Cochliobolus lunatus a severe foliar pathogen hypersensitivity activity was tested in Mahogany leaves and was analysed for their activity in response to preventative and curative treatments. Bio-agent Trichoderma harzianum spore suspension 2 x 106 and fungicide Dithane M-45 at 100ppm concentration was checked for its activity against the pathogen. Ten mycelia discs (5 mm) of the pathogen were placed to observe the hypersensitive activity. Control resulted in 100% infection by the pathogen. In curative treatment i.e. Pathogen application followed by the test agents, none of the treatments were found to control activity of the pathogen but for preventative treatment i.e. Test agents application followed by the pathogen, up to 50% management was observed for Trichoderma harzianum treated leaf samples and a 100% management was seen for chemical application. Leaf clearing technique displayed entry of the pathogen via stomata openings and severe tissue destruction. Preventative treatment revealed a surface competition between the antagonist and the pathogen resulting in the decrease in the incidence of the disease where as in response to fungicide treatment, a coating of fungicide was found to be clearly inhibiting the pathogen. Further study is needed to understand if any variations among the beneficial microbes in response to the bio-gent and fungicide are happening similarly an altered strategy by modifying bio-agent concentrations could replace chemical agents thereby enhancing bioagents application.


Slope stability analysis is an enduring research topic in the engineering and academic sectors. Accurate prediction of the factor of safety (FOS) of slopes, their stability, and their performance is not an easy task. In this work, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was utilized to build an estimation model for the prediction of FOS. Three ANFIS models were implemented including grid partitioning (GP), subtractive clustering method (SCM), and fuzzy c-means clustering method (FCM). Several important parameters such as cohesion coefficient, internal angle of friction, slope height, slope angle, and unit weight of slope material were utilized as the input parameters, while FOS was used as the output parameter. A comparison was made between these three models, and the results obtained showed the superiority of the ANFIS-SCM model. Also performance of the ANFIS-SCM model was compared with multiple linear regression (MLR). The results obtained demonstrated the effectiveness of the ANFIS-SCM model.


From literature and own observations it is known that the clad and core alloys that make up aluminium brazing sheet can show severe interaction during the brazing cycle. This interaction leads to a complete re-distribution of elements, changing essential properties like strength and corrosion resistance. This interaction has been reported many times but up to present time no clear explanation is given why this interaction is actually occurring. There are a number of publications addressing the circumstances under which the interaction is more severe. Chemistry and low levels of strain applied before brazing have a significant influence on the severity of the interaction. As a yet possible mechanism behind the interaction Liquid Film Migration is mentioned. The observations done so far are in line with this described mechanism but no ultimate proof has been given so far. The question why the interaction takes place cannot be answered yet, clearly a change of free energy of the system is involved but the mechanism or mechanisms behind the change is unclear.


System designers of communication systems need to compare the simulated behavior of a system with the linear and nonlinear specifications. They need high-level models to perform these simulations fast. The existing high-level models for nonlinear components do not scale smoothly with external parameters like the input power. To overcome this problem, a modeling technique based on the best linear approximation is developed. The parameterized models describe trajectories of the poles and zeros as a function of the input power. The resulting models accurately describe both the linear and nonlinear behavior of the system components. They can easily be implemented in modern simulators.


Good mechanical properties with combination of biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance make titanium and its alloys desirable materials for medical applications. A big disadvantage of titanium connects with its poor wear characteristics, however in this work this property was modified by boride microplasma surface alloying. Plasma surface alloying gives a wide range of layer thickness, which is controlled by the amount of the placed powder and process parameters like gas flow, nozzle diameter and current. Formation of TiB phase precipitation was confirmed by XRD analysis. Additionally, the modified microstructure was observed by optical microscopy. The Vickers microhardness was significantly improved from 180HV for original titanium substrate to 900HV in obtained composite layer structure, with a smoth hardness reduction in the cross section profile. Strong heat penetration from microplasma melt-in technique, results in substrate dissolution with formation of stable composite Ti + TiB layer. The surface corrosion resistance in 0.9% NaCl solution was nearly the same as for pure titanium, showing stable behavior of created oxide layer, with no negative effect of dual phase microstructure. Wear resistance of received composite layer structures were significantly improved in comparison with initial titanium samples.


Beam-beam effects limit the luminosity of circular colliders. Once the bunch population exceeds a threshold, the luminosity increases at a slower rate. This phenomenon is called the beam-beam limit. Onset of the beam-beam limit has been analyzed with various simulation methods based on the weak-strong and strong-strong models. We have observed that an incoherent phenomenon is mainly concerned in the beam-beam limit. The simulation have shown that equilibrium distributions of the two colliding beams are distorted from Gaussians when the luminosity is limited. The beam-beam limit is estimated to be (xi) {approx} 0.1 for a B factory with damping time of several thousand turns.


While ontology is still a fertile area of research in the field of Philosophy, Ontologies currently stands for research, development, and application fields in disciplines related with computing, information and knowledge. Information Systems (IS) are essentially knowledge artifacts that capture and represent knowledge in certain domains. Considering that ontologies is generally used to specify and communicate knowledge in a domain, and the growing recognition that ontological principles and concepts can be fruitfully applied to the IS field, one could say that an IS has its own implicit ontology when attributing meaning to the symbols used. Explicitly, however, ontology may play different roles in an IS. The scenarios presented in this article allow visualizing the roles that ontologies are now playing or will play in the near future in IS. There is a wide range of uses for ontologies in the different scenarios - they vary from the conceptual analysis of IS modeling techniques to their use as support for IS design, development and application. Our knowledge on the roles played by ontologies in IS is expected to be expanded.


We present a graph-based strategy for representing the computational domain for embedded boundary discretizations of conservation-law PDE's. The representation allows recursive generation of coarse-grid geometry representations suitable for multigrid and adaptive mesh re nement calculations. Using this scheme, we implement a simple multigrid V-cycle relaxation algorithm to solve the linear elliptic equations arising from a block-structured adaptive discretization of the Poisson equation over an arbitrary two-dimensional domain. We demonstrate that the resulting solver is robust to a wide range of two-dimensional geometries, and performs as expected for multigrid-based schemes, exhibiting O (N logN) scaling with system size, N .


Quality of Service (QoS) is an area with high academic curiosity. Our long-term goal is to develop a unified mathematical model. This paper is a first step towards this ambitious goal. The most widespread models for network QoS are network calculus and queueing theory. While the strength of queueing theory is its proven applicability to a wide area of problems, Network calculus can offer performance guarantees. We analyse by simulation the benefit of bringing the two of them together, i.e., bounding the stochastic processes of a queue with methods from network calculus. A basic result from network calculus is that enforcing traffic shaping and service curves bounds the buffer. This leads to denying buffer states in queues with infinite buffer. Specifically, we analyse what happens with the probability mass of such buffer states. Finally, we discuss how our results can be used for dimensioning buffers for multiplexed traffic.


This study was designed primarily to investigate the impact of school-based curriculum development teams on teacher development within the tradition of school-based curriculum development. The results are expected to provide valuable insights for teachers, school management and policy making. Teacher interviews in a primary school in Hong Kong were conducted to evaluate the extent to which teacher engagement in curriculum decision-making processes, which are within two school-based curriculum development teams, led to teacher professional development; these were triangulated with video-taped meetings and tryout lessons. Qualitative evidence showed that participating teachers have each undergone professional development through the processes involved in the planning, experimenting and reflecting (PER) model, which is also upon curriculum practice and innovation under certain conditions. However, the complex structures and processes that have been established to involve teachers in curriculum decision making need further empirical and theoretical work. While previous papers on the studies focused on teacher development and pupil learning, this paper, based on interview data, aims to focus on the functions of distributed leadership, and how the leadership styles of consultants and panel heads mediate the interactional patterns and therefore the discourses in the Mathematics and Chinese development teams in the second action cycle of the innovation project.


This paper proposes a variation of the Multiple Ant Colony System for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (MACS-VRPTW) algorithm, which is based on an Ant Colony System approach, using two ant colonies to minimize first the number of vehicles and then the total traveled distance. As an improvement, the present work proposes to use a modified version specialized for a multiobjective context, using just one colony to get a set of Pareto optimal solutions considering three objectives at the same time, the number of vehicles, the total traveling time and the total delivery time. Experimental results validate the new approach with very good results when compared to the original MACS-VRPTW.


Registration of all hospitalized stroke patients is practiced in Sweden in order to assess care quality. Data in this register, Riks‐Stroke (RS), may be biased due to incomplete registration. The purpose of this paper was to report changes in stroke outcome in relation to fluctuations in registration. Patients registered in RS at a hospital during the period 1994–2005 were analyzed. Case fatality at 28 days, living conditions, and activities of daily living (ADL) performance at 3 months were correlated to the number of patients registered and follow‐up frequency. A total of 4994 stroke cases were registered during the period. A high annual registration rate was significantly correlated to a high case fatality ratio. A low annual follow‐up rate was associated with a low proportion of patients living in their own home without any need of help. Quality parameters are sensible for selection bias, which make them difficult to compare over time and between hospitals. We suggest that by weighing outcome data against stroke severity, safer conclusions may be drawn. Additionally, hospitals considering setting up quality registers should make every effort to attain complete case ascertainment at all times, including patients managed outside the hospital, in order to avoid selection bias.


Toehold purchase, defined here as purchase of one share in a firm by an investor preparing a tender offer to acquire majority of shares in it, reduces by one the number of shares this investor needs for majority. In the paper we construct mathematical models for the toehold and no-toehold strategies and compare the expected profits of the investor and the probabilities of takeover the firm in both strategies. It turns out that the expected profits of the investor in both strategies coincide. On the other hand, the probability of takeover the firm using the toehold strategy is considerably higher comparing to the no-toehold strategy. In the analysis of the models we apply the apparatus of incomplete Beta functions and some refined bounds for central binomial coefficients.


Isolated using Langendorff technique hearts of male Wistar rats were ischemized for 30 min and reperfused for 40 min. Both iNOS expression determined by immunoblotting, and its activity shown by a modified Griess method have been found to predominate in the right ventricle over the left one, as compared to cNOS activity which prevailed in the left ventricle. The latter significantly diminished after an ischemic injury in the left ventricle. On the contrary, an expression of iNOS and the total NOS activities increased progressively after ischemia and postischemic reperfusion; all the values in the right ventricle were higher than in the left one. The high level of iNOS expression in the right ventricle in a postischemic period decreased during reperfusion, although an activity of the enzyme went on elevating. These data can give an evidence for different regulation of NO synthesis in right or left ventricles of the heart, including normal conditions or ischemia.


Background: Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death caused by genital cancers. One of the most common treatments for this type of cancer is chemotherapy by cisplatin, which induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Apoptosis is a type of physiological cell death. Cisplatin chemotherapy usually has several side effects and cellular resistance to cisplatin is a common incidence. In order to overcome these problems, the use of combination therapies using natural substances has been considered. Fisetin is a flavonoid with anti-cancer activity which induces apoptosis. In this study, the apoptosis induced by cisplatin along with Fisetin in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line (A2780) was investigated. Methods: In the present experimental study, the effect of combined use of Fisetin and cisplatin on ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780) was investigated by using MTT assay. Cell death was also determined by DAPI, acridine orange/propidium iodide, and Annexin/PI assay. Apoptotic gene expression of Bax, BCL-2, caspase 3, and caspase 9 was also assessed by real time PCR. Results: The results of MTT assay indicated that the combined treatment of Fisetin and cisplatin effectively inhibits proliferation of A2780 cells. The results of DAPI staining showed that fragmentation of chromatin in cells occurred in the combined treatment. Acridine orange-propidium iodide staining and Annexin/PI staining showed an increase in the rate of apoptotic cells in cells under combined treatment. The results of the study regarding changes in gene expression also indicated that Bax pro-apoptotic gene expression and BCL-2 anti-apoptotic gene expression increased in cells under treatment; moreover, gene expression of caspases 3 and 9 significantly increased as well. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the combined use of cisplatin and Fisetin increases the induction of apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells (A2780); therefore, the combined use of cisplatin and Fisetin can be considered a promising strategy in the treatment of ovarian cancer.


The glucose-lowering alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, is believed to act by delaying digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates. It has been shown that acarbose increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Using the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH 2 , we investigated the effect of acarbose-induced GLP-1 secretion on postprandial glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over study, 15 participants with metformin-treated T2D (age 57-85 years, BMI 23.6-34.6 kg/m 2 , HbA1c 40-74 mmol/mol (5.8-8.9%)) were subjected to two 14-day treatment periods with acarbose (uptitrated to 100 mg TID) and placebo treatment, respectively, with an interposed 6-week wash-out period. At the end of each treatment period, we performed two randomized 4-hour mixed meal tests (including acetaminophen for evaluation of gastric emptying) with concomitant infusion of exendin(9-39)NH 2 (1000 pmol/kg/min for 20 min followed by 450 pmol/kg/min for 240 min) and saline, respectively. Acarbose treatment lowered fasting plasma glucose (P 2 -induced postprandial plasma glucose changes between treatment periods (P=0.54), but relative to postprandial glucose tolerance during exendin(9-39)NH 2 infusions, the change (i.e., contribution of GLP-1) was significantly higher during acarbose (56±26%) compared to placebo treatment (37±15%) (P=0.042). We conclude that acarbose treatment robustly stimulates GLP-1 secretion in patients with T2D and that acarbose-induced GLP-1 secretion contributes to the glucose-lowering effect of acarbose. Disclosure N.B. Dalsgaard: None. L.S. Gasbjerg: Stock/Shareholder; Self; Antag Therapeutics. L.S. Hansen: None. N.L. Hansen: None. S. Stensen: None. B. Hartmann: None. J.J. Holst: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. T. Vilsboll: None. F.K. Knop: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, MedImmune, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. Consultant; Self; Amgen Inc., Carmot Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk A/S. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, MedImmune, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Mundipharma, Norgine, Novo Nordisk A/S.


Drinking green tea associated with decreased risk for distal gastric cancer in Japanese females There are numerous studies of the impact of drinking green tea on gastric cancer risk with conflicting results. This may well be due to confounding by associated factors like smoking or because some factors such as drinking scalding hot tea increase cancer risk while other features of green tea decrease the risk, including its inhibitory effect on Helicobacter pylori, together with anti-oxidant and phytoestrogenic effects. This meta-analysis attempts to overcome this by using data from over 2 million personyears follow-up with a large (3577) number of gastric cancer cases. The authors found that while green tea consumption in men is associated with no reduction in the risk of gastric cancer, in females there is a clear dose–response with increasing consumption of green tea reducing the risk (see fig). The effect was even stronger when just considering distal gastric cancers, with a relative risk of 0.70 (0.05–0.96) for those with the highest intake. A similar differential effect of green tea by sex has also been seen in cardiovascular disease, which has been attributed to phytoestrogenic components of green tea including lignan polyphenols and flavonoids that may also mediate the benefit in gastric cancer. See page 1323


Institutional bricolage, which explains how institutions are actively crafted across different degrees of formality, and urban adaptation have been studied separately in the past. Linking critical institutionalism and adaptive capacity research, this article describes how institutional bricolage shapes the distribution of adaptive capacity in adaptation to urban flooding. The Densu delta in Greater Accra, Ghana, is taken as a case of a rapidly urbanising area in coastal West-Africa. Interviews and stakeholder mappings show that institutional bricolage shapes who is likely to adapt to urban flooding and who isn't, as well as where people are likely to adapt and where they are not. Interviews moreover provided evidence of the distribution of adaptive capacity in dynamic water governance contexts that are characteristic of urban areas particularly in Africa. The role of the traditional 'chief' is shown to be a dynamic institution that can contribute to or hinder adaptation to urban flooding, depending on his own world views and institutional context. Four new findings emerge. Firstly, key elements of bricolage foster the decisive role of chieftaincy structures in adaptation to urban flooding in the local context of a West-African city. Secondly, institutional bricolage exposes the role of culture in adaptive capacity. Thirdly, applying institutional bricolage in the setting of a rapidly urbanizing flood-prone area offers new perspectives on both institutions and adaptation in urban water and risk governance. Fourthly, a bricolage analysis enables incorporating different forms of knowledge towards transformative adaptation.


Learned Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm (LISTA) introduces the concept of unrolling an iterative algorithm and training it like a neural network. It has had great success on sparse recovery. In this paper, we show that adding momentum to intermediate variables in the LISTA network achieves a better convergence rate and, in particular, the network with instance-optimal parameters is superlinearly convergent. Moreover, our new theoretical results lead to a practical approach of automatically and adaptively calculating the parameters of a LISTA network layer based on its previous layers. Perhaps most surprisingly, such an adaptive-parameter procedure reduces the training of LISTA to tuning only three hyperparameters from data: a new record set in the context of the recent advances on trimming down LISTA complexity. We call this new ultra-light weight network HyperLISTA. Compared to state-of-the-art LISTA models, HyperLISTA achieves almost the same performance on seen data distributions and performs better when tested on unseen distributions (specifically, those with different sparsity levels and nonzero magnitudes). Code is available: https://github.com/VITA-Group/HyperLISTA.


The spin dynamics of the spin - Peierls compound has been studied by polarized and unpolarized inelastic neutron scattering techniques. The presence of a continuum of excitations and a pseudogap is discussed in the light of the dimensionality of the magnetic interactions and the current theories involving competing magnetic exchange interactions along the chain axis.


Risk assessment and reliability models try to predict the probability of landslide-induced pipeline failures based on detailed, site-specific studies. Because these models are mainly designed to be used on a site-by-site basis, applying them over long pipelines is a challenge due to the challenges of collecting vast amounts of data for those long distances.
 A new GIS-based method has been developed to produce an order of magnitude approach to estimating the annual probability of landslide-caused failures (POFs) of pipelines over entire transmission systems using historical data that can range from loss of containment, loss of serviceability, and significant deformations caused by landslides.
 This new method uses high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) mapping to detect and delineate terrain anomalies interpreted to be the geomorphic response to ground deformations caused by landslides. The possible landslides are inventoried to record their activity, relative relationship with the pipeline, proximity to the centerline, length of intersection with a pipeline, and the angle of incidence between the perceived direction of movement of the potential landslide and the pipeline. This method also integrates regional landslide susceptibility maps depicting the relative likelihood of soil units to landslide occurrence along the pipeline corridor and its surrounding areas.
 In the presented study case, the developed method is applied to an approximately 19,312-kilometer (12,000-mile) pipeline system located in the United States and Canada. The application of the model yielded results that significantly help the operator to prioritize and optimize the allocation of resources for landslide management. The model can be replicated over multiple pipeline systems and customized to the particular needs of the end-users.


The beauty of the mountains, and the bodily and spiritual hygiene. On Henryk Nusbaum's lecture at the Tytus Chalubinski MuseumIn his lecture "Beauty in nature from the point of view of spiritual and bodily hygiene", delivered in 1896 at the Tytus Chalubinski Museum, Henryk Nusbaum described the vividness of the mountain landscape as the object of aesthetic experience, which had apositive impact on the physiological processes of the human body. Emotions stemming from asense of beauty reduce suffering and pain, bring comfort and relief in everyday worries, strengthen the body and make it more resistant to the causes of disease. Nusbaum calls this beauty of nature, alleviating the negative impact of sorrow and suffering, ahygienic factor, which is sometimes of therapeutic nature. In addition, the experience of the beauty of the mountain landscape is something more than just an aesthetic sensation — it is apremise of contemplation, which elevates human beings morally and prompts them to fight for the ideals of love, wisdom and justice.


Shallow coastal rocky reefs worldwide have faced large-scale loss of biodiversity, yet little is known about the contributions of highly diverse multi-layered autotrophic species to ecosystem function over long periods. In this study we tested the role of functional diversity on net primary productivity (NPP) of macroalgal assemblages in one-off, and multi-year experiments. We removed canopy (perennial fucoid), mid-canopy and basal algae (turfing and encrusting algae) in intertidal assemblages and used in situ photorespirometry to measure recovery of NPP over 2 years. Experimental removal of the canopy caused a >50% decline in NPP, which remained significantly lower than undisturbed assemblages for up to 24 months. Removal of midcanopy and basal algae reduced NPP by >25%, but converged with controls after just 6-12 months. Canopy loss greatly reduced NPP for long periods and productivity began recovering only after the recruitment of the canopy-forming species. Subcanopy species composition varied with experimental disturbance treatment and through time, but consistently contributed to total assemblage NPP. High irradiance in the shallow intertidal zone may be vital to a maximizing the efficiency of light harvesting, and the spatial and temporal variations in species composition may play a critical role in buffering carbon fixation of macroalgal assemblages.


The development of alternative methods for land and forest rehabilitation is necessary for producing good quality seedlings. This study aims to examine and compare the effect of addition of mycorrhiza and rhizobium on the growth of red sengon (Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.) seedlings in molded seedling media (BMSM) and the addition of various dosages of basic fertilizers to the seedlings on polybags. Seedlings in MSM were tested in the nursery until the age of 3 months. The field test was conducted by comparing the growth of red sengon (6 months after planting) seedlings from the BMSM and seedlings on polybags. The design used was a randomzed block design. BMSM that has been added with 3 g of rhizobium per seedling gave the best growth seedling and plant growth in the field. The growth of the seedling on polybags was increased by giving basic fertilizer of 5 kg per planting hole. Red sengon seedlings originated from seedling in BMSM with the addition of 3 g of rhizobium and seedlings on polybag with a dosage of 5 kg basic fertilizer had the highest growth. BMSM as an alternative technology for tree seedling production can be used for planting, and land or forest rehabilitation.


A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in a community of about 105,000 people is reported. The study protocol combined rapid clinical assessment of patients with accurate diagnosis ofthe pathological type of stroke by CT or necropsy, whether or not they were admitted to hospital. The study population was defined as those people who were registered with one of 50 collaborating general practitioners (GPs). Referrals to the study were primarily from the GPs though, to ensure complete case ascertainment, hospital casualty and admission registers, death certificates and special data from the Oxford Record Linkage Study were also scrutinised. Six hundred and seventy five cases of clinically definite first-ever in a lifetime stroke were registered in four years yielding a crude annual incidence of 1 60/1,000 or 2-00/1,000 when adjusted to the 1981 population of England and Wales. The age and sex specific incidence rates for first stroke showed a steep rise with age for both sexes. The odds of a male sustaining a first stroke were 26% greater than those of a female. Ninety one per cent ofpatients were examined in a median time offour days after the event by


Several mathematical formulations have analyzed the time-dependent behavior of a tumor mass. However, most of these propose simplifications that compromise the physical soundness of the model. Here, multiphase porous media mechanics is extended to model tumor evolution, using governing equations obtained via the thermodynamically constrained averaging theory. A tumor mass is treated as a multiphase medium composed of an extracellular matrix (ECM); tumor cells (TCs), which may become necrotic depending on the nutrient concentration and tumor phase pressure; healthy cells (HCs); and an interstitial fluid for the transport of nutrients. The equations are solved by a finite element method to predict the growth rate of the tumor mass as a function of the initial tumor-to-healthy cell density ratio, nutrient concentration, mechanical strain, cell adhesion and geometry. Results are shown for three cases of practical biological interest such as multicellular tumor spheroids (MTSs) and tumor cords. First, the model is validated by experimental data for time-dependent growth of an MTS in a culture medium. The tumor growth pattern follows a biphasic behavior: initially, the rapidly growing TCs tend to saturate the volume available without any significant increase in overall tumor size; then, a classical Gompertzian pattern is observed for the MTS radius variation with time. A core with necrotic cells appears for tumor sizes larger than 150 μm, surrounded by a shell of viable TCs whose thickness stays almost constant with time. A formula to estimate the size of the necrotic core is proposed. In the second case, the MTS is confined within a healthy tissue. The growth rate is reduced, as compared to the first case—mostly due to the relative adhesion of the TCs and HCs to the ECM, and the less favorable transport of nutrients. In particular, for HCs adhering less avidly to the ECM, the healthy tissue is progressively displaced as the malignant mass grows, whereas TC infiltration is predicted for the opposite condition. Interestingly, the infiltration potential of the tumor mass is mostly driven by the relative cell adhesion to the ECM. In the third case, a tumor cord model is analyzed where the malignant cells grow around microvessels in a three-dimensional geometry. It is shown that TCs tend to migrate among adjacent vessels seeking new oxygen and nutrients. This model can predict and optimize the efficacy of anticancer therapeutic strategies. It can be further developed to answer questions on tumor biophysics, related to the effects of ECM stiffness and cell adhesion on TC proliferation.


Microalgae are a promising biofuels feedstock, theoretically yielding concentrations of triacylglycerides (TAGs) per unit area that are far higher than traditional feedstocks due to their rapid growth. Dunaliella is particularly advantageous as a feedstock because it is currently commercially mass cultured, thrives in salt water, and has no cell wall. Fourteen strains of Dunaliella have been investigated for growth rates and lipid production in mass culture and tested for enhanced lipid production under a range of environmental stressors including salinity, pH, nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, and light regime. The nuclear genome has been sequenced for four of these strains, with the objective of increasing carbon flux through genetic engineering. Electroflocculation followed by osmotic membrane rupturing may be a very energy and cost efficient means of harvesting the lipid bodies from Dunaliella. A technically feasible and scalable thermo‐catalytic process to convert the lipids into replacements for liquid transportation fuels has been developed. The lipids were converted into long‐chain alkanes through continuous thermal hydrolysis followed by fed‐batch thermo‐catalytic decarboxylation. These alkanes can be reformed into renewable diesel via conventional catalytic hydrocarbon isomerization reactions to improve cold flow properties, if desired. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 916–925, 2013


A new 3D IC fabric named NP-Dynamic Skybridge is proposed that provides fine-grained vertical 3D integration for future technology scaling. Relying on a template of vertical nanowires, it expands our prior work to incorporate and utilize both n- and p-type transistors in a novel NP-Dynamic circuit-style compatible with true 3D integration. This enables a wide range of elementary logics leading to more compact circuits, simple clocking schemes for cascading logic stages and low buffer requirement. We detail new design concepts for larger-scale circuits, and evaluate our approach using a 4-bit nanoprocessor implemented in 16 nm technology node. A new pipelining scheme specifically designed for our 3D NP-Dynamic circuits is employed in the nanoprocessor. We compare our approach with 2D CMOS as well as state-of-the-art transistor-level monolithic 3D IC (T-MI) approach. Benchmarking results for the 4-bit nanoprocessor show benefits of up to 56.7x density, 3.8x power and 1.7x throughput over 2D CMOS. Compared with T-MI, our new 3D fabric showed 31x density, 3x power and 1.4x throughput improvement. Additional evaluation of 4-bit and 8-bit CLA designs shows that significantly improved gains can be achieved for our 3D approach over 2D CMOS with increasing circuit bit-width, indicating potential for future scalability.


We present a two-dimensional polycrystalline thin film growth model based on describing grains in terms of faceted surfaces and grain boundaries. The profiles of the nuclei are described by crystallographically appropriate facets, with the position and orientation of the nuclei semi-randomly selected. Growth rates are determined from deposition fluxes and a new one-dimensional kinetic lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) method developed to treat surface diffusion effects. The one-dimensional KLMC was verified by comparison with a full three-dimensional KLMC code. A continuum facet model has been developed to simulate grain growth and interaction. Users can visualize the nucleation and growth process of the film and obtain the final film structure, including the topography as well as the texture. The codes are written in Visual Basic and can be run in a Windows 98/2000/NT environment. An integrated graphical user interface has been implemented to facilitate use. The β version of FACET can be freely downloaded from our web site: http://ceaspub.eas.asu.edu/cms/.


As the presence of e-books on university campuses proliferate, it is crucial that we understand their role in students' lives. This research reports on a survey distributed to Sultan Qaboos University students and shares their perceptions of the use of e-books. The study used the quantitative approach to investigate the issues related to the uses and perceptions of e-books by asking students to weigh in on this important issue. The findings indicate that students at SQU have multiple and diverse experiences with e-books, but do not necessarily prefer the electronic format over print for their academic experiences. Despite e-books growing presence, students may need more time and encouragement to change their use and preferences to e-books so exclusively.


Recurrent neural networks have recently been used for learning to describe images using natural language. However, it has been observed that these models generalize poorly to scenes that were not observed during training, possibly depending too strongly on the statistics of the text in the training data. Here we propose to describe images using short structured representations, aiming to capture the crux of a description. These structured representations allow us to tease-out and evaluate separately two types of generalization: standard generalization to new images with similar scenes, and generalization to new combinations of known entities. We compare two learning approaches on the MS-COCO dataset: a state-of-the-art recurrent network based on an LSTM (Show, Attend and Tell), and a simple structured prediction model on top of a deep network. We find that the structured model generalizes to new compositions substantially better than the LSTM, ~7 times the accuracy of predicting structured representations. By providing a concrete method to quantify generalization for unseen combinations, we argue that structured representations and compositional splits are a useful benchmark for image captioning, and advocate compositional models that capture linguistic and visual structure.


Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia is precursor or pre-invasive lesions of cervical squamous cell cancers. These are classified based on the degree of disruption in epithelial differentiation. Sexually transmitted HPV are the most important risk factor for CIN and Invasive cervical cancers. A pre-post interventional study was conducted in Govt. Ayurveda College Hospital for Women and Children, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, to assess the effect of Bhandira in CIN. Objectives were, to evaluate the effect of Bhandira churna pancake and Bhandira churna yoni pratisarana on CIN, and also to study its effect on HPV infection and associated complaints like discharge per vaginum, vulval itching, burning sensation, lower abdominal pain and dyspareunia. Females of age group 20-50 years with CIN, confirmed by Pap smear and Colposcopy were included. The patients received treatment with Bhandira churna pancake internally and Bhandira churna as Yoni pratisarana for 3months and follow up was done after 3 months. Outcome variables were changes in Pap smear and Colposcopy findings- regression, persistence or progression and changes in associated symptoms. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon's signed rank test and McNemar's test. The treatment was effective with high statistical significance in making changes in Pap smear and Colposcopy findings (p<0.01) and also in reducing the associated symptoms.


— in some languages like Classical Arabic (The language of the Holy Quran), phoneme duration is considered as a distinguishing cue in Quranic phonology. Phonological variation of phonemes occurrences contributes to an inaccurate pronunciation of phonemes and therefore inaccurate ASR system. Thus a good phonemes duration modeling can be an essential issue. Currently, the most effective models used in automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are based on statistical approaches namely Hidden Markov Model (HMM). In standard HMM speech recognition framework, the duration information is poorly employed. However, previous studies have demonstrated that using an HMM with explicit duration modeling techniques have improved the recognition performances in many targeted languages. This paper presents an important phase of our ongoing work which aims to build an accurate Arabic recognizer for teaching and learning purposes. It presents an implementation of an HsMM model (Hidden semi-Markov Model) whose main role is enhancing the classical HMM duration behavior. In this model, both Gamma and Gaussian distributions are used for modeling state durations and compared with the standard geometrical distribution. Experiments have been conducted on a particular database of ten speakers and more than eight hours of speech collected from recitations of the Holy Quran in which all classical Arabic sounds are covered. Results show an accuracy improvement of about 1% over the baseline HMM-based recognizer, which proves the suitability of Gamma distribution in state duration modeling. (Abstract)


: The objective of this research was to examine the relationship between quantitative labour productivity in hospital foodservice departments and variations in selected factors such as number of beds, staff turnover and the use of convenience foods. Thirty such factors were tested for their value in predicting labour productivity in the foodservice departments of a sample of public general hospitals in Ontario with rated capacities of 90 or more beds. In this research the outputs of hospital foodservice departments were separated into the two components, goods and services, and then evaluated against the labour required to produce them, given the variations in selected factors. Four of 20 variables tested against the output of goods (mealdays) collectively explained 48% of the variation in number of mealdays produced per labour hour. The four variables were: unionized staff, number of beds, percent patient mealdays of total mealdays, and percent part-time hours of total hours worked. None of 10 variables tested against the output of services (clinical counselling) showed any reliability in explaining the variation in number of patients seen per clinical labour hour.


The Australian International Student Program was founded in 1950 as a cornerstone of the government's humanitarian efforts in post-war Asia. 2 In the era of the White Australia Policy, the establishment of a program to enable Asian student migration, albeit on a temporary basis, attracted strong print media attention. Whilst government policy designated that international students were to return home on the completion of their studies in order to assist with economic development in Asia, analysis of Australian newspaper texts during the 1950-1973 period reveals that–at least within the confines of the media–this requirement was the source of some debate.3 Support for the policy co-exists within the media alongside calls for international students to have the opportunity to remain in the country following graduation both as expatriates undergoing workplace training and as potential 'Australians'. As such, I argue that media discussion of the requirement for students to return home after graduation not only provided a forum for the contestation of the broader issue of Australian immigration policy, but also facilitated the articulation of beliefs regarding Australian 'national identity'.


We present the mufasa suite of cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, which employs the gizmo meshless finite mass (MFM) code including H_2-based star formation, nine-element chemical evolution, two-phase kinetic outflows following scalings from the Feedback in Realistic Environments zoom simulations, and evolving halo mass-based quenching. Our fiducial (50 h^(−1) Mpc)^3 volume is evolved to z = 0 with a quarter billion elements. The predicted galaxy stellar mass functions (GSMFs) reproduces observations from z = 4 → 0 to ≲ 1.2σ in cosmic variance, providing an unprecedented match to this key diagnostic. The cosmic star formation history and stellar mass growth show general agreement with data, with a strong archaeological downsizing trend such that dwarf galaxies form the majority of their stars after z ∼ 1. We run 25 and 12.5 h^(−1) Mpc volumes to z = 2 with identical feedback prescriptions, the latter resolving all hydrogen-cooling haloes, and the three runs display fair resolution convergence. The specific star formation rates broadly agree with data at z = 0, but are underpredicted at z ∼ 2 by a factor of 3, re-emphasizing a longstanding puzzle in galaxy evolution models. We compare runs using MFM and two flavours of smoothed particle hydrodynamics, and show that the GSMF is sensitive to hydrodynamics methodology at the ∼×2 level, which is sub-dominant to choices for parametrizing feedback.


This article is part of an American Educational Resource Association Division A task force focus on how to improve the research base and knowledge production in educa-tional administration. It represents an exploratory study of the potential for educational administrators to generate knowledge out of their own practice settings. The database consists of published articles, dissertation abstracts, and interviews with administrator researchers. The study describes the various topics they studied, the methods they used, and the practical, epistemological, and political dilemmas they encountered. Unlike the traditional notion of a knowledge base that is created by formal researchers and then dis-seminated to practice settings, the authors argue that insider research is both created and used in the same setting and therefore represents a powerful lever for personal, pro-fessional, and organizational transformation. A discussion is provided on the use of both outsider and insider research and how together they can contribute to a rethinking of the notion of a knowledge base in educational administration.


Manufacturing and sales of photovoltaic (PV) energy have been growing at rates in excess of 40% for the last several years. Advances in materials research have been the basis for much of this progress - resulting in reduced costs and improved conversion efficiencies and reliabilities for solar systems. This volume features studies from a cross-section of current industry research leaders, new start-up companies, and university and laboratory researchers. It highlights the most significant advances in PV materials and device research, and examines research challenges to reaching the ultimate potential of current-generation (crystalline silicon), next-generation (thin films and concentrators), and future-generation PV technologies. The latter includes innovative materials and device concepts that hold the promise of significantly higher conversion efficiencies and/or much lower costs. Topics include: silicon solar cells and devices; thin-film polycrystalline materials and devices; characterization and new technologies.


MUHAMMAD VIQIH. D-3 Antibiotic Efficacy Against Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma gallinarum in Broiler. Supervised by RAHMAT HIDAYAT. One of the animal-origin protein sources that was usually consumed by Indonesian public came from broiler. A decrease in broiler production can be caused by collicobacillosis and mycoplasmosis. Antibiotics treatment was one of the efforts to support broiler productivity. This research aimed to observe the efficacy of D-3 antibiotics against Eschericia coli and Mycoplasma gallinarum. This research was held on August 2 nd , 2012 until August 24 th , 2012. The parameters observed were morbidity, mortality, and broiler's body. The result shown that D-3 antibiotics was effective when it was given on D+7 post infection for broilers that were infected by E. coli. Meanwhile in the broiler group that was infected by M. gallinarum, the effective time for the antibiotics to be given was D+3 post infection. In the other hand, the body weight of broilers infected by either E. coli or M. gallinarum and treated by D-3 antibiotics has no significant difference in general with the literature.


Kruger National Park in South Africa has one of the most extensive sets of records of any protected area in the world, and throughout its history has supported connections between science and management. In recognition of that long-standing tradition comes The Kruger Experience, the first book to synthesize/summarize a century of ecological research and management in two million hectares of African savanna. The Kruger Experience places the scientific and management experience in Kruger within the framework of modern ecological theory and its practical applications. The book uses a cross-cutting theme of ecological heterogeneity -- the idea that ecological systems function across a full hierarchy of physical and biological components, processes, and scales, in a dynamic space-time mosaic. Contributors, who include many esteemed ecologists who have worked in Kruger in recent years, examine a range of topics covering broad taxonomic groupings and ecological processes. The book's four sections explore: the historical context of research and management in Kruger, the theme of heterogeneity, and the current philosophy in Kruger for linking science with management; the template of natural components and processes, as influenced by management, that determine the present state of the Kruger ecosystem; how species interact within the ecosystem to generate further heterogeneity across space and time; humans as key components of savanna ecosystems; In addition to the editors, contributors include William J. Bond, Jane Lubchenco, David Mabunda, Michael G.L. ("Gus") Mills, Robert J. Naiman, Norman Owen-Smith, Steward T.A. Pickett, Stuart L. Pimm, and Robert J. Scholes. The book is an invaluable new resource for scientists and managers involved with large, conserved ecosystems as well as for conservation practitioners and others with interests in adaptive management, the societal context of conservation, links between research and management in parks, and parks/academic partnerships.


A probe has been designed for making point-by-point mapping measurements of contact resistance over large surface areas. The probe, which operates in the low force range of 5 mg to 5 g, permits simultaneous measurement of both contact resistance as a function of load and the integral of contact resistance versus force. To accomplish this a magnetically damped torsion bar mounted pendulum/sample holder is electromagnetically driven against a smooth spherical probe tip mounted directly on a force transducer which, in turn, is mounted on an x-y precision translation stage. The associated instrument package includes a variable sweep rate electromagnetic drive, high-frequency rejecting load and contact voltage amplifiers (the latter being an ultrastable differential amplifier), a voltage-to-frequency converter, a scaler, and an x-y recorder. The probe has been used to explore spatial variations in contact resistance due to a nonuniform fiuoropolymer film on a gold substrate. The data show a large statistical variability, which is simply analyzed by assuming normally distributed surface asperities and applying this assumption to the accepted model for multi-asperity electrical contact. This procedure leads to a prediction that the square of the conductance will follow a Gaussian distribution. Contact resistances that were obtained in the course of this work as a function of force are shown to be consistent with the multi-asperity model, Data are presented which agree well with the statistical model. This insight into the statistical variability of contact resistance data is useful in that it suggests a successful data smoothing technique that presents a reasonable appearing line map of the effective contact resistance due to a nonuniform film. It is demonstrated that data smoothed in this fashion can be favorably compared to the degree of surface contamination as determined with a scanning electron microscope.


Background 300 million people worldwide suffer from depression. A poorly understood stress-related pathophysiology is compounded by frequent treatment-resistance. Undertaking regular exercise has consistently shown to prevent, protect and increase resilience against the development of aberrant stress-related responses seen in depression, whereas sedentary behaviour tends to heighten symptoms. Despite the promise shown by exercise its clinical use is undermined by poor understanding of how beneficial effects are produced. Stress exposure can dysregulate important physiological pathways such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Disruption of tryptophan metabolism, including increased metabolism along the kynurenine pathway, is a neurobiological hallmark of depressed patients. Recent studies have shown that the beneficial impact of exercise for mood and cognition may be linked to reduced kynurenine production. The aim was to examine the benefits of a 12-week exercise programme in healthy sedentary adults across mood, stress, anxiety and depression were mediated by the regulation of tryptophan metabolism in a dose dependent manner. Methods 32 healthy sedentary adults participated (16 females). To establish a baseline profile each participant undertook a battery of psychometric assessments, cognitive assessments and a cycle ergometer-based incremental fitness assessment. Measures of oxygen uptake and capillary blood lactate levels were taken at the end of each stage during the fitness assessment. After the baseline assessment, participants were randomised into one of four groups (high, moderate, low dose exercise, or the sedentary control group). Exercise was administered over 3 sessions/week based on individual fitness and group. Monthly fitness and psychometric assessments were performed throughout to monitor change across the 12-week exercise programme. Data analyses were performed using SPSS. Results As expect, participants showed a positive increase in fitness and performance with an increase in maximal oxygen uptake (F(1,28)=14.62, p=0.001, ηp2=0.343) after 12-weeks exercise training, accompanied by an increased relative peak power output (rPPO) (F(1,28)=16.93, p=0.000, ηp2=0.377) and an increased time to exhaustion (T2Ex) (F(1,28)=31.07, p=0.000, ηp2=0.526). Post hoc paired T-tests revealed that the most pronounced effects on rPPO and T2Ex occurred in the moderate or high intensity groups There was a reduction in scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (F(1,28)=6.50, p=0.017, ηp2=0.189) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (F(1,28)=4.09, p=0.053, ηp2=0.127) scores after 12 weeks of exercise. Conclusion In summary, these results confirm that exercise training beneficially influences measures of stress and depression. Further work is required to understand the role of exercise-induced alterations in tryptophan metabolism in mediating these effects.


Introduction: the amino-terminal pro brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in heart failure. Its use as a prognosis predictor of postoperative evolution in cardiac surgery has not been established.Objective: to determine if the value of preoperativeNTin cardiac surgery is associated with postoperative evolution parameters. Primary objective: to evaluate its association with the length of stay in intensive care unit. Secondary objectives: to evaluate its association with the time of mechanical ventilation and inotropic agents requirements. To determine the evolution of NT-proBNP concentration after cardiopulmonary bypass.Methods: multicentric retrospective study, endorsed by the Research Committee of the National Institute of Cardiac Surgery and the Ethic Research Committee of the Clinic Hospital. It included patients who underwent cardiac surgery between March and August 2018. NT-proBNP was measured during anesthesia induction and after cardiopulmonary bypass. A possible association of preoperative NT-proBNP with risk factors and type of procedure performed was studied. By analysing the ROC curve, the area under curve (AUC) was calculated and then, the best cut-off value of NT-proBNP to predict prolonged intensive care unit stay was determined. Intensive care unit stays, mechanical ventilation and inotropic requirements were defined as prolonged when they exceeded 2 days, 6 and 24 hours respectively.Through the use of multivaried logistics, the predicting value of NT-proBNP was determined for each one of the aforementioned variables. A value of α 0.05 was considered significant.Results: a total of 155 patients were included in the study. Age, creatininemia, and left ventricular ejection fraction were 65.8±11.4 years, 1.15±1.10 mg/dl and 52.8±11.9% respectively. Female prevalence was 30.3%, arterial hypertension 77.4%, diabetes mellitus 25.2% and dyslipidemia 50.3%. In 42.6% isolated myocardial revascularization was performed, in 12.9% myocardial revascularization plus one or more valve procedures, and in 44.5% isolated valve procedures.In all cases there was a significant reduction between preoperative (443 pg/ml, interquartile range 143-1.193) and postoperative NT-proBNP (362 pg/ml, interquartile range 138-939) (p<0.001). Age, creatininemia, left ventricular ejection fraction, functional classification IV of the New York Heart Association and dyslipidemia turned out to be predictors of preoperative NT-proBNP. Preoperative NT-proBNP was higher in patients with prolonged intensive care unit stay, mechanical ventilation and inotropic requirements. However, it turned out to be an independent predictor only for prolonged intensive care unit stay. (OR=1.62; IC95%:1.11-2.35. p=0.012). The best cut-off value for prolonged intensive care unit stay was 409 pg/ml (AUC=0.68).Conclusion: preoperative determination of NT-proBNP is an efficient tool to predict postoperative evolution. Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated to a significant drop in that marker.


In November 1974, in response to a mandate in the revised National Cancer Act of 1974, a plan was introduced for the formation of a Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Program. Dr. Frank J. Rauscher, Director of the National Cancer Institute, selected a group of scientists who defined the goals of the program and recommended the appointment of a program director and of an advisory committee. These recommendations were accepted, and an Advisory Committee, reflecting a cross-section of scientific expertise, has been selected. To recommend a well-balanced program, it will be necessary for the Advisory Committee to assess the current state of the art of nutrition in cancer etiology and therapy and to be apprised of current opportunities, needs, and resources. Toward this end, a literature survey project has been initiated and two specialized workshops have been held.


The concepts of creativity, design and innovation as essential ingredients for economic success are well established and accepted. However, they can sometimes seem to be a bit nebulous in terms of what they actually mean in the reality of the workplace. This report defines what the terms creativity, design and innovation mean specifically in the enterprise context and demonstrates how their application has potential direct relevance across the full range of enterprise and occupational activities. The report grounds these concepts further by relating them to the real life education and skills.


Challenges in relay selection for device-to-device (D2D) communication arise due to the mobility of nodes, which brings uncertainty in various network parameters. We first developed a network-assisted stochastic integer programming (SIP) model to incorporate uncertainty that predicts the network parameters for upcoming time instance based on information available at current time instance. We converted the SIP model to an equivalent deterministic mixed integer non-linear program (MINLP) model and proved its hardness result. By exploiting the constraints of MINLP, we developed a distributed greedy metric, termed as connectivity factor (CF), which is calculated locally at each node on per-hop basis. It captures the nodes mobility and, hence, takes care of link reliability that in turn controls packet loss and delay. It can be computed in O(n) time, where n is the number of transmitters interfering with the given link. Our approach is applicable to any mobility model with relevant distributions of mobility parameters known. We constructed perceived graph based on CF values to devise network-assisted and device-controlled relay selection algorithms for given source-destination pairs. Extensive simulation results show significant improvements in packet loss and average end-to-end delay by our approach over a recent implementation of an ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) based algorithm.


ABSTRACT Fluorite makes up 20-30% of a zeolitic tuff in a Pliocene or Pleistocene lacustrine facies of the Gila Conglomerate that has not been subjected to hydrothermal activity. The light gray zeolitic tuff is 40 cm thick and crops out over a 0.6-km2 area about 2.5 km east of Buckhorn, New Mexico. This tuff is overlain by zeolitic mudstone that contains abundant and conspicuous Magadi-type chert. The fluorite occurs as prolate pellets and, rarely, as ooids that are mostly 0.14.3 mm in size. Broken pellets and ooids are extremely rare. Studies by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the pellets and ooids consist mainly of submicrometer-size fluorite and quartz and that both minerals have poorly defined morphology. These pellets and ooids are embedded in a mat ix that consists chiefly of micrometer-size mordenite and smectite and that has a vague vitroclastic texture. The pellets and ooids probably are the result of primary precipitation of fluorite and magadiite where dilute, calcium-bearing water from springs or streams mixed with the saline, alkaline lake water that had a high fluorine content. The pellets and ooids were then transported basinward and were incorporated with reworked vitric ash. During diagenesis, the magadiite of the pellets and ooids was converted to quartz, and the glass of the ash was altered to mordenite and smectite.


This study contributes to the discourse on religion and development by studying the contribution of the faith organizations to socio-economic welfare in Kenya. The studystarts by exploring the history of Christian and Muslim religions in Kenya including their historicalpros and cons. It thenanalyses government datain the light of the contribution of faith actors in education and health in the country deposited at the Kenya Open Data project. Lastly, it presents case analyses of the works of the major umbrella religious organizations in Kenya. The study found that religious actors have contributed in significant ways to Kenya's development despite the scourge of slavery and ultimate colonization. One major contribution was the promotion and development of Swahililanguage which enabled communication amongst different ethnic communities.Swahili language also became a medium which enabled education and trade to take place. Secondly religious actors have contributed immensely in the education, health and agriculture sectors. These actorshave also helped in tackling social exclusion of vulnerable populations, infrastructure building and also in promoting peaceful co-existence. This study attempts to demonstrate that religious actors are silent development actors complimenting government efforts whose work traverses all spheres of the economy.


Contemporary theories of neoliberalism and entrepreneurship are entwined; both hinge upon the use of agency within free markets to realise individual potential, enhance status and attain material rewards. Postfeminism, as a discrete but related discourse, suggests this context is conducive to encouraging women to draw upon their agency, skills and personal profile to enhance achievements and returns. We draw from these related, but discrete discourses, when critically analysing how postfeminist assumptions shape Swedish and UK government policies aimed at expanding women's entrepreneurship. Despite differing historical antecedents regarding state engagement with equality and welfare regimes, we illustrate how postfeminist assumptions have infiltrated policy initiatives in both cases. This infiltration has, we suggest, suppressed criticisms that in a context of persistent structural discrimination, lack of welfare benefits and contrived aspirational role models, entrepreneurship constitutes a poor career choice for many women. Consequently, we challenge the value of contemporary policy initiatives encouraging more women to enter entrepreneurship.


The ITI curve developed by the Information Technology Industry Council (USA) describes an AC input voltage envelope, which typically can be tolerated by most information technology (IT) equipment supplied by nominal 120 V 60 Hz electricity networks. Although the curve ostensibly applies only to IT equipment supplied at 120 V 60 Hz it is often used throughout the electricity supply industry, including at other nominal voltages and frequencies, without modification or consideration of applicability to provide an indication of the input voltage tolerance of a wide range of equipment. This paper details a preliminary study aimed at developing an ITI style curve to suit 230 V 50 Hz electricity networks. A range of domestic and industrial equipment has been tested to determine voltage sag susceptibility. Overall, results for domestic appliances show that equipment connected to the Australian 230 V 50 Hz electricity network has voltage sag immunity considerably better than that defined by the ITI curve. The same may be said for the majority of industrial equipment tested. As such, the suitability of the ITI curve in describing a sag immunity envelope for individual pieces of equipment connected to 230 V 50 Hz electricity networks is highly questionable.


Geographic Information System (GIS) database is built by ArcGIS software based on observation data in Lanzhou city. GIS data set was analyzed, including testing data distribution, the trend analysis of spatial data, data outlier analysis. According to the analysis results, the appropriate spatial analysis model is chosen to simulate and predict thermal field. Cross validation method is used to verify simulation accuracy and validity of model. Simulation map of urban thermal in is output by optimal model and parameters eventually. Results show that urban thermal field presents regular distribution in summer. The spatial distribution characteristics of thermal field have directly relations with land use type, urban energy consumption, population density, building volume rate, and thermodynamic properties of underlying surface.


Laminar heat transfer of gas-liquid Taylor flow in circular tubes is considered. Previous studies have found that introducing a gas phase into a flow stream of a liquid phase significantly increases the heat transfer rate. Other studies considered the effect of slug length on heat transfer rates. The present study's aim is to demonstrate heat transfer enhancement due to the shortening of liquid slug lengths in a segmented flow and to further validate a model previously developed by the second author. An experimental setup was assembled using mini scale horizontal tube in which the two phase fluid flow is heated under constant wall temperature. New experimental data for gas-liquid Taylor flow in mini scale were carefully obtained using 1 cSt silicone oil which was segmented by air. The experiments were performed with a liquid fraction maintained constant at 0.5 and Reynolds numbers from 50 to 320. In the present work, it is shown that for constant wall temperature, the dimensionless mean wall flux and Nusselt number have been increased by a factor of two at the upper limit of laminar flow which was considered with ReD = 320, when the slug aspect ratio LS/D equal to 10. On other hand the enhancement becomes three times at the same limit of flow when slug aspect ratio has reduced to 1.25 which almost approaches the tube diameter.


Those who believe that explicitly Christian thinking is possible in the scientific disciplines tend to assume that it must be antithetical to the world's thinking. Based on
some of the author's experience, this article examines a different approach, in which Christian thinking is used to account for and enrich the world's thinking by transplanting
it from its current ground-motive (usually that of nature-freedom) into the arguably more fertile soil of the creation-fall-redemption ground-motive.

The article shows how Dooyeweerd's version of Christian thinking has been employed in two areas of thinking in information systems (selected from five with which the author has been involved): (1) thinking about the nature of computers and information, with the artificial intelligence question of whether computer is like human being (2) soft systems methodology, by which perspectives on 'human activity systems' are orchestrated into new learning and plans. In both areas, the original ideas are accounted for, given philosophical underpinning, reinterpreted and enriched. These two show that Dooyeweerd's philosophy can be equally useful in thinking grounded in both positivist and interpretivist cultures.


Extracellular triphosphate nucleotides, such as ATP, may regulate various cellular functions through specific cell surface receptors. We examine in this report the different secretory effects of ATP and analogs on nontransformed dog pancreatic duct epithelial cells (PDEC). We observed that 1) ATP, UTP, adenosine 5'- O-(3-thiotriphosphate), and, to a lesser extent, β,γ-methylene-ATP, but not adenosine, stimulated125I-efflux from PDEC, suggesting a primary role for P2Y2 receptors, 2) ATP-stimulated125I-efflux was inhibited by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid, diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, and DIDS, suggesting mediation through Ca2+-activated Cl- channels, 3) ATP stimulated an86Rb+efflux sensitive to BaCl2 and charybdotoxin, thus likely occurring through Ca2+-activated K+ channels, 4) serosal or luminal addition of UTP activated apical Cl-conductance and basolateral K+conductance when nystatin-permeabilized PDEC were studied in an Ussing chamber, suggesting the expression of P2Y2 receptors on both sides of the cell, 5) ATP stimulated mucin secretion, and 6) ATP increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). In conclusion, ATP and UTP interact with P2Y2 receptors on nontransformed PDEC to increase [Ca2+]i, stimulate mucin secretion, and activate ion conductances; these findings have implications for pancreatic exocrine function in both health and disease, such as cystic fibrosis.


Societies rely on trustworthy communication in order to function, and the need for trust clearly extends to human-machine communication. Therefore, it is essential to design machines to elicit trust, so as to make interactions with them acceptable and successful. However, while there is a substantial literature on first impressions of trustworthiness based on various characteristics, including voice, not much is known about the trust development process. Are first impressions maintained over time? Or are they influenced by the experience of an agent's behaviour? We addressed these questions in three experiments using the "iterated investment game", a methodology derived from game theory that allows implicit measures of trust to be collected over time. Participants played the game with various agents having different voices: in the first experiment, participants played with a computer agent that had either a Standard Southern British English accent or a Liverpool accent; in the second experiment, they played with a computer agent that had either an SSBE or a Birmingham accent; in the third experiment, they played with a robot that had either a natural or a synthetic voice. All these agents behaved either trustworthily or untrustworthily. In all three experiments, participants trusted the agent with one voice more when it was trustworthy, and the agent with the other voice more when it was untrustworthy. This suggests that participants might change their trusting behaviour based on the congruency of the agent's behaviour with the participant's first impression. Implications for human-machine interaction design are discussed.


Colonization history, landscape structure, and environmental conditions may influence patterns of neutral genetic variation because of their effects on gene flow and reproductive mode. We compared variation at microsatellite loci within and among 26 Arabidopsis lyrata populations in two disjunct areas of its distribution in northern Europe (Norway and Sweden). The two areas probably share a common colonization history but differ in size (Norwegian range markedly larger than Swedish range), landscape structure (mountains vs. coast), and habitat conditions likely to affect patterns of gene flow and opportunities for sexual reproduction. Within-population genetic diversity was not related to latitude but was higher in Sweden than in Norway. Population differentiation was stronger among Norwegian than among Swedish populations (F(ST) = 0.23 vs. F(ST) = 0.18). The frequency of clonal propagation (proportion of identical multilocus genotypes) increased with decreasing population size, was higher in Norwegian than in Swedish populations, but was not related to altitude or substrate. Differences in genetic structure are discussed in relation to population characteristics and range size in the two areas. The results demonstrate that the possibility of clonal propagation should be considered when developing strategies for sampling and analyzing data in ecological and genetic studies of this emerging model species.


BACKGROUND
The U.S. Air Force has developed +Gz-protective equipment that will provide most pilots protection to +9 Gz with minimal-to-no straining. This equipment includes a pressure breathing system called COMBAT EDGE (CE), which is currently operational, and the Advanced Technology Anti-G Suit (ATAGS), which is not yet operational. For future high-performance aircraft design it is important to know the upper limit of various protective equipment and techniques.

METHODS
Six subjects were randomly exposed to a 12-cell matrix composed of +Gz and the following combinations of protective equipment at three seat-back angles (13 degrees, 30 degrees and 55 degrees from the vertical): 1) the standard CSU-13B/P anti-G suit (STD); 2) the STD suit with CE; 3) the ATAGS; and 4) the ATAGS with CE. Relaxed, followed by straining +Gz tolerance was determined using 15-s rapid onset runs to a maximum of +12 Gz. A comprehensive battery of baseline and post-exposure medical surveillance studies was performed to evaluate the medical consequences of these high +Gz exposures.

RESULTS
All 6 subjects were able to achieve +12 Gz with various combinations of +Gz-protective equipment, seat-back angle, and various amounts of straining, from none to maximum. When the data were collapsed over all protective equipment there was a significant (p < 0.05) seat effect. Relaxed tolerance to ROR increased with seat-back angle from 13 degrees to 30 degrees to 55 degrees. There was also a significant protective equipment effect when the data were collapsed over all seat-back angles.

CONCLUSIONS
These data confirm that effortless protection to +9 Gz is available using ATAGS/CE with the 13 degree and 30 degree seat-back angle (F-15, F-16 and F-22) and to +10.5 Gz with a 55 degree seat-back angle. Moreover, with ATAGS/CE, and a moderate degree of straining, +12 Gz is definitely achievable at 55 degrees, even with reduced anti-G suit pressure at 55 degrees. With additional straining +12 GC is also achievable at the 13 degree and 30 degree seat-back angles.


Introduction: This study aims to evaluate the association of consuming healthy foods with anthropometric measures in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents. Materials and methods: This nationwide study was conducted in 2011-2012 among 13,486 students, aged 6-18 years, selected by multistage cluster sampling from 30 provinces. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), as well as waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured. Healthy foods were considered as four categories including fresh fruits, dried fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. The frequency consumption of each of these foods was recorded as daily, weekly, and seldom. Results: The intake of fruits was significantly associated with anthropometric indices. Moreover, a significant association was found between vegetables consumption and anthropometric indices (except for WHtR and WHR). Milk consumption was significantly associated with anthropometric indices (except for WHtR and WHR). The odds of general obesity among participants who seldom consumed dried fruits was less than those who consumed daily (OR: 0.84, 95%CI: 0.74-0.96). We did not find any significant association for the frequency of fresh fruits and vegetables consumption with obesity and abdominal obesity. Conclusion: Consumption of dried fruits was associated with general obesity in children and adolescents. These results highlight the effect of dietary quality and food choices on weight control in children and adolescents. DOI: 10.18869/MPHBS.2016.47


Very high resolution SAR tomography using multiple data stacks from different viewing angles enables us for the first time to generate 4D point clouds of the illuminated area from space with a point density comparable to LiDAR. They can be potentially used for façade reconstruction and monitoring in urban environment. In this paper, we propose an approach for façade detection and reconstruction from such point clouds. Firstly, the façade region is extracted by thresholding the point density on the ground plane. The extracted façades points are then clustered into segments corresponding to individual façades by means of slope analysis. Surface (flat or curved) model parameters of the segmented building façades are further estimated. Finally, the elevation estimates of each raw TomoSAR point is refined by using its more accurate azimuth and range coordinates, and the corresponding reconstructed surface model of the façade. The proposed approach is illustrated and validated by examples using TomoSAR point clouds generated from a stack of 25 TerraSAR-X high spotlight images.


ABSTRACT Background: Poststroke depression (PSD) is the most common stroke-related emotional disorder and affecting one-third of stroke survivors at any time up to 5 years after stroke. Poststroke depression affects rehabilitation after stroke and may delay recovery. The purpose of this integrative review is to analyze the state of the science in regard to risk factors for PSD. Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PsycInfo were searched. Inclusion criteria included (1) peer-reviewed primary observational Western studies, (2) PSD as the primary outcome, (3) included adult stroke survivors, and (4) and published after 2004. The integrative review guidelines were used for analysis. Results: From an original of 406 articles identified, 18 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed: 3 cross-sectional, 14 prospective cohort, and 1 case control. The most common risk factors associated with PSD are stroke severity, cognitive impairment, physical disability, and functional dependency. Others factors including demographic and social factors and medical history were not consistent across studies. Conclusions: Overall, quality of the research was limited by small sample sizes, selection bias, number of selected variables, and lack of multivariate analyses. Nurses should identify patients at risk for PSD through early depression screening and provide interventions to enhance rehabilitation and improve recovery.


Purpose: On 1 August 2020, the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement went into force. After completing the EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement's ratification, the two agreements will create the legal basis of strong economic relations between the parties. However, we argue that these agreements are an element of a broader strategy, pursuing the EU's economic and socio-political goals. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research is interdisciplinary, economic, and legal. We analyze the process of establishing the legal framework of EU-Vietnam relations and its context in the New Haven School's application schema, combining it with "rational choice." The research was conducted based on public statistics and analysis of the literature on the subject. Findings: The EU pursues a policy of "change through trade." The agreements deepen Vietnam's participation in the universal economic and social system based on the UN Charter's values. They also strengthen the institutionalization of pluralism in relations in the Asia region and institutions and countries outside the region. Practical Implications: EVFTA and EVIPA represent a new approach of the EU to trade agreements and how to influence international relations in a system where the U.S. have lost their status as the only superpower, and China seeks to become a real global superpower. Realizing this change in EU trade policy is important for all Member States and other international relations actors. Originality/Value: The paper discusses important and current issues related to EU trade and investment policies and can develop future policy scenarios.


MOTIVATION
Since the knowledge about processes in living cells is increasing, modelling and simulation techniques are used to get new insights into these complex processes. During the last few years, the SBML file format has gained in popularity and support as a means of exchanging model data between the different modelling and simulation tools. In addition to specifying the model as a set of equations, many modern modelling tools allow the user to create and to interact with the model in the form of a reaction graph. Unfortunately, the SBML file format does not provide for the storage of this graph data along with the mathematical description of the model.

RESULTS
Therefore, we developed an extension to the SBML file format that makes it possible to store such layout information which describes position and size of objects in the graphical representation.

AVAILABILITY
The complete specification can be found on (http://projects.villa-bosch.de/bcb/sbml/ (SBML Layout Extension documentation, 2005). Additionally, a complete implementation exists as part of libSBML (2006, http://www.sbml.org/software/libsbml/).


Context. Parker Solar Probe (PSP) is providing an unprecedented view of the Sun's corona as it progressively dips closer into the solar atmosphere with each solar encounter. Each set of observations provides a unique opportunity to test and constrain global models of the solar corona and inner heliosphere and, in turn, use the model results to provide a global context for interpreting such observations.
Aims. In this study, we develop a set of global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model solutions of varying degrees of sophistication for PSP's first four encounters and compare the results with in situ measurements from PSP, Stereo-A, and Earth-based spacecraft, with the objective of assessing which models perform better or worse. We also seek to understand whether the so-called 'open flux problem', which all global models suffer from, resolves itself at closer distances to the Sun.
Methods. The global structure of the corona and inner heliosphere is calculated using three different MHD models. The first model ("polytropic"), replaced the energy equation as a simple polytropic relationship to compute coronal solutions and relied on an ad hoc method for estimating the boundary conditions necessary to drive the heliospheric model. The second model ("thermodynamic") included a more sophisticated treatment of the energy equation to derive the coronal solution, yet it also relied on a semi-empirical approach to specify the boundary conditions of the heliospheric model. The third model ("WTD") further refines the transport of energy through the corona, by implementing the so-called wave-turbulence-driven approximation. With this model, the heliospheric model was run directly with output from the coronal solutions. All models were primarily driven by the observed photospheric magnetic field using data from Solar Dynamics Observatory's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager instrument.
Results. Overall, we find that there are substantial differences between the model results, both in terms of the large-scale structure of the inner heliosphere during these time periods, as well as in the inferred timeseries at various spacecraft. The "thermodynamic" model, which represents the "middle ground", in terms of model complexity, appears to reproduce the observations most closely for all four encounters. Our results also contradict an earlier study that had hinted that the open flux problem may disappear nearer the Sun. Instead, our results suggest that this "missing" solar flux is still missing even at 26.9RS, and thus it cannot be explained by interplanetary processes. Finally, the model results were also used to provide a global context for interpreting the localized in situ measurements.
Conclusions. Earlier studies suggested that the more empirically-based polytropic solutions provided the best matches with observations. The results presented here, however, suggest that the thermodynamic approach is now superior. We discuss possible reasons for why this may be the case, but, ultimately, more thorough comparisons and analyses are required. Nevertheless, it is reassuring that a more sophisticated model appears to be able to reproduce observations since it provides a more fundamental glimpse into the physical processes driving the structure we observe.


This study assessed and investigated the academic performance of secondary school students in two principal subjects (English Language and Mathematics) at the Senior School Certificate Examinations (SSCE) in ten secondary schools typical of urban and rural locations in five randomised Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria between 2005 and 2007. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. An instrument titled: Students' Academic Performance in English Language and Mathematics Questionnaire (SAPEMQ) was used to collect relevant data for the study. The ten secondary schools involved were selected based on simple randomsampling technique and the statistical tools employed to analyse the data collected were percentages, means scores and multiple regression (backward procedure). Four research questions and one null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The result among other things revealed that, there was a marked difference in the performance of students in urban and rural schools at the SSCE with impressive means scores obtained in urban schools (Urban = 69.8, 54.4 and 60.2 in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively;Rural = 36.4, 24.9 and 23.8 in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively). The  implications of the findings for educational planning and policy in Nigeria were discussed.


Apart from all the other functions of liturgical singing and music, it also has a pastoral function or aim. Within the normal Sunday-to-Sunday liturgy, singing and music aims at promoting and restoring spiritual well-being. Within communities struck by disaster or grief, liturgical singing aims at healing people and processing their loss and ultimately promoting spiritual wellness by restoring or reshaping their picture of God. A brief look at liturgies in a lamenting congregation by means of an autoethnography illustrates the functional use of music and singing in the process of spiritual or emotional healing, thus illustrating the role of music in worship as an in-between experience: between laughter and lament. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The article explores the role of music and singing in healing liturgy in a descriptive way, using ethnography and autoethnography to describe the process. Although the article refers to insights from pastoral therapy, it only makes suggestions for liturgy and in a lesser sense, hymnology.


This paper deals with the robust control of a Hammerstein mathematical model of DC/DC converters, consisting of the nonlinear static characteristics of the converter followed by one of a few number of linear time- invariant models which describe the converter in the useful working range. One of these models is assumed as the nominal model of the system and the remaining models are used for describing the model uncertainty. Nominal behaviour is assured using H-2 optimal control method, Robust stability and behaviour are assured by imposing H-infin specifications. The closed loop control system consisting of the converter Hammerstein model and the robust controller is analyzed by means of simulation experiments.


The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, 0.2% brimonidine, on a number of echobiometry and ultrasound biomicroscopy ocular parameters. Ten healthy subjects ranging in age from 20 to 40 years (mean age 29+/-3.39) were recruited into this prospective open-label trial. After instillation of 0.2% brimonidine eye drops, the following parameters were assessed: refraction, visual acuity, pupil diameter, intraocular pressure, five A-scan echobiometric parameters and 15 ultrasound biomicroscopy parameters. As early as the first hour after administration of the drug, a marked ocular hypotensive effect was detected associated with a miotic effect, without any refractive or visual acuity alterations. The A-scan echobiometry parameters were unchanged, while, as far as the ultrasound biomicroscopy variables were concerned, we observed an increase in iris-lens contact distance and a reduction in iris root thickness with a resulting increase in posterior chamber depth and in iris-ciliary process distances. No changes were observed in either the anterior chamber or the anterior iris profile. Brimonidine 0.2% proved to be an ocular hypotensive agent which is also endowed with a mild miotic effect, without giving rise to refractive or visual acuity alterations. The drug does not alter the thickness and position of the lens and does not facilitate pupil block; it reduces the iris thickness with an increase in posterior chamber depth and in iris-ciliary process distance but with no changes in anterior chamber depth or chamber angle width.


This paper examines cross-national differences in job preference orientations from the perspective of job quality. In particular, it investigates the extent to which preferences of workers in 25 developed societies are shaped by the intrinsic quality of jobs and its institutional determinants, as highlighted by varieties of capitalism (VoC) and power resources theory (PRT). The study uses multi-level models with country-specific random intercepts fitted to individual data from the International Social Survey Programme's 2015 Work Orientations module, paired with institutional indicators from various sources. The results show that workers within countries tend to be oriented towards the same types of rewards that their jobs offer, with the intrinsic quality of work standing out as the most important factor of all. This logic extends to the cross-national variation in job preference orientations, which is strongly related to the average intrinsic quality of jobs in national labor markets and its institutional factors emphasized by PRT, rather than VoC.


This study focused on the development of a system based on evolutionary Algorithms to obtain the optimum parameters of the fuzzy controller to increase the convergence speed and accuracy of the controller. The aim of the study is to design fuzzy controller without expert's knowledge by using evolutionary genetic algorithms and carry out on a DC motor. The design is based on optimization of rule bases of fuzzy controller. In the learning stage, the obtained rule base fitness values are measured by working the rule base on the controller. The learning stage is repeated the termination criteria. The proposed fuzzy controller is performed on the dc motor from a PC program using a interface circuit.Note : This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of ELECTRICA journal, it is now in the early view. Citation information: M. Bulut, "Optimal Adjustment of Evolutionary Algorithm-based Fuzzy Controller for Driving Electric Motor with Computer Interface", Electrica, August 5, 2021. DOI: 10.5152/electrica.2021.21033.


This paper describes a polymer-based microfluidic mixing system developed by integrating two vortex micropumps and a micromixer. Fluid transmission with steady flow rate is driven by the circumrotating motion of the impellers in the micropumps. The mixing principle is based on the ultrasonic wave generated by the PZT substrate oscillation. We will illustrate the designs, the fabrication processes and the operation theories of both devices. Experiments will be conducted to investigate the performance of the mixing system.


The article considers nonparametric inference for quantile regression models with time-varying coefficients. The errors and covariates of the regression are assumed to belong to a general class of locally stationary processes and are allowed to be cross-dependent. Simultaneous confidence tubes (SCTs) and integrated squared difference tests (ISDTs) are proposed for simultaneous nonparametric inference of the latter models with asymptotically correct coverage probabilities and Type I error rates. Our methodologies are shown to possess certain asymptotically optimal properties. Furthermore, we propose an information criterion that performs consistent model selection for nonparametric quantile regression models of nonstationary time series. For implementation, a wild bootstrap procedure is proposed, which is shown to be robust to the dependent and nonstationary data structure. Our method is applied to studying the asymmetric and time-varying dynamic structures of the U.S. unemployment rate since the 1940s. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.


Wolfgang Pauli is well recognized as an outstanding theoretical physicist, famous for his formulation of the two-valuedness of the electron spin, for the exclusion principle, and for his prediction of the neutrino. Less well known is the fact that Pauli spent a lot of time in different avenues of human experience and scholarship, ranging over fields such as the history of ideas, philosophy, religion, alchemy, and Jung's psychology. Pauli's philosophical and particularly his psychological background is not overt in his scientific papers and was unknown even to many specialist scholars until a number of enthralling and perplexing documents of a close interaction between Wolfgang Pauli and the psychologist Carl Gustav Jung became publicly available in recent years. Both scholars stressed the inseparability of the physical and the psychical and called upon a sense of more openness toward the unconscious. Decades after his death, Pauli's innovative perspective and his vision of a wholeness of psyche and matter are more than ever before of great relevance.


A 32 /spl times/ 16 liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCOS) backplane with novel frame buffer pixels is designed and fabricated using the AMI Semiconductor's 0.5-/spl mu/m double-poly triple-metal CMOS process. The three novel pixel circuits described herein increase the brightness of an XGA LCOS microdisplay by at least 36% without sacrificing image contrast ratio. The increase of brightness is attributed to maximizing overall image view time, allowing an image to be displayed at full contrast while the next image is buffered onto the backplane. The new circuits achieve this by removing charge sharing and charge inducement problems shown in previously proposed frame buffer pixel circuits. Voltages on the pixel electrodes measured through rail-to-rail operational amplifiers with negative feedback vary from 0 to 4.25 V (6-V power source). All data voltage levels remain constant over a frame time with less than 1% drop, thus ensuring maximum contrast ratio. Modeling and experimental measurement on the fabricated chip show that these pixel circuits outperform all others to date based on storage time, data storage level, and potential for highest contrast ratio with maximum brightness.


The objective of the present study was to identify scientific evidence in the literature regarding management and prevention of skin tears by nurses over the last ten years. This is an integrative review of articles found in the LILACS, SciELO, BDENF, MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed databases, identified with the Portuguese, English and Spanish descriptors for "skin," "friction," or with the keyword "skin tears". After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, fifteen texts were selected. Scientific evidence demonstrated that the best management results are obtained by covering the tear with the skin flap itself, using octylcyanoacrylate or silicone-based products. Prevention consists of promoting a safe environment, through multidisciplinary work and health education. We conclude that it is the nursing staffs responsibility to avoid infection, trauma of any intensity, pain and bleeding.