For decades, globalization and the liberal international order evolved side by side. Recently, however, deglobalizing forces have been on the rise and the liberal international order has come to be increasingly beleaguered. The special issue 'Deglobalization? The future of the liberal international order' examines the interconnectedness of globalization and deglobalization processes on the one hand and the trajectory of the liberal international order on the other. This introduction provides a conceptual frame for the articles to follow. It discusses globalization and deglobalization processes, compares how they have been intertwined with the liberal international order in the past and presently, and explores how these differences are likely to affect the future of world politics. The special issue makes three important contributions. First, we examine globalization and deglobalization processes systematically. Second, we break new ground in studying the future of international order. Third, we generate novel insights into epochal change.


Perceptual ad-blocking is a novel approach that detects online advertisements based on their visual content. Compared to traditional filter lists, the use of perceptual signals is believed to be less prone to an arms race with web publishers and ad networks. We demonstrate that this may not be the case. We describe attacks on multiple perceptual ad-blocking techniques, and unveil a new arms race that likely disfavors ad-blockers. Unexpectedly, perceptual ad-blocking can also introduce new vulnerabilities that let an attacker bypass web security boundaries and mount DDoS attacks. We first analyze the design space of perceptual ad-blockers and present a unified architecture that incorporates prior academic and commercial work. We then explore a variety of attacks on the ad-blocker's detection pipeline, that enable publishers or ad networks to evade or detect ad-blocking, and at times even abuse its high privilege level to bypass web security boundaries. On one hand, we show that perceptual ad-blocking must visually classify rendered web content to escape an arms race centered on obfuscation of page markup. On the other, we present a concrete set of attacks on visual ad-blockers by constructing adversarial examples in a real web page context. For seven ad-detectors, we create perturbed ads, ad-disclosure logos, and native web content that misleads perceptual ad-blocking with 100% success rates. In one of our attacks, we demonstrate how a malicious user can upload adversarial content, such as a perturbed image in a Facebook post, that fools the ad-blocker into removing another users' non-ad content. Moving beyond the Web and visual domain, we also build adversarial examples for AdblockRadio, an open source radio client that uses machine learning to detects ads in raw audio streams.


The Eu3+ and Gd3+ complexes with an N-(methylene-2-pyridine)-N,N-di(methylenephosphonate) ligand (H4NP2py), an analogue of nitrilotri(methylphosphonic) acid (H6NTP), were synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The determined crystal structures ([C(NH2)3]5[Ln(NP2py)2]·12H2O) are the first example of a monomeric Ln3+ complex encapsulated by two tripodal aminophosphonic ligands. Each of the NP2py anions coordinates to Ln3+ through two oxygen atoms from each monodentate phosphonic group, amine nitrogen and pyridine nitrogen atoms, filling thus 8 coordination sites of Ln3+. The luminescence properties of [C(NH2)3]5[Eu(NP2py)2]·12H2O crystals were studied and compared with those of Eu–NP2py complexes in solution. Speciation analysis of Ln–NP2py complexes (Ln : NP2py = 1 : 2), performed by luminescence and potentiometric methods, showed that both [Ln(NP2py)]− and [Ln(NP2py)2]5− species may exist in solution. However, the formation of the latter one occurs in alkaline solutions at pH as high as 8. By implementing the Specific Ion Interaction Theory (SIT) it was possible to calculate the thermodynamic stability constants of the [Eu(NP2py)]− and [Eu(NP2py)2]5− complexes. The corresponding log β0Eul and values are 16.3 ± 0.11 and 19.5 ± 0.15, respectively.


Summary Two families with hereditary central diabetes insipidus (CDI) are reported. The pedigree in both families shows an autosomal dominant trait. The plasma arginine-8-vasopressin (AVP) determined by radioimmunoassay was markedly lower in these CDI patients than in healthy con trols; the difference being even more pronounced after a hyperosmotic challenge. Since in the present study histamine also failed to increase the plasma AVP concen tration, the authors consider it unlikely that an osmorecep tor failure would be implicated in the pathogenesis of CDI in these cases. The AVP concentration of the lumbar cere brospinal fluid was also measured in two members of one of the families: the level found at the lower normal range indi cates that some AVP secretion has been maintained in the extrahypothalamic vasopressinergic system of these patients.


The present study was conducted to determine the present status including general information, feeding, breeding, housing, and milking etc. and costs & returns of small dairy farms, to compare the productive and reproductive performance of crossbred and indigenous cows and to make recommendation for development of small scales dairy farm. With this view, the empirical data were collected by using pre tested questionnaire. The study was conducted at 8 thanas in Mymensingh district, and four months-long survey was diminished on thirty small dairy owners. It appeared from the study that 57% farm owners belong to business class and remaining 43 per cent to different categories. Fifty three per cent took dairying as a side-business whereas only 47 per cent took it as a main business enterprise. Major percentage of farm owner education level that was Higher Secondary level (60%) and the average number of animal per farm was 13.01. The average monthly income of farm owners found in the study area was Tk. 4387. It was observed that farm owners had 85.4% crossbred (like Friesian cross and Jersey cross) and was 14.6% indigenous cattle, and 87% farmers used artificial insemination and rest used both artificial and natural services. Daily milk yield/cow/farm was 4.27 and 1.78 liters for a crossbred and indigenous dairy cow, respectively. It was estimated that the rearing cost of dairy cow was Tk. 67.5/cow/day and return from rearing dairy cow was Tk. 85.2/cow/day. The net return was Tk. 17.7/cow/day from crossbred in the study area and cost benefit ratio was 1: 1.26. The study showed that there were significant (P<0.01) differences within the dry period, service per conception, calving to first service, highest and lowest milk production and lactation period of crossbred and indigenous dairy cows. The study also showed non-significant differences within calving interval for crossbred and indigenous. Incase of small dairy farming, the farms were facing a lot of problems such as scarcity of feeds and fodder, high price of concentrate and lack of technical knowledge. Although the dairy cow owners face problems, the study observed that there were potentials particularly for the small dairy farmers. The small farmers by keeping 8-10 crossbred cows could earn a modest living by adopting small dairy farming as a profession. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14615 J. Sci. Foundation, 8(1&2): 13-21, June-December 2010


ECE 111. Information Literacy and Research for Electrical and Computer Engineering. 2 Credits. An introductory course for ECE students that explores information literacy in terms of information basics, information need, searching, locating, and evaluating information sources, citing and ethics of information in relation to development and implementation of electrical and computer engineering projects. Prerequisites: ENGN 110 and MATH 162M.


Image classification based on remotely sensed data is the primary domain of automatic mapping research. With the increasing of urban development, keeping geographic database updating is imminently needed. Automatic mapping of land cover types in urban area is one of the most challenging problems in remote sensing. Traditional database updating is time consuming and costly. It has usually been performed by manual observation and visual interpretation, In order to improve the efficiency as well as the accuracy, new technique in the data collection and extraction becomes increasingly necessary. This paper studied an object-based decision tree classification based on orthophoto and lidar data, both alone and integrated. Four land cover types i.e. Forest, Water, Openland as well as Building were successfully extracted. Promising results were obtained with the 89.2% accuracy of orthophoto based classification and 88.6% accuracy of lidar data based classification. Both lidar data and orthophoto showed enough capacity to classify general land cover types alone. Meanwhile, the combination of orthophoto and lidar data demonstrated a prominent classification results with 95.2% accuracy. The results of integrated data revealed a very high agreement. Comparing the process of using orthophoto or lidar data alone, it reduced the complexity of land cover type discrimination. In addition, another classification algorithm, support vector machines (SVM) classification was preformed. Comparing to the decision tree classification, it obtained the same accuracy level as decision tree classification in orthophoto dataset (89.2%) and integration dataset (97.3%). However, the SVM results of lidar dataset was not satisfactory. Its overall accuracy only reached 77.1%. In brief, object-based land cover classification demonstrated its effectiveness in land cover map generation. It could exploit spectral and spatial features from input data efficiently and classifying image with high accuracy.


Xenopus prophase oocytes reenter meiotic division in response to progesterone. The signaling pathway leading to Cdc2 activation depends on neosynthesized proteins and a decrease in PKA activity. We demonstrate that Eg2 protein, a Xenopus member of the Aurora/Ipl1 family of protein kinases, accumulates in response to progesterone and is degraded after parthenogenetic activation. The polyadenylation and cap ribose methylation of Eg2 mRNA are not needed for the protein accumulation. Eg2 protein accumulation is induced by progesterone through a decrease in PKA activity, upstream of Cdc2 activation. Eg2 kinase activity is undetectable in prophase and is raised in parallel with Cdc2 activation. In contrast to Eg2 protein accumulation, Eg2 kinase activation is under Cdc2 control. Furthermore, by using an anti-sense strategy, we show that Eg2 accumulation is not required in the transduction pathway leading to Cdc2 activation. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that Eg2 is not necessary for Cdc2 activation, though it could participate in the organization of the meiotic spindles, in agreement with the well-conserved roles of the members of the Aurora family, from yeast to man.


Species currently assigned to Rhizopogon Fr. & Nordh. can be divided into at least two groups on the basis of basidial morphology and hymenophoral development. It is desirable that two genera should be recognized but problems of typification preclude a formal proposal to this effect. One group contains species with clearly dimerous basidia which are commonly associated with swollen, thickened or gelatinized basidioles and often arise laterally from these. The other is composed of species with clavate or cylindrical non-dimerous basidia which are not associated with modified basidioles. These observations show the potential value of using the developmental anatomy of the hymenophore in the taxonomy of Gasteromycetes. Fresh specimens in various stages of development are desirable; mature or dry specimens usually prove unsatisfactory.


This article sprung from previous structural analyses of religion as onticity, but went somewhat further by placing more emphasis on encounters with the numinous as the core of religion, as well as on the dynamic character of religion. In doing so, this analysis methodologically transcended the limitations of a structuralist view of religion. The post-structuralist approach that was followed, assigns greater prominence to the interpretive and constructivist activities of the actors involved in religious experience. Application of this expanded view of religion to the South African Policy on Religion and Education (2003) demonstrated that the Policy caused a break between the various facets of religion education and resultantly disrupted the wholeness of religion education.


CEOs are increasingly engaging in activism on controversial social and political issues that do not directly affect their businesses. Simultaneously, the general public is increasingly polarized. We examine how CEO support for gun control after two mass shootings affects firm performance and polarizes consumers. Using mobile phone location data to measure store-level visits, we study (a) the net effect of activism on store performance, (b) the potential for polarization to create asymmetry in the activism's effects on consumers, and (c) the persistence of those performance effects. We find that activism has small net effects on sales, polarizes consumers, has asymmetric effects across liberals and conservatives, and quickly dissipates. Our results highlight the strategic implications for executives pressured to take stances on controversial issues.


Augustine of Hippo, one of the dominating figures of Western Theology, lived almost 1,600 years ago in an historical and cultural context very different from our own. What he and his contemporaries would have made of the term 'religious experience' one might well suppose would be rather different from what we, in our twenty-first century, postmodern, context understand by it. In fact, I wonder whether we can generalise, either about Augustine's age, or our own, in this respect. The difficulty of defining so elusive a term as 'experience' and the questions raised by context, not least in respect to cultural, philosophical and theological matters, are felt acutely by anyone working in this field.


The Nicene Creed (AD 325), expressly states that Jesus Christ "for our salvation came down from heaven" and that He "was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate. He suffered and was buried and the third day He rose again, according to the scriptures." Here the structure and sequence of soteriological events are explicitly stated in creedal formulation, where Christ's crucifixion holds the strategic centre point, where Jesus not only dies, but dies for our salvation. The Cross is the emblematic sign of Christian authenticity, the kernel of the kerygma of faith and paradoxically the preferred mechanism that God uses for salvation. Indeed, St Paul proclaimed to the world in the first century: "We preach Christ crucified a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God." Even in the Gospels the apparent contradictory sign of the Messiah being nailed to a tree is highlighted, with taunts from onlookers and the last satanic tempatation, to "save yourself and come down from the Cross", is used to psychologically torment him in a last ditch attempt to abort the salvific enterprise; but salvation transparently can only come through the acceptance of the Cross. For as the great Spanish mystic and doctor of the Church St John of the Cross declares: "If you desire to possess Christ, never seek him without the Cross ... whoever seeks not the Cross of Christ, also seeks not the glory of Christ." Jesus indicates the magnetic pull of the Cross when He says in His own words: "and I, when I am lifted up from the Earth, will draw all men to myself", thus indicating the portal or ladder to heaven that the Cross symbolizes, where the divine glory shines diaphanously through the wood of the Cross. "It is as well to remember, however, that when we speak about the glory of God we are in fact speaking about the disclosure of his nature, which means that in his death, Jesus glorifies God and he himself is glorified; in other words, we see here the nature of God, and the nature of his Son. The glory of God is revealed." On Good Friday the centrality and instrumentality of the Cross is venerated, "behold the wood of the Cross on which hung the saviour of the world."
The Cross is thus heavily laden with soteriological significance but we should never look at the Cross without being reminded of the resurrection, for the death and resurrection of Christ cannot be separated, since both are part of the mysterious purpose of God.


A great deal of new quantitative research has been produced over the last three decades which has radically changed the received interpretation of Italian economic development. Against this backdrop, the Bank of Italy, Istat and the University of Rome "Tor Vergata", together with academics from other institutions, developed a project to estimate new historical national accounts time series. Our reconstruction covers the 150 years following the political unification of Italy and is based on the most up-to-date results in the literature. It provides estimates of supply and uses at constant and at current prices. The documentation could not be reported fully in the following few pages. The details will be presented in full in a book to be published in the coming months, coauthored by all who contributed to the enterprise. In this paper I draw a general picture of the new time series. I focus on historically significant periods, using them as case studies in order to illustrate some features of the new data, both technical and substantial. A detailed, if incomplete, methodological account of our work is given in the appendices.


This study aims to determine the effect of the decrease in media salinity on survival rates of grouper fish and determine the relationship between the survival rate of the cantang grouper and the level of decrease in media salinity in the acclimation process. The study was conducted in June 2018 at the Brackish and Sea Water Laboratory of Pekalongan University in Pekalongan. The test fish used was a cantang grouper with a size of 3-5 cm. This cantang grouper juvenille is obtained from the Situbondo Marine Cultivation Center. The design used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment applied was a decrease in the level of media salinity as follows: 2 ppt/hour, 4 ppt/hour, 6 ppt/hour and 8 ppt/hour. The survival rate of the grouper fish is analyzed using variance analysis. Furthermore, an orthogonal polynomial analysis was performed to correlate the survival rate of the grouper fish to the level of decrease in media salinity. The highest survival rate of the grouper grouper was obtained at a level of decrease in salinity of 2 ppt/hour ie 91.67%, then a decrease in salinity of 4 ppt/hour ie 61.11%, a decrease in salinity of 6 ppt/hour ie 46.67% , and the lowest at a decrease in salinity of 8 ppt/hour which is 25%. The results of the variance analysis revealed that the level of decrease in media salinity had a very significant effect on the survival rate of bushy groupers. The results of orthogonal polynomial analysis showed that the relationship between the survival rate of the grouper fish to the level of decreasing salinity of linear media with the equation: Y = 109.72 10.72 X (R = 0.97) (R = 0.97).


This chapter provides an assessment of the sustainability of Ireland's health care system. It starts by describing the historical development of the Irish system and identifying key features of the current system that raise potential challenges for sustainability. It then provides an analysis of recently compiled and up-to-date data on trends in health care expenditures. A number of specific demand and supply side challenges to sustainability are then described and discussed. This is followed by an examination of recent and current reforms to the health care system, focussing on their likely impact on sustainability, as well as a discussion of how health economics has and can inform policy, practice and debate. We also discuss the potential implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for the Irish system. © 2021 by Emerald Publishing Limited.


This paper surveys the recent literature about various research trends relevant to Relational DataBase (RDB) reengineering. The paper presents an analysis of approaches and techniques used in this context, including construction of object views on top of RDBs, database integration and database migration. A categorisation is presented of the se-lected work, concentrating on migrating an RDB as a source into object-based and XML databases as targets. Database migration from the source into each of the targets is discussed and critically evaluated, including the semantic enrichment, schema translation and data conversion. Based on a detailed analysis of the existing literature, it seems that the existing work does not provide a complete solution for more than one target database for either schema or data conversion. Besides, none of the existing proposals can be considered as a method for migrating an RDB into an object-relational database. We propose such a method based on an intermediate canonical data model, which enriches the semantics of the source RDB and captures characteristics of the target databases.


Abstract:  Current conservation mitigation plans often fail to ensure full in‐kind habitat replacement for endangered species, which suggests the need for improved methods for calculating mitigation credits. A simple, yet biologically meaningful method for calculating mitigation credits would be to let the number of mitigation credits assigned to a parcel of land scale with the reproductive value of the individuals occupying that parcel. This can be accomplished by dividing the population into 2 or more subdivisions with different reproductive values, calculating the densities of these subdivisions as a function of one or more habitat parameters, and then forming a weighted sum of these densities such that each density distribution is weighted by the reproductive value of its respective subdivision of the population. This weighted sum is the density distribution of reproductive value, and by integrating it over a particular parcel, one can determine the mitigation value of that parcel. We carried out this procedure for a population of California tiger salamanders (Ambystoma californiense), with distance from breeding site as our habitat parameter and the 3 visually identifiable age classes (adults, juveniles, and metamorphs) as our population subdivisions. This led to a density distribution of reproductive value that decreased exponentially with increasing distance from a breeding site. Mitigation strategies derived from this function will be more likely to ensure the persistence of California tiger salamander populations than current approaches, which assign all land within 1.6 km of a breeding site the same mitigation value. Use of the density distribution of reproductive value as a basis for mitigation plans is a procedure that can be applied to all endangered species, and it should improve the quality of mitigation decisions.


Given the critical role of the streamflow regime for instream, riparian, and floodplain ecosystem sustainability, modeling the long‐term effect of urbanization on streamflow is important to predict possible changes in stream ecosystems. Since flow duration curves are largely used to characterize the streamflow regime and define indices for stream ecosystem health, we present two stochastic models, with different levels of complexity, that link the key physical features of urbanized basins with rainfall variability to determine the resulting flow duration curves. The two models are tested against 11 basins with various degrees of urban development, characterized by the percentage of impervious areas in the basin. Results show that the more complex model needs to be used to reproduce accurately the entire flow duration curve. The analysis performed suggests that the transformation of green (i.e., water used in evapotranspiration) to blue (i.e., streamflow) water in urbanized basins is an important long‐term source of ecohydrological alteration. The modeling scheme also provides useful links between rainfall variability, urbanization levels, and some streamflow indices of high and low flows.


[1] Among the most fascinating, recent discoveries in seismology are the phenomena of dynamically triggered fault slip, including earthquakes, tremor, slow and silent slip—during which little seismic energy is radiated—and low frequency earthquakes. Dynamic triggering refers to the initiation of fault slip by a transient deformation perturbation, most often in the form of passing seismic waves. Determining the frictional constitutive laws and the physical mechanism(s) governing triggered faulting is extremely challenging because slip nucleation depths for tectonic faults cannot be probed directly. Of the spectrum of slip behaviors, triggered slow slip is particularly difficult to characterize due to the absence of significant seismic radiation, implying mechanical conditions different from triggered earthquakes. Slow slip is often accompanied by nonvolcanic tremor in close spatial and temporal proximity. The causal relationship between them has implications for the properties and physics governing the fault slip behavior. We are characterizing the physical controls of triggered slow slip via laboratory experiments using sheared granular media to simulate fault gouge. Granular rock and glass beads are sheared under constant normal stress, while subjected to transient stress perturbation by acoustic waves. Here we describe experiments with glass beads, showing that slow and silent slip can be dynamically triggered on laboratory faults by ultrasonic waves. The laboratory triggering may take place during stable sliding (constant friction and slip velocity) and/or early in the slip cycle, during unstable sliding (stick-slip). Experimental evidence indicates that the nonlinear-dynamical response of the gouge material is responsible for the triggered slow slip.


Joshua Fishman's famous "Intergenerational Transmission Interruption Scale" (GIDS) has as stage 6 the "intergenerational and demographically concentrated home-family-neighborhood-community, the basis of mother tongue transmission." (1991:466). That is, using the language in daily interaction at home. He also writes "if this stage is not satisfied, all else can amount to little more than biding time" (Fishman 1991:399). Despite this warning, most language revitalization programs focus on other things: literacy, classes in colleges and schools, master-apprentice programs, and successful immersion schools. It is only now, after decades of intensive language revitalization efforts, that we begin to see a focus on the home. In this presentation I will look at several case studies of language revitalization at home, both individual family efforts (Miami, Wampanoag, and several California languages) and community-based programs that focus on the family (Gaelic, Māori, and California languages again). The majority of family efforts involve parents who have learned their ancestral language as a second language, so I will examine the various ways the parents have learned their language—through some of the aforementioned language programs or on their own from speakers or documentation—and how they are coping with the efforts to use the language with their children. From these studies we will derive lessons on how to support families trying to bring their languages into their homes. It becomes clear as well that while Fishman's stage 6 definitely enhances the success of later stages on the scale, the later stages also feed into stage 6 in such a way that they are not just "biding time." Audio recording of conference presentation at the 1st International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC), 12-14 March 2009, at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa.


Background Biomarker based preventative and monitoring strategies are increasingly used for risk stratification in cardiovascular (CV) disease. Natriuretic peptides and soluble (s)ST2 can identify patients at-risk of CV events. However, most of the existing reports focus on single time point analysis and in populations who have already exhibited major adverse CV events (MACE). Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the utility of longitudinal change in B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and sST2 concentrations for predicting incident MACE (heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, stroke/transient ischaemic attack and CV death) in asymptomatic community-based patients with risk factors but without prevalent MACE at enrolment. Study design, size, and duration The study population consisted of 282 patients selected from within the longitudinal STOP-HF study of asymptomatic patients with risk factors for development of MACE. Fifty of these patients developed a MACE. The study was run in two phases comprising of an initial investigative cohort (n = 195) and a subsequent 2:1 (No MACE:MACE) propensity matched verification cohort (n = 87). BNP and sST2 were quantified in all patients at two time points a median of 2.5 years apart. Results Fifty two subjects developed incident MACE. Longitudinal change in sST2 was a statistically significant predictor of incident MACE, with an area under the curve (AUC) for sST2 longitudinal change to predict incident MACE of 0.60 (95% confidence interval 0.52–0.68). A one-unit increment in sST2 change from baseline to follow up corresponded to approximately 7.99% increase in the rate of one or more incident MACE via Cox modelling, independent of the baseline or follow-up concentration. In contrast, longitudinal change value of BNP was not associated with MACE. Conclusion Longitudinal change in sST2 but not BNP was associated with incident MACE in asymptomatic, initially event free patients in the community. Further work is required to evaluate the clinical utility of change in sST2 in risk prediction and event monitoring in this setting.


Educational practices vary widely in sub-Saharan Africa, due to political instability, economic pressures, and availability of resources. This volume examines the history, educational philosophies, and current practices of schools in the region, including a special Day in the Life feature that shows readers what an average student's school day is like for that country. All educational levels are covered, from primary through secondary school, and both public and private systems are examined.; Angola; Cameroon; Democratic Republic of Congo; Ghana; Ivory Coast; Kenya; Nigeria; South Africa; Tanzania; Uganda


Osteoarthritis (OA), also often called 'osteoarthrosis or 'degenerative joint disease,' is the most common form of arthritis. Prevalence of OA in India is reported to be in the range of 17-60.6%. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition which represents a major contribution to the burden of physical disability. Prevalence increases with age, so that about 11% of all women over the age of 60 years have symptoms due to knee OA. The study is to measure the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis patients and identification of risk factors were involved among the age group of 40 to 65 years in Mysore city and compare BMI,
ESR and WOMAC criteria. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Sri. Krishna Rajendra Hospital,Mysore from June 2013 to May 2014. A total of 150 interviewed subjects referred having knee pain and clinically diagnosed by orthopaedic doctor and radiographically confirmed as Knee Osteoarthritis patient. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of Knee osteoarthritis. The data was analysed using SPSS windows 16.0. The age of the population was 40 to 65years. About 46% of the patients having normal BMI and ESR were highest in the range of 50 and above mm/hr. The mean average of WOMAC score was highest in moderate while comparing to other scores. Knee Osteoarthritis is one of the most common rheumatologic
problems. The risk factors of the disease are age, socio -economic status and regular activities etc. There is
no clear published data available about the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis due to different types of defining of the disease.


Speaking in front of people is challenging even in one's own language. Since personality and speaking anxiety are interrelated, students' personality types are important to find out the reasons for their anxiety. The aim of the current study is to determine the personality traits of the participants; to investigate their foreign language speaking anxiety levels; and to find out whether students' personality traits significantly predict their foreign language speaking anxiety. According to the results, extraversion, openness and conscientiousness significantly and negatively but neuroticism and agreeableness significantly and positively predict foreign language speaking anxiety. The majority have agreeableness which predicts foreign language speaking anxiety positively; this may explain why people cannot speak English in our country.


Accuracy for reading comprehension and inferencing tasks has previously been reported as reduced for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), relative to typically developing (TD) controls. In this study, we used an eye movements and reading paradigm to examine whether this difference in performance accuracy is underpinned by differences in the inferential work required to compute a co‐referential link. Participants read two sentences that contained a category noun (e.g., bird) that was preceded by and co‐referred to an exemplar that was either typical (e.g., pigeon) or atypical (e.g., penguin). Both TD and ASD participants showed an effect of typicality for gaze durations upon the category noun, with longer times being observed when the exemplar was atypical, in comparison to typical. No group differences or interactions were detected for target processing, and verbal language proficiency was found to predict general reading and inferential skill. The only difference between groups was that individuals with ASD engaged in more re‐reading than TD participants. These data suggest that readers with ASD do not differ in the efficiency with which they compute anaphoric links on‐line during reading. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1968–1980. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Buddhist Stupa land of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh has become the first "solar city" in the country. The city, known for the Great Buddhist Stupa originally built by Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the then Governor of Ujaiyini, is now connecting the ancient with the modern through solar light. Ashoka, who was married to Devi, the daughter of a merchant from the nearby town of Vidisha, is known to have visited the Sanchi Buddhist site. Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan launched the Sanchi solar city, saying, "By becoming the country's first solar city, this historic place has shown the way to the world, much like Lord Buddha once did." Engineers and site officials at Sanchi told The Pioneer that a 3 MW solar plant, which caters to the city's needs, is fully operational, and another plant with a capacity of 5 MW — to meet agriculture-related requirements — is under construction. The 3 MW plant has been built close to the UNESCO World Heritage site on a 5-hectare plot. The stupa, majestically overlooking the solar plant amidst lush greenery, stands tall in its height. Once completed, Sanchi will produce more energy than it consumes. The majority of the energy requirements of Sanchi city are planned to be met through ground-mounted solar panel projects. Additionally, rooftop solar panels will be installed on residential and office buildings in Sanchi, including the Sanchi Railway station. Residents in Sanchi are encouraged to use solar products such as solar study lamps, solar dryers, solar water heaters, or solar lanterns. Officials have stated that electric vehicle charging stations will be set up to promote e-mobility in the town. Furthermore, solar water kiosks will be installed at public places, and solar street lights will line the roads in the town. Solar trees will also be placed in common areas, offering free Wi-Fi, mobile charging, and space for community gatherings. Close to the UNESCOrecognised World Heritage site, wind turbines are planned to be installed near the Stupa to harness wind energy. "Energy floors" will be laid at the entry gate of the main Stupa to raise awareness about the availability and development of energy in various activities. The project mentioned that hydro-electric power will continue to supply the city in parallel with solar power, which will soon become the primary source of light for the city. Incidentally, India's first solar-powered village is Modhera in Gujarat, which was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in October of last year. Sanchi Stupa, monasteries, temples, and pillars dating from the 3rd century BC to the 12th century AD were declared World Heritage sites by UNESCO in 1989." S warm and robust relations with Saudi Arabia, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said ties between India and Saudi Arabia are crucial for stability and welfare of the region and world. Describing the Arab nation as one of India's most important strategic partners, he also said both sides are adding new dimensions to the ties in tune with changing times. These assertions were made after Prime Minister Modi on Monday reviewed the entire gamut of bilateral relations with Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud. The two countries decided to expedite implementation of the USD 50 billion West Coast refinery project, and identified energy, defence, semiconductor and space as areas for intensified cooperation during talks between Prime Minister Modi and Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman. The two leaders held the first meeting of the IndiaSaudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council. The India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council was announced in 2019 with an aim to further increase cooperation in critical areas. The Saudi Arabia Crown Prince is on a State visit to India following the end of the G20 Summit. Trade, economy, defence, and cultural cooperation were the main topics of discussion between Prime Minister Modi and Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman. "For India, Saudi Arabia counts as one of its closest and biggest strategic partners," Modi said. "India-Saudi Arabia partnership crucial for stability, welfare of region and world." "We are adding a new dimension to our ties in tune with changing times. We have identified several initiatives to take our close partnership to the next level," he added. The Prime Minister said he had "productive talks" with the Saudi Crown Prince. Both leaders discussed trade ties and the "immense" scope for bilateral cooperation in areas, including grid connectivity, renewable energy, food security and semiconductors. "His Royal Highness Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and I had very productive talks. We reviewed our trade ties and are confident that the commercial linkages between our nations will grow even further in the times to come. The scope for cooperation in grid connectivity, renewable energy, food security, semiconductors and supply chains is immense," he wrote on X. The leaders assessed the progress of the two Ministerial committees of the Strategic Partnership Council, namely the "Political, Security, Social and Cultural Cooperation Committee" and the "Economy and Investments Cooperation Committee". They also discussed all aspects of bilateral relations, including political, security, defence, trade, economy, culture, and people-to-people ties. Additionally, they discussed regional and international issues of mutual interest. Ahead of the talks, the Crown Prince was accorded a ceremonial welcome at the forecourt of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. "I am very glad to be here in India. I want to congratulate India for the G20 Summit," Muhammad Bin Salman told reporters after the ceremonial welcome. The Saudi leader said the announcements made at the summit will benefit the world. "We will work together to create a great future for both the countries," he said. This is Prince Salman's second State visit to India. Saudi Arabia is one of India's key strategic partners in West Asia. The overall relations between the two countries have witnessed a significant upward trajectory in the last few years. The two sides have also been focusing on strengthening their defence and security partnership. Then Army Chief General M Naravane visited Saudi Arabia in December 2020 in the first-ever visit by a head of the 1.3 million-strong Army to the important Gulf nation. Since then, there have been a series of visits of highranking military officials between the two sides. During the two-day G20 Summit in New Delhi, Saudi Arabia was one of the signatories to the ambitious IndiaMiddle East-Europe Economic Corridor. The initiative was jointly announced by Prime Minister Modi and the leaders of the United States, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, France, Germany, Italy, and the European Union on the sidelines of the G20 summit. "Yesterday, we made a decision to start a historic economic corridor between India, West Asia and Europe. This corridor will not only connect two countries but also help in providing economic growth, and digital connectivity between Asia, West Asia and Europe," Modi said. Once completed, the project can serve as a modern-day Silk Road that functioned as the central trade route facilitating economic partnerships, political alliances, and cultural integration across continents. Prime Minister Modi also cited Saudi Arabia's "Vision 2030" initiative, an all-encompassing nationwide reform programme launched in 2016 for the economic, cultural and architectural development of the West Asian country. "Under your leadership and Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia has seen tremendous economic growth and I congratulate you for that," Modi said. India and Saudi Arabia have a long history of cordial and cooperative relations, with extensive people-to-people ties. According to the Government data, bilateral trade between the two countries reached an all-time high of USD 52.75 billion in fiscal year 2022-23. During his 2019 visit to Riyadh, Prime Minister Modi had said India and Saudi Arabia have a Joint Committee on Defence Cooperation (JCDC) that meets regularly and that the two countries have identified a number of areas of mutual interest and cooperation in the field of defence and security. The two economic powerhouses are also major trading partners. India is Saudi Arabia's second-largest trading partner, while Saudi Arabia is India's fourth-largest. The two countries have a strong partnership in the energy sector, with India importing a significant amount of oil from Saudi Arabia. ! " ! #


In order to reduce the co-frequency interference for multi-cell OFDMA system, a multi-cell dynamic subcarrier allocation scheme was proposed for downlink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) cellular system. The proposed scheme reduces the powers of co-frequency users, which matches access control to maximize the distances between co-frequency subcarriers users. As a result, the proposed scheme satisfies their quality of service (QoS) requirements, and improves wireless resources utilization rate. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is superior to other existing schemes. It also shows that the proposed scheme satisfies users' QoS and increases throughput of the system.


This book discusses the latest advances in digital modeling systems (DMSs) and additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. It covers applications of networked technologies, ubiquitous computing, new materials and hybrid production systems, discussing how they are changing the processes of conception, modeling and production of products and systems of product. The book emphasizes ergonomic and sustainability issues, as well as timely topics such as DMSs and AM in Industry 4.0, DMSs and AM in developing countries, DMSs and AM in extreme environments, thus highlighting future trends and promising scenarios for further developing those technologies. Based on the AHFE 2019 International Conference on Additive Manufacturing, Modeling Systems and 3D Prototyping, held on July 24-28, 2019, in Washington D.C., USA, the book is intended as source of inspiration for researchers, engineers and stakeholders, and to foster interdisciplinary and international collaborations between them.


Carrying out clinical diagnosis of retinal vascular degeneration using Fluorescein Angiography (FA) is a time consuming process and can pose significant adverse effects on the patient. Angiography requires insertion of a dye that may cause severe adverse effects and can even be fatal. Currently, there are no non-invasive systems capable of generating Fluorescein Angiography images. However, retinal fundus photography is anon-invasive imaging technique that can be completed in a few seconds. In order to eliminate the need for FA, we propose a conditional generative adversarial network (GAN)to translate fundus images to FA images. The proposed GAN consists of a novel residual block capable of generating high quality FA images. These images are important tools in the differential diagnosis of retinal diseases without the need for invasive procedure with possible side effects. Our experiments show that the proposed architecture outperforms other state-of-the-art generative networks. Furthermore, our proposed model achieves better qualitative results indistinguishable from real angiograms.


INTRODUCTION
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is difficult to prognosticate. F18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) shows promise for response assessment but is confounded by talc pleurodesis. F18-Fluorothymidine (FLT) PET is an alternative tracer specific for proliferation. We compared the prognostic value of FDG and FLT PET and determined the influence of talc pleurodesis on these parameters.

METHODS
Overall, 29 prospectively recruited patients had FLT PET, FDG PET and CT-scans performed prior to and post one chemotherapy cycle; 10 had prior talc pleurodesis. Patients were followed for overall survival. CT response was assessed using mRECIST. Radiomic features were extracted using the MiM software platform. Changes in maximum SUV (SUVmax), mean SUV (SUVmean), FDG total lesion glycolysis (TLG), FLT total lesion proliferation (TLP) and metabolic tumour volume (MTV) after one chemotherapy cycle.

RESULTS
Cox univariate analysis demonstrated FDG PET radiomics were confounded by talc pleurodesis, and that percentage change in FLT MTV was predictive of overall survival. Cox multivariate analysis showed a 10% increase in FLT tumour volume corresponded with 9.5% worsened odds for overall survival (P = 0.028, HR = 1.095, 95% CI [1.010, 1.187]). No other variables were significant on multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION
This is the first prospective study showing the statistical significance of FLT PET tumour volumes for measuring mesothelioma treatment response. FLT may be better than FDG for monitoring mesothelioma treatment response, which could help optimise mesothelioma treatment regimes.


Evolution of new technologies, market preferences and vehicle safety standards and regulations motivate the automotive industry to contribute to higher quality mobility and safer transportation for the society. With the compelling development of electronics over the past few decades, passenger cars are equipped with an increasing number of active safety systems, and even the fitment of some of those has become mandatory in regulations, such as ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) and ESC (Electronic Stability Control). As a result, the integration becomes necessary to meet the fast introduction of new functionality and to supervise and manage different variety of controllable vehicle subsystems, attracting the interests from both the industry and the academia. Numerous studies have proven integrated chassis controls to have incomparable advantages in multiple-objective performance improvement, hardware complexity and system costs reduction, interference prevention, system reliability and fault-tolerant capability. Among the previously explored integrated control architectures, hierarchical strategy is considered the most proper one, as it allows the cooperated development between OEMs and suppliers and make good use of existing subsystems. Within this context, this study proposes a novel adaptive wheel force feedback control allocation algorithm utilizing SKF load sensing bearing technology, to coordinate ABS, ESC and AFS (Active Front Steering). It aims to investigate a real-time implementable framework which is open to the extensions and integration of other load-sensing based control subsystems. The proposed approach is validated and evaluated by open-loop and driver-in-the-loop tests performed on multi-body vehicle model in Simulink-CarSim co-simulation.


We report laboratory determinations of the shear resistance to sliding melting ice with entrained particles over a hard, impermeable surface. With higher particle concentrations and larger particle sizes, Coulomb friction at particle-bed contacts dominates and the shear stress increases linearly with normal load. We term this the sandy regime. When either particle concentration or particle size is reduced below a threshold, the dependence of shear resistance on normal load is no longer statistically significant. We term this regime slippery . We use force and mass balance considerations to examine the flow of melt water beneath the simulated basal ice. At high particle concentrations, the transition from sandy to slippery behavior occurs when the particle size is comparable to the thickness of the melt film that separates the sliding ice from its bed. For larger particle sizes, a transition from sandy to slippery behavior occurs when the particle concentration drops sufficiently that the normal load is no longer transferred completely to the particle-bed contacts. We estimate that the melt films separating the particles from the ice are approximately 0.1 µm thick at this transition. Our laboratory results suggest the potential for abrupt transitions in the shear resistance beneath hard-bedded glaciers with changes in either the thickness of melt layers or the particle loading.


INTRODUCTION
In the Northern Hemisphere about 12/1000 people per year (on average) contract pneumonia while living in the community, with most cases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mortality ranges from about 5% to 35% depending on severity of disease, with a worse prognosis in older people, men, and people with chronic diseases.

METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic overview, aiming to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of pneumococcal vaccine to prevent community-acquired pneumonia? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to April 2014 (Clinical Evidence overviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this overview).

RESULTS
At this update, searching of electronic databases retrieved 651 studies. After deduplication and removal of conference abstracts, 403 records were screened for inclusion in the overview. Appraisal of titles and abstracts led to the exclusion of 348 studies and the further review of 55 full publications. Of the 55 full articles evaluated, eight systematic reviews and one RCT were added at this update. In addition, one RCT was added to the Comment section. We performed a GRADE evaluation for five PICO combinations.

CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic overview, we categorised the efficacy for two intervention based on information about the effectiveness and safety of conjugated vaccine and polysaccharide vaccine.


Abstract This research aims to develop a new dry nano powder inverse imprint technology, and probe into transferring and replication of micro patterns. First, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mould surface, with micro patterns of grating structures, undergo activation treatment with oxygen plasma in order to improve mould surface energy, and thus, spin coat photoresist onto the surface more easily. Then, the surface is heated to restore its hydrophobicity, and by means of nano powder, micro patterns are transfer printed onto the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Research results show that dry nano powder soft coat transferring and forming technology can accurately reproduce the required patterns. In the experiment, gas assisted nano powder imprint technology is used to apply even pressure, coupled with even temperature rise for solidification, then, patterns can be effectively transfer printed and completely formed. Further, these patterns are in perfect contact with the PMMA surface, thus, greatly increasing the valid imprint area and enhancing transferring reproductiveness. The technology integrates technologies, such as, soft lithography, solidifying photoresist, and gas assisted pressure application, and is utilized to transfer print micro patterns in a grating structure, and thus, complete the transferring process of dry micro structure patterns.


In this perspective paper, we examine the challenges of governance in three marine conservation settings where rights, access to resources and zoning intersect with changing social and ecological conditions: (1) Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area in South Africa; (2) Marine Protected Area of the Northern Coast of São Paulo (APAMLN) in Brazil; and (3) Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve in Canada. Many MPAs and related zoning initiatives are located adjacent to coastal communities that rely on marine and coastal resources for their livelihoods. Thus, processes of zoning must often address local use of natural resources which can be perceived by decision-makers and regulators as problematic. Our analysis highlights how conservation zoning intersects with the perception of diverse stakeholders regarding a range of governance dimensions, including: (1) levels of participation and compliance; (2) the clarity of zoning and conservation objectives; (3) livelihood impacts and benefits; (4) evidence of ecological and conservation benefits; and (5) the influence on sense of place. Pathways forward to address the challenges of governance associated with zoning include the importance of co-producing knowledge for more robust zoning outcomes, and situating zoning processes in a co-management context in which power and authority are more evenly distributed.


Organic lightweight aggregate concrete (OAC) is produced by replacing normal aggregate with organic aggregate in concrete or mortar either partially or fully, depending on the requirements of the strength and density. The study aims to investigate the compressive strength of OAC containing virgin EPS beads, recycled EPS granules and rubber granules with diameter 3-5 mm, and the influence of cement matrix on compressive strength of OAC. The results show that compressive strength of OAC decreases as organic aggregate content increases; furthermore, the decreasing rate of the strength is slowing down. The dimensionless compress strength-density relationship of EPS lightweight aggregate concrete (PAC) containing virgin EPS, recycled EPS and different cement matrix has uniform law. It can be modeled as σ*pl /σs=0.916(ρ*/ρs)3.04. The experimental compressive strength of ultra-lightweight EPS concrete with density lower than 900 kg/m3 is much higher than the value calculated by Gibson formula. The larger the relative density is, the greater the difference between the two is. The dimensionless compressive strength-density relationship of rubcrete can be modeled as σ*pl /σs=0.956(ρ*/ρs)8.66. The compressive strength of rubcrete, compared with PAC, is more sensitive to the relative density.


Objective: To determine factors that influence behaviour patterns in 3-5year olds attending paediatric dental clinics. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: The School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi Dental Hospital,Kenyatta National Hospital, Dental Clinic, and the Lady Northey Children's Clinic Subjects: Three hundred and thirty children aged 3-5 years who had been accompanied by their parents/guardians. Results: Among the 330 children (174males and 156 females) examined those with 'Definitely negative' behaviour observed were 33 (10%) of the children, while 94 (28.5%) had 'negative' behaviour, 108 (32.7%) had 'positive' behaviour and 95 (28.8%) had 'definitely positive' behaviour. There was no relationship between child behaviour and previous clinical experience of the parent/guardian (p=0.21). The older children were significantly better behaved than the younger children (p=0.04). There was a significant relationship between child behaviour exhibited and previous clinical experience of the child (p=0.004). Parents/guardians were accurately able to predict the behaviour of their children in the clinic (p=0.00). Conclusion: Positive behaviour was significantly related to the age of the child and parents were able to accurately predict the behaviour of their children. Behaviour was also significantly related to previous clinical experiences of the child. Hence the dentists management of the child may result in negative or positive behaviour


The patchy distribution of oligopeptide production abilities in cyanobacterial populations enables the classification of strains into different oligopeptide‐based chemotypes. In order to evaluate the ecological significance of chemotypes in natural systems, we tracked the seasonal dynamics and sedimentation losses of Microcystis chemotypes in the eutrophic Valmayor reservoir (Spain). Fifty‐three distinct chemotypes were identified throughout the season, six of them only present as benthic colonies. There was no correlation between chemotype affiliation and taxonomic morphospecies or colony size. The succession of chemotypes in the water column occurred synchronically in pelagic and littoral habitats and at different depths. Shifts in chemotype assemblages successfully explained temporal fluctuations in biomass‐standardized microcystin contents of the bloom. The dynamics of chemotypes were driven both by asynchronous proliferation in the water column and significantly different sedimentation rates among chemotypes. While differential settling was the most important loss process shaping chemotype succession, the existence of alternative processes selectively inflicting massive losses to individual chemotypes was observed. Together, the significant differences in sedimentation and pelagic net growth rates among chemotypes, their segregation among pelagic and benthic habitats, as well as the existence of chemotype‐selective loss processes, show that Microcystis oligopeptide chemotypes interact differently with their environment and represent commonly overlooked ecologically functional intraspecific linages.


Based on studies with finite element method, a model able to predict the quantity of steel corrosion (rcrit) necessary for the first visible crack appearance in the surface of the concrete cover was obtained. For the finite element analysis the software ANSYS was used, which has the element SOLID65, with which is possible to model plain concrete, since has the capacity to show crushing in compression and to cracking in tension. The case of the oxide layer is modeled by means of contact elements CONTA174 and the steel with SOLID65, but without the crushing and cracking options. The obtained model is in function of the free cover, diameter of the reinforcement, and concrete type and the longitude of corrosion, known as anodic longitude. The results show the great influence that has the localized corrosion (small-size anode vs large-size cathode) on the prediction of rcrit, and that effect is only possible to analyze it in a three-dimensional way. Likewise, the efficiency of using the contact elements CONTA174 to represent the growth of oxide is shown. The obtained model explains in 92% the phenomenon and which is compared with experimental results found in literature.


Economic development and increasing population has brought significant changes in
land cover and placed stress on water quantity and water quality within tropical river
catchments, including those of Malaysia. There is a need to investigate the impact of
land use changes on water yield and water quality in moderate-sized (c. 1000 km2)
catchments, such as the Langat and Linggi, since these provide the water resources
that cater for the rapid urbanization and industrialization that characterizes Malaysia
and most studies so far reported have been for very small catchments (< 25 km2,
frequently


The process design and synthesis of hydrocarbon biorefinery, which is composed of fast pyrolysis, biocrude collection, hydroprocessing and hydrogen production sections, under economic and environmental considerations are concerned. A superstructure is developed that includes multiple process alternatives in each stage of the process flow diagram. A bi-criteria mixed integer nonlinear programming model is proposed to maximize the economic performance measured by the net present value and minimize the global warming potential according to life cycle assessment procedures. The bi-criteria mixed integer nonlinear programming model is solved with the e-constraint method, and the resulting Pareto curve reveals the trade-off between the economic and environmental performance of the process. The two selected "good choice" optimal designs indicate net present values of 573 and 93.6 $MM (unit costs of $3.43 and $5.26 per gallon of gasoline equivalent), corresponding to global warming potentials of 100 and 53 kton CO2 equivalent per year (unit greenhouse emissions of 1.95 and 2.04 kg CO2 per gallon of gasoline equivalent), respectively. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 980–994, 2014


Quintilian's Theory of Certainty and Its Afterlife in Early Modern Italy Charles J. McNamara This dissertation explores how antiquity and some of its early modern admirers understand the notion of certainty, especially as it is theorized in Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria, a first-century educational manual for the aspiring orator that defines certainty in terms of consensus. As part of a larger discussion of argumentative strategies, Quintilian turns to the "nature of all arguments," which he defines as "reasoning which lends credence to what is doubtful by means of what is certain" (ratio per ea quae certa sunt fidem dubiis adferens: quae natura est omnium argumentorum, V.10.8). These certainties, he later specifies, include not matters of scientific demonstration or objective fact, but the agreements of various communities: the laws of cities, local customs, and other forms of consensus. As the foundation of persuasive rhetoric, these consensus-based certainties situate argumentation as the practice of crafting agreements rather than demonstrating necessary conclusions. Taking as its point of departure Quintilian's novel understanding of certainty, this study looks to some of Quintilian's intellectual forebears as well as his later readers to show how his work is both a nexus of earlier intellectual developments as well as an important inspiration for later accounts of certainty, even into the early modern period. After illustrating in the first chapters of this dissertation how Quintilian's manual incorporates elements from Aristotelian notions of dialectic and rhetoric as well as from Ciceronian skeptical approaches to epistemology, I show how Quintilian's curriculum for the orator shapes the thought of Italian humanists, especially that of Lorenzo Valla (1406– 1457), a reformer of scholastic logic and dialectic, and Giambattista Vico (1668–1744), an influential Neapolitan jurist. Adopting Quintilian's rendering of certainty as a matter of agreements and conventions, these later authors elaborate their own novel approaches to various fields—including law, language, and logic—through this ancient understanding of certum. Contrary to modern notions of certainty as objective or scientific fact, Quintilian's humanist readers continue to root this concept in consensus, both within the courtroom and without.


The graph embedding (GE) methods have been widely applied for dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral imagery (HSI). However, a major challenge of GE is how to choose the proper neighbors for graph construction and explore the spatial information of HSI data. In this paper, we proposed an unsupervised dimensionality reduction algorithm called spatial–spectral manifold reconstruction preserving embedding (SSMRPE) for HSI classification. At first, a weighted mean filter (WMF) is employed to preprocess the image, which aims to reduce the influence of background noise. According to the spatial consistency property of HSI, SSMRPE utilizes a new spatial–spectral combined distance (SSCD) to fuse the spatial structure and spectral information for selecting effective spatial–spectral neighbors of HSI pixels. Then, it explores the spatial relationship between each point and its neighbors to adjust the reconstruction weights to improve the efficiency of manifold reconstruction. As a result, the proposed method can extract the discriminant features and subsequently improve the classification performance of HSI. The experimental results on the PaviaU and Salinas hyperspectral data sets indicate that SSMRPE can achieve better classification results in comparison with some state-of-the-art methods.


Peace education is an emerging field of study that has attained full acceptance in many countries, and is on its way towards development in many other parts of the world. The world is becoming more of an unsafe place to live in. There are threats in many forms against survival. Peace has become devoid in the day to day lives of people in all spheres of society, culture, politics and economics. Therefore it is essential to impart knowledge about peace and reconciliation post conflict, as that would help build a nonviolent approach towards conflict, and encourage to develop skills and values promoting reconciliation, and nonviolence. Once the right knowledge, skills and values are transmitted, transformation begins as people understand the root cause of conflicts and explore ways to address the challenges. Peace education is both educating on the peace content as well as educating for peace. The paper discusses the objectives of peace education and how it can be implemented as an effectualacademic discourse either by integrating it within the curriculum or through extramural activities. It also looks into the challenges and possibilities of a higher learning that shapes the mind and spirit of the learners as much as their intellect.


Four probe latency experiments show that the 'constituent boundary effect' (transitions between constituents are more difficult than within constituents) is a retrieval and not a storage phenomenon. The experimental logic used is called paraphrastic reproduction: after verbatim memorization of some sentences, subjects were instructed to reproduce them both in their original wording and in the form of sentences that, whilst preserving the original meaning, embodied different syntactic constructions.

Syntactic constructions are defined as pairs which consist of a pattern of conceptual information and a syntactic scheme, i.e. a sequence of syntactic word categories and function words. For example, the sequence noun + finite intransitive main verb ('John runs') expresses a conceptual actor-action relationship. It is proposed that for each overlearned and simple syntactic construction there exists a retrieval plan which does the following. It searches through the long-term memory information that has been designated as the conceptual content of the utterance(s) to be produced, looking for a token of its conceptual pattern. The retrieved information is then cast into the format of its syntactic scheme. The organization of such plans is held responsible for the constituent boundary effect.


Aims: in this introduction we situate the seven articles in this special issue in terms of the connections between their themes and their individual contributions to the field of third language acquisition (L3A): new theoretical models, innovative methodologies, an epistemological commentary and new perspectives related to multilingual processing and cognitive function. Approach: we discuss important and often overlooked differences between bi- and multilingualism in the context of second language versus third or further language acquisition. We also provide a brief historical overview of the relatively young field of L3A and outline the three current models of linguistic transfer in L3 morphosyntax. Finally, we approach the issues of methodology, psychological complexity and cognitive implications that are discussed in some of these papers. Conclusions: the diversity of topics in these articles endows the issue with a broad approach to the field of L3A, while individual articles offer a narrow focus on specific theoretical and methodological issues. Significance: this special issue provides an accurate portrayal of the current interest in, and rapid expansion of, multilingualism within linguistic and psycholinguistic approaches.


This project presents a case study of modifiability analysis on the Information Systems which are central to the core business processes of Royal Institution of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden by creating, updating and using models. The case study was limited to modifiability regarding only specified Information Systems. The method selected was Enterprise Architecture together with Enterprise Architecture Analysis research results and tools from the Industrial Information and Control Systems department of the same University. Jointly used with the ArchiMate modelling language, to create the models and perform the analysis. The results demonstrated to be very varied in regards to system models and modifiability. The Alumni Commu-nity system seemed to have very high modifiability whereas the Ladok pa Webben system seemed to have the low modifiability, and other systems ranging differently or in between. The case study results found three slightly more critical systems of all the systems analysed: Ladok pa Webben, Nya Antagningen & La-dok Nouveau. The first two showed to have either very low or low modifiability while being highly coupled to the other systems. Therefore any modification to these two systems would most likely cause effects that would require change in interconnected systems. Whereas Ladok Nouveau, while having average modifia-bility, has a critical position to process activities, is nearly isolated from all other systems, making them indi-rectly dependent on the system through the interconnected LADOK database. The study showed that the systems developed at KTH are comparable with systems developed by commercial enterprises in terms of modifiability. The study also provided insight into an Enterprise Architecture where the systems have dif-ferent development origins and how this could affect modifiability and analysis.


Cluster Variation Method (CVM) has been widely recognized as one of the most reliable theoretical tools to study phase equilibria in metallic alloy systems. The conventional CVM, however, does not allow atomic local displacements and, therefore, calculated results often encounter various inconveniences such as the overestimation of transition temperatures. Continuous Displacement Cluster Variation Method (CDCVM) was proposed to circumvent such deficiencies of the conventional CVM. Preliminary studies on an order-disorder phase diagram based on CDCVM indicate that the transition temperature is shifted downward reproducing experimental tendencies. In the present study, lattice thermal vibration effects are also incorporated through Morse potential. It is concluded that the local lattice distortion effects are quite effective to reduce the transition temperature.


Background: Electronic Health Record Systems (EHRS)
and Personal Health Record Systems (PHRS) are core components of infrastructure needed to run any health system.
Objectives: As health systems undergo paradigm changes,
EHRS and PHRS have to advance as well to meet the related
interoperability challenges.
Methods: The paper discusses EHR types, implementations
and standards, starting with different requirements
specifications, systems and systems architectures, standards
and solutions.
Results: Existing standards and specifications are compared
with changing requirements, presenting weaknesses
and defining the advancement of EHRS, architectures and
related services, embedded in advanced infrastructure systems.
Conclusion: Future EHR systems are components in
a layered architecture with open interfaces. The need
of verifying data models at business domains level is
specifically highlighted. Such approach is enabled by the
ISO Interoperability Reference Architecture of a systemoriented, architecture-centric, ontology-based, policy- driven approach, meeting good modeling best practices.


Human deep sleep is characterized by reduced sensory activity, responsiveness to stimuli, and conscious awareness. Given its ubiquity and reversible nature, it represents an attractive paradigm to study the neural changes which accompany the loss of consciousness in humans. In particular, the deepest stages of sleep can serve as an empirical test for the predictions of theoretical models relating the phenomenology of consciousness with underlying neural activity. A relatively recent shift of attention from the analysis of evoked responses toward spontaneous (or "resting state") activity has taken place in the neuroimaging community, together with the development of tools suitable to study distributed functional interactions. In this review we focus on recent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies of spontaneous activity during sleep and their relationship with theoretical models for human consciousness generation, considering the global workspace theory, the information integration theory, and the dynamical core hypothesis. We discuss the venues of research opened by these results, emphasizing the need to extend the analytic methodology in order to obtain a dynamical picture of how functional interactions change over time and how their evolution is modulated during different conscious states. Finally, we discuss the need to experimentally establish absent or reduced conscious content, even when studying the deepest sleep stages.


Some properties of 4 diplod cell strains derived from the lung and skin-muscle tissue of human embryos were studied. Only one strain (L-63) was shown to have a stable karyotype throughout its life span and induced no tumor formation in the cheek pouch of hamsters. Species-specific and group antigens were revealed. In the cell strains of the lung and skin-muscle derivation differences in the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were observed and found characteristic of the original tissue cells.


The production cross--section and distributions of the top quark are sensitive to new physics, e.g., the $t\overline{t}$ system can be a probe of new resonances or gauge bosons that are strongly coupled to the top quark, in analogy to Drell--Yan production. The existence of such new physics is expected in dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking schemes, and associated with the large mass of the top quark. The total top production cross--section can be more than doubled, and distributions significantly distorted with a chosen scale of new physics of $\sim 1 $ TeV in the vector color singlet or octet $s$--channel. New resonance physics is most readily discernible in the high--$p_T$ distributions of the single top quark, of the $W$ boson and the mass distribution of the $t\bar{t}$ pair.


PURPOSE
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been shown to inhibit the developmental expression of rod differentiation markers in rat retinal cultures. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether CNTF transiently inhibits rod differentiation or induces irreversible changes in the developmental fate of rod precursors.

METHODS
The effects of CNTF on rod differentiation were monitored in organotypic slice cultures from early postnatal rat retinas by quantification of opsin-immunoreactive cells. The in vitro formation of the photoreceptor layer was analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The developmental expression of the CNTF receptor in photoreceptors was determined by immunoblot analysis.

RESULTS
CNTF did not interfere with the generation of rod precursors, their morphologic differentiation, or the formation of the outer nuclear layer. Inhibition of rod differentiation was reversible. In the continuous presence of CNTF the number of opsin-positive cells increased at a normal rate but with a delay of 3 to 4 days. Developing rods became resistant to CNTF, both in vivo and in vitro, and this correlated temporally with the downregulation of CNTF receptor expression. Receptor downregulation was inhibited by CNTF in a dose-dependent manner. At higher CNTF concentrations with sustained receptor expression, the CNTF-induced decrease in opsin expression was accompanied by an increase in the expression of a bipolar cell marker in rod precursors located in the photoreceptor layer.

CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that, although rod precursors exhibit some phenotypic plasticity in the presence of CNTF, the factor does not induce a switch in the developmental fate of rod precursors but plays a role as a transient and reversible negative regulator of rod differentiation.


Singapore recently amended its laws to replace the mandatory death penalty regime for murder and drug trafficking with a discretionary sentencing regime under certain conditions. One of the conditions with respect to drug trafficking was that the convicted trafficker had to be granted a certificate by the Public Prosecutor stating that the trafficker had provided substantive assistance that led to the disruption of drug trafficking activities. The amended law expressly provided that the Public Prosecutor had the sole discretion to determine whether or not to issue the certificate of substantive assistance. That decision is not subject to judicial review except under very narrow circumstances, protected in the same way as the constitutionally protected prosecutorial discretion. This paper addresses two inter-related questions. Should the grounds for judicial review of prosecutorial discretion – at least with respect to the granting of the certificate of substantive assistance – be broadened to ensure transparency and fairness? Is s33B(4) of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap 184, Rev Ed 2008) ('MDA') – the provision that protects prosecutorial discretion with respect to the certificate – unconstitutional on the ground that it violates the doctrine of separation of powers by drawing the Public Prosecutor directly into the arena of sentencing? The paper implicitly considers the potential conflict in the role of the Public Prosecutor as an enforcer of the criminal law while at the same time being the guardian of the public interest.


Evaluation of the elimination and the "ultimate" biodegradation by aerobic microorganisms of some organic compounds commonly used in paper manufacturing technology was investigated. Biodegradation lines of nine organic compounds were determined as percentage removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) over 7 days incubation. The results of the biodegradability test clearly revealed that some of the organic compounds under investigation are highly biodegradable, while others rank from fairly to even non biodegradable. Significant biodegradation results were recorded for anti coating ester (95.0%), basoplast 200D (85.3%) and basoplast PR 8050(87.6%). A bleaching agent (formamidin sulfinic acid), ukanol BSA and solidurit KM demonstrate moderate biodegradation results of 62.1%, 76.2% and 69.8%, respectively. Poor biodegradation results for Hedifix M/35 (12.7%), basazol orange (34.9%) and basazol brown (29.0%) were recorded. Accordingly, appropriate precaution should be taken into consideration when using these compounds for industrial applications.


We report the synthesis and investigation of the vase–kite conformational switching of bridged calix[4]resorcinarene-based cavitands bearing iodo or ethynyl substituents on the upper rim of the cavity. These reactive centers make the cavitands versatile platforms for further modular extension by means of Sonogashira cross-couplings, thereby enabling the construction of diverse functional architectures that are switchable between two highly restricted conformations and that undergo geometrically defined expansions/contractions on the multi-nanometer scale. This is illustrated by attachment of oligo(phenyleneethynyl) fragments, bearing terminal donor and acceptor BODIPY (dipyrrometheneboron difluoride) dyes, to a diiodo-substituted cavitand. The multi-nanometer-sized switching motion between the expanded kite and the contracted vase states, induced by temperature or pH changes, was proven by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) measurements. The cavitand system, with its modular construction scheme, holds promise to become a general tool for controlled on/off switching of excimer and exciplex formation, PET (photoinduced electron-transfer), or other processes and for investigating the distance dependence of the underlying intermolecular interactions.


Using state-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we investigate the effects of household food-away-from-home and food-at-home expenditures on overweight rates, obesity rates, and combined rates. Our random effects model estimates suggest that food-away-from-home expenditures are positively related to obesity and combined rates, while food-at-home expenditures are negatively related to obesity and combined rates. However, the magnitudes of these effects, while statistically significant, are relatively small. Both food-at-home and food-away-from-home expenditures do not significantly influence overweight rates.


Single embryos, representing each of four distinct morphological stages, were selected from cultures of the domesticated carrot for analysis of total [35S]methionine-labelled proteins. Following exposure to radiolabel for 12 to 18h, embryos were individually disrupted in a 3mm diameter, precisely-matched, plastic mortar and pestle. Radiolabelled proteins extracted by this procedure were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis procedures, consisting of isoelectric focusing in 1mm tubes, followed by SDS-PAGE in a small slab gel. Comparisons of autoradiographs of these gels revealed that the levels of a number of proteins were modulated during the conversion of disordered callus cells into maturing embryos. In addition, miniature surgical techniques were used to separate the apex (cotyledon end) from the base (root end) of late-stage embryos, for extraction of proteins and analysis of spatial differences in protein distribution. About five proteins in extracts from each section were observed to be synthesized at different rates in the two halves, indicating that there are molecular correlates for early polarized growth. About half of the proteins, whose appearances were unique to apical and basal sections of embryos, were also observed to fluctuate in comparisons of autoradiographs of two-dimensional protein separations from embryos at different developmental stages.


Abstract Patient engagement is a fundamental strategy for achieving patient centred care and is receiving increasing attention in primary care reform efforts such as the patient-centred medical home and related care models. Much of the prior published theory and evidence supporting patient engagement has focused on improving engagement in individual care. Much less is understood about engaging patients as partners in practice improvement at the primary care clinic or practice level. We review the historical and policy context for the growing interest in the USA and UK in patient engagement at the primary care practice level, highlight findings from systematic reviews of the research evidence on practice-level patient engagement and discuss practical considerations for implementing patient engagement. We conclude that while there are persuasive ethical and social justice reasons for empowering patient involvement in practice improvement at the clinic level, research conducted to date in primary care provides suggestive but not yet resounding evidence in support of the instrumental triple aim benefit of practice-level patient engagement. We propose a research agenda to better understand the process and outcomes of practice-level patient engagement and its potential advantages to both the practice and the patients and communities served. Better evidence as well as resources to support and incentivize effective and feasible engagement methods are needed to catalyse greater diffusion of practice-level patient engagement in primary care practices.


The megaprosthesis is designed to reproduce the form and function of a removed large segment of pelvis. Slow but substantial improvements in the design and surgical implementation of these devices have advanced the capacity to restore patients' functional abilities. The essential challenges in pelvic reconstruction using endoprostheses include modularity, early stability, biocompatibility, biomechanical compatibility, and durable fixation; these can, ideally, be overcome by osseointegration of the interface and adapting to the physiological condition. The history of pelvic megaprostheses presents unique concepts distinct from those related to other extremities, and improvements that have been made over the past decades will guide the future development of new pelvic endoprostheses. In this review, we try to present the evolution of the pelvic megaprosthesis, focusing on the design style, biomechanical advancement, and the recent development of 3D-printing technology that promise better results and fewer complications. General orthopedic surgeons can also benefit from a general update in this specific area.


Campylobacter as an inhabitant of the poultry gastrointestinal tract has proven to be difficult to reduce with most feed additives. In-feed antibiotics have been taken out of poultry diets due to the negative reactions of consumers along with concerns regarding the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Consequently, interest in alternative feed supplements to antibiotics has grown. One of these alternatives, prebiotics, has been examined as a potential animal and poultry feed additive. Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients by host enzymes that enhance growth of indigenous gastrointestinal bacteria that elicit metabolic characteristics considered beneficial to the host and depending on the type of metabolite, antagonistic to establishment of pathogens. There are several carbohydrate polymers that qualify as prebiotics and have been fed to poultry. These include mannan-oligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides as the most common ones marketed commercially that have been used as feed supplements in poultry. More recently, several other non-digestible oligosaccharides have also been identified as possessing prebiotic properties when implemented as feed supplements. While there is evidence that prebiotics may be effective in poultry and limit establishment of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract, less is known about their impact on Campylobacter. This review will focus on the potential of prebiotics to limit establishment of Campylobacter in the poultry gastrointestinal tract and future research directions.


When the SOE Board of Directors took the decision to run the company with the aim of seeking a profit, then the decision that will contain the business implications and legal implications. If it turns out, the decision was made a loss-making state enterprises fail or raised, then the SOE Board of Directors should not be prosecuted by the Anti-Corruption Act. This is because in the business world there are rules Business Judgment Rule (BJR) which regulates the sanctions to the Board of Directors. Such liability can not be sought from the Board of Directors of SOEs if: 1) The loss is not due to error or negligence; 2) It has been doing the maintenance of good faith and prudence for the benefit and in accordance with the purposes and objectives of the company; 3) There is a conflict of interest, either directly or indirectly, for the management of the resulting losses; and 4) have taken action to prevent and arising or continuing losses.


We investigated body-size inheritance in interspecific sterile hybrids by crossing a Drosophila simulans strain with 13 strains of Drosophila melanogaster, which were of various origins and chosen for their broad range of genetic variation. A highly significant parent–offspring correlation was observed, showing that the D. melanogaster genes for size are still expressed in a hybrid background. Superimposed on to this additive inheritance, the size of hybrids was always less than the mid–parent value. This phenomenon, which at first sight might be described as dominance or overdominance, is more precisely interpreted as a consequence of a hybrid breakdown, that is, a dysfunction of the parental genes for size when put to work together. This interpretation is enforced by the fact that phenotypic variability was much more prevalent in hybrids than in parents. We also analysed body pigmentation inheritance in the same crosses and got a very different picture. There was no increase in the phenotypic variance of F1 hybrids and only a low parent–offspring correlation. Apparent overdominance could be observed but in opposite directions, with no evidence of hybrid breakdown. Our data point to the possibility of analysing a diversity of quantitative traits in interspecific hybrids, and indicate that breakdown might be restricted to some traits only.


Alternative medicine encompasses ancient medical practices of Ayurveda, Unani, Tibbi, chiropractice, acupuncture and others alike. This part of medicine ignores mechanisms of drug action and relies on antique methods and natural remedies. It has no study of pathology, rather depends on philosophy. One must take note of ethno-botany in the evolution of ancient medicines. Ethnobotany reflects the use of drugs available in natural places. Use of natural plants as medicine by the animals is very interesting to observe. Some religious practices like namaz and yoga constitute body exercises and are encouraged in alternative medicine. Chiropractice is a manual mode of treating in painful conditions of back, ankle and knee. Acupuncture is an age old process and practised mainly in China for various ailments.


We develop and test new machine learning methods for the prediction of topological representations of protein structures in the form of coarse-or ne-grained contact or distance maps that are translation and rotation invariant. The methods are based on generalized input-output hidden Markov models (GIOHMMs) and generalized recursive neural networks (GRNNs). The methods are used to predict topology directly in the ne-grained case and, in the coarse-grained case, indirectly by rst learning how to score candidate graphs and then using the scoring function to search the space of possible conngurations. Computer simulations show that the pre-dictors achieve state-of-the-art performance.


Breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are known biomarkers for hereditary ovarian cancer (OC). However, a comprehensive association study between BRCA1/2 mutation spectrum and clinicopathological characteristics in Chinese ovarian cancer patients has not been performed yet to our best knowledge. To fill in this gap, we collected BRCA1/2 sequencing data and clinical information of 141 OC patients from Fujian Cancer Hospital between April 2018 and March 2020. The clinical information includes the age of onset, FIGO staging, pathological types, serum 125 detection level, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, the expression of Ki67, and disease history of the patient and his/her family. We then studied their associations by software SciPy 1.0. As a result, we detected pathogenic and potentially pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations in 27 out of 141 patients (19.15%). Among the 27 patients with mutations, the major type of mutation was frameshift, which was observed in 12 patients (44.4%). Most of the mutation sites were distributed on exons 10 and 11, accounting for 48.1% (13/27) and 22.2% (6/27), respectively. In terms of histological classification, high-grade serous adenocarcinoma accounted for 79.43% of the 141 samples. The BRCA1/2 mutation group was all high-grade serous adenocarcinoma, accounting for 24.1% (27/112) of this group. The incidence of pathogenic mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA2 was 15.7% (19/112) and 7.27% (8/112), respectively. Univariate analysis showed that there was no significant difference between patients with BRCA1/2 mutation and others in age-of-onset, FIGO stage, pathological types, serum CA125 level, lymph node metastasis, the expression of Ki67, and personal and family disease history. However, there are significant differences between patients with BRCA1/2 mutation and others in distant metastasis rate (P < 0.002). In addition, the BRCA1/2 mutation rate in 141 ovarian cancer patients was similar to those reported in other studies in China. Nearly one-quarter of high-grade serous carcinomas had BRCA1/2 mutations. In conclusion, our study indicated that patients with BRCA1/2 mutations were more likely to undergo distant metastasis, and BRCA1/2 mutation detection should be performed for patients with high-grade serous adenocarcinoma to guide the selection of clinical treatment options.


In this contribution we will revisit the celebrated theorem that every square matrix is similar to a (complex) symmetric matrix and that every symmetric matrix is orthogonally similar to a given normal canonical form. Specifically we will re-examine the proof as well as the derivation of an explicit n-dimensional complex symmetric form. We will extend the formula to incorporate the various powers of the original normal form, a derivation not previously provided. Some examples of these complex symmetric forms in chemical and physical applications are indicated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009


An important first step in managing forest roads for improved water quality and aquatic habitat is the performance of an inventory. The Geomorphic Roads Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) was developed as a tool for making a comprehensive inventory and analysis of the effects of forest roads on watersheds. This manual describes the data analysis and process of a GRAIP road inventory study using GRAIP v. 1.0.8 and the field data dictionary INVENT 5.0. GRAIP uses field data collected with a GPS and a specific data dictionary that is imported into ArcGIS as shapefiles. The data are corrected and then run through the GRAIP toolbar, which also uses inputs from TauDEM (for stream network delineation) and SINMAP (for landslide risk). GRAIP estimates the quantity of sediment generated for each road segment by modifying a base erosion rate with road slope, segment length, flow path vegetation, and road surface type. The sediment at each drain point is routed to the stream network based on field observations of delivery, and output as accumulated sediment in the entire network, direct sediment for each stream segment, and specific sediment per unit contributing area. Observations of delivery at each drainage feature can also be used to calculate road-stream hydrologic connectivity. GRAIP calculates landslide risk associated with additional water from road network drainage, and gully risk using the locations of mapped gullies with the road length draining to each gully and the slope of the hillslope below each gully. Stream blocking risk is calculated using the width and entrance angle of each channel compared to the crossing culvert width and angle. This document describes each of these steps in sufficient detail that an ArcGIS user with basic skills will be able to perform the analysis. The GRAIP road inventory and model work together to provide a flexible tool box to quantify the impacts of roads on watersheds and aquatic systems. Available only online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr281.html.


ABSTRACT

Aina, Janet. 2017. "Implikatur Penolakan pada Drama Jepang". Final Project. Study of S1-Japanese Literature Program of Diponegoro University. Adviser Lecturer Maharani Patria Ratna, S.S., M.Hum.
In this final project, author examine about "Implikatur Penolakan pada Drama Jepang " , this title is chosen because if we use language in everyday life, a lot of people use a disguised language (implicature) to refuse something, so certain comprehension is needed to understand the purpose which implicature mentioned.
First step to do this final project is collect a few data based from Japanese drama. Then analyze with descriptive-qualitative method, author figuring out what is purpose from that implicature, and then classified what kind or type of implicature is.
In the conversation which contain refusal implicature is frequently used by people to reject the request, and used it to refine and not offend the people who is talking with. The implicature was always appeared is a specific conversation of implicature. It is always appear because most of conversation happen on very specific or special context, so the special knowledge is needed in order that to understand what the meaning is, and stay away from misunderstanding.
Keyword: Refusal Implicature