This paper contributes to the literature on the impact of Big Science Centres on technological innovation. We exploit a unique dataset with information on CERN's procurement orders to study the collaborative innovation process between CERN and its industrial partners, mostly European firms. Since 19 out of the 23 Member Countries of CERN belong to the EU, public procurement for innovation through CERN can be seen as factor contributing to European innovation policies. After a qualitative discussion of case studies, survival and count data models are estimated; the impact of CERN procurement on suppliers' innovation is captured by the number of patent applications. The fact that firms in our sample received their first order over a long time span (1995-2008) delivers a natural partition of industrial partners into "suppliers" and "not yet suppliers". This allows estimating the impact of CERN on the hazard to file a patent for the first time and on the number of patent applications, as well as the time needed for these effects to show up. We find that a "CERN effect" does exist: being an industrial partner of CERN is associated with an increase in the hazard to file a patent for the first time and in the number of patent applications. These effects require a significant "gestation lag" in the range of five to eight years, pointing to a relatively slow process of absorption of new ideas.


In the problems of image retrieval and annotation, complete textual tag lists of images play critical roles. However, in real-world applications, the image tags are usually incomplete, thus it is important to learn the complete tags for images. In this paper, we study the problem of image tag complete and proposed a novel method for this problem based on a popular image representation method, convolutional neural network (CNN). The method estimates the complete tags from the convolutional filtering outputs of images based on a linear predictor. The CNN parameters, linear predictor, and the complete tags are learned jointly by our method. We build a minimization problem to encourage the consistency between the complete tags and the available incomplete tags, reduce the estimation error, and reduce the model complexity. An iterative algorithm is developed to solve the minimization problem. Experiments over benchmark image data sets show its effectiveness.


A curated list of websites that are organized by subject. The websites listed under Useful Websites have been reviewed and assessed for content quality.


In recent work we have shown that the reformulation of the classical Bell inequalities into the context of fuzzy probability calculus leads to related inequalities on the commutative conjunctor used for modelling pointwise fuzzy set intersection. Also, an important role has been attributed to commutative quasi-copulas. In this paper, we consider these new Bell-type inequalities for continuous t-norms. Our contribution is twofold: first, we prove that ordinal sums preserve these Bell-type inequalities; second, for the most important parametric families of continuous Archimedean t-norms and each of the inequalities, we identify the parameter values such that the corresponding t-norms satisfy the inequality considered.


A single-step sonochemical method to directly prepare rutile nanocrystal TiO2 has been developed. TiO2 nanaoparticles were synthesized by the hydrolysis of TiCl4 in the presence of water and ethanol under ultrasonic irradiationat 70 °C for 3 h. The crystalline forms and crystallite sizes of the produts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis. The TEM images showed the morphology of as-prapared TiO2 was pinnate in shape and the average sizes were ca. 4/12 nm (W/L). The columnar particles were linked together each other at the certain principle, forming the shape like dendrite crystal. The formation mechanism of the dendrite crystal nanocrystalline TiO2 was also discussed.


INTRODUCTION AND AIMS
To explore the combined effects of street-level law enforcement and substitution treatment programs on drug-related mortality, taking into account prevalence of heroin use and changes in injecting behaviour.

DESIGN AND METHODS
Time trend analysis using annual police reports and case register data of opioid substitution treatments in Switzerland, 1975-2007.

RESULTS
Drug-related mortality increased during times of more intense street-level law enforcement [odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.15-1.51], and the number of drug-related deaths predicted the number of heroin possession offences 2 years later (r = 0.97, P < 0.001). Substitution treatment had a protective effect on drug-related mortality (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.18-0.30). Surprisingly, the number of drug-related deaths was substantially biased by an oscillation period of 14 years (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17-1.32).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Our analysis revealed that the amount of police resources allocated to law enforcement was determined rationally, however, on biased grounds and with untoward consequences. Substitution treatment of heroin users reduced drug-related mortality in the long run, but different factors masked its impact for several years. Therefore, the introduction-or the expansion-of opioid substitution treatment programs should not be promoted with the argument of an immediate reduction of drug-related deaths in a country.


Abstract This study explored relationships between sense of humor, stress, and coping strategies. Undergraduate students (N=258) from introductory psychology courses completed a perceived stress scale, an everyday problems scale, a state anxiety inventory, a sense of humor scale, and a scale assessing their preferred coping strategies. High and low sense of humor groups were determined by selecting participants with self-reported sense of humor at one standard deviation above and below the overall mean on the sense of humor scale. The high sense of humor group appraised less stress and reported less current anxiety than a low sense of humor group despite experiencing a similar number of everyday problems in the previous two months. The high humor group was more likely to use positive reappraisal and problem-solving coping strategies than the low humor group. A weaker relationship existed between appraisal of stress and number of problems in the low humor group because this group perceived greater stress at low and average number of everyday problems than the high humor group. The results were discussed as supporting the role of humor in restructuring a situation so it is less stressful, and the relationship of humor to both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies.


This study uses a sample of 237 Chinese corporations to analyze the relationships between internationalization and performance as well as moderating effect that corporate governance systems have between these. The findings indicate that the internationalization of Chinese corporations do not have a positive linear relationship with the performance of them. On the other hand, the outsider ratio of the board composition and the number of audit committee members were found to moderatepositively the internationalization-performance relationship. This study provides an important practical implication for corporations that are in the process of international diversification. An effective governance system is required to achieve the positive goals of international diversification in terms of performance. If corporations cannot effectively monitor and control the decisions of top managers during international diversification, they might have significant difficulty to get positive results from such internationalization.


We advocate a full-cycle approach to conducting organizational behavior research. Full-cycle research begins with the observation of naturally occurring phenomena and proceeds by traveling back and forth between observation and manipulation-based research settings, establishing the power, generality, and conceptual underpinnings of the phenomenon along the way. Compared with more traditional approaches, full-cycle research offers several advantages, such as specifying theoretical models, considering actual and ideal conditions, and promoting interdisciplinary integration. To illustrate these advantages, we provide examples of an implicit approach to conducting full-cycle research and present suggestions for fostering more explicit full-cycle research programs in the future. We encourage individual researchers to adopt this approach rather than to assume the field will naturally avoid the inevitable vulnerabilities that emerge from relying on particular methodological approaches. We conclude by discussing the relevant constraints and opportunities for engaging in full-cycle organizational research.


• Objective: To describe the efforts of 3 primary care practices in the implementation of a preventive services guideline and to review the strategies for improvement used in common by the practices. • Methods: The practices implemented the Institute for Clinical Systems Integration's adult preventive services guideline. Teams were formed and steps were taken by each practice to improve their delivery rates. The common elements for successful implementation were identified; these were use of an evidence-based guideline, achieving consensus, teamwork, leadership support and involvement, resource commitment, a systematic approach, the use of measurement, and rapid-cycle improvement methodology. • Results: Improvement in delivery rates was achieved in a number of areas. • Conclusion: The common themes identified provide a blueprint for primary care practices to implement large quality improvement projects and translate research into practice.


However, some of the other articles are nothing more than the expected (and unblushing) record of individual surgical skills much of which has already been published elsewhere. Some of the most interesting material, in fact, derives more from the laboratory and the operating room. Lucy Rorke from Philadelphia always writes an interesting article and here she provides one on the Classification of Central Nervous System Tumours in Children and another on the Relationship of Morphology of Ependymoma in Children to their Prognosis. Also of interest are articles on Precocious Puberty ofCerebral origin (a large cooperative study from Japan) and a chapter on the leptomeningeal dissemination of primary brain tumours in children. All in all this volume is a useful and readable account of, particularly, the neurosurgical aspects of tumours of the central nervous system in childhood. It provides a simple if expensive access to information for those who have not been able to keep up with the current literature.


In terms of collecting comprehensive panel expenditure data, there are trade-offs to be made in terms of the demands imposed on respondents and the level of detail and spending coverage collected. Existing comprehensive spending data tends to be cross-sectional whilst panel studies include only limited expenditure questions that record spending only as broad aggregates. More recently, economists have begun to use spending information collected by market research companies that records very detailed spending down to the barcode level from a panel of households, usually recorded by in-home barcode scanners, which may provide considerable advantages over existing data more commonly used in social sciences. However, there has not been a comprehensive assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this kind of data collection method and the potential implications of survey mode on the recorded data. This paper seeks to address this, by an in-depth examination of scanner data from one company, Taylor Nelson Sofres (TNS), on grocery purchases over a five-year period. We assess how far the ongoing demands of participation inherent in this kind of survey lead to 'fatigue' in respondents' recording of their spending and compare the demographic representativeness of the data to the well-established Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS), constructing weights for the TNS that account for observed demographic differences. We also look at demographic transitions, comparing the panel aspect of the TNS to the British Household Panel Study (BHPS). We examine in detail the expenditure data in the TNS and EFS surveys and discuss the implications of this method of data collection for survey attrition. Broadly, we suggest that problems of fatigue and attrition may not be so severe as may be expected, though there are some differences in expenditure levels (and to some extent patterns of spending) that cannot be attributed to demographic or time differences in the two surveys alone and may be suggestive of survey mode effects. Demographic transitions appear to occur less frequently than we might expect which may limit the usefulness of the panel aspect of the data for some applications.


Reusing code from software libraries can reduce the time and effort to construct software systems and also enable the development of larger systems. However, the benefits that come from the use of software libraries may not be realized due to limitations in the way that traditional software libraries are constructed. Libraries come equipped with application programming interfaces (API) that help enforce the correct use of the abstractions in those libraries. Writing new components and adapting existing ones to conform to library APIs may require substantial amounts of "glue" code that potentially affects software's efficiency, robustness, and ease-of-maintenance. If, as a result, the idea of reusing functionality from a software library is rejected, no benefits of reuse will be realized.
This dissertation explores and develops techniques that support the construction of software libraries with abstraction layers that do not impede efficiency. In many situations, glue code can be expected to have very low (or zero) performance overhead. In particular, we describe advances in the design and development of active libraries—software libraries that take an active role in the compilation of the user's code. Common to the presented techniques is that they may "break" a library API (in a controlled manner) to adapt the functionality of the library for a particular use case.
The concrete contributions of this dissertation are: a library API that supports iterator selection in the Standard Template Library, allowing generic algorithms to find the most suitable traversal through a container, allowing (in one case) a 30-fold improvement in performance; the development of techniques, idioms, and best practices for concepts and concept_maps in C++, allowing the construction of algorithms for one domain entirely in terms of formalisms from a second domain; the construction of generic algorithms for algorithmic differentiation, implemented as an active library in Spad, language of the Open Axiom computer algebra system, allowing algorithmic differentiation to be applied to the appropriate mathematical object and not just concrete data-types; and the description of a static analysis framework to describe the generic programming notion of local specialization within Spad, allowing more sophisticated (value-based) control over algorithm selection and specialization in categories and domains.
We will find that active libraries simultaneously increase the expressivity of the underlying language and the performance of software using those libraries.


SIR—We report our experience in the anaesthetic management of 6 months old boy, 4550 g, with Conradi's syndrome who underwent surgery for bilateral congenital cataracts. He was the fourth child of consanguineous parents. Their first and third babies died soon after birth. The mother did not smoke cigarettes and denied drug and/or alcohol abuse. There was no exposure to warfarin. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata had been diagnosed at the age of 3 months as a result of growth retardation, ichthyosis around the umbilicus and hyperkeratosis that penetrated to the depths of the hair follicles. The parents noted the lack of responsiveness of the child to light. The physical examination revealed bilateral cataracts in addition to growth retardation, microcephaly, saddle nose, flat face with upward slanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, high arched palate, contractures of the knee, elbow, wrist and ankle joints, symmetrical proximal shortening of the extremities, bilateral congenital hip dislocation, ichthyosis around the umbilicus and hyperkeratosis that penetrated to the depths of the hair follicles and hypospadias. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed no malformation. Urine analysis and the other laboratory examination were normal except increased blood sedimentation rate (35 mmÆh), hypochromic microcytic anaemia (haemoglobin: 10.7 gÆdl) and increased CRP (13.2 mgÆdl, normal range 0–5 mgÆdl). The radiographic anomalies were calcified stippling of the epiphyses, short humeri and femora with wide metaphyses and metaphyseal cupping. There were only 11 pairs of ribs which appeared slender and minimal infiltration was seen at the right basal lung area. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck showed no evidence of tracheal stenosis. In the operating room the patient was monitored with three lead electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry and noninvasive blood pressure. The initial preoperative blood pressure was 100/51(67) mmHg, heart rate was 153 bÆmin and SpO2 was 94%. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2.5 mgÆkg, remifentanil 1 lgÆkg and vecuronium bromide 0.1 mgÆkg. After ventilation for 2 min, intubation was performed with an uncuffed 3 mm tracheal tube with a Murphy eye, which was one size smaller than expected. Maintenance anaesthesia was with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen and 2% sevoflurane. After induction, the blood pressure was 120/80 mmHg, heart rate was 101 bÆmin and SpO2 100%. Surgery was completed over 45 min. At the end of surgery, the patient was extubated after neostigmine 0.050 mgÆkg and atropine 0.015 mgÆkg. The perioperative period was uneventful and he was discharged home on the third postoperative day. Conradi's syndrome (rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder associated with numerous dysfunctional peroxisomal enzymes (1). A literature search found many articles that focus on the biochemical aspect of the syndrome, but only a very few clinical reports. Autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (rhizomelic type) is distinguished as a separate entity from the Conradi-Hünermann or the X-linked dominant type of chondrodysplasia punctata by Spranger et al. but also involving numerous dysfunctional peroxisomal enzymes (1). Chondrodysplasia punctata is associated with cataracts, hypertelorism, optic nerve atrophy, disproportionate shortening of the proximal extremities, psychomotor retardation, failure to thrive and spasticity (2). The preanaesthetic management of these patients requires a multidisciplinary examination. Abnormal cholesterol biosynthesis is a characteristic of some clinical syndromes with rhizomesomelic dwarfing and chondrodysplasia punctata. Severe pulmonary arterial stenoses, mitochondrial myopathies and defects in oxidative phosphorylation, lactic acidosis, abnormal myelin formation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been described in some patients with peroxisomal disorders (3–6). These may have implications for anaesthesia. If rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is suspected, preoperative measurement of plasmalogen levels in red blood cells is suggested, although these levels may be normal (7). The diagnosis of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata relies on a finding of calcified stippling of the hyaline cartilage and bones, which usually disappears at the age of 2 or 3 years (8). Whether respiratory tract cartilage is also involved in this disease remains unclear. However, there are several reports of tracheal stenosis in this syndrome (8). Prior knowledge of this is essential for the anaesthesiologist before intubation and for perioperative airway management. Perioperative gastric reflux and aspiration is also a risk and would cause an eventful perioperative period (2,9,10). In this case we were ready for a difficult intubation and we had a tracheal tube one size smaller than expected and a percutaneous tracheostomy kit. Our case was 6 months old and had no evidence of the characteristic calcified stippling of the tracheal cartilage or the cricoid, which usually disappears after the age of 3 (8). We performed successful general anaesthesia with propofol, remifentanil, vecuronium, sevoflurane in nitrous oxide without complication. In summary, in cases of Conradi's syndrome the anaesthesiologist must be careful to choose a suitable Paediatric Anaesthesia 2003 13: 841–845


With the advancements in spatiotemporal co-occurrence pattern and event sequence mining algorithms, spatiotemporal knowledge discovery from solar event datasets has been prominent in solar data mining. This work presents an efficient and extensible data access mechanism specifically designed for spatiotemporal relationships among the solar event instances. Previous indexing strategies primarily focus on indexing the trajectories of solar event instances. We propose a graph-based indexing structure for spatiotemporal relationships appearing among the event instances. In our graph structure, the vertices correspond to trajectory-based solar event instances, and the edges represent a particular spatiotemporal relationship. Furthermore, it forms the groundwork for semantic representations of solar event instances.


There are today a large number of different tracking systems and the subject of tracking targets is not a new one. A lot of the tracking done is in connection with aviation and military uses, but as the "internet of things" has become more popular the possibility to expand to households has appeared. To be able to track people in buildings or your own house opens a lot of possibilities for different applications, for example in home security. The usage of small radars, in the size of a few square centimeters, for tracking in households was an interesting topic for Novelda AS, which this thesis was written in collaboration with. The task was therefore to create a tracking system using Novelda's Xethru short-range radars, to track a walking person in a room. A tracking system was developed to be used in said environment. The total system consisted of four main parts. The first part was the kalman filter. The kalman filter smoothed out noisy data and provided estimates of the range and speed of the target. Then the gating was implemented, allowing only measurements from the radar that was within a certain range from the predicted position. Then, in the case when there was received multiple measurements at the same time, the global nearest neighbour method chose the measurement closest to the predicted position. In the end, a triangulation function was made to give out a final position (x, y) using the two radars. The thesis first gave a thorough description of the problem. Important parts of the tracking system was then explained and implemented. The system was then tested in simulations and later with real radar measurements. All the simulation and real radar measurements results were then presented in various plots and then discussed. Topics for further work were discussed and in the end a conclusion was drawn. It was concluded that the tracking system provided satisfactory results relative to the SNRs given. The simulation gave a good track estimation up to 5.66 m distance from origo, while the real radar measurements gave the same at 4 m. The author then concluded that the tracking system algorithm performed well, but not well enough for it to be used in any household tracking system with its current SNR values. The performance could be improved by following some of the suggestions mentioned in further work.


ABSTRACT: The great diversity of plant species in pastures of the Brazilian Cerrado with distinct ecophysiological characteristics indicates the possibility of finding, in the cellular content of this flora, chemical compounds with potential for use in agriculture and human and animal health. Three steps are necessary to prove this hypothesis: phytochemical prospecting, characterization of secondary metabolites, and studies on the biological activities of these metabolites present in these plants. The chemical profile of secondary metabolites present in five species of the Brazilian Cerrado (Davilla elliptica, Remijia ferruginea, Luehea paniculata, Anacardium occidentale, and Acosmium dasycarpum) was traced in this research. These plant species were collected in pasture areas of Felício dos Santos, Minas Gerais. The samples were dried and submitted to two types of extract (ethanolic and hexanic). By using specific chemical reactions, the presence of coumarins, triterpenes/steroids, and anthracenosides was observed in the hexanic extracts, while the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes/steroids, flavonoids, tannins, reducing compounds, and anthocyanins was observed in the ethanolic extracts. The species presented diverse classes of compounds. However, triterpenes/steroids, tannins, reducing compounds and anthocyanins were found in all species, being the use of the solvent ethanol the most efficient in extracting the compounds. The species D. elliptica presented the highest number of classes of compounds. The widespread application in folk medicine justifies further studies on the biological activity of different metabolites in agriculture and health areas.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of digitalis glycosides on patients with Adams-Stokes seizures due to ventricular asystole during the presence of normal sinus rhythm and transient heart block. There is a marked disparity of views concerning the value and limitations of digitalis bodies on such patients. It has been assumed by some observers 1 that the periods of ventricular asystole occur in the transitions from partial to complete heart block. In order to avoid such changes, digitalis has been recommended for the establishment of complete heart block so as to obviate the transitional periods—the implications being that with the appearance of complete heart block the Adams-Stokes seizures would cease entirely. Again, others 2 are under the impression that digitalis could be of help in Adams-Stokes disease only in the presence of congestive heart failure causing anoxia of the cardiac system leading to heart block. The


Allitinib, a novel irreversible selective inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 1 and human epidermal receptor 2 (ErbB2), is currently in clinical trials in China for the treatment of solid tumors. It is a structural analog of lapatinib but has an acrylamide side chain. Sixteen metabolites of allitinib were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-offlight mass spectrometry. The pharmacologically activea,b-unsaturated carbonyl group was the major metabolic site. The metabolic pathways included O-dealkylation, amide hydrolysis, dihydrodiol formation, hydroxylation, and secondary phase 2 conjugation. The metabolite of amide hydrolysis (M6) and 27,28-dihydrodiol allitinib (M10) were the major pharmacologically active metabolites in the circulation. The steady-state exposures to M6 and M10 were 11% and 70% of that of allitinib, respectively. The biotransformation of allitinib was determined using microsomes and recombinant metabolic enzymes. In vitro phenotyping studies demonstrated that multiple cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms, mainly CYP3A4/5 and CYP1A2, were involved in the metabolism of allitinib. Thiol conjugates (M14 and M16) and dihydrodiol metabolites (M5 and M10) were detected in humans, implying the formation of reactive intermediates. The formation of a glutathione conjugate of allitinib was independent of NADPH and P450 isoforms, but was catalyzed by glutathione-Stransferase. P450 enzymes and epoxide hydrolase were involved in M10 formation. Overall, our study showed that allitinib was metabolized by the O-dealkylation pathway similar to lapatinib, but that amide hydrolysis and the formation of dihydrodiol were the dominant metabolic pathways. The absorbed allitinib was extensively metabolized by multiple enzymes.


To analyze the human kappa chain repertoire and the influences that shape it, a single cell PCR technique was used that amplified Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements from genomic DNA of individual human B cells. More than 350 productive and 250 nonproductive Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements were sequenced. Nearly every functional Vkappa gene segment was used in rearrangements, although six Vkappa gene segments, A27, L2, L6, L12a, A17, and O12/O2 were used preferentially. Of these, A27, L2, L6, and L12a showed evidence of positive selection based on the variable region and not CDR3, whereas A17 was overrepresented because of a rearrangement bias based on molecular mechanisms. Utilization of Jkappa segments was also nonrandom, with Jkappa1 and Jkappa2 being overrepresented and Jkappa3 and Jkappa5 underrepresented in the nonproductive repertoire, implying a molecular basis for the bias. In B cells with two Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements, marked differences were noted in the Vkappa segments used for the initial and subsequent rearrangements, whereas Jkappa segments were used comparably. Junctional diversity was generated by n-nucleotide addition in 60% and by exonuclease trimming in 75% of the Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements analyzed. Despite this large degree of diversity, a strict CDR3 length was maintained in both productive and nonproductive rearrangements. More than 23% of the productive rearrangements, but only 7% of the nonproductive rearrangements contained somatic hypermutations. Mutations were significantly more frequent in Vkappa sequences derived from CD5- as compared with CD5+ B cells. These results document that the gene segment utilization within the Vkappa repertoire is biased by both intrinsic molecular processes as well as selection after light chain expression. Moreover, IgM+ memory cells with highly mutated kappa genes reside within the CD5- but not the CD5+ B cell compartment.


Mobile data consumption in Finland is among the highest in the world. The increase in mobile data usage has been rapid and continual future growth is foreseen. Simultaneously, consumer behaviour is changing. While new end-user devices are more and more energy-efficient and energy consumption per transferred gigabyte has significantly decreased, people spend more time and consume more data via their mobile devices than ever before. Does the increased usage outweigh the energy savings that have been achieved? What options are available for tackling increasing energy demand? And should consumers have a role to play in this discussion? This paper examines the current and future trends that results from the energy consumption of mobile data transfer and mobile networks in Finland. The findings presented in this paper are based on a top-down energy intensity estimate and publicly available data, which was employed to construct an illustrative trend (kWh/gigabyte) for the energy consumption of transmitted mobile data for the years 2010–2017. In addition, energy consumption related to mobile data transfer is discussed from a life cycle perspective, considering both direct and indirect energy use. Finally, the challenges in conducting such assessments are examined.


OBJECTIVES the postoperative evolution of patients submitted to orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) is frequently associated with the appearance of different types of complications such as renal failure, graft rejection, infections, and neurological disorders. These complications are the most significant causes of early morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing OLT. The purpose of the present study was the identification of factors related to the different postoperative complications after OLT. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN a prospective study was carried out. PATIENTS seventy-eight variables were analyzed in 32 consecutive patients undergoing OLT. The factors independently associated with the appearance of postoperative complications were identified using a stepwise logistic regression analysis. RESULTS the multivariate analysis showed that malondialdehyde and creatinine pretransplant serum levels were associated with the development of renal dysfunction. The pretransplant levels of haemoglobin and the units of platelets administered during surgery were prognostic factors of infections. Acute graft rejection was predicted by ?-glutamyl transpeptidase and total bilirubin serum levels. The pretransplant sodium and glutaredoxin levels in serum were associated with neurological complications. CONCLUSIONS we propose these markers for the identification of high-risk patients allowing an early surveillance and/or treatment to improve morbidity and survival in patients submitted to OLT.


OBJECTIVE
To report perioperative complications and client-perceived outcome following laparoscopic surgical treatment for sliding hiatal hernia (SHH) in dogs.

ANIMALS
Client-owned dogs (n = 9).

METHODS
Medical records were reviewed and perioperative data collected including preoperative diagnostic imaging, operative details, complications, and need for conversion to open celiotomy. A single-incision, multicannulated port was inserted in the subumbilical region followed by placement of an additional 2 or 3 instrument portals. Hiatal plication, esophagopexy, and left-sided gastropexy were performed laparoscopically. Follow-up information was collected with telephone interview with the owners and/or referring veterinarian. A standardized questionnaire was completed by dog owners postoperatively.

RESULTS
Intraoperative pneumothorax occurred in 5 of 9 (55.6%) dogs and resulted in conversion to open celiotomy in 2 (22.2%) dogs. In 4 dogs, pneumothorax was suspected to be the result of progressive leakage of capnoperitoneum through the suture bite holes of the esophageal hiatal plication sutures. Hiatal plication was performed using intracorporeal simple interrupted sutures (n = 4) or a simple continuous pattern with barbed suture (4). Esophagopexy was performed using barbed suture in all dogs. Gastropexy was performed using a total laparoscopic technique (n = 4) or laparoscopic-assisted technique (3). Using a standardized questionnaire, dog owners perceived a postoperative improvement in regurgitation after eating and regurgitation after excitement/increased activity.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Laparoscopic treatment of SHH resulted in owner-perceived improvement in clinical signs. Intraoperative pneumothorax occurred in a high proportion of dogs but did not result in long-term sequelae.


Reductionist explanations for gender differences in language use continue to occupy much research attention. However, such approaches cannot explain when or why people might change their gender-marked language use. This article reviews and critiques several of these approaches and tests an alternative from the perspective of self-categorization theory. Male-female dyads (N = 42) discussed a gender-neutral controversial issue under conditions of low or high gender salience. When a shared student identity was salient, males and females used tentative language with equal frequency; but when gender was salient, women used more tentative language than men and held the floor longer. Furthermore, women who used more tentative language were more influential with men, but only when student identity was salient. The article suggests that women's tentative language use is influential with men when it serves to unconsciously confirm men's wider, socialstructural advantages over women.


Information and communication technology (ICT) became within short time, one of the essential pillars of modern society. Many countries consider accepting ICT and mastering the fundamental skills and concepts of ICT as part of the core of education process, alongside reading and writing. The principle objectives of this dissertation were to identify the important factors affecting the use of ICT in higher education in Sudan and to determine the different strategic pathways that higher education institutions may decide with respect to the adoption and use of ICT in their institutes. The researcher elicited data from students and staff. The data collection utilized a triangulation strategy including both quantitative and qualitative research methods: the quantitative findings were further used to support the qualitative findings. A model based on the literature review was developed to address the overarching research questions, and to test the pertinent research hypotheses.


This thesis concerns two aspects of microorganism behaviour. Firstly, the phenomenon of bioconvection is
explored, where suspensions of motile microorganisms that are denser than the fluid in which they swim
spontaneously form concentrated aggregations of cells that drive fluid motion, forming intricate patterns. The
cells considered herein orientate by gyrotaxis, a balance between a gravitational torque due to uneven starch
deposits causing cells to be bottom heavy and a viscous torque due to fluid flow gradients, and phototaxis,
biased movement towards or away from a light source. In Chapters 2 and 3, a stochastic continuum model for
gyrotaxis is extended to include phototaxis using three physically diverse and novel methods. A linear stability
analysis is performed for each model and the most unstable wavenumber for a range of parameter values is
predicted. For two of the models, sufficiently strong illumination is found to stabilize all wavenumbers
compared to the gyrotaxis only case. Phototaxis is also found to yield non-zero critical wavenumbers under such
strong illumination. Two mechanisms that lead to oscillatory solutions are presented. Dramatically different
results are found for the third model, where instabilities arise even in the absence of fluid flow. In Chapter
4, an experimental study of pattern formation by the photo-gyrotactic unicellular green alga species Chlamydomonas nivalis is presented. Fourier analysis is used to extract the wavelength of the initial
dominant mode. Variations in red light illumination are found to have no significant effect on the initial
pattern wavelength. However, fascinating trends for the effects of cell concentration and white light intensity
on cells illuminated either from above or below are described. This work concludes with comparisons between
theoretical predictions and experimental results, between which good agreement is found.

Secondly, we investigate the intracellular pathways and processes that lead to hydrogen production upon
implementation of a two-stage sulphur deprivation method in the green alga C. reinhardtii. In Chapter 5,
a novel model of this system is constructed from a consideration of the main cellular processes. Model results
for a range of initial conditions are found to be consistent with published experimental results. In Chapter 6,
a parameter sensitivity of the model is performed and a study in which different sulphur input functions are
used to optimize the yield of hydrogen gas over a set time is presented, with the aim of improving the
commercial and economic viability of algal hydrogen production. One such continuous sulphur input function is
found to significantly increase the yield of hydrogen gas compared to using the discontinuous two-stage cycling
of Ghirardi et al. (2000).


Media beat-ups are sensationalised stories that greatly exaggerate or misrepresent the significance of otherwise unremarkable events or issues. To illustrate how beat-ups can be analysed, a front-page story in Sydney's Daily Telegraph newspaper in the context of the US-led global war on terror is examined in terms of its venue, the journalist and the content of the story. The features of a beat-up may be less arbitrary than they appear on the surface.


The notion of bidding markets encompasses a broad variety of situations, and such markets do not warrant a general favourable or unfavourable presumption for antitrust enforcement. But their characteristics call for specific types of economic analyses. In particular, the study of bidding data may contribute to the assessment of the non-coordinated and coordinated effects of horizontal mergers.


The rebuttable presumption of doli incapax is available in all Australian states and territories and provides that, where a child is unable to comprehend the distinction between actions that are 'seriously wrong' and those that are 'naughty or mischievous', they cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions. Despite the key role that doli incapax should play in diverting the youngest offenders away from the criminal justice system, its operation to date has been largely unexamined. This article seeks to directly address this gap. Drawing on the experiences of those involved in all aspects of the youth justice system, this article examines the need for, and the effectiveness of, the presumption of doli incapax in Victoria, Australia. Revealing inconsistencies in the use of the presumption, the article also examines the need for future reform of this area of law.


This is the seventh article in our series on refugees. This article deals with the accommodation of Syrian refugees living in Germany. Based on my personal experience living in a refugee camp ("Heim") in the city of Cologne (Koln), and based on relevant literature, the article will, firstly, address the different types of temporary residences for refugees in Germany, and, secondly, the process through which refugees pass while looking for a permanent accommodation. Thirdly, and most importantly, the article discusses the ongoing shift within Koln's urban and social structure in the light of the emerging resettlement of refugees. Although the urban structure of Koln, like many other German cities, has a certain level of urban segregation manifested in the settlement of immigrant communities (Friedrichs 1998, p.1), I argue that, on the contrary, the resettlement of Syrian refugees shows coherence and dispersion. The article is accompanied by a mapping survey that investigates on the spatial aspect of the accommodation distribution...


Cardiovascular prevention is of particular interest in persons with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. We aimed to quantify its association with mortality and cardiovascular outcomes, compared to other indicators of high risk. We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Database of the Catalan primary care system (SIDIAPQ), for 2006–2015, including 35–85-year-old patients with an ankle–brachial index (ABI) measurement, classified according to the presence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and low ABI (<0.9). We calculated the incidences and hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke. During a median follow-up of 5.9 years, we analyzed 58,118 persons. The mean (SD) age was 66.6 (10.7) years and 53.4% were men. Compared to the reference group with no diabetes, no previous cardiovascular disease, and normal ankle–brachial index, the HR for all-cause mortality was 1.42 (1.25–1.63) in the group with low ABI, 1.35 (1.26–1.45) in those with diabetes, 1.50 (1.34–1.69) in those with previous cardiovascular disease, and 1.84 (1.68–2.01) in those with low ABI and diabetes. In conclusion, participants with low ABI showed increased mortality, acute myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke incidence in all the subgroups. Patients with low ankle–brachial index plus diabetes presented increased mortality, acute myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke risk, all at rates similar to those with previous cardiovascular disease.


Abstract The production of dimension stones is well established in Thailand and the country has considerable processing capacities in the region, second only to China. The geological background of Thailand provides a huge potential of dimension stones, including magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The NE part of the country is made up by the Khorat Plateau with the main sandstone resources at its western margin. Metamorphic carbonate rocks are predominantly distributed along the border of a basin area in central Thailand. The western part of the country is characterized by magmatic belts that comprise the resources of igneous rocks. Large quantities of the dimension stone potential were used in the first part of the 1990s, when the domestic economy underwent a considerable upturn. The most important region for the production of granitoid rocks is the Tak batholith in northern Thailand. Therefore, the Tak granitoids are discussed as a case study with respect to petrophysical and depositional characteristics.


The present thesis deals with problems arising from discrete mathematics, whose proofs make use of tools from algebraic geometry and topology. The thesis is based on four papers that I have co-authored, three of which have been published in journals, and one has been submitted for publication (and also appeared as a preprint on the arxiv, and as an extendend abstract in a conference). Specifically, we deal with the following four problems: We prove that if $M\in \mathbb{C}^{2\times2}$ is an invertible matrix, and $B_M:\mathbb{C}^2\times\mathbb{C}^2\to\mathbb{C}$ is a bilinear form $B_M(p,q)=p^TMq$, then any finite set $S$ contained in an irreducible algebraic curve $C$ of degree $d$ in $\mathbb{C}^2$ determines $\Omega_d(|S|^{4/3})$ distinct values of $B_M$, unless $C$ is a line, or is linearly equivalent to a curve defined by an equation of the form $x^k=y^l$, with $k,l\in\mathbb{Z}\backslash\{0\}$, and $\gcd(k,l)=1$. We show that if we are given $m$ points and $n$ lines in the plane, then the number of distinct distances between the points and the lines is $\Omega(m^{1/5}n^{3/5})$, as long as $m^{1/2}\le n\le m^2$. Also, we show that if we are given $m$ points in the plane, not all collinear, then the number of distances between these points and the lines that they determine is $\Omega(m^{4/3})$. We also study three-dimensional versions of the distinct point-line distances problem. We prove the lower bound $\Omega(|S|^4)$ on the number of ordinary conics determined by a finite point set $S$ in $\mathbb{R}^2$, assuming that $S$ is not contained in a conic, and at most $c|S|$ points of $S$ lie on the same line (for some $0<c<1$). We say that a conic is ordinary for $S\subset \mathbb{R}^2$ if it is determined by five points of $S$, and contains no other points of $S$. We also provide constructions, showing that our bound is the best possible. Given $nk$ points in general position in the plane, colored with two colors, with at least $n$ points of each color, we prove that one can find $n$ pairwise disjoint convex sets, each set containing precisely $k$ of the points, not all of the same color. Also, we show that if $P$ is a set of $n(d+1)$ points in general position in $\mathbb{R}^d$, colored by $d$ colors, with at least $n$ points of each color, then one can always find $n$ pairwise disjoint $d$-dimensional simplices with vertices from $P$, each simplex containing points of every color.


Rationale: Diurnal mechanisms are central to regulating host responses. Recent studies uncovered a novel family of mediators termed as specialized proresolving mediators that terminate inflammation without interfering with the immune response. Objective: Herein, we investigated the diurnal regulation of specialized proresolving mediators in humans and their role in controlling peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet activation. Methods and Results: Using lipid mediator profiling and healthy volunteers, we found that plasma concentrations of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid-derived D-series resolvins (RvDn-3 DPA) were regulated in a diurnal manner. The production and regulation of these mediators was markedly altered in patients at risk of myocardial infarct. These changes were associated with decreased 5-lipoxygenase expression and activity, as well as increased systemic adenosine concentrations. We also found a significant negative correlation between plasma RvDn-3 DPA and markers of platelet, monocyte, and neutrophil activation, including CD63 and CD11b. Incubation of RvDn-3 DPA with peripheral blood from healthy volunteers and patients with cardiovascular disease significantly and dose-dependently decreased platelet and leukocyte activation. Furthermore, administration of RvD5n-3 DPA to ApoE−/− (apolipoprotein E deficient) mice significantly reduced platelet–leukocyte aggregates, vascular thromboxane B2 concentrations, and aortic lesions. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that peripheral blood RvDn-3 DPA are diurnally regulated in humans, and dysregulation in the production of these mediators may lead to cardiovascular disease.


AC voltages in the range of few kV have to be processed before being fed to traction motors. DC traction motors are normally designed for medium voltage and high current (1.2kV–1.5kV and 1200–1500A). Front-End Buck-Rectifiers are a viable solution for direct conversion of high ac voltage to low dc output voltage. However several buck-rectifier modules need to be connected in input-series output-parallel (ISOP) configuration, in order to achieve the input voltage and output current sharing. In the paper, stability of the input-series-output-parallel configuration for buck rectifier is analysed through small signal model. Common duty ratio scheme is implemented. The proposed scheme is capable of equal voltage sharing, irrespective of large variation in design parameters and retains stability for perturbations in load. The configuration is extremely simple for hardware implementation, as no extra controllers are required. The performance of the circuit is verified through simulation results.


The subtidal plant communities of the Socotra Archipelago were studied by means of quadrat sampling. Ordination and statistical analyses revealed 6 distinct clusters corresponding to the geographic location and the physico-chemical factors. The north coast of Socotra Island supports algae commonly found in the Indian Ocean, with an intermediate species richness and alpha diver- sity for the archipelago. This entity includes 2 species-poor subentities: the seagrass beds and the coral-dominated communities. The transition zone is an overlapping area between Socotra's north and south coast where the greatest similarity in community structure with the upwelling flora of the south coast is found, owing to similar environmental conditions. This zone is subject to intense cur- rent patterns favouring a pronounced diversity of red algae. The south coast features the highest number of recorded species and a lower affinity with the (sub-)tropical Indian Ocean flora, and is marked by disjunctly distributed species. The plant communities of the outer islands comprise a mixture of the other entities due to the drastically changing seasonal environmental conditions in a limited coastal area. The intermediate character of this entity, i.e. ongoing competition amongst biota without reaching a climax in the vegetation succession, is reflected in the vegetation analyses and the biogeographic comparison.


In this PhD-thesis some topics in quantum field theory are considered. The first chapter gives a background to these topics. The second chapter discusses renormalization. In particular it is shown how loop calculations can be performed when using the axial gauge fixing. Fermion creation and annihilation configurations for the one loop level are obtained and an example calculations was done to check that these lead to gauge invariant amplitudes. The next topic in the second chapter is renormalization prescriptions. The scheme-dependence that these prescriptions lead to is discussed and we come up with a re-expanded perturbative series that turns the scheme-dependent series into a scheme-independent one. We check that numerical results are similar to the ones obtained from some often-used renormalization presecriptions. The third chapter considers the electroweak standard model in the axial gauge. The Feynman rules are derived and particle creation and annihilation configurations are defined. Using these two ingredients it is, in principle, possible to do tree-level calculations. The fourth chapter is concerned with unstable particles. The problem that cross sections diverge when the colliding particles are unstable is discussed. We derive that an effective cross section that is proportional to the size of the incoming wave packets can be defined. This is the linear beam size effect. This derivation is done in a manifestly Lorentz invariant manner. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo prescription is given that incorporates this effect into the usual integration procedure. This chapter also goes into the case of incoming wave packets that are very large. A very strange prescription, involving complex momentum components, was proposed in the literature. We replace this prescription by a more reasonable one. We also consider the case where the incoming unstable particle is in a pancake-shaped wave packet.


One of the most important parameters used for determining the performance of tunnel boring machines (TBMs) is their penetration rate. The parameters affecting the penetration rate can be divided in two categories. The first category is the controllable parameters such as the TBM technical characteristics, and type and geometry of the tunnel, and the second one is the uncontrollable parameters such as the intact rock properties and characteristics of the rock mass discontinuities. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of rock mass properties on the penetration rate, and to present a new mathematical equation based on a statistical approach to estimate the TBM performance. To achieve this aim, the Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation method was used to model the TBM performance. Accordingly, the database consisting of the rock mechanics information such as the uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, toughness and hardness of rock, spacing and orientation of discontinuities, and measured TBM penetration rate in 151 points out of a water tunnel was collected. Next, using the dimensional analysis, a comprehensive mathematical equation was obtained to calculate the TBM penetration rates using the developed database. Finally, using the MC simulation method, the probability distribution function of the TBM penetration rate was studied. The validation results obtained showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the proposed relationship was less than 0.3. The MC simulation results showed that hardness and density had the most and least effects on the penetration rate, respectively.


An ECRH/ECCD system with two 68 GHz/500 kW/1S gyrotrons will be built up in HL-2A tokamak. The location of the Gaussian beam waist is 580 mm away from the center of the plasmas and the beam radius is 37 mm at the center of the plasmas. Compared to the minor plasma radius (420 mm), it is small enough for localized control. The launcher system covers a wide toroidal and poloidal steering range by the two steering plane mirrors. Therefore it is possible to explore the on- and off-axis heating over half of the plasma minor cross section and the co-current drive.


While it is often suggested that individuals' pro-environmental behaviors may be linked with their subjective wellbeing, the strength and direction (e.g. positive or negative) of this relation is unclear. Because pro-environmental behaviors impact peoples' everyday lives, understanding this relation is critical for promoting long-term environmental solutions. Using a series of meta-analyses, we systematically reviewed the literature on the association between individuals' pro-environmental behaviors and their subjective wellbeing. We hypothesized that the relation between pro-environmental behavior and subjective wellbeing would be positive and strongest among types of behaviors (e.g. sustainable purchase decisions) and indicators of subjective wellbeing which more clearly reflect personal meaning (e.g. warm glow). We sourced studies via PsychINFO, PsychARTICLES, GreenFile, SocINDEX, Web of Science, and Scopus, as well as professional email lists, direct contact with authors who publish in this domain, data from the authorship team, and the European Social Survey (2016). We included studies with quantitative data on the relation between individuals' pro-environmental behavior and their subjective wellbeing, ultimately identifying 78 studies (73 published, 5 unpublished) for synthesis. Across multiple indicators of pro-environmental behaviors and subjective wellbeing, we found a significant, positive relation (overall r = .243), and this relation did not meaningfully differ across study characteristics (e.g. sample, design). As predicted, the relation was particularly strong for indicators of pro-environmental behavior and subjective wellbeing which clearly reflect meaning, such as sustainable purchase decisions (r = .291) and for warm glow (r = .408). We found a robust, positive relation between people's pro-environmental behaviors and subjective wellbeing, and initial evidence that this relation may be stronger the more clearly behaviors and indicators of subjective wellbeing reflect meaning. Our results indicate that program and policy-makers can seek opportunities to design 'win-win' sustainability programs which could positively impact both people and the environment.


Bulking of soil samples is commonly used to obtain a spatially averaged measure of soil properties. This study investigated whether bulking can affect the chemistry of soil solution extracted by the centrifuge drainage technique. The short-range variation within a 1-m-wide pit face was also investigated. Systematic differences were found between the chemistry of soil solutions taken from bulked and unbulked soil samples. The soil samples studied were taken on several occasions from the upper and lower part of a Bs horizon. Samples of soil solution extracted from replicate bulked soil samples contained significantly (P ≤ 0.05) larger amounts of Si, Na, Mg, and K as well as significantly (P ≤ 0.05) smaller amounts of Al and Fe than soil solution from unbulked samples. Bulking reduced the variation in all solutes measured, although a variation remained in replicates from the bulked sample. The variation between individual core samples taken just a few tens of centimeters apart can be considerable, although the magnitude of variation differs depending on the solute studied. The results suggest that unbulked soil samples may be preferable, especially when Al or Fe chemistry is studied and a centrifuge drainage technique is used. Contribution from Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, contract no. Dnr 802-761-91-Fs.


Fine-tuning on instruction data has been widely validated as an effective practice for implementing chat language models like ChatGPT. Scaling the diversity and quality of such data, although straightforward, stands a great chance of leading to improved performance. This paper aims to improve the upper bound of open-source models further. We first provide a systematically designed, diverse, informative, large-scale dataset of instructional conversations, UltraChat, which does not involve human queries. Our objective is to capture the breadth of interactions that a human might have with an AI assistant and employs a comprehensive framework to generate multi-turn conversation iteratively. UltraChat contains 1.5 million high-quality multi-turn dialogues and covers a wide range of topics and instructions. Our statistical analysis of UltraChat reveals its superiority in various key metrics, including scale, average length, diversity, coherence, etc., solidifying its position as a leading open-source dataset. Building upon UltraChat, we fine-tune a LLaMA model to create a powerful conversational model, UltraLLaMA. Our evaluations indicate that UltraLLaMA consistently outperforms other open-source models, including Vicuna, the previously recognized state-of-the-art open-source model. The dataset and the model will be publicly released\footnote{\url{https://github.com/thunlp/UltraChat}}.


Analyzing big data requires the support of dataflows with many activities to extract and explore relevant information from the data. Recent approaches such as Pig Latin propose a high-level language to model such dataflows. However, the dataflow execution is typically delegated to a MapRe-duce implementation such as Hadoop, which does not follow an algebraic approach, thus it cannot take advantage of the optimization opportunities of PigLatin algebra. In this paper, we propose an approach for big data analysis based on algebraic workflows, which yields optimization and parallel execution of activities and supports user steering using provenance queries. We illustrate how a big data processing dataflow can be modeled using the algebra. Through an experimental evaluation using real datasets and the execution of the dataflow with Chiron, an engine that supports our algebra, we show that our approach yields performance gains of up to 19.6% using algebraic optimizations in the dataflow and up to 39.1% of time saved on a user steering scenario.


Recent studies have shown that it is commercially feasible to produce prestressed concrete girders utilizing concrete strengths in the 12,000 psi range. However current codes and specification provisions for important structural parameters such as shear strength are largely empirical and are based on tests using concrete strengths less than 6000 psi. This program was undertaken to evaluate the adequacy of current design provisions for shear capacity when applied to high strength concrete girders. This report summarizes the results of the shear testing of ten pretensioned girder specimens made from concretes with compressive strengths ranging from 10,800 psi to 13,160 psi. Both monolithically cast slabs of high strength concrete and compositely cast slabs of 3300 psi and 5350 psi concrete were utilized. Web reinforcement ratios varied from unreinforced webs and very lightly reinforced webs near current minimum web reinforcement ratios to very heavily reinforced webs with web reinforcement substantially above current maximum shear capacity limits. The tests indicated that the current maximum shear reinforcement limits could be substantially increased. In addition to the laboratory tests performed, a comprehensive evaluation of shear tests in high strength concrete girders reported in American literature was carried out. All of the test results were evaluated in comparisons with the current AASHTO/ACI provision, the compression field theory recommendations of the Canadian Code, and the variable inclination truss models proposed in Study 248. All three methods gave generally conservative results for both reinforced and prestressed high strength concrete members. These design methods are acceptable for concrete strengths ranging to at least 12,000 psi. All three design procedures showed little change in conservatism as a function of concrete strengths. The tests indicated that the current maximum shear reinforcement limits could be substantially increased.


A 3-D flow model, combined with the volume of fluid method, was developed to track capillary driven epoxy flow front, during the underfill process. Die edge effects and fillet spread based on the effect of process parameters were included in this model. Numerical results were validated against flow visualization data. Full field imaging experiments with quartz die were performed to observe flow front as a function of flow time. Development of this new modeling methodology focuses on predicting the capillary underfill flow behavior both in the first level interconnect area between a die and a substrate, and the area surrounding the die. This paper revealed that the edge flow effect contributes to pulling the overall flow front in the bump field area and formation of the fillet spread, which affects the risk associated with underfill delamination in flip chips. A comparative study, which included modeling results and experimental data, clearly indicated that the die edge effect cannot be neglected in order to capture the right trends of flow front shape evolution and an accurate fill time prediction. These comparisons also showed that the model developed in this paper is adequate to approximately simulate the fillet configuration all around the die after encapsulation of flip chips. The modeling methodology developed in this paper provides a fundamental understanding of underfill flow as a function of dispense process parameters, material properties, and package design parameters.


The effects of two light intensities on the concentration of several flavonoids were investigated in the cotyledons of common buckwheat seedlings. The study was performed on four days old seedlings of cvs. Hruszowska, Panda, Kora and Red Corolla. One group of seedlings was grown under exposure to 180 ± 20 μmol · m−2 · s−1 photosynthetically active radiation, whereas the other group was exposed to 360 ± 20 μmol · m−2 · s−1. The experiment lasted 5 days. The results revealed that light intensity induces changes in the levels of flavonols and flavones. Increased light intensity contributed to a decrease in the concentrations of all flavone C-glucosides: orientin (luteolin-8-C-glucoside) and iso-orientin (luteolin-6-C-glucoside), and apigenin: vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) and iso-vitexin (apigenin-6-C-glucoside). Simultaneously, a substantial increase in the content of flavonols, i.e. quercetin O-glycosides, was found. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence to demonstrate the contrary responses of plant flavonols and flavones to light intensity. The content of anthocyanin also increased under exposure to higher light intensity. Our results indicate that quercetin O-glycosides can play a similar role to anthocyanins in the cotyledons of common buckwheat seedlings. Results of correlation analysis indicate that the increase in flavonol and anthocyanin concentrations in response to higher light intensity is maintained through reduced accumulation of flavones and proanthocyanidins.


To transit from intra‐ to extracellular environments, Legionella pneumophila differentiates from a replicative/non‐virulent to a transmissive/virulent form using the two‐component system LetA/LetS and the global repressor protein CsrA. While investigating how both regulators act co‐ordinately we characterized two ncRNAs, RsmY and RsmZ, that link the LetA/LetS and CsrA regulatory networks. We demonstrate that LetA directly regulates their expression and show that RsmY and RsmZ are functional in Escherichia coli and are able to bind CsrA in vitro. Single mutants have no (ΔrsmY) or a little (ΔrsmZ) impact on virulence, but the ΔrsmYZ strain shows a drastic defect in intracellular growth in Acanthamoeba castellanii and THP‐1 monocyte‐derived macrophages. Analysis of the transcriptional programmes of the ΔletA, ΔletS and ΔrsmYZ strains revealed that the switch to the transmissive phase is partially blocked. One major difference between the ΔletA, ΔletS and ΔrsmYZ strains was that the latter synthesizes flagella. Taken together, LetA activates transcription of RsmY and RsmZ, which sequester CsrA and abolish its post‐transcriptional repressive activity. However, the RsmYZ‐CsrA pathway appears not to be the main or only regulatory circuit governing flagella synthesis. We suggest that rather RpoS and LetA, by influencing LetE and probably cyclic‐di‐GMP levels, regulate motility in L. pneumophila.


Ultracold bosonic and fermionic quantum gases confined to quasi-one-dimensional (1D) geometry are promising candidates for probing fundamental concepts of Luttinger liquid (LL) physics. They can also be exploited for devising applications in quantum information processing and precision measurements. Here, we focus on 1D dipolar Bose gases, where evidence of super-strong coupling behavior has been demonstrated by analyzing the low-energy static and dynamical structures of the fluid at zero temperature by a combined reptation quantum Monte Carlo (RQMC) and bosonization approach. Fingerprints of LL behavior emerge in the whole crossover from the already strongly interacting Tonks–Girardeau at low density to a dipolar density wave regime at high density. We have also shown that a LL framework can be effectively set up and utilized to describe this strongly correlated crossover physics in the case of confined 1D geometries after using the results for the homogeneous system in LL hydrodynamic equations within a local density approximation. This leads to the prediction of observable quantities such as the frequencies of the collective modes of the trapped dipolar gas under the more realistic conditions that could be found in ongoing experiments. The present paper provides a description of the theoretical framework in which the above results have been worked out, making available all the detailed derivations of the hydrodynamic Luttinger equations for the inhomogeneous trapped gas and of the correlation functions for the homogeneous system.


In this work, ZnO nanorod has been grown by hydrothermal solution method. The samples were prepared by two stages. The first stage was seeding process where the ZnO nanoparticles are spin-casted onto ITO coated glasses and the second stage was hydrothermal process. The morphology of nanorods were investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and different of length and diameter of nanorods with different growth durations have been observed. The differences of diameters and aspect ratio of nanorods have affected the optical and electrical properties of the ZnO-coated thin film with dye due to its surface area and morphologies of growth rod. Aspect ratio of ZnO nanorods increases by increasing the reaction time (growth time). From the band gap energy study, the thin film with the longest ZnO nanorods growth time has the lowest band gap energy (3.55 eV). The higher aspect ratio of the nanorod affected the conductivity, by increasing the conductivity when combined with N3 dye.


A numerical modeling procedure was developed, using the finite-element simulator ABAQUS/Standard, to predict the local buckling and post-buckling response of high strength pipelines subject to combined state of loading. The numerical procedures were calibrated using test data from large-scale experiments examining the local buckling of high strength linepipe. The numerical model's response was consistent with the measured experimental response for predicting the local buckling behavior well into the post-yield range. A parametric study was conducted that examined element selection, mesh topology, second-order effects, geometric imperfections and material properties. The results from this study are presented.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


Members of the genus Acinetobacter are ubiquitous in the environment and the multiple-drug resistant species A. baumannii is of significant clinical concern. This clinical relevance is currently driving research on bacterial viruses infecting A. baumannii, in an effort to implement phage therapy and phage-derived antimicrobials. Initially, a total of 42 Acinetobacter phage genome sequences were available in the international nucleotide sequence databases, corresponding to a total of 2.87 Mbp of sequence information and representing all three families of the order Caudovirales and a single member of the Leviviridae. A comparative bioinformatics analysis of 37 Acinetobacter phages revealed that they form six discrete clusters and two singletons based on genomic organisation and nucleotide sequence identity. The assignment of these phages to clusters was further supported by proteomic relationships established using OrthoMCL. The 4067 proteins encoded by the 37 phage genomes formed 737 groups and 974 orphans. Notably, over half of the proteins encoded by the Acinetobacter phages are of unknown function. The comparative analysis and clustering presented enables an updated taxonomic framing of these clades.


Earth Mover's Distance (EMD) is a distance measure between two distributions, and have been widely used in multimedia information retrieval systems, especially content-based image retrieval systems. When the EMD is applied to image problems based on color or texture, the EMD reflects the human perceptual similarities. Its computations, however, is too expensive to use in large-scale databases. In order to achieve the efficient computation of the EMD during query processing, we have developed "fastEMD", a library for high-speed feature-based similarity retrievals in large databases. This paper introduces techniques that are used in the implementation of the fastEMD and demonstrates the efficiency in extensive experiments.


Abstract We propose a Legendre–Laguerre spectral approximation to price the European and double barrier options in the time-fractional framework. By choosing an appropriate basis function, the spectral discretization is used for the approximation of the spatial derivatives of the time-fractional Black–Scholes equation. For the time discretization, we consider the popular
$L1$
 finite difference approximation, which converges with order
$\mathcal {O}((\Delta \tau )^{2-\alpha })$
 for functions which are twice continuously differentiable. However, when using the
$L1$
 scheme for problems with nonsmooth initial data, only the first-order accuracy in time is achieved. This low-order accuracy is also observed when solving the time-fractional Black–Scholes European and barrier option pricing problems for which the payoffs are all nonsmooth. To increase the temporal convergence rate, we therefore consider a Richardson extrapolation method, which when combined with the spectral approximation in space, exhibits higher order convergence such that high accuracies over the whole discretization grid are obtained. Compared with the traditional finite difference scheme, numerical examples clearly indicate that the spectral approximation converges exponentially over a small number of grid points. Also, as demonstrated, such high accuracies can be achieved in much fewer time steps using the extrapolation approach.


Determination of the flow stress curve is an important step for precisely describing material behavior in Finite Element simulations. The flow stress curve is generally determined by taking a uniaxial tensile test as a standard. In the case of very thin sheet, since the fracture is generated at a low strain, there is not enough uniaxial data obtained to be applied in the FE simulation. The reason for this is that charactering plastic deformation at a large strain values by extrapolating a flow stress curve which is based on insufficient measurement data is highly susceptible to error. Bulge test is useful method for determining the equivalent biaxial flow stress curve up to a large strain. In this paper, the biaxial flow stresses curve for very thin copper sheet with thickness 35 and 50 μm were determined using the aero-bulge test. A new empirical model was derived for the estimation of the sheet thickness at the pole. After the compatibility between uniaxial and biaxial flow stresses was verified, the uniaxial flow stress curve was determined from the aero-bulge test using reverse engineering. The methodology of extrapolation of the flow stress curve at a large strain was finally proposed for application in FE simulations.


This work proceeds from the assumption that a European environmental information and communication system (EEICS) is already established. In the context of primary users (land-use planners, conservationists, and environmental researchers) we ask what use may be made of the EEICS for building models and tools which is of use in building decision support systems for the land-use planner. The complex task facing the next generation of environmental and forest modellers is described, and a range of relevant modelling approaches are reviewed. These include visualization and GIS; statistical tabulation and database SQL, MDA and OLAP methods. The major problem of noncomparability of the definitions and measures of forest area and timber volume is introduced and the possibility of a model-based solution is considered. The possibility of using an ambitious and challenging biogeochemical modelling approach to understanding and managing European forests sustainably is discussed. It is emphasised that all modern methodological disciplines must be brought to bear, and a heuristic hybrid modelling approach should be used so as to ensure that the benefits of practical empirical modelling approaches are utilised in addition to the scientifically well-founded and holistic ecosystem and environmental modelling. The data and information system required is likely to end up as a grid-based-framework because of the heavy use of computationally intensive model-based facilities.


IN SHELLEY: THE PURSUIT, RICHARD HOLMES DISCUSSES A "DIFFICULT" August 1815 letter from Percy Shelley to his friend Thomas Jefferson Hogg. (1) Holmes finds this letter "difficult" because Shelley's remarks on the "final denouement of the Napoleonic struggle in Europe" appear to him to be "distanced to the point of indifference" (290). Shelley's letter refers to newspaper reports describing the "continuance" of Allied "enormities" in post-Restoration France, and then goes on to say that: In considering the political events of the day I endeavour to divest my mind of temporary sensations, to consider them as already historical. This is difficult. Spite of ourselves the human beings which surround us infect us with their opinions; so much as to forbid us to be dispassionate observers of the questions arising out of the events of the age. (2) Holmes's seminal challenge to the Arnoldian and New Critical view of Shelley evidently influences his reading of this passage. Even so, it is not immediately obvious why it should be "difficult to believe that these were the words of a political radical aged 23" (290). Rather, Shelley's concern to remain a "dispassionate observer" of "political events," and attendant anxiety about intellectually "infectious" public opinion, is entirely consistent with the Godwinian mainstream of his political thought. (3) What really is "extraordinary" about this letter, however, is the fact that it marks one of only two ad hominem engagements with Napoleon Bonaparte in Shelley's extant correspondence, the other being a December 1812 letter to Hogg (Letters 1: 345-54; Holmes 292). This is not, of course, to suggest that Napoleon does not feature in Shelley's work. Conversely, he clearly plays an important role in The Triumph of Life (1822), and is the subject of three shorter poems: "To the Emperors of Russia and Austria ..." (1810), "Feelings of a Republican on the Fall of Bonaparte" (1815), and "Lines written on hearing the News of the Death of Napoleon" (1821). (4) He also appears in passing in Shelley's "Ode to Liberty" (1820), and Philosophical View of Reform (1819), and is at least implicitly present in the "Lines Written Among the Euganean Hills" (1818). However, very little scholarly attention has been paid to Shelley's engagement with Napoleon and there is, I think, a critical perception that he didn't have a great deal to say on the subject, at least not when compared to contemporaries like Wordsworth, Southey, Hazlitt, and Byron. Tellingly, the only full-length study of Romanticism's relationship with Napoleon--Simon Bainbridge's Napoleon and English Romanticism (1995)--makes virtually no mention of Shelley. Seeking to redress this lack of critical attention, the present piece identifies an engagement with Napoleon Bonaparte as a sustained and important feature of Shelley's work. Intensely concerned with understanding the disastrous course of the French Revolution--"the master theme of the epoch in which we live"--Shelley's political thought needed, necessarily, to take account of Bonaparte (Letters 1: 504). In Napoleon and English Romanticism, Simon Bainbridge traces a broad pattern of disillusionment and concern in Britain as the erstwhile defender of the French Revolution against foreign aggression becomes an Imperial aggressor himself. Napoleon, as Bainbridge demonstrates, provided early nineteenth-century British culture with an obvious and potent focus for libertarian disenchantment, conservative reaction, and cross-party national(ist) anxiety. Writers like Wordsworth and Coleridge, Bainbridge suggests, drawing on now-familiar arguments about Romanticism's relationship with history, sought to define their own poetic role in opposition to Napoleon's increasingly expansionist politics. Conversely, writers on the other side of the political divide--Byron and Hazlitt in particular--continued not only to valorize Napoleon in order to attack the increasingly conservative establishment, but also to point up their own opposition to the literary organs of that establishment by describing themselves in Napoleonic terms. …


Real-time and robust photorealistic avatars for telepresence in AR/VR have been highly desired for enabling im-mersive photorealistic telepresence. However, there still exists one key bottleneck: the considerable computational expense needed to accurately infer facial expressions captured from headset-mounted cameras with a quality level that can match the realism of the avatar's human appearance. To this end, we propose a framework called Auto-CARD, which for the first time enables realtime and robust driving of Codec Avatars when exclusively using merely on-device computing resources. This is achieved by minimizing two sources of redundancy. First, we develop a dedicated neural architecture search technique called AVE-NAS for avatar encoding in AR/VR, which explicitly boosts both the searched architectures' robustness in the presence of extreme facial ex-pressions and hardware friendliness on fast evolving AR/VR headsets. Second, we leverage the temporal redundancy in consecutively captured images during continuous rendering and develop a mechanism dubbed LATEX to skip the computation of redundant frames. Specifically, we first identify an opportunity from the linearity of the latent space derived by the avatar decoder and then propose to perform adaptive latent extrapolation for redundant frames. For evaluation, we demonstrate the efficacy of our Auto-CARD framework in realtime Codec Avatar driving settings, where we achieve a $5.05\times$ speedup on Meta Quest 2 while maintaining a compa-rable or even better animation quality than state-of-the-art avatar encoder designs.


In this study, a novel microfluidics based biochip has been developed by the aid of analytical modeling and numerical simulation efforts for the purpose of massively parallel oligonucleotude-DNA (oDNA) syntheses. The microfluidic biochip consists of thousands of reaction sites interconnected by micro-channels and can be used as micro-reactors for various biochemical processes simultaneously. The impacts and implications of the efficiencies of each oDNA synthesis step during repeated synthesis cycles have been evaluated to improve the synthesis yield of final full-length products. The results from analytical model indicate the deprotection step during the oDNA synthesis cycle is a vital process for ensuring the high yield of full-length products. Numerical simulation results further reveal that the confinement of various chemical reagents within each reaction site can be well-controlled to minimize cross contamination from the neighboring reaction sites by the design of current microfluidic biochip. Keyword: Microfluidics, DNA synthesis, Biochips


Subjective experience of remembering is a hallmark of episodic memory, which is deemed crucial for effective behavior. A fundamental and enduring puzzle is the origin of confidence in memory; for example, does the confidence during episodic retrieval depend upon the subjective sensed vividness? The angular gyrus (AnG) exhibits a sensitivity to the subjective experience of remembering, but its direct contribution to the monitoring of subjective mnemonic experience has hitherto been lacking. Here, using a naturalistic video-watching paradigm combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that pre-retrieval rTMS targeting the left AnG selectively alters the vividness efficiency compared to control stimulation while keeping metacognitive efficiency and objective memory accuracy unaffected. Using trial-wise data, we showed that AnG stimulation altered the mediating role of vividness in confidence in the accuracy of memory judgment. Furthermore, resting-state functional connectivity of hippocampus and AnG was specifically associated with vividness efficiency, while the connectivity of hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex was associated with metacognitive efficiency across individuals. These findings identify the causal involvement of AnG in gauging the vividness, but not the confidence, of memory, thereby providing evidence for a differentiation account of conscious assessment of memory retrieval.


In this contribution, we provide a description of the ABC team's collaborative efforts toward the development of speaker verification systems for the NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation 2021 (NIST-SRE2021). Cross-lingual and cross-dataset trials are the two main challenges introduced in the NIST-SRE2021. Submissions of ABC team are the result of active collaboration of researchers from BUT, CRIM, Omilia and Innovatrics. We took part in all three close condition tracks for audio-only, audio-visual and visual-only verification tasks. Our audio-only systems follow deep speaker embeddings (e.g., x-vectors) with a subsequent PLDA scoring paradigm. As embeddings extractor, we select some variants of residual neural network (ResNet), factored time delay neural network (FTDNN) and Hybrid Neural Network (HNN) architectures. The HNN embeddings extractor employs CNN, LSTM and TDNN networks and incorporates a multi-level global-local statistics pooling method in order to aggregate the speaker information within short time-span and utterance-level context. Our visual-only systems are based on pretrained embeddings extractors employing some variants of ResNet and the scoring is based on cosine distance. When developing an audio-visual system, we simply fuse the outputs of independent audio and visual systems. Our final submitted systems are obtained by performing score level fusion of subsystems followed by score calibration.


The algorithms of data mining need better efficiency as data scale becomes larger and larger and the dimension of data is more. Aiming at the lower efficiency of the former MST (minimum spanning tree) clustering algorithm based on gene expression, a modified IMST (improved minimum spanning tree) clustering algorithm applied to common problem is brought forward. The analyzing of theory and example show that new IMST clustering algorithm can enhance the efficiency of constructing spanning tree and can solve sorting problem for shorter edges of clustering in minimum spanning trees. At last, both the efficiency of clustering and its effect are improved whole.


Introduction and Objectives The clinical value of repeated induced sputum tests to monitor airway inflammation in children with severe asthma is contentious. In adult patients with severe asthma a management based on sputum eosinophil counts results in a reduction of exacerbations and fewer hospital admissions (Green R et al, Lancet 2002). This has not been shown in children. Several inflammatory phenotypes are described but clinical management strategies based on these have largely been unsuccessful. It has been suggested that the inflammatory phenotypes in the sputum are unstable over time (Fleming et al, Thorax 2012). We reviewed the results of induced sputum tests done as part of our severe asthma clinic to determine stability of inflammatory phenotypes in our patients. Methods We reviewed all sputum induction results for children with a diagnosis of asthma who underwent inductions between April 2008 and June 2012 at our centre. Samples were processes using our standard protocol (Pin et al, Thorax 1992). Samples were classified as eosinophilic (>2.5% eosinophils and <2.5% neutrophils), neutrophilic (>54% neutrophils and <2.5% Eos); mixed granulocytic (>2.5% eosinophils, >54% neutrophils); or paucigranulocytic (<2.5% eosinophils, <54% neutrophils) as previously suggested. Results 34 patients, 19 males and 15 females, with a BTS of 3 to 5 had a total of 86 inductions. 22 patients had 2 inductions and the rest had between 3 and 5 inductions. 18 of the 34 patients had a eosinophilic profile on their first induction and 24 of the 34 patients had a eosinophilic profile in at least one sample. 29 of the 34 patients had >2.5% eosinophils (eosinophilc or mixed profile) in at least one sample. Of the remaining five who never had >2.5% eosinophils, four had a neutrophic profile and the remaining child had a persistent paucigranulocytic profile. Using the above classification 25 out of the 34 patients switched phenotype at least once in the duration of the study. Conclusions There is no treatment based on the neutrophilic phenotype classification therefore the presence and percentage of eosinophils present appears to be the most useful information gained from sputum induction. Based on our data and that of others, classification into several inflammatory phenotypes does not appear clinically useful.


We derive expressions for the spectral emissivity and absorptivity of acoustic radiation by low Mach number
(M ≪ 1) turbulent fluids. The emissivity and absorptivity depend on the manner in which the turbulence is excited. We consider three types of turbulence. The first is free turbulence, that is, turbulence which is not subject to external forces. The second and third examples are special cases of forced turbulence, turbulence maintained by stirring with spoons and turbulent pseudoconvection. Acoustic quadrupoles are the lowest order acoustic multipoles present in free turbulence, and they control both its emissivity and absorptivity. Acoustic dipoles are created in forced turbulence, and they enhance the acoustic emissivity by M^(-2) compared to that of free turbulence. The acoustic absorptivity of forced turbulence is quite subtle. The absorptivity of turbulence which is maintained by stirring is dominated by acoustic dipoles and exceeds that of free turbulence by M^(-2). The dipole absorptivity of turbulent pseudoconvection is reduced by M^2 below that of turbulence maintained by stirring. Thus, the absorptivity of turbulent pseudoconvection is no larger than that of free turbulence. We apply our results to estimate the equilibrium energies of the acoustic modes in a box filled with fluid some of which is turbulent. For both free turbulence and turbulence maintained by stirring, the most highly excited acoustic modes attain energies E ~ Mv^2, where M and v are the typical mass and velocity of an
energy bearing eddy. The quality factors, or Q's, of the modes are larger by M^(-2) in the former case than in
the latter. For turbulent pseudoconvection, the most energetic acoustic modes have equilibrium energies
E ~ Mc^2 , where c is the sound speed. Their Q's are comparable to those of modes in equilibrium with free
turbulence. We evaluate the scattering of acoustic radiation by turbulent fluids. For all types of turbulence, the scattering opacity is smaller by M^3 than the absorptive opacity for frequencies near the peak of the acoustic spectrum. Radiation scattered by free turbulence and turbulent pseudoconvection suffers frequency shifts
Δω ~ ω. The frequency shifts are much smaller, Δω ~ Mω, for radiation scattered by turbulence maintained
by stirring.
We investigate the rate at which nonlinear interactions transfer energy among the acoustic modes. If all of
the fluid in the box is turbulent, this rate is slower, by M^3 for free turbulence, by M^5 for turbulence maintained
by stirring, and by M for turbulent pseudoconvection, than the rate at which the individual acoustic
modes exchange energy with the turbulence. If only a small portion of the fluid is turbulent, the nonlinear mode interactions can be significant, especially for modes in equilibrium with turbulent pseudoconvection. Our results have potential applications to the acoustic radiation in regions of extended turbulence which often arise in nature. In particular, they should prove useful in understanding the excitation of solar oscillations.


A brief consultation and advice (BCA) approach to dealing with routine referrals was introduced into a child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) over an 18-month period. This is a time-limited, client-centred and solution-focused approach to dealing with common non-complex referrals. The model proposes that all families are seen for an initial `consultation' appointment followed by a maximum of two further appointments. A randomized controlled study compared the clinical effectiveness of BCA treatment with treatment as usual (TAU) over a 6-month period. The parents of children referred to CAMHS were eligible to participate if their child was deemed `non-complex'. Ethical approval was granted by the relevant ethics committee. Families who consented to participate in the study were randomly allocated to either the BCA or TAU group. Sixty children enrolled in the study. Both groups showed improvements on a number of variables at 3 months post treatment, but only those receiving BCA showed continued improvement at 6 months. Participants in both groups showed high levels of satisfaction with the treatment received. Participants in the TAU group expressed dissatisfaction with long waiting times and had a higher drop out rate than the BCA treatment group. During the time frame studied, the introduction of the BCA approach did not lead to a decrease in overall mean waiting time. These results and the usefulness of a BCA model are discussed.


Background: The Cucurbitaceae family has been known for its presence of phytoconstituents, namely, lupeol, β-sitosterol, terpenoids, phenols, and proteins with therapeutic potential. Objectives: The research paper tries to focus on major therapeutic field of people demographic area of type of cancer. Soxhlet extraction of Benincasa hispida (BH) was carried out and crude extract was converted to powder. Niosomal gel was formulated after the optimization of drug concentration from the extract of Niosomal solution. Solution with maximum entrapment was selected for the preparation of gel. Gel was prepared by using different Carbopol grades and with comparison of different parameters. Gel was studied for gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) evaluation for check toxicity. Biologic activity was analyzed by SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay with in vitro cell lines (human oral cancer cell line KB and Mus Musculus skin melanoma B16-F10). Results: Solution which was clear and white was selected for gel development. Carbopol 934 (1') as gelling agent showed good formulation properties. It was non-gritty, easily spreadable, and washable. The gel with maximum entrapment efficiency was evaluated further. GC-HRMS revealed 1.2-ethyl 2-Hexen-1-ol; 1,8-(3-Octyl-2-oxiranyl)-1-octanol; Dodecanoic acid, 2-penten-1-yl ester; Cholestane, 4, 5-epoxy-,(4α,5α); Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid; 17-octadecynoic acid; Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester; Methyl oleate; Tridecanoic acid, methyl ester; and Silane, dimethyl (2,3,6, tricholrophenoxy) heptadicycloxy. The selected cell lines did not show satisfactory activity at different concentrations in SRB assay. Conclusion: This research paper tried to witness the probable potential of BH for cancer with analytical base. Future studies may be undertaken at various stages and levels to further explore the potential of these families of plants.


Bovine prochymosin produced in Escherichia coli has been used as a model system to investigate factors which may cause a recombinant protein to accumulate as insoluble inclusion bodies. A series of plasmids was constructed to investigate the effect of deletions within the prochymosin-coding sequence on protein inclusion body formation. The results demonstrated that as much as 70% of the prochymosin-coding sequence could be deleted with no significant reduction in the accumulation of insoluble protein. The smallest deletion product identified (11,000 molecular weight) retained only one cysteine, yet this product still accumulated as an insoluble product in E. coli.


PROVOC is a multi-disciplinary design and technology firm based out of Washington D.C. We believe that social change and innovation is driven through graphic design, branding, illustration, print media, web technologies, and user-experience strategies.


East stair, view looking up into the trusses; Mackintosh worked with Honeyman & Keppie, (becoming a partner in 1904). Martyrs' School was comissioned in 1895 and is built on the street where Charles Rennie Mackintosh was born. Like many Glasgow board schools, Martyrs' is constructed of red sandstone brought in by rail once the local sandstone quarries became exhausted. The plan conforms to the standard layout, which was governed by the requirement of separate entrances for boys and girls. A top-lit well lights a ground-floor drill hall over which galleries on all sides communicate with the classrooms, which were placed on the outer edges of the building to gain the maximum natural light. Over the hall and staircases exposed wooden rafters and ties are either pinned to the walls by brackets or rest on corbels. Externally the clash of stereotyped and new forms may reflect compromises between Keppie and Mackintosh. Of greater interest are the groups of windows set on a continuous bracketed sill, a concept that is neither unique nor new but is of interest when set against the individual verticality of a staircase pierced by a thermal window below oversailing rafter ends. Now an arts centre run by Glasgow Museums. Source: Grove Art Online; http://www.oxfordartonline.com/ (accessed 7/11/2010)