In situations where the environment is filled with dust or smoke, like in many emergency scenarios, it is still possible to sense the surrounding and build maps by using ultra-wideband (UWB) Radar. This can help firemen and other rescue personnel. In this paper, a method to solve the SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) problem is presented. Using UWB radar with a bat-type antenna array consisting of two RX antennas and one TX antenna in the middle, features of the surroundings are detected and used as landmarks for navigation. The main challenge of this approach is the problem of data association, i.e. the task of assigning time-of-flight measurements to corresponding landmarks. The solution presented in this article uses a state space model in combination with a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter.


Introduction Liver transplantation is an important measure of burden from hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated liver disease. Aims To describe transplant rates and survival in individuals with HCV infection from 2008 to 2017 in England through data linkage. Methods This is a retrospective observational cohort study. Laboratory reports of HCV infection were linked to the Liver Transplant Registry for individuals aged 15 years and over, first diagnosed between 1998 and 2017. We estimated age-sex standardised incidence rates and used Poisson regression to investigate predictors of liver transplantation and test for a change in incidence after introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in 2014. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate post-transplant survival rates. Results Of 124,238 individuals diagnosed with HCV infection, 1,480 were registered and 1,217 received a liver transplant. Of individuals registered, 1,395 had post-HCV cirrhosis and 636 had hepatocellular carcinoma (618 also had post-HCV cirrhosis). Median time from HCV diagnosis to transplant was 3.4 years (interquartile range: 1.3–6.8 years). Liver transplant rates were lower 2014–17 compared with 2011–13 (incidence rate ratio: 0.64; 95% confidence interval: 0.55–0.76). Survival rates were 93.4%, 79.9% and 67.9% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. Data linkage showed minimal under-reporting of HCV in the transplant registry. Conclusion In the post-DAA era, liver transplant rates have fallen in individuals with HCV infection, showing early impact of HCV treatment scale-up; but the short time from HCV diagnosis to liver transplant suggests late diagnosis is a problem.


This study aims to determine the pattern of distribution of School
Operational Assistance Program funds (BOS) in the city of Semarang, which is
one form of government spending in the form of subsidies for the education sector
as a compensation for the reduction of subsidies for fuel oil. Progression of the
School Operational Assistance program also investigated the role in addition to
the role of government, schools and communities in the passage of the School
Operational Assistance program. The city of Semarang is the capital city of
Central Java Province, Semarang therefore be an role model for other regions in
Central Java Province.
This research was conducted by survey method through questionnaires
distributed to schools which became the study sample. School that be sample of
this study is Tambak Aji 04 Elementary School, Pendrikan Tengah 02 Elementary
School, 16 junior high school, 30 junior high school and 07 junior high school that
located in the city of Semarang. In-depth interviews on school heads are used as
complementary data to complement the deficiencies contained in the Benefit
Incidence Analysis (BIA). BIA is used to see if the program is the School
Operational Assistance progressive policy. It is also used for mapping the
distribution of benefits to recipients of BOS funds.
Results indicated that the BOS is a progressive policy. BOS evenly
received by each class of society, but the role of government and society in terms
of surveillance is low, it is shown from the lack of government attention to the
difficulties faced by the school.Monitoring by the community also quite weak, this
is indicated by the lack of community response in terms of public ignorance about
the purpose of BOS, BOS amount received by the school, and lack of public
curiosity about the use of BOS funds are shown with 75% of respondents never
try to get information about the use of funds BOS at the school.


We develop a q -domain characteristic-based rate model for video transmission. Specifically, we extract three characteristics from the quantized discrete cosine transform spectra to construct an accurate rate-quantization (R-Q) model. Moreover, the extraction of the proposed characteristics requires only simple additive operations (additions, subtractions, and comparisons) and few multiplications. Based on the q-domain characteristic-based bitrate model, we develop an efficient two-level greedy-based rate controller for low delay video transmission. Extensive experimental results show that due to the efficiency and accurate estimation of both macroblock and frame-level R-Q models, the proposed rate controller better maintains the source bitrate to meet a predefined buffer delay time, and substantially enhances visual quality as compared with other rate controllers.


In the last days of his administration, former President Clinton made the United States a signatory to the Rome Treaty for the International Criminal Court, an unexpected move that allowed the United States to continue to participate in the shaping of the court. However, the signature neither indicated approval of the court nor the United States' willingness to be a full participant in it. Instead, many arguments against the participation of the United States exist, and the chances of ratification by the Congress are slim. This Note analyzes the United States' attempts to exempt itself from the Rome Treaty and the arguments against the United States' participation. The Note argues that the United States' participation in the ICC is necessary and appropriate to its position in the international community and supports the United States' full participation through ratification of the Treaty.


Thrust-producing harmonically oscillating foils are studied through force and power measurements, as well as visualization data, to classify the principal characteristics of the flow around and in the wake of the foil. Visualization data are obtained using digital particle image velocimetry at Reynolds number 1100, and force and power data are measured at Reynolds number 40 000. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions of linear and nonlinear inviscid theory and it is found that agreement between theory and experiment is good over a certain parametric range, when the wake consists of an array of alternating vortices and either very weak or no leading-edge vortices form. High propulsive efficiency, as high as 87%, is measured experimentally under conditions of optimal wake formation. Visualization results elucidate the basic mechanisms involved and show that conditions of high efficiency are associated with the formation on alternating sides of the foil of a moderately strong leading-edge vortex per half-cycle, which is convected downstream and interacts with trailing-edge vorticity, resulting eventually in the formation of a reverse Kármán street. The phase angle between transverse oscillation and angular motion is the critical parameter affecting the interaction of leading-edge and trailing-edge vorticity, as well as the efficiency of propulsion.


We study the problem of sequential prediction with coded side information under logarithmic loss (log-loss). We show an operational equivalence between this setup and lossy compression with log-loss distortion. Using this insight, together with recent work on lossy compression with log-loss, we connect prediction strategies with distributions in a certain subset of the probability simplex. This allows us to derive a Shtarkov-like bound for regret and to evaluate the regret for several illustrative classes of experts. In the present work, we mainly focus on the "batch" side information setting with sequential prediction.


When a riser array system is subjected to a uniform flow, an unstable flow-induced vibration commonly occurs among cylinders, generally called fluid-elastic instability. It can cause long-term or short-term damage to the riser array system. A numerical investigation has been performed in the present study. Generally, flow-induced vibrations include vortex-induced vibration (VIV), wake-induced vibration (WIV), jet switching, turbulent buffeting and fluid-elastic instability. The dynamic interactions among the fluid-induced vibrations, wake interference and proximity interference pose difficulties in the design and operation of the riser array system. The dynamics of a riser array system is very different from that of basic canonical configurations such as side-by-side, tandem and staggered arrangements. In a riser array system, the interferences come from all possible nearby constituent risers. There is a synchronization phenomenon among the cylinders, which may lead to detrimental collisions and short-term failures. It is known that the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of an isolated circular cylinder is self-limiting. An extensive vibration occurs in the lock-in region within which the frequency of the vortex shedding matches the structural frequency of the immersed structure. In a riser array system, there is a point at which the vibration of cylinder suddenly increases. The vibration of the constituent risers increases without bound with the increment of the free-stream velocity. This free-stream velocity is defined as the critical velocity. The interference not only comes from the inline and cross-flow directions, but also the wake interference from the diagonal upstream risers. In a riser array system, each riser vibrates independently. However, there is symmetry of frequency spectrum observed about the inline direction along the middle row of the risers.In this study, the dynamic response of the different risers in the array system is investigated with the help of the amplitude response results from the canonical arrangements (side-by-side and tandem) and wake flow structures. The long top-tensioned riser system can be idealized by two-dimensional elastically mounted cylinders to solve the complex fluid-structure interaction problem. The dynamic response of a typical riser array system has been analyzed at low and high Reynolds number. It is encouraging to see that the results reported in the present investigation can provide useful insight and suggestions in the design and optimization of riser systems to avoid collisions and various long-or short-term failures.Copyright © 2016 by ASME


In Papua New Guinea (PNG) cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is one of the most important cash crops grown in the tropical lowland and island regions. As in most cocoa-growing areas, phytophthora black pod and canker cause significant yield losses. Cocoa breeding activities in PNG are focused in East New Britain province where disease control recommendations are also developed. This study tested the hypothesis that there was no diversity in the Phytophthora palmivora population causing black pod on cocoa by characterizing the variation in pathogen populations within and between the five major cocoa-growing areas. Diseased pods were sampled hierarchically from the five locations and additional isolates were collected from soil, stem and leaf lesions, or retrieved from culture collections. Morphological characters showed continuous variation within the range described for P. palmivora. Genetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to one dominant clonal lineage, with restricted distributions of several other subpopulations. Lowest diversities were found in the geographically isolated Karkar Island and East Sepik province. Soil isolates showed greater genetic diversity than isolates from cocoa lesions. Intra-farm variation was as much as inter-farm or inter-province variation. Both mating types were detected, although no strong evidence of sexual recombination was observed. The analysis revealed limited geographic, temporal or host specialization, suggesting continuous selection for pathogenicity from a genetic pool of P. palmivora. These findings have significant implications on the deployment of cocoa genotypes, enforcement of inter-province quarantine and sustainable disease management strategies.


An experimental study of supersonic wing tip vortices has been conducted at Mach 2.49 using small-scale four-hole and five-hole conical probes, The study was performed 2.25 chords downstream of a semispan rectangular wing at angles of attack of 5.7 and 10.4 deg. The main objective of the experiments was to determine the Mach number, flow angularity and total pressure distribution in the core region of supersonic wing tip vortices. A secondary aim was to demonstrate the feasibility of calibrating a conical probe using a computational solution to predict the flow characteristics. Results of the present investigation showed that the numerically generated calibration data can be used for pointed nose four-hole conical probes but were not sufficiently accurate for conventional five-hole probes due to nose bluntness effects. A combination of four-hole conical probe measurements with independent pitot pressure measurements indicated a significant Mach number and total pressure deficit in the core regions of supersonic wing tip vortices, combined with an asymmetric ''Burger-like'' swirl distribution.


A process is an instance of an application execution. It encapsulates the environment seen by the application being run — essentially providing it with a sort of virtual machine. Thus a process can be said to be an abstraction of the computer. The application may be a program written by a user, or a system application. Users may run many instances of the same application at the same time, or run many different applications. Each such running application is a process. The process only exists for the duration of executing the application. A thread is part of a process. In particular, it represents the actual flow of the computation being done. Thus each process must have at least one thread. But mul-tithreading is also possible, where several threads execute within the context of the same process, by running different instructions from the same application. To read more: All operating system textbooks contain extensive discussions of processes, e.g. Stallings chapters 3 and 9 [15] and Silberschatz and Galvin chapters 4 and 5 [14]. In general, Stallings is more detailed. We will point out specific references for each topic. A process, being an abstraction of the computer, is largely defined by: • Its CPU state (register values). • Its address space (memory contents). • Its environment (as reflected in operating system tables). Each additional level gives a wider context for the computation.


Objectives. To explore the experiences of people with Parkinson's (PwP) who suffer from constipation, the impact this has on their lives, and the effect of using lifestyle changes and abdominal massage as a form of constipation management. Method. Fourteen semistructured interviews were completed (8 males and 6 females; mean age 72.2 years) at the end of a care programme, which consisted of either lifestyle advice and abdominal massage (intervention group; n = 7) or lifestyle advice only (control group; n = 7). Data were analysed using constant-comparison techniques and Framework methods. Themes and key quotes were identified to depict major findings. Findings. Four key themes were identified: (i) the adverse impact of bowel problems on quality of life; (ii) positive experience of behaviour adjustments: experimentation; (iii) abdominal massage as a dynamic and relaxing tool: experiential learning (intervention group only); (iv) abdominal massage as a contingency plan: hesitation (control group only). Constipation was reported as having a significant impact on quality of life. Participants in both groups perceived lifestyle advice to relieve symptoms. Specific improvements were described in those who also received the abdominal massage. Conclusions. Both lifestyle advice and abdominal massage were perceived to be beneficial in relieving symptoms of constipation for PwP.


Atherosclerosis, a chronic condition that can be converted into an acute clinical event caused by plaque rupture and thrombosis, has been the primary cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Dickkopf 3 (DKK3), a 36-kD secreted glycoprotein, has a role in cell differentiation, but little is known about its involvement in vascular disease. In the present study, we utilised a murine model of atherosclerosis (ApoE-/-) in conjunction with DKK3-/- to assess the effects of DKK3 on plaque stability. We found that the absence of DKK3 leads to vulnerable unstable atherosclerotic plaques, due to a reduced number of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and reduced matrix protein deposition, as well as increased haemorrhage and macrophage infiltration. Using a cell linear tracing method, vascular progenitors and fibroblasts from SM22-LacZ transgenic mice were isolated and applied to the adventitial side of injured femoral arteries resulting in migration of both types of cells to the intima. Upon migration the cells displayed beta-gal positivity, indicating SMC differentiation. Further in vitro studies revealed that DKK3 can induce differentiation of Sca1+ vascular progenitors and fibroblasts into SMCs via activation of the TGFβ/ATF6 and Wnt signalling pathways. Finally, we assessed the therapeutic potential of DKK3 in mouse and rabbit models and found that DKK3 increases atherosclerotic plaque stability via an increase in SMC numbers and reduced vascular inflammation. Cumulatively, we provide the first evidence that DKK3 is a potent SMC differentiation factor, which may have a therapeutic effect in reducing acute haemorrhagic conditions through promotion of atherosclerotic plaque stability.


The results of performance of 40 healthy volunteers (29.8 ± 2.47 y.o.) in four dual tasks that included postural balance task as a motor sub-task and calculation as a cognitive sub-task were compared to results of individual psychological assessment which measured working and spatial memory capacity, speed of attention switch etc. Performance of participants in dual tasks was not uniform. For each of four tasks four types of performance were observed. Those included decrease of performance in both or one task and increase of performance in both tasks. In one of the four dual tasks 30% of the group of participants performed in both components of dual task better then in separate motor and cognitive tasks. Better performance in this dual task correlated with higher speed of attention switch, higher estimates of spatial and working memory. Analysis of results of psychological and stabilografic investigations showed negative correlation between speed of sway of center of pressure (CoP) and speed of attention switch test, and also between amplitude of CoP sway along frontal axis and capacity of spatial and working memory. These correlations reflect involvement of cognitive resources in voluntary postural control and motor automatism in successful dual task performance. Selected variant of dual task could be used as an instrument of selection of individuals for activities related to high informational loads.


Solid oxide fuel cells, SOFCs, have attracted worldwide attention from wide applicability in a large-sized power plant, a distributed power supply, and an efficient cogeneration apparatus with extremely high efficiency of power generation. Doped-lanthanum gallate (La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3), which has been recently proposed as a new solid electrolyte, replaces Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), lowers the operating temperature of SOFC and then improves the mechanical reliability of the cells. In this study, the doped-lanthanum gallate was produced by combustion synthesis and its sintering behavior, the electrical conductivity, and life cycle assessment of this process from energy requirement and a carbon dioxide emission were analyzed by comparing with the conventional solid-state method. In the experiments of the combustion synthesis, lanthanum oxide, strontium carbonate, gallium oxide, metallic magnesium, and sodium perchlorate were well mixed with different substitution ratios of gallium by magnesium; 80, 60, 40, and 30 mole%, by using a ball mill and were ignited at one end of the mixture at nitrogen atmosphere to complete the combustion wave propagation of the exothermic reaction to the other end without any additional energy. As a result, all of the products, except the 80 mole% magnesium-containing lot, showed definite peaks of intermediates containing lanthanum gallate in X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns. Most significantly, the product containing 30 mole% magnesium, which was completely sintered at 100 K lower temperature (1673 K) compared to the solid state method (1773 K), showed the highest electrical conductivity, 0.08 Scm � 1 at 1073 K without the dependency of oxygen partial pressure, being almost the same as the world record. The results demonstrated that the combustion synthesis of SOFC electrolyte had the possibility of an innovative production process with several benefits, such as shortening of processing time, minimizing energy requirement and carbon dioxide emission, and deriving the excellent property of SOFCs.


Purpose
Mental health simulation is the educational practice of recreating clinical situations in safe environments using actors, followed by structured debriefing, to foster professional development and improve care. Although evidence outlines the benefits of simulation, few studies have examined the impact of interprofessional mental health simulation on healthcare trainees, which is more reflective of clinical care. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of mental health simulation training on students' confidence, attitudes, knowledge and perceived professional development and anticipated clinical practice.

Design/methodology/approach
Participants (n=56) were medical (41 per cent) and mental health nursing students (41 per cent), and clinical psychology trainees (18 per cent). Six simulated scenarios, involving one to three trainees, were followed by structured debriefs with trained facilitators. Scenarios, using actors, reflected patient journeys through emergency, medical and psychiatric settings. Participants' confidence, knowledge and attitudes were measured quantitatively using pre- and post-course self-report questionnaires. Perceptions of impact on professional development and clinical practice were assessed using thematic analysis of post-course questionnaire responses.

Findings
Knowledge, confidence and attitudes scores showed statistically significant increases, with large effect sizes. Thematic analyses highlighted themes of: interprofessionalism, communication skills, reflective practice, personal resilience, clinical skills and confidence.

Research limitations/implications
Further research should clarify the impact of interprofessional simulation training on mental health practice in the context of other training received.

Practical implications
Simulation training may begin to influence participants' professional development and future clinical practice and subsequently care delivered, supporting its increased use in mental health.

Originality/value
This study adds to nascent understandings of the use and potential of interprofessional mental health simulation, outlining innovative training, its positive outcomes and implications.


There is a growing international interest in informal payment for health care - a payment that patients give, typically to medical doctors, for formally free services. The phenomenon is widespread and persistent in post-communist countries, but also reported from other countries in Africa and Asia.
This thesis focuses on informal payments in Hungary, aiming to establish their scale and the motivation for giving, issues whose understanding are crucial in assessing their policy importance.
The theoretical literature can be summarised in two contrasting hypothesis for informal payments. One is that patients pay because they want better care, which implies that payments reflect, and may sustain, defects in service delivery. This thesis
elaborates a new theoretical framework that builds on this 'fee-for-service' hypothesis and Hirschman's theory of 'exit, voice, loyalty', identifying informal payments as one manifestation of another response to a perceived decline in health services:
informal/internal exit or 'inxit' for short. The opposing view, the 'donation' hypothesis, however, considers such payments as motivated by gratitude, with no adverse effect on performance of health care. Unfortunately, previously existing evidence is inconclusive regarding both the motivation and scale of informal payments.
The empirical part of this thesis addresses both issues directly, and also indirectly addresses motivation exploring any impact on equity, using a household survey, indepth interviews with patients and doctors, secondary analysis of existing datasets, official statistics and documentary analysis.
Findings suggest that informal payment is indeed a problem in Hungary. First, although it is not a substantial source of health care financing (less than 5% of total expenditures in 2001), its importance as an incentive comes from its extent and
distribution (at least 60% of the net income of family doctors and specialists) rather than its overall magnitude. Second, although survey findings did not confinn infonnal payment as a barrier to utilization and they supported gratitude as the most important motive, a contradiction has been found between the reasons for giving cited in the household survey and the revelation of pressures on patients to pay from in-depth interviews. Taken together, these suggest that payments generally take place a 'coercive' context, so the case for the 'donation' hypothesis is weak.


The objective of this paper is to investigate if academics and students share similar cognitive structures in relation to the True and Fair View (TFV) concept, a complex accounting principle, which has no official definition and is open to interpretation and professional judgement. A survey method was used to obtain data for this study. The survey allows us to explore academics and students cognitive structures in order to discover differences and the reasons for the variances if any.Our results show that academics and students do not share similar cognitive structures in three areas of interest: i) compliance with accounting rules and the fulfilment of True and Fair View, ii) the need to provide a written definition of True and Fair View, and iii) the interpretation of True and Fair View. The evidence can be interpreted due to the fact that academics and students tend to use different cognitive schemes in problem solving at least in complex concepts such as TFV. The evidence is supported by the cognitive load theory (CLT).We believe that useful financial information can be improved by understanding these differences and by subsequently implementing criteria in order to reduce the gap between academics and students in the area of information comprehension and presentation with the use of schemes, improvement in educational material and other assistance in the application and interpretation of written standards.


In the 21st century that we are living in, most of the people changed their habit
of nutrients. Fast foods became popular and take the place of main meals because of
the faster life which does not let people eat their meals at home. We became addictive to
those foods which do not really feed us. The faster the people started to eat, the faster
the restaurants became to work. So fast food restaurants found new ways to get used to
this hectic life-style. Many companies started to use trans-fats in their foods because
they're easy to use, inexpensive to produce and last a long time. These kinds of fats
give foods a desirable taste and texture. So they can make more money with less
spending and also be delicious. Trans-fats (or trans fatty acids) are created in an
industrial process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid.
As they do not exist naturally, trans-fats are difficult to metabolize and so they
accumulate in the fatty tissues of the body. They also cause an increase in the levels of
LDL (bad) cholesterol and a decrease in the levels of HDL (good) cholesterol, which can
lead to atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries) and a resultant increase in the
probability of strokes and heart problems. LDL is low-density lipoprotein; HDL is highdensity
lipoprotein. Their density is determined by the amount of proteins present in the
molecule. As HDLs have a much higher percentage of proteins as LDLs, they can
prevent the build-up of cholesterol in the arteries. The lower percentage of lipids in HDLs
means these can absorb more cholesterol and hence carry it from the arteries.


Histological changes in bone structure were induced at 12 weeks by experimental administration of bisphosphonates, which have been associated with osteonecrosis of the jaws. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of local administration of bisphosphonate on bone formation in rats. Surgically created bone defects were evaluated at 12 weeks by histological examination after bisphosphonate administration. Fifteen Wistar rats that underwent surgery to create a bone defect at the right femur were divided in 3 groups: 2 experimental groups and a control group. The 1st experimental group received bisphosphonate as a single 1-mL dose into the bone defect, the 2nd experimental group received 1 mL of bisphosphonate as a 10-day fractionated dose, and the control group comprised rats who did not receive any bisphosphonate. At 12 weeks after the injection, new bone tissue was collected and a histological examination was performed. At 12 weeks after the bisphosphonate administration, bone repair processes were found in both the experimental and control groups. The bone continuity in the intervention area was ensured by a continuous layer of bone tissue. Compared with the control, the repair processes were significantly more advanced in the experimental groups, the layer of bone tissue covering the bone defect being thicker and more consolidated and the trabeculae from the Haversian canal being thicker and denser. External and internal consolidation structures were present in animals from all of the groups. Bisphosphonate had a positive influence on bone formation. The stimulatory effect of the bisphosphonate increased with the number of administered doses.


Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to study solute drag by curvature-driven grain boundaries (GBs) in Cu–Ag solid solution. Although lattice diffusion is frozen on the MD timescale, the GB significantly accelerates the solute diffusion and alters the state of short-range order in lattice regions swept by its motion. The accelerated diffusion produces a nonuniform redistribution of the solute atoms in the form of GB clusters enhancing the solute drag by the Zener pinning mechanism. This finding points to an important role of lateral GB diffusion in the solute drag effect. A 1.5 at.%Ag alloying reduces the GB free energy by 10–20% while reducing the GB mobility coefficients by more than an order of magnitude. Given the greater impact of alloying on the GB mobility than on the capillary driving force, kinetic stabilization of nanomaterials against grain growth is likely to be more effective than thermodynamic stabilization aiming to reduce the GB free energy.


Multistakeholder processes are increasingly considered to be an important element of policy design, action planning, and implementation. By involving a broad base of stakeholders, municipal authorities are more likely to develop policies and programs that will meet the needs of both the municipality and its constituents, and are thus more inclusive and successful in their implementation. Because of its multisectoral character, with impacts on land use planning, health, food security, and economic development, among others, urban agriculture development calls for the involvement of multiple stakeholders, including individuals, and groups and organizations from both nongovernmental as well as governmental sectors. In doing so, requirements for setting up and managing successful multistakeholder processes, including sufficient financial resources, time, training, and creating mutual trust, have to be taken into account. This article will illustrate the multistakeholder process taken and lessons learned by the district of Villa Maria del Triunfo in Lima, Peru. It shows how such processes can result in urban agriculture becoming institutionalized, while at the same time providing concrete benefits for urban producers (such as enhanced food security and employment) and the city as a whole. Linking project implementation to policy formulation, including urban agriculture in land use planning, providing it with an institutional home, and regular monitoring and empowerment of urban farmer organizations prove to be key elements to ensure the sustainability and consolidation of an urban agriculture policy and program beyond the period of a given political administration and to plan for its future up-scaling.


Supramolecular gels are complex materials which have an expanding scope of industrial and biomedical applications, due to their unique viscoelastic properties, high biocompatibility and possibility of functionalisation. The hierarchical structure of molecular materials combines domains with drastically different degrees of ordering and molecular mobility. This makes their full characterisation a significant methodological and experimental challenge. The focus of this work was therefore the understanding of a variety of supramolecular semicrystalline gels in which very rigid solid components coexist with a dynamic and highly mobile solution phase. Using the examples of amino acid and urea-derivatives gelators, control of the self-assembly processes was successfully gained and tuning of the mechanical properties of the resulting materials by incorporating molecular structure modifications or introducing a variety of structurally diverse additives was achieved. Modification of the structure of the gel fibres was observed, which modulated the dynamic properties of the gel/solution interfaces and dictated the overall behaviour of the system, an aspect which is not commonly investigated in molecular gels.
The resulting single and multi-component gels were used as model materials for the development of an NMR-based general strategy capable of probing the several hierarchical levels present. The multiphasic character of molecular gels required the combined use of solid, solution-state and HR-MAS NMR methods. This project has expanded the understanding of saturation transfer difference NMR experiments, with special focus in their applicability and limitations for the study of supramolecular soft systems. This approach was validated using complementary techniques, more specifically, rheology, microscopy, X-ray diffraction and computational methods. By combining molecular level understanding and measurements of the bulk properties, a methodology which can be applied to other soft materials used in pharmaceutical, biomedical and food science applications was developed. Moreover, this approach might have a generic impact in different fields of science and technology, enabling one to direct the recognition and host-guest properties of soft solids, which is essential for their targeted applications.


The negative effect of biofouling on ship resistance has been investigated since the early days of naval architecture. However, for more precise prediction of fuel consumption of ships, understanding the effect of biofouling on ship propulsion performance is also important. In this study, CFD simulations for the full-scale performance of KP505 propeller in open water, including the presence of marine biofouling, were conducted. To predict the effect of barnacle fouling on the propeller performance, experimentally obtained roughness functions of barnacle fouling were employed in the wall-function of the CFD software. The roughness effect of barnacles of varying sizes and coverages on the propeller open water performance was predicted for advance coefficients ranging from 0.2 to 0.8. From the simulations, drastic effects of barnacle fouling on the propeller open water performance were found. The result suggests that the thrust coefficient decreases while the torque coefficient increases with increasing level of surface fouling, which leads to a reduction of the open water efficiency of the propeller. Further investigations into the roughness effect on the pressure and velocity field, surface pressure and wall shear stress, and propeller vortices were examined.


This thesis studies the reportage in the English
language press, primarily in Calcutta (but also covering Burma and
Britain) of the Second and Third Anglo-Burmese Wars of 1852 and
1885, respectively. The wars were overwhelmingly the result of a
combination of aggressive mercantilism and imperial territorial
ambitions. Following frequent commercial disputes with the Burmese
government, which customarily imposed a strict monopoly on trade,
local British mercantile communities in Burma looked to wider
audiences, including the British authorities, with a hope that it
would result in political interference. This circumstance opened
the way for the English newspapers, principally in Calcutta, to
make crucial contributions to the British imperial expansion in
Burma through news reporting. As this thesis demonstrates, the
press made use of news to produce a political thrust for the
Anglo-Burmese Wars in the early 1850s and 1885 - the scope of study
which has little been explored. This thesis presents three
complexities in the press news reporting on British imperial
expansion in Burma. First, the dynamics of news making is taken
into examination. This approach explores an internal structure of
the press, in particular, political and cultural roots of each
newspaper and how they contributed to the construction of news. Run
by and closely associated with people who had vested interests in
the British Empire, such as the mercantile classes and
missionaries, the newspapers became a political platform for these
interest groups. They seized commercial disputes between British
mercantile classes in Burma and the Burmese authorities in the
early 1850s and 1885 as an opportunity to advocate for intervention
- and, later, the annexation of Burma. Secondly, the production of
Burma's news throws light on the cross-border collaboration between
diverse imperial actors in various locations. This is important for
revising histories of Empire that inadvertently continue to
reproduce metropolitan-periphery dichotomies. The thesis shows how,
in addition to the people working in the newsrooms in Calcutta and
London, news and information from local British residents in Burma
- in particular, merchants and missionaries - significantly enabled
newspapers to push for British intervention. Newspaper editors,
policy makers, merchants and informants worked together as part of
a complex imperial web, furthering both their own interests and
positions as well as the overall interest of Empire. Thus, this
approach will broaden our understanding of the complexity of
British imperialism in Burma, where diverse imperial actors were
working in close collaboration to make the conquest of Burma
possible. Finally, the thesis also offers an important footnote to
the history of the press in the nineteenth century. While the
advent of the telegraph has been hailed as a revolution in
news-making of the time, the thesis shows how the elaborate claims
for telegraph revolutionising news need moderation in the Burmese
context for two reasons. One, telegrams made for…


We studied the interannual variation of late summer snow covered area (SCA), i.e. snowbeds and permanent snow patches, in northern Finland and analyzed the role of topographical factors and climatic conditions on the recent and future occurrence of summer snow. SCA for the years 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009 was derived from Landsat images using a normalized difference snow index (NDSI). Late summer SCA varied notably between the years (1.5–23.0 km2). A major part of the late summer snow was located above 900–1000 m and on northern and eastern slopes. A generalized additive model (GAM) showed that the number of years with snow present in 1 km grid squares was strongly positively related to altitude and terrain ruggedness. Parallel examination of interannual variation of SCA and climatic conditions showed that snow cover declines were linked to relatively low snowfall-to-rainfall ratios. Annual mean air temperatures, particularly spring and early winter temperatures, showed increasing trends during the study period. Projected increases in air temperatures and rainfall suggest earlier and more efficient snow melt in the future. This may threaten the occurrence of species and communities related to snowbeds and decrease the β-diversity of the landscape, and could also affect ecosystem services of the region.


ABSTRACT In the field of human nutrition, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for establishing causal relations between exposure to nutrients, foods, or dietary patterns and prespecified outcome measures, such as body composition, biomarkers, or event rates. Evidence-based dietary guidance is frequently derived from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these RCTs. Each decision made during the design and conduct of human nutrition RCTs will affect the utility and generalizability of the study results. Within the context of limited resources, the goal is to maximize the generalizability of the findings while producing the highest quality data and maintaining the highest levels of ethics and scientific integrity. The aim of this document is to discuss critical aspects of conducting human nutrition RCTs, including considerations for study design (parallel, crossover, factorial, cluster), institutional ethics approval (institutional review boards), recruitment and screening, intervention implementation, adherence and retention assessment, and statistical analyses considerations. Additional topics include distinguishing between efficacy and effectiveness, defining the research question(s), monitoring biomarker and outcome measures, and collecting and archiving data. Addressed are specific aspects of planning and conducting human nutrition RCTs, including types of interventions, inclusion/exclusion criteria, participant burden, randomization and blinding, trial initiation and monitoring, and the analysis plan.


The electron flux through the MoFe-protein of nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae determines the absolute and relative rates of 2H+ reduction to H2 and acetylene (C2H2) reduction to ethylene (C2H4) at saturating levels of reductant (Na2S2O4) and MgATP. High electron flux, induced by a high Fe-protein (Kp2)/MoFe protein (Kp1) ratio, favours C2H2 reduction. These data can be explained if ethylene, the two-electron reduction product of C2H2, is not released until three electrons have been transferred from Kp2 to Kp1. This explanation is also consistent with a pre-steady-state lag phase for C2H4 formation of 250 ms observed when functioning enzyme is quenched with acid. Electron flux through nitrogenase is inhibited by C2H2 at high protein concentrations. This is because the association rate between Kp1 and oxidized Kp2 is enhanced by C2H2, leading to an increased steady-state concentration of the inhibitory complex Kp2oxKp1C2H2. This effect is not relieved by CO. Thus CO and C2H2 (or C2H4) must be bound at the same time to distinct sites, presumably at Mo or Fe centres, on the enzyme.


A very unusual complication of measles was seen in two children recently. A 2-year-old healthy boy showed a typical measles infection. Two weeks after the onset, he suddenly complained of severe pain in the elbows, wrists, and knees, with swelling of these joints; he had several erythematous indurations on his arms and back, particularly on the left side. Maximum temperature was 38.5'C. All symptoms disappeared in 2 days. Measles antibody titre 6 weeks after the onset was 1/8, 9 months later 1/32. A 4-year-old boy developed painfully swollen knees and ankles, and a generalised indurated erythematous eruption 10 days after typical measles. There was slight fever (38.2°C). The symptoms disappeared after about 12 hours. Measles antibody titre 2 weeks after the onset was 1/8, and after 9 months 1/16. The corresponding rubella antibody titres were 1/8 and 1/64. The boys had had no contact with each other. About one year later, symptoms had not reappeared in either boy. Although articular complications are well known after some viral infections, I am not aware of such an association with measles.


Mn3Ga bulk material and thin films deposited on several different substrates have been investigated using x-ray and neutron diffraction, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, and electronic structure calculations using density-functional theory with the aim of determining the atomic site occupancy, magnetic moments, and magnetic structure of this tetragonal D022-structure compound. The Mn3Ga has close to ideal site occupancy, with Ga on 2a sites and Mn on 2b and 4d sites. The magnetic structure is basically ferrimagnetic, with the larger Mn moment of about 3 μB on the 2b site, which is coordinated by 8 Mn 4d and 4 Ga, and the smaller one on the 4d site, which is coordinated by 4 Mn 2b, 4 Ga, and 4 Mn 4d . The Mn d-band occupancy is close to 5 on both sites, and the orbital moments are small, <0.2 μB . The material nevertheless exhibits substantial uniaxial anisotropy,Ku = 1.0 MJ m−3, which originates from the 4d site. The 2b site has hard axis anisotropy, which together with an oscillatory exchange coupling from the first and second nearest neighbors, leads to a soft component of the magnetization in the c plane, coexisting with c-axis hysteresis loops exhibiting coercivity of up to 1.2 T, and magnetization in the range 110–220 kA m−1 at room temperature, depending on preparation conditions. Tetragonal Mn2Ga films behave similarly. Manganese is lost from both sites, but the films have substantially larger magnetization (480 kA m−1) and anisotropy constant (2.35 MJ m−3) than Mn3Ga.


Modem text-based and ancient historical accounts take the sack of Piraeus, the port of Athens in Greece, by the Romans under Sulla in 86 ВС as the terminal point of the history of the area in antiquity. Archaeological work on the town has tended so far to regard the post-Classical phases of the settlement as less interesting than those marking the 'heyday' of the port in the Classical period. This thesis explores the nature and scale of settlement in the area in the centuries spanning the town's destruction by the Romans in 86 ВС and the Late Roman period. The study is based on a re-assessment of archaeological data from old and recent rescue excavations in the modem town up to 1997. It also presents and discusses in detail the results of post-excavation work by the author on unpublished material from an extensive site excavated in the early 1980s, These results are compared to and synthesized with epigraphic and other testimonies to answer questions about the nature of settlement and the degree of social and cultural change in the area during the period in focus. The discussion focuses in particular on; 1) exploring continuity and change in the settlement patterns, demography and topography of the town, 2) the changing nature of domestic space and its organization, and 3) investigating patterns of pottery consumption and trade. These issues are examined in the context of the social, economic and cultural changes documented for the Roman imperial and Late Roman period by previous archaeological fieldwork and excavations in the region of southern Greece and the Aegean.


The demand and supply of credit in the rural credit markets is investigated in this article using household data from India. The aim is to study the effects of household, farm productive characteristics and the policy variables on the demand and supply of credit. A type 3 Tobit model is estimated which corrects for sample selection and endogeniety bias. In addition, a generalized Double Hurdle model is estimated where the information on the household's access to credit is included to estimate the demand and supply of credit. The results suggest that the size of the operational holdings, net-wealth, dependency ratio, educational level of the household and the wages and output prices are important determinants of the demand and supply of credit for farm households. The Double Hurdle model confirms that the 'size of land owned' plays a crucial role in whether the household has access to a loan or not.


PURPOSE
To compare in a single-blind study the reliability of quantitative measurements and subjective evaluations of contrast enhancement of the facial nerve in patients with idiopathic facial paralysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Magnetic resonance images with a 0.7 mm slice thickness (surface coil) were obtained in patients with idiopathic facial paralysis before and after administration of Gd-DTPA, 0.1 mmol/kg. The five intratemporal segments of the facial nerve were quantitatively measured and subjectively assessed by five radiologists as to the degree of enhancement. The results were compared as to the reliability of both methods.

RESULTS
Using the quantitative measuring method, 175 measurements were calculated from a total of 350 regions of interest. At all 35 measured sites, the five quantitative measurements produced identical results. In contrast, the subjective assessment of the five radiologists arrived at a majority consensus in only 16 sites. A complete agreement was not reached for any measured site.

CONCLUSION
The measured quantitative increase in signal intensity after administration of contrast medium is more reliable than subjective assessment. The quantitative method enables reproducible signal intensity measurements even for different window settings and can be easily and swiftly performed at the workstation.


Nine new species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) are described and illustrated from the western United States, Canada, Mexico, and Belize: Seven new species in the genus Neotrichia Morton, N. buenoi, N. chihuaha, N. contrerasi, N. maya, N. palitla, N. pinnacles, and N. sandersoni, one new species in the genus Oxyethira Eaton, O. pembertonensis, and one new species in the genus Metrichia Ross, M. mastelleri. As well, new records for N. mobilensis and Mayatrichia tuscaloosa and new illustrations of the male genitalia of Neotrichia jarochita Bueno- Soria and Mayatrichia tuscaloosa Harris and Sykora are provided.


Multistate models are widely used for describing life history processes. In studies where individuals are observed continuously, the transition times between states are known exactly. However, when individuals are observed intermittently, transition times and even the states visited between successive observations, may be unknown. Irregular intermittent observation is a special case of intermittent observation where the observation times vary across individuals. In the case of intermittent observation, we may not be able to estimate model parameters precisely. In the first part of the thesis, we review methods of estimation for Markov models in this situation, and provide a numerical study that shows the loss of efficiency in estimation for intermittent observation compared to continuous observation in both progressive and bi-directional multistate models. Then, application to data from the CANOC, Canadian Observational Cohort study of HIV-positive individuals whose virus has been suppressed by combination antiretroviral therapy, illustrates the effect of gap times on estimation efficiency. Irregular observation is very common in longitudinal data on disease history of individuals in observational studies. However, there are considerable challenges in checking models with these observation schemes, since there is a strong possibility that this irregularity may be induced by the dependency of inter-visit times on previous process history. As a result, followup visits from this kind of data are subject to disease state-dependency, which needs to be taken into account to prevent biased analysis. The second part of this thesis begins with a review on the estimation of marginal process features such as failure time distributions and prevalence probabilities in the context of Markov multistate models with intermittent observations. A method for estimation of these features is developed using Iniii verse Intensity Weights (IIW). This method corrects the estimation bias due to dependent observation times. Simulation studies illustrate that the proposed method yields estimates that are close to the true values, while the method that ignores the dependency yields estimates that differ substantially from the true values. Then, an application involving viral load dynamics in a group of individuals from the CANOC study is presented. In practice, we may want to consider models for which transition intensities depend on internal covariates related to previous process history. There are, however, challenges in fitting and checking models involving internal covariates, and in making predictions. In the third part of this thesis, we have developed an algorithm that simulates possible sample paths of individuals' processes, and we use it for prediction and model checking. Finally, there has been recent discussion of model assessment of multistate models. There remain, however, some difficulties in model assessment with irregular intermittent observations. The last part of this thesis addresses problems that arise with methods based on comparison of empirical and model-based estimates. We propose the use of likelihood ratio tests within the Markov process family, and methods of estimating the power of these tests are given. We also propose a method for comparing models based on different outcome spaces in terms of prediction. Finally, the proposed methods are applied to a group of individuals in the CANOC study.


The objective of this contribution is to form a clear picture of uncertainties we encounter in flood estimation, including both real-time flood forecasting and simulation for flood risk estimation. In simulation, we prefer the thesis of equifinality to obtain global optima. Many models producing acceptable simulations can be considered as multiple working hypotheses about the system process representations. Some of those hypotheses might later be confirmed or rejected, given additional data. In GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) the parameter sets are sampled randomly from physically reasonable ranges, often using uniform sampling where there is no strong information about prior expectations of parameter values. The parameter sets are then used to generate different realizations of the model outputs, which are then evaluated using some criteria (measures of likelihood) to provide a weight associated with each parameter set. Likelihood here is used in a much broader sense than in statistical inference. If some limits of effective observation error can be specified prior to running any simulations, models predicting outside of those limits can then be rejected as non-behavioural. Thus, any model evaluation of this type needs to take account of the multiple sources of model error more explicitly. This, however, is difficult for realistic cases. The procedure for the GLUE methodology is illustrated in examples. Usability for practical problems is suggested and future development is outlined.


In this study, bioactive properties and GC-MS analyses of the Camellia sinensis (seed, leaf, and blossom parts) and commercial black tea extracts were compared. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts were determined. The gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used to identify the major bioactive compounds in extracts. The TPC and antioxidant activity values of the alcohol extract prepared from the leaf part of the C. sinensis are higher than the other extracts. There was a strong correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant amount among the ethanol extracts of C. sinensis. In antimicrobial evaluation, the ethanol extracts showed more activity; the ethanolic extract of C. sinensis seeds was the most effective. GC-MS results indicated various organic compounds in the C. sinensis extracts, mainly saturated and unsaturated aromatic esters, aromatic alcohols, some cyclic structures, aromatic amine, and boranic esters with different therapeutic activities. The black tea extracts exhibited a more straightforward variety of bio components as aromatic esters and boranic ester. According to the obtained results, C. sinensis and black tea extracts would exert several beneficial effects by their biological activities thanks to the possible synergistic effect of chemical contents detected by GC-MS analysis. However, GC-MS results indicated that the black tea sample had much fewer bioconstituents than fresh C. sinensis plant samples.


Only four formae, inscribed plans of divided landscapes, have been preserved, and they have only been analysed and researched in individual, local contexts despite obvious similarities. They have been used mainly to discuss the actual land divisions that they depict, in attempts to connect the inscriptions to the landscape of each of the depicted colonial hinterlands. Consequently, they have been used mainly for the information they provide and have been classified as administrative documents. In this article, I will show the problems connected to this administrative objective, and suggest that instead these documents had commemorating or even propagandistic objectives. For the first time, the inscriptions are analysed together and interpreted as a coherent group. In order to separate the inscriptions from suggestive previous interpretations, the focus will be entirely on the inscriptions themselves. The strongly material-based approach puts the inscriptions front and centre, placing them in an appropriate epigraphical context. Whether or not the depicted landscapes were actual divisions which can be retraced in the landscape is not directly relevant, and in any case virtually impossible to establish; rather, it is the appearance, intended audience and effects of the inscriptions themselves that matter. This approach leads to the conclusion that the formae were not solely administrative documents, but they can be compared to the display of foundational documents such as important laws. Following this, agency is placed firmly with the emerging local colonial community, and the formae played a significant role in commemoration of the foundational rites, and the formation of a group identity.


The gaps between the blades and the shroud (or hub) of an axial blood pump affect the hydraulics, efficiency, and hemolytic performance. These gaps are critical parameters when a blood pump is manufactured. To evaluate the influence of blade gaps on axial blood pump performance, the flow characteristics inside an axial blood pump with different radial blade gaps were numerically simulated and analyzed with special attention paid to the hydraulic characteristics, gap flow, hydraulic efficiency, and hemolysis index (HI). In vitro hydraulic testing and particle image velocimetry testing were conducted to verify the numerical results. The simulation results showed that the efficiency and pressure rise decreased when the gap increased. The efficiency of the axial blood pump at design point decreased from 37.1% to 27.1% and the pressure rise decreased from 127.4 to 71.2 mm Hg when the gap increased from 0.1 to 0.3 mm. Return and vortex flows were present in the outlet guide vane channels when the gap was larger than 0.2 mm. The HI of the blood pump with a 0.1 mm gap was 1.5-fold greater than that with a 0.3 mm gap. The results illustrated poor hydraulic characteristics when the gap was larger than 0.15 mm and rapidly deteriorated hemolysis when the gap was larger than 0.1 mm. The numerical and experimental results demonstrated that the pressure rise, pump efficiency, and scalar shear stress decreased when the gap increased. The HI did not strictly decrease with gap increases. The preliminary results encourage the improvement of axial blood pump designs.


Mantispids (Mantispa styriaca) are predatory insects; on bright sunny days, they wait in ambush for insect prey. The prey is captured as soon as it is within reach by means of lightning-speed strikes with the powerful forelegs. The strikes can take less than 60 ms. The mantispid accomplishes this almost as effectively as the larger praying mantis, which occupies a similar habitat, even though the praying mantis has apposition eyes with a high-resolution fovea, whereas the mantispid has unspecialized optical superposition eyes. Mantispa styriaca reacts to an item of prey when the latter covers a critical visual angle. The detection of prey immediately triggers adjustment reactions in the mantispid, which attempts to position the prey item in the visual field of both eyes and in the capture zone. Irrespective of the size of the prey, the capture reaction of the mantispid is always triggered if the distance to the prey falls below a certain critical value. As indicated by the analysis of individual video frames, immediately before an aimed strike, the item of prey is always positioned exactly in the centre of the binocular field of vision in the extended midsagittal plane of the mantispid's head. The strike may be triggered by the ommatidia of the left and right eyes, the lines of sight of which converge precisely on this region. The principal conclusion to be drawn is that the prey-capture behaviour of the mantispid appears to be based on a triangulation mechanism.


Speculative parallelization is a technique that complements automatic compiler parallelization by allowing code sections that cannot be fully analyzed by the compiler to be aggressively executed in parallel. However, while speculative parallelization can potentially deliver significant speedups, several overheads associated with the technique limit these speedups in practice. We propose a novel compiler model of speculative multithreaded execution that can be used to reason about the overheads and expected resulting performance gains, or losses, from speculative parallelization. This model is based on estimating the likely execution duration of threads, properly takes into account the scheduling restrictions of most speculative execution environments, and can include all speculative parallelization overheads. Also, different from heuristics that attempt to qualitatively estimate potentially "good" or "bad" sections for speculative multithreaded execution, this model allows the compiler to estimate the speedup or slowdown quantitatively. Such quantitative estimate can then be used by the compiler or run-time system to make more complex and educated tradeoff decisions. We use the proposed framework on a number of loops from a collection of SPEC benchmarks that suffer mainly from load imbalance and thread dispatch and commit overheads. Experimental results show that our framework can identify on average 68% of the loops that cause slowdowns and on average 97% of the loops that lead to speedups. In fact, our framework predicts the speedups or slowdowns with an error of less than 20% for an average of 44% of the loops across the benchmarks, and with an error of less than 50% for an average of 84% of the loops. Overall, our framework leads to a performance improvement of 5% on average, and as high as 38%, over a naive approach that attempts to speculatively parallelize all the loops considered.


In reinforced concrete columns design, P-M interaction diagram is used as axial load control and column bending without taking into account the effect of lateral reinforcement bars. Design principles that ignore the effect of reinforcement bars will result in low value of actual axial capacity of column. This paper presents the effect of lateral reinforcement with a case study of square-sectional columns on high-strength concrete. The equation of unconfined concrete strength enhancement is based on Mander, Legeron, Imran, Antonius and Muguruma models. The reviewed parameters include compressive strength of concrete, reinforcement configuration, and spacings of confinement. The result of the analysis is a comparison of P-M diagram based on confinement models. It shows that confinement significantly influences axial capacity of column, yet it has a certain collapse point at point P = 0 in all models. This is caused by longitudinal reinforcement system. Configuration of reinforcement, spacing and confinement models greatly affects the collapse behavior of column, whether the collapse is classified as compressive collapse or tensile collapse based on the P-M diagram.


In conventional fractal image compression the decoding amounts to iterating an aane map on an arbitrary initial image until convergence. It has been observed that the convergence of the decoding can be accelerated by updating each pixel as soon as its new value is available. However, no analysis was provided on the dependence of this algorithm on the order in which the pixels are decoded. In this paper a technique is proposed where the ordering is based on the frequency with which a pixel was used in the fractal code. Simulations on several images show that this approach enables a faster convergence than the natural method where the pixels are decoded according to the order in which the ranges were encoded.


In times of accelerating earth system transformations and their potentially disruptive societal consequences, imagining and governing the future is now a core challenge for sustainability research and practice. Much social science and sustainability science scholarship increasingly engages with the future. There is, however, a lack of scrutiny of how the future is envisioned in these literatures, and with what implications for governance in the present. This article analyses these two aspects, building on the concept of "anticipatory governance." We understand anticipatory governance to broadly mean governing in the present to adapt to or shape uncertain futures. We review perspectives within public policy, futures studies, social–ecological systems, environmental policy and governance, transition studies, science and technology studies, and responsible research and innovation literatures. All these literatures engage explicitly or implicitly with the notion of anticipatory governance, yet from distinct ontological and epistemological starting points. Through our review, we identify four approaches to anticipatory governance that differ with regard to (a) their conceptions of and engagement with the future; (b) their implications for actions to be taken in the present; and (c) the ultimate end to be realized through anticipatory governance. We then map onto these four approaches a diverse set of methods and tools of anticipation that each engages with. In concluding, we discuss how these four approaches provide a useful analytical lens through which to assess ongoing practices of anticipatory governance in the climate and sustainability realm.


When developing autonomous systems, engineers and other stake-holders make great efforts to prepare the system for all foreseeable circumstances. However, such systems are still bound to encounter situations that were not considered at design time. For reasons like safety, cost, or ethics it is often highly desired that these new cases be handled correctly upon first encounter. In this paper, we first justify our position that there will always exist unpredicted events and conditions, driven by, e.g., new inventions in the real world, the diversity of world-wide system deployments and uses, and the possibility that multiple events that were unforeseen at design time (or overlooked, or knowingly abandoned following cost-benefit-risk calculations) will not only occur, but will occur together. We then argue that despite the unpredictability, handling such situations is indeed possible. Hence, we offer and exemplify design principles, which, when applied in advance, can improve the system's ability to deal with unpredicted situations. We conclude with a discussion of how this work and a much-needed thorough study of the unexpected can contribute toward a foundation of engineering principles for developing trustworthy next-generation autonomous systems.


Clinical and statistical investigations were performed on 157 patients with prostate carcinoma in the Third Teaching Hospital, Normal Bethune University experienced between January, 1950 and June, 1986. The number of patients with prostate carcinoma among other hospitalized patients showed a recent gradual increase. The patient's age at the time the disease was first diagnosed was most frequently between 60 and 69 years old with an average age of 63.3 years. Dysuria was the most prominent symptom, followed by frequency, retention and macroscopic hematuria. Duration between initial symptom and diagnosis was one to two years in most patients. The prostatic abnormality could be detected by rectal examination in all patients. Elevation of serum acid phosphatase was found in 24.4%. Such elevation was evident in 52.2% of the patients with metastatic lesions, compared to 14.4% of those without metastasis. Fourteen patients had metastasis to bone (8.9%), 13 to lymph nodes, 2 to lung and one to liver. According to the staging diagnosis, 19 patients (12.1%) had stage A, 78 patients (49.7%) had stage B, 20 patients (12.7%) had stage C and 40 patients (25.5%) had stage D carcinoma. Histological findings in 57 patients indicated adenocarcinomas; 39 cases (68.4%) were poorly differentiated, 12 cases (21.2%) were moderately differentiated and 6 cases (10.5%) were well differentiated. Modality of treatment was total prostatectomy in 2 cases (1.3%), antiandrogen therapy (orchiectomy and/or Stilbestrol) in 122 cases (77.7%), subcapsular prostatectomy in 7 cases (4.5%), symptomatic treatment in 5 cases and no treatment in 23 cases (14.6%).


The inhibition of kallikrein and factor XIa by protein C inhibitor (PCI) was studied. The method of Suzuki et al. [Suzuki, K., Nishioka, J., & Hashimoto, S. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 163-168] for the purification of PCI was modified in order to avoid the generation of proteolytic activity and subsequent inactivation of PCI. With the use of soybean trypsin inhibitor, an efficient inhibitor of kallikrein and factor XIa, the generation of proteolytic activity was avoided. The kinetics for the inactivation of activated protein C (APC), kallikrein, and factor XIa by PCI were determined. In the absence of heparin, no inactivation of APC was observed, in contrast to kallikrein and factor XIa, which are inhibited with second-order rate constants of (11 +/- 4) X 10(4) and (0.94 +/- 0.07) X 10(4) M-1 s-1, respectively. Addition of heparin potentiated the inhibition of APC [(1.2 +/- 0.2) X 10(4) M-1 s-1] and factor XIa [(9.1 +/- 0.7) X 10(4) M-1 s-1] by PCI, whereas the inhibition of kallikrein by PCI was unchanged [(10 +/- 1) X 10(4) M-1 s-1]. The second-order rate constants for the inhibition of kallikrein or factor XIa by PCI were similar to the second-order rate constants for the inhibition of their isolated light chains by PCI, indicating a minor role for the heavy chains of both molecules in the inactivation reactions. With sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, complex formation of APC, kallikrein, and factor XIa with PCI could be demonstrated. APC and kallikrein formed 1:1 molar complexes with PCI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Aims Altered sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) homeostasis and signaling is implicated in various inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis. As S1P levels are tightly controlled by S1P lyase, we investigated the impact of hematopoietic S1P lyase (Sgpl1−/−) deficiency on leukocyte subsets relevant to atherosclerosis. Methods and Results LDL receptor deficient mice that were transplanted with Sgpl1−/− bone marrow showed disrupted S1P gradients translating into lymphopenia and abrogated lymphocyte mitogenic and cytokine response as compared to controls. Remarkably however, Sgpl1−/− chimeras displayed mild monocytosis, due to impeded stromal retention and myelopoiesis, and plasma cytokine and macrophage expression patterns, that were largely compatible with classical macrophage activation. Collectively these two phenotypic features of Sgpl1 deficiency culminated in diminished atherogenic response. Conclusions Here we not only firmly establish the critical role of hematopoietic S1P lyase in controlling S1P levels and T cell trafficking in blood and lymphoid tissue, but also identify leukocyte Sgpl1 as critical factor in monocyte macrophage differentiation and function. Its, partly counterbalancing, pro- and anti-inflammatory activity spectrum imply that intervention in S1P lyase function in inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis should be considered with caution.


Soon after the introduction of a new type of explosive in the North Staffordshire coal field, a number of coal miners were seen with acute pulmonary oedema (Kennedy, 1960). These and other coal miners who gave a history of excessive exposure to fumes from shotfiring over a number of years, were followed up between 1960 and 1970. It would appear that both acute and chronic illness may result from excessive exposure to fumes from shotfiring. Short, heavy exposures to fumes may result in acute chest illness from which there may be full recovery. However, exposure to fumes over months or years appears to be associated with the development of an emphysema-like condition. Many of the miners who developed acute pulmonary oedema or severe acute chest illnesses also had prolonged exposure to fumes and later developed emphysema (Kennedy), 1970a, 1970b, 1972).


Enmeshed modes of digital communication are based on public disclosure and the exposed space of the digital, that is to say, where an idea shared is always already an idea utilized by someone else. Background: Community-based practices of open source software development offer a model for enmeshed private-public digital humanities (DH) research that can balance the demands of macro or global digital disruptive forces with the needs of everyday learning communities. Analysis: In the space of enmeshed modes of digital communication, knowledge is not owned, since it is essentially discovery-based. Conclusion and implications: Digital literacy is key for contemporary DH knowledge production, yet also needs to be active (not a passive information technology awareness or ability) about building, making, and improving, as well as functioning within an open environment.


Global Storm-Resolving Models (GSRMs) have gained widespread interest because of the unprecedented detail with which they resolve the global climate. However, it remains difficult to quantify objective differences in how GSRMs resolve complex atmospheric formations. This lack of comprehensive tools for comparing model similarities is a problem in many disparate fields that involve simulation tools for complex data. To address this challenge we develop methods to estimate distributional distances based on both nonlinear dimensionality reduction and vector quantization. Our approach automatically learns physically meaningful notions of similarity from low-dimensional latent data representations that the different models produce. This enables an intercomparison of nine GSRMs based on their high-dimensional simulation data (2D vertical velocity snapshots) and reveals that only six are similar in their representation of atmospheric dynamics. Furthermore, we uncover signatures of the convective response to global warming in a fully unsupervised way. Our study provides a path toward evaluating future high-resolution simulation data more objectively.


This paper summarises a research programme on the new immigrant second generation initiated in the early 1990s and completed in 2006. The four field waves of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) are described and the main theoretical models emerging from it are presented and graphically summarised. After considering critical views of this theory, we present the most recent results from this longitudinal research programme in the form of quantitative models predicting downward assimilation in early adulthood and qualitative interviews identifying ways for the disadvantaged children of immigrants to escape it. Quantitative results strongly support the predicted effects of exogenous variables identified by segmented assimilation theory and identify the intervening factors during adolescence that mediate their influence on adult outcomes. Qualitative evidence gathered during the last stage of the study points to three factors that can lead to exceptional educational achievement among disadvantaged youths, and which indicate the positive influence of selective acculturation. Finally, the implications of these findings for theory and policy are discussed.


: The authors describe a family where the mother and daughter had a number of somatic signs (cutis gyrata on the chin, abnormal growth of hair behind the ears, peculiar dilatation of the intracutaneous vein on the upper arm, etc). The daughter has oligophrenia of the debility type; mother is intellectually normal. It appears that here the authors have encountered a new dominant hereditary syndrome with multiple congenital abnormalities.


This article aims to offer a new route into the study of Carlos Bulosan's America Is in the Heart by going beyond the usual sociocultural focus and turning instead to the material, specifically the illnesses and injuries borne by Filipino bodies—tuberculosis, syphilis, hunger, injuries, even death—to learn about their colonial and migrant experiences In the novel, tuberculosis affects working-class migrant Filipinos disproportionately in both the Philippines and the United States of America Migrant Filipinos are also constantly haunted by hunger and are always injured, or even shot;and working-class women frequently die from syphilis Applying ecocritical theories to study the entanglement between the novel's material and social environment, this article argues that human bodies are socialized bodies: the Filipino characters' bodily illnesses and injuries are testimony to the cruel social injustices they have suffered This article further uses Rob Nixon's concept of "slow violence" to argue that tuberculosis, syphilis, and hunger are manifestations of the slow violence that bring into light the hidden cost of colonialism, racism, sexism, and class oppression, while images of shot or beaten Filipino bodies are "quick violence" that force us to face the bloodiness of racial oppression directly Lastly, this article examines where healing and hope for resistance lie © Ateneo de Manila University


With consultations having been held across Australia this year as part of the process of developing a new National Alcohol Strategy, it seemed timely to invite my colleagues from the National Drug Research Institute who are experts in the alcohol field to write this Harm Reduction Digest. The authors have canvassed a range of alcohol policy options and discussed their effectiveness in reducing harm for what is arguably Australia's number one drug problem. Australia's response to alcohol and other drug problems has, historically, been based on 'harm minimization--incorporating supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction'. At this time where the policy options for alcohol are being set for the next 5 years in a climate of 'small government', removing restrictions of 'fair competition' in business and a belief in the free market, what does the research have to say about recommended policies and strategies to reduce alcohol-related harm?


This article contributes to a further introduction of continuous optimization in the field of computational biology which is one of the most challenging and emerging areas of science, in addition to foundations presented and the state-of-the-art displayed in [C.A. Floudas and P.M. Pardalos, eds., Optimization in Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biology: Local and Global Approaches, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2000]. Based on a summary of earlier works by the coauthors and their colleagues, it refines the model on gene-environment patterns by a problem from generalized semi-infinite programming (GSIP), and characterizes the condition of its structural stability. Furthermore, our paper tries to detect and understand structural frontiers of our methods applied to the recently introduced gene-environment networks and tries to overcome them. Computational biology is interdisciplinary, but it also looks for its mathematical foundations. From data got by DNA microarray experiments, non-linear ordinary differential equations are extracted by the optimization of least-squares errors; then we derive corresponding time-discretized dynamical systems. Using a combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences we can detect the regions of parametric stability, contributing to a testing the goodness of data fitting of the model. To represent and interpret the dynamics, certain matrices, genetic networks and, more generally, gene-environment networks serve. Here, we consider n genes in possible dependence with m special environmental factors and a cumulative one. These networks are subject of discrete mathematical questions, but very large structures, such that we need to simplify them. This is undertaken in a careful optimization with constraints, aiming at a balanced connectedness, incorporates any type of a priori knowledge or request and should be done carefully enough to be robust against disturbation by the environment. In this way, we take into account attacks on the network, knockout phenomena and catastrophies, but also changes in lifestyle and effects of education as far as they can approximately be quantified. We characterize the structural stability of the GSIP problem against perturbations like changes between data series or due to outliers. We give explanations on the numerics and the use of splines. This study is an attempt to demonstrate some beauty and applicabilty of continuous optimization which might together one day give a support in health care, food engineering, biomedicine and -technology, including elements of bioenergy and biomaterials. †Dedicated to Prof. Dr H. Th. Jongen on the occasion of his 60th birthday in admiration of his scientific work.


The Eighth Amendment forbids cruel and unusual punishments. The Supreme Court has found in the Amendment a guarantee that punishment be proportionate to the crime. Although the requirement technically applies equally to all punishment, in practice the Court has used the guarantee strictly to regulate capital punishment — a practice it recently extended to life without parole sentences for juveniles — but has abdicated almost entirely on noncapital sentences. States have authority to regulate excessive punishment under their state constitutions, but most have chosen to interpret their state proportionality clauses in lockstep with the Eighth Amendment. Even the states that have found greater protection in their constitutions have done so cautiously, striking down only the rare sentence so absurd that the legislature could not possibly have intended the result. This Note suggests that states should aggressively police the proportionality of noncapital sentences under their state constitutions. Part I discusses extant noncapital proportionality, both the United States Supreme Court's Eighth Amendment doctrine and states' responses to either heighten standards of review or to march in lockstep with the Court. Part II discusses the primary basis for state courts' failure to regulate proportionality — that regulating sentences would be intervening into legislative judgment of retributive fit — and its deep flaws. State courts ignore that criminal codes bear little relation to actual crime and punishment — criminal liability is so broad and sentences so punitive that legislatures have essentially delegated decisions on criminality and sentence length to prosecutors. Prosecutors, in turn, routinely deliver disproportionate sentences because prosecutors are local political actors who push the actual costs of incarceration onto state governments; because the public pushes for ever-harsher sentences; and because prosecutors deliver trial penalties to defendants who refuse to plead guilty. Much of the Supreme Court's cautiousness comes from its broader fear about intervention in state criminal justice systems; this fear is legitimate but should carry no weight with state courts, which are part of state criminal justice systems. Part III addresses the remaining arguments against aggressive state proportionality review — that states should interpret their parallel provisions in the same manner as the federal provision and that judges are institutionally incompetent to make decisions about comparative blameworthiness. The Note concludes that states should use their constitutions to pursue aggressive noncapital proportionality review.


IMPORTANCE
Little is known about the association between sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI).

OBJECTIVE
To explore the association between SSNHL and VBI.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This investigation was a population-based, case-control study. Patients from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2011, were retrospectively identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, which includes claims data on a random sample of 1 million people.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Using propensity score matching on age and sex, patients were stratified at a 1:4 ratio into a study group comprising 5304 patients with a diagnosis of SSNHL and a control group comprising 21 216 patients. Those with a diagnosis of VBI before the index date (the date each patient was diagnosed as having SSNHL) in both groups were then identified. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs as a measure of the association between SSNHL and VBI.

RESULTS
The study cohort comprised 26 520 patients. Their mean (SD) age was 51.3 (17.2) years, and 47.1% (12 500 of 26 520) were female. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency was diagnosed before the index date in 0.5% (26 of 5304) of patients with SSNHL and in 0.2% (38 of 21 216) of controls without SSNHL. After adjusting for comorbid medical disorders, patients with SSNHL were more likely than controls to have had VBI (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.02-3.04). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of VBI among male patients with SSNHL vs male controls (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 0.87-3.40) or among female patients with SSNHL vs female controls (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 0.76-4.59).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Patients with VBI appear to be at increased risk of developing SSNHL. Further research is needed to investigate the association among the severity of VBI, the risk of SSNHL, and the pattern of the audiometric curve.


The primary aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of HIV infection in Nagaland and to study knowledge and attitude of study participants towards HIV/AIDS and related Government programs. A population based survey was carried out during April-October, 2007. Stratifi ed sampling technique was adopted with an anonymous, linked design for HIV testing using Dried Blood Spot Testing Method (Tri-Dot). A total of 1965 households were interviewed in which 5661 eligible respondents (male:15-54 years and female:15-49 years) completed the interview. The total individual response rate was 95.2%. Blood samples were collected from 5637 respondents. Results revealed that the prevalence of HIV was estimated to be 0.74% in Nagaland. Dimapur was identifi ed as the only district where HIV prevalence was higher than 1%. Wokha (0.98%) and Tuensang (0.92%) also had higher prevalence compared to other districts. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods and the services available under National HIV/AIDS program was low. Further steps therefore need to be taken to ensure higher utilization of services. Keywords : Population based survey; HIV prevalence; Nagaland DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v6i1.3058 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2009 VI (1) 1-11


Background: The purpose of this report was to present an extreme and unusual case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving three endocrine organs (breast, adrenals, testis), and to review the literature concerning this malignancy. Case Report: A 52-year-old man with a 2-month history of breast and testis masses and 11.5 kg of weight loss was admitted to the hospital of Karadeniz Technical University. After biopsy of the breast a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was diagnosed (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma according to REAL classification). A computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen confirmed the presence of large masses located in the upper poles of both kidneys. CT-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy revealed a similar histopathologic pattern in the breast. The hormone analysis showed no abnormalities. Simple mastectomy and orchiectomy were performed, and chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisolone) was administered. During the resting period of chemotherapy, the patient died from progression of the disease. Conclusion: Non-Hodg-kin's lymphoma can be located very rarely in the breast, testis and adrenals. In this case we can not propose which organ system was primarily involved and which other organs were metastasized. Despite maximal therapeutic and supportive measures, prognosis is poor.


The case of embezzlement with the dependent Bagus Pritono Aji do abuse of the authority to do billing money to Hengki Hendra as the owner of the shop Jumbo Digital with the use of an invoice made UD.Denka Elektrindo. Without permission from other people, the money used for the sake of personal defendants. Central Jakarta Court dropped the felony to the decided to sent the defendant to jail for 1 (one) year . The results of the research show that in the process of proving the charges, the Prosecutor can't present witnesses so the judge asked the Prosecutor to read from the witness discription. To prove the allegations by witnesses that was read by the prosecutor on a case of embezzlement in the department is not in accordance with the terms of the Criminal Procedure Code, because according to the terms of Article 185 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code mentioned that witnesses as a means of evidence is what the witness stated in court. Witnesses is carried out by the public prosecutor considered by the Judge with the stipulation that the witnesses-the witness has conformity with the statements of the accused as well as the device evidence the invoice billing. The testimony was read by a prosecutor that in this case the judge also come under consideration because it can be made a tool of evidence clues that can lead to the conviction of a judge in a cut scene in accordance with Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Key words : Embezzlement for practicing, Evidence, Witness


The scientific community, public organizations and administrations have generated a large amount of data concerning the environment. There is a need to allow sharing and exchange of this type of information by various kinds of users including scientists, decision-makers and public authorities. Metadata arises as the solution to support these requirements. We present a formal framework for classification of metadata that will give a uniform definition of what metadata is, how it can be used and where it must be used. This framework also provides a procedure for classifying elements of existing metadata standards.


An intricate area in communication and translation for Arab learners of English is collocation. This paper attempts to assess Arab MA students' comprehension and use of collocation at four Arab universities. Testing these two factors relied on three questionnaires. The first consisted of 20 collocations in Arabic for the 96 respondents to translate into English; the second had 20 English collocations to be translated into Arabic. The third had 9 English collocations with four choices for each along with their Arabic translation equivalents, and the respondents were requested to choose the best collocator for each base. The respondents had no access to any references. The findings revealed that the errors in Questionnaire 1 were 1478 out of 1920 (76.979%), 1218 out of 1920 (63.437%) in Questionnaire 2, and 2712 out of 3456 (78.472%) in the choices of Questionnaire 3. The reasons for such weaknesses were analyzed and suggestions were made.


Although art prices and art returns have been long studied, there is still work to be done in gaining more insights in the factors that might play a role in art price formation. One of the factors that is commonly believed to have a negative effect on art prices, is the event of a failure in auction, also known as the burning effect. Little is known about the burning effect or its scope, as it has only been explored by a handful of researchers who mainly focused on the painting medium. This shortfall in knowledge on whether items burn after having failed, is being reflected in the precarious approach of the topic. Its very existence has been doubted, or is even thought of as a myth. Nevertheless, the relevance of gaining knowledge on this topic is of growing importance, as a new group of investment-focused art collectors is emerging. In addition, the magnitude of the burning effect has direct implications for sellers and auction houses in setting reserve prices. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the existence and magnitude of the burning effect. The following research question was the main focus: 'To what extent does the failure to find a buyer and thus the failure to sell affect the returns for photographs in public art auctions?'. This question was answered using a data set of repeat auction sales containing photographs of the Dusseldorf School of Photography, which provided the opportunity to expand the knowledge on the burning effect to another medium than paintings. The data set contained 529 "sold, sold" observations, of which 237 included one or two fails in between the sold events. For the statistical analysis, a pooled OLS repeat sales regression was carried out. Photographs that failed once or twice in between two successful auction sales were found to return significantly less than photographs that did not fail. Thus, the burning effect had a magnitude of -11 percent (p<.05). Photographs that did not fail in between two successful sales were found to return 11 percent more (p<.05). These results are in line with earlier findings of researches on similar topics. Based on the results, the conclusion suggests that the burning effect is existent for photographs and could thus be taken into account in predicting art prices and returns on art.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the antinociceptive effects of epidural administration of morphine or buprenorphine in cats by use of a thermal threshold model.

ANIMALS
6 healthy adult cats.

PROCEDURES
Baseline thermal threshold was determined in duplicate. Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Morphine (100 microg/kg diluted with saline [0.9% NaCl] solution to a total volume of 0.3 mL/kg), buprenorphine (12.5 microg/kg diluted with saline solution to a total volume of 0.3 mL/kg), or saline solution (0.3 mL/kg) was administered into the epidural space according to a Latin square design. Thermal threshold was determined at various times up to 24 hours after epidural injection.

RESULTS
Epidural administration of saline solution did not affect thermal threshold. Thermal threshold was significantly higher after epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine, compared with the effect of saline solution, from 1 to 16 hours and 1 to 10 hours, respectively. Maximum (cutout) temperature was reached without the cat reacting in 0, 74, and 11 occasions in the saline solution, morphine, and buprenorphine groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine induced thermal antinociception in cats. At the doses used in this study, the effect of morphine lasted longer and was more intense than that of buprenorphine.