Membrane protein dynamics is of great importance for living organisms. The precise localization of proteins composing a synapse on the membrane facing a nerve terminus is essential for proper functioning of the nervous system. In muscle fibers, the nicotinic acetylcholine is densely packed under the motor nerve termini. A receptor associated protein, rapsyn, acts as a linker between the receptor and the other components of the synaptic suramolecular assembly. Advances in fluorescence microscopy have allowed to measure the behavior of a single receptor in the cell membrane. In this work single-molecule microscopy was used to track the motion of ionotropic acetylcholine (nAChR) and serotonin (5HT3R) receptors in the plasma membrane of cells. We present methods for measuring single-molecule diffusion and their analysis. Single molecule tracking has shown a high dependence of acetylcholine receptors diffusion on its associated protein rapsyn. Comparing muscle cells that either express rapsyn or are devoid of it, we found that rapsyn plays an important role on receptor immobilization. A three-fold increase of receptor mobility was observed in muscle cells devoid of rapsyn. However, in these cells, a certain fraction of immobilized receptors was also found immobile. Furthermore, nAChR were strongly confined in membrane domains of few tens of nanometers. This showed that membrane composition and membrane associated proteins influence on receptor localization. During muscle cell differentiation, the fraction of immobile nAChR diminished along with the decreasing nAChR and stable rapsyn expression levels. The importance of rapsyn in nAChR immobilization has been further confirmed by measurements in HEK 293 cells, where co-expression of rapsyn increased immobilization of the receptor. nAChR is a ligand-gated ion-channel of the Cys-loop family. In mammals, members of this receptor family share general structural and functional features. They are homo- or hetero-pentamers and form a membrane-spanning ion channel. Subunits have three major regions, an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane channel and a large intracellular loop. 5HT3R was used as a model to study the effect of this loop on receptor mobility. Single-molecule tracking experiments on receptors with progressively larger deletions in the intracellular loop did not show a dependence of the size of the loop on the diffusion coefficient of mobile receptors. However, two regions were identified to play a role in receptor mobility by changing the fractions of immobile and directed receptors. Interestingly, a prokaryotic homologue of cys-loop receptors, ELIC, devoid of a large cytoplasmic loop was found to be immobile or to show directed diffusion similar as the wild-type 5HT3R. The scaffolding protein rapsyn stabilizes nAChR clusters in a concentration dependent manner. We have measured the density and self-interactions of rapsyn using FRET microscopy. Point-mutations of rapsyn, known to provoke myopathies, destabilized rapsyn self-interactions. Rapsyn-N88K, and R91L were found at high concentration in the cytoplasm suggesting that this modification disturbs membrane association of rapsyn. A25V was found to accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. Fluorescent tools to measure intracellular concentration of calcium ions are of great value to study the function of neurons. Rapsyn is highly abundant at the neuromuscular junction and thus is a genuine synaptic marker. A fusion protein of rapsyn with a genetically encoded ratiometric calcium sensor has been made to probe synapse activity. This thesis has shown that the combined use of biologically relevant system and modern fluorescence microscopy techniques deliver important information on pLGIC behaviour in the cell membrane.


Two-node cuttings of cassava cultivar SS4 were inoculated with 1,000 infective juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita at 1, 14, 40, 70, 88, and 127 days after planting (DAP). Plant growth and root damage were assessed at 150 DAP. Meloidogyne incognita significantly reduced the number of storageroots formed in plants inoculated at 14, 40, 70, and 88 DAP and the total weight of storage-roots in plants inoculated at 1, 14, 40, 70, and 88 DAP, compared to uninoculated plants. Individual storage-root weight and plant height were not affected by M. incognita. Storage-root formation in cassava is initiated when plants are 1 to 2 months old. The results of this experiment indicate that, at this time, young cassava plants are most prone to root-knot nematode damage in terms of storage-root formation. The production loss caused by M. incognita to young SS4 plants was due to a reduction of storage-root number rather than a reduction in individual storage-root weight.


We compare assimilation and respiration rates, and water use strategies in four divergent ecosystems located in cold-continental central Siberia and in semi-arid southern Africa. These seemingly unrelated systems have in common a harsh and highly seasonal environment with a very sharp transition between the dormant and the active season, with vegetation facing dry air and soil conditions for at least part of the year. Moreover, the northern high latitudes and the semi-arid tropics will likely experience changes in key en- vironmental parameters (e.g., air temperature and precipita- tion) in the future; indeed, in some regions marked climate trends have already been observed over the last decade or so. The magnitude of instantaneous or daily assimilation and respiration rates, derived from one to two years of eddy covariance measurements in each of the four ecosystems, was not related to the growth environment. For instance, respiration rates were clearly highest in the two decidu- ous systems included in the analysis (a Mopane wood- land in northern Botswana and a Downy birch forest in Siberia; >300 mmol m 2 d 1 ), while assimilation rates in the Mopane woodland were relatively similar to a Siberian Scots pine canopy for a large part of the active season (ca. 420 mmol m 2 d 1 ). Acknowledging the limited number of ecosystems compared here, these data nevertheless demon- strate that factors like vegetation type, canopy phenology or ecosystem age can override larger-scale climate differences in terms of their effects on carbon assimilation and respira- tion rates. By far the highest rates of assimilation were observed in Downy birch, an early successional species. These were achieved at a rather conservative water use, as indicated by relatively low levels of , the marginal water cost of plant carbon gain. Surprisingly, the Mopane woodland growing in the semi-arid environment had significantly higher values of . However, its water use strategy included a very plas- tic response to intermittently dry periods, and values of were much more conservative overall during a rainy season with low precipitation and high air saturation deficits. Our comparison demonstrates that forest ecosystems can respond very dynamically in terms of water use strategy, both on in- terannual and much shorter time scales. But it remains to be evaluated whether and in which ecosystems this plasticity is mainly due to a short-term stomatal response, or alternatively goes hand in hand with changes in canopy photosynthetic ca- pacity.


To optimize performance, coaches and athletes are always looking for the right balance between training load and recovery. Therefore, closely monitoring of athletes is important. Heart rate recovery (HRR) after standardized sub maximal exercise has been proposed as a useful variable to monitor (Lamberts et al., 2004). However, it is well known that heart rate, next to biological variability, is influenced by several factors such as training load and psychosocial stress. So, the purpose was to look at individual variability in HRR from one week to another using the heart rate interval monitoring system (HIMS). Methods Eight elite Dutch female indoor hockey players (age: 23.9±3.91yr, length: 155.0±7.01cm, weight: 56.6±6.16kg) completed the HIMS two weeks in a row (Lamberts et al., 2004). The heart rate at the end of the last stage (HRend) was determined and the HRR was calculated one minute after the end of the last stage. Furthermore, training load and psychosocial stress and recovery were monitored using the Foster-method (1998) and the RESTQ-Sport (Nederhof et al., 2008), respectively. Results A strong correlation was found between the HRend from one week to the other (r=0.984 p


Summary A 20-year programme of research suggests that old-growth forests are ecologically unique and highly valued by people, that naturally young forests with legacies from old forests sustain many, if not all, the higher organisms associated with old growth, but that many managed forests are impoverished in species. Thus, restoring landscape function entails restoring function to managed stands. Managing processes of forest development, not just providing selected structures, is necessary to restore function and biodiversity. Systems of reserves and riparian corridors that do not take into account ecological restoration of managed forests and degraded streams may be self-fulfilling prophecies of forest fragmentation and landscape dysfunction. Intentional management can reduce the need for wide riparian buffers, produce landscapes dominated by late-seral stages that are hospitable to wildlife associated with old-growth forests, provide a sustained yield of forest products and contribute to economic, social and environmental sustainability.


This paper presents a study of the influence of polypropylene fiber reinforcement of concrete on the fracture behavior and edge effect in elements of variable width. Experimental results of fracture behavior of specimens with different cross sections are available. It has obtained more ductile behavior for specimens with trapezoidal sections (with increasing width) and inverted T-sections. Therefore, we analyze the influence of the fibers addition on the fracture behavior of these sections. Sections with gradual variation of wide and sudden change of width were analyzed. Results allow us to quantify the increase of ductility and fracture performance improvements produced by polypropylene fiber addition to concrete in these sections.


In the design of high-speed circuits, it is important to consider the adverse effects of packaging and interconnections on signal integrity. A review of quasi-TEM capacitance and inductance analysis of multiconductor transmission line systems is presented. The development of three general modeling techniques is discussed, namely, the boundary element method, the finite element method, and the partial element equivalent circuit technique. The application of each method to practical systems is outlined, with particular reference to the literature. A complete formulation for the boundary element, which is applicable to multiconductor systems of arbitrary geometry in nonhomogeneous media, is provided. The analysis of a seven-line buried microstrip structure illustrates the main differences between the finite element and boundary element approaches. >


: Brain tumours fall into 3 major categories: a) secondary tumours which have originated in distant parts of the body, b) meningiomas, which generally grow on, rather than in, the substance of the brain and c) intrinsic tumours which are generally composed of neoplastic glial cells. Secondary tumours show a marked propensity for metastasis to, and growth in, the brain; up to 24% of cancers are thought to metastasize to the brain. These metastatic deposits are frequently multiple but are usually well circumscribed lesions. Meningiomas are usually benign lesions which grow by expansion and seeding along the leptomeninges on the surface of the brain. Such tumours may, however, recur and show some degree of invasion of the underlying cerebral cortex. The most common form of brain tumour is the glioma, of which there are various histological types. These tumours generally fail to metastasize out of the nervous system. Two plausable explanations for this failure have been recently proposed. Firstly, the vascular basal laminae of the brain appears to exclude intravasation of neoplastic glia and secondly, if such cells do enter the vascular system they are prevented from binding to the endothelial cells of "target" organs by virtue of a lack of appropriate cell adhesion molecules, including CD 15. While intrinsic glial tumours fail to metastasize they are, however, characterised by diffuse local invasion of the normal nervous tissues. This important biological feature hampers all current therapeutic approaches. Local invasion is a multi-faceted phenomenon of interactive mechanisms including cell motility, adhesion and enzymic remodelling of the extracellular matrix components and involves paracrine interaction between normal and neoplastic cellular elements.


OBJECTIVES
To assess the microbial profile of wound infection and their antibiogram pattern.

METHODS
A retrospective study was carried out at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah Saudi Arabia between December 2021 and July 2022 comprising data related to demographic, microbial profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of wound infection-suspected cases.

RESULTS
A total of 305 wound swabs were collected; of which 56.1% showed microbial growth. Among 187 microbial isolates, 62% were gram-negative bacteria, 30.5% were gram-positive bacteria and 7.5% were fungi. Staphylococcus aureus was the prevailing isolates 17.1%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, each with 13.9% and Escherichia coli with 12.8 %. Providencia sp with 0.1% was the least isolated bacteria. Out of 173 bacterial isolates, 46.8% were sensitive to antimicrobial agents tested, while 53.2% were resistant to one and more drug tested. Of these isolates, 22% were found to be the MDR bacteria. The highest MDR percentages was noted among Acinetobacter baumannii (70%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (53.9%), Escherichia coli (25%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.2%) and the least by (12.5%) by Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSION: The microbial isolation rates from wound infection was high, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most prevalent. Considerable antimicrobial resistance rate to the commonly used antibiotics was discovered. Thus, regular monitoring of microbial profile and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in the study region in attempt to contain antimicrobial resistance is highly recommended.


Historically, research exploring athletes' experiences of combining a sports career with education or work commitments has been theoretically underpinned by the Holistic Athlete Career Model (Wylleman, De Knop, & Reints, 2011). However, recent empirical research (e.g., Van Rens, Borkoles, Farrow, Curran & Polman; Van Rens, Borkoles, Farrow & Polman, 2018) applied Role Strain Theory (Fenzel, 1989) to directly explain how adolescents elite athletes combine and cope with the competing demands of sport and education arising from the different roles they have to fulfil as developing athletes and young adults. In this study, eight adolescent international golfers, who transitioned from pre-elite to elite junior ranks, retrospectively recalled how they combined multiple sport participation, family, peer, and educational roles. During childhood, these athletes reported chronic role strain, but it was low-level and manageable. Role strain severity and regularity escalated during the early teenage years until the very final stages of the pre-elite transition context. It was at this point when role strain intensity and regularity subsided, primarily as a consequence of golf specialisation and formal secondary education completion. Findings provide recommendations for how best to safeguard elite junior golfers' long-term psychological and physical welfare.


: There is much to be desired for the promotion of greater understanding and appreciation of Ayurveda in the Western world. This is an attempt on the part of a Western mind to present an objective study of the basic concepts of this basic Science with a view to dispel Western prejudice. The fact that Ayurveda, by virtue of its unique efficacy, has been recognized by the WHO should remover further misgiving if any.


Students within this study followed the ICSDR (Identify, Conceptualize/Connect, Storyboard, Develop, Review/Reflect /Revise) development model to create digital video, as a personalized and active learning assignment. The participants, graduate students in education, indicated that following the ICSDR framework for student-authored video guided their video creation process, resulting in focus for their ideas, and increasing motivation to learn more about their content. Finally, the participants indicated that creating a digital video was an authentic and personalized learning experience that fostered personal choice and voice and peer collaboration. Evidence from the qualitative study supports students following a development framework for video creation.


Phenylpyrazole insecticides such as fipronil have been used as replacements for organophosphates. The wide application of fipronil raises concern about environmental contamination and risk for fish, birds, and other nontargeted beings as well as human health. A sensitive, competitive indirect heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. Antibodies with different specificities to fipronil and its metabolites were produced. Two ELISAs having IC50 values of 0.58 ± 0.06 and 2.6 ± 0.4 ng/mL were developed. Design of different haptens and coating antigens resulted in two assays with distinct cross-reactivity patterns for structurally related compounds: 96, 38, and 101% versus 39, 1.4, and 25% for fipronil-sulfide, fipronil-detrifluoromethylsulfonyl, and fipronil-desulfinyl, respectively. Performance of the immunoassays was demonstrated by a recovery study from spiked water and human serum and urine matrices, giving recovery values in the range of 85-111% for different concentrations. The assays demonstrated good correlation in fipronil recovery with conventional LC-MS/MS analysis. The generic assay 2265 has the sensitivity to measure fipronil and its analogs in serum at levels relevant for exposure monitoring. The assays were used to analyze human urine samples obtained from exposure studies and serum samples from rats treated with a fipronil-containing diet.


Taking as its starting point the enduring 'agrarian question', or crisis, of uneven rural development, the paper traces the evolution of the global commodity chain approach as a means for conceptualising the complexities and contradictions of the global agri-food system. Of central concern is the potential that commodity chain analysis has for illuminating the dynamics of local development. Much useful critique and debate (reflecting debate within human geography more generally) has highlighted theoretical and methodological shortcomings within commodity chain analysis, and critique and subsequent innovations have potentially strengthened the utility of the commodity chain approach. However, it is argued that if commodity chain studies are to effectively grasp the complexities of contemporary agri-food globalisation, and its challenges for local social and economic development, they must maintain a global production-consumption gaze, while not losing sight of local productive relations and rural livelihoods at the roots of the chains. In order to be inclusive of small-scale primary producers, it is argued, commodity chain analyses might usefully incorporate aspects of rural livelihoods approaches.


The northern Swiss Alpine Foreland exemplifies a highly transient landscape characterized by multiple knickzones along the trunk valleys and distinct bedrock straths at their junction with tributary valleys. This landscape has evolved as a result of fast base level changes in response to repeated glaciations during the Quaternary. As the archives related to the evolution of this transient landscape are scarce, available quantitative information is limited, especially for the early and middle Pleistocene. In order to track the pace of the landscape evolution in the northern Swiss Alpine Foreland during the Pleistocene, in this study, we focus on the Deckenschotter sequences, the oldest Quaternary terrestrial sedimentary archives on the northern margin of the Central European Alps. These deposits have been morphostratigraphically divided into two: Höhere (Higher; HDS) and Tiefere (Lower; TDS) Deckenschotter. We analyzed seven different sites extending from Basel in the west to Schaffhausen in the east of Switzerland for the provenance signal, and we dated these archives by depth-profile and isochron-burial dating techniques with 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl. Investigations on the petrographic compositions of the deposits revealed distinct provenances for the HDS and TDS deposits. During HDS time, the Alpine Rhine drained through Lake Constance and into the Danube River. Rerouting of the river toward the west and into the Upper Rhine Valley occurred between the end of HDS and the beginning of TDS accumulation. The results of the depth-profile and isochron-burial dating suggest that the HDS deposits accumulated at around 2 Ma as a result of a first widespread Alpine glaciation, whereas the TDS was deposited at around 1 Ma. Based on the provenance and the chronological information, we propose a scenario where the Rhine River captured the Alpine sources of the Danube and thus increased its runoff and enhanced its baseline lowering. Consequently, the landscape evolution has been accelerated possibly in response not only to the larger runoff but also to the climate change associated with the mid-Pleistocene revolution.


This chapter focuses on local public policies relevant to SME development and entrepreneurship in China. Previous research has mainly been concerned with specific policies and programmes promoting innovative SMEs and entrepreneurship at the national level. Using the documents of entrepreneurship policy initiatives and datasets on SME development in two contrasting provinces covering a period of 10 years, entrepreneurship policy in China is shown to be more complex than in most other countries, serving not only entrepreneurial activities but also institutional transition. Geographic disparities in SME development and entrepreneurship are demonstrated (see detailed analysis undertaken in Guangdong and Sichuan). As a result, whilst there are marked differences in the policy priorities in Guangdong and Sichuan, all levels of government share a common goal to promote entrepreneurship and innovation.


The fault exposure ratio, K, is an important factor that controls the per-fault hazard rate, and hence, the effectiveness of the testing of software. The authors examine the variations of K with fault density, which declines with testing time. Because faults become harder to find, K should decline if testing is strictly random. However, it is shown that at lower fault densities K tends to increase. This is explained using the hypothesis that real testing is more efficient than strictly random testing especially at the end of the test phase. Data sets from several different projects (in USA and Japan) are analyzed. When the two factors, e.g., shift in the detectability profile and the nonrandomness of testing, are combined the analysis leads to the logarithmic model that is known to have superior predictive capability. >


Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the vitamin D status of children living in Amasya, a city in northern Turkey. Vitamin D is an essential hormone for the health of the musculoskeletal system and acts as a modulator for the immune system, a protector of the cardiovascular system and a regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Methods: A total of 2551 healthy individuals aged 1 to17 years enrolled in this study. They were divided into 4 groups, according to their ages. Vitamin D status was classified based on the 2015 global consensus statement from the Endocrine Society. The data were collected from the hospital record system, retrospectively, and categorized according to age, gender, and the season in which the blood sample was taken for the measurement of 25 (OH) D levels. Results: Only 39% of the subjects were found to have sufficient vitamin D levels (>50 nmol/l [i.e., >20 ng/ml]), while the rest had poor vitamin D status. The insufficiency and deficiency problems were greater in females especially in winter and increasing with age. Conclusion: The high frequency of poor vitamin D status in otherwise healthy children indicates a necessity for supplementation and for implementing lifelong strategies that increase and maintain adequate levels of sun exposure.


CAF-1 is an evolutionarily conserved H3/H4 histone chaperone that plays a key role in replication-coupled chromatin assembly and is targeted to the replication fork via interactions with PCNA, which, if disrupted, leads to epigenetic defects. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, when the silent mating-type locus HMR contains point mutations within the E silencer, Sir protein association and silencing is lost. However, mutation of CDC7, encoding an S-phase-specific kinase, or subunits of the H4 K16-specific acetyltransferase complex SAS-I, restore silencing to this crippled HMR, HMRae**. Here, we observed that loss of Cac1p, the largest subunit of CAF-1, also restores silencing at HMRae**, and silencing in both cac1Δ and cdc7 mutants is suppressed by overexpression of SAS2. We demonstrate Cdc7p and Cac1p interact in vivo in S phase, but not in G1, consistent with observed cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of Cac1p, and hypoacetylation of chromatin at H4 K16 in both cdc7 and cac1Δ mutants. Moreover, silencing at HMRae** is restored in cells expressing cac1p mutants lacking Cdc7p phosphorylation sites. We also discovered that cac1Δ and cdc7-90 synthetically interact negatively in the presence of DNA damage, but that Cdc7p phosphorylation sites on Cac1p are not required for responses to DNA damage. Combined, our results support a model in which Cdc7p regulates replication-coupled histone modification via a CAC1-dependent mechanism involving H4 K16ac deposition, and thereby silencing, while CAF-1-dependent replication- and repair-coupled chromatin assembly per se are functional in the absence of phosphorylation of Cdc7p consensus sites on CAF-1.


OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to assess effects of translation (horizontal displacement) and angulation (transducer tilting) on 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic volumes of both balloons and human left ventricles after autopsy.

METHODS
Six water-filled (non-) aneurysmatic balloons of 150, 250, and 350 mL and 3 hearts of different sizes and shapes were suspended upright in a water bath. Angulation and/or translation was performed respectively by tilting the transducer with a mechanical arm in a vertical plane relative to the balloon tip or true apex of the hearts and by shifting the water bath in the same vertical plane. For balloon and left ventricular (LV) volume assessment, a 3D conical data set was obtained by TomTec rotational acquisition in combination with a HP Sonos 5500 ultrasound machine.

RESULTS
For the 6 balloons, translation from 1 to 4 cm yielded volumes of up to 74% of the optimal volume (100%); angulation of 10 degrees or 20 degrees, volumes of up to 80% and 34%. Translation with 10-degree angulation yielded volumes up to 64%; for 20-degree angulation and translation, there was no volume loss. Results were similar for the left ventricles.

CONCLUSIONS
Even minor angulation or translation of the transducer yields substantial underestimation of the true volume. Off-axis para-apical views, however, defined as angulation of 20 degrees and greater than 0.5 cm translation in this in vitro model, obviate volume underestimation. Such views in patients, if obtainable, may be an attractive alternative for conventional apical 3D acquisition, especially in dilated and aneurysmatic hearts.


We present a new supervised learning procedure for ensemble machines, in which outputs of predictors, trained on different distributions, are combined by a dynamic classifier combination model. This procedure may be viewed as either a version of mixture of experts (Jacobs, Jordan, Nowlan, & Hinton, 1991), applied to classification, or a variant of the boosting algorithm (Schapire, 1990). As a variant of the mixture of experts, it can be made appropriate for general classification and regression problems by initializing the partition of the data set to different experts in a boostlike manner. If viewed as a variant of the boosting algorithm, its main gain is the use of a dynamic combination model for the outputs of the networks. Results are demonstrated on a synthetic example and a digit recognition task from the NIST database and compared with classical ensemble approaches.


We present here a general framework and a specific algorithm for predicting the destination, route, or more generally a pattern, of an ongoing journey, building on the recent work of [1]. In the presented framework, known journey patterns are modelled as stochastic processes, emitting the road segments visited during the journey, and the ongoing journey is predicted by updating the posterior probability of each journey pattern given the road segments visited so far. In this contribution, we use Markov chains as models for the journey patterns, and consider the prediction as final, once one of the posterior probabilities crosses a predefined threshold. Despite the simplicity of both, examples run on a synthetic dataset demonstrate high accuracy of the made predictions.


Digital and interactive technologies are becoming increasingly embedded in everyday lives of people around the world. Application of technologies such as real-time, context-aware, and interactive technologies; augmented and immersive realities; social media; and location-based services has been particularly evident in urban environments where technological and sociocultural infrastructures enable easier deployment and adoption as compared to non-urban areas. There has been growing consumer demand for new forms of experiences and services enabled through these emerging technologies. We call this ambient media, as the media is embedded in the natural human living environment. This workshop focuses on ambient media services, applications, and technologies that promote people's engagement in creating and recreating liveliness in urban environments, particularly through arts, culture, and gastronomic experiences.

The RelCi workshop series is organized in cooperation with the Queensland University of Technology (QUT), in particular the Urban Informatics Lab and the Tampere University of Technology (TUT), in particular the Entertainment and Media Management (EMMi) Lab. The workshop runs under the umbrella of the International Ambient Media Association (AMEA) (http://www.ambientmediaassociation.org), which is hosting the international open access journal entitled "International Journal on Information Systems and Management in Creative eMedia", and the international open access series "International Series on Information Systems and Management in Creative eMedia" (see http://www.tut.fi/emmi/Journal).

The RelCi workshop took place for the first time in 2012 in conjunction with ICME 2012 in Melbourne, Autralia; and this year's edition took place in conjunction with INTERACT 2013 in Cape Town, South Africa. Besides, the International Ambient Media Association (AMEA) organizes the Semantic Ambient Media (SAME) workshop series, which took place in 2008 in conjunction with ACM Multimedia 2008 in Vancouver, Canada; in 2009 in conjunction with AmI 2009 in Salzburg, Austria; in 2010 in conjunction with AmI 2010 in Malaga, Spain; in 2011 in conjunction with Communities and Technologies 2011 in Brisbane, Australia; in 2012 in conjunction with Pervasive 2012 in Newcastle, UK; and in 2013 in conjunction with C&T 2013 in Munich, Germany.


We sometimes experience infant cases leading to unexpected deaths due to foreign bodies. It is often difficult to identify the cause or foreign body invasion by asking questions directly to a child. We experienced an infant case of a chopstick passing through the soft palate, reaching the parapharyngeal space near the inner carotid artery circumference. At the first medical examination, we could not detect the tip of the chopstick, in the pharynx. Using 3-directional-CT images, we could locate the tip of the chopstick in the parapharyngeal space near the inner carotid artery circumference. Under general anesthesia, we could remove the tip of the chopstick from the parapharyngeal space near the inner carotid artery with an endoscope trans-orally. It is important to investigate positional conditions between a foreign body and the vessels in the parapharyngeal space. Images such as enhancing 3-directional-CT before the operation is useful. Furthermore, we have to be careful of the late neurosis by pencil-injury in the region and pay close attention to respiratory tract management.


In this essay, the author stresses two characteristics of Angela Grauerholz's photographic corpus: the fortuitous and the systematic. The author highlights the important role played by desire on the part of the receiver. She then observes how these same aspects are embodied in the twelve books that Grauerholz has produced from her collections of images and texts as part of the project Reading Room for the Working Artist Bringing together writings and works around sometimes unusual themes, these open encyclopedias appeal to each reader's personal imagination and cultural memory.


Microcalcifications are an early mammographic sign of breast cancer and a target for stereotactic breast needle biopsy. We present here a Raman spectroscopic tool for detecting microcalcifications in breast tissue based on their chemical composition. We collected ex vivo Raman spectra from 159 tissue sites in fresh stereotactic breast needle biopsies from 33 patients, including 54 normal sites, 75 lesions with microcalcifications and 30 lesions without microcalcifications. Application of our Raman technique resulted in a positive predictive value of 97% for detecting microcalcifications. This study shows that Raman spectroscopy has the potential to detect microcalcifications during stereotactic breast core biopsies and provide real-time feedback to radiologists, thus reducing non-diagnostic and false negative biopsies.


1.Ecological niche theory predicts sympatric species to show segregation in their spatio-temporal habitat utilization or diet as a strategy to avoid competition. Similarly, within species individuals may specialise on specific dietary resources or foraging habitats. Such individual specialisation seems to occur particularly in environments with predictable resource distribution and limited environmental variability. Still little is known about how seasonal environmental variability affects segregation of resources within species and between closely related sympatric species. 2.The aim of the study was to investigate the foraging behaviour of three closely related and sympatrically breeding fulmarine petrels (Antarctic petrels Thalassoica antarctica, cape petrels Daption capense and southern fulmars Fulmarus glacialoides) in a seasonally highly variable environment (Prydz Bay, Antarctica) with the aim of assessing inter- and intraspecific overlap in utilized habitat, timing of foraging, and diet and to identify foraging habitat preferences. 3.We used GPS loggers with wet/dry sensors to assess spatial habitat utilization over the entire breeding season. Trophic overlap was investigated using stable isotope analysis based on blood, feathers and egg membranes. Foraging locations were identified using wet/dry data recorded by the GPS loggers and Expectation-Maximization binary Clustering (EMbC). Foraging habitat preferences were modelled using GAMs and model cross-validation. 4.During incubation and chick rearing, the utilization distribution of all three species overlapped significantly and species also overlapped in the timing of foraging during the day - partly during incubation and completely during chick-rearing. Isotopic centroids showed no significant segregation between at least two species for feathers and egg membranes,, and among all species during incubation (reflected by blood). Within species, there was no individual specialization in foraging sites or environmental space. Furthermore, no single environmental covariate predicted foraging activity along trip trajectories. Instead, best-explanatory environmental covariates varied within and between individuals even across short temporal scales, reflecting a highly generalist behaviour of birds. 5.Our results may be explained by optimal foraging theory. In the highly productive but spatio-temporally variable Antarctic environment, being a generalist may be key to finding mobile prey - even though this increases the potential for competition within and among sympatric species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


In seasonal environments variation in food abundance in the non-breeding season is thought to affect songbird population dynamics. In a unique tit-sea buckthorn berry system we can estimate the berry abundance and both the tit consumption and population dynamics. Six hundred nest boxes were available to great and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus for breeding in spring and roosting in winter. We followed the dynamics including the recapture histories of individually marked great tits from 2008 to 2014. In each year we estimated 1) the winter sea buckthorn berry availability, 2) an index of berry consumption in December based on the colour of the faeces of roosting birds, 3) the number of breeding great and blue tits, 4) both recapture probability and the return rate of the great tits and 5) immigration rates. December berry abundance positively predicted the number of breeding pairs of both species in the subsequent season and great tit return rates in the second half of the winter. There was support for a sex specific berry effect on the adult return rate in the great tit: female return rate was associated less strongly to berry abundance than male return rate. This skewed the sex ratio of the local breeders in the following breeding season. Intriguingly, annual berry consumption in December was not related to berry abundance, and individuals consuming more berries tended to have slightly lower return rates. Reproductive rate was not related to berry abundance. There was hardly support for a relation between immigration rates of first year breeders and berry abundance. Taken together these results imply that berry stock not only affected population size but also the population composition through sex specific exchange with the surroundings. Since population density covaried with berry abundance, density dependent effects provide an alternative explanation for the patterns observed.


Music consumption imbues a city's neighborhoods with a character all their own, contributing to a vibrant and dynamic map of urban cultures. Brick–and–mortar music retailers remain an important site for this consumption, persisting despite challenges posed by digitization. But the landscape of contemporary cultural consumption has been shaped by urban inequality over time. Using a unique dataset of record store locations derived from city directories, and census tract data from the Longitudinal Tract Database (LTDB), this article presents maps and regression results that suggest that the current pattern of music retail has undergone radical shifts between 1970 and 2010 in the cities of Milwaukee, Chicago, and Detroit. Record stores were once more highly clustered in predominantly black areas than they are today. An analysis of record store failure further suggests that in the period between 1980 and 1990, record stores outside of majority white areas had significantly higher probabilities of failure than those within them. This study contributes to scholarship on cultural consumption and urban change by accounting for how segregation shapes the retail landscape.


This entry approaches its topic through the perspective of the role of language and ideology in politics and the exercise of state power. It begins by introducing the analyses of Marx (and Engels) on language and its evolution, then considers the relation between their approach to language and ideology in the French Enlightenment sense of the science of ideas (a key influence in Marx's work), and finally considers the relation between language, ideology, and politics. It notes that Marx rarely referred to ideology as such, usually qualifying the noun (e.g., German Ideology, petty bourgeois ideology) or employing ideology as an adjective to supplement a noun (e.g., ), and then explores the successive ways in which Marx explores ideology, distinguishes it from science, and engages in Ideologiekritik. Referencing, inter alia, the Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, it also indicates that Marx called for a new political 'language' ('a poetry of the future') as a precondition for a radical transformation. After some brief comments on the concept of ideology in the Second International and Marxism-Leninism, the analysis turns to the work of Antonio Gramsci, noting the significance of his university studies in philology (specifically historical and spatial linguistics) and then focusing on his Prison Notebooks. It introduces four key concepts and their use in Gramsci's notebooks: ideology, intellectuals, hegemony, and the state as hegemony armoured by coercion. It also considers folklore, popular culture, and the national-popular. This enables a discussion of the role of struggles for hegemony in the politics of democratic polities or, at least, societies in which mass politics is important. Following another brief interlude on alternative approaches to language and politics in inter-war Western Marxism, the analysis turns to the work of the so-called structural Marxist, Louis Althusser. The key texts here concern those that address ideology, ideological state apparatuses, interpellation, and the expanded reproduction of capitalist social relations. Here I analyse the early analysis of ideological state apparatuses (which involves a critique of Gramsci's historicism) and a later rapprochement with Gramsci's work on hegemony. The chapter concludes with a comparison of the work of Marx, Gramsci, and Althusser on language, ideology, and politics, emphasizing continuities as well as discontinuities, and assessing their contemporary relevance.


About 1000 privately owned health facilities (HFs) were (re)-visited between September 2007 and September, 2009. A total of 2,100 health workers (HWs) were interviewed in these HFs to evaluate their knowledge on vaccine management and administration. Cold chain assessment form was completed for each HF revisited. Health Workers that were deficient in cold chain management knowledge were given on the spot training. Between September 2007 and March 2009, 90% of fridges in the HFs monitored were non-functioning. 95% of HWs interviewed had little or no knowledge about vaccine vial monitor (VVM) while 80% of vaccines screened were either in stage 3 or 4 of VVM or with VVM indicator removed. During revisits, between March - September, 2009, 92% of fridges were in good functioning state, 84% of HWs had good knowledge of VVM with 9.3% of vials in stage 3 or 4 of VVM or with VVM indicators removed.


This paper examines the relationship between investor protection and corporate insiders' incentive to take value-enhancing risks. In a poor investor protection environment corporations are often run by entrenched insiders who appropriate considerable corporate resources as personal benefits. When these private benefits are large, insiders may undertake sub-optimally conservative investment decisions to preserve them. Better investor protection reduces these private benefits and may therefore induce riskier but value enhancing investment policy. Such a relationship can also result from risk-averse behavior on the part of dominant shareholders with undiversified exposure in their own firms, which is again more prevalent in countries with poorer investor protection. If prominent non-equity stakeholders such as banks, labor unions or the government can influence corporate investment, and their influence is decreasing in investor protection, that can also give rise to a positive relationship between investor protection and investment risk. We test these predictions using a large crosscountry panel. We find empirical confirmation that corporate risk-taking and firm growth rates are positively related to the quality of investor protection. On the other hand, the data do not lead to consistent evidence for the alternative channels. We thank the editor and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments. We are also grateful for discussions by


From 1987 through 2012, the Federal Open Market Committee appears to have set its federal funds rate target with reference to Greenbook forecasts of the output gap and inflation and to have made further adjustments to the funds rate as those forecasts were revised. If viewed in the context of the Taylor (1993) Rule, discretionary departures from the settings prescribed by a Greenbook forecast-based version of the rule consistently presage business cycle turning points. Similarly, estimates from an interest rate rule with time-varying parameters imply that, around such turning points, the FOMC responds less vigorously to information contained in Greenbook forecasts about the changing state of the economy. These results suggest possible gains from closer adherence to a rule with constant parameters. Other statistical properties of Greenbook forecasts also point to an overlooked role for monetary aggregates, particularly Divisia monetary aggregates, in the Federal Reserve's forecasting process and subsequent monetary policy decisions made by the FOMC.


Don Quijote on Screen
This study provides a critical overview of the cinematic adaptations of Don Quijote. It is pointed out that in iconographical terms there is no rupture between the pre-cinematic illustrations of the novel and the protagonists' representation on screen. Rather, it is shown that filmmakers tend to adhere to Dor's popular illustrations as their source of inspiration. The study proceeds by identifying the specific challenges and possibilities involved in the adaptation of the Quijote. The disproportion between the novel's length and the duration of a film is seen as a particularly acute case of a general problem when adopting a novel for the screen. On the other hand, it is suggested that the episodic structure of the base text and the relatively arbitrary order in which it is presented make it possible for the screenwriter to produce a script that is more coherent than its model. One specific challenge of the Quijote consists in transposing the protagonist's view of the world from a linguistic into an audio-visual code. The study brings out that by failing to make use of the possibility to represent the knight's view of events in realistic sequences, most Quijote-films suffer from a semiotic imbalance between the spoken word and the images. A further specific challenge identified is the metaliterary dimension of the novel, which becomes less compelling when transposed into film. Orson Welles' Quijote-fragments are highlighted as an isolated attempt to maintain the playfulness of the literary text. After a brief excursion into trick film adaptations and a statistical overview of the Quijote's presence on the screen, the study concludes by taking a closer look at nine landmark adaptations, commenting on 23 film clips, which are made available through the accompanying video-CD and as part of the free online-publication.


Large-area surface elemental mapping is highly beneficial for a multitude of applications in fields from materials science to biology. Current typical methods, however, suffer from long acquisition times. Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GDOES), under pulsed-power and higher pressure operation, exhibits a great potential for ultrahigh throughput chemical imaging of large surface area samples. Up until now, various proof-of-principle studies of GDOES elemental mapping have only been applied to smaller surface area samples. Thus, there is a need for development of GDOES systems that allow for analysis of large area samples. Here, the design of different GD configurations for large area sample (10 cm diameter) analysis is investigated as a function of operating conditions such as pressure (133–4000 Pa), applied power (up to 5 kW), and pulsing. An open face electrode (OFE) design generated undesirable heterogeneous plasma at the higher pressures required for achieving spatial resolution. On the other hand, a restrictive anode array mask (RAAM) design provided notable homogeneity within the same pressure range and enabled the lateral resolution of 1 mm diameter silver inclusions embedded in copper. RAAMS were designed varying thickness (3 mm and 12 mm), aperture size (4, 6, 8 mm), geometry, and grounding. Also, as the section sputtered is restricted to the area covered by the apertures, the RAAM provides the opportunity for subsequent analysis of the unsputtered regions via alternative methods. In addition, the RAAM permits higher power densities to be achieved within the limitations of the power supply. These findings help to pave the way for exploiting the full potential of GDOES and its ultrahigh throughput elemental mapping of large surface area samples.


The Civil War transformed American life. Not only did thousands of men die on battlefields and millions of slaves become free; cultural institutions reshaped themselves in the context of the war and its aftermath. The first book to examine the Civil War's immediate and long-term impact on higher education, "Reconstructing the Campus "begins by tracing college communities' responses to the secession crisis and the outbreak of war. Students made supplies for the armies or left campus to fight. Professors joined the war effort or struggled to keep colleges open. The Union and Confederacy even took over some campuses for military use. Then moving beyond 1865, the book explores the war's long-term effects on colleges. Michael David Cohen argues that the Civil War and the political and social conditions the war created prompted major reforms, including the establishment of a new federal role in education. Reminded by the war of the importance of a well-trained military, Congress began providing resources to colleges that offered military courses and other practical curricula. Congress also, as part of a general expansion of the federal bureaucracy that accompanied the war, created the Department of Education to collect and publish data on education. For the first time, the U.S. government both influenced curricula and monitored institutions. The war posed special challenges to Southern colleges. Often bereft of students and sometimes physically damaged, they needed to rebuild. Some took the opportunity to redesign themselves into the first Southern universities. They also admitted new types of students, including the poor, women, and, sometimes, formerly enslaved blacks. Thus, while the Civil War did great harm, it also stimulated growth, helping, especially in the South, to create our modern system of higher education.


Background: Blended psychotherapy (bPT) is a treatment that integrates internet- and mobile-based interventions into out-/inpatient psychotherapy. It can enrich the therapy by using online-based treatment modules as therapeutic extension that patients use time- and location-independently between face-to-face sessions. It could potentially improve the efficacy of psychotherapy and increase the number of treated persons through saved therapist time. The case report aims to facilitate the understanding of the blended treatment components. Case Report: A 4-month short-time depression treatment with six face-to-face therapy sessions, six online lessons, and app ratings of a 48-year-old female patient is presented based on the CARE guidelines and quantitative and qualitative measures (treatment documentation). Depressive symptoms were clinically significantly reduced (PHQ-9, 0–27: T0 = 17; T1 = 7) from a moderately severe to a subclinical-mild degree, and no diagnostic criteria were met in the 12-month follow-up diagnostic interview. The patient showed a maximum treatment satisfaction (ZUF-8, 8–32: T1 = 32) and adherence and rated the therapeutic working alliance (WAI, 12–60: T1 = 57) highly positive. Conclusion: bPT reduced depressive symptoms for this patient. Strengths of the treatment were the facilitated use of the internet-based elements with a full-time job and the individualization within the face-to-face sessions through the therapist. Treatment success was limited by the predetermined six sessions, which hindered addressing all topics and conducting relapse prevention.


In the field of development cooperation, interest in systems thinking and complex systems theories as a methodological approach is increasingly recognised. And so it is in health systems research, which informs health development aid interventions. However, practical applications remain scarce to date. The objective of this article is to contribute to the body of knowledge by presenting the tools inspired by systems thinking and complexity theories and methodological lessons learned from their application. These tools were used in a case study. Detailed results of this study are in process for publication in additional articles. Applying a complexity 'lens', the subject of the case study is the role of long-term international technical assistance in supporting health administration reform at the provincial level in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Methods section presents the guiding principles of systems thinking and complex systems, their relevance and implication for the subject under study, and the existing tools associated with those theories which inspired us in the design of the data collection and analysis process. The tools and their application processes are presented in the results section, and followed in the discussion section by the critical analysis of their innovative potential and emergent challenges. The overall methodology provides a coherent whole, each tool bringing a different and complementary perspective on the system.


In recent years, both individuals and the healthcare sector have become more interested to measure and improve health and well-being by using different selftracking technologies. However, the number of studies concerning the experiences that people have with these technologies is still rather limited. This study investigates the expectations and perceived short-term effects of using self-tracking technologies on users' well-being. The focus is on the first weeks of usage i.e., the implementation phase. The study is qualitative in nature and based on thematic analysis of ten semistructured interviews. The results reveal that the perceived well-being effects of using a self-tracking technology are relatively minor during the implementation phase and in line with the expectations. The increase in well-being is expected to occur in a longer time scale. Perceived psychological well-being is found to be affected the most during the implementation phase. The results also reveal interesting findings regarding the use of self-tracking technologies. The results are discussed and several important implications are drawn.


We introduce a novel variational method that allows to approximately integrate out kernel hyperparameters, such as length-scales, in Gaussian process regression. This approach consists of a novel variant of the variational framework that has been recently developed for the Gaussian process latent variable model which additionally makes use of a standardised representation of the Gaussian process. We consider this technique for learning Mahalanobis distance metrics in a Gaussian process regression setting and provide experimental evaluations and comparisons with existing methods by considering datasets with high-dimensional inputs.


Histamine- producing bacteria may be associated with much irritable bowel disease. The present study was feces samples for histamine producing bacteria (HPB) isolation. Detection was depended on Niven´s medium that out of 30 bacterial samples, only 21 isolates were positive for histamine production. The bacterial species were identified by Vitek2 –compact results. E.coli species were selected for present study. Vitek2 –compact device was used to study the sensitivity of bacterial isolates against 16 antibiotic. Most E.coli species were resistant to beta- Lactamaes (Ampicillin/Sulbactam Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin), and sensitive to Trimethoprim (100%. The study showed that E.coli have histidine decarboxylase enzyme that has the ability to produce histamine and the occurrence of the disease, which is considered a virulence factor. The concentration of histamine was detected by HPLC technique (21.01 µg/ml. There are various factors that affect the bacterial production of histamine were detected include pH, salt and temperature. E.coli proportion to the concentration of histamine in pH (6) 21.41µl/mg and less at a temperature 40°C was 4.82 µl/mg.


Abstract Although software development teams increasingly use Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), a minimal amount is known regarding the impact of PaaS on software development. We explored the impact of PaaS on software development through a grounded-theory study, conducting 48 interviews in 16 teams. The data turned our attention to the affordances, or potentials for action, that PaaS provides to software development teams. Two key affordances emerging from our data analysis were self-organizing and triggering continuous feedback. Actualizing these affordances helped accelerate the collective learning processes that underlie software development, thus supporting software development teams in their quest for agility. Our emerging theory explains how, why, and when these affordances arise. The key contribution of our paper lies in unveiling how the use of cloud computing technology can transform technology-mediated collective learning activities by helping to remove barriers to rapid feedback. Our findings also imply that organizations can leverage PaaS to facilitate the transition to agile and continuous software development practices, in particular in conjunction with cross-functional team designs.


Introduction In the years that followed the end of the Second World War, there was a dramatic increase in nations committed to socialism. (1) A great majority of these nations, particularly in Eastern Europe, were satellites of the Soviet Union, bound to the political and ideological tone set in the Kremlin. As the world recovered itself after one war, it waited only briefly for another. The Cold War was altogether different from its predecessor. With the chance of a full scale "hot" war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union very much a last resort, the two superpowers used a wide range of methods to forward the conflicting political agendas each wanted for the world order. In this context, culture played a significant role in creating the impression that one ideological system was more preferable to another. On both sides, too, this cultural punch and counterpunch involved sport. Sport became a distinctive feature of Marxist-Leninist governments and a forum to display the superiority of communism as opposed to Western capitalism. Nowhere was this situation so clear than at the Olympic Games. Soviet sports officials looked upon the Olympics as the best possible setting for their athletes to prove an ideological point. (2) The Soviet bloc followed suit. But where sport became a site for promoting communist propaganda, it became also a site to resist it. This study will focus on three organizations that used sport as a means of expressing opposition to communism. The Ukrainian World Committee for Sport Affairs, the Sports Union of Free Cuba, and the Hungarian National Sports Federation all operated out of offices in the United States, and each was formed by political exiles. (3) Each of these groups embraced aims relative to the political situation of their respective countries and that of their ethnic communities in America. This was expressed in the specific form of "ethnic anti-communism." Even if their methods differed somewhat, all of the groups used sport to denounce and disturb the communist regimes of their homeland. To execute their mandates, one sporting organization in particular captured their attention: the International Olympic Committee (IOC). How and why each of the three anticommunist groups were preoccupied with the Olympic Games will be discussed, as will why the Games were seen as such an important arena for the expression of their beliefs. As a delimitation, I have restricted the study to the years when Avery Brundage was President of the IOC; that is, from 1952-1972. During Brundage's tenure, the Cold War arrived in the IOC after the recognition of the Soviet Union as a member in 1951. Brundage was an obvious target for exiled sports groups based in the U.S., not only due to his position in the IOC, but because he was an American citizen, and also anti-communist. It will be shown that the IOC was, in theory, an ideal place to lobby for the exiles, though it never ended being so. Brundage and his colleagues at the IOC acknowledged the work of these exile groups, some more than others, but refused to satisfy their primary aims. Contrary to their hopes, Brundage was never prepared to toss communist countries out of the Olympic Movement due to demands from a minority in exile, and when satisfying other requests meant threatening the Olympic Movement, the Movement won on every occasion. Refugees and Ethnic Anti-Communism in America Soviet influence in Eastern Europe expanded after 1945. A great many in the region correctly believed that communist governments were set to take control so they streamed over borders into Western Europe, especially the American occupied zones, West Berlin, or anywhere they thought safe. This exasperated the refugee crisis that already existed due to the people made homeless by the war. Millions roamed Europe. (4) In 1948 and 1950, the U.S. government passed the Displaced Persons Acts which facilitated over 400,000 Europeans to enter American borders. …


This presentation aims to explore the symbolic construction of Turkish
nationalism during the early Republican period in order to trace the origins of the anti-global
nationalism in today's Turkey. It discusses the symbolic bases of Turkish nationalism by
going back to early years of modern Republic. We identified three main components of
Turkish nationalism in this period: history, geography, and language. They are symbolically
constructed within a nationalist perspective. The founders of the Republic and the ideologists
of Turkish nationalism hoped this to serve two purposes. One was to establish the bases of
realizing the unity of Turkish nations. The other, perhaps the most important, purpose was to
prove that the Turks were an advanced and civil nation during the course of history, and to
respond the western pressures of disruption, defeat, invasion and exclusion (e.g. the western
labels of barbarian Turks, backward Muslims). The main argument in this study is that the
Turkish national identity tried to co-exist with, and to join, the modern western civilization
by placing geography, history and language in a symbolic context and in accordance with the
idea that it determines national interests as a part of a Business of Corporations and key
factor of Managers within the international competitive environment. In this context, Turkish
history was interpreted as the source of human civilization and the geographies of the Central
Asia and Anatolia were the home of human civilization while the Turkish language was
viewed as the origin of human languages. By doing so, they aimed to repel the claims of
backwardness and barbarity and tried to introduce the national identity as an integral part of
national culture having great impact on a process of negotiations


In this paper, we address the need to develop an empirically‐based understanding of the use of dialogue in teaching by discussing theory and research related to a pedagogical approach called collaborative reasoning (CR). CR is an instructional method designed to engage elementary school children in group discussions about controversial issues raised in their readings. CR is grounded in social learning and schema‐theoretic views of cognition, which are integrated to form a new model, called argument schema theory (AST). According to AST, students acquire generalizable knowledge of argumentation, or an argument schema, through participating in dialogic discussions with their peers. The article reviews empirical evidence from a variety of studies designed to evaluate the educational potential of dialogic interactions. The studies investigated group processes during CR discussions, individual student outcomes following participation in discussions, and the connections between the features of social interaction and individual student performance. We conclude that, despite its complexity, classroom dialogue can serve as a useful mechanism for promoting the development of individual argumentation.


The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) is a federally funded child mental health service initiative designed to raise the standard of care and increase access to evidence-based services for traumatized children and their families across the United States. As part of the quality improvement goal, a Core Data Set (CDS) was established to standardize data collection and examine treatment outcomes across participating centers. This paper describes baseline demographic characteristics, prevalence of trauma exposure, and service use for children and adolescents served by a broad range of NCTSN service delivery centers. Data were collected from children 0–18 years (52% girls, 82% were 6–18 years old) who reported exposure to at least one trauma and who received trauma-related services (n 11,104). Approximately half the sample was White; more than three quarters reported exposure to multiple types of trauma. Sixty-three percent were eligible for state- or federally funded insurance. The two most commonly reported traumatic events were traumatic loss/separation/bereavement and domestic violence. Number and type of trauma exposure varied by gender and age. Type and number of services utilized prior to entering an NCTSN center varied by number of trauma exposures. Systematically assessing children's trauma exposure provides clinically useful information, particularly for those exposed to multiple types of traumatic events. Identifying subgroups, and markers of risk for trauma-related sequelae, may inform policies, programs, and best practices to meet specific needs of children and families. Future research may clarify high-risk trauma profiles for coordinated utilization of systems of care.


Bi5Sb8Sn solder alloy is the most promising alternative to existing high-Pb solder as high-temperature lead-free soft solder alloy series whose melting point is about 264°C and have better conductivity and mechanical properties, but its wettability need to be improved. In this paper a novel Bi5Sb8SnLaNd quaternary alloy have been developed by adding a small amount of mixed rare earth LaNd elements into Bi5Sb8Sn solder alloy to improve the technological properties of Bi5Sb8Sn alloys. The experimental results showed that adding 0.1~0.3wt.% LaNd into Bi5Sb8Sn solder alloy made the melting point changed slightly, but resulted in the wettability of the solder alloy significant improvement. Compared with the matrix of Bi5Sb8Sn, the spreading area of solder alloy was about 20% bigger when the content of LaNd is 0.1wt.%. With increasing the content of rare earth LaNd, the spreading area of solder alloy decreased, but it was still higher than that of the matrix of Bi5Sb8Sn. This may be mainly attributed to the formation of new phases with rare earth and the thickness of the substrate intermetallic compounds in the Bi5Sb8Sn solder alloy.


Analog optical links using electroabsorption modulators have a gain limit caused by the photocurrent in the modulator. The gain limit results in a minimum link noise figure as well. The gain limit is due to the voltage-dependent absorption causing a voltage-dependent component to the photocurrent; the gain limit applies to a modulator that has this relationship


PURPOSE
From 1979 to 1984, 356 eligible patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma no longer amenable to therapy with surgery, radiotherapy, or progestins were treated with doxorubicin alone or doxorubicin in combination with cyclophosphamide.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients were randomized to receive doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) with or without cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 i.v. every 3 weeks for eight drug courses. All patients had received prior therapy with progestins with subsequent progression of disease. No patients had received prior therapy with cytotoxic drugs. Of 356 patients, 300 had measurable disease.

RESULTS
Among 132 patients treated with doxorubicin alone, there were seven complete responses (5%), 22 partial responses (17%), 73 with stable disease (55%), and 30 with increasing disease within 2 months of study entry (23%). For the 144 patients who received the combination, there were 18 complete responses (13%), 25 partial responses (17%), 75 with stable disease (52%), and 26 with increasing disease (18%). The median progression-free interval for those patients who received doxorubicin alone was 3.2 months, while it was 3.9 months for those who received the combination. The median survival duration for doxorubicin patients was 6.7 months, while it was 7.3 months for the combination patients. None of the unadjusted estimates of treatment differences are statistically significant. Prognostic features that had an impact on outcome included one factor associated with an increased likelihood of response (presence of measurable lung metastases) and four features associated with a poorer survival (poor performance status [PS] of 2 or 3, high pathologic grade, and presence of liver metastases or other intraabdominal disease). If these features are taken into account in multivariate analyses, there is no statistically significant evidence for differences in response rates (relative odds of response, 1.58; P = .06, one-tailed test), and survival duration is slightly longer in the combination regimen (17% reduction in death rate; P = .048).

CONCLUSION
The combination of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide thus appears to offer a small advantage over doxorubicin alone in the management of endometrial carcinoma at the expense of more frequent and severe myelosuppression and gastrointestinal toxicity.


In Rio de Janeiro's western zone, global challenges can be seen in many forms such as infrastructural investments associated with recent mega-events and tourism. In order to support these global events, world class sporting venues were built and others renovated, regional transportation improvements were undertaken, and specialized event housing was built. Despite this growth, countless opportunities to sustainably transform the area have been lost. This is particularly worrying within the context of climate change, which can magnify the challenges already caused by extremes of rain, drought, temperature, and wind, both in intensity and frequency—not to mention rising sea levels and their effects on coastal areas. In order to examine these forces, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte's Master of Urban Design (MUD) program and the Pontifical Catholic University at Rio de Janeiro's (PUC-Rio) Urbanism Laboratory within the Graduate Program of Architecture of the Architecture and Urbanism Department established a 3-year collaboration, which is the focus of this paper. These workshops provided hands-on opportunities to examine neighborhoods in low elevation coastal zones with a planning horizon of the year 2100 (by which time sea-level rise will have impacted the city). By leveraging the studio environment common to design education, faculty from both universities created opportunities for applied research that can serve as a model for both the education of designers and the public.


Catalytic reactions are associated with dynamical changes in the catalyst that include the oxidation state and local structural variations. The understanding of such dynamics, particularly at the atomic-scale, is of great importance for revealing the activity and selectivity of the catalyst in numerous reactions. Combining in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy with in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, we studied the redox-induced dynamical changes for a VOX monolayer catalyst supported on a α-Fe2O3 powder. The results show that several co-existing VOX species reversibly change their V oxidation states between +5 and +4, in concurrence with a structural change from two-dimensional chains to well connected V–O–V networks. These changes are also associated with the breaking and formation of the VO vanadyl group. This combined study provides new insight into how VOX species change during catalytic reactions, which leads to proposed atomic-scale models for the redox-induced dynamics of the catalyst.


The last decade has seen remarkable improvements in industrial gas turbine size and performances. There is no doubt that the coming years are holding the promise of even more progress in these fields. As a consequence, the fuel utilization achieved by combined cycle power plants has been steadily increased. This is, however, also because of the developments in the heat recovery technology. Advances on the gas turbine side justify the development of new combined cycle schemes, with more advanced heat recovery capabilities. Hence, the system performance is spiraling upward. In this paper, we look at some of the heat recovery possibilities with the newly available gas turbine engines, characterized by a high exhaust temperature, a high specific work, and the integration of some gas turbine cooling with the boiler. The schemes range from classical dual pressure systems, to triple pressure systems with reheat in supercritical steam conditions. For each system, an optimum set of variables (steam pressures, etc.) is proposed. The effect of some changes on the steam cycle parameters, like increasing the steam temperatures above 570°C are also considered. Emphasis is also put on the influence of some special features or arrangements of the heat recovery steam generators, not only from a thermodynamic point of view.


Purpose: Disability cuts across every society and all spheres of life. For an inclusive society, it is important to understand people's perceptions about persons with disabilities. However, there seems to be limited information, particularly about the perceptions of students who are the generation of future policy-makers. This study examines the perceptions of students in the University of Yaounde II about persons with disabilities in Cameroon. Methods:  A cross sectional design using quantitative methods was employed with a sample of students at the University of Yaounde II. A questionnaire was used to gather information from 500 students selected by simple random sampling. The data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics at 95% CI. Results:  Among the participants, 51.8% were males, 89.2% were single and the average age was 24.9 years. Findings showed that 69.8% did not know about the actual population of persons with disabilities in Cameroon, though 14.6% had relatives with disabilities. None of the students perceived disability as a contagious condition, and 79.8% agreed that education had influenced their perceptions about persons with disabilities. Gender and education level had significant relationship with changes in perception (OR=1.8; p=0.01 and OR=1.91; p=0.04). However, 13.5% were unwilling to work with a person with disability in the future. Conclusion:  The findings suggest that issues of disability have not been taken into consideration in Cameroon. Therefore, there is the need for education and sensitisation of the general population towards disability. Additionally, policy-makers should factor persons with disabilities into national strategic plans, in order to ensure an inclusive society.


Stratum corneum Alternative complement pathway C5a anaphylatoxin Tadashi Terui, MD, Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 1-1, Sendai 980 (Japan) We provide evidence that stratum corneum (SC) activates complement through the alternative pathway to generate C5a anaphylatoxin. By immunofluorescence studies it was shown that in addition to circulating IgG autoantibodies, there were anti-SC antibodies of IgM and IgA classes in the sera from normal individuals. However, all the titers were significantly lower than the level of C3 deposition between corneocytes. By contrast, there occurred no Clq deposition. Immunoelectrophoretically the orthokeratotic SC homogenates were found to induce the conversion of C3 from native C3 to C3b in fresh human serum even when the classic pathway was blocked by Ca2+-chilation. Enzyme immunoassay showed that factor B split product, Bb, was generated by the SC homogenate in the Ca2+-chi-lated serum. Radioimmunoassay for C5a also demonstrated that the SC homogenates could generate C5a anaphylatoxin in serum to an extent similar to that in non-treated serum when restricted to the alternative pathway activation; neutrophil chemotactic activity was generated in Ca2+-chilated serum at levels comparable to that generated in nontreated fresh serum. We separated the SC samples into a cornified envelope, and soluble and keratin fractions. The cornified envelope was more effective in activating complement. This activity resided in heat-stable and nonlipid substances of erythrocytes. Our hypothesis is that, when the SC comes in contact with serum, it activates complement mainly through the alternative pathway to induce chemotactic C5a anaphylatoxin. Hence, inflammation in normal individuals after a traumatic injury to the skin or rupture of acne comedones or epidermal cysts and possibly the formation of subcorneal sterile pustules noted in several dermatoses are explainable through this mechanism. Reference Terui T. Kato T. Tagami H: Stratum corneum activation of complement through the antibodyindependent alternative pathway. J Invest Dermatol. in press.


Objective Although the literature supporting the use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) continues to grow, incomplete reporting of primary diagnostic accuracy studies has previously been identified as a barrier to translating research into practice and to performing unbiased systematic reviews. This study assesses POCUS investigator and journal editor attitudes towards barriers to adhering to the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD) 2015 guidelines. Design, setting, participants Two separate surveys using a 5-point Likert scale were sent to POCUS study investigators and journal editors to assess for knowledge, attitude and behavioural barriers to the complete reporting of POCUS research. Respondents were identified based on a previous study assessing STARD 2015 adherence for POCUS studies published in emergency medicine, anaesthesia and critical care journals. Responses were anonymously linked to STARD 2015 adherence data from the previous study. Written responses were thematically grouped into the following categories: knowledge, attitude and behavioural barriers to quality reporting, or other. Likert response items are reported as median with IQRs. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the median Likert score for the investigator and editor surveys assessing knowledge, attitude and behavioural beliefs about barriers to adhering to the STARD 2015 guidelines. Results The investigator survey response rate was 18/69 (26%) and the editor response rate was 5/21 (24%). Most investigator respondents were emergency medicine practitioners (13/21, 62%). Two-thirds of investigators were aware of the STARD 2015 guidelines (12/18, 67%) and overall agreed that incomplete reporting limits generalisability and the ability to detect risk of bias (median 4 (4, 5)). Investigators felt that the STARD 2015 guidelines were useful, easy to find and easy to use (median 4 (4, 4.25); median 4 (4, 4.25) and median 4 (3, 4), respectively). There was a shared opinion held by investigators and editors that the peer review process be primarily responsible for ensuring complete research reporting (median 4 (3, 4) and median 4 (3.75, 4), respectively). Three of 18 authors (17%) felt that the English publication language of STARD 2015 was a barrier to adherence. Conclusions Although investigators and editors recognise the importance of completely reported research, reporting quality is still a core issue for POCUS research. The shared opinion held by investigators and editors that the peer review process be primarily responsible for reporting quality is potentially problematic; we view completely reported research as an integral part of the research process that investigators are responsible for, with the peer review process serving as another additional layer of quality control. Endorsement of reporting guidelines by journals, auditing reporting guideline adherence during the peer review process and translation of STARD 2015 guidelines into additional languages may improve reporting completeness for the acute POCUS literature. Trial registration number Open Science Framework Registry (https://osf.io/5pzxs/).


The most commonly used measure of reproductive behavior is the total fertility rate (TFR), which is a measure of the number of children born per woman. However, almost no work exists measuring the fertility behavior of men. In this paper we use survey data from several recent waves of the Demographic and Health Surveys in six developing countries in which men and women were each asked about their reproductive histories. We document a number of interesting differences in fertility outcomes of men and women. First, while one might have thought that average rates for men and women must coincide, we find that this is not the case. Comparing completed fertility by birth cohorts, we find that on average men have more children than women in four out of the six countries we consider. The gaps are large reaching up to 4.6 children in Burkina Faso for the 1944 48 birth cohort. We show that positive gaps are possible when populations are growing and men father children with younger women. Such a situation often coincides with polygyny, i.e. men having children with more than one woman. Indeed we find that the size of the fertility gap is positively related to the degree of polygyny in the country. Second, we find a higher variance in fertility rates for men than for women. In other words, women are more similar to each other in reproductive behavior than men are to one another. Third, we find that differences in the desire to have children can largely be explained by differences in realized fertility. This implies that differences in fertility preferences often emphasized in the literature do not necessarily need to cause conflict, as men and women can realize their fertility individually. Finally, we find that for men, the demographic transition started earlier and was steeper than for women. These novel facts are useful when building theories of fertility choice.


Previous studies have shown that dietary supplementation of curcumin or omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid can reduce behavioural
deficits and β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology in several models of Alzheimer's disease (AD),
including Tg2576 mice. However, no study to date had examined the effect of omega-3
PUFA and curcumin co-supplementation on behaviour or β-amyloid pathology in mouse
models of AD. Further to this, no study to date had examined the effect of longitudinal
omega-3 PUFA or curcumin supplementation provided from an early age before significant
pathological development in the Tg2576 model. This was deemed important since human
studies have suggested that lifelong dietary choices before disease development are an
important factor in disease risk. Finally, although a plethora of studies has examined the
effect of omega-3 PUFA supplementation, none has accurately examined its effect against an
appropriate control diet. For example, some control diets contained differential levels of fatty
acids such as excess total fat and omega-6 PUFAs. Such differences in the control diet may
have contributed to the observed beneficial effects of dietary omega-3 PUFA
supplementation, particularly since these dietary factors can exacerbate pathological
processes related to AD.
Using this experimental design, chapter 3 found longitudinal dietary supplementation of
omega-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from an early age in Tg2576 mice provided
some protection from cognitive decline that was limited to later but not early stages of
pathology. In contrast to previous reports however, Aβ pathology was unaltered by DHA
supplementation. Providing DHA supplementation from an even earlier age, chapter 4
showed that DHA reduced behavioural deficits at an early age (prior to Aβ pathology),
although interestingly, these effects were less robust at the later age. Chapter 5 examined
longitudinal supplementation of curcumin, fish oil containing omega-3 PUFAs (DHA and
eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and their co-supplementation from an early age in Tg2576 mice.
The results consistently revealed no beneficial effects of dietary supplementation on
behaviour or Aβ pathological measures. The findings from this thesis indicate that dietary
supplementation of DHA relative to a suitable control diet can provide only limited
protection against behavioural deficits in Tg2576 mice. In contrast, fish oil supplementation
containing omega-3 PUFAs DHA and EPA provided no protection, indicating that DHA
monotherapy may be a more advisable treatment. The null effects of curcumin
supplementation at earlier stages relative to previous studies suggest that curcumin may only
be effective during advanced stages of pathology, although further investigation is needed.
Finally, the null effects of curcumin and fish oil/omega-3 PUFA co-supplementation suggest
that this is not an optimal intervention strategy in reducing Aβ-induced changes.


Immunoelectrophoresis is a combined technique of electrophoresis and double diffusion. The test has been widely used to enumerate and analyze the antigenic components in mixtures, and it is indispensable in the study of monoclonal gammopathy. The interpretation of reaction lines needs basic immunochemical knowledge about immunoglobulin and principles of immunoprecipitation. When properly performed, immunoelectrophoresis will, in most instances, confirm the diagnosis and establish the class and type of M protein. However, the reaction lines should be interpreted cautiously, and the immunoelectrophoretic pattern must be correlated with that of electrophoresis and also with the immunoglobulins levels. The basic immunoelectrophoretic patterns of most frequently encountered monoclonal gammopathies are presented and some of the difficult problems are discussed in this report.


Results: In the first group intervillous lacuna were dilated in suprabasal area, the maternal placental surface was uneven; a significant myometrial thinness and an abnormal vascular architectonics were diagnosed in the placental zone. In the 2nd group no changes were reported. 7 children were delivered at 28–34 weeks and 3 – at 39. Vaginal bleeding during the pregnancy was in eight cases, five women were delivered prematurely because of the hemorrhage. Hysterectomy was needed in five patients of the 1st group (71%). The histology revealed a chorionic penetration into the myometrium, isthmus and the cervix. Invasion was normal in two cases (29%). In 2nd group no complications after delivery were registered. Morphological examination did not reveal any circulation abnormalities. Conclusions: Ultrasound examination and color Doppler help to suspect a placental penetration into myometrium. Sonographic criteria are dilatation of intervillous lacuna in suprabasal area, uneven maternal placental surface; a significant myometrial thinness and an abnormal vascular architectonics in the placental zone.


This paper examines ecopreneurship in established ventures that serve as early adopters of radical environmental technologies through so-called user business model innovation. Renewable e-mobility is identified as an appropriate application. The research methodology consists of two steps: a document analysis for developing a typology of ecopreneurs with user business models, and an in-depth case study analysis. We identify four patterns of entrepreneurial user business models in e-mobility: predominantly simple use, complementary business, feedback to core business, and additional business. We also explore the transformation path of the case company, which starts with simple use and then moves to the feedback to core business pattern. By drawing on insights from lead user theory in innovation management and sustainable entrepreneurship, we ground the new concept in extant literature and develop propositions. These propositions uncover some properties of ecopreneurs, the diffusion of environmental technologies, and industry transformations due to user business models.


The aerostatic bearings used in guide ways in ultra precision motion stages can provide both normal stiffness and roll stiffness, which are critical to the dynamic characteristics and control of systems. The normal stiffness has been widely investigated so far, but the roll one has seldom been studied. A new method for analyzing the roll stiffness is proposed, in which the aerostatic bearing is modeled as a set of distributed springs. The stiffness distribution is obtained by using the derivate of the pressure distribution with respect to the air gap. All the distributed springs are then integrated by using the presented transformation and it leads to an equivalent spatial spring which contains both the normal stiffness and the roll stiffness. A planar aerostatic bearing is taken as an example to illustrate the procedure of the calculation. The proposed method can be used to predict the vibration characteristics of various kinds of aerostatic bearings under working conditions.


The development objective (PDO) of the Jiangxi Shihutang Navigation and Hydropower Complex Project is to increase utilization of the Gan River for freight transport and for energy production, through improving inland waterway transport capacity and service levels in the Nanchang-Ganzhou corridor, and generating clean renewable electricity to help meet rapidly growing demand for energy in the region. This environmental impact assessment document (EIA) evaluated impacts and includes mitigation measures in the following areas : ambient air quality; noise and dust pollution; aquatic and ecological habitats; domestic sewage treatment and disposal; solid waste collection and disposal during operation (garbage bins); fish proliferation control measures; water quality baseline; damage to vegetation; sedimentation and soil erosion; cultural relics and historical protection; oil contained wastewater collection and treatment system; river regime and flood discharge; and finally, compliance with main laws of China concerning environmental protection during construction projects and the Bank safeguard operational directives on : environmental assessment (OP 4.01), safety of dams (OP 4.37), natural habitats (OP 4.04), pest management (OP 4.09), forestry protection (OP 4.36) and cultural property (OP 4.11)


Animal‐mediated pollination is essential for both ecosystem services and conservation of global biodiversity, but a growing body of work reveals that it is negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Landscape‐scale disturbance results in two often inter‐related processes: (1) habitat loss, (2) disruptions of habitat configuration (i.e. fragmentation). Understanding the relative effects of such processes is critical in designing effective management strategies to limit pollination and pollinator decline. We reviewed existing published work from 1989 to 2009 and found that only six of 303 studies considering the influence of landscape context on pollination separated the effects of habitat loss from fragmentation. We provide a synthesis of the current landscape, behavioural, and pollination ecology literature in order to present preliminary multiple working hypotheses explaining how these two landscape processes might independently influence pollination dynamics. Landscape disturbance primarily influences three components of pollination interactions: pollinator density, movement, and plant demography. We argue that effects of habitat loss on each of these components are likely to differ substantially from the effects of fragmentation, which is likely to be more complex and may influence each pollination component in contrasting ways. The interdependency between plants and animals inherent to pollination systems also has the possibility to drive cumulative effects of fragmentation, initiating negative feedback loops between animals and the plants they pollinate. Alternatively, due to their asymmetrical structure, pollination networks may be relatively robust to fragmentation. Despite the potential importance of independent effects of habitat fragmentation, its effects on pollination remain largely untested. We postulate that variation across studies in the effects of 'fragmentation' owes much to artifacts of the sampling regimes adopted, particularly (1) incorrectly separating fragmentation from habitat loss, and (2) mis‐matches in spatial scale between landscapes studied and the ecological processes of interest. The field of landscape pollination ecology could be greatly advanced through the consideration and quantification of the matrix, landscape functional connectivity, and pollinator movement behaviour in response to these elements. Studies designed to disentangle the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation are essential for gaining insight into landscape‐mediated pollination declines, implementing effective conservation measures, and optimizing ecosystem services in complex landscapes.


The investigations on the structure of alg-# cones [F, #} in topological tensor algebras are continued, and they are aimed at the closed hulls and the extremal rays of such cones. Among others, it is proven that the elements of the closed hulls of a large class of alg-# cones with respect to some intermediate I.e. topologies are explicitely given by (infinite) sums of elements of (F, #}. Furthermore, a Krein-Milman like theorem is shown for some alg# cones, i.e., it is shown that there are enough extremal rays m {F, # } so that every element of {F, #} is an (infinite) sum of extremals of


Commercially available N-Bromosuccenamide (NBS)is reported as an extremely efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2-aryl/hetero aryl-5, 6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazines by ultrasound irradiation of 3-aminopropanol with different aryl/ heteroaryl aldehydes took place in one pot under aqueous medium at 70 oC, gives high yields in shorter reaction times. The reactions proceeded with extremely high efficiency under mild conditions and gave good yields. The proposed methods were found to be suitable and accurate for rapid synthesis of substituted 5, 6- dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazines derivatives available. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR.


Entrepreneurship is gaining popularity for reasons which include: people choose entrepreneurship as an alternate career and governments around the world have started to recognize the economic impact that entrepreneurship has in stimulating economies and reducing unemployment. Another reason for the growth and importance of entrepreneurship is the wide spread nature of capitalism that presents business opportunities. With the high unemployment rates in South Africa one would think that entrepreneurship ranks high on the agenda of students and service providers. The aim of the study was to investigate the quality of entrepreneurship and highlight the effects of entrepreneurship education on students to the point of determining firstly if there is a need for entrepreneurship education and secondly, if such education yields benefits and greater success for entrepreneurs. As entrepreneurship exponentially gains momentum the desire for knowledge to harness raw entrepreneurship into sustainable and growth business comes to light. Schools, Universities and other educational institutions in developed and developing countries are all embracing the culture of entrepreneurship. A non probability, convenience sample of 190 students at the Graduate School of Business, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal were chosen to answer a questionnaire designed to evaluate the nature, benefits and to check if there is a need for entrepreneurship education. One hundred and twenty one respondents completed the questionnaire. The study revealed that entrepreneurship is important and education can play a role in fostering and harnessing entrepreneurship. The study illustrates areas of improvements for the courses. This study benefits students who are considering entrepreneurship as an alternate career and service providers who offer entrepreneurship education.


ABSTRACT 'Missionary' and 'archaeology' may appear incongruous partners within contemporary archaeological practice, but archival, museum and oral sources reveal historical connections. This paper explores two missionaries, active in the western Pacific from 1896 to 1973. Reverends Charles Elliot Fox (Melanesian Mission, Solomon Islands) and Frederick Gatherer Bowie (Free Church of Scotland Mission, Vanuatu) both conducted studies related to the prehistory and migration of Pacific people. Both produced material assemblages, as well as textual and visual documents, and formed ideas influenced by their own networks and self identities. The paper examines their data collection methods and relationships with others, considering particularly how their relationships with Pacific Islanders and with psychologist and ethnologist W.H.R. Rivers influenced the missionary research process. By understanding these aspects of their work, Fox and Bowie can be placed within a broader genealogy of Anglophone missionary archaeology dating back to the late 18th century.