The purposes of this program were to determine whether participants gained more comprehensive knowledge about depression and if that knowledge was applied in practice following attendance at a 3-day educational workshop. Twelve programs were conducted in three southwestern states. The majority of the 363 participants were Anglo-White female registered nurses whose ages ranged from 23 to 74 years and who worked in general medical-surgical units, nursing homes, or community health settings. This study was a repeated-measures design to evaluate the effects of depression education on depression knowledge and its clinical application. Participants demonstrated increased depression knowledge and practice application following the program. Knowledge of depression remained stable across postprogram measures. Although application of interventions decreased between 6 weeks and 6 months, assessment skills remained stable. Mental health nurses can improve patient outcomes through programs such as the one described by educating nurses in the detection and management of depression.


Abstract In the course of a tremendous outburst flood (jökulhlaup) following the subglacial eruption in Vatnajökull, Iceland, in October 1996, a depression in the surface of the ice cap was created as a result of ice melting from the walls of a subglacial tunnel. The surface depression was initially approximately 6 km long, 800 m wide and 100 m deep. This ˚canyon" represents a significant perturbation in the geometry of the ice cap in this area where the total ice thickness is about 200–400 m. We present results of repeated measurements of flow velocities and elevation changes in the vicinity of the canyon made over a period of about 2 years. The measurements show a reduction in the depth of the canyon and a concomitant decrease in surface flow towards it over time. By calculating the transient evolution of idealized surface depressions using both analytical zeroth- and first-order theories, as well as the shallow-ice approximation (SIA) and a finite-element model incorporating all the terms of the momentum equations we demonstrate the importance of horizontal stress gradients at the spatial scale of this canyon. The transient evolution of the canyon is calculated with a two-dimensional time-dependent finite-element model with flow parameters (the parameters A and n of Glen's flow law) that are tuned towards an optimal agreement with measured flow velocities. Although differences between measured and calculated velocities are comparable to measurement errors, the differences are not randomly distributed. The model is therefore not verified in detail. Nevertheless the model reproduces observed changes in the geometry over a 15 month time period reasonably well The model also reproduces changes in both velocities and geometry considerably better than an alternative model based on the SIA.


When behavioral models are derived automatically based on observed stakeholder interactions, requirements engineers need to validate whether the stake-holders agree with the synthesized behavioral models. Allowing stakeholders to experience such models through simulation and animation allows them to comment on, amend to and correct these models. However, to ensure an efficient stakeholder validation, the simulation has to be guided instead of confronting the user with random situations over and over again. In this paper, we present a strategy-driven simulator capable of guiding the execution of behavioral models based on graph transformations. By analyzing either the overall structure of a partial state space (look ahead) or by performing an in-depth analysis of the states therein, the simulator is able to determine which transformations should be executed next to continue on the most promising path through the overall state space. The discussed implementation is illustrated with a case study.


The strain parameter-triggering liquefaction is usually determined by implementing cyclic strain approach with a corresponding laboratory experiment. These parameters are threshold shear strain, cyclic shear strain and cyclic shear strain that would trigger liquefaction. In this study, non-contact measurement technique was implemented to estimate and monitor the development of the mentioned parameters. In this technique, a mirrorless camera and Lucas and Kanade pyramidal optical flow algorithm were utilized to track the movement of the particles. The camera was first calibrated to eliminate the errors from the lens and the scene as well. Furthermore, curvature correction was applied because the sample tested has a curved profile. The comparison was made with the loose and medium dense conditions. The samples were tested under a consolidated undrained cyclic triaxial test at 2.4, 1.6 and 0.8 mm strain amplitudes. The confining pressures used were 50, 100 and 200 kPa. Based on the results, a non-contact measurement technique can estimate the parameters. A range of values was established due to the non-homogeneous movement of the soil.


Background: The sexual and reproductive health needs of sex workers have been neglected both in research and public health interventions. Among the reasons for this are the condemnation, stigma and ambiguous legal status of sex work in Nigeria. This study was aimed at determining the reproductive health problems and health-seeking behavior of brothel-based female sex workers (FSW). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among brothel-based FSW in Sabon-Gari Local Government in Zaria, Nigeria between 1 st January 2011 and 31 st June 2011. A total of 208 FSW were randomly selected and information was obtained with the use of the semi-structured questionnaire. Data entry was done with the help of structured codes in Microsoft Excel. Descriptive analysis was carried out using the statistical package (SSPS 16-University of Bristol). Results: Majority 90.7% of the respondents had experienced reproductive morbidity in the last 3 months. Frequently experienced symptoms were vaginal discharge (63.8%), acute lower abdominal pain (57.5%), menstrual irregularities (37%) and genital ulcer (32.3%). Genital tear occurred in only 25 (9.8%) respondents. Furthermore, 178 (63.6%) had a termination of unwanted pregnancies. Most (32.3%) sought care for their reproductive health problems from chemist shops; followed by the private hospitals in 23.6% of respondents. Others took self-medication for their ailments. Post-treatment success was the most frequently mentioned reason for the choice of place of treatment, followed by finance. Conclusion: The most commonly reported reproductive health problem among FSW was vaginal discharge and many of them have poor health seeking behavior. Health promotion and client sensitive health care services specifically targeting FSW should be developed, packaged and delivered to improve reproductive health of FSW. There should be concerted efforts by the government and other stakeholders in reproductive health to develop a policy framework to addressing the challenges in health of FSW.


With the recent improvement in the cultural level and the quality of life, the number of cultural events and performances tends to be on the rapid increase. To meet this tendency, the central and local governments are interested in activation of performing arts to realize "life with culture"; however, there are very few spaces for practicing such performing arts. So the government tries to make greater use of idle public facilities, which have been neglected, aged, for years, and provide stable practice spaces in support of creative activities by local arts groups. The development of such idle public facilities into performing arts practice spaces requires security of data concerning acoustic performance before remodeling at the stage of design; however, it is impossible to measure or evaluate their acoustic performance before remodeling because they have long been neglected and unmanaged. From this perspective, this study aimed to use acoustic simulation to determine acoustic performance of Daegu Bohwawon. The data from this study are expected to be useful in acoustic design and remodeling of similar spaces.


This paper will make a modest case of the regulation of social media. Improved rule-making comes when the means of securing compliance is shaped having regard to the particular problem at hand, rather than by clinging to the notion that rules shape the world. Through a consideration of the regulation of the sea, this paper has served to illustrate that regulation is possible. In the context of social media, where individuals work constantly on their self-identity and perform self-development though expressive activities in public, the use of social media sites can represent what Foucault described as techniques of the self. This paper proposes a theoretical and methodological approach to thinking about the regulation of social media as conceptualised in an iterative and dynamic model that is characterised by the technologisation of human interaction and increasingly transparent ways of living in an age of 'technologies of the self '. This approach will facilitate a more critical, responsive and iterative awareness of the regulation of expressive content in a way that can grow with the technological state of the art, alive to cultural sensitivities and the use of the tools as a vessel for self-development.


We establish formulae for the asymptotic growth (with respect to the scaling dimension) of the number of operators in effective field theory, or equivalently the number of S-matrix elements, in arbitrary spacetime dimensions and with generic field content. This we achieve by generalising a theorem due to Meinardus and applying it to Hilbert series---partition functions for the degeneracy of (subsets of) operators.
Although our formulae are asymptotic, numerical experiments reveal remarkable agreement with exact results at very low orders in the EFT expansion, including for complicated phenomenological theories such as the standard model EFT. Our methods also reveal phase transition-like behaviour in Hilbert series. We discuss prospects for tightening the bounds and providing rigorous errors to the growth of operator degeneracy, and of extending the analytic study and utility of Hilbert series to EFT.


The predatory deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus uses a helically-trafficked motor at bacterial focal adhesion (bFA) sites to power gliding motility. Using TIRF and force microscopy, we herein identify the integrin αI-domain-like outer-membrane (OM) lipoprotein CglB as an essential substratum-coupling protein of the gliding motility complex. Similar to most known OM lipoproteins, CglB is anchored on the periplasmic side of the OM and thus a mechanism must exist to secrete it to the cell surface in order for it to interact with the underlying substratum. We reveal this process to be mediated by a predicted OM β-barrel structure of the gliding complex. This OM platform was found to regulate the conformational activation and secretion of CglB across the OM. These data suggest that the gliding complex promotes surface exposure of CglB at bFAs, thus explaining the manner by which forces exerted by inner-membrane motors are transduced across the cell envelope to the substratum; they also uncover a novel protein secretion mechanism, highlighting the ubiquitous connection between secretion and bacterial motility.


The FUT2 (Secretor) gene is responsible for the presence of ABO histo-blood group antigens on the gastrointestinal mucosa and in bodily secretions. Individuals lacking a functional copy of FUT2 are known as "nonsecretors" and display an array of differences in susceptibility to infection and disease, including Crohn disease. To determine whether variation in resident microbial communities with respect to FUT2 genotype is a potential factor contributing to susceptibility, we performed 454-based community profiling of the intestinal microbiota in a panel of healthy subjects and Crohn disease patients and determined their genotype for the primary nonsecretor allele in Caucasian populations, W143X (G428A). Consistent with previous studies, we observe significant deviations in the microbial communities of individuals with Crohn disease. Furthermore, the FUT2 genotype explains substantial differences in community composition, diversity, and structure, and we identified several bacterial species displaying disease-by-genotype associations. These findings indicate that alterations in resident microbial communities may in part explain the variety of host susceptibilities surrounding nonsecretor status and that FUT2 is an important genetic factor influencing host–microbial diversity.


. Summary The Saposin -like recombinant protein from Fasciola gigantica was used as antigen in ELISA for the detection of F. gigantica antibodies in naturally infected cattle in the Sudan. When compared with the results of Excecretory Secretory (ES) antigens and Sedimentation tests, the SAP-2 antigen gave a sensitivity of 85% (111/130) by the ELISA test, and specificity of 86%. Using the ES antigen, the sensitivity was 80% (104/130) and the specificity was 53% (50/94). On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of the Sedimentation test was 75% and 100%, respectively. The FgrSAP-2 proved to be more suitable and useful tool for the diagnosis of fasciolosis than the FgES and Sedimentation tests.


This paper focuses on engaging students in engineering education and provides a case study to exemplify one way of doing this proposing wikis as the main technology for delivering the content and collaborative problem solving as the main approach for working in class. In particular, we flipped part of an undergraduate course on Machine Design following specific design principles. The pre-course content was consisted of existing material, videos, texts and appropriate URLs. This was delivered through a wiki on the wikispaces platform. In class students worked individually and in groups on several types of problems, participating also in a peer review activity. We analysed interaction data recorded by the wiki as well as questionnaires exploring students' perspectives on the particular educational experience. Preliminary results of this pilot study provide evidence about the potential of the flipped classroom in activating students and in increasing interaction within the class.


During the Spring 1994 Meeting of ASA a special concert was given by the Tokyo String Quartet. During the first part of the program the Tokyo String Quartet played two music selections using each of four different sets of instruments: Old Italian instruments and modern instruments crafted by Carleen Hutchins, Curtin and Alf, and Robert and Deena Spear. The Tokyo String Quartet had previously agreed to allow noise dosimeter monitoring of their exposures during the first half of the program. In addition, one member of the audience also wore a noise dosimeter during the performance. The measured L(eq) values across instrument groups for the audience member exhibited a range of 0.7 dBA for the first musical selection and 0.6 dBA for the second selection. The remaining recorded database findings and its analysis will be presented. The authors are grateful to the members of the Tokyo String Quartet for allowing them the opportunity to obtain additional musician noise exposure information.


The political history of the twentieth century was characterised by great variability in the social and political systems in both time and space. The initial trend was one of general growth in the size of hierarchical organizations (giant firms, internal and external growth of States) then reversed in the last third of the century with the universal return to the market mechanism, break-up of conglomerates, re-specialisation and downsizing of large firms, the privatization of the public sector, the lightening of the tax burden in a number of countries, the atomization of several States (U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia) and the triumph of democracy. This paper extends the Coase analysis to the field of Public Choice. It shows how the cost of information is the basic determinant of the choice between markets and hierarchies. The relative scarcity of information thus explains the great cycle of political organization which lead decentralized and democratic societies at the end of the XIXth century to the totalitarian regimes of the first part of the XXth century, and then brought back most countries towards democratic regimes and market economies by the end of the "second XXth century".


In a batch of barley associated with field cases of mycotoxic porcine nephropathy and containing ochratoxin A and citrinin, the mycoflora were isolated by parallel incubation at 10 and 25 degrees C. Subsequently, the isolated cultures were checked for production of nephrotoxins (xanthomegnin, viomellein, ochratoxin, and citrinin). The nephrotoxin producers, all isolated by incubation at 10 degrees C, were comprised of one culture of Penicillium viridicatum, five cultures of Penicillium cyclopium, and one culture of Penicillium crustosum, all producing xanthomegnin and viomellein. One culture of P. cyclopium produced citrinin. Viomellein was detected in the barley at a concentration of approximately 1 mg/kg. The method of analysis for xanthomegnin and viomellein included extraction with chloroform, partitioning in hexane-acetone, and thin-layer chromatographic separation and identification. The identity of the xanthomegnin and viomellein produced by the isolated fungi and of viomellein detected in the barley was supported by infrared spectroscopy. This is the first report of viomellein as a natural contaminant of foodstuffs.


The electromagnetic fields of the higher order axial resonant modes in a slow wave structure are analyzed and found to have considerably different characteristics from those of the conventional fundamental mode. Here, the reflections at both ends produce axial resonant modes corresponding to axisymmetric transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The period of field modulation of some of the higher order axial modes is shorter than that of the usual mode in a cylindrical waveguide, which could be of practical interest for higher power, higher frequency operation of backward wave oscillators. A perturbation technique is used to ascertain the field distribution inside the resonant cavity, and the numerical results thus obtained are compared to some experimental data. >


Objectives: To find if the presence of epistaxis after nasal trauma can be used to predict post-traumatic external nasal deformity or a symptomatic deviated nasal septum. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients seen in the fractured nose clinic by the first author between 17 October 2003 and 27 February 2004. Presence of epistaxis, newly developed external nasal deformity, and the presence of a deviated nasal septum with new symptoms of nasal obstruction were noted. Results: A total of 139 patients were included in the study. Epistaxis following injury was noted in 106 (76%). Newly developed external nasal deformity was noted in 71 (51%), and 33 (24%) had a deviated nasal septum with new symptoms of nasal obstruction. Of the 106 patients with post-trauma epistaxis, 50 (67%) had newly developed external nasal deformity and of the 33 patients without post-traumatic epistaxis, 11 (33%) had nasal deformity (p<0.05). Post-trauma epistaxis was not associated with the presence of a newly symptomatic deviated septum (25% in patients with epistaxis after injury versus 18% if there was no epistaxis). Conclusions: Presence of epistaxis after nasal trauma is associated with a statistically significant increase in external nasal deformity. However, one third of patients without epistaxis following nasal trauma also had external nasal deformity and hence all patients with a swollen nose after injury, irrespective of post-trauma epistaxis, still need to be referred to the fractured nose clinic.


High-displacement RAINBOW actuators were fabricated from tape cast PLZT 7/65/35 and 9/65/35 ceramics which were hatched with 0 to 5% excess PbO by weight. Fired densities of the starting ceramics were maximized with 3% excess PbO. It was found that the electromechanical characteristics of the RAINBOWs were more dependent on grain size than density. Actuator displacements of the 9/65/35 composition were enhanced by static loading, while 7/65/35 exhibited decreased displacements with load.


[1] Analyzed data consist of 8900 hourly average mobility distributions measured in the mobility range of 0.00041–3.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 (diameter range 0.36–79 nm) at Tahkuse Observatory, Estonia, in 1993–1994. The average diurnal variation in the concentration of cluster ions is typical for continental stations: the maximum in the early morning hours and the minimum in the afternoon. This is explained by variations in radon concentration. The diurnal variation for big cluster ions (0.5–1.3 cm2 V−1 s−1) differs from that for small cluster ions (1.3–3.14 cm2 V−1 s−1). The size distribution of intermediate and light large ions in the range of 1.6–22 nm is strongly affected by nucleation bursts of nanometer particles. On the burst days, the maximum concentration of intermediate ions (1.6–7.4 nm) is about the noontime and that of light large ions (7.4–22 nm) about 2 hours later. The concentration of heavy large ions (charged Aitken particles of diameters of 22–79 nm) is enhanced in the afternoon and this is explained by the bursts of nanometer particles and the subsequent growth of particles by condensation and coagulation. If the burst days are excluded, then in the warm season the concentration of Aitken particles increases during night. In the cold season, the diurnal variation is different and all the classes of aerosol ions (2.1–79 nm) show similar variation with the minimum at 0600 LT and the maximum in the afternoon; exceptions are the rare nucleation burst days.


This paper analyses healthcare interactions involving doctors, migrant patients and 'intercultural mediators' who provide interpreting services. Our study is based on a collection of 300 interactions involving two language pairs, Arabic–Italian and English–Italian. The analytical framework includes conversation analysis combined with insights from social systems theory. We look at question-answer sequences, where (1) the doctors ask questions about patients' problems or history, (2) the doctors' questions are responded to and (3) the doctor closes the sequence, moving on to another question. We analyse the ways in which mediators help doctors design questions for patients and patients understand and eventually respond to the doctors' design. While the doctor's question design aims at obtaining details which are relevant for the patients' care, it is argued that collecting such details involves complex interactional work. In particular, doctors need help in displaying their attention to their patients' problems and in guiding patients' responses into medically relevant directions. Likewise, patients need help in reacting appropriately. Mediators help manage communicative uncertainty both by showing the doctor's interest in what the patient says, and by exploring and rendering the patient's incomplete, extended and ambiguous answers to the doctor's questions.


Abstract Recent proliferation of surveillance systems is mostly attributed to advances in both image-processing techniques and hardware enhancement of smart cameras, as well as the ubiquity of sensor-driven architectures. Owing to these capabilities, new aspects are coming to the forefront. This paper addresses the current state-of-the-art and provides researchers with an overview of existing surveillance solutions, analyzing their properties as a system and drawing attention to relevant challenges when developing, deploying and managing them. Also, some of the more prominent application domains are highlighted here. In an effort to understand the development of the advanced solutions, based on their most distinctive characteristics, we propose a taxonomy for surveillance systems to help classify them and reveal gaps in existing research. We conclude by identifying promising future research lines.


BACKGROUND
Reports of osteopaenia/rickets of prematurity are on the increase due to improved survival rates of low birthweight infants.

OBJECTIVE
To establish the incidence of rickets of prematurity by the age of six months in premature infants born at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.

DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.

SETTING
Newborn unit and paediatric outpatient follow up clinic of Kenyatta National Hospital.

SUBJECTS
Successive surviving infants of birthweight less than 2000 g residents in Nairobi.

RESULTS
Incidence of rickets of prematurity by six months of age was 58.8%. Rickets appeared more commonly in male infants compared to female infants.

CONCLUSION
Rickets of prematurity is a common problem in the premature infants seen at Kenyatta National Hospital. Routine vitamin D supplements to premature infants in adequate doses of at least 400iu per day should be adopted in our centre.


In late 2003, the regional campus of the University of South Australia initiated a peer-mentoring program aimed at assisting the smooth transition of new students to university life. In particular, the Nursing and Rural Health unit envisaged a program that would be effective and rewarding for both student mentees and mentors. This paper presents an analysis of the peer-mentoring program initiated. It begins by discussing the concept of mentoring and the advantages and disadvantages of peermentoring programs in educational institutions. It then introduces the program, describes how it was conceptualised, implemented and strengthened and how the program developed into a unique 'pop-up' model of mentoring that fitted the needs of mentees and mentors. The paper evaluates the experiences of mentees and mentors and concludes with some suggestions for improving the program, which others may learn from. Key words: nursing education, first year academic experience, nursing students' transition to university, peer-mentoring, mentee-mentor relationship.


A conjugate heat transfer problem on the shell side of a finned double pipe heat exchanger is numerically studied by suing finite difference technique. Laminar flow with isothermal boundary conditions is considered in the finned annulus with fully developed flow region to investigate the influence of variations in the fin height, the number of fins and the fluid and wall thermal conductivities on the hydraulic and thermal design of the exchanger. The governing momentum and energy equations have been solved by a finite difference-based numerical algorithm. The improve-ment in heat transfer rates, the exchanger performance and the optimum configu-rations are discussed.


In many areas of engineering industries there are necessary to bond steel, where traditional bonding processes such as welding and brazing are neither efficient enough nor possible. Alternative technique is transient liquid phase bonding (TLPB). In this study, carbon steel (IRAM 1010/1040) have been welded using transient liquid phase bonding method with Fe-B amorphous as filling material. The joints were performed by induction heating with argon flux, set pressure and different temperature and bonding times. The welded bars were then analysed using optical and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The bars with good microstructures and optimal parameters were then tested with galvanostatic corrosion test against each other and non-welded bar to study the corrosion behaviours. The study shows that the IRAM 1010 steel corroded slightly faster than the IRAM 1040 but comparing with the non-welded bars, still consider having good corrosion resistance. In this study, TLP bonding shows to be a relevant method to weld low and medium carbon steel, regarding to the microstructure of the weld, corrosion behaviour, bonding time and temperature.


The market interest in developing reliable and stable products at shorter development time and reduced cost, has led to an increasing surge of interest in Component-Based Software Engineering. The success of these systems largely depends on the effective selection of components that meet users requirements. In this context, the products evaluation needs to be a simultaneous process with the requirements acquisition. This paper presents the CRE Method (COTS-Based Requirements Engineering), which is centered on requirements to assist the COTS selection process. The selection of medical packages is used as a case study.


UV light-exited ozone has been applied for rapid low-temperature oxidation of silicon in a wafer-transfer type chamber. Oxidation was made in almost 100% ozone atmosphere with KrF excimer laser (248 nm) which enables the effective supply of O (1D) atoms to the processed surface. In this system, SiO2 film with a thickness of more than 3.5 nm is achieved even as low as 200°C. Uniform 2.9 nm film formation over 5-inch wafer with a thickness fluctuation of 0.1 nm was also obtained when KrF laser irradiation area was enlarged by a cylindrical concave lens. Current-voltage measurement has been employed to characterize SiO2 films and it is confirmed that the catastrophic breakdown field strength was 13 MV/cm. Processing pressure dependence of density of O (1D) atoms which contributing to the oxidation was estimated. Experimental result that the thickness of SiO2 film increases by decreasing the processing pressure agrees with our estimated result at the pressure range between 340 Pa and 820 Pa.


The oil and gas industry has grown significantly throughout the boreal and arctic ecosystems of North America. A major feature of the ecological footprint of oil and gas exploration is seismic lines—narrow corridors used to transport and deploy geophysical survey equipment. These lines, which traverse forests, tundra, uplands, and peatlands, were historically up to 10 m wide. Over the past decade, seismic lines have decreased in width (in some cases down to 1.75–3 m); however, their density has increased drastically and their construction is expected to continue in regions of Canada and the United States that are rich in oil and gas resources. We examine the literature related to the environmental impacts of, and restoration and reclamation efforts associated with, seismic lines in the boreal and arctic ecosystems of North America. With respect to conventional seismic lines, numerous studies report significant and persistent environmental changes along these lines and slow recovery of vegetation that translates into a lasting fragmentation of the landscape. This fragmentation has many ramifications for biodiversity and ecosystem processes, including significant implications for threatened woodland caribou herds. While modern, low-impact seismic lines have comparatively lower ecological effects at the site-level, their high density and associated potential edge effects suggest that their actual environmental impact may be underestimated. Seismic line restoration is a critical aspect of future integrated landscape management in hydrocarbon-rich regions of the boreal-arctic, and if widely applied, has the potential to benefit a wide range of species and maintain or re-establish key ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and biodiversity.


Aim: To investigate whether infant cleft dimensions, in a surgical protocol with early or delayed hard palate closure, influence occlusion before orthodontics. Design: Subgroup analysis within a randomized trial of primary surgery (Scandcleft). Setting: Tertiary health care. One surgical centre. Patients and Methods: A total of 122 unilateral cleft lip and palate infants received primary cheilo-rhinoplasty and soft palate closure at age 4 months and were randomized for hard palate closure at age 12 versus 36 months. A novel 3D analysis of cleft size and morphology was performed on digitized presurgical models. Occlusion was scored on 8-year models using the modified Huddarth–Bodenham (MHB) Index and the Goslon Yardstick. Main Outcome Measurements: Differences in MHB and Goslon scores among the 2 surgical groups adjusted for cleft size. Results: The crude analysis showed no difference between the 2 surgical groups in Goslon scores but a better MHB (P = .006) for the group who received delayed hard palate closure. When adjusting for the ratio between cleft surface and palatal surface (3D Infant Cleft Severity Ratio) and for posterior cleft dimensions at tuberosity level, the delayed hard palate closure group received 3.65 points better for MHB (confidence interval: 1.81; 5.48; P < .001) and showed a trend for reduced risk of receiving a Goslon of 4 or 5 (P = .052). For posterior clefts larger than 9 mm, the Goslon score was better in the delayed hard palate closure group (P = .033). Conclusions: Seen from an orthodontic perspective, when the soft palate is closed first, and the cleft is large, the timing of hard palate closure should be planned in relation to posterior cleft size.


Abstract How responsive is the US' Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) to the labor dislocation that results from trade integration? Recent findings suggest that the world's most ambitious trade adjustment program barely responds to import shocks, and that the shortfall is made up by disability insurance and early retirement. This holds considerable implications: TAA offers a lens onto the central question of whether developed democracies can effectively redistribute the gains from international economic integration. We take a closer look at these results. Using petition-level data over a 20-year period, we find that TAA is between 1.7 and 3.3 times more responsive than current estimates suggest. Yet the news is not all good. As we show, the responsiveness of TAA has decreased considerably since the 1990s, just as developed democracies started facing increasing pushback against liberalization. This shortfall, in turn, has political consequences: areas where TAA has been least responsive were also more likely to shift toward voting for Trump in the 2016 Presidential election. Our findings speak to the considerable challenge governments face in aiding workers "left behind" by liberalization.


OBJECTIVE
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are epigenetic regulators of gene expression, and their deregulation plays an important role in human cancer, including glioma. The main objective of this work was to investigate the expression level of miR-373 and its clinical significance in glioma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
The expression levels of miR-373 in glioma tissues and non-neoplastic brain tissues were measured by the qRT-PCR assay. Patients were divided into two groups based on the median miR-373 expression. The probability of differences in overall and progression-free survival as a function of time was ascertained by use of the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression analysis of factors potentially associated with survival was conducted to identify independent factors.

RESULTS
In clinical gastric cancer samples, we found that miR-373 expression was significantly down-regulated in glioma tissues compared with non-neoplastic brain tissues (p<0.01). Reduced expression of miR-373 was associated with serum WHO grade (p=0.015) and KPS score (p=0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with low level of miR-373 expression had poorer overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Multivariate survival analysis verified that miR-373 expression level was an independent predictor of both OS and PFS for glioma patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study showed miR-373 was associated to progression in glioma, and suggested it as a potential predictive factor for the prognosis of glioma.


This paper proposes a novel technique to reduce the likelihood computation in ASR systems that use continuous density HMMs. Based on the nature of dynamic features and the numerical properties of Gaussian mixture distributions, we approximate the observation likelihood computation to achieve a speedup. Although the technique does not show appreciable benet in an isolated word task, it yields signicant improvements in continuous speech recognition. For example, 50% of the computation can be saved on the TIMIT database with only a negligible degradation in system performanc


We present a semi-automatic technique for computing surface correspondences between 3D facial scans in different expressions, such that scan data can be mapped into a common domain for facial animation. The technique can accurately correspond high-resolution scans of widely differing expressions -- without requiring intermediate pose sequences -- such that they can be used, together with reflectance maps, to create high-quality blendshape-based facial animation. We optimize correspondences through a combination of Image, Shape, and Internal forces, as well as Directable forces to allow a user to interactively guide and refine the solution. Key to our method is a novel representation, called an Active Visage, that balances the advantages of both deformable templates and correspondence computation in a 2D canonical domain. We show that our semi-automatic technique achieves more robust results than automated correspondence alone, and is more precise than is practical with unaided manual input.


Abstract The regional component (∆R) of the marine reservoir effect (MRE), which is crucial for the accurate calibration of radiocarbon ages of marine-influenced samples, was determined for the Cuban northwestern coast. Fifteen different locations were studied by 14C dating of pre-bomb known-age marine shells specimens of bivalves and gastropods from the Felipe Poey Museum collection. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C measurements were performed at the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Universidade Federal Fluminense (LAC-UFF) and mean ΔR values were estimated. The distribution of results indicates ∆R values from −46±38 to 140±52 14C yr and a possible pattern related to the position along the coast and ocean dynamics. We present both mean values for each region and a general ∆R of 28±13 14C yr for the northwestern coast of Cuba.


One of the aims of island biogeography theory is to explain the number of species in an archipelago. Traditionally, the variables used to explain the species richness on an island are its area and distance to the mainland. However, increasing evidence suggests that accounting for other variables is essential for better estimates. In particular, the distance between islands should play a role in determining species richness. This work uses a Bayesian framework using Gaussian processes to assess whether distance to neighbouring islands (spatial autocorrelation) can better explain arthropod species richness patterns in the Azores Archipelago and in the Canary Islands. This method is flexible and allows the inclusion of other variables, such as maximum altitude above sea level (elevation). The results show that accounting for spatial autocorrelation provides the best results for both archipelagos, but overall, spatial autocorrelation seems to be more important in the Canary archipelago. Similarly, elevation plays a more important role in determining species richness in the Canary Islands. We recommend that spatial autocorrelation should always be considered when modelling an archipelago's species richness.


It is an effective method of insulation accident prevention for gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) to detect a partial discharge (PD) that occurs as a preceding phenomenon for an insulation accident. Among various methods, a PD detection method based on the detection of electromagnetic emission through measurement of the UHF band (300 MHz to 3 GHz), which is relatively free of influences from external noises, is drawing attention as an effective method in terms of extensive and highly sensitive detection. This paper describes conducting EM-wave propagation analysis on GISs with L-sections using the finite difference-time domain (FD-TD) method and examining the influences of the Insertions on the propagation characteristics of EM-wave modes with comparison of straight GIS part. As a result, this study identified that, even on a straight GIS, the velocity dispersion characteristic of high-order modes resulted in a decrease in the crest value even if there is no reflection or conductor loss in the discontinuities. And that mode conversions and reflections in L-sections also resulted in a decrease in the crest value.


In summer, the prevailing northerly flow off west Iberia occasionally intensifies and weakens with significant consequences for weather conditions and marine ecology. High‐resolution Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) wind products on a 6.25 km grid (ASCAT‐6.25) were used to characterize wind maxima downwind to the major Iberian capes. Wind intensifications downwind Cape Finisterre are large and detached from the coast. They are considered as the response to a large feature in the coastal morphology. Intensifications downwind Cape Roca and Cape São Vicente are smaller and closer to the coast. These are triggered by interaction of supercritical or transcritical flow with topography. ASCAT‐6.25 evening and morning passes show two distinct regimes during intensification events: a southern regime with wind maximum moving toward the coast during the day and a northern regime in which this diurnal shift is not so clear. Another aspect that distinguishes these regimes is the later occurrence of the wind maximum in the southern portion of the coast. Also, wind relaxation events can be identified in ASCAT data. These are followed by a poleward flow of warm water that interrupts the upwelling conditions over west Iberia south of 41°N. Synoptic conditions favorable for the occurrence of intensifications and relaxations were obtained from NWP models. This study was supplemented by RapidScat observations during the summers of 2015 and 2016 at different phases of the diurnal cycle. RapidScat and ASCAT wind fields in combination with NWP data confirm that wind intensifications are multiday events, clearly distinct from the sea breeze circulation.


In this paper, by adopting an equivalent geometry model of the cutting layer, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was built to investigate the milling of Ti-6Al-4V. The chip separating process was simulated by Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method and automatic re-meshing technology. The experiments of milling Ti-6Al-4V were carried out to verify finite element model of milling process. The comparisons of the predicted cutting forces and the measured forces showed reasonable agreement. Finally, the finite element model was used to predict the chip deformation and the three-dimensional distribution of cutting force, stress and temperature in milling Ti-6Al-4V.


We consider the problem of joint modelling of metabolic signals and gene expression in systems biology applications. We propose an approach based on input-output factorial hidden Markov models and propose a structured variational inference approach to infer the structure and states of the model. We start from the classical free form structured variational mean eld approach and use a expectation propagation to approximate the expectations needed in the variational loop. We show that this corresponds to a factored expectation constrained approximate inference. We validate our model through extensive simulations and demonstrate its applicability on a real world bacterial data set.


In the following remarks it is not my intention to attempt an exhaustive analysis of the microscopic characters of the rock-specimens which Dr. Hicks has been good enough to entrust to me for description. This seems to me hardly necessary after the full descriptions of rocks, in many respects similar, which have already been published by Mr. T. Davies and by myself. Hence, in order to avoid burdening the pages of our Journal, I have, as far as possible, noticed in detail only the points in which these specimens differed from those already familiar to me. In examining these Highland rocks (and I might say others also) I have observed three rather well-marked types, indicating stages of metamorphism. In the first it is obvious that many of the constituents noticed in the slide, especially those of larger size, with most of, if not all, the felspar, are original. Still many of the quartz-grains present somewhat irregular pcripheries, and appear clotted or agglutinated together, as in.the most highly altered quartzites, instead of presenting the definite outlines of ordinary fragments ; sometimes the smaller grains have even a chalcedonic aspect, as if of secondary origin. It is often doubtful whether the larger flakes of mica are endogenous or not, and it is quite certain that a minute flaky to fibrous mineral has been produced subsequently to the deposition of the rock. This is probably, in part at least, a hydrous potash- or soda-mica (very like that which has been recognized as sericite)


We present a general modified maximum likelihood (MML) method for inferring generative distribution functions from uncertain and biased data. The MML estimator is identical to, but easier and many orders of magnitude faster to compute than the solution of the exact Bayesian hierarchical modelling of all measurement errors. As a key application, this method can accurately recover the mass function (MF) of galaxies, while simultaneously dealing with observational uncertainties (Eddington bias), complex selection functions and unknown cosmic large-scale structure. The MML method is free of binning and natively accounts for small number statistics and non-detections. Its fast implementation in the R-package "dftools" is equally applicable to other objects, such as haloes, groups and clusters, as well as observables other than mass. The formalism readily extends to multi-dimensional distribution functions, e.g. a Choloniewski function for the galaxy mass-angular momentum distribution, also handled by dftools. The code provides uncertainties and covariances for the fitted model parameters and approximate Bayesian evidences. We use numerous mock surveys to illustrate and test the MML method, as well as to emphasise the necessity of accounting for observational uncertainties in MFs of modern galaxy surveys.


Odd-Even Staggering (OES) appears in many areas of nuclear physics, and is generally associated with the pairing term in the nuclear binding energy. To explore this effect, we use the Improved Statistical Multifragmentation Model to populate an ensemble of hot primary fragments, which are then de-excited using the Weisskopf-Ewing statistical emission formalism. The yields are then compared to experimental data. Our results show that, before secondary decay, OES appears only in the yields of even mass fragments and not in the yields of odd mass fragments. De-excitation of the hot fragments must be taken into account to describe the data, suggesting that the OES in fragment yields is a useful criterion for validating or adjusting theoretical de-excitation models.


Background Heart failure (HF) affects not only the person diagnosed with the syndrome but also family members, who often have the role of informal carers. The needs of these carers are not always met, and information and communications technology (ICT) could have the potential to support them in their everyday life. However, knowledge is lacking about how family members perceive ICT and see opportunities for this technology to support them. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of ICT solutions as supportive aids among family members of persons with HF. Methods A qualitative design was applied. A total of 8 focus groups, comprising 23 family members of persons affected by HF, were conducted between March 2015 and January 2017. Participants were recruited from 1 hospital in Sweden. A purposeful sampling strategy was used to find family members of persons with symptomatic HF from diverse backgrounds. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results The analysis revealed 4 categories and 9 subcategories. The first category, about how ICT could provide relevant support, included descriptions of how ICT could be used for communication with health care personnel, for information and communication retrieval, plus opportunities to interact with persons in similar life situations and to share support with peers and extended family. The second category, about how ICT could provide access, entailed how ICT could offer solutions not bound by time or place and how it could be both timely and adaptable to different life situations. ICT could also provide an arena for family members to which they might not otherwise have had access. The third category concerned how ICT could be too impersonal and how it could entail limited personal interaction and individualization, which could lead to concerns about usability. It was emphasized that ICT could not replace physical meetings. The fourth category considered how ICT could be out of scope, reflecting the fact that some family members were generally uninterested in ICT and had difficulties envisioning how it could be used for support. It was also discussed as more of a solution for the future. Conclusions Family members described multiple uses for ICT and agreed that ICT could provide access to relevant sources of information from which family members could potentially exchange support. ICT was also considered to have its limitations and was out of scope for some but with expected use in the future. Even though some family members seemed hesitant about ICT solutions in general, this might not mean they are unreceptive to suggestions about their usage in, for example, health care. Thus, a variety of factors should be considered to facilitate future implementations of ICT tools in clinical practice.


Despite daunting circumstances, history is full of stories of men and women incarcerated by the Nazis, who risked their lives to save others. In some cases, the moral dilemma faced by these people presented an unquestionable challenge—particularly for those in the medical profession who had taken an oath to save life. This paper presents the dramatic stories of Dr. Gisella Perl and Dr. Erno Vadasz. Although their choices were markedly different, their goals were the same—to save as many lives as possible.


BACKGROUND
Hepatitis C is a viral disease of the liver, which frequently causes few or no symptoms at first infection but has a high probability of becoming an insidious chronic disease. Treatment has traditionally been with interferon alfa but only a small proportion of patients have been cured by this method. The recent introduction of ribavirin, given in combination, has led to a re-appraisal of the management of chronic hepatitis C. The current report considers the additional benefit of combination therapy (interferon alfa and ribavirin) compared with monotherapy (interferon alfa alone) for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C. It supersedes two reports of combination therapy conducted by the Scottish Health Purchasing Information Centre and the Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development.

OBJECTIVE
To review the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of combination therapy with interferon alfa and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS - EFFECTIVENESS: Electronic databases were searched from 1993 to the end of 1999, to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or systematic reviews of RCTs that evaluated interferon alfa in combination with ribavirin compared with interferon alfa alone (or placebo) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Bibliographies from previous studies were also examined. METHODS - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: The economic evaluation is based on the three largest RCTs of combination therapy, and a pooled analysis of two of these trials. Sustained virological response rates were entered into a spreadsheet model incorporating a hypothetical cohort of 1000 patients who were followed over a 30-year period. RESULTS - EFFECTIVENESS: Nineteen RCTs and two meta-analyses were identified. The methodological quality of the included studies was variable, though the larger RCTs and meta-analyses were considered to be of high quality. Results of these trials indicate that combination therapy produces larger sustained response rates than monotherapy. For patients naive to interferon treatment, sustained virological response rates were: 33% (95% confidence interval (CI), 29 to 37) for combination therapy compared with 6% (95% CI, 3 to 10) for monotherapy, based on 24 weeks of treatment; and 41% (95% CI, 36 to 45) compared with 16% (95% CI, 13 to 19), respectively, for 48 weeks of treatment. For patients who had relapsed following a previous course of interferon, sustained virological response rates were 49% (95% CI, 42 to 57) compared with 5% (95% CI, 2 to 9), respectively, based on 24 weeks of treatment. Two groups of chronic hepatitis C patients are expected to benefit from combination therapy: interferon-naive patients and relapse patients. RESULTS - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: A 4-week cycle of interferon alfa at 3 mU three times a week costs pound 194; ribavirin costs pound 543. Thus, ribavirin substantially increases drug costs compared with interferon monotherapy. Six months of combination therapy will cost pound 4422 (excluding monitoring costs). For interferon alfa-naive patients, the additional discounted cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained from treatment with combination therapy for 6 months compared with no active treatment is pound 7578. For patients who have relapsed after a previous course of interferon alfa, the additional discounted cost per QALY gained from treatment with combination therapy for 6 months compared with monotherapy for 6 months is pound 3503. A subgroup analysis was conducted to examine the sensitivity of the cost per QALY based on the response rates of different patient subgroups (chronic hepatitis C patients with between none and five favourable response factors). This shows it is worth treating all patients with combination therapy as first-line treatment for 6 months, but only worth treating those with one or two response factors for a further 6 months. Those with three or four factors do well by 6 months, but gain very little from furt


─ Herein, a novel design of an X-band NonUniform Reflectarray Antenna (NURA) with Symbolic Regression SR and its fabrication using 3D Printer technology are presented. A NURA is consist of simply a grounded dielectric layer with the variable thickness. Firstly, SR is employed to obtain with a great accuracy for the reflection phase characteristics of a grounded dielectric layer in the analytical form within the continuous domain of 1≤εr≤6 and thickness 0.1≤h≤3 mm for the X-band. For this purpose, SR is trained and validated by the 3D CST Microwave Studio data. Then, for the design purpose of NURA, a special fine reflection calibration characteristic is built up again by SR with the sufficient reflection phase range of the 3D Printer's material at the operation frequency 10 GHz. In the third step, the designed NURA is then prototyped by using 3D printer technology where the material can be easily shaped and create unit cell at printing accuracy of 0.1 mm per layer. Thus, by this mean the prototyping cost of non-uniform Reflectarray design can be reduced drastically both in means of time and ease of manufacturing. In the final step, mismatching and radiation properties of the prototyped NURA are measured. Index Terms ─ 3D printer, antenna design, microstrip reflectarrays, reflection phase modelling, symbolic regression.


REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY
Although valvular regurgitation is diagnosed frequently by colour Doppler echocardiography in racehorses at rest, there is currently no information about the effect of exercise on valvular regurgitation.

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effect of light exercise on valvular regurgitation in a population of trotters.

METHODS
Standardbred trotters (n = 73) were examined by resting auscultation and echocardiography, of which 50 fullfilled the criteria of the study. Of these, 4 had reduced performance according to the trainers and were not included in the statistical analyses. Horses that showed valvular regurgitations diagnosed by colour Doppler echocardiography at rest, were light exercised and the regurgitant valves were then re-examined by colour Doppler echocardiography.

RESULTS
Of the 46 horses, 41 (89%) had one or more valvular regurgitations at rest with tricuspid regurgitation present in 83% of horses, mitral regurgitation 46%, pulmonary regurgitation 37% and aortic regurgitation 57%. After exercise, one or more valvular regurgitation persisted for 23 of the 41 horses (56%). The regurgitation decreased significantly for mitral, pulmonary and aortic valves; the mitral regurgitation persisted for 21% of the horses, pulmonary regurgitation persisted for 6% and aortic regurgitation persisted after exercise for 23 % with regurgitation diagnosed at rest. Half of those with tricuspid regurgitation at rest still had tricuspid regurgitation after exercise.

CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study showed that the majority of small valvular regurgitations disappear after light exercise. However, the severity of tricuspid regurgitation increased in 4 horses. Furthermore, these horses were not performing satisfactorily according to the trainers.

POTENTIAL RELEVANCE
Studies in man have shown that severity after exercise suggests pathological regurgitation. The present study indicates that echocardiographic examination of valvular regurgitation after exercise might be a relevant examination in horses. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the effect of strenuous exercise on valvular regurgitation in horses.


We studied in detail the lattice transition and local lattice structure (including Jahn-Teller distortion) in LaMnO3/SrMnO3 surperlattices by classical atomistic simulation. For a certain doping density, it is found that the superlattices with short modulation period have small lattice energies and larger differences among lattice parameters a, b/√2 and c. The average La-Mn (Mn3+-O) distance is larger than the average Sr-Mn (Mn4+-O) distance for all doping densities and superlattice configurations at certain doping density. The standard deviation of Mn-O bond lengths and Jahn-Teller distortion of MnO6 octahedra have been calculated. Both the standard deviation and Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn3+O6 octahedra in the superlattices are much smaller than those of Mn3+O6 octahedra in LaMnO3, while Mn4+O6 octahedra in the superlattices have the smallest lattice distortion, but larger than those in SrMnO3.


Purpose of review The current review is prompted by recent studies indicating that adaptive immunity could be sufficient to explain rapid onset symptoms as well as many chronic effects of gluten in celiac disease. Recent findings Gluten re-exposure in treated celiac disease drives a coordinated systemic cytokine release response implicating T-cell activation within 2 h. Instead of direct effects of gluten on innate immunity, long lasting memory CD4+ T cells activated within 2 h of ingesting gluten or injecting purified gluten peptides now appear to be responsible for acute digestive symptoms. In addition, memory B cells and plasma cells specific for gluten and transglutaminase 2, rather than innate immune cells, are the preferred antigen-presenting cells for gluten in the gut. A variety of innate immune stimuli such as transient infections and local intestinal microbiome, not necessarily gluten itself, may contribute to disease initiation and transition to overt intestinal mucosal injury. Gluten-specific adaptive immunity in the gut and blood are now shown to be closely linked, and systemic cytokine release after gluten provides an additional explanation for extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease. Summary Clinical studies utilizing cytokines as new biomarkers for gluten immunity promise to improve understanding of clinical effects of gluten, accelerate therapeutics development, and augment diagnosis.


Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) constitute a significant portion of the transcriptome in eukaryotes. Many of these sRNAs regulate gene expression. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revealed a plethora of previously uncharacterised sRNAs with potential biological function, a number of which originate from longer RNAs. Here, the biogenesis of sRNAs derived from the non-coding Y RNAs (YsRNAs) was characterised as a model for understanding this emerging class of sRNA fragments. Y RNAs are highly conserved, 100 nt long molecules involved in DNA replication which bind to the autoimmune proteins Ro60 and La.
YsRNAs are produced in cells undergoing apoptosis. Here, it was demonstrated that YsRNAs are generated from the 5' and 3' ends of all four Y RNAs in stressed and unstressed cells. Furthermore, production of these fragments was observed in both cancerous and non-cancerous cells. Although YsRNAs have been proposed to have gene silencing activity, experiments done here found that YsRNAs do not enter the microRNA pathway and are not generated by the gene silencing-related protein Dicer. Furthermore, experiments established that the enzyme which produces fragments from tRNAs, angiogenin, was also not responsible for YsRNA generation.
Using mammalian cultured cells along with gene knockout and RNA interference (RNAi) technology, it was determined that RNase L contributed to YsRNA generation. Furthermore, the Y RNA binding protein Ro60 was shown to be essential for YsRNA production through a model of RNase protection. Analysis of deep sequencing data in Ro60 knockout cells revealed that many other sRNAs are also dependent on Ro60.
Finally, a 'high definition' (HD) protocol to improve NGS detection of sRNAs was tested. The HD protocol was found to be better at detecting sRNAs than current methods. This will facilitate more efficient detection of novel sRNAs in the future.


In this article, to improve the performance of metal cylindrical mesh shells used as roofs for modern construction projects, the sub-aperture diaphragms and the corresponding nodal connections are proposed in the context of the problem of the increased vulnerability of individual sections from actual loads. Finite element models are designed taking into account minimization of production and assembly costs, special features of load perception and structural geometry changes in an acceptable range of overall parameters. The effect of sustaining elements located in the direction of the arc of the circle on the percentage of depletion of the bearing capacity and the maximum value of the deflection of circular mesh surfaces with square and rectangular cells are investigated. An economical design solution of IFI type unit is used to increase the bearing capacity and reduce the deformation of rectangular cylindrical multi-element grids. A joint connection which improves operational characteristics of a structure taking into account the features of the geometric formation and spatial design of the structures has been developed. The force factors and deformation parameters of the basic circuits of a cylindrical mesh surface are checked with conventional and developed joint connections. Increased rigidity and stability of the structure due to the introduction of the diaphragms and the use of units with sustaining elements have been achieved. Keywords : joint connection, grid shell, cylindrical surface, roof diaphragm.


Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), which are primarily self-limiting. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the host transcriptome during a S. aureus SSTI to provide insight on the protective mechanisms that thwart these infections. We utilized a murine SSTI model in which one ear is epicutaneously challenged while the other is not. We then harvested these infected and uninfected ears, as well as ears from naïve mice, at one, four, and seven days post-challenge, and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) using the Illumina platform. RNA-seq data demonstrated a robust response at the site of infection. Comparison of gene expression profiles between infected ears and the non-infected ears of challenged mice defined the local response to infection, while comparisons of expression profiles of non-infected ears from challenged mice to ears of naïve mice revealed changes in gene expression levels away from the site indicative of a systemic response. Over 1000 genes exhibited increased expression locally at all tested time points. The local response was more robust than the systemic response. Through evaluation of the RNA-seq data using the Upstream Regulator Analytic as part of the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software package, we found that changes in the activation and inhibition of regulatory pathways happen first locally, and lag behind systemically. The activated pathways are highly similar at all three time points during SSTI, suggesting a stable global response over time. Transcript increases and pathway activation involve pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, chemotaxis, cell signaling, keratins, and TH1/TH17 cytokines. Transcript decreases and pathway inhibition demonstrate that metabolic genes and anti-inflammatory pathways are repressed. These data provide insight on the host responses that may aid in resolution of this self-limited S. aureus infection, and may shed light on potential immune correlates of protection for staphylococcal SSTI.


Recent design examples have shown that significant performance gains are realized when circuit designers are allowed to make aggressive timing assumptions. Circuit correctness in these aggressive styles is highly timing dependent and, in industry, they are typically designed by hand. In order to automate the process of designing and verifying timed circuits, algorithms for their synthesis and verification are necessary. This paper presents timed event/level (TEL) structures, a specification formalism for timed circuits that corresponds directly to gate-level circuits. It also presents an algorithm based on partially ordered sets to make the state-space exploration of TEL structures more tractable. The combination of the new specification method and algorithm significantly improves efficiency for gate-level timing verification. Results on a number of circuits, including many from the recently published gigahertz unit Test Site (guTS) processor from IBM indicate that modules of significant size can be verified using a level of abstraction that preserves the interesting timing properties of the circuit. Accurate circuit level verification allows the designer to include less margin in the design, which can lead to increased performance.


In this article, seven frontal impact simulation models with same restraint system and different human body models were established through the use of multi-body kinematics software MADYMO. The injuries in head, chest and femurs of different human models and the differences of these injuries were analyzed in detail. The weighted injury criterion was adopted to evaluate the overall injuries of different human body models. The results shows that the injury risk of smaller human body is much higher than the taller human body, and existing occupant restraint system that protects the 50th percentile American occupant well protects other size occupant poorly.


Coherent x-ray diffractive imaging is a powerful method for studies on nonperiodic structures on the nanoscale. Access to femtosecond dynamics in major physical, chemical, and biological processes requires single-shot diffraction data. Up to now, this has been limited to intense coherent pulses from a free electron laser. Here we show that laser-driven ultrashort x-ray sources offer a comparatively inexpensive alternative. We present measurements of single-shot diffraction patterns from isolated nano-objects with a single 20 fs pulse from a table-top high-harmonic x-ray laser. Images were reconstructed with a resolution of 119 nm from the single shot and 62 nm from multiple shots.


Superhydrophobic coatings have attracted significant attention due to their wide potential applications. However, the practical applications of the present artificial superhydrophobic coatings are not only hindered by their environmentally hazardous components, containing fluorinated materials and pungent organic solvents, but also by their poor material stabilities. Herein, a robust water-repellent organic–inorganic composite coating based on an aqueous dispersion was developed using a non-fluorinated material system consisting of a waterborne silicone–acrylic copolymer (SAC) and silica sol. Uniquely, the as-prepared SAC containing acid functional groups was first ionized in an alkaline environment, followed by introduction of the silica precursor into the SAC to generate the silica sol in situ. The abovementioned non-fluorinated material system favors the application of the simple spray technique for the superhydrophobic coating (157.7°) deposition, which can be flexibly employed on various substrates. The resulting composite coating, in which strong micro- and nano-scale roughness structures are embedded in the layer matrix, can withstand at least 200 abrasion cycles while retaining its superhydrophobicity. Moreover, the composite coating also shows significantly high resistance to acid/base, organic solvent, UV photodegradation (UVA light illumination for 96 h) and high-temperature heating (400 °C for 80 h). Furthermore, this environmentally friendly coating can be easily applied in the self-cleaning (in either air or oil environments) and oil/water separation fields.


For a city or state government to be viable in the last decade of the 20th century, elected leaders must view modern management as a crusade. The work force must receive fair and equitable compensation, and all must be committed to constant quality improvement. Newspapers, magazines, radio and television must report the success stories and the failures. Taxpayers must understand that government services can improve, and the leaders must be held accountable. This is possible throughout the country but it will not happen unless an educated electorate demands it and the elected officials understand the stakes and urgency involved.


The recent developments and challenges of petroleum thermodynamics are presented in the various papers of this special issue of Oil and Gas Science and Technology (OGST). A common objective of these investigations is the development of calculation tools providing access to reliable thermodynamic as well as thermophysical properties. Hence, this introductory article attempts to put these new developments in a larger perspective by proposing a framework where the practicing engineer can also find some guidelines for the selection, among the large number of existing methods, of the one(s) most suited to his/her industrial application. The analysis is based on the observation that two main features must be present for a good representation of the physical behaviour of complex natural fluids: a model (equation of state – eos- and mixing rules) that represents the physics as well as possible, and an appropriate compositional description. A model is defined as a set of mathematical equations that describes the relationships among different properties. Some are empirical, others are constructed on a physical basis with more or less approximations. All contain parameters that must be determined and validated using experimental data. When accurate properties are required, it is important to focus on the selection of reliable data. However, when predictive power is required (few or no data are available), the use of a model that has a strong physical foundation is essential. The detailed molecular description of a petroleum fluid is often unknown, but even if it were known, it would contain so many isomers that it would be very difficult to handle in an engineering simulator. Hence, several methods are employed to circumvent the problem. The traditional methods are correlations, but we believe they are reaching their limit. New methods, among which molecular simulation, are probably more promising. As a conclusion, we state that both an improved understanding of the physics through experimentation, and an increased use of these physical findings in new models, are the challenges for the future developments of thermodynamics. The papers in this issue illustrate a number of such developments.


Wind shear, sudden change in the wind direction and speed, is a familiar hazard to aviation as well as a complex and hard-to-predict phenomenon. The causes of wind shear may be different in different locations. In some places it is caused by microbursts, viz. localized columns of sinking air brought by thunderstorms, while in other places wind shear may result from mesoscale weather phenomena. Thus, algorithms and techniques used to predict wind shear caused by microbursts, as in Wolfson et al. (1994), will not be applicable at an airport where wind shear and turbulence arise from larger-scale but local conditions. This paper presents the implementation and applications of chaotic oscillatory-based neural networks (CONN) for predicting sea breeze and wind shear arising from mesoscale weather phenomenon at the Hong Kong International Airport. Using historical local data provided by the Hong Kong Observatory, we show from simulations that CONN is able to forecast the short-term wind evolution and even wind shear events with a reasonable level of accuracy.


Growth of the pulmonary arteries was assessed in 11 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease treated with oral prostaglandin E2. Each patient was dependent on patency of the ductus arteriosus for maintenance of the pulmonary circulation. Measurements were made initially from angiographic data obtained in the neonatal period. Subsequent assessments were made at the time of surgery after an interval of 2-8 months, during which time all the infants had gained weight normally. Comparisons were made with data obtained from 13 normal necropsy specimens. In only 4 of the 11 patients had the pulmonary arteries grown appreciably during the treatment period. In 2 patients no growth occurred, while in 5 patients the pulmonary arteries had actually become smaller. It had been hoped that the pulmonary arteries would grow in all 11 patients during this period, facilitating later surgical intervention. In patients with ductus-dependent cyanotic congenital heart disease, the prolonged use of oral prostaglandin E2 should be restricted to patients in whom the pulmonary arteries are too small to allow a palliative operation to be performed initially.


It is well documented that Western images of China have been oscillating historically for centuries. However insufficient attention has been given to examining patterns of underlying structures of representing China. This paper aims to address this issue through an exploration of latent perspectives in the British mass mediated representation of China. It is conducted through a semiotic and discourse analysis of a BBC television documentary series Road to Xanadu. The paper argues, central to the portrayal of China a technological view of society is formulated, through which Western and Chinese identities are constructed to arrive at a unified and unifying version of 'progress', erasing tensions, complexities and contradictions.


Background and Aims: Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalational agent denotes the requirement of it to maintain adequate plane of general anaesthesia. The precision to the maintenance of anaesthesia can be further guided by use of entropy to titrate the depth of anaesthesia. Regional anaesthesia and the concomitant deafferentation will decrease the need of general anaesthetics. We conducted a randomised double-blind trial to quantify the effect of addition of regional anaesthesia to sevoflurane based general anaesthesia technique guided by entropy to achieve satisfactory depth of anaesthesia. Methods: Forty patients posted for elective laparotomies were randomised to two groups. All patients received a bolus followed by an epidural infusion. Group GE (general anaesthesia + epidural bupivacaine) received 0.25% epidural bupivacaine and Group GS received epidural saline. Both groups received narcotic, relaxant and sevoflurane anaesthesia guided by entropy monitoring. The state entropy (SE) was maintained at 40–60 by titrating end tidal sevoflurane concentration (ETsevo). Heart rate, blood pressure, SpO2, end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and sevoflurane were recorded. Results: Both groups were similar in heart rate and mean blood pressure during anaesthesia maintenance. The minimum ETSevorequired to maintain entropy between 40 and 60 in group GE was 0.53% compared to 0.95% in group GS the epidural saline group (P < 0.001). The end-tidal sevoflurane requirement to maintain adequate depth of anaesthesia dropped by 44.2% in group GE.Conclusion: Lower concentrations of volatile anaesthetic are required when entropy-guided general anaesthesia is combined with regional blockade.


Nematophagous fungi are parasites of nematodes, thus they have been considered and tested for biological control of parasitic nematodes, but so far with limited success. Due to the fact that the nematode cuticle is composed of proteins it is likely that fungal extracellular proteases are involved in the infection of nematodes. I have isolated a gene (designated PII) encoding an extracellular cuticle-degrading serine protease from the nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys oligospora. The sequence of PII showed high homology to the subtilisin subclass including several functionally related fungal serine proteases. Experiments showed that the expression of PII was regulated by multiple regulatory circuits, including carbon and nitrogen repression. To further examine the function of PII as well as other putative virulence factors in A. oligospora, a transformation system was developed using hygromycin as selective marker. Using this system, PII deletion mutants, as well as PII over-expression mutants were constructed. One of the latter mutants infected significantly higher levels of nematodes compared to the wild-type, demonstrating that PII is a virulence factor in A. oligospora. The PII disrupted mutants retained virulence suggesting that there are other proteases involved in the infection. A major role of PII during infection is probably to degrade the cuticle and host tissues, providing nutrients for development of infections structures or, alternatively, vegetative mycelium. To be able to investigate the biochemical properties of PII in more detail without interference from other functionally related enzymes, PII was over-expressed in a heterologous host (Aspergillus niger), at a level of almost 100-fold higher than in A. oligospora. All measured enzymatic properties in the recombinant PII were similar to those of native PII. The thesis demonstrates that genetical engineering of fungal proteases has a potential to improve the virulence of nematophagous fungi, information that in the future can be used for developing more efficient strains of fungi for biological control of parasitic nematodes. (Less)


Objective: To assess the effectiveness of three mood disorder treatment algorithms in a sample of patients seeking care in the Brazilian public healthcare system. Methods: A randomized pragmatic trial was conducted with an algorithm developed for treating episodes of major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar depressive episodes and mixed episodes of bipolar disorder (BD). Results: The sample consisted of 259 subjects diagnosed with BD or MDD (DSM-IV-TR). After the onset of symptoms, the first treatment occurred ∼6 years and the use of mood stabilizers began ∼12 years. All proposed algorithms were effective, with response rates around 80%. The majority of the subjects took 20 weeks to obtain a therapeutic response. Conclusions: The algorithms were effective with the medications available through the Brazilian Unified Health System. Because therapeutic response was achieved in most subjects by 20 weeks, a follow-up period longer than 12 weeks may be required to confirm adequate response to treatment. Remission of symptoms is still the main desired outcome. Subjects who achieved remission recovered more rapidly and remained more stable over time. Clinical trial registration: NCT02901249, NCT02870283, NCT02918097


Identifying software components is a crucial task in software development. There are a number of methods to identify components in the literature; however, the majority of these methods rely on clustering techniques with expert judgment. In contrast to the previous methods, which have used classical clustering techniques, this paper maps the components identification problem to an optimization problem. We propose a novel GA-based algorithm (Genetic Algorithm) as a powerful optimization search algorithm, called SCI-GA (Software Component Identification using Genetic Algorithm), to identify components from analysis models. SCI-GA uses software cohesion, coupling, and complexity measurements to define its fitness function. For performance evaluation, we evaluated SCI-GA using three real-world cases. The results reveal that SCI-GA can identify correct suboptimal software components, and performs far better than alternative heuristics like k-means and FCA-Based methods.


Service quality appears to transcend a number of, as
yet, only loosely related fields including operations
management, service management and consumer behaviour.
The intention of the first part of this research was to
draw together some parts of these complementary
literatures in order to understand the nature of
service quality.
The objective of the empirical study was to identify
the customer-based determinants of service quality, in
particular to identify those service quality factors
which tend to lead to satisfaction, those that tend to
lead to dissatisfaction and those that are important to
the process of service recovery. The purpose of the
research was to add to the growing body of knowledge on
service quality and to help managers undertake
activities for the measurement, control and improvement
of service quality. The empirical study took a logical
positivist/empiricist approach using customer's
perceptions of reality. The chosen research instrument
was the critical incident technique.
The study found that the various quality factors do
have different, though not exclusive, effects on the
outcome of the service experience in terms of
satisfaction or dissatisfaction. It was also found
that the dissatisfaction factors and the satisfaction
factors are not the obverse of each other.
Furthermore, the satisfaction factors are primarily
tangible factors, underlining the critical role of
service staff in providing satisfaction, and the
dissatisfaction factors are primarily intangible
factors stressing the more systemic issues that tend to
result in dissatisfaction. It was suggested that these
factors may either act as switches, amending customers'
perceptions of the service experience during the
service itself, or act as levers upon the customers'
satisfaction or dissatisfaction thresholds. Service
recovery was also identified as a key creator of
satisfaction and a number of factors were identified
that support the recovery process.
It has been suggested that operations managers should
be concerned with designing-in satisfaction
switches/levers and removing dissatisfaction
switches/levers. They should also be concerned with
implementing systems to seek out failures and to try to
recover from them.


We review various graph query language fragments that are both theoretically tractable and practically relevant. We focus on the most expressive one that retains these properties and use it as a stepping stone to examine the underpinnings of graph query evaluation along graph view maintenance. Further broadening the scope of the discussion, we then consider alternative processing techniques for graph queries, based on graph summarization and path query learning. We conclude by pinpointing the open research directions in this emerging area.


BACKGROUND
Practical wisdom is considered a multidimensional virtue of enduring relevance to medicine. Though it has received increasing attention in recent years, proposed frameworks for practical wisdom can differ, and little is known about how medical students and physicians describe its dimensions and relevance.

METHODS
We used structured interviews, employing open-ended and closed-ended questions, to describe how medical students and physicians understand practical wisdom and identify the kinds of clinical situations they believe require practical wisdom. We interviewed 102 participants at two US medical schools in 2021, comprising a voluntary response sample of 40 pre-clinical medical students and 40 clinical medical students and a purposive sample of 22 nominated physicians. Interviews were conducted by videoconference using a structured interview guide. Open-ended responses were coded using qualitative content analysis (directed and conventional) and tabulated; closed-ended responses were tabulated. Quotations provided qualitative illustrations, and frequencies were used for summative results.

RESULTS
Participants considered practical wisdom clinically meaningful, broadly relevant and multidimensional. Most described it as deliberative, goal-directed, context-sensitive, integrated with ethics and marked by integrity and motivation to act. Many described it as experience-based, person-centred or problem-solving. Participants also selected an average of 15.6 (SD = 4.9) additional virtues as being essential for practical wisdom in medicine and described a broad range of clinical situations that require practical wisdom in medicine.

CONCLUSIONS
Participants described practical wisdom as a multidimensional capacity that entails deliberation, depends on a constellation of other virtues and is broadly applicable to medicine. Most agreed it is goal-directed and context-sensitive and involves ethics, integrity and motivation. Efforts to teach practical wisdom in medical education should clarify its dimensions and highlight its relationship to virtue ethics, professionalism, clinical judgement and the individualised care of patients as persons.


In this study, we investigate the possibility of cross-lingual transfer from a state-of-the-art (SoTA) deep monolingual model (DialoGPT) to 6 African languages and compare with 2 other baselines (BlenderBot 90M, another SoTA, and a simple seq2seq). The languages are Swahili, Wolof, Hausa, Nigerian Pidgin English, Kinyarwanda & Yor`ub´a. Natural Language Generation (NLG) of dialogues is known to be a challenging task for many reasons. It becomes more challenging for African languages which are low-resource in terms of data. We translate and train on a small portion of the multi-domain MultiWOZ dataset for the languages. Be-sides intrinsic evaluation (i.e. perplexity), we conduct human evaluation of single-turn conversations using majority voting and measure inter-annotator agreement (IAA) using Fleiss Kappa and credibility tests. The results show that the hypothesis that deep monolingual models learn some abstractions that generalise across languages holds. We observe human-like conversations in 5 out of the 6 languages. It, however, applies to different degrees in different languages, which is expected. The language with the most transferable properties is the Nigerian Pidgin English, with a human-likeness score of 78.1%, of which 35.5% are unanimous. Its credibility IAA unanimous score is 66.7%. The main contributions of this paper include the representation of under-represented African languages and demonstrating the cross-lingual transferability hypothesis. We also provide the datasets and host the model checkpoints/demos on the HuggingFace hub for public access.


Error Correction Code (ECC) is widely used to detect and correct soft errors in VLSI caches. Maintaining ECC on a per-word basis, which is preferable in caches with word-based access, is expensive. This paper proposes Zigzag-HVP, a cost-effective technique to detect and correct soft errors in such caches. Zigzag-HVP utilizes horizontal-vertical parity (HVP). HVP maintains the parity of a data array both horizontally and vertically. Basic HVP can detect and correct a single bit error (SBE), but not a multi-bit error (MBE). By dividing the data array into multiple HVP domains and interleaving bits of different domains, a spatial MBE can be converted to multiple SBEs, each of which can be detected and corrected by the corresponding parity domain. Vertical parity updates and error recovery in Zigzag-HVP can be efficiently executed through modifications to the cache data paths, write-buffer, and Built-In Self Test. The evaluation results indicate that the area and power overheads of Zigzag-HVP caches are lower than those of ECC-based ones.


Background/Aims: The distribution of age of onset of essential tremor (ET) is unclear, with discrepancies in the literature. Some data suggest a bimodal distribution and other data 1 late-life peak. We studied age of ET onset in 2 distinct settings: a population-based study and a tertiary referral center. Methods: Age of onset data were collected. Results: In the population, there was only a small peak at the age of ≤30 years (14.1% of cases) but a clear peak in later life (85.9% of cases). In the tertiary referral center, a bimodal distribution was apparent with 1 large peak (42.2% of cases) at the age of ≤40 years and the second large peak (57.8% of cases) in later life. Familial cases accounted for only 52.6% of young-onset cases from the population, yet 82.7% from the tertiary center. Discussion: In the population-based study, a peak in later life was clearly present but a young-onset peak was barely discernable, comprising few cases. By contrast, in a tertiary referral center, age of onset was clearly bimodal. While age of ET onset is often said to be bimodal, this may be due to the preferential referral to tertiary centers of patients with young-onset, familial ET.


To understand when and why mood states influence creativity, the authors developed and tested a dual pathway to creativity model; creative fluency (number of ideas or insights) and originality (novelty) are functions of cognitive flexibility, persistence, or some combination thereof. Invoking work on arousal, psychophysiological processes, and working memory capacity, the authors argue that activating moods (e.g., angry, fearful, happy, elated) lead to more creative fluency and originality than do deactivating moods (e.g., sad, depressed, relaxed, serene). Furthermore, activating moods influence creative fluency and originality because of enhanced cognitive flexibility when tone is positive and because of enhanced persistence when tone is negative. Four studies with different mood manipulations and operationalizations of creativity (e.g., brainstorming, category inclusion tasks, gestalt completion tests) support the model.


AbstractThe purpose of this final paper is to compare the goals to aim for in the syllabus for EN 1201, using a textbook analysis, with six teaching materials. Three teaching materials for so-called vocational programs and three teaching materials for theoretical programs have been analysed to see whether the goals are reached or not. It has also been examined if there are any differences how the goals are reached for in the different programs. A personal interpretation of the goals has been made.The result showed that none of the teaching materials reached all the goals. There are mainly two goals missing in the books: (1) reflection over ways of living, cultural traditions and social conditions in English speaking countries, and (2) increased responsibility for developing the student's language ability. The goal which focuses on students' fields of study is often missing as well, but not to the same extent as (1) and (2) above. Grammar takes up an unproportionally big part of the textbooks and workbooks, considering the fact that there is no explicit goal about grammar in EN1201.The conclusion is that the teachers cannot build their teaching entirely on the teaching material. Teachers need to professionally interpret the goals and make their own local syllabus to support their teaching. Teachers have to find extra material in order to cover all the goals.Key words: EN 1201, goals to aim for, teaching material, vocational and theoretical programs, upper secondary school.


Governing risks is not only a technical matter, but also a matter of ethical and societal considerations. In this article, we argue that in addition to scientific and technical uncertainties, we need to also address normative uncertainties of risk decisions. We define normative uncertainties as situations where there are different partially morally defensible ‐‐ but incompatible ‐‐ options or courses of action, or ones in which there is no fully morally defensible option. We conceptualize normative uncertainties, distinguishing between the four categories of evolutionary, theoretical, conceptual, and epistemic normative uncertainties. We will show different instances of normative uncertainties in climate adaptation strategies. We finally present two methods for identifying and dealing with normative uncertainties, namely, the Wide Reflective Equilibrium and adaptive planning. Situations of normative uncertainties have always been and will continue to be present in risk decisions and they have often been dealt with in an implicit manner. In this article, we make them explicit, which could lead to better morally informed and justified decisions about climate risks.


The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an emerging promising candidate technology for the sixth-generation wireless networks, where the element spacing is usually of sub-wavelength. Only limited knowledge, however, has been gained about the spatial-temporal correlation behavior among the elements in an RIS. In this paper, we investigate the spatial-temporal correlation models for an RIS in a wireless communication system. Joint small-scale spatial-temporal correlation functions are provided and analyzed for both ideal isotropic scattering and more practical non-isotropic scattering environments, where the latter is studied via employing an angular distribution derived from real-world millimeter-wave measurements. Furthermore, for the special case of spatial-only correlation under isotropic scattering, an analytical expression is proposed to characterize the spatial degrees of freedom (DoF) for RISs with finite element spacing and aperture sizes in practice. Analytical and numerical results demonstrate that the joint spatial-temporal correlation can be represented by a four-dimensional sinc function under isotropic scattering, while the correlation is generally stronger with more fluctuation and significantly fewer dominant eigenvalues hence smaller DoF for non-isotropic scattering.


The spatial coordination of growth is of central importance for the regulation of plant tissue architecture. Individual layers, such as the epidermis, are clonally propagated and structurally maintained by symmetric cell divisions that are oriented along the plane of the layer. The developmental control of this process is poorly understood. The simple cellular basis and sheet-like structure of Arabidopsis integuments make them an attractive model system to address planar growth. Here we report on the characterization of the Arabidopsis UNICORN (UCN) gene. Analysis of ucn integuments reveals localized distortion of planar growth, eventually resulting in an ectopic multicellular protrusion. In addition, ucn mutants exhibit ectopic growth in filaments and petals, as well as aberrant embryogenesis. We further show that UCN encodes an active AGC VIII kinase. Genetic, biochemical, and cell biological data suggest that UCN suppresses ectopic growth in integuments by directly repressing the KANADI transcription factor ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE. Our findings indicate that UCN represents a unique plant growth regulator that maintains planar growth of integuments by repressing a developmental regulator involved in the control of early integument growth and polarity.


Hot Jupiters are a rare and interesting outcome of planet formation. Although more than 500 hot Jupiters (HJs) are known, most of them were discovered by a heterogeneous collection of surveys with selection biases that are difficult to quantify. Currently, our best knowledge of HJ demographics around FGK stars comes from the sample of ≈40 objects detected by the Kepler mission, which have a well-quantified selection function. Using the Kepler results, we simulate the characteristics of the population of nearby transiting HJs. A comparison between the known sample of nearby HJs and simulated magnitude-limited samples leads to four conclusions. (1) The known sample of HJs appears to be ≈75% complete for stars brighter than Gaia G ≤ 10.5, falling to ≲50% for G ≤ 12. (2) There are probably a few undiscovered HJs with host stars brighter than G ≈ 10 located within 10° of the Galactic plane. (3) The period and radius distributions of HJs may differ for F-type hosts (which dominate the nearby sample) and G-type hosts (which dominate the Kepler sample). (4) To obtain a magnitude-limited sample of HJs that is larger than the Kepler sample by an order of magnitude, the limiting magnitude should be approximately G ≈ 12.5. This magnitude limit is within the range for which NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite can easily detect HJs, presenting the opportunity to greatly expand our knowledge of hot-Jupiter demographics.


This chapter's goal is to survey Ashaninka Satipo (Arawak) commanding communicative moves. It argues that imperatives form a paradigm consisting of the first person cohortative construction with the discourse particle tsame 'come on', second person canonical imperative construction characterized by a special intonation, and the third person jussive construction formed either with the intentional =ta on the lexical verb or on the copula kant 'be this way'. In positive commands, the verbs are inflected for irrealis. The canonical imperative has a negative counterpart, whereas the cohortative and jussive verb forms lack them. While commanding, conversationalists tend to select specific linguistic resources which reflect their group membership status. Social equals have recourse to the same linguistic means as conversationalists in superior roles, but they also use the 'want' and 'wish' constructions and counter-assertive pronouns. The basic second person imperative forms are employed irrespective of the social status.