CONTEXT
The concept of cardiovascular health was recently introduced. Sex steroids and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) influence different health domains, but no studies assessed their role in cardiovascular health.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the association between estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), SHBG, and free androgen index (FAI) with cardiovascular health.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Analyses included 1647 men (68.6 y) and 1564 naturally postmenopausal women (69.6 y) with available data on sex steroids and cardiovascular health from the population-based Rotterdam Study.

EXPOSURES
E2, T, SHBG, and FAI.

OUTCOME
To define cardiovascular health, 7 metrics including 3 health factors (total cholesterol, fasting glucose, and blood pressure) and 4 health behaviors (physical activity, smoking, body mass index, and diet) were adopted. Three category levels of each metric were added up to a total score ranged 0-14. Logistic regression was performed to explore the association between E2, T, SHBG, and FAI and optimal cardiovascular health (OCH) (score of 11-14).

RESULTS
OCH was reached by 153 men (9.3%) and 162 women (10.4%). The prevalence of OCH was higher in the lowest tertile of E2 (38.9%), and of T (43.8%), and the highest tertile of SHBG (48.1%) in women, and the highest tertile of T (43.1%) and SHBG (47.1%) in men. After adjustment for confounders, OCH was associated with lower T (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, 0.69 [0.48-1.00]) and lower FAI (0.43 [0.32-0.57]) and higher levels of SHBG (4.55 [2.99-6.94]) among women and with higher levels of SHBG (2.56 [1.45-4.49]) in men.

CONCLUSIONS
OCH was associated with sex steroids and with SHBG in both men and women. The complexity and temporality of the interrelation between sex steroids, SHBG, and cardiovascular health requires further investigation.


Computer Science enrollments are off nationwide, due in part to the tech downturn, and due in part to the well-publicized movement of tech jobs overseas in a global economy with instantaneous communications. Computer Science program coordinators and curriculum committee's are in a quandary: the organization and content of a science education should not be dependent upon the whims of the marketplace. Yet this new technology environment contains forces beyond the control of governments, let alone curriculum committees, and marketplace effects are playing out in academic environments in terms of enrollment and faculty positions. Current research from the Information Systems discipline analyzed the "global sourcing" movement, and concluded that IT-related business enterprise functions differ markedly in the ease and success in which they can be outsourced. Functions and knowledge areas that are of strategic importance to the enterprise and those that are critical to a firm's competitive advantage, are less likely to be successfully out-sourced. Unfortunately, the traditional entry-level career step for computer science graduates in basic programming has been identified as relatively easy to move offshore with great success. By examining computer science knowledge areas in light of these observations, a strategy to position computer science curriculum to counter the outsourcing movement is revealed: CS programs can emphasize higher-level knowledge areas that tend to be both critical and strategic to a business enterprise, in order to make the curriculum more attractive to, and of more value to career-minded students aware of the global employment competition they face. Based on the opportunities and strategy developed in this paper, a graduate CS curriculum has already been implemented at Kennesaw State University, and a revised undergraduate CS program is being developed that implements this concept while retaining compliance with ABET accreditation guidelines and criteria.


The British Virgin Islands is second only to Hong Kong as a source for foreign investment into China. Over the past two decades or so, Chinese entrepreneurs have demonstrated a preference for incorporating in the offshore finance centers of the Caribbean. Chinese offshore structures are different from earlier uses of the offshore in their unique and seemingly transparent aesthetic form. We show how equity-a legal argument and tradition that moderates the letter of the law-and these structures mutually engage one another through spatiotemporal reference and framing. We argue that this engagement is accidental, a coincidence of aesthetic form rather than an emergent phenomenon of any larger process or the product of a plan. It is also not a contingent articulation of compatible elements from the corporate and legal domains. In exploring the aesthetics of Chinese offshore incorporation and court cases that invoke equity, we argue that the accidental discovery of equity can reorient certain analytical conceits about capital and how we can know it. © 2012 by the American Anthropological Association.


A broadly diverse faculty is critical to MIT's educational mission, and significant efforts have been made to achieve a faculty whose diversity reflects that of the students we train. To assess the success of some of these efforts, I examined the percentage of women faculty in the Schools of Science and Engineering over time. In Science, the increased number (and percentage) of women faculty today is the consequence of: pressures associated with the civil rights movement in the early 1970s; unusual efforts between 1996 and 2000 by former Dean of Science Bob Birgeneau in response to the 1996 Report on Women Faculty in Science; and efforts that sustained the progress made as a result of these two initiatives. The women faculty hired in the School of Science as a result of these pressures achieved tenure at the same rate as men and have achieved at least the same level of professional success as their male colleagues as measured by election to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences. In the School of Engineering, the number of women faculty rose more steadily with time and with the increasing number of women receiving PhDs. But as in Science, a recent rapid increase in the number of women faculty resulted from the leadership of its Dean, Tom Magnanti, working collaboratively with then Provost Bob Brown, in response to the "Report on Women Faculty in the School of Engineering." The data suggest that usual departmental hiring processes do not always identify exceptional female candidates. But, women faculty were readily hired by involvement of the central administration, including the use of novel hiring procedures, collaborations among the Provost, Deans, Department Heads, and women faculty committees, all with the visible support of the President.


A three-tier gateway architecture for internetworking between home automation networks and a TCPlP based wide area network, such as the internet, is described. The architecture abstracts the functionality of any home network into a driver layer (tier one), and provides a common access layer (tier two) from any TCPh'P network application (tier three) to a local home automation network. Clien ts and application programs may transparently access services and resources on the home network and appliances connected to the home network may access resources and services on the TCPlP network.


The reasons why state-of-the-art vertical bipolar circuits dissipate very high power are explained. The recent advent of SOI symmetric lateral bipolar transistors invites us to rethink bipolar as a high-speed but low-power technology. Integrated Injection Logic (I2L) and complementary bipolar (analogous to CMOS) circuits in SOI lateral bipolar offer huge design windows for power versus performance tradeoff, suggesting the possibility of ultra-low-power systems with embedded high-speed cores. I2L SRAM cells could be more than twice as dense as CMOS SRAM cells. The SOI substrate offers a fourth device terminal that can be used to induce narrow-gap-base HBT-like I-V characteristics, which should further improve the power-performance of circuits in SOI lateral bipolar. Fin-structure devices enable significant improvement in fmax for RF and high-frequency applications. The process technology for SOI lateral bipolar is compatible with CMOS. The Si-OI version is definitely much less complex than CMOS.


Potato (Solanum tuberosum) lectin, is a chimeric chitin-binding protein comprised of a lectin domain fused to a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein domain. Here peptide sequence information from both domains is presented. A partial sequence of a major tryptic peptide T2: Leu-Pro-Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-(His)-Hyp-Ser-Hyp-Hyp- Hyp-Hyp-Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Ser-Hyp-Hyp- was similar to the 'P3' type extensin major repetitive sequence: Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Ser-Hyp-Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp- suggesting common evolutionary origins for the extensins and the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) domain of potato lectin. Furthermore, alignment of three chymotryptic peptides from potato lectin, C1: Cys-Gly-Thr-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr, C2: Cys-Ser-Pro-Gly-Tyr, and C8: Thr-Gly-Glu-Cys-Cys-Ser-Ile with similar sequences from the hevein lectin family indicates that they have homologous chitin-binding domains, and hence have common evolutionary origins. Finally, all plant chitin-binding domains examined bore a remarkable sequence similarity, particularly in the spacing of Cys residues, to the disintegrins (platelet aggregation inhibitors) which occur in crotalid and viperid snake venoms. As such, sequence similarities not only identify potato lectin as a member of both the hevein and extensin families of plant proteins, but also suggest that an archetypal polypeptide module gave rise to both the plant chitin-binding domain and the reptile disintegrins.


We present a case of therapy-related myelodyspastic syndrome in which the t(3;8)(q26;q24) transloca- tion appeared, even though no chromosomal abnormalities were found at the initial diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. To the best of our knowledge, there have only been around 20 reported cases of myeloid malignancies involving t(3;8)(q26;q24). We discuss the characteristics of t(3;8)(q26;q24) along with a review of literature.


The one of the metaheuristic approaches that can be used was simulated annealing (SA) algorithm which inspired by annealing metallurgical process. This algorithm shows advantages in finding global optimum of given function which will be used in feature selection. In this study, we will trying to combine the neighborhood size and limited approach by using data simulation comparing between two function which is Akaike Index Criterion (AIC) function and Bayesian Index Criterion (BIC) function. The result of this experiment shows that the selected variables using optimal neighborhood size and limit the selected variable provide the result of goodness model around 98% of accuracy and specificity and 94% of sensitivity compared with simulated annealing algorithms without any modification using both AIC function and BIC function, and in the simulation also shows that BIC function give better result than AIC function.


BACKGROUND
How parents of children with life threatening conditions draw upon religion, spirituality, or life philosophy is not empirically well described.

METHODS
Participants were parents of children who had enrolled in a prospective cohort study on parental decision-making for children receiving pediatric palliative care. Sixty-four (88%) of the 73 parents interviewed were asked an open-ended question on how religion, spirituality, or life philosophy (RSLP) was helpful in difficult times. Responses were coded and thematically organized utilizing qualitative data analysis methods. Any discrepancies amongst coders regarding codes or themes were resolved through discussion that reached consensus.

RESULTS
Most parents of children receiving palliative care felt that RSLP was important in helping them deal with tough times, and most parents reported either participation in formal religious communities, or a sense of personal spirituality. A minority of parents, however, did not wish to discuss the topic at all. For those who described their RSLP, their beliefs and practices were associated with qualities of their overall outlook on life, questions of goodness and human capacity, or that "everything happens for a reason." RSLP was also important in defining the child's value and beliefs about the child's afterlife. Prayer and reading the bible were important spiritual practices in this population, and parents felt that these practices influenced their perspectives on the medical circumstances and decision-making, and their locus of control. From religious participation and practices, parents felt they received support from both their spiritual communities and from God, peace and comfort, and moral guidance. Some parents, however, also reported questioning their faith, feelings of anger and blame towards God, and rejecting religious beliefs or communities.

CONCLUSIONS
RSLP play a diverse and important role in the lives of most, but not all, parents whose children are receiving pediatric palliative care.


An effective Customer Relationships Management (CRM) implementation benefits firms to achieve competitive advantages over others by enhancing customer retention, loyalty, satisfaction, and growing. A successful CRM implementation has become essential owing to the massive percentage of failures that occur. This year, firms are expected to spend more than $27 billion on implementing CRM. While a significant amount of study has been conducted into CRM implementations, particularly with respect to Critical Success Factors (CSFs), only a minority of the implementations have been successful. It is argued that one of the reasons for this is the improper assessment of interrelationships of CSFs prior starting the CRM implementation. CSFs are interlinked. They represent factors at nodes in a network of influences, which need to be examined together in order to determine best practice, identify study issues and reflect on strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the interrelationships between the identified CSFs associated with CRM implementation, which revealed the important of these relationships for the success of the implementation. The study involves practical work based on one particular national context; the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).


Objectives. To evaluate the feasibility of an interventional study involving a seated plantar resistance exercise programme, using a StepIt pedal, aimed at promotion of venous leg ulcer (VLU) healing. Methods. Thirty-two VLU patients, recruited from community, GP and hospital settings, were randomised to either a standard care or adjuvant StepIt exercise programme arm for up to 12 weeks. The exercise involved a twice daily routine of ten times one-minute of exercise, i.e. two-second push and two-second lift repetitions (equating to 300 daily 'steps'). Results. Complete healing of the VLU was observed in 10 out of 15 (67%; StepIt cohort) and 7 out of 17 (41%; control cohort) respectively (p-value 0.18, Fisher's exact test). Baseline differences between the two cohorts were longer wound chronicity, less VLU-related pain, and better VLU-related quality of life in the StepIt cohort. One adverse event, involving increased wound exudate and slough production, was observed in a participant using StepIt, and no study withdrawals were recorded in either arm. StepIt users whose wound had completely healed by week 12 were more likely to be compliant with the exercise programme (self-reported) and more positive about the trial experience; however, all would recommend the device to others. Conclusions: seated plantar resistance exercise shows promise and may accelerate VLU wound healing. The StepIt pedal is well-received by patients, and its efficacy may depend on the degree of patient compliance with the exercise programme. Further larger scale studies are indicated to allow more concrete inferences to be made on the clinical and potential health economics impact that this device may have. A multicentre randomised research trial assessing the effectiveness and acceptability of a calf muscle exercise device for supportive treatment of venous leg ulcers, ISRCTN75319519, https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN75319519


Objective
To study the antimicrobial activity of diacerein on common pathogens of the ocular surface in vitro.

Methods
Pathogens were collected from patients with ocular surface infections in Henan Eye Hospital, including Gram-positive cocci and bacilli, Gram-negative bacilli, filamentous fungi, and Candida.The antimicrobial activity of diacerein was determined by the K-B agar diffusion method, and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the micro-liquid method.Levofloxacin and voriconazole were used as the control of antibacterial and antifungal drug, respectirely.

Results
Diacerein showed antibacterial activity against 42 strains of Gram-positive cocci and 10 strains of Gram-positive bacilli, its inhibition zone diameters for Staphylococcus epidermidis, S.aureus, S.intermedius and Gram-positive Corynebacterium were not significantly different from those of levofloxacin (all at P>0.05). Its MIC range of diacetate against Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, S. intermedius and other Staphylococci was 1-32 μg/ml, and its respective MIC90 was 16, 8, 16, and 32 μg/ml.Diacerein had no bacteriostatic effect on 23 strains of Gram-negative bacilli, 10 strains of filamentous fungi and 3 strains of candida.

Conclusions
Diacerein has antibacterial effects against Gram-positive Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium isolated from the ocular surface, but shows no antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacilli and fungi.Diacerein offers a new drug option and method for the treatment of bacterial keratitis.

Key words:
Gram-positive cocci; Bacilli; Filamentous fungi; Candida; Diacerein; Inhibition zone; K-B agar paper diffusion method


Web Services are applied widely in the field of information technology, and performance testing for Web Services applications has become an important problem. This paper introduces the method of performance testing, and proposes a framework of agent-based performance testing on Web Services, which includes TestFlow Generator, Scenario Creator, Test Manager, Load Generation Agent and Test Analyzer. And the implementation of kernel modules in the framework is introduced especially. To realize the load allocation to distributed Load Generation Agents from Test Manager, a queue-based allocation strategy is given.


Solitary plane-wave solutions in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice which can propagate in different directions on the plane are found by using the pseudospectral method. The main point of our studies is that the lattice model is isotropic and we show that the sound velocity is the same for different directions of wave propagation. The pseudospectral method allows us to obtain solitary wave solutions with very narrow profile, the thickness of which may contain a few atoms or even less than one lattice spacing (i.e., essentially discrete solutions). Since these nonlinear waves are quite narrow, details of lattice microstructure appear to be important for their motion. Particularly, the regime of their propagation qualitatively depends on whether or not the direction of their motion occurs along the lattice bonds. Two types of solitary plane waves are found and studied. The stability of these solitary waves is investigated numerically by their interactions with vacancies and lattice edges. Propagation of solitary plane waves through finite lattice domains with isotopic disorder is extensively studied. Comparison of these results with the soliton propagation in one-dimensional lattices with mass impurities is presented.


6 Introduction 7 Regulation of endocrinology in insect development 7 The roles of critical weight and threshold size on the onset of metamorphosis 9 Critical weight 9 Threshold size 10 Juvenile hormone and prothoracicotropic hormone 11 Halloween genes and their role in the regulation of ecdysone biosynthesis 12 The significance of Vvl, a POU transcription factor 13 Oenocytes as a site of vvl expression 15 Objectives and hypothesis 15 Gene silencing using RNA interference (RNAi) 16 Tribolium castaneum and Manduca sexta as model organisms 17 Materials and Methods 19 Animal husbandry 19 Isolating RNA and synthesizing complementary DNA (cDNA) 19 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis 20 Cloning using TOPO TA and synthesizing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 21 Injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into Tribolium and treatment of 20E 22 Quantitative RT-PCR 22 Manduca body dissections 24 Results 25 vvl expression in Tribolium 25 vvl-knockdown results in reduction of jhamt3 expression 27 vvl-knockdown results in reduction of kr-h1 expression 29 vvl-knockdown larvae exhibit decreased ecdysone-response gene expression 31 vvl-knockdown influences the expression of certain Halloween genes 33 Effect of starvation on vvl expression in Manduca 40


The input validation testing (IVT) technique has been developed to address the problem of statically analyzing input command syntax as defined in an English textual interface and requirements specifications and then generating test cases for input validation testing. The technique does not require design or code, so it can be applied early in the life cycle. A proof-of-concept tool has been implemented and validation has been performed. Empirical validation on industrial software shows that the IVT method found more requirements specification defects than senior testers, generated test cases with higher syntactic coverage than senior testers, and found defects that were not found by the test cases of senior testers. Additionally, the tool performed at a much-reduced cost.


Pyroclastic acidic volcanic rocks are intercalated between sedimentary rocks of the Roraima Formation at the Tafelberg in Suriname. From these rocks, a 14-point whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron of 1,599 ± 18 m.y. was obtained with initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.7075 ± 0.0032 (47.2 × 10 9 yrs 87 Rb half-life; errors with 95 percent confidence level). K-Ar measurements on five samples give dates ranging from 1,573 to 1,681 m.y. Some 200 m.y. have thus elapsed between the consolidation of the Guiana Shield during the "Trans-Amazonian orogeny" 1,810 ± 40 m.y. ago and the development upon it of the Roraima basin (or basins) of deposition. Isotopic age measurements on dolerite dikes and sills cutting the Roraima sedimentary rocks (the Roraima Intrusive Suite) indicate that the basalt intrusions took place within a relatively short time interval (some 50 m.y. at most) after the deposition of the Roraima Formation.


people who appear to have possessed a common cultural background' (p. 1). The author describes traditional Australian Aboriginal technology in three culture areas: Central Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin, and the Eastern Coast (concentrating on Cape York and the south-east coast), studying economic differences which have arisen from environmental variation. Its major value to the sociologist will be the comprehensive review of research on the material culture of some Aboriginal societies. I.S.M.


AIMS
The relevance of ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles <0.1 microm diameter), the smallest fraction of ambient particulate matter, on stroke morbidity has not been documented. We studied the effects of short-term changes in exposure to these particles on stroke, separately for ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, mild and severe strokes, and ischaemic strokes with (likely embolic) and without (likely thrombotic) atrial fibrillation (AF).

METHODS AND RESULTS
We used a time-stratified case-crossover design to study the association between short-term exposure to UFPs, particulate matter <10 microm in diameter (PM(10)), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and carbon monoxide (CO) (measured at single background station) and hospital admissions for stroke in Copenhagen (2003-2006). Of 7485 stroke admissions, 6798 were ischaemic and 687 haemorrhagic, 3485 mild, and 2248 severe. Of the ischaemic stroke cases, 1204 had AF and 5273 did not. We found significant positive association with exposure to UFPs, NO(x) and CO, and ischaemic strokes, and UFPs and NO(x) and mild strokes, 4 days before admission. The strongest associations were with UFPs. Exposure to UFPs lead to a 21% increase in hospital admissions (per interquartile range of 5-day averages; 95% confidence interval 4-41%) for mild ischaemic stroke of without AF (likely thrombotic origin).

CONCLUSION
Our results indicate possible effects of traffic-related air pollution, mainly UFPs, on hospital admissions for ischaemic stroke, especially for mild ischaemic stroke of likely thrombotic origin (without AF). These are novel findings regarding the relevance of UFPs and the heterogeneous effect of air pollution on the severity and origin of stroke, and need confirmation by other data.


How is the biblical text understood and how does it function in the life of the reader today? Richard Briggs first provides an illuminating introduction to the nature and claims of speech art theory. This seeks to extend our understanding of both spoken and written means of communication by seeing them not as merely representational or 'reality-depicting', but as acting or causing acts to be performed through the words themselves. Briggs goes on to discuss to what extent the application of speech act theory might be helpful in the interpretation of biblical texts. In one of the first book-length explorations of this topic, he examines in detail several biblical speech acts of particular theological significance, including the confession of sin, forgiveness and teaching. Through exploring the specific ways in which the reader is drawn into the performative action of the biblical text, and how speech act theory forces the reader to look beyond language into the world which gives the language its ability to function, speech act theory is shown to offer valuable insights within today's complex hermeneutical debate. 'A very significant volume . . . ' Alan Torrance, Professor of Divinity, University of Andrews 'An excellent piece of work . . . which is thoroughly acquainted with speech act theory and takes the debate forward in a variety of creative, exegetical and theological ways.' Dr Craig Bartholomew, University of Gloucestershire


Our foregoing analysis of the role of a comprehensive test ban leads us to the following conclusions. 1) A CTB by itself will have little direct effect on the arms race between the superpowers. It would not hinder their nuclear arms production and deployment nor would it necessarily present a significant obstacle to the development of new nuclear weapons systems, despite limiting the development of new nuclear warhead designs. It can hardly make a dent in the destructive capability of the superpowers or in their ability to step up the pace of the arms race. 2) The chief merits of a CTB reside in the political sphere. It would help promote detente and could help to escalate interest in arms control agreements of broader scope. But in neither of these effects would it be as significant as a successful SALT (strategic arms limitation talks) agreement. The CTB also lingers as a piece of unfinished business since the signing of the LTB in 1963. The question can be and has been raised, "If the superpowers are serious about arms control, why have they not accepted the CTB, which is simple in concept and in form and is also free of serious military risks?" Such doubts about the sincerity of the superpowers' willingness to limit their own arms development will persist as long as there is no CTB. Substantial agreement at SALT would lessen some of this effect too, but would not eliminate it completely. 3) Recent progress in seismic identification has been impressive, and other means of obtaining technical intelligence about nuclear testing have probably also improved greatly. In addition, research on the technical means of on-site inspection has demonstrated its limited effectiveness. Therefore, the role of on-site inspections as an added deterrent to cheating on a CTB has diminished substantially. This is not to say that detection and identification of all nuclear tests is possible now, or ever, but only that on-site inspection would add very little to the other technical means now available for verification. 4) It will become increasingly difficult in the United States to oppose the CTB on the basis of risks that accompany possible Soviet evasion of a treaty that does not include the right of onsite inspection. The opposition to a CTB is now likely to shift to the more direct argument that nuclear testing is important to keep pace with continuing worldwide technical and military developments. The justification for U.S. testing is only in part because of advances in Soviet nuclear technology per se. Those opposing a CTB may argue that it makes little sense, and may even be courting danger, to freeze nuclear technology alone and that banning nuclear tests should await an agreement that copes with all military research and development and all qualitative improvements in weapons systems. This directly confronts the argument that the unique virtue of a CTB is that it provides a simple and feasible first step in the very complicated problems of controlling military technology. 5) The mutual deterrence of the superpowers will not be compromised if a CTB agreement is reached and one side or the other clandestinely violates such an agreement. The state of nuclear technology in both countries is mature, and the destructive capability of their nuclear arsenals can be easily maintained. Whatever small improvements can come as a consequence of clandestine testing would hardly affect the strategic balance. 6) It seems unlikely that China and France will agree to stop testing in the near future. These countries refused to join the nonproliferation treaty, which did not affect their nuclear programs, and it is doubtful that, proceeding from military considerations alone, they would join a CTB. Their nuclear programs are still not mature, and a CTB would freeze their positions of inferiority with respect to the superpowers. There may, however, be wider political and security arrangements to induce them to participate. Cessation of tests by the other nuclear powers might serve as an inducement to China and France to refrain from testing. 7) The key near-nuclear powers, such as Japan, India, and Israel, are much more concerned with the military activities of their neighbors than they are with those of the superpowers. The modest nuclear restraints that a CTB imposes on the superpowers are hardly likely to have a direct impact on the approach of these countries to their own security. However, for these critical near-nuclear countries a CTB may be much more acceptable than the nonproliferation treaty. A CTB would not prohibit the production of fissionable material, the development of nuclear weapons technology short of testing, nor the stockpiling of untested nuclear weapons, and is therefore less restrictive. Consequently, these powers may be willing to ratify a CTB, but not the nonproliferation treaty. On the other hand, the CTB may provide them with a ready excuse for not succumbing to the pressure to ratify the nonproliferation treaty, if indeed they need excuses or would bow to such pressure. 8) A CTB is of very little added, direct significance to other nonnuclear powers who have already ratified or are about to ratify the nonproliferation treaty. It may only lessen their pique about the treaty's being highly discriminatory—the treaty imposes no restraints on the nuclear weapons programs of the nuclear powers, while the CTB restricts all parties to the agreement. 9) Peaceful nuclear explosions do not now show great promise and significance for economic development. What can be done with peaceful explosions can often be done by other means, although possibly at a slightly higher cost. On the other hand, making allowance for peaceful explosions greatly complicates a CTB. A useful approach to the problem of banning military tests but not foregoing indefinitely the use of peaceful explosions might, therefore, be to ban all nuclear explosions for a period of several years and to stipulate in the agreement that in that time there would be negotiations on how peaceful explosions may be controlled in a way that would not jeopardize the CTB.


The aim of this thesis is to explore the relation between the extent of abidance to human rights international law provisions in regard to the detention of immigrants in the countries of EU, and the motivations for doing so, as presented in the international relations theories. The principal research question is: Why are immigrants facing problems in obtaining human rights in the context of immigration related detention? The answers are implicitly found in the answers to the underlying question: Why do states crate and obey international law? Methodologically, the problematic is approached through the theoretical analysis of International Relation theories: Realist, Institutionalism, Liberalism and Constructivism. Each of these theories provides different factors as explanatory for the actions of the states, respectively: power, existence of institutions, interest of individuals and social practices. National law remains the key system in the protection of rights due to its enforceability. Despite the existence of provisions relating to the rights of aliens, national law primarily protects the rights of nationals. From the second half of the 20th century international law has developed rapidly and has influenced the development and advancement of human rights and standards. However, due to the lack of strength in its enforceability, its application is dependent of the political interest and motivation of individual states, both in their inclusion of international law provisions into their national legal systems and its enforcement, and in the use of the constellation of power in international relations in applying pressure on other states to do the same. Entities like European Union bring a new quality to this problematic, given its specific legal structure that has influenced the rethinking of national sovereignty as the uncontested authority in creating and abiding the law. Nonetheless, provision and protection of individual's rights remains tightly knit to and dependent upon citizenship.


OBJECTIVE
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung is a characteristic tumor that has both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma components. Adenosquamous carcinoma is reported to have an aggressive clinical course, but its clinicopathological features and prognosis are unclear in the early stage.

METHODS
Patients who underwent surgical resection for pathological stage I non-small cell lung cancer between April 2009 and December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative data, histologic characteristics and outcomes of patients with adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 40) were compared to adenocarcinoma (n = 598) and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 131) patients. Factors affecting prognosis, particularly on recurrence, were assessed via Cox regression analyses.

RESULTS
Patients with adenosquamous carcinoma had a worse prognosis than did patients with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in terms of 5 year overall (66.7%) and recurrence-free survival rates (44.9%), as well as a significantly higher recurrence rate (13/40 patients, 32.5%). Multivariable Cox regression analysis for recurrence-free survival rates revealed that the histology of adenosquamous carcinoma was an independent factor for recurrence (hazard ratio: 2.473, 95% confidence interval: 1.328-3.367; P = 0.0004). High serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels (hazard ratio: 5.962) and vascular invasion (hazard ratio: 4.899) were identified as risk factors for recurrence, and patients with adenosquamous carcinoma tended to have distant relapses, such as in the brain.

CONCLUSIONS
Early-stage adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung is a histological type associated with severe prognosis and postoperative recurrence, often in distant sites, in approximately one-third of cases. High serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels and vascular invasion might be risk factors of recurrence.


The pattern speed with which galactic bars rotate is intimately linked to the amount of dark matter in the inner regions of their host galaxies. In particular, dark matter haloes act to slow down bars via torques exerted through dynamical friction. Observational studies of barred galaxies tend to find that bars rotate fast, while hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of galaxy formation and evolution in the ΛCDM framework have previously found that bars slow down excessively. This has led to a growing tension between fast bars and the ΛCDM cosmological paradigm. In this study we revisit this issue, using the Auriga suite of high resolution, magnetohydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations of galaxy formation and evolution in the ΛCDM framework, finding that bars remain fast down to z = 0. In Auriga, bars form in galaxies that have higher stellar-to-dark matter ratios and are more baryondominated than in previous cosmological simulations; this suggests that in order for bars to remain fast, massive spiral galaxies must lie above the commonly used abundance matching relation. While this reduces the aforementioned tension between the rotation speed of bars and ΛCDM, it accentuates the recently reported discrepancy between the dynamically inferred stellar-to-dark matter ratios of massive spirals and those inferred from abundance matching. Our results highlight the potential of using bar dynamics to constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution.


Abstract We derive improved versions of the relations between supermassive black hole mass MBH and host-galaxy bulge velocity dispersion σ and luminosity L (the MBH–σ and MBH–Lbulge relations), based on ~ 50 MBH measurements and ~ 20 upper limits. Particular attention is paid to recovery of the intrinsic scatter (ϵ0) in both relations. We find the scatter to be significantly larger than estimated in most previous studies. The large scatter requires revision of the local black hole mass function, and it implies that there may be substantial selection bias in studies of the evolution of the MBH–σ and MBH–Lbulge relations. When only considering ellipticals, the scatter decreases. These results appear to be insensitive to a wide range of assumptions about the measurement errors and the distribution of intrinsic scatter. We also investigate the effects on the fits of culling the sample according to the resolution of the black hole's sphere of influence.


It has long been recognized that there is a distinct individual susceptibility to the development of rickets—that infants brought up apparently under the same environment and given the same diet differ markedly in their tendency to develop this disorder. Formerly, clinicians were content to call attention to this phenomenon, but recently children's specialists and biochemists have attempted to harmonize this observation with the newer knowledge, and have predicated a prenatal lack of the antirachitic factor in infants who showed a predisposition to rickets and, on the other hand, a storage in those who showed no such tendency. The analogy for this hypothesis is the well known theory of Bunge in relation to anemia. It will be remembered that this physiologist ascribed the development of anemia in later infancy, and the vulnerability of certain infants in particular, to a lack of an "Eisendepot" in the liver. Similarly, in regard to rickets,


Abstract:This response essay is a reflection on the composition of Diasporic Blackness: The Life and Times of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg (2017) by its author and a sustained conversation with three of her peers, each of whom illuminate distinct aspects of Schomburg's life and the scholarship surrounding him and his contemporaries. The exchange includes ruminations about marronage and Maroon subjectivity; the futurity of the archive, including its omissions; and a redefining of blackness as a force that ruptures and disrupts facile categorization.


This study sough to identify variability of satisfaction levels considering the demographic characteristics of faculty members at the Financial and Administrative Sciences' Departmens in the Jordanian Universities. Participants included (280) faculty members. The questionnaire was the instrument used to gather data and conclude results. Major results included that: 1. The highest satisfaction levels regarding continued improvement practices acquired by participants for all (human, financial, physical, technological, and knowledge) resources by age characteristics were for those in the age group (25-29 yrs). 2. As for gender, males were satisfied regarding continued improvement practices on the composite resources (human, financial, physical, technological, and knowledge) more than females. The highest satisfaction level was on the knowledge resources and the lowest was on the financial resources, by females, too. 3. The highest satisfaction level regarding continued improvement practices on the composite resources (human, financial, physical, technological, and knowledge) was among employees who have been in service (1-4 yrs) and higher those who had one year or less in service who were the least satisfied in the knowledge resources domain, but lower than satisfaction level those who have been in service less than a year in the technological resources domain. 4. There were differences in participant responses by such variables as gender and university proprietorship regarding low satisfaction levels on all resources. This variation is also perceived among participants as revealed by their standard deviations of demographic characteristics, age and university proprietorship.


Measles is an acute, highly contagious viral disease caused by measles virus and transmitted primarily by respiratory droplets or airborne spray to mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract or the conjunctiva. Measles is one of vaccine preventable diseases but the virus usually causes outbreaks especially among unvaccinated population.  The aim of this study was to investigate the outbreak and identify associated factors in Basso Liben district in Ethiopia.  An unmatched case control study was conducted to investigate measles outbreak from 90 study subjects (30 cases and 60 controls). Face to face interview was conducted using structured questionnaire. Epi info version 7 was used for data entry and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with measles outbreak with 95% confidence level and statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05.  The total attack rate of measles was found to be 1.24 per 1,000 population in Basso Liben district. The highest age specific attack rate was seen in under- one age groups (4.76 per 1,000 children), and the next was in age groups 1- 4 years old   (3.28 per 1000 population). In multivariate logistic regression, contact history with measles case AOR=8.132 (95% CI 2.047, 32.297) and presence of measles case in the neighbor (AOR= 6.928; 95% CI 1.37, 29.12) were risk factors for contracting measles. But previous history of measles case (AOR= 0.10; 95% CI 0.02, 0.56) and vaccinated with measles vaccine AOR=0.11 (95%CI 0.021, 0.573) were protective associated factors for measles.

 Key words: Measles, outbreak, Basso Liben, case control, Ethiopia.


Ovariotomy or Caesarean Section ? SIR,-I desire to express my gratitude for the sage and humane counsel of Mr. Victor Bonney (March 31, p. 459) and for Prof. S. J. Cameron's example (March 3, p. -307) of how to section a patient in bed when circumstances demand it. Mr. McIntosh Marshall (March 24, p. 421) is one of the pioneer exponents of local analgesia for Caesarean section. My regret is that I did not follow his lead sooner. Local analgesia is undoubtedly ideal. The relaxation of the abdominal wall permits one to discard retractors. The uterus contracts and retracts so beautifully that I am persuaded the blood loss is less than for normal delivery. I find that I have barely time to clear the mucus from the throat of the infant, which is usually born with its eyes wide open, and lay it between the legs of the mother before the placenta presents itself in the wound. Child and placenta together are handed to the nurse with instructions not to sever the cord until pulsations cease. This may be accomplished, using I in 2,000 nupercaine solution, by bilaterally blocking thoracic nerves 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 each with 7 to 10 c.cm. anaesthetic solution and infiltrating 10 c.cm. around each iliohypogastric nerve in its course through the internal oblique muscle from 3 to 4 cm. above.. to 2 cm. medial to the anterior superior iliac spine. When the abdominal cavity is open 5 c.cm. of the solution is. infiltrated on each side of the bladder into the extraperitoneal tissue and 10 c.cm. beneath the peritoneum in the vesico-uterine excavation. To prevent the parturient being distressed by the theatre display, needle pricks, etc., she is given a subcutaneous injection of 15 mg. omnopon or morphine before the operation (2{ hours for preference, if time permits), and on the table she is kept from moving her limbs by the very lightest chloroform or vinesthene narcosis. Before she leaves the table the mother is shown her baby, and on her return to the ward she is given a cup of tea or ovaltine as she prefers, turned into Sims's posture, and so to sleep. Post-operative nausea and headache are abolished and the improved well-being of the mother is very evident. Nupercaine is boilable and does not inhibit the action of the sulpha drugsan important matter when operating on a patient whose membranes may have been ruptured for 24 hours, and who may have been examined repeatedly by unclean native midwives before admission to hospital. I would never revert to other t pes of anaesthesia except at the express desire of a patient or where a suitable local analgesic agent is unobtainable.I am, etc., Poona. F. R. W. KINKEAD ALLEN.


Lazarus and Folkman proposed one of the most comprehensive theories of stress and coping in the psychology literature, but many of their postulates have received little empirical attention, and some of the existing research has yielded contradictory findings. This longitudinal study sought to clarify the associations among control appraisal, coping, and stress within this theoretical framework. The theory postulates that coping strategies used tend to match the level of appraised controllability of the stressor (matching hypothesis). It further states that the effects of problem-focused versus emotion-focused coping are moderated by the appraised controllability of the stressor (goodness-of-fit hypothesis). An alternative to the latter is the main-effects hypothesis, which states that problem-focused coping is generally more effective in reducing distress regardless of appraisal. These hypotheses were tested on 72 adults who completed questionnaires on coping and control appraisal. Stress was assessed using self-report (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised) and a behavioral measure (proofreading task) at two times approximately 2 months apart. Appraised control significantly predicted type of coping such that greater control was associated with more problem-focused and less emotion-focused coping. Although the main-effects hypothesis was not supported, the goodness-of-fit hypothesis was partly confirmed by a significant control by emotion-focused coping interaction predicting both self-report and behavioral measures of stress.


1. The rate of substrate cycling between acetate and acetyl-CoA in sheep hindlimb muscle was measured from the decrease of [14C]acetate specific radioactivity across the tissue in vivo. 2. The rate of cycling was 0.005-0.015 ,mol/min per g and, in two of the three sheep investigated, was approximately doubled as a result of infusing 2 mol acetate/day intravenously. 3. The results indicate that this cycle contributes only approx. 0.5% of the total heat produced by the animal and would probably make only a relatively small contribution to any heat increment of feeding associated with diets producing large amounts of acetate.


Capacity bounds are compared for four different deterministic models of wireless networks, representing four different ways of handling broadcast and superposition in the physical layer. In particular, the transport capacity under a multiple unicast traffic pattern is studied for a 1-D network of regularly spaced nodes on a line and for a 2-D network of nodes placed on a hexagonal lattice. The considered deterministic models are: (i) P/P, a model with exclusive transmission and reception, (ii) P/M, a model with simultaneous reception of the sum of the signals transmitted by all nearby nodes, (iii) B/P, a model with simultaneous transmission to all nearby nodes but exclusive reception, and (iv) B/M, a model with both simultaneous transmission and simultaneous reception. All four deterministic models are considered under half-duplex constraints. For the 1-D scenario, it is found that the transport capacity under B/M is twice that under P/P. For the 2-D scenario, it is found that the transport capacity under B/M is at least 2.5 times, and no more than six times, the transport capacity under P/P. The transport capacities under P/M and B/P fall between these bounds.


China's export-led manufacturing model has been built on extensive exploitation of its migrant workforce under a despotic labor regime, but the methods of control have shifted considerably during the past decade and a half. This article examines new modes of domination over Chinese factory workers, based on fieldwork conducted while the author was living with workers at a foreign-invested garment factory in southern China. The article shows how mechanisms to control the workers are embedded today not only in directly coercive practices but also in a new shop floor culture with affective personal ties and implicit bargaining in wage systems. Against the scholarly literature of management controls that emphasizes rupture and discontinuity between labor regimes, this article argues that China's emerging labor regime, here referred to as "conciliatory despotism," inherits despotic features of the labor regime exercised in the 1990s but adds new normative measures of soft control that seek to conciliate worker resentments. This hybrid form of management control represents a stage in China's evolving labor-management relations in which workers possess more implicit power and can push management into greater concessions than previously.


Research on personality and psychopathology associations has informed the classification of many symptom dimensions within the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). However, classification of symptom dimensions defining autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) within the HiTOP framework remains unclear in many ways. To address this issue, we examined the joint factor structure of (a) measures assessing characteristics relevant to ADHD and autism and (b) normal range personality traits in a sample of 547 adults recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, many of whom reported elevated autism- and ADHD-relevant characteristics. We also examined how factors identified in these analyses correlated with measures of internalizing symptoms and select externalizing traits. Our results indicated that some measures assessing autism- and ADHD-relevant characteristics (e.g., communication issues, hyperactivity/impulsivity) defined a distinct Attention and Communication Difficulties factor, with scores on this factor correlating strongly with internalizing symptom ratings. However, other relevant characteristics such as aloofness may be indicators of existing HiTOP spectra such as detachment. We discuss how these findings inform classification of autism- and ADHD-relevant characteristics within the HiTOP, as well as key future directions for extending the limited research in this area.


Mathematical models for simulation and control of systems and mechanisms naturally arise in a descriptor form. The stability analysis of descriptor systems, involving free parameters as uncertainties or design qualifiers is subject of this paper. Two approaches for the calculation
of the stability boundaries in the underlying parameter space are discussed. The first one uses a quantifier elimination method, while the second one is based on the direct solution of the Lyapunov equation. The computational methods are exemplary demonstrated on Chua's circuit.


Accumulating evidence suggests that the human placental enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) plays a key role in fetal development by controlling fetal exposure to maternal glucocorticoids. Recently, the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR delta) has been found to be the most abundantly expressed PPAR subtype in the human placenta, but its function in this organ is unknown. Given that PPAR delta-null mice exhibited placental defects and consequent intrauterine growth restriction, the present study was undertaken to examine the hypothesis that PPAR delta regulates human placental function in part by targeting 11beta-HSD2. Using cultured human trophoblast cells as a model system, we demonstrated that 1) the putative PPAR delta agonist carbaprostacyclin (cPGI2) reduced 11beta-HSD2 activity as well as 11beta-HSD2 expression at both protein and mRNA levels; 2) GW610742 (a selective PPAR delta agonist) mimicked the effect of cPGI2, whereas indomethacin (a known ligand for PPARalpha and PPAR gamma) had no effect; 3) the cPGI2-induced down-regulation of 11beta-HSD2 mRNA did not require de novo protein synthesis; 4) cPGI2 suppressed HSD11B2 promoter activity, but did not alter the half-life of 11beta-HSD2 mRNA; and 5) the inhibitory effect of cPGI2 on HSD11B2 promoter activity was abrogated in trophoblast cells cotransfected with a dominant negative PPAR delta mutant. Taken together, these findings suggest that activation of PPAR delta down-regulates HSD11B2 gene expression in human trophoblast cells, and that this effect is mediated primarily at the transcriptional level. Thus, the present study reveals 11beta-HSD2 as an additional target for PPAR delta and identifies a molecular mechanism by which this nuclear receptor may regulate human placental function.


The Governor's Office of Economic Development (GOED) charter is based on Governor Jon Huntsman's commitment to economic development statewide. The mandate for this office is to provide rich business resources for the creation, growth and recruitment of companies to Utah and to increase tourism and film production in the state. GOED accomplishes this mission through the administration of programs based around industries or "economic clusters" that demonstrate the best potential for development. GOED utilizes state resources and private sector contracts to fulfill its mission.


This work presents a fast solution to the volume integral equation for electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional inhomogeneous dielectric bodies by using the precorrected-fast Fourier transform (FFT) method. The object is modeled using tetrahedral volume elements and the basis functions proposed by Schaubert et al. are employed to expand the unknown electric flux density. The basis functions are then projected onto a fictitious uniform grid surrounding the nonuniform mesh, enabling the FFT to be used to speed up the matrix-vector multiplies in the iterative solution of the matrix equation. The resultant method greatly reduces the memory requirement to O(N) and the computational complexity to O(NlogN), where N is the number of unknowns. As a result, this method is capable of computing electromagnetic scattering from large complex dielectric objects.


The ability to analyse and differentiate network protocol traffic is crucial for network resource management to provide differentiated services by Telcos. Automated Protocol Analysis (APA) is crucial to significantly improve efficiency and reduce reliance on human experts. There are numerous automated state-of-the-art unsupervised methods for clustering unknown protocols in APA. However, many such methods have not been sufficiently explored using diverse test datasets. Thus failing to demonstrate their robustness to generalise. This study proposed a comprehensive framework to evaluate various combinations of feature extraction and clustering methods in APA. It also proposed a novel approach to automate selection of dataset dependent model parameters for feature extraction, resulting in improved performance. Promising results of a novel field-based tokenisation approach also led to our proposal of a novel automated hybrid approach for feature extraction and clustering of unknown protocols in APA. Our proposed hybrid approach performed the best in 7 out of 9 of the diverse test datasets, thus displaying the robustness to generalise across diverse unknown protocols. It also outperformed the unsupervised clustering technique in state-of-the-art open-source APA tool, NETZOB in all test datasets.


Two cases occurred of umbilical cord stricture with intrauterine fetal demise. The cause of this defect is unknown. Our cases represented the common findings of stricture at the squamoamnionic junction and an increased incidence with twin gestations. One fetus had a reactive nonstress test at 30 1/2 weeks and died two days later.


This paper propose and evaluate the Reliving Past Scene Experience system using augmented reality technology. This system overlays past scenes in video materials onto the real environment and makes users to experience how the camera operator captured the scene by inducing them to move as in the same way as the operator. By inducing users to move in the same way as the camera operator unconsciously, the system make them feel as if they look around in the past scene on their own will. For this purpose we proposed three induction techniques: induction for preventing unintentional movements, starting to move and appropriate rotation. We implemented these in a system which relives videos of old railways and exhibited it at THE RAILWAY MUSEUM for two weeks. Results of analyzing users' operational log and questionnaires suggest that proposed system and interaction techniques are effective to relive past scene experiences in real environment.


Too often we hear that physics is a difficult and boring subject. To changethe attitudes towards physics one has to reflect on how the subject is taught. Anamusement park is a large hands-on physics laboratory that provides excellentdemonstrations of textbook examples on e.g. acceleration, rotation and freefallingbodies. This article opens up the amusement park as a learning contextproviding a wide variety of experimental possibilities and exciting learningrides


SINCE British letters overflowed the barriers of insularity with the dawn of the seventeenth century they have maintained a notable variety and individuality, the wonder and envy of other communities, which, whatever their pretensions to a cosmopolitan view, have certainly nothing so spacious or comprehensive to display on their national bookshelves. We have more than "one," indeed many, to show "to whom all scenes of Europe homage owe," we have, perhaps, distributed larger patches of Brittanic red on the world's map in the literary sense than in the political. "Wider still and wider," grow the bounds of our empire of books. It is the same as regards the much greater atlases of mind and imagination, almost every known isle and province of which has found its pioneers of the British pen.


The excavations in the Aegean since the 1990s onwards have revealed a new cultural stage, starting from the beginning of 9th millennium down to the end of 8th. A network of sites extends from the northern to the southern Aegean Sea and from the West to the East, having as reference points the obsidian sources of Melos and Yali, Nissiros. In recent years, we have an increase of Mesolithic sites in the insular Aegean, the mainland Greece as well as in the western Asian coast, Cyprus and Crete. Recent research changes the data and shows that, along with the navigation capability and the specialization in fishing, an early Neolithisation in the Aegean began already in 9th millennium BC. It means that active Mesolithic groups from the early 9th mill. till the end of 8thcould have been able to travel to the East, interact with local populations of the PPNA and PPNB and transfer plants and animals, domesticated or not to the Aegean and the Greek mainland, contributing to the full Neolithisation of the area.


This paper examines the existence of a habituation effect to unemployment: Do the unemployed suffer less from job loss if unemployment is more widespread, if their own unemployment lasts longer and if unemployment is a recurrent experience? The underlying idea is that unemployment hysteresis may operate through a sociological channel: if many people in the community lose their job and remain unemployed over an extended period, the psychological cost of being unemployed diminishes and the pressure to accept a new job declines. We analyze this question with individual-level data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1984-2009) and the Swiss Household Panel (2000-2009). We find no evidence for a mitigating effect of high surrounding unemployment on unemployed individuals' subjective well-being: Becoming unemployed hurts as much when regional unemployment is high as when it is low. Likewise, the strongly harmful impact of being unemployed on well-being does not wear off over time, nor do repeated episodes of unemployment make it any better. It thus appears doubtful that an unemployment shock becomes persistent because the unemployed become used to, and hence reasonably content with, being without a job.


Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film was fabricated on the surface of glass monolayers at room temperature, using KH-550 as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The TiO2 gel precursor was characterized with differential scanning calorimetry – thermogravimetry (DSC-TG), and the TiO2 powder was analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The TiO2 thin film was tested with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). With the application of atomic force microscope (AFM) the surface topography of siloxane layer and TiO2 film were studied. Their hydrophilicities were measured. The transmittance of TiO2 film was detected by using dual beam ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometer. The results show that the TiO2 thin film is in monolayer with nanometer level, the deposition is the anatase structure. TiO2 is deposited on the surface instead of channel or gap of siloxane, the hydrophilicities of TiO2 monolayer film are perfect, and TiO2 monolayer film has a good transmissivity in the visible light area.


Summary
Twelve attempts at man to man transmission by bites of Anopheles freeborni infected with Plasmodium cynomolgi, seven with the M strain and five with the B strain, were successful. These results suggest that normal, i. e. mosquito, transmission of these two strains from man to man can occur with a high degree of frequency.
Observations for the B strain infections were: (1) the prepatent periods ranged from 15 to 20 days (av. 17.6); (2) maximum parasitemia was 150 per cmm of blood; (3) the first day of recorded fever ranged from 15 to 20 days; (4) maximum temperature was 104°F; (5) only one infection began with a tertian fever pattern; and (6) gametocytes were demonstrable in three infections.
Observations for the M strain infections were: (1) the prepatent periods ranged from 16 to 37 days (av. 19.9); (2) maximum parasitemia was 300 per cmm of blood; (3) the first day of recorded fever ranged from 16 to 19 days; (4) maximum temperature was 104.6°F; (5) tertian fever patterns developed in four infections; and (6) gametocytes were demonstrable in three infections.
The predominant symptoms for all infections were cephalgia, anorexia, nausea, and myalgia. Splenomegaly was more frequent and extensive in the M strain infections. Clinical manifestations did not correlate with the degree of parasitemia. The disease syndrome is considered to be mild.
Sporozoite induced M strain infections appeared to be more "virulent" than sporozoite induced B strain infections.
Characteristics of infections induced by blood inoculation of the B strain (5 cases) and the M strain (6 cases) are described.
A. freeborni can become infected when fed on human beings with low P. cynomolgi gametocyte levels. Relatively few bites of these mosquitoes can produce simian malaria infections in man.


Most altmetric studies compare how often a publication has been cited or mentioned on the Web. Yet, a closer look at altmetric analyses reveals that the altmetric tools employed and the social media platforms considered may have a significant effect on the available information and ensuing interpretation. Therefore, it is indicated to investigate and compare the various tools currently available for altmetric analyses and the social media platforms they draw upon. This paper will present results from a comparative altmetric analysis conducted employing four well-established altmetric services based on a broad, multidisciplinary sample of scientific publications. Our study reveals that for several data sources the coverage of findable publications on social media platforms and metric counts (impact) can vary across altmetric data providers.


: The solubility of atenolol (ATN) in some {ethanol (1) + water (2)} mixtures expressed in mole fraction at temperatures from 298.2 to 313.2 K was calculated from reported solubility values expressed in molarity scale. The van't Hoff and Gibbs equations were used to calculate the respective apparent thermodynamic functions: Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the dissolution processes. Non-linear enthalpy–entropy relationship was observed for this drug ATN in the plot of enthalpy vs. Gibbs energy of solution with negative slope in the composition region 0.00 ≤ w 1 ≤ 0.20 but positive slope in the region 0.20 ≤ w 1 ≤ 0.40. Beyond this composition, the behavior is more complex. Hence, the driving mechanism for ATN dissolution process is the entropy in water-rich mixtures and the enthalpy in mixtures 0.20 ≤ w 1 ≤ 0.40. Furthermore, the preferential solvation of ATN by both solvents was analyzed by using the inverse Kirkwood- Buff integrals observing that this drug is preferentially solvated by water molecules in water-rich and also in ethanol-rich mixtures but preferentially solvated by ethanol molecules in mixtures 0.24 ≤ x 1 ≤ 0.51.


The purpose of this paper was to investigate the role of fan involvement with volleyball in their behavior (as expressed by loyalty) towards their team in professional men's volleyball League in Greece. The sample that was used included 521 fans that watched volleyball games in five venues in Athens and completed questionnaires that were handed to them. The questionnaires items were the Leisure Involvement Scale (5 Likert scale) which was used by Nassis and Theodorakis (2008) and, for the evaluation of fan loyalty, the questionnaire (8 Likert scale) by Theodorakis and Wann, (2008) both were used in Greek population. Correlated regression analyses were used. Results showed that volleyball fans had a high level of involvement as expressed by three factors, namely Attraction, Centrality and Self-Expression and loyalty as expressed by behaviors such as frequency of watching games/TV/radio and participating in conversations with friends revolving around sports. The correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the involvement factors and the loyalty dimensions. Additionally, the linear regression analyses showed that the three factors of involvement predicted in different degrees a statistically significant percentage of specific indicators that express the loyalty of volleyball fans to their teams. The results can be utilized by professional teams' executives for the creation of the profile of fan involvement with volleyball, thus aiming at discovering more efficient forms of communication with them.


Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is a water soluble vitamin which is synthesized by bacteria and archaea. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the terminal ileum after binding intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells in the stomach. The most common cause of B12 deficiency worldwide is pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia is a deficiency of vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor. Usually, this is secondary to production of autoantibodies directed against the intrinsic factor of gastric parietal cells, leading to atrophic gastritis. Common findings in Vitamin B12 deficiency include anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, macrocytosis, and hypersegmented neutrophils. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a rare cause of hemolytic anemia (approximately 1.5% of cases). Here, we present a case of a 59-year-old male found to have hemolytic anemia secondary to marked vitamin B12 deficiency and improved after vitamin supplementation and provide a brief review of literature.


This perspective article highlights recent progress and emerging challenges in understanding the formation and function of membraneless organelles (MLOs). A long-term goal in the MLO field is to identify the sequence-encoded rules that dictate the formation of compositionally controlled biomolecular condensates, which cells utilize to perform a wide variety of functions. The molecular organization of the different components within a condensate can vary significantly, ranging from a homogeneous mixture to core-shell droplet structures. We provide many examples to highlight the richness of the observed behavior and potential research directions for improving our mechanistic understanding. The tunable environment within condensates can, in principle, alter enzymatic activity significantly. We examine recent examples where this was demonstrated, including applications in synthetic biology. An important question about MLOs is the role of liquid-like material properties in biological function. We discuss the need for improved quantitative characterization tools and the development of sequence-structure-dynamics relationships.


Scenario-based specifications are a popular means for describing intended system behaviour. We aim to facilitate early analysis of system behaviour and the development of behaviour models in conjunction with scenarios. In this paper we define a novel scenario-based specification language with an existential semantics and that supports conditional specification of behaviour in the form of prechart and main chart. The language semantics is consistent with existing informal scenario-based and use-case based approaches to requirements engineering. The language provides a good fit with universal live sequence charts as standard existential live sequence charts do not adequately support conditional scenarios. In addition, we define a novel synthesis algorithm that, rather than building arbitrarily one of the many behaviour models that satisfy a scenario, constructs a modal transition system (MTS) which characterizes all behaviour models that conform to the scenario.


The present study was conducted on 143 free range wild animals of 12 different species rescued from different locations in Shivalik Hills since Jan 2004 to June 2011. Mortality was reported in 79.02% (113) of rescued wild animals. Mortality in Herbivores, Carnivores, Pheasants and Omnivores was 84.74% (50), 79.06% (34) 72.72% (24) and 62.50% (05) respectively. Post mortem was conducted at field level to determine causes of mortality in all the 113 died wild animals. Necropsy findings revealed musculoskeletal injuries 68.14% (77), more specifically fractures 37.16% (42) and fatal trauma 30.97% (35) as most common cause of mortality in all the animals. On the other hand Cardiovascular and haemorrhagic shock constituted 11.50% (13) while septicemia were noted in 8.84% (10) of all the recorded causes of mortality in rescued animals. Mortality with other causes noticed in 11.50% cases is attributable to diagnosed causes including froathy bloat, tympany, intussusceptions, senility with associated lesions and unknown causes like infectious diseases or toxicosis without a clear symptomatology. The highest mortality was found in male herbivores 28.31% (32) followed by female carnivores 16.81% (19) and male pheasants 13.27% (15). Only 39.82% (45) mortality was observed in adult animals compared to juveniles 51.32% (58). Mortality in winter season 52.21 % (59) was higher than summer 33.62% (38) and rainy season 14.15% (16).


The use of the core-annular flow pattern, where a thin fluid surrounds a very viscous one, has been suggested as an attractive artificial-lift method for heavy oils in the current Brazilian ultra-deepwater production scenario. This paper reports the pressure drop measurements and the core-annular flow observed in a 2 7/8-inch and 300 meter deep pilot-scale well conveying a mixture of heavy crude oil (2000 mPa.s and 950 kg/m3 at 35 C) and water at several combinations of the individual flow rates. The two-phase pressure drop data are compared with those of single-phase oil flow to assess the gains due to water injection. Another issue is the handling of the core-annular flow once it has been established. High-frequency pressure-gradient signals were collected and a treatment based on the Gabor transform together with neural networks is proposed as a promising solution for monitoring and control. The preliminary results are encouraging. The pilot-scale tests, including long-term experiments, were conducted in order to investigate the applicability of using water to transport heavy oils in actual wells. It represents an important step towards the full scale application of the proposed artificial-lift technology. The registered improvements in terms of oil production rate and pressure drop reductions are remarkable.


Abstract Minor amounts of markedly Cl-rich amphibole and biotite are found in the Archean (2.8–2.9 Ga) iron-formation lithologies from the eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana, U.S.A. These rocks are typified by mineral assemblages of quartz + magnetite + orthopyroxene + garnet ± clinopyroxene ± plagioclase having equilibrated during granulite facies conditions of ~775–800 °C and 6–8 kbar. The metamorphic Cl-rich amphibole and biotite are prograde and occur as inclusions in orthopyroxene and garnet as well as in the matrix. The high-grade Fe-rich amphiboles (mostly Cl-rich potassic-hastingsite and magnesio-ferri-hornblende) and biotites contain concentrations of Cl reaching up to 2.9 and 3.4 wt%, respectively. Biotites contain up to 10.5 wt% BaO and 6.9 wt% TiO2. Substitution of Cl into amphibole and biotite is more likely where Cl-bearing anion sites are enlarged. In amphibole threshold values of the XFe2+, AK, and TAl appear to be a precondition before significant amounts of Cl are incorporated into the structure. In biotite, in addition to XFe2+, substitution of TAl also is positively correlated with Cl. The high Cl content in the minerals is suggestive of a coexisting high salinity aqueous fluid. Based on calculations using mineral chemistry, estimations of the aqueous fluid composition indicate a Cl-rich aqueous fluid (~25 wt% NaCl)with fH2O/fHCl ratios of ~0.68–0.82. There is evidence for brine-CO2 immiscibility during peak metamorphism. In amphibole once the threshold values for significant Cl incorporation are attained, the Fe2+-Mg partitioning of the amphibole and the coexisting mafic silicates changes such that the amphibole more favorably partitions Fe2+. A feedback mechanism can be generated such that the more Cl available from a fluid the more Fe2+-rich the amphibole can become, and this produces a crystal structure that can accommodate more Cl, which makes this amphibole more favorable for Fe2+incorporation, and the cycle continues until Cl saturation in the crystal structures is reached or aqueous Cl–is fully equilibrated with the amphibole.


To safeguard against meat supply shortages during pandemics or other catastrophes, this study analyzed the potential to provide the average household's entire protein consumption using either soybean production or distributed meat production at the household level in the U.S. with: (1) pasture-fed rabbits, (2) pellet and hay-fed rabbits, or (3) pellet-fed chickens. Only using the average backyard resources, soybean cultivation can provide 80–160% of household protein and 0–50% of a household's protein needs can be provided by pasture-fed rabbits using only the yard grass as feed. If external supplementation of feed is available, raising 52 chickens while also harvesting the concomitant eggs or alternately 107 grain-fed rabbits can meet 100% of an average household's protein requirements. These results show that resilience to future pandemics and challenges associated with growing meat demands can be incrementally addressed through backyard distributed protein production. Backyard production of chicken meat, eggs, and rabbit meat reduces the environmental costs of protein due to savings in production, transportation, and refrigeration of meat products and even more so with soybeans. Generally, distributed production of protein was found to be economically competitive with centralized production of meat if distributed labor costs were ignored.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the performance of four reliable change (RC) methods with respect to measuring cognitive change on the Cogstate Computerized Battery (CCB).

METHOD
We assessed cognitive change in 57 healthy, urban, well-educated males on the CCB at baseline and 6 months (Median age = 50, 65% university-educated). The study CCB version comprised seven measures covering attention, processing speed, verbal learning, and memory. Raw scores were z-score transformed using age-corrected Cogstate norms (CN) or the sample mean and standard deviation (internal standardization [IS]), and then averaged to create composite z-scores. Composite scores were entered into four RC formulae. RC was defined based on a 90% two-tailed confidence interval. Change scores were compared as continuous (z-scores) and ordinal variables (RC outcomes).

RESULTS
CCB composite score reliability (rXY = .78-.79) was replicated in an age- and sex-matched Cogstate database sample of similar size. There was good overall agreement between the four RC methods (Bland-Altman Mdiff = .00; 95% limits of agreement with the mean-CN: z = ± .90; IS: z = ± .93), with each model adhering closely to the 10% rate of RC expected by chance alone (largest χ2 = .86, p = .99). Initial norming strategy (CN or IS) did not affect these outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS
Norming strategy and RC method choice did not significantly impact cognitive change predictions on CCB composite scores. A series of example case data are provided to practically demonstrate the steps involved in applying the longitudinal norms generated in this study. Research in more diverse normative samples is warranted.


We consider a 5D BPS dilatonic two brane model which reduces to the Randall–Sundrum model or the Hořava–Witten theory for a particular choice of parameters. Recently new dynamical solutions were found by Chen et al, which describe a moduli instability of the warped geometry. Using a 4D effective theory derived by solving the 5D equations of motion, based on the gradient expansion method, we show that the exact solution of Chen et al can be reproduced within the 4D effective theory and we identify the origin of the moduli instability. We revisit the gradient expansion method with a new metric ansatz to clarify why the 4D effective theory solution can be lifted back to an exact 5D solution. Finally we argue against a recent claim that the 4D effective theory allows a much wider class of solutions than the 5D theory and provide a way to lift solutions in the 4D effective theory to 5D solutions perturbatively in terms of small velocities of the branes.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore human issues within subordinate and leader interaction and guide police leaders in how they can achieve success. Although focussed on uniformed services, leaders from all areas will find the arguments presented here useful.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on a number of catastrophic case studies, including the collision of two war ships, two Jumbo Jets, the defeat of the Spanish Armarda and the failure of Hitler's military to respond effectively to the D-Day landings. It will examine work by Rittel and Webber (1973) and Grint (2005), who propose different styles of leadership for different problems.

Findings

The paper will find that humans are inherently obedient and reluctant obedient, reluctant to challenge authority and introduces the concept of blind obedience into police leadership. A distinction will be drawn between commanding in critical situations, which are rare, and leading in routine situations; the paper will conclude that to lead the police service through the turbulent times ahead, police leaders must be on guard against blind obedience and create an environment where subordinates have a voice and will be heard. The paper also finds that "micro-management" from a remote location is ineffective and that staff must be afforded time and space to undertake tasks and that strategic leaders must allow their subordinates, at the tactical and operational levels, freedom to act with the overall strategy; the paper recommends leaders adopt a mission command approach.

Originality/value

The paper will contribute to understanding how subordinates and leaders interact and will be of value to all who lead, particularly in structured organisations like the police, where rank plays a factor in establishing a strict hierarchy. It introduces the concept of blind obedience into police leadership and warns that police leaders, and indeed leaders in all hierarchal organisations, must be on constant guard against it.


A simple lateral structure phototransistor, combined with a normal phototransistor and a punchthrough transistor, has been successfully designed and fabricated in standard commercial CSMC 0.5- mum CMOS process. The proposed punchthrough enhancement mechanism provides a high optical gain of close to 107 for a low-level optical power of 7.0 times10-15W at a wavelength of 650 nm. Compared with conventional punchthrough phototransistors, a lower dark current of around 1 muA is obtained at a 2.0-V operating voltage.


ENDF/B-VII.0, which was released by the USA Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG) in December 2006, was demonstrated to perform much better than previous ENDF evaluations over a broad range of benchmark experiments. A high-energy (up to 150 MeV) multi-group library set named HEST1.0 with 253-neutron and 48-photon groups has been developed based on ENDF/B-VII.0 using the NJOY code. This paper provides a summary of the procedure to produce the library set and a detailed description of the verification of the multi-group library set by several shielding benchmark devices, in particular for high-energy neutron data. In addition, the first application of HEST1.0 to the shielding design of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is demonstrated.


Numerical modelling and simulation have played a critical role in the research and development towards today's powerful and efficient gas turbine engines for both aviation and power generation. The simultaneous progress in modelling methods, numerical methods, software development tools and methods, and computer platform technology has provided the gas turbine community with ever more accurate design, performance prediction and analysis tools. An important element is the development towards generic tools, in order to avoid duplication of model elements for different engine types. This thesis focuses on the development of generic gas turbine system performance simulation methods. This includes the research required to find the optimal mathematical representation of the aero-thermodynamic processes in the gas turbine components in terms of fidelity, accuracy and computing power limitations. The results have been applied in the development of the Gas turbine Simulation Program GSP. GSP is a modelling tool for simulation and analysis of gas turbine system performance. This involves 0-D (i.e. zero-dimensional or parametric) component sub-models that calculate averaged values for parameters such as pressures and temperatures at the gas path stations between the components. The component sub-models are configured ('stacked') corresponding to the gas turbine configuration. Component performance is determined by both aero-thermodynamic equations and user specified characteristics, such as turbomachinery performance maps. If higher fidelity is required at a specific location in the system model, 1-D component models can be added to predict the change in gas state or other parameters as a function of a spatial (usually in the direction of a streamline) parameter. Non-linear differential equations (NDEs) are used to represent the conservation laws and other relations among the components. The sets of NDEs are automatically configured depending on the specific gas turbine configuration and type of simulation. Simulation types include design point (DP), steady-state off-design (OD) and transient simulations. The research and development challenge lies in the development of generic, accurate and user friendly system modelling methods with sufficient flexibility to represent any type of gas turbine configuration. The accuracy and fidelity is enhanced by the development of modelling methods capturing secondary effects on component and system performance in 0-D or 1-D sub-models. Object oriented software design methods have been used to accomplish the flexibility objectives, also resulting in a high degree of code maintainability. This allows easy adaptation and extension of functionalities to meet new requirements that are emerging since the start of the development of GSP in its current form (1997). The object oriented architecture and how it relates to the system and component modelling and the ensuing solving of the NDEs, is described in the thesis. An important element has been the development of the gas model with chemical equilibrium and gas composition calculations throughout the cycle. Fuel composition can be specified in detail for accurate prediction of effects of alternative fuels and also detailed emission prediction methods are added. The gas model uses a unique and efficient method to iterate towards chemical equilibrium . The object oriented architecture enabled the embedding of a generic adaptive modelling (AM) functionality in the GSP numerical process and NDEs, providing best AM calculation speed and stability. With AM, model characteristics are adapted for matching specified (often measured) output parameter values for engine test analysis, diagnostics and condition monitoring purposes. The AM functionality can be directly applied to any GSP engine model. The recent trend towards the development of micro turbines (with very high surface-to-volume ratios in the gas path) requires accurate representation of thermal (heat transfer) effects on performance. For this purpose, GSP has been extended with an object oriented thermal network modelling capability. Also, a 1-D thermal model for representing the significant heat soakage effects on micro turbine recuperator transient performance has been developed. For real-time transient simulation, the Turbine Engine Real-Time Simulator (TERTS) modelling tool has been derived from GSP. In TERTS, the methods from GSP are used with fidelity reduced to some extent in order to meet the real-time execution requirements. GSP has been applied to a wide variety of gas turbine performance analysis problems. The adaptive modelling (AM) based gas path analysis functionality has been applied in several gas turbine maintenance environments. Isolation of deteriorated and faulty turbofan engine components was successfully demonstrated using both test rig data and on-wing data measured on-line during flight. For a conceptual design of a 3kW recuperated micro turbine for CHP applications, design point cycle parameters were optimized based on careful component efficiency and loss estimates. Worst and best case scenarios were analysed with GSP determining sensitivity to deviations from the estimates. The predictions have proven very accurate after a test program showing 12% (electric power) efficiency on the first prototype. For increasing the efficiency towards 20%, GSP was used to predict the impact of several design improvements on system efficiency. GSP was used to study the effects on performance and losses of scaling micro turbines in the range of 3 to 36 kW. At small scales, turbomachinery losses become relatively large due to the smaller Reynolds number (larger viscous losses) and other effects. The scale effects have been analysed and modelled for the turbine and compressor and GSP has been used to predict the effects on system efficiency. Other applications include prediction of cumulative exhaust gas emissions of the different phases of commercial aircraft flights, simulation of thermal load profiles for hot section lifing studies, alternative fuel effect studies, performance prediction of vertical take-off propulsion systems and reverse engineering studies. The object oriented design of GSP has proven its value and has provided the building blocks for an ever increasing number of component models, adaptations and extensions. The flexibility of GSP is demonstrated with the modelling of novel cycles, including a parallel twin spool micro turbine with a single shared combustor, a rotating combustor micro turbine concept, a modern heavy duty gas turbine with a second (reheat) combustor and a multi-fuel hybrid turbofan engine, also with a reheat combustor. Several new capabilities have been developed following new requirements from the user community, using the original object oriented framework and component model classes. In the future, new technologies may replace today's simulation tools. Maybe even the concept of modelling and simulation as we know it today will entirely change. However, as long as gas turbines and related systems will be developed and operated, there will be a need to understand their behaviour. The fundamental physics behind this will not change nor will the equations describing the processes. In that sense, GSP can be seen as a phase in the development of gas turbine modelling and simulation technology. An interesting question would be, how long will GSP remain before it is left behind for new ways. A lot will depend on the ability of GSP and its developers to adapt to future needs and also future opportunities emerging from new modelling, simulation, and computer and software technologies. So far however, GSP has proven a remarkable track record and will be around for quite a while, serving many scientists and engineers interested in gas turbine system performance analysis and simulation.


In this preliminary study, we investigate living (stained) foraminifera from the Sea of Marmara. We focus on the faunal composition and geochemical signatures (trace elements, carbon and oxygen stable isotopes) in foraminiferal tests at two deep-sea sites (329 and ~ 1240 m depth respectively). Documented by ROV observations and sampling, both study areas are heterogeneous (including bacterial mats and carbonate concretions), proximal to cold seeps and consist of dysoxic bottom water (O2< 20 μmol/L). The prevailing dysoxia at both study areas restricts foraminiferal diversity to very low values (S<9, H'<0.97). Stress-tolerant species Bolivina vadescens and Globobulimina affinis dominate living faunas at both sites. The highest foraminiferal standing stock is recorded at the shallowest site underneath a spreading bacterial mat. No benthic foraminifera from either site possess geochemical signatures of methane seepage. Our biogeochemical results show that use of foraminiferal Mn/Ca ratios as a proxy for bottom water oxygenation depends strongly on regional physiography, sedimentary processes and water column structure.


Rhetorical interventions, witnessed from Tahrir Square to Zuccotti Park, demonstrate the potential of local political collectivities and grassroots communities to rhetorically craft broadly shared oppositional identities, commonly held ideologies, and communally constructed symbolic resources. Likewise, they confront rhetorical theorists with a proliferation of everyday, ephemeral, and mundane rhetorical actions that demand a rethinking of what constitutes the object of rhetorical criticism. In this article, we join efforts to theorize the shift from focusing on traditional rhetorical artifacts to attending to rhetorical exchanges encountered by in situ rhetoricians. We expand on contemporary efforts to theorize this shift by focusing on immanent participation as a critical practice through which critics embed their bodies in a web of interpersonal relationships, affective claims on the critic, potential vulnerabilities, and political choices. We augment our theoretical arguments with vignettes from our own fieldwork to illuminate these tensions. And, we consider the implications of immanent participation for rhetorical field research.


his paper focuses on an accounting framework that is useful for distinguishing between the effects on exchange rates of four separate factors: relative price levels, balances of payments, interest rates and risk. The framework rests upon an approximate identity, which is transformed into a behavioural model of exchange rates. The model is then applied in an attempt to explain the month-to-month behaviour of the US dollar versus the Deutsche Mark during the 1975-79 period.


The concept of World Citizen was not introduced to China by Lu Xun, but it is an important term in his thought. The most obvious difference between Lu Xun and other cultural pioneers during the May Fourth period is that rather than understanding and promoting cosmopolitanism as a social or systematic phenomenon, he was mainly interested in human nature and therefore attempted to formulate the concept of World Citizen in terms of a humanistic or spiritual dimension. In so doing, he profoundly expressed an ideological appeal for the significance of the human consciousness, understood within its historical context. This particular conception of cosmopolitanism is symbolically valuable and relevant to the present ideological reality.


Prior research finds that online social media usage may lower self-control and encourage indulgent behavior in laboratory subjects. We find that corporate CEOs show similar tendencies: CEOs with online social media presence are more likely to succumb to lower self-control and abuse their information advantage to profit from unethical insider trades. Specifically, CEOs' social media presence strongly predicts their insider trading activity in terms of incidence, intensity (amount and frequency), and profitability. We further find that the effect is driven by insider buys (not by sells) and is more pronounced for opportunistic buys which tend to contain more material non-public information.


Several aspects of blipped echo‐planar imaging (EPI) are treated mathematically. An expression relating the necessary readout gradient strength and sampling time to the spatial resolution and readout duration is derived. It is shown how the net spatial resolution may be limited by the object's T2 characteristics and Bo field homogeneity, irrespective of the number of sampled points. Additionally, off‐resonance effects result in a loss of spatial resolution and image distortion to a considerably greater degree than in conventional two‐dimensional Fourier transform imaging. The extent of these effects is directly related to the time required to acquire the data matrix, and is therefore amplified when EPI is implemented on a standard commercial whole‐body system which because of limited gradient performance uses necessarily longer sampling durations. Specific hardware modifications to a standard commercial imager are considered to allow successful EPI implementation. EPI image characteristics are compared quantitatively with those of conventional methods. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.


The argument from example is frequently used in health communication interventions. Some of these arguments are narrative in nature, in the sense that they relate a series of logically related events containing an experiencing agonist. In this article, research on narrative persuasion is discussed in order to show how such narrative arguments from examples can influence the target audience's beliefs about the possibility that a certain action will lead to certain consequences, the desirability of such consequences, as well as provide the target audience with ways by which to circumvent obstacles that prevent them from putting their intentions into actions. As such, narrative arguments from example can serve the needs of both people who still need to be motivated to change their behavior as those of people who already intend to adapt their behavior but fail to put this intention into action.


The suitability of six hedgerow species for alley cropping was assessed on an acid infertile soil in the highlands of Burundi between 1988 and 1993. The fastest growing species was Sesbania sesban, followed by Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena diversifolia. The slowest growing were L. leucocephala and L. collinsii. The growth of Senna spectabilis was intermediate. Sesbania sp. did not tolerate coppicing and died out in the second year. During the second and third years, crop yields from the alleys were lower than or at best equal to those from the control plots. In the fourth and fifth years, Calliandra sp. enhanced maize yield by 29-63%, L. diversifolia by 27-43%, and Senna sp. by 24-38%. Maize yields from the L. leucocephala and L. collinsii plots were not significantly different from those of the control (no-hedge) plots, which averaged 2.1 t ha -1 yr -1 . The most effective species in controlling weeds was Calliandra sp. followed by L. diversifolia and Senna sp.