Abstract. The study of atmospheric circulation from a potential vorticity (PV) perspective has advanced our mechanistic understanding of the development and propagation of weather systems. The formation of PV anomalies by nonconservative processes can provide additional insight into the diabatic-to-adiabatic coupling in the atmosphere. PV nonconservation can be driven by changes in static stability, vorticity or a combination of both. For example, in the presence of localized latent heating, the static stability increases below the level of maximum heating and decreases above this level. However, the vorticity changes in response to the changes in static stability (and vice versa), making it difficult to disentangle stability from vorticity-driven PV changes. Further diabatic processes, such as friction or turbulent momentum mixing, result in momentum-driven, and hence vorticity-driven, PV changes in the absence of moist diabatic processes. In this study, a vorticity-and-stability diagram is introduced as a means to study and identify periods of stability- and vorticity-driven changes in PV. Potential insights and limitations from such a hyperbolic diagram are investigated based on three case studies. The first case is an idealized warm conveyor belt (WCB) in a baroclinic channel simulation. The simulation allows only condensation and evaporation. In this idealized case, PV along the WCB is first conserved, while stability decreases and vorticity increases as the air parcels move poleward near the surface in the cyclone warm sector. The subsequent PV modification and increase during the strong WCB ascent is, at low levels, dominated by an increase in static stability. However, the following PV decrease at upper levels is due to a decrease in absolute vorticity with only small changes in static stability. The vorticity decrease occurs first at a rate of 0.5 f per hour and later decreases to approximately 0.25 f per hour, while static stability is fairly well conserved throughout the period of PV reduction. One possible explanation for this observation is the combined influence of diabatic and adiabatic processes on vorticity and static stability. At upper levels, large-scale divergence ahead of the trough leads to a negative vorticity tendency and a positive static stability tendency. In a dry atmosphere, the two changes would occur in tandem to conserve PV. In the case of additional diabatic heating in the mid troposphere, the positive static stability tendency caused by the dry dynamics appears to be offset by the diabatic tendency to reduce the static stability above the level of maximum heating. This combination of diabatically and adiabatically driven static stability changes leads to its conservation, while the adiabatically forced negative vorticity tendency continues. Hence, PV is not conserved and reduces along the upper branch of the WCB. Second, in a fullfledged real case study with the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), the PV changes along the WCB appear to be dominated by vorticity changes throughout the flow of the air. However, accumulated PV tendencies are dominated by latent heat release from the large-scale cloud and convection schemes, which mainly produce temperature tendencies. The absolute vorticity decrease during the period of PV reduction lasts for several hours, and is first in the order of 0.5 f per hour and later decreases to 0.1f per hour when latent heat release becomes small, while static stability reduces moderately. PV and absolute vorticity turn negative after several hours. In a third case study of an air parcel impinging on the warm front of an extratropical cyclone, changes in the horizontal PV components dominate the total PV change along the flow and thereby violate a key approximation of the two-dimensional vorticity-and-stability diagram. In such a situation where the PV change cannot be approximated by its vertical component, a higher-dimensional vorticity-and-stability diagram is required. Nevertheless, the vorticity-and-stability diagram can provide supplementary insights into the nature of diabatic PV changes.


The increasing human use of wood, causing eventually growing a wide range of household industries engaged in furniture manufacturing services. Utilization of wood into finished goods waste wood that can accumulate, plus the utilization of wood waste by furniture manufacturers. The benefits of wood waste are quite varied, and the results of the utilization of fine wood waste as a medium of worm cultivation is quite promising. Wood waste only needs a little processed, can be used, and easily available. Utilization of wood waste in addition to maintaining environmental hygiene, maintaining health from respiratory problems, processed waste wood also has a high enough value. This devotion produces processed waste wood into a medium of cultivation of worms and planting media so that it can be used in conjunction with worm farmers so that the utilization of waste wood can be done optimally.


Allah of SWT The most Creator by creating everything what becoming diridhai-Nya, including creation of human being that is atmosphere and adam coming from land;ground ( QS An nisa' sentence 1) and most august creature [in] comparing one of them lift woman degree and honour by Islam of life of jahiliyah debasing woman of missal making of woman as slave Iust men at that time as power because having strength of physical, to follow to to battle and master colonized areas [it].
In life of woman now experience of some temptation degraded by Allah to follow negative impact from outside without existence of screening to deed , so that turn into culture or habit of epoch of jahiliyah.
In Al-Qur'An and of hadits Prophet and also opinion of jurist of mengataka important [of] him role of woman in so many area that is social area, economics, political, defence, security with aim to for the shake of kemaslahatan of people. Islam [do] not prohibit woman to work, because working [is] rights each and everyone, that goodness [of] woman and also men. becoming reason prohibiting of woman work caused by several things which [is] its nucleus;core that is inexistence one who do earn life in the kelurga except a woman which [is] x'self can missal because ill husband / old fellow have is old, and [do] not ready to to work
Its story become other if a outdoors laboring woman [do] not get permit either from old fellow, husband, and or from its sponsor. That [gift/ giving] of rizki have been arranged by Allah, but road;street which [in] differ if road;street which [in] going through to get ridha of Allah because as according to Islam teaching, but if road;street which [in] going through disagree with Islam teaching hence that deed [do] not get ridha of Allah of SWT.
Effect [of] is difficult [of] him look for work in Indonesia and wish delicious life and see one of the successful [of] pngalaman, earn high salary and also make work field alone and add state's stock exchange and tighten [relation/link] [among/between] State.


determine the differences in use of resources by accident and emergency (A&E) primary care attenders between inner London and Eastbourne, and yet data relating to resource use were not collected. He misrepresents the purpose and findings of the A&E Primary Care Project at King's College Hospital, and his conclusion is fallacious. The purpose of the King's project was "to compare consultations made by medical staff in the A&E department and vocationally trained local GPs [general practitioners] for patients assessed as having primary care needs".2 3Although our study was based in an inner city department, it is inaccurate for Cottingham to suggest that we see the use of the A&E department by patients with primary care problems as just an inner city problem. Cottingham misinterprets the statement made in the report of the Royal Commission on the NHS in suggesting that the primary care use of A&E was seen as only an inner city problem,4 and he was wrong in suggesting that our study was intended to validate the Royal Commission's views. We were also puzzled by why he suggests that we have "promulgated" the triage criteria we developed for our study. As we stated in our paper, "the development of a prospective method for identifying patients attending A&E with problems likely to be of a primary care type was a necessary step towards implementing service developments".2 We have never suggested that the triage criteria are relevant outside this context. It comes as no surprise to us that the primary care workload might be similar in some A&E departments outside inner London to the levels found at King's. While we stated "a need to be cautious in considering the applicability [of the King's findings] to other A&E settings",2 we also argued that "the cost effectiveness [of employing GPs in A&E] is likely to reflect not only the characteristics and experience of the GPs employed in these services but also a range of local circumstances, such as demand and management and operational issues.4 We find the last sentence of the final paragraph of the discussion and the conclusion illogical. Cottingham has demonstrated that by using our criteria the Eastbourne A&E primary care workload is similar to that at King's. To conclude from this that our triage classification is not valid makes no sense. The only conclusion that can be derived from this study is that it provides evidence to support implementing an A&E primary care service development at Eastbourne.


The debate surrounding the use of extra-sentential context to inform early parsing decisions has focused primarily on the class of syntactic ambiguity to which Minimal Attachment (Frazier, 1979) applies. The present paper extends the debate to Late Closure (Frazier, 1979). We argue that Crain and Steedman's (1985) Principle of Parsimony predicts a specific circumstance in which referential context should override the tendency for late closure or right association (Kimball, 1973). The first of four eye-movement reading time studies failed to confirm the prediction. However, when similar materials were embedded in a context which explicitly directed attention toward the appropriate predicate (i.e., the predicate associated with the high attachment), we found evidence of contextual override. We argue that the data fit well with the constraint-satisfaction view of sentence processing (e.g., MacDonald, Pearlmutter, & Seidenberg, 1994; Trueswell & Tanenhaus, 1994), although we offer an augmentation of the account based on thepredictiveactivation of forthcoming structure (cf. Elman, 1990).


Excessive accumulation of intracellular calcium has been proposed as a mediator of cell injury during ischemia and reperfusion. To test whether restriction of extracellular calcium might ameliorate hepatic injury following hypothermic ischemic preservation, isolated perfused rat livers were reperfused with a medium with normal extracellular calcium (mM-Ca) or no added calcium (microM-Ca) following 26 hr preservation at 4 degrees C. During reperfusion mitochondria from mM-Ca livers accumulated calcium and respiratory activity declined. Although mitochondrial calcium accumulation was prevented by microM-Ca reperfusion, damage to respiratory activity was exacerbated. Edema formation and loss of gluconeogenesis were similarly exacerbated in microM-Ca. This accelerated damage was not reversed by subsequent restoration of calcium. These results demonstrate that rather than ameliorating cell injury, calcium deprivation during reperfusion exacerbates damage to mitochondrial and cellular functions. Thus, cellular or mitochondrial calcium accumulation does not appear to be a sine qua non for hepatocyte injury during reperfusion following hypothermic ischemia.


This paper presents an empirical comparison of two strategies for Vietnamese Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging from unsegmented text: (i) a pipeline strategy where we consider the output of a word segmenter as the input of a POS tagger, and (ii) a joint strategy where we predict a combined segmentation and POS tag for each syllable. We also make a comparison between state-of-the-art (SOTA) feature-based and neural network-based models. On the benchmark Vietnamese treebank (Nguyen et al., 2009), experimental results show that the pipeline strategy produces better scores of POS tagging from unsegmented text than the joint strategy, and the highest accuracy is obtained by using a feature-based model.


Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol released into the atmosphere from open biomass burning (BB) is known to undergo considerable chemical and physical transformations (aging). However, there is substantial controversy about the nature and observable effects of these transformations. A shortage of consistent observational evidence on BB aerosol aging processes under different environmental conditions and at various temporal scales hinders development of their adequate representations in chemistry transport models (CTMs). In this study, we obtain insights into the BB aerosol dynamics by using available satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and carbon monoxide (CO). The basic concept of our method is to consider AOD as a function of the BB aerosol photochemical age (that is, the time period characterizing the exposure of BB aerosol emissions to atmospheric oxidation reactions) predicted by means of model tracers. We evaluate the AOD enhancement ratio (ER) defined as the ratio of optical depth of actual BB aerosol with respect to that of a modeled aerosol tracer that is assumed to originate from the same fires as the real BB aerosol but that is not affected by any aging processes. To limit possible effects of model transport errors, the AOD measurements are normalized to CO column amounts that are also retrieved from satellite measurements. The method is applied to the analysis of the meso- and synoptic-scale evolution of aerosol in smoke plumes from major wildfires that occurred in Siberia in summer 2012. AOD and CO retrievals from MODIS and IASI measurements, respectively, are used in combination with simulations performed with the CHIMERE CTM. The analysis indicates that aging processes strongly affected the evolution of BB aerosol in the situation considered, especially in dense plumes (with spatial average PM2. 5 concentration exceeding 100 µg m−3). For such plumes, the ER is found to increase almost 2-fold on the scale of ∼ 10 h of daytime aerosol evolution (after a few first hours of the evolution that are not resolved in our analysis). The robustness of this finding is corroborated by sensitivity tests and Monte Carlo experiments. Furthermore, a simulation using the volatility basis set framework suggests that a large part of the increase in the ER can be explained by atmospheric processing of semi-volatile organic compounds. Our results are consistent with findings of a number of earlier studies reporting considerable underestimation of AOD by CTMs in which BB aerosol aging processes have either been disregarded or simulated in a highly simplified way. In general, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using satellite measurements of AOD in biomass burning plumes in combination with aerosol tracer simulations for the investigation of BB aerosol evolution and validation of BB aerosol aging schemes in atmospheric models.


The application of optimal search strategies to scheduling for distributed real-time systems is, in general, plagued by an inherent computational complexity. This has effectively prevented the integration of strategies such as branch-and-bound (B&B) in scheduling frameworks and tools used in practice today. To show that optimal scheduling is, in fact, a viable alternative for many real-time scheduling scenarios, we propose an approach that can reduce the average search complexity to levels comparable with that of a polynomial-time heuristic. Our approach is based on making intelligent choices in the selection of strategies for search tree vertex traversal and task deadline assignment. More specifically, we conjecture that effective complexity reduction is achieved by (i) traversing vertices in the search tree in a depth-first fashion and (ii) assigning local task deadlines that are non-overlapping fractions of the application end-to-end deadline. Through an extensive experimental study, we find that our approach contribute to reducing the average search complexity by several orders of magnitude for a frequently-used class of distributed real-time applications.


Fossil seeds and seedlings of a Metasequoia-like taxodiaceous conifer occur in Paleocene deposits at the Munce's Hill and Gao Mine localities of central Alberta, Canada. Compression/impression specimens are preserved in upright growth positions among seedlings of the cercidiphyllaceous dicot Joffrea speirsii Crane & Stockey. There are a large number of seeds, a few of which were buried while germinating and show a radicle or short primary root. More than 500 Metasequoia-like seedlings have been identified that have two linear cotyledons with parallel margins and rounded tips. Three specimens have been found that display three cotyledons. Slightly older seedlings show decussate pairs of leaves attached to the stem distal to the cotyledons. Still older seedlings have axillary branches that show varying sizes and numbers of opposite leaves arranged in a single plane distal to the opposite pairs. These specimens reveal that both Joffrea and this extinct taxodiaceous conifer were early colonizers of North American floodplain communities at the beginning of the Tertiary.


1AmbuFlex/WestChronic, Occupational Medicine, University Research Clinic, Aarhus University, Herning, Denmark; 2Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; 3Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; 4Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Background: Knowledge about the long-term course of health following stroke is sparse and relies mainly on studies with short follow-up or few measurements per patient. We aimed to describe the course and analyze the determinants of the course of physical and mental health status after stroke with repeated measurements in a large population-based cohort of first time Danish stroke patients. Methods: We followed 2,414 first time stroke patients admitted to any hospital in the Central Denmark Region, Denmark, between October 1, 2008 and January 1, 2012, with five questionnaires over a 2 years period. Self-rated health was assessed by the SF-12 instrument. Information on possible clinical and patient-related determinants of self-rated health was obtained from questionnaires and national registers. The scores were analyzed at five selected fixed time-points and as well as longitudinally with mixed models. Results: The SF-12 mental component summary score (MCS) increased with 0.89 points/ year (95% CI=0.6–1.2), while the increase in the physically component summary score (PCS) did not reach statistical significance (0.13/year; 95% CI=−0.2–0.5). The most pronounced changes were seen in the Vitality and Role Physical SF-12 subscales, which both increased by 2.1 points/year. No statistically significant changes over time were found in the Physical Functioning and Bodily Pain subscales. Variables associated with increasing selfrated mental health (MCS) were no comorbidity, older age, male gender, and mild stroke severity. Variables associated with increasing ratings of physical health (PCS) were mild stroke severity, no comorbidity, higher educational level, and younger age. The negative impact of age increased significantly with time during the follow-up period for physical as well as mental health, while the effects of the other variables were stable over time. The results were similar in the two analytical approaches. Conclusion: In a large, geographically well-defined population of first time stroke patients, the majority of SF-12 sub-scales and the mental component score improved slightly over time. Small improvements in self-rated mental health may be observed during the first 2 years after the stroke. Stroke is a disease with long-term consequences on a wide range of health aspects. Level as well as course differ between sub-groups, and treatment of comorbidity may be an important target with respect to rehabilitation.


In the populations of non-forest woody vegetation in the form of belts–biocorridors on the borders of agriculture landscape in dominant representation, there occur species and spontaneous hybrids of the genus Prunus L. Generative reproductive potential (GRP) of some of taxa Prunus L. from 2010 to 2011 years had been analyzed on the territory in the south-west Slovakia at 3 localities (Jelenec, Vrable and Veľke Uľany). Experimental observations were done during the important blackthorn phenophases from April to May and from September to October. In this work we detected the ability of the flowers formation (the number of flowers we investigated the phenological stages of full flowering (AprilMay) on indicated specimens, respectively. To select twig end individuals, we randomly selected inflorescence, we counted the number of flowers in clusters and calculated the average) and the fruits formation (we investigated the number of fruit in the months of September to October, methodical process as the first point) to determine the generative reproductive potential (GRP). Generative reproductive potential of individual taxa in the studied period 2010 to 2011 was relatively balanced. Experimental locality Vrable GRP was zero across all individuals in both years. Important thing for the amount of GRP on the location are surveyed habitats and related environmental conditions. On the actual population had the worst effect the occurrence of diseases and pests. The main disease at the locality Vrable was Clasterosporium carpophilium with the symptoms on leaves the leaves were made round to oval, a few millimeter, dark purple with a brown edge stain and on fruits the fruits we have seen tiny blotches, which was accompanied by gummosis. It is important to note also that the generative reproduction of individuals examined longer-term research is needed. Our results show that 2011 was the production of flowers richer and less prone to diseases incidence than in 2010. The originality of this research is in the detection of GRP of genus Prunus spp., which mainly form non forest woody vegetation and biocorridors in the agricultural land of Slovak Republic.


HISTORY AND FINDINGS: A 37-year-old man with a 19-years history of injection drug use (IDU) who had acquired a chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV-) infection 9 years ago, entered the German clinical study on heroine assisted treatment ("Modellprojekt zur heroingestutzten Behandlung Opiatabhangiger"). Before study onset he received buprenorphine maintainance treatment, while at the same time engaging in illicit IDU (heroine, cocaine). He lived in a caravan and was on social welfare. INVESTIGATIONS: PCR revealed a genotype 2 and an HCV-viral load of 310,000 IU/ml. Liver biopsy showed a moderate chronic active hepatitis and a mild portal fibrosis without signs of liver cirrhosis. DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND COURSE: Within the heroine-assisted treatment program the patient injected heroine under medical supervision several times a day and attended the standardized psychosocial program that comprised an intensive education on HCV-infection. Within a period of ten months of physical and social stabilization he managed to stop illicit drug use, found stable housing and started to work. We then initiated treatment of HCV-infection. Subcutaneous pegylated interferon alpha-2a, peroral ribavirin and intravenous heroine were administered as directly observed therapy. Based on the close mashed care of the heroine assisted treatment setting, side effects were well controllable and reversible after the end of antiviral therapy. A sustained response was obtained. CONCLUSION: After careful indication, heroine-assisted treatment with particularly intensive medical and psychological care can offer appropriate conditions for a save and successful treatment of hepatitis C as well as for a sustained result.


The aim of this study is to investigate the process of accent levelling in the Regional French of Alsace and its relationship with the social variables of age, gender, social class, urban or rural origin of speakers and feelings of regional attachment. Accent levelling, which can be defined as the process of speakers abandoning local phonological forms in favour of supralocal variants, has been the focus of much recent sociolinguistic research on British English, French and other languages. Since knowledge of Alsatian (a Germanic language spoken in Alsace) is decreasing, it is possible that the resulting lack of interference between Alsatian and French is leading to levelling of the traditional accent features of Alsatian Regional French. In order to provide data for this research project, sociolinguistic interviews were conducted and written questionnaires used in Strasbourg and in the village of Helsheim (a fictional name used for reasons of confidentiality) with 56 informants. The data obtained were then subjected to quantitative analysis with regard to the linguistic variables of aspirate h (which can be realised as a supralocal zero variant or as a regional [h] variant) and the devoicing of canonically voiced plosives and fricatives (for example, sage pronounced [saʃ]). The results of the data analysis revealed that the regional variants of both linguistic variables are used more frequently by older than younger, working class than middle class, rural than urban speakers and that level of regional attachment correlates with use of the linguistic variables, as predicted in the research hypotheses. However, the relationship between levelling and gender proved to be more unexpected, with no clear pattern emerging for the (h) variable and a complex one involving the acquisition of supralocal patterns of sociolinguistic variation as well as the supralocal phonological variant in the case of consonant devoicing. Key-words: accent levelling, Regional French, Alsace, variationist sociolinguistics


To determine whether human airway submucosal glands produce and secrete surfactant proteins, we examined their protein and gene expression in submucosal glands from trachea and bronchi obtained from operated and autopsied lungs within 4 h of death. Using a monoclonal antibody (PE-10) against surfactant protein A (SP-A), a positive immunoperoxidase stain was observed over serous cells of submucosal glands in histologic sections of airway walls. Measurement of SP-A in culture medium samples using single-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed a significant secretion of SP-A by isolated submucosal glands (1.2 +/- 0.08 ng/ml/h, SEM, n = 40). In gene expression experiments by reverse transciption-polymerase chain reaction, the SP-A complementary DNA (cDNA) segment was amplified from isolated submucosal glands, indicating the presence of SP-A messenger RNA (mRNA) in airway submucosal glands. Bronchial superficial epithelial cells failed to show the presence of SP-A mRNA. No cDNA segment of SP-B, SP-C, or SP-D cDNA was amplified from isolated submucosal glands or superficial epithelial cells, whereas all were amplified from alveolar tissue. Furthermore, in contrast to the control alveolar tissue, which expressed both SP-A1 and SP-A2 genes, SP-A2 gene transcript alone was detected in isolated submucosal glands by Southern analysis that included the digestion of the amplified SP-A cDNA fragment with the restriction enzyme Apa I. These findings indicate that human airway submucosal gland cells can transcribe the SP-A2 gene and produce SP-A protein in a manner different from peripheral airways and alveoli, playing a role in the airway defense mechanism.


The starting point of the product in the career of architecture, whose main goal is to create liveable sites, is suitability. All designers and architectures from Otto Wagner to Zaha Hadid, labelled the direction of their designs by taking form, function and constructional elements into account. During this labelling of direction, with the developing technology, new materials and visual design values led the way for architectures. The 2 and 3D drawing programmes, nowadays backbones of architectures careers, came out in the 1980s and after, prepared an environment that forced the designers to widen their vision. Besides, the raise of the awareness of the customer mass that we name the user put forth the necessity of the simulation programmes. The main goal of this communiqué is to present how the designs according to the reflection of technological developments to the careers of architecture take form.


The purpose of this essay is to study children born in February 1800 in the two coastal cities Kalmar and Karlskrona in order to see what career choices they make during their lifetime. With career choices, both own careers and spouses careers will be taken into consideration. The question is whether children grow up to stay in the same trade of work and social construction as their parents. The careers found will also be studied in a didactic point of view where those jobs are compared to lines of work presented in the textbooks. The result of this study is that it was common for the boys to "inherit" their fathers' line of work as well as for the daughters to marry men in the same line of work as their fathers. The study has also shown that a lot of children died during their first years of life, resulting in a smaller group of children to study than anticipated. The didactic study resulted in the knowledge that the textbooks lack a deeper exploration of fields of work, something that could result in pupils not understanding the "ordinary people" in history.


Slurry systems in mineral processing processes often behave as pseudo-plastic fluids, where the viscosity of the slurry changes as a function of the shear imparted. Thus, characterizing motion of macroscopic objects through such systems is a challenging task because the viscous forces on it vary rapidly. In this paper, we have studied motion of falling spherical particles in non-Newtonian fluid using a novel macroscopic particle model (MPM). The simulation results were compared with the available experimental data and analytical correlations, where MPM was found to be effective in accurately determining the forces acting on particle during fluid–particle interaction. Thus, it was concluded that MPM is a computationally viable solution for resolving hydrodynamics of macroscopic particles in slurries, especially for its ability to accurately capture the acceleration of particles, which is significantly lower when compared with that in Newtonian fluids. The validated MPM model was used to investigate the effect of particle properties on the motion of particle and yield-structure of fluid. For low Reynolds number, the well-known toroidal yielded structure of fluid was observed with particle equator as centre and √2dp diameter. Beyond the Reynolds number to Bingham number ratio of 10, a wake was formed behind the particle that increased with increasing Reynolds number. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


ABSTRACT In Sweden, tutoring in the mother tongue is a special support measure primarily intended for newly arrived students to facilitate their transition into the Swedish school system. Tutoring is premised on the collaboration between the class teacher, responsible for subject-related expertise, and the tutor, who contributes with knowledge of the student's mother tongue and previous context of studies. In this case study of class teachers' and mother tongue tutors' conditions for collaboration at a multi-ethnic primary school, six mother tongue tutors and six class teachers were asked about the purpose of their work, how it was organised, and what could be done to improve working conditions. Interviews with head teachers, and data on work organisation from observations, document study, and participation in meetings for a period of one and a half years supplemented the teacher interviews. The analysis focuses on whether tutors and teachers belong to the same or different Communities of Practice, based on shared concerns and opportunities for collaboration, as well as looking at the relative positioning of languages and teaching roles. Findings suggest that the degree of collaboration between tutors and teachers was not sufficient to allow tutoring to function in the way it is envisaged by national steering documents. Tutoring was instead based on the tutors' own knowledge of the subjects they taught. Recruitment of suitable tutors was difficult. However, conditions for collaboration and more effective tutoring in the schools could be improved with relatively simple support structures at the level of the municipality.


OBJECTIVE
To compare postoperative vaginal incision separation and healing in patients undergoing posterior repair with perforated porcine dermal grafts with those that received grafts without perforations. Secondarily, the tensile properties of the perforated and non-perforated grafts were measured and compared.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a non-randomized retrospective cohort analysis of women with stage II or greater rectoceles who underwent posterior repair with perforated and non-perforated porcine dermal grafts (Pelvicol(TM) CR Bard Covington, GA USA). The incidence of postoperative vaginal incision separation (dehiscence) was compared. A secondary analysis to assess graft tensile strength, suture pull out strength, and flexibility after perforation was performed using standard test method TM 0133 and ASTM bending and resistance protocols.

RESULTS
Seventeen percent of patients (21/127) who received grafts without perforations developed vaginal incision dehiscence compared to 7% (5/71) of patients who received perforated grafts (p = 0.078). Four patients with vaginal incision dehiscence with non-perforated grafts required surgical revision to facilitate healing. Neither tensile strength or suture pull out strength were significantly different between perforated and non-perforated grafts (p = 0.81, p = 0.29, respectively). There was no difference in the flexibility of the two grafts (p = 0.20).

CONCLUSION
Perforated porcine dermal grafts retain their tensile properties and are associated with fewer vaginal incision dehiscences.


Participation of women in different fields has become a common feature now-a-days. However, changed social status of women resulted in additional workload and stress resulting in adverse effect on health and nutritional status of working women. In the present study a total of 180 urban women were selected by stratified random technique, equal distribution existed between working and nonworking groups. A survey was carried out to evaluate the socio – economic status of the selected women. The nutritional status was assessed with the help of anthropometry, BMI. The hematological assessment was carried out to find out the prevalence of anaemia among the selected groups. Majority of non -working women were maintaining normal BMI 61.11 per cent while 55.55 per cent working women were underweight. Majority of non -working women were suffering from moderate anaemia followed by mild and severe.


Occupational Health management in the Middle East presents many interesting and complex challenges. Some of the challenges are due to the climate and topography as might be expected. However other challenges may not be so obvious related to culture demography and politics. In terms of climate, occupationally it is necessary to protect workers in temperatures of +50C plus, in many areas high temperature is combined with high levels of humidity. This presents a significant challenge and if with WBGT method of worker heat management was used then work would be curtailed for significant portions of the year. More flexible but effective approaches to heat management have to be adopted. The Holy month of Ramadan dramatically compounds the issues relating to heat exposure and resultant heat illnesses. Distance is also a significant challenge some sites are very remote from health care and it is necessary to arrange medical evacuation routes to centres of medical excellence. Workers often live in work camps, and if not well managed infectious diseases like Norovirus, TB can significantly impact the workforce. Camp Health and Hygiene (food, water, sanitation, etc.) form an integral part of OH responsibilities. Demographically in some countries in the Gulf of Arabia there are large numbers of migrant workers,>80% of the population in UAE and Qatar. These workers often have existing health concerns, which require ongoing management. Also they can bring diseases form their home locations to the area of work e.g. Malaria. Migrant worker welfare and CSR programs are an integral part of workplace health provision in these environments, which includes local competency building and nationalisation programs ultimately resulting in sustainable developments. There are also the usual anxieties and psychiatric risk factors of living away from home and family which have significant impact on mental health. Programs need to be arranged to address these issues. Workplace resilience and wellbeing programs are critical factors in successful health delivery. Lastly the security situation in the Middle East countries can impact Occupational Health. Not only with increased stress levels, but also impact upon the accessibility of internationally acceptable standards of health care, medical escalations and patient ground/air movements.


In order to elucidate the mechanism of action of immune agents on corticosterone secretion, the present study evaluated the possible involvement of some neuronal pathways (serotoninergic, noradrenergic/adrenergic) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced corticosterone release in male rats. Serotoninergic antagonists, mianserin (5-HT2C receptor blocker) or pindolol (5HT1A receptor blocker) or noradrenergic/adrenergic antagonists, prazosin (alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker) or propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor blocker), were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected before (5 min) the administration of LPS. In each experiment a group of rats i.p. injected with vehicle served as controls. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation 90 min after administration of LPS and trunk blood was collected for corticosterone radioimmunoassay. Results showed that pretreatment with mianserin, but not with pindolol, significantly reduced plasma corticosterone levels following administration of LPS (p < 0.05); prazosin attenuated the plasma corticosterone response to LPS (p < 0.05), while propranolol did not induce significant change. The present study indicated that serotoninergic and noradrenergic/adrenergic pathways are involved in the immunoneuroendocrine modulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal function in rats. In particular, it is probably mediated by the activation of 5-HT2C receptors and of alpha 1-adrenoceptors, while type 1A serotonin receptors or beta-adrenoceptors do not seem to be involved in such a phenomenon.


Two mobile users communicate with a central decoder via two base stations. Communication between the mobile users and the base stations takes place over a Gaussian interference channel with constant channel gains or quasi-static fading. Instead, the base stations are connected to the central decoder through orthogonal finite-capacity links, whose connectivity is subject to random fluctuations. There is only receive-side channel state information, and hence the mobile users are unaware of the channel state and of the backhaul connectivity state, while the base stations know the fading coefficients but are uncertain about the backhaul links' state. The base stations are oblivious to the mobile users' codebooks and employ compress-and-forward to relay information to the central decoder. Upper and lower bounds are derived on average achievable throughput with respect to the prior distribution of the fading coefficients and of the backhaul links' states. The lower bounds are obtained by proposing strategies that combine the broadcast coding approach and layered distributed compression techniques. The upper bound is obtained by assuming that all the nodes know the channel state. Numerical results confirm the advantages of the proposed approach with respect to conventional non-robust strategies in both scenarios with and without fading.


Researching and analyzing the static characteristic of the hook that functions at the limited load has an important meaning to design larger tonnage hook correctly. Academic analysis structure-strength is implemented on the hook of drillwell DG450. Firstly, based on the characteristic modeling technology, the 3-D entity model of the hook is built used Pro/E. Secondly, the static analysis on three dangerous work condition at ultimate load of the hook is proceeded by FEM software Ansys. The stress and displacement are gained to specify the stress status at the different work condition of the hook. And find out the most dangerous place where the stress is the largest. Important academic elements and data for study and design are provided. The conclusion reference values to design hook and drill safely and prolong the lifetime of drillwell hook.


Quantifying the effect of leaf area loss on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) yield caused by hail, pests, and diseases is important in the management of this crop, both from a technical and economic point of view. The effect of defoliation depends, however, on the foliar surface eliminated and on the growth stage at which this takes place. This effect has been quantified in the USA, but these data are lacking for specific conditions of Europe. The aim of this paper was to determine the response of sunflower cultivation to several levels of defoliation that took place at different growth stages under European growth conditions. Four field trials were conducted by applying four defoliation treatments (nondefoliated control, 33, 66, and 100%) at different growth stages ranging from preflowering (R2) to physiological maturity (R9). Crop yield loss increased with increasing level of defoliation. Preflowering stage R3 was the most sensitive. At this stage a 100% defoliation of the leaf surface resulted in 92% yield loss, reducing both the number of seeds per head and 1000-seed weight. A 100% defoliation at stage R7 (back of head a pale yellow) caused a 50% yield loss, while at stage R9 (physiological maturity) defoliation had no effect on yield. The yield loss caused by defoliation at different plant growth stages under European conditions differed slightly from the one designed for U.S. conditions.


Epithelium-specific ETS-2 and ETS-3 are transcription factors that have been proposed as asthma candidate genes. To investigate the association of sequence variants in these genes with asthma, we conducted a case-control association analysis in a sample of 311 white subjects with asthma and 177 white subjects without asthma. Common polymorphisms in these genes were detected by sequencing DNA from 32 cell lines obtained from Coriel (Camden, NJ). Seven noncoding or synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected: three in epithelium-specific ETS-2 and four in epithelium-specific ETS-3. Subjects were genotyped at all loci by mass spectroscopy. To ensure the suitability of our control subjects, we also genotyped subjects at 49 unlinked polymorphisms evenly distributed throughout the autosomes and found no evidence of population stratification. Logistic regression adjusted for age and sex suggested a weak association of one epithelium-specific ETS-2 polymorphism with asthma diagnosis (odds ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.13-3.18, p = 0.02). Total serum immunoglobulin E and FEV1 predicted levels were not associated with any of the polymorphisms. Extended haplotyping indicated linkage disequilibrium in these genes; however, no association or epistatic interaction was found. This study suggests that epithelium-specific ETS-2 and ETS-3 genes are unlikely to contain polymorphic loci that have a major impact on asthma susceptibility in our population.


A probabilistic model is developed to quantify the performance effects of the branch penalty in a typical pipeline. The branch penalty is analyzed as a function of the relative number of branch instructions executed and the probability that a branch is taken. The resulting model shows the fraction of maximum performance achievable under the given conditions. Techniques to reduce the branch penalty include static and dynamic branch prediction, the branch target buffer, the delayed branch, branch bypassing and multiple prefetching, branch folding, resolution of branch decision early in the pipeline, using multiple independent instruction streams in a shared pipeline, and the prepare-to-branch instruction.<<ETX>>


Afrikander cows rarely drop "grey" (very pale yellow) calves with or without goitre. These 2 defects have been recorded among calves in 2 herds. In one of these herds, all affected calves were the progeny of a particular bull when bred to its own daughters and closely related cows. The bull responsible on the other farm apparently inherited the pathogenic genes for goitre and grey colour also from his paternal and maternal ancestry respectively. Both sires are fairly closely related. Both bulls and the cows they sired must have been heterozygous for both abnormal genes to produce homozygous offspring. There is evidence that the factors concerned segregate according to Mendelian rules during the second generation. These anomalies appear to be simple (autosomal) recessive genes and when combined in the same animal, are usually lethal.


Abstract Objectives: Angiotensin II can promote cell stress, and the expression of its AT1 receptor is characteristic of neuronal populations that die off in multiple systems atrophy and Parkinson's disease. To explore the possible significance of these facts, we undertook to: (1) clarify the distribution of AT1 in rat neurons; (2) use selective antagonists as a means of determining whether AT1 activation predisposes stressed neurons to die. Methods: AT1-expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and by autoradiography for [125I]-sarcosine1-angiotensin II binding in sensory, motor and autonomic neurons. To induce cell loss in a specific neuronal population, rats were given systemic i.v. injection of anti-acetylcholinesterase antibodies, which cause a delayed death of pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML). As pharmacologic intervention, some immunolesioned rats were treated with the selective AT1 antagonist, Candesartan. Results: Immunohistochemistry and autoradiography revealed AT1 expression in dorsal root ganglia, superior cervical ganglion. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, AT1 immunostainining and angiotensin binding were both prominent. In ventral horn and IML, immunoreactivity for AT1 and choline acetyltransferase co-localized in pre-ganglionic sympathetic and somatic motor neurons. Immunolesion caused over 50% loss of IML perikarya within 3 months. Concurrent treatment with the AT1 antagonist, Candesartan, did not affect the outcome. Discussion: AT1 expression is surprisingly widespread in sensory, autonomic and somatic motor neurons of the rat. This expression may be important to the normal physiology of these systems. Present data, however, do not support the concept that AT1 activation contributes to the loss of autonomic neurons after axonal damage.


Context. Glycine, the simplest of amino acids, has been found in several carbonaceous meteorites collected on Earth, though its presence in the interstellar medium (ISM) has never been confirmed as of today. It is now considered that its synthesis took place in the icy mantles of interstellar grains, but it remains unclear how glycine, once synthesized and trapped in interplanetary particles, survives during the transfer to the Earth. Aims. Assuming that glycine was effectively formed in the ice, we address the question of its resistance to a solar-like radiation field and look for the possible molecular remnants that would be useful tracers of its former existence. Methods. The search was conducted using an interdisciplinary approach that mixes, on the one hand, irradiations in ultra high vacuum at 30 K on the TEMPO beam line of the synchrotron SOLEIL, simultaneously with near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) measurements, and on the other hand, quantum calculations to determine the energetics of the fragmentations and the relative stability of the different byproducts. The last points were addressed by means of density functional theory (DFT) simulations followed by high-level post Hartree-Fock calculations when more accurate relative energies were necessary. The constraints of an icy environment deserved special attention and the ice was modeled by a polarizable continuum medium that relies on the dielectric constant of water ice at 10–50 K. Results. Destruction of glycine is observed in the first seconds of irradiation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and methylamine (CH3NH2) are formed. Carbon monoxide (CO), methanimine (CH2NH) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are also produced in secondary reactions. The amino acid destruction is the same for pure glycine and glycine in ice, indicating that the OH radicals released by the water matrix is barely involved in the photolytic process; however, these radicals are involved in the production of the secondary byproducts through dehydrogenation reactions as shown by ab initio quantum chemical simulation presented in this article along with the experimental results. Conclusions. The experiments show that glycine is only partially destroyed. Its abundance is found to stay at a level of ∼30% of the initial concentration, for an irradiation dose equivalent to three years of solar radiation (at a distance of one astronomical unit). This result supports the hypothesis that, if trapped in protected icy environments and/or in the interior of interplanetary particles and meteorites, glycine may partly resist the radiation field to which it is submitted and, accordingly, survives its journey to the Earth.


The densification of a Sr, K, Nb (SKN)-doped PZT ceramic has been modified using different flux chemistries. The most successful flux is Li2CO3 of which a 0.9 mol% addition promotes almost complete densification at 900°C. Structure property relationships in the Li2CO3 flux-sintered (1−x)PZT–xSKN system (0.01<x<0.05) are compared with conventionally sintered material. Consequences of flux interactions include increased conductivity and a shift in the optimum (1−x)PZT–xSKN composition. The flux sintered PZT–0.03SKN composition exhibits a high field d33 piezoelectric coefficient of 640 pm/V and a Curie temperature of ∼350°C. The unipolar polarization hysteresis loss is ∼23 kJ/m3 and varies little with temperature up to 150°C. Finally, we demonstrate successful cofiring of a multilayer structure at 900°C using Li2CO3-fluxed PZT–SKN and pure silver electrodes.


The in vitro effects of a single exposure of LASER irradiation on human breast carcinoma and immortalised human mammary epithelial cell lines. Katie Powell(1&2), Dr Liisa Laakso(2), Dr Ann McDonnell(1), Dr Pauline Low(2), Dr Steve Ralph(2); Griffith University, Brisbane(1) and Gold Coast(2), Australia. PURPOSE: This research examined the cell proliferative response of two breast cancer cell lines and two immortalised human mammary epithelial cell lines in vitro to a range of doses of low level laser therapy (LLLT) at wavelengths of 780 nm, 830 nm and 904 nm. RELEVANCE: LLLT is used in the clinical treatment of post-mastectomy lymphoedema, although specific information on safety is scant and circumstantial. This presentation describes the first steps in gaining disease-specific knowledge upon which to develop guidelines for the safe clinical use of lasers in the management of post-mastectomy lymphoedema. METHODS: Human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human breast ductal carcinoma (MDA-MB-435S) and immortalised human mammary epithelial (SVCT and Bre80hTERT) cell lines were irradiated with a single exposure of laser at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 and 12 J/cm2 (?=780 nm) and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 and 15 J/cm2 (?=830 nm and 904 nm). Cell proliferation was assessed 24 hours after laser using XTT colorimetric assays. RESULTS: SVCT cell proliferation significantly increased after exposure to doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 12 J/cm2 of laser at 780 nm and doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 10 J/cm2 of laser at 904 nm. The MDA-MB-435S and Bre80hTERT cell lines showed negligible effects with one exposure from all three wavelengths of laser and no dose response relationships were noted. The MCF-7 cells demonstrated an increasing dose response relationship with one exposure of 780 nm laser; and there were no dose response effects evident after exposure to 830 nm and 904 nm laser irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: Even though certain doses of laser increased MCF-7 cell proliferation, the amount of laser light penetrating through the skin clinically is considerably attenuated. Further in vivo research of LLLT is required before a definitive conclusion can be made regarding the safety of LLLT for post-mastectomy lymphoedema.


Many thousands of laparoscopies have now been reported in the literature. The incidence of complications varies, but a recent prospective inquiry' gave a rate of 29.1 per thousand for diagnostic procedures and 40.6 per thousand for sterilizations, with an over-all complication rate of 33.7/1000. The following case is reported because it is unusual. and because it occurred at a stage of the operation when most major problems have been passed.


We present a case study of the formation of a small-scale vortex, which has been observed by the aircraft campaign AIRMETH2 in the delta of the Mackenzie River, Canada. AIRMETH2 was carried out in July 2012 with the purpose to measure methane concentrations over arctic wetlands, thereby also providing a high-resolution data set of meteorological quantities in the lower troposphere. While the observed vortex of about 50 km horizontal scale is not resolved in the ERA-Interim data, high-resolution WRF simulations with a mesh size of about 2 km can indeed model its formation. The aircraft observations are then used to validate the model results in the lower troposphere. It turns out that the position of the vortex in the model is somewhat shifted in comparison to the observed vortex. Other meteorological quantities are also compared. For example, we find deviations in the structure of vertical temperature profiles.


Increasingly, microcontrollers are being used in automotive systems to handle sophisticated control and monitoring activities. As applications become more sophisticated, their design and development becomes complex, necessitating the use of an operating system to manage the complexity and provide an abstraction for improving portability of code. This paper presents EMERALDS-OSEK, an operating system we have designed and implemented based on OSEK/VDX, an open industry standard. We present some of the features and optimizations that make EMERALDSOSEK appropriate for small, low-cost microcontrollers typically found in automotive applications. We also present measurements of operating system performance. We find EMERALDS-OSEK to be efficient, both in terms of processing overheads and memory usage. However, we also find some parts of the OSEK standard that may be improved, and present our ideas for such improvements.


. Natural fracture patterns have long been associated with fold formation. Conceptual models of fold associated fractures are used to predict fracture networks and hence subsurface properties such as fracture connectivity, intensity and fluid flow. Subsurface datasets typically lack the resolution or coverage to adequately sample fracture networks in 3D, however, and geometric properties are typically extrapolated from available data (e.g., seismic data or wellbore image logs). Here we assess the applicability of extrapolating fracture properties (orientation, length and intensity) from one observation 15 scale to another in a structurally complex setting and assess the interplay of fracture scaling with geological controls on fracture development. Fracture patterns are investigated at an outcrop exposure of layered carbonate rocks at Swift anticline, NW Montana. Data derived from high-resolution field images, medium resolution digital outcrop data, and relatively low resolution satellite imagery are leveraged to (i) assess interacting structural and stratigraphic controls on fracture development, and (ii) compare estimated fracture properties derived from multiple observation scales. We show that hinge-parallel and hinge- 20 perpendicular fractures (i) make up the majority of fractures at the site, (ii) are consistently oriented with respect to the fold hinge and, (iii) exhibit systematic increases in intensity towards the anticline hinge. These fractures are interpreted as having formed during folding. Other fractures recorded at the site exhibit inconsistent orientations, show no systematic trends in fracture intensity, and are interpreted as unrelated to fold formation. Fracture orientation data exhibit greatest agreement across observation scales at hinge and forelimb positions where hinge-parallel and hinge-perpendicular fracture sets are well 25 developed, and little agreement on the anticline backlimb, where fracture orientations are less predictable and more dispersed. This indicates that the scaling of fracture properties at Swift anticline is spatially variable and partly dependent on structural position. Our results suggest that accurate prediction and extrapolation of natural fracture properties in contractional settings requires assessment of structural position, lithologic variability, and spatially variable fracture scaling relationships, as well as consideration of deformation history before and after folding.


The primary purpose of this study was to determine the influence of student teaching experience on four aspects crucially related to preservice teachers' ability to teach in the increasingly complex environments created by exceptional students: self-efficacy, outcome expectations, sources of information, and choice behavior or perceived ability to cope with students that present exceptional challenges in a full-inclusion regular education classroom. The study utilized a nonrandomized control group, pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. The two groups were drawn from preservice elementary teachers attending a mediumsized state university in southern Minnesota during Spring Quarter of 1994. One group (/i=41) included students enrolled in elementary student teaching course. The other group (/i=37) included students enrolled in the Reading and Language Arts methods course who had not participated in student teaching. Data were collected at the beginning of the quarter and at the end of the quarter using an Inclusion Readiness Survev. This instrument included three major sections: Section 1Personal Teaching Profile, Section 2-Sources of Efficacy Information, and Section 3-Depth of Experience. Results indicated that preservice teachers who complete a student teaching experience alter then: self-efficacy judgments and become more positive about including students with differing ability levels in their regular education classrooms. Student teachers are more likely to choose to work in a full-inclusion teaching situation when their judgments about their capability to teach in this situation, expected outcomes for all students, and experiences with a wider range of student abilities are more positive. Student teachers who are more positive about their personal ability (self-efficacy) to teach students with differing ability levels also hold higher outcome expectations for all students' achievement and are more positive about their student teaching experiences (sources of information). The student teachers' judgments


PURPOSE
To describe a case of a cat with primary B-cell lymphoma affecting the eye and brain and which shared features similar to oculo-cerebral lymphoma in humans.

METHODS
A 13-year-old castrated male Persian cat presented with clinical signs of anterior uveitis and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in the left eye (OS). A complete diagnostic work-up was declined, and left-eye enucleation was performed. The globe was submitted for histopathology. One week after surgery, the cat became inappetent, hypothermic, and aggressive. Euthanasia was requested by the owner, and a necropsy was permitted.

RESULTS
  Histopathology of the enucleated globe revealed an extensive neoplastic infiltration consistent with large-cell lymphoma, affecting the anterior uvea, neuroretina and optic nerve. At necropsy, all organs were unremarkable except for the brain, where there was a neoplastic cell population consistent with that described in the left eye, infiltrated and expanded meninges, and perivascular spaces. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for B-cell marker (CD20) and negative for T-cell marker (CD3). Histology and immunophenotyping suggested a diagnosis of primary central nervous system and ocular large B-cell lymphoma.

DISCUSSION
The lymphoma in this cat resembled oculo-cerebral lymphoma in humans, sharing similar clinical features and histopathological findings, including the perivascular pattern of neoplastic cell infiltration. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of a primary oculo-cerebral B-cell lymphoma in a cat.


A triple-blind, randomized, clinical trial was undertaken in a Brazilian Amazon region to compare the effectiveness of oral artesunate (seven days, total dose = 0.75 g) plus tetracycline (seven days, total dose = 10.5 g) (AT) and oral quinine (three days, total dose = 6 g) plus tetracycline (seven days, total dose = 10.5 g) (QT) against uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Effectiveness was assessed by cure rates (World Health Organization [WHO]) and parasite clearance at day 2. Patients were randomized, 88 to each group. The groups had similar baseline clinical characteristics. The incidence of side effects was much higher in the QT group (82%) than in the AT group (50%) (P < 0.001). Cure rates were similar: 80% in the AT group and 77% in the QT group (P = 0.68). Parasitemia (by day 2) cleared faster in the AT group than in the QT group (98.5% versus 47.6%, respectively; P < 0.001). These results indicate that the combination of artesunate plus tetracycline is effective in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria and may provide a useful alternative to other treatment regimens.


mentally ill and their carers. Unfortunately, the organisation and flow of the chapters is somewhat disjointed and there is much overlap and repetition within and across the individual contribu tors. This detracts from the book's impor tant message: communication problems in later life represent an excess disability that can be modified with resultant improvement in patients and carer quality of life. In spite of these criticisms, this book is an important resource for the speech and language specialist working with dementia patients.


The nanoscale interaction of bacterial cells with solid surfaces is a key issue in biomedicine because it constitutes the first pathogenic event in the complex series of biofilm development on prosthetic devices. We report on an Atomic Force Microscopy study of the interaction of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial cells with nanostructured titania thin films with controlled and reproducible nanometer-scale morphology, produced by assembling Ti clusters from the gas phase in a Supersonic Cluster Beam Deposition apparatus. The results demonstrate that bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation are significantly influenced by a pure physical stimulus, that is, the nanoscale variation of surface topography. The increase of nanoscale film roughness promotes bacterial adhesion with respect to flat substrates; remarkably, Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells lose their flagella on nanostructured TiO2 thin films upon adhesion, as opposed to same bacteria onto reference smooth glass substrates. Further, we have observed increased cell biovolume and other biofilm properties on nanostructured substrates in comparison with smooth glasses. These findings suggest that the design of innovative biomaterials with a suitable patterning of biomaterials surfaces can be an effective approach to control the adhesion of microorganisms to in vivo implant surfaces with active biological functionalities.


Ontario Power Generation (OPG) is proposing to build a Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) for Low and Intermediate Level Waste (L&ILW) near the existing Western Waste Management Facility at the Bruce nuclear site in the Municipality of Kincardine, Ontario. The Nuclear Waste Management Organization, on behalf of OPG, is preparing the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Preliminary Safety Report (PSR) for the proposed repository.
The postclosure safety assessment evaluates the long-term safety of the proposed facility and provides supporting information for the EIS and PSR.
This report describes the DGR system and its evolution under a range of possible scenarios that might affect the system in the future. The DGR system comprises the waste and its packaging, the engineered repository, its geological setting, and the surface environment.


PURPOSE
To study in both in situ and primary cultures the posttranslational phosphorylation of connexin46 (Cx46), one of two members of the connexin family of gap junction proteins expressed by lens fibers.

METHODS
Phosphatase digestion, gel electrophoresis, cell culture, organ culture, immunoprecipitation, metabolic labeling, and phosphoamino acid analysis were the methods used in this study.

RESULTS
Cx46 immunoprecipitated from either rat or bovine lenses resulted in a shift to a more rapidly migrating species. During rat embryonic development, the more rapidly migrating, nonphosphorylated form of Cx46 was prevalent at 15 days gestation; as development progressed, there was a loss of the nonphosphorylated form with a concomitant increase in the phosphorylated form, such that by 28 days after birth only the phosphorylated form was detectable. The rate of posttranslational phosphorylation was very slow compared to previously measured rates for connexin43. Primary cultures of rat embryonic lens epithelial cells, which contained differentiating lentoids, were labeled with 35S-methionine and chased for 8 days. Very low levels of Cx46 were detectable, and none of this labeled material shifted to the slower mobility during the 8-day chase period. Similarly, in organ culture of bovine lenses, Cx46 could be labeled with 35S-methionine, but the immunoprecipitated material remained in the rapidly migrating form for 1 week, the longest time measured. This immunoprecipitated material was shown to be serine-phosphorylated, which was insufficient to cause the electrophoretic mobility shift.

CONCLUSIONS
There are low levels of Cx46 synthesis and phosphorylation in rat embryo lens primary cultures and a slow rate of phosphorylation of Cx46 in bovine organ cultures.


OBJECTIVE: We aimed at detailed genotypic investigations of a
collection of 127 exfoliative toxin producing S. aureus strains
most of which caused neonatal skin blistering disorders in 23
geographically distant maternity hospitals in the Czech
Republic and in one Slovak hospital in 1998 - 2011. METHODS:
The eta, etb and etd genes, as well as presence of four
serotypes of prophages (A, B, Fa, and Fb) were detected by a
multiplex PCR amplification. ETA and ETB positive isolates were
characterised by Multilocus sequence typing (MLST),
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing and ETA-B
prophage carriage. RESULTS: Ninety-eight strains isolated from
children, three of them were identified as a source of acute
SSSS. The remaining 29 isolates originated from human carriers
and/or hospital equipment. In a collection of 127 strains we
identified 21 genotypes grouped into four clonal complexes
(CC). The predominant CC121 including 47 strains has occurred
in 13 Czech hospitals. Thirty-nine CC15 strains were classified
into three sequence types (ST15, ST582, and ST2195). Among 24
CC9 strains, from which 9 were isolates from persons with nasal
carriage, ST9 (7 isolates), ST109 (11 strains), and novel
ST2194 (6 isolates) were determined. Seventeen strains showing
similar PFGE fingerprints were assigned to ST88. The lineages
CC9, CC15 and CC88 exclusively included eta gene-positive
strains while the strains belonging to CC121 harboured the eta
and/or etb genes. The ETB producing strains belonged entirely
to CC121. CONCLUSION: Four major lineages of ET-positive
strains are associated with impetigo skin disorders in young
children in the Czech Republic. This study highlights the
significant genomic diversity among impetigo S. aureus strains
and the distribution of major genotypes disseminated in the
Czech and Slovak maternity hospitals.


This review column is the first in a series of columns that will provide a selective listing of important books by leading publishers on terrorism and counterterrorism-related subjects. The listings of publishers and their books are arranged in alphabetical order by publishers' names, with their imprints included in their particular section. Within each section, the books are listed in alphabetical order, according to the lead author's last name. Although most of the reviewed books are current, a few were published within the last several years, but are still considered to be important. Future columns will review books by publishers such as CRC Press, Hurst, Oxford University Press, Routledge, Stanford University Press, Springer, and University of Chicago Press.


This article proposes an integrated approach regarding the use of different software for practice-oriented training in engineering disciplines. Emphasis is placed on the formation of a unified educational space for training in engineering disciplines. An approach to the integration of a large number of application software solutions based on the "Moodle" distance learning shell was developed. Examples of the developed training courses for the engineering disciplines are presented. Examples include the use of the proposed approach for "Machine Parts" and "Theory of Machines and Mechanisms" technical training courses in terms of practice-based learning. Problems of application of various systems of e-learning and technologies of development of the courses for e-learning are discussed.


The study on which this article is based is hoped to be the first of a series investigating the use of dynamic programming in agricultural allocation decisions. The model presented in this article was constructed in simple form to study once-over sequences of allocation of land to some activity of long-run benefit. The activity chosen was pasture improvement, but as will be seen later the section of the model which describes pasture improvement could be altered to make the model specific to some other relevant activity if desired. The presentation of this article is as follows: First the nature of dynamic programming as an analytical tool is explained. Then the dynamic programming relationships in the model are constructed and a simple numerical example is given to illustrate the computational procedure. The second part of the model, which derives the pasture improvement return functions, is then shown. Some general computational problems are discussed, following which the properties of both parts of the model are investigated in some detail.


The process of applying new scientific knowledge to clinical decision-making is critical for the provision of optimal healthcare delivery; however, this process is often slow or inconsistent. Knowledge mobilization is the iterative and bidirectional process that involves the generation, dissemination, and translation of knowledge between researchers and knowledge users. Incorporation and application of knowledge mobilization in health care is being increasingly recognized across all fields, including naturopathic medicine. This review explores generally employed knowledge mobilization approaches. Additionally, it summarizes the knowledge mobilization strategies currently being used by the Canadian naturopathic profession and makes recommendations on the strategies which might be used in the future to bridge the gap between research evidence and clinical practice.


Approximately 35 million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) around 3.2 million of whom are children under 15 years. Mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 accounts for 90% of all infections in children. Despite great advances in the prevention of MTCT in Brazil, children are still becoming infected. Samples from 19 HIV-1-infected families were collected. DNA was extracted and fragments from gag, pol, and env were amplified and sequenced directly. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed. Drug resistance analyses were performed in pol and env sequences. We found 82.1% of subtype B and 17.9% of BF recombinants. A prevalence of 43.9% drug resistance-associated mutations in pol sequences was identified. Of the drug-naive children 33.3% presented at least one mutation related to protease inhibitor/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (PI/NRTI/NNRTI) resistance. The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations was 4.9%. On env we found a low prevalence of HR1 (4.9%) and HR2 (14.6%) mutations.


Building a humanlike integrative artificial cognitive system, that is, an artificial general intelligence, is one of the goals in artificial intelligence and developmental robotics. Furthermore, a computational model that enables an artificial cognitive system to achieve cognitive development will be an excellent reference for brain and cognitive science. This paper describes the development of a cognitive architecture using probabilistic generative models (PGMs) to fully mirror the human cognitive system. The integrative model is called a whole brain PGM (WB-PGM). It is both brain-inspired and PGM-based. In this paper, the process of building the WB-PGM and learning from the human brain to build cognitive architectures is described.


BACKGROUND
Immune system related pathologies affect an increasing number of patients every year, having potentially lethal consequences and requiring expensive and difficult tolerated treatments. This area of pathologies offers an excellent potential for the development of innovative solutions such as nanoformulations; this review aims to describe the main categories of nanostructured drug delivery platforms that have been developed in order to achieve a more effective, low toxic treatment in autoimmune pathologies.

METHODS
We conducted a systematic search of peer-reviewed original studies focusing on nanoformulations suitable for use against autoimmune disorders. Each study was evaluated by at least two reviewers who applied inclusion and exclusion criteria in order to establish the quality of the research reported in the selected papers. The systematic screening of the literature also identified the most recent patents issued in the field of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases which were included in the current paper.

RESULTS
One hundred ninety-seven bibliographic titles were included in the review of which fifty-three recently published patents. Twenty-one papers were selected to define the interaction between nanoformulations and the immune system triggering either immunosuppression or immunostimulation. Thirty-seven papers outlined the characteristics of liposomal formulations that have been reported as treatment for several autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis. Twentythree articles provided data on the main lipid nanoparticles of the first and second generation which may include physiological lipids with low cytotoxicity. Gold nanoparticles were described by thirteen papers which highlighted the advantages of the new hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticles vs. the classical ionic gold compounds. Polymeric nanoformulations were the subject of fifty-nine papers that described their preparation as well as various advantages in the treatment of inflammatory disorders; dendrimers and polymeric micelles were included in the study. Thirty-three studies were selected to outline the benefits provided by the use of cyclodextrins as carriers for active drugs. The review also identified the possibility of producing combined nanoformulations (e.g. polymer/cyclodextrin, liposome/polymer) thus achieving superior therapeutic results.

CONCLUSION
Nanoformulations offer multiple advantages over the classical pharmaceutical formulations, the main ones being the precise targeted therapy with small doses of active drugs, longer circulating time in the bloodstream, and high loading capacity for diagnostic and therapeutic molecules; moreover, the nanoparticles may be functionalized in order to act as nanotheranostics within the larger frame of personalized medicine.


In Algeria, traditional dairy products are prepared according to know-how inherited by rural women. These products are part of the Algerian heritage and have a great cultural and economic importance. Among these foods, fermented butter "Smen/Dhan" prepared from fresh butter according to different processes. During the maturation, the product develops organoleptic and nutritional qualities whose lipolysis is the main mechanism of this transformation and this activity could arise from the microbial cells. The aim of this work is the search and isolation of lipase-producing microbial strains from the "Smen/Dhan" and evaluates their potential. Isolation of lipolytic strains was realized from five samples of fermented butter obtained with different preparation methods and the storage times (years): 1 (E1), 3 (E2), 23 (E3), 5 (E4) and, 10 (E5). Samples were collected from different areas of Algeria (El-Oued, Stif, Jijel and Bjaa). To obtain a diversity of lipolytic flora, we have used several culture media (Ordinary Nutrient Agar, Man Rogosa Sharp agar, Terzaghi agar, Sabouraud Dextrose agar). These entire mediums are added with olive oil and / or Tween 80 to make them selective. The incubation was carried out at 37 C for 5 days. The strains obtained are classified with her potential activity. Titration is the method used to estimate of the free fatty acids or lipase activity. 95 strains were selected for their lipolytic activity and classified as bacteria. 29 strains producing lipases: were preselected for their ability to develop a high lysis height on the agar medium. They are Gram+, catalase +, immobile and unpopulated and cocci (04), rods (04) and filamentous (21). This shows that different preparation methods and storage times of these five products have effects on their microbial counts. After a hierarchical ascending classification, six strains (SG5, BG14, SG9, SG26, SG25, and SS46) were screened for their ability to produce high levels of extracellular lipases independently on the nature of the lipid substrate in the medium.


Many patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder respond incompletely or unsatisfactorily to available treatments. Defining refractoriness in bipolar disorder is a complex issue and should concern and include either every phase and pole or the disorder as a whole. There are only limited and sometimes confusing data on the treatment of refractory bipolar patients. The objective of this paper was to review the evidence for treatment options in treatment resistant patients on depressive, manic attack and maintenance period as found in randomized controlled trials with special attention to the definition and assessment of treatment resistance.


The MIKC MADS-box gene family has been shaped by extensive gene duplications giving rise to subfamilies of genes with distinct functions and expression patterns. However, within these subfamilies the functional assignment is not that clear-cut, and considerable functional redundancy exists. One way to investigate the diversity in regulation present in these subfamilies is promoter sequence analysis. With the advent of genome sequencing projects, we are now able to exert a comparative analysis of Arabidopsis and poplar promoters of MADS-box genes belonging to the same subfamily. Based on the principle of phylogenetic footprinting, sequences conserved between the promoters of homologous genes are thought to be functional. Here, we have investigated the evolution of MADS-box genes at the promoter level and show that many genes have diverged in their regulatory sequences after duplication and/or speciation. Furthermore, using phylogenetic footprinting, a distinction can be made between redundancy, neo/nonfunctionalization, and subfunctionalization.


A novel, practical and low-complexity multi-cell OFDMA downlink channel assignment method using a graph- based approach is proposed in this work. The inter-cell interference (ICI) information is obtained through inference from the diversity set of mobile stations (MSs) and presented in the form of an interference graph. The proposed downlink channel assignment method consists of two phases. The task of ICI reduction is mapped to the MAX fe-CUT problem in graph theory and solved in the first phase. Then, channel assignment is conducted by taking into account instantaneous channel conditions in the second phase. State-of-the-art ICI management techniques such as ICI coordination (ICIC) and base station cooperation (BSC) are incorporated in our framework. Heuristic algorithms are proposed to solve both phases of the problem efficiently. Simulation is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, where the SINR improvement can be as high as 4.5 dB. The proposed solution can be used in next generation cellular systems such as 3 GPP long term evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 m.


In response to the perceived (by some) onset of an information society, historians have begun to study its roots and antecedents. The past is replete with the rise, fall, and transformation of systems of information, which are not to be confused with the narrower computer-mediated world of information systems. The history of systems of information—which for digestibility can be labeled information history—lacks neither scale nor scope. Systems of information have played a critical role in the transition to, and subsequent development of, capitalism; the growth of the state, especially the modern, nation-state; the rise of modernity, science, and the public sphere; imperialism; and geopolitics. In the context of these epochal shifts and episodes in human thinking and social organization, this essay presents a critical bibliographic survey of histories—outside the well-trodden paths of library and information-science history—that have foregrounded, or made reference to, a wide variety of systems of information.


The Report s of the Faculties of the Academic Year of 1944–1945. Indubitably, the most difficult period in the history of the University of Debrecen was the last year of World War Two. The relatively undisturbed operation of the institution before the autumn of 1944 soon became impossible to maintain. The approaching battle-front and the subsequent entry of the Soviet troops resulted in the departure of a large segment of the professorial faculty. Those who stayed behind tried to maintain a semblance of order through emergency measures.Wartime damage, the utilization of the building facilities for other purposes, and teacher shortage posed almost impossible problems to those who felt responsible for making the university function. The documents that are made available here—the reports of the faculties prepared in the spring of 1945—make it clear what a superhuman struggle was carried on to maintain the operation of the university for almost a year.


Previous work on inference for dynamic mixture models has so far been directed to models that follow a simple Brownian motion diffusion over time and pursued a batch inference approach. We generalize the underlying dynamics model to follow a Gaussian process, introducing a novel class of dynamic priors for mixture models. Further, we propose a stochastic variational inference scheme and compare our approach to previous solutions in terms of runtime complexity and test error.


A simple and reliable head space gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of residual Methyl chloride, Ethyl chloride and Isopropyl chloride in Ziprasidone Hydrochloride. The proposed method is based on flame ionization detection technique with DB- 624 as stationary phase. Linearity of detector response was established up to 13.5μg/g and the detection limit was 0.8μg/g for Methyl chloride, Ethyl chloride and 0.9μg/g for Isopropyl chloride respectively. No interference of organic solvents used in the synthesis was observed. Performance of the method was assessed by evaluating the recovery, repeatability, reproducibility, linearity and limits of detection and quantification. The proposed method has a potential for application to drug substances which may contains traces of alkyl chloride. Results prove that the validated method was suitable for determining the residual Methyl chloride, Ethyl chloride and Isopropyl chloride in Ziprasidone Hydrochloride drug substance. To widen the scope of this method, interference of 17 commonly employed solvents in the synthesis has been studied for any possible interference with Methyl chloride, Ethyl chloride and Isopropyl chloride. The potentiality of method has been studied for various drug substances containing possible alkyl chlorides residue present in their drug matrix.


We invert Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity data to estimate fault slip rates in California using a fault‐based crustal deformation model with geologic constraints. The model assumes buried elastic dislocations across the region using Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast Version 3 (UCERF3) fault geometries. New GPS velocity and geologic slip‐rate data were compiled by the UCERF3 deformation working group. The result of least‐squares inversion shows that the San Andreas fault slips at 19–22  mm/yr along Santa Cruz to the North Coast, 25–28  mm/yr along the central California creeping segment to the Carrizo Plain, 20–22  mm/yr along the Mojave, and 20–24  mm/yr along the Coachella to the Imperial Valley. Modeled slip rates are 7–16  mm/yr lower than the preferred geologic rates from the central California creeping section to the San Bernardino North section. For the Bartlett Springs section, fault slip rates of 7–9  mm/yr fall within the geologic bounds but are twice the preferred geologic rates. For the central and eastern Garlock, inverted slip rates of 7.5 and 4.9  mm/yr, respectively, match closely with the geologic rates. For the western Garlock, however, our result suggests a low slip rate of 1.7  mm/yr. Along the eastern California shear zone and southern Walker Lane, our model shows a cumulative slip rate of 6.2–6.9  mm/yr across its east–west transects, which is ∼1  mm/yr increase of the geologic estimates. For the off‐coast faults of central California, from Hosgri to San Gregorio, fault slips are modeled at 1–5  mm/yr, similar to the lower geologic bounds. For the off‐fault deformation, the total moment rate amounts to 0.88×1019  N·m/yr, with fast straining regions found around the Mendocino triple junction, Transverse Ranges and Garlock fault zones, Landers and Brawley seismic zones, and farther south. The overall California moment rate is 2.76×1019  N·m/yr, which is a 16% increase compared with the UCERF2 model.

Online Material: Table of geological slip rates.


The advent of hysteroscopic laser surgery has provided an alternative to hysterectomy in women with menorrhagia refractory to other forms of treatment. This procedure has been used with considerable success to reproduce the signs and symptoms of Asherman's syndrome when combined with pretreatment using the synthetic steroid Danocrine (danazol). Experience with 335 patients treated with danazol, 800 mg/d, for 25 days before undergoing hysteroscopy with a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser demonstrated that excellent results (amenorrhea or limited spotting) were achieved in 97% of cases. All 46 patients with clotting disorders did well after surgery. The major complications associated with this procedure were fluid overload, profuse bleeding, postoperative urinary tract infections and postoperative hematometra, all of which were controlled successfully. Only one patient had to discontinue danazol treatment because of an adverse reaction.


With the ever-growing volume of cyber-attacks on organizations, security analysts require effective visual interfaces and interaction techniques to detect security breaches and, equally importantly, to efficiently share threat information. To support this need, we present a tool called ?User Behavior Analytics? (UBA) that conducts continuous analysis of individuals' usage of their organizational IT networks, and effectively visualizes the associated security exposures of the organization. The UBA tool was developed as an extension of IBM?s security analytics environment, and incorporates a risk-focused dashboard that highlights anomalous user behaviors and the aggregated risk levels associated with individual users, user groups, and overall system security state. Moreover, the tool?s dashboard has been designed to facilitate rapid review of security incidents and correlate them with data from various sources such as user directory and HR systems. In doing so, the tool presents busy security analysts with an effective means to visually identify and respond to cyber threats on the organization's crown jewels.


Work-site chemicals are substances which are employed in manufacturing industrial operations. Contact with such materials may present a hazard to health. Substantial hygienic significance is to be attached to the detection of such injurious potentials by experimental and theoretical toxicology. The preparation of toxicologic expertises on industrial materials presents many problems. The standard approach is to utilize scientific methods on the basis of defined experimental models and quantitative relationships. Judgment of the toxicologic relevance is guided by well-documented epidemiologic or experimental data and the study of case histories. After scientific validation the result is used in practice for setting threshold limit values (MAK's, MIK's) for occupational health purposes.


Nowadays, the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved impressive performance on many computer vision related tasks, such as object detection, image recognition, image retrieval, etc. These achievements benefit from the CNNs outstanding capability to learn the input features with deep layers of neuron structures and iterative training process. However, these learned features are hard to identify and interpret from a human vision perspective, causing a lack of understanding of the CNNs internal working mechanism. To improve the CNN interpretability, the CNN visualization is well utilized as a qualitative analysis method, which translates the internal features into visually perceptible patterns. And many CNN visualization works have been proposed in the literature to interpret the CNN in perspectives of network structure, operation, and semantic concept. In this paper, we expect to provide a comprehensive survey of several representative CNN visualization methods, including Activation Maximization, Network Inversion, Deconvolutional Neural Networks (DeconvNet), and Network Dissection based visualization. These methods are presented in terms of motivations, algorithms, and experiment results. Based on these visualization methods, we also discuss their practical applications to demonstrate the significance of the CNN interpretability in areas of network design, optimization, security enhancement, etc.


Numerous reports in the medical literature and popular media have discussed the effectiveness of various nonhormonal agents in reducing menopausal hot flash symptoms. Data for these therapies are limited, and most of the studies have been conducted in women with a history of breast cancer. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine have been shown to reduce hot flashes by 19 to 60 percent and were well tolerated by study participants. Soy isoflavones reduced hot flashes by 9 to 40 percent in some trials, but most trials showed no difference compared with placebo. Black cohosh and red clover also have had inconsistent results, with some trials showing benefit and some no difference compared with placebo. Soy isoflavones, black cohosh, and red clover were well tolerated in clinical trials. Other agents that have been used to alleviate hot flashes include belladonna/ergotamine tartrate/phenobarbital combination, dong quai, evening primrose oil, gabapentin, ginseng, mirtazapine, trazodone, vitamin E, and wild yam, but few data regarding their effectiveness have been published. Further randomized controlled trials are needed.


Lorine Niedecker (1903 70) was a poet of extraordinary talent whose life and work were long enveloped in obscurity. After her death in 1970, poet Basil Bunting wrote that she was the most interesting woman poet America has yet produced . . . only beginning to be appreciated when she died. Her poverty and arduous family life, the isolated home in Wisconsin that provided rich imagery for her work, and her unusual acquaintances have all contributed to Niedecker s enigmatic reputation. Margot Peters brings Lorine Niedecker s life out of the shadows in this first full biography of the poet. She depicts Niedecker s watery world on Blackhawk Island (near Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin), where she was born and spent most of her life. A brief college career cut short by family obligations and an equally brief marriage were followed in 1931 by the start of a life-changing correspondence and complicated thirty-five-year friendship with modernist poet Louis Zukofsky, who connected Niedecker to a literary lifeline of distant poets and magazines. Supporting herself by turns as a hospital scrubwoman and proofreader for a dairy journal, Niedecker made a late marriage to an industrial painter, which gave her time to write and publish her work in the final decades of her life. During her lifetime, Niedecker s poetry was praised by a relatively small literary circle, including Zukofsky, William Carlos Williams, Robert Creeley, Denise Levetov, and Allen Ginsberg. Since her death much more of her surviving writings have been published, including a comprehensive edition of collected works and two volumes of correspondence. Through Margot Peters s compelling biography, readers will discover Lorine Niedecker as a poet of spare and brilliant verse and a woman whose talent and grit carried her through periods of desperation and despair. Best Special Interest Books, selected by the American Association of School Librarians"


Introduction: The extremities are the most common area of the body to be injured from gunshot wounds (GSWs). If there are no vascular or orthopedic injuries, an operation is typically not indicated. As a bullet travels through tissue, it not only creates a cavity but also creates a vacuum both as it enters and exits. This vacuum allows debris to enter the tissue cavity and contaminate the wound. We hypothesize that a non-operative wound caused by a bullet traveling through layers of clothing will have a higher infection rate than a wound caused by a bullet that did not travel through clothing.
Methods: Patients who suffered a GSW between the years 1992 and 2017 were identified with the institutional trauma registrar at our level II rural trauma center. Patients included were those injured within our seasonal time periods; winter (November, December, January and February) and summer (May, June, July and August). Patients who did not fall into these seasonal categories, had incomplete chart documentation or failed to follow-up were excluded. Time of year was used as a surrogate for how much clothing a person was wearing when they were injured. Chart reviews were performed to identify all non-operative extremity wounds and infection rates within 30 days.
Results: A total of 233 patients were initially captured with 133 meeting inclusion criteria. Of the 76 patients included in the winter and the 57 included in the summer, the number of non-operative extremity injuries were 11 and 10 respectively. A total of 2 infections (18%) occurred in the winter while no infections (0%) occurred in the summer (p=0.48).
Conclusion: A higher infection rate was associated with non-operative ballistic wounds to the extremities during the winter months when patients are typically wearing more clothing compared to the summer months. This difference was not statistically significant.


Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps are relevant determinants of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia multidrug resistance as they can extrude a broad range of antibiotics and compounds involved in virulence and physiological functions. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an environmental bacterium, was shown to be associated with amoebae and able to multiply inside them. To explore whether S. maltophilia RND efflux pumps play a role when interacting with amoebae, we evaluated the effect of amoebal culture and co-culture supernatants on the growth of S. maltophilia and the expression of sme efflux pump genes. Acanthamoeba castellanii and Willaertia magna were used as amoebal models and strain S. maltophilia BurE1 as bacterial one. Our data showed that both bacterial growth and sme gene expression were not modified by amoebal culture supernatants. On the contrary, co-culture supernatants negatively impacted the growth of BurE1 and induced the expression of 3 out of 8 efflux pump genes, i.e. smeE, smeN and smeZ. Finally, we evidenced the production of A. castellanii secondary metabolites, putatively belonging to the diterpene family, in the amoebal supernatant and in the co-culture supernatant of A. castellanii and BurE1. Whether these compounds act directly as substrates of the efflux pumps and/or inducers of the sme genes need further investigations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.