ER stress in neurons. Here we discuss the relevance of ERp57 as a possible therapeutic target in PrDs and other protein misfolding disorders.


Predictions of turbine vane and endwall heat transfer and pressure distributions are compared with experimental measurements for two vane geometries. The differences in geometries were due to differences in the hub profile, and both geometries were derived from the design of a high rim speed turbine (HRST). The experiments were conducted in the Isentropic Light Piston Facility (ILPF) at Pyestock at a Reynolds number of 5.3 x 10 6 , a Mach number of 1.2, and a wall-to-gas temperature ratio of 0.66. Predictions are given for two different steady-state three-dimensional Navier-Stokes computational analyses. C-type meshes were used, and algebraic models were employed to calculate the turbulent eddy viscosity. The effects of different turbulence modeling assumptions on the predicted results are examined. Comparisons are also given between predicted and measured total pressure distributions behind the vane. The combination of realistic engine geometries and flow conditions proved to be quite demanding in terms of the convergence of the CFD solutions. An appropriate method of grid generation, which resulted in consistently converged CFD solutions, was identified.


BACKGROUND
Residual insecticides interrupt the dispersal of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius, L.), but one of the issues encountered with residual applications is understanding the uptake of active residues by the insect. This study determined permethrin uptake by bed bugs walking on the ActiveGuard® Mattress Liner product, via a combination of video recording in arenas and gas chromatography analyses.

RESULTS
The best model for estimating permethrin uptake utilized a covariance model (r2  = 0.469) with two factors: time of exposure (F1,55 = 2.44, P < 0.001) and distance traveled (F1,55  = 0.30, P = 0.0460). Bed bug permethrin uptake was 15.1 (95% CI: 10.3-22.1) ng insect-1 within 1 min exposure, 21.0 (15.0, 31.0) ng insect-1 within 10 min and ≈ 42 (29.8, 60.6) ng insect-1 within ≥50 min exposure. Correcting for percentage recovery, these values would be increased by a factor of 1.21.

CONCLUSION
This permethrin-treated fabric provides a surface from which bed bugs begin rapidly to absorb permethrin on contact and within the first 1 cm of travel. Variability in uptake was likely a result of grooming and thigmotaxis, and future work should use quantitative methods to study behaviors and formulations that increase exposure to the toxicant. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.


As an important type of cloud data, digital provenance is arousing increasing attention on improving system performance. Currently, provenance has been employed to provide cues regarding access control and to estimate data quality. However, provenance itself might also be sensitive information. Therefore, provenance might be encrypted and stored in the Cloud. In this paper, we provide a mechanism to classify cloud documents by searching specific keywords from their encrypted provenance, and we prove our scheme achieves semantic security. In term of application of the proposed techniques, considering that files are classified to store separately in the cloud, in order to facilitate the regulation and security protection for the files, the classification policies can use provenance as conditions to determine the category of a document. Such as the easiest sample policy goes like: the documents have been reviewed twice can be classified as "public accessible", which can be accessed by the public.


Attempts were made to identify, and include in a two-year follow-up study, every patient living in the catchment area of the Mapperley group of psychiatric hospitals in Nottingham (population 390 000) who made their first-ever contact with the psychiatric services for a potentially schizophrenic illness during a two-year period (1 August 1978 to 31 July 1980). Screening was based upon symptoms rather than diagnosis, covering both in-patient and out-patient services; a consensus diagnosis using ICD-9 was made by the project team. The Nottingham Psychiatric Case Register was used in a retrospective Leakage Study which added nine cases to the 99 identified by the screening procedures. Incidence rates are given for both broad and narrow concepts of schizophrenia, and for DSM-III diagnosis. The Nottingham incidence rates are similar to those reported from other UK centres, and are near the middle of the range found in the other collaborating centres in the WHO study on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders. At entry to the study, 27 patients were out-patients, and 11 were never admitted to hospital at any time in the two-year follow-up period. Reasons for believing that the Nottingham administrative incidence may be close to the incidence in the community are discussed.


Azulene, a non-benzenoid aromatic hydrocarbon, is a promising building block for constructing organic optoelectronic materials. Herein, a series of 6,6′-diaryl-substituted biazulene diimides (1–5) are designed and synthesized for solution-processable organic semiconductors. These compounds exhibited excellent electron transport properties with fine-tuned molecular energy levels (HOMO: −5.68 to −6.04 eV; LUMO: −3.63 to −3.73 eV). Bottom-gate-top-contact organic field effect transistors (OFETs) based on compounds 1–3 and 5 displayed unipolar n-type semiconducting properties with optimized average electron mobilities of 0.12–0.45 cm2 V−1 s−1, of which the devices based on 2 demonstrated an electron mobility of up to 0.52 cm2 V−1 s−1, the highest electron mobilities for azulene-based organic semiconductors and also among the highest values for solution-processable n-channel OFETs. Devices based on 4 showed ambipolar FET performance with electron and hole mobilities of 0.31 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 0.029 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The ambipolar charge transport behavior of 4 is due to its higher HOMO energy level (−5.68 eV) than the others (−5.78 to −6.04 eV). The excellent electron transport ability of compounds 1–5 might be attributed to the dense molecular packing induced by the dipolar moment of the azulene units as revealed by single crystal analysis. Besides, compounds 2 and 5 were used as electron acceptors for organic photovoltaic devices, and an average power conversion efficiency of about 1.3% was obtained for their respective blend thin films with electron donor PTB7-Th. The results demonstrate that 6,6′-diaryl-substituted biazulene diimides are promising solution-processable n-type organic semiconductors, and the azulene unit has great potential for constructing excellent organic optoelectronic materials.


Ammonia synthesis was evaluated in the presence of α-Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and 5% α-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 nanocatalysts. The nanocatalysts were prepared via sol-gel and sol gel-hydrothermal methods. The variables studied for synthesis using sol gel method were stirring period and annealing temperature. Samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersed x-ray (EDX), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) and N2 adsorption. Extending synthesis period from 1 day to 1 month in the sol gel method reduced the size of α-Fe2O3 nanocatalyst particles from 60 nm to 27 nm. Particle size increased from 21 nm to 60 nm when the annealing temperature was increased from 300oC to 700oC. The sol gel-hydrothermal produced a well crystallined Fe3O4 nanocatalyst at synthesis temperature of 160oC. The 5% α-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 prepared using sol gel-hydrothermal method at iron nitrate to sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfucinnate surfactant ratio of 2:3 exhibited better particles dispersion compared to those prepared at other ratios. The TPR profiles for the nanocatalysts exhibited two reduction stages for the transformations of α-Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 and Fe3O4 to α-Fe. For the unsupported α-Fe2O3, reduction peaks were observed at 400oC to 460oC and 680oC to 780oC regions whereas for the γ-Al2O3-supported α-Fe2O3, the reduction peaks shifted to 350oC to 400oC and 550oC to 650oC. The catalytic study was conducted in a fixed bed microreactor at 30oC to 200oC under atmospheric pressure with a total feed flow rate of 40 cm3/min and H2/N2 volume ratio of 3:1. The amount of ammonia was determined using an acid-base titration method. The ammonia yield over α-Fe2O3 and 5% α-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalysts at 110oC measured in the absence of magnetic field was 2.65 %/gFe and 26.3 %/gFe, respectively. Applying magnetic field at 1 Tesla to the α-Fe2O3 catalyst resulted in two orders of magnitude increase in the ammonia yield while using Fe3O4 nanocatalyst further enhanced the ammonia yield by about 14% greater than that of α-Fe2O3. The performance of nanocatalysts for the ammonia synthesis in the absence and presence of magnetic field can be ranked as 5% α-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3> α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4> α-Fe2O3, respectively


Long chain α–ω diols were readily accessed from renewable fatty acid methyl esters following an orthogonal tandem self-metathesis–ester hydrogenation protocol. By adding a base and a bidentate ligand, the metathesis catalysts were transformed in situ into efficient ester hydrogenation catalysts. The selectivity of the hydrogenation reaction was tuned towards the exclusive formation of either the unsaturated or the saturated diol by modifying the ligand/catalyst ratio. An orthogonal tandem cross-metathesis–ester hydrogenation reaction was also applied for the synthesis of a fragrance compound.


BACKGROUND
Although a family history of schizophrenia is the best-established risk factor for schizophrenia, environmental factors such as the place and season of birth may also be important.

METHODS
Using data from the Civil Registration System in Denmark, we established a population-based cohort of 1.75 million persons whose mothers were Danish women born between 1935 and 1978. We linked this cohort to the Danish Psychiatric Central Register and identified 2669 cases of schizophrenia among cohort members and additional cases among their parents.

RESULTS
The respective relative risks of schizophrenia for persons with a mother, father, or sibling who had schizophrenia were 9.31 (95 percent confidence interval, 7.24 to 11.96), 7.20 (95 percent confidence interval, 5.10 to 10.16), and 6.99 (95 percent confidence interval, 5.38 to 9.09), as compared with persons with no affected parents or siblings. The risk of schizophrenia was associated with the degree of urbanization of the place of birth (relative risk for the capital vs. rural areas, 2.40; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.13 to 2.70). The risk was also significantly associated with the season of birth; it was highest for births in February and March and lowest for births in August and September. The population attributable risk was 5.5 percent for a history of schizophrenia in a parent or sibling, 34.6 percent for urban place of birth, and 10.5 percent for the season of birth.

CONCLUSIONS
Although a history of schizophrenia in a parent or sibling is associated with the highest relative risk of having the disease, the place and season of birth account for many more cases on a population basis.


In the framework of Quaternion (Q-) Theory of Relativity im-plying invariance of the 6D-space-time vector �interval� the kine-matics of two frames is considered under condition that one frame is inertial and the other is subject to action of harmonic force. Us-ing mathematical tools of Q-relativity the cinematic problem is completely solved from the viewpoint of each frame, i.e. distance, velocity and acceleration are found as functions of observers� time. Majority of cinematic relations are revealed to be represented by exact expressions: elementary functions and series; some relations though are found only approximately. Observed motions are of course not harmonic functions. Clock paradox is discussed.


This study investigated farmers' involvement in mini-livestock farming such as grasscutter rearing, snailry, beekeeping and rabbit-keeping in the peri-urban areas of southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted in Osun, Ondo and Ekiti States. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 270 farmers from the three States using snowball sampling technique. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The results showed that mean age of mini-livestock farmers of Southwestern Nigeria was 52.0 years with high level of awareness but low level of involvement in all the selected mini-livestock rearing. Positive and significant correlation exist between level of involvement of farmers in mini-livestock farming and years of schooling (r = 0.285, p ≤ 0.01); participation in social organization (r = 0.158; p ≤ 0.01); number of information sources (r = 0.227; p ≤ 0.05) and extension contact (r = 0.225; p ≤ 0.05). Also, positive and significant correlation exists between level of involvement and institutional variables such as roles of agricultural research institutes (r = 0.188; p≤0.05), government policy (r = 0.177; p <0.01) and roles of Agricultural Development Programme (r = 0.120; p≤0.05). Community related variable such as infrastructural facilities (r = 0.117; p≤0.05) had positive and significant relationship with level of involvement. In conclusion, low level of involvement in mini-livestock farming was due to inadequate training of farmers in management practices. The future implication for food security and poverty alleviation is that if farmers are well trained by extension agents, there will be sustainable increase in production.


Statement of Problem: In recent years, direct metal laser sintered (DMLS) metal-ceramic-based fixed partial denture prostheses have been used as an alternative to conventional metal-ceramic fixed partial denture prostheses. However, clinical studies for evaluating their long-term clinical survivability and acceptability are limited. Aims and Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of metal-ceramic fixed dental prosthesis fabricated with DMLS technique, and its clinical acceptance on long-term clinical use. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 45 patients who were restored with posterior three-unit fixed partial denture prosthesis made using direct laser sintered metal-ceramic restorations. Patient recall and clinical examination of the restorations were done after 6months and every 12 months thereafter for the period of 60 months. Clinical examination for evaluation of longevity of restorations was done using modified Ryge criteria which included chipping of the veneered ceramic, connector failure occurring in the fixed partial denture prosthesis, discoloration at the marginal areas of the veneered ceramic, and marginal adaptation of the metal and ceramic of the fixed denture prosthesis. Periapical status was assessed using periodical radiographs during the study period. Survival analysis was made using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: None of the patients had failure of the connector of the fixed partial denture prostheses during the study period. Two exhibited biological changes which included periapical changes and proximal caries adjacent to the abutments. Conclusion: DMLS metal-ceramic fixed partial denture prosthesis had a survival rate of 95.5% and yielded promising results during the 5-year clinical study.


This paper based on several common wireless sensor node localization algorithms. According to the concentric localization algorithm principle, we proposed an annular localization algorithm and its improved algorithm .The algorithm uses the anchor node to do node ring through certain rules, narrows unknown nodes estimate area continually, and until finally gets the minimum area contains unknown nodes. Then taking the minimum area centroid position as unknown node's estimate coordinates. Through the simulation of concentric localization algorithm and its improved algorithm, circular localization algorithm and its improved algorithm, can conclude that: When the proportion of anchor node increases from 5% to 10%, the positioning accuracy is obviously improved in the situation of low energy consumption.


Developing countries have embraced open access with a view to promoting visibility of research done in these regions. Open access initiatives described in this paper are based on interviews with information professionals responsible for creation and maintenance of online research repositories in India. Open access journals, e-print archives and e-theses repositories are covered with an emphasis on the sciences including the physical sciences, mathematics and the biomedical sciences. Existing repositories were identified from the Registry of Open Access Repositories located at http://archives.eprints.org. Key contacts were facilitated by well-known local open access advocates. Participants were contacted by e-mail and sites visited wherever possible. Many universities in India are at present lacking in infrastructure for establishing institutional repositories, so most of the institutions visited were research institutes and informatics centres. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to ascertain the background of participants, institutional culture, software selection, nature of funding, submission policies and future plans of these repositories. Also covered were promotion methods, user feedback and institutional support. Barriers to setting up institutional repositories are identified in this paper. Special features are described. Based on participant feedback a list of best practices is presented. The study has definite implications for the role of Canadian librarians in the promotion of Canadian research.


This paper explores the determinants of observed analyst-firm pairings. We adopt an analyst/brokerage house perspective that allows us to examine not only firm-level characteristics as in prior research, but also attributes of the analyst and the analyst's brokerage house that may drive these pairings. Our empirical analyses provide two primary insights. First, analyst characteristics such as industry expertise and relative experience, and brokerage house characteristics such as continuity of coverage, are associated with the decision to follow a firm. Second, there is substantial variation in the association between firm, analyst, and brokerage house characteristics and the decision to follow a firm; this occurs across individual analysts as well as across different types of brokerage houses. Overall, our results provide further insights into the factors leading to observed analyst-firm pairings, and indicate that these factors vary across analysts and their brokerage houses – suggesting richer associations than the average firm-level relationships documented by prior research.


This paper investigates the impact of feedback quantization on multi-agent learning. In particular, we analyze the equilibrium convergence properties of the well-known "follow the regularized leader" (FTRL) class of algorithms when players can only observe a quantized (and possibly noisy) version of their payoffs. In this information-constrained setting, we show that coarser quantization triggers a qualitative shift in the convergence behavior of FTRL schemes. Specifically, if the quantization error lies below a threshold value (which depends only on the underlying game and not on the level of uncertainty entering the process or the specific FTRL variant under study), then (i) FTRL is attracted to the game's strict Nash equilibria with arbitrarily high probability; and (ii) the algorithm's asymptotic rate of convergence remains the same as in the non-quantized case. Otherwise, for larger quantization levels, these convergence properties are lost altogether: players may fail to learn anything beyond their initial state, even with full information on their payoff vectors. This is in contrast to the impact of quantization in continuous optimization problems, where the quality of the obtained solution degrades smoothly with the quantization level.


The object of the present work was to examine the interactions which occur in aqueous solutions which contain alkaline earth cations and anions of dicarboxylic acids. The calcium-oxalate system was to be examined in detail with special reference to the protonated complexes formed by the species hydrogen oxalate. In order to examine the calcium hydrogen oxalate system, reliable values of the dissociation constants of oxalic acid were required so that the concentrations of anionic species in the solutions could be calculated. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part describes the determination of the dissociation constants of oxalic acid in an ionic medium maintained at 0.1 molar by sodium perchlorate. A potentiometric titration method has been used and the results of the titrations are compared with earlier work on the dissociation constants of oxalic acid. Good agreement has been obtained. The second and principal part of the thesis involves the determination of the stability constants of a number of complexes formed between alkaline earth cations and anionic dicarboxylic acid ligands. The cation exchange method has been used and the theory of the method is described. The experimental difficulties which were encountered are introduced and the methods which were used to overcome these difficulties are described. The systems which were examined were the following: calcium oxalate, calcium malonate, calcium succinate, calcium tartrate, strontium oxalate, strontium tartrate, calcium hydrogen oxalate and strontium hydrogen oxalate. Where comparison with other published work was possible, good agreement was found. A critical comparison was made of the stabilities of corresponding acetate and hydrogen oxalate complexes and use was made of such other data in the literature as were relevant. The denticity of the hydrogen oxalate ligand was examined and it was deduced that bidenticity was possible. Dissociation of the hydrogen oxalate complexes to the unprotonated complex and a hydrogen ion was considered in the light of a recent paper by some Russian workers and it was found that the empirical relationship which they had suggested was obeyed. The relative stabilities of all the complexes with the exception of the protonated complexes were considered in terms mainly of entropy contributions to the total free energy change in the reactions. The effect of the cross linking of the cation exchanger on the stability constants obtained by the ion exchange method was examined in the third part of the thesis. A large number of experiments were performed on resins with cross linking of 8%, 10% and 12% DVB. The results of the experiments were not conclusive because excellent agreement was observed between the results obtained for the 8% and 10% cross linked resins, but the 12% resin appeared to be out of line, but to an inconclusive extent. As far as can be seen this is in agreement with some earlier unpublished work on the same topic.


If a message can have n different values and all values are equally probable, then the entropy of the message is log(n). In the present paper, we investigate the expectation value of the entropy, for arbitrary probability distribution. For that purpose, we apply mixed probability distributions. The mixing distribution is represented by a point on an infinite dimensional hypersphere in Hilbert space. During an `arbitrary' calculation, this mixing distribution has the tendency to become uniform over a flat probability space of ever decreasing dimensionality. Once such smeared-out mixing distribution is established, subsequent computing steps introduce an entropy loss expected to equal $\\frac{1}{m+1} + \\frac{1}{m+2} + ... + \\frac{1}{n}$, where n is the number of possible inputs and m the number of possible outcomes of the computation.


We have developed thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters containing 5,10-dihydrophenazine as an electron donor and various electron-acceptor units. The TADF emitters exhibit wide ranges of emission colors from green to orange, singlet–triplet energy gaps ΔEST of ∼0–0.19 eV, and delayed fluorescence lifetimes τd of 0.1–50 μs. An organic light-emitting diode containing one of the TADF emitters exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 12%, which is higher than those obtained with conventional fluorescent emitters. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements of the compounds in a host matrix reveal that TADF makes a large contribution to the EQE of the devices. Our findings provide guidelines for modulating ΔEST and τd of TADF emitters.


The water-soluble vitamin B2 (riboflavin, RF) is an essential micronutrient for normal cell function and survival. Recent studies have identified a role for the human riboflavin transporter-2 (hRFT2) in normal intestinal RF absorption. However, little is known about the cell biology of this transporter and specifically about the molecular determinant(s) that dictate its cell surface expression in human intestinal epithelial cells. Here we show that the full-length hRFT2 protein fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) (GFP-hRFT2) is expressed exclusively at the apical membrane domain of Caco-2 cells. COOH-terminal sequence was essential in dictating cell surface expression with a specific role for conserved cysteine residues (C463 and C467). Mutation of C463 and C467 ablated RF uptake, explained by retention of the constructs within the endoplasmic reticulum. Modeling analysis suggested a potential disulfide bridge between C463 and C386. Consistent with this prediction, mutating the C386 site in the context of the full-length transporter resulted in intracellular retention, whereas mutation of another conserved cysteine (C326A) was without effect on hRFT2 targeting. Intracellular trafficking of hRFT2 was also examined and appeared to involve distinct vesicular structures, the motility of vesicles critically dependent on an intact microtubule network. These results demonstrate a potential role for specific cysteine residues in the cell surface expression of the hRFT2 in human intestinal epithelial cells.


Football is meaningful with the contribution of fans and their enthusiasm. The enthusiasm of fans has got relative definitions. Some delirious acts of fans who are indispensable part of football, take precedence over football and these acts has reached a dimension threatening local government and public authorities. After 1990 Hate Crimes are added to Hooliganism, Violence and Vandalism which are defined as delirious act in sports. Due to the increasing racism threat, UEFA has decided to implement an efficient act plan in 2002. The developed Ten Point Plan has included advices and examples of application to Sport Clubs and Fan Groups. Although the Ten Point Plan is too detailed, in this research only programs which were practiced on fan groups, kids and youngsters at school age and the results of these programs are included. As the proposed programs which were offered to fans and NGOs, has become successful, it is seen that the greater success has been achieved in the programs and campaigns targeted kids and youngsters at school age. It is found out that there is a great difficulty to reach data to compare the research results in Turkey. In the level of Sport clubs no information could be collected on the other hand some limited information about limited activities of Fans and NGOs.