Summary
Serological relationships between plant viruses within six different taxonomic groups were studied by means of the double antibody sandwich form of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This technique was very sensitive not only for the detection of low concentrations of viruses, but also for the differentiation of closely related antigens. With some viruses, e.g. Andean potato latent virus, the specificity of the test was so great that conjugates prepared to one strain failed to detect other serologically closely related strains. With other viruses and with host proteins the cross-reactivity was broader, but distant and even intermediate serological relationships between viruses were usually not detected. The great specificity of ELISA is mainly caused by the behaviour of the conjugated antibodies. The binding of conjugated antibodies was completely inhibited by simultaneously added native antibodies. Antibodies from very early bleedings were not suitable for ELISA.


Locally conducted research has played a critical role in guiding the response to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Jamaica. Active HIV/AIDS case-based surveillance and serosurveys helped to define the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in Jamaica and identify those who were most at risk. Studies among sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic attendees ident fled genital ulcers and syphilis as risk factors for HIV infection and were suggestive of other risk factors. Given the synergistic role of HI V and other STI, an integrated approach was taken to HIV/STI control and the STI services were strengthened based on research. Studies were conducted among sex-workers (SW), men who have sex with men, persons who go to sites to meet new sex partners, prisoners and others most at risk in order to understand risk factors and better guide the HIV/STI response. National population based surveys were conducted periodically to monitor knowledge, attitudes, beliefs as well as sexual behaviour and condom use. The research contributed greatly to Jamaica's comprehensive HIV/STI control programme that has been effective in slowing the HIV epidemic, reducing HlVprevalence among SW and STI clinic attendees, preventing mother-to-child transmission, reducing syphilis rates and mitigating the impact of HIV on the population.


Purchasing as a business discipline has gained a lot of attention in recent decades. This is not very strange since purchasing costs often represents the majority of an organization's total costs. However, one way to consider the purchasing when working on improvements is from a process perspective. This can be very advantageous since it helps the organization to develop a common understanding of how purchasing is conducted and therefore also enables a culture of continuous improvements. One company wanting to review their purchasing processes is Speed Logistics in Boras. Their current purchasing processes can be described as rather immature and insufficient, as no official process maps exists at the moment. Without a common understanding of how the purchasing is conducted it is difficult for Speed Logistics to work on improvements by for example optimising the processes or the work around them. The purpose of this thesis has therefore been to provide Speed Logistics with a process mapping of identified purchasing processes, as well as to identify potential improvement areas connected to their current purchasing processes and provide recommendations for better purchasing practices.
This thesis has been conducted with a deductive research approach and the purpose was achieved through a performed literature study, which culminated into a theoretical framework of relevant theories. These theories were then compared and interpreted with empirical findings, so that gaps and insufficient purchasing practices could be identified. The empirical findings were mainly collected and gathered by qualitative semi-structured interviews with employees responsible for the purchasing activities at Speed Logistics.
As a main conclusion and result of the analysis, it has been shown that Speed Logistics purchasing processes are fairly consistent with theory and when there were gaps identified, these had a rather logical explanation. However, the analysis did highlight some improvement areas connected to the purchasing processes. These are compiled into a shortlist of bullet points and covers areas regarding roles and responsibilities, purchasing routines and manuals, limited exploration of the supplier markets, current purchasing processes being largely dependent on experience and knowledge, limited amount of evaluation and follow-up activities and lastly, an identified internal benchmarking opportunity. A more detailed explanation of each improvement area is provided in the conclusion chapter. It is moreover suggested that Speed Logistics document their purchasing processes and establishes purchasing routines and manuals, clarifies roles and responsibilities, more frequently examines the supplier market for forklifts, creates a 'body of knowledge', make more use of evaluations of suppliers performance and see over the possibility of benchmarking the rest of their purchasing processes against the process for IT-related materials


Objectives
Associations between diet and risk of breast cancer have been difficult to identify. Dairy milk has been hypothesized as a possible cause based on ecological data, also its sex hormone content (70% of dairy cows are pregnant), and likely ability to raise levels of insulin-like growth factor-1. We tested the dairy-breast cancer hypothesis in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) cohort.

Methods
AHS-2 is a national cohort that includes 61,000 Adventist women, of whom 52,795 formed an analytic cohort after exclusions. Many of these women did not consume dairy or consumed in minimal amounts, but more than half (i.e., the non-vegetarians) consumed dairy in usual amounts, on average. Soymilk was also consumed by many. Consumption of dairy, other foods and covariates was assessed from an extensive food frequency, health habits, and medical history questionnaire at study baseline (2002-7). During follow-up 1057 incident breast cancers were observed largely by matching with state cancer registries. Statistical analyses used proportional hazards regressions, adjusting for reproductive and other possible lifestyle risk factors. A calibration study with repeated 24-hour dietary recalls allowed for regression calibration.

Results
Comparing 90th to 10th percentiles of intake, dairy milk was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.41 (95% CI: 1.15-1.72; P = 0.001), rising to 2.56 (95% CI:1.51-4.99; P < 0.001) with the less biased but less precise regression calibration procedure. Models substituting median intakes of soymilk for dairy milk (medians of users) predicted a HR of 0.66 (95% CI:0.51-0.85; P < 0.001). No associations were seen with cheese or yogurt. Associations were non-linear with steeper rises in breast cancer risk at intakes of dairy milk up to ¾ cup/day. No clear indication of protection was seen for soymilk after adjustment for dairy.

Conclusions
In this population, dairy milk consumption is clearly associated with risk of breast cancer after adjusting for soy intake. This was not the case for cheese (known to have lower hormone content). More work is needed to define possible mechanisms. Those at higher risk of breast cancer may gain advantage by limiting milk intake and considering dairy substitutes.

Funding Sources
National Institutes of Health, 1UO1CA152939];World Cancer Research Fund (U.K.), grant 2009/93.


Robust nonlinear optimization is not as well developed as the linear case, and limited in the constraints and uncertainty sets it can handle. In this work we extend the scope of robust optimization by showing how to solve a large class of robust nonlinear optimization problems. The fascinating and appealing property of our approach is that any convex uncertainty set can be used. To this end, we give an explicit formulation of the dual of a robust nonlinear optimization problem, which contains the convex conjugate functions of the objective and constraint functions of the (deterministic) primal, and the perspectives of the convex functions that define the uncertainty set. Given an optimal solution of this dual problem, we show how to recover the primal optimal solution. We obtain computationally tractable robust counterparts for many new robust nonlinear optimization problems, including problems with robust quadratic constraints, second order cone constraints, and SOS-convex polynomials.


Mycoplasma ovis is a hemoplasma parasite of sheep, goats, and reindeer; however, natural hemoplasma infection in white-tailed deer has not previously been reported. Subsequent to finding many coccoid, bacillary, and ring-shaped organisms, consistent with hemotropic mycoplasmas, on RBCs from a 72-day-old female white-tailed fawn, we sought to (1) identify the putative hemoplasma observed in blood from the fawn, (2) evaluate others in the herd for hemoplasma infection, and (3) identify clinicopathologic characteristics of hemoplasma-infected white-tailed deer. EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood was collected from the fawn and 8 apparently healthy does in the same herd. CBCs were performed on 7 nonclotted samples from the fawn and 6 does. DNA was extracted from all samples, followed by PCR amplification of bacterial (16S rDNA) and protozoal (18S rDNA) genes. The nearly complete 16S rDNA product from the fawn's sample was directly sequenced and compared with known sequences in the GenBank database. Samples from the fawn and 7 of 8 does were PCR-positive using hemoplasma-specific and M ovis-specific protocols. The fawn was PCR-negative for Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. The 16S rDNA sequence from the fawn (GenBank accession number, FJ824847) was most closely related to M ovis (AF338268), having 98.5% sequence identity. The fawn had a mild nonregenerative anemia, a neutrophilic left-shift with toxic change, aspiration bronchopneumonia, and gastrointestinal disease. Hematologic values, including blood film evaluation, in infected does were unremarkable. The M ovis-like organism may have acted as either an opportunistic or primary pathogen in the fawn. The high occurrence of subclinical infections in the does suggests that white-tailed deer may act as wildlife reservoirs for M ovis.


We study the dynamics of the Einstein-Maxwell-dust system and find that the system presents a critical point of a centre-centre-type structure in the phase space. By performing the numerical experiments, we find that the dynamics of the Einstein-Maxwell-dust system is unstable and its chaotic behaviour is obvious when the Hamiltonian becomes smaller.


When a reasoning system encounters a contradiction like p&q=>false, it may try to eliminate it by retracting some belief that supports either p or q. This paper addresses the issue of how to determine which of the possible supporting beliefs to retract. The problem is studied in the context of a heterogenous distributed environment in which we can not make assumptions about how agents derive their beliefs. The presented model considers two properties of beliefs: the authority of the agents that provided the belief in the first place and the costs incurred upon other agents that already used the belief (directly or indirectly) for their own decision making or action, if the belief is to be retracted. The model is implemented in an information infrastructure we have created for enterprise integration.


The possible treatments for dislocated fractures of the orbital roof range from reduction of the fracture fragments, and reconstruction and stabilisation with miniplates, to plastic surgery using autologous bone. Between 1988 and 1994, 105 patients treated in the Department of Neurosurgery of the Landesnervenklinik Salzburg were operated on transcranially for fractures of the orbital roof. The methods of treatment, the timing of treatment, and the results are discussed. It is shown that even in severely injured patients the results were good in 83 patients (79%).


The cholera-pandemic raging in South-America calls for measures of health protection with respect to citizens of countries importing food or feed components from the areas where the disease has struck. Instead of ruggedly barring importation a more humanitarian policy is recommended, relying on assistance with the introduction of and adherence to rigorous measures of longitudinally integrated microbiological safety assurance, to be monitored in cooperation with importing countries. Examples of how canned foods of neutral pH, fishery products, vegetables, fruits and fishmeal should be processed-for-safety for this purpose are presented.


The editing of medieval alchemical texts poses a number of challenges to the modern scholar. Problems such as the lack of source identification, complicated compositional structures, and a tendency toward intentionally obfuscatory language make the task of reconstructing the original letter of text a practical impossibility. This paper will argue that an alternative approach toward editing alchemical texts must be considered. This approach will be determined by focusing on issues related to the technical lexicon of practical alchemy, and in particular, to the problems related to the understanding of the words used by the alchemists for describing the substances used in their operations.


ABSTRACT
 The impact of trademarked and commercial products on settling of adults of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), was studied in the laboratory. A no-choice bioassay using leaf disks of tomato, Solanum esculentum L., was developed to evaluate the impact of concentration series of products on settling of B. tabaci adults. The concentration of each product that would reduce settling by 50% (SC50) was estimated for each product using standard probit analyses, and the values were compared with that of Ultra-Fine Oil, a paraffinic oil product that is known to reduce settling of whitefly adults. Twenty-two trademarked products and 42 other products were evaluated in the laboratory bioassay. Based upon comparisons of fiducial limits of the respective SC50 values, Dawn detergent and E-RASE jojoba oil were the only trademarked products that were as effective as Ultra-Fine Oil in reducing settling of B. tabaci adults. Of the nontrademarked products, 25 were similar to Ultra-Fine Oil, although cedar, geranium, ginger, Hamlin (citrus), patchouli, olive and wintergreen oils, as well as citronellal and limonene, had ratios of respective SC50 values with that of Ultra-Fine Oil of ≈1.5 or less. Combinations of limonene and citronellal with either olive oil or Ultra-Fine Oil were 15 and 30 times, respectively, more effective than Ultra-Fine Oil alone. Candidate products and combinations of products were further evaluated on tomato seedlings in no-choice screenhouse trials for effects on oviposition and on transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus, TYLCV) by B. tabaci. Ultra-Fine Oil and olive oil reduced oviposition and transmission of TYLCV in the screenhouse trials. Ginger oil and limonene reduced oviposition in at least one screenhouse trial but did reduce transmission of TYLCV. The laboratory bioassay provided a rapid and relatively easy method to compare products for reducing settling of B. tabaci adults. Even though the reduced settling indicated in the laboratory bioassays was not always reflected in reduced oviposition or TYLCV transmission in the screenhouse trials, the bioassay was useful in rapidly identifying products that reduce settling and that could be investigated further.


Iron phthalocyanine (FePc) thin films prepared by thermally evaporated from as received and purified powders were studied. The molecular interaction between FePc thin films and acetone vapor was studies by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and optical absorption spectrometer. The core level XPS spectra and optical absorption spectra showed slightly different between the spectra before and after acetone exposure. For FePc film evaporated with purified powder, only the Fe 2p3/2 spectra at about 712 eV appeared and the height of peak dramatically decreased. Iron K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra was used to investigate iron atom in as received and purified powders and also study the interaction between FePc molecule and methanol vapor. The X-ray diffraction pattern of as received, annealed and purified FePc powder were investigated to study the crystal reformation and Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate iron atom vibration in as received FePc film.


Objective: This study examined the personal, parental, peer, and cultural predictors of stage of smoking among South African urban adolescents. Design: A cross-sectional design was employed. A stratified random approach based on census data was used to obtain the sample. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. Setting: The study took place in communities in and around Johannesburg, South Africa. Subjects: Participants consisted of 731 adolescents in the age range of 12–17 years old. The sample was 47% male and 53% female, and contained four ethnic classifications: white, black, Indian, and "coloured" (a South African term for mixed ancestry). Methods: A structured, in-person interview was administered to each participant in private by a trained interviewer, after obtaining consent. Main outcome measures: The dependent variables consisted of three stages of smoking: non-smoking, experimental smoking, and regular smoking. The independent measures were drawn from four domains: personal attributes, parental, peer, and cultural influences. Results: Factors in all four domains significantly predicted three different stages of smoking. Personal attributes (internalising and externalising) distinguished among the three stages. Parental factors (for example, affection) reduced the odds of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker or non-smoker, but did not differentiate experimental smokers from non-smokers. Findings from the peer domain (for example, peer substance use) predicted an increase in the risk of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker or non-smoker. In the cultural domain, ethnic identification predicted a decrease in the risk of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker, whereas discrimination and victimisation predicted an increase in the risk of being an experimental smoker compared with a non-smoker. Conclusions: All the domains were important for all four ethnic groups. Four psychosocial domains are important in distinguishing among the three stages of smoking studied. Some predictors differentiated all stages of smoking, others between some of the stages of smoking. Therefore, intervention and prevention programmes which are culturally and linguistically sensitive and appropriate should consider the individual's stage of smoking.


A number of debates centring on the so-called 'obesity epidemic' have sprung up in the last 10 years. Although debate is the normal state of affairs in any scientific endeavour, my focus here is on two broad camps we might call 'alarmists' and 'sceptics'. While alarmists have characterised the 'obesity epidemic' as a looming global health catastrophe, sceptics have argued that the consequences of rising obesity levels have either been greatly exaggerated or are unclear. In focusing on obesity, my intention is not to prove the case of one camp or the other but rather to construct a kind of anatomy of the obesity controversy. In this essay, I want to move beyond the idea of there being two camps in debates about obesity and provide a more complex account of the different groups that make up both sides. My interest in this research is to explore the idea that belief matters more than truth. In the context of debates about obesity, nothing could be more irrelevant than the 'truth' of fatness. The energising principle will be what people, particularly but not only politicians and journalists, can be made to believe.


Post-hysterectomy vaginal cuff dehiscence in premenopausal patients and rectal prolapse during sexual intercourse are very rare. This phenomenon is potentially more dangerous than hysterectomy. In this report, a 49 year old premenopausal woman is presented with post-hysterectomy vaginal cuff dehiscence after vaginal intercourse. She was previously underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy because of uterine bleeding. Fifty one days after the surgery, she experienced bleeding following a couple of successive sexual intercourses. The patient observed an intestine-like rope that was stretched out of her vagina. The clinical examination showed vaginal cuff dehiscence (1.5-2 cm) and rectal prolapse into the vaginal entrance. Post-hysterectomy vaginal cuff dehiscence is very rare. Despite the fact that this event is rarely observed, it should be regarded as one of the life-threatening complications of hysterectomy.


During the past few years, the number of catastrophic disasters has increased and its impact sometimes incapacitates the infrastructures within a region. The communication network infrastructure is one of the affected systems during these events. Thus, building a resilient network backbone is essential due to the big role of networks during disaster recovery operations. In this thesis, the research efforts in building a disaster-resilient network are reviewed and open issues related to building disaster-resilient networks are discussed. Large size disasters not necessarily impact the communication networks, but instead it can stimulate events that cause network performance degradation. In this regard, two open challenges that arise after disasters are considered one is the short-term capacity exhaustion and the second is the power outage. First, the post-disaster traffic floods phenomena is considered. The impact of the traffic floods on the optical core network performance is studied. Five mitigation approaches are proposed to serve these floods and minimise the incurred blocking. The proposed approaches explore different technologies such as excess or overprovisioned capacity exploitation, traffic filtering, protection paths rerouting, rerouting all traffic and finally using the degrees of freedom offered by differentiated services. The mitigation approaches succeeded in reducing the disaster induced traffic blocking. Second, advance reservation provisioning in an energy-efficient approach is developed. Four scenarios are considered to minimise power consumption. The scenarios exploit the flexibility provided by the sliding-window advance reservation requests. This flexibility is studied through scheduling and rescheduling scenarios. The proposed scenarios succeeded in minimising the consumed power. Third, the sliding-window flexibility is exploited for the objective of minimising network blocking during post-disaster traffic floods. The scheduling and rescheduling scenarios are extended to overcome the capacity exhaustion and improve the network blocking. The proposed schemes minimised the incurred blocking during traffic floods by exploiting sliding window. Fourth, building blackout resilient networks is proposed. The network performance during power outages is evaluated. A remedy approach is suggested for maximising network lifetime during blackouts. The approach attempts to reduce the required backup power supply while minimising network outages due to limited energy production. The results show that the mitigation approach succeeds in keeping the network alive during a blackout while minimising the required backup power.


This thesis presents an experimental and theoretical study of the luminescence,
reactivity and ionisation of atomic europium isolated in cryogenic thin films of rare
gases argon, krypton and xenon. Many studies are available concerning the
spectroscopy of matrix-isolated main group metal atoms, however, the lanthanide
series remains relatively undocumented. A thorough investigation of matrix-isolated
europium is performed in this thesis in an effort to develop the spectroscopy of the fblock
metal atom elements. Absorption spectroscopy identifies the visible s - p type
y
8P - a
8S and the UV f - d type 8P - a
8S electronic transitions of atomic Eu. The
absorption spectra are complicated showing numerous features due to multiple guest
site occupancy in the host lattices upon deposition. Annealing simplifies spectra,
removing one thermally unstable site of isolation in each RG. Site-specific excitation
spectra allow further deconvolution of complicated absorption spectra and the
identification of two lattice vacancy types occupied by the metal guest. The spherical
nature of the [Xe]4f76s2 ground state of europium coupled with predicted Eu-RG
diatomic bond lengths, allows attribution of these occupied sites to hexa-vacancies
and tetra-vacancies.
The complex visible y
8P state luminescence was probed using steady-state and
time-resolved methods. Multiple emission features are identified with y
8P state
excitation. Specific excitation in each particular site simplified the emission profiles
yielding four emission bands. Based on their spectral location and temporal
characteristics the observed emission features are assigned as y
8P resonance
fluorescence, emission from the z
6P and a
8D excited states to the ground state and
emission of the metastable a
10D electronic state. The solid state lifetimes of the a
8D
and a
10D states are the first ever reported for these states. Excitation spectra in the
region of the z
6P state identify the z
6P5/2, and z
6P7/2 levels. The z
6P3/2 level is not
identified in accordance with the J = 0, ±1 electric-dipole selection rule. The effect
of each hosts increased capability for distortion is obvious in the excitation spectra
recorded in this region. The z
6P5/2 excitation band is observed to progress from a
structureless feature in solid Ar to a resolved triplet in the Xe lattice. The greater
capability for distortion of the Xe host causing Jahn-Teller threefold splitting of this
state.
The effects of y
8P state laser irradiation on the Eu/RG samples are then
investigated. The atomic absorption features are completely removed by this process
and replaced with multiple new higher energy absorptions. Based on their spectral
location, intensity distribution and lifetime characteristics, these new features are
attributed to singly ionised europium formed in the lattice during irradiation. The
ionisation shows a strong power dependence suggesting the ion is formed via a multiphoton
process. Annealing reforms the neutral species implying the free ionised
electron is stabilised in the host lattice. The visible luminescence of the states of
4f7(8S°7/2)6p1/2 and 4f7(8S°7/2)6p3/2 configuration of Eu+/RG are investigated using
time-resolved and steady-state techniques. Observed emission features are attributed
to relaxation from particular electronic states of the ion. Absorption spectroscopy
identifies two lattice trapping sites occupied in Ar and Kr and only one site in solid
Xe. The site occupied in all three hosts is attributed to the interstitial octahedral site
based on comparison to Eu+-RG predicted diatomic bond lengths. The additional site
present in Ar and Kr results from occupancy of a single vacancy.
Atomic Eu isolated in argon matrices doped with dinitrogen or carbon
monoxide undergoes photochemistry during lamp irradiation. UV/Vis absorption
spectra identify atomic isolation upon deposition. Following y
8P state irradiation all
atomic features are completely removed. Infrared absorption spectra in the region of
the N-N and C-O stretches show ligand complexation with the metal centre occurs. A
vibrational frequency analysis of the Eu:N2 and Eu:CO complexes is performed using
the hybrid B3LYP, the DFT BP86 and the post-Hartree-Fock MP2 methods. The
appropriateness of each functional at describing lanthanide metal chemistry is
compared. BP86 is found to be the most accurate. A vibrational frequency analysis at
the BP86 level allows identification of the binary europium dinitrogen complexes in
both the side-on and end-on orientation in low ligand concentration samples in solid
argon. The side-on species is calculated to be in the region of 900 cm-1 lower in
energy. The mono-ligated carbon bound Eu(CO) species is observed in samples of
0.1 % CO in Ar. Analysis of the bonding molecular orbitals shows europium in a
high-spin [Xe]4f75d16s1 state is involved. Metal-ligand interactions occur via a classic
synergistic donation/ back-bonding scheme. The high-spin state of europium is
occupied as it reduces repulsion by removal of an s electron and increases the
metal's ability for back-bonding by promotion of an electron to a d-orbital allowing
a greater degree of ligand co-ordination.


ID (inner-diameter) slicing is widely used in cutting ingots currently. In this paper, the deflection (axial vibration) and vibration (radial vibration) signals in different slicing conditions of the silicon wafers were measured online and analyzed. The effects of the vibration signals on the machining accuracy and surface roughness of sliced wafers were investigated based on the measurement and analysis of the surface roughness, warpage and TTV (total thickness vibration) of the sliced wafers. The results show that the changes of surface roughness, warpage and TTV of the sliced wafers exhibit approximately consistence with the changes of the power spectrums of the acquired vibration signals in different working stage of the blade. The vibration and deflection signals can give evidence of the changes in the cutting forces and blade performance during slicing. The power spectrum of the signals is useful for monitoring the blade wear and tension condition and predicting the surface quality and machining accuracy of the sliced wafers.


Summary: A procedure was developed for purifying both the benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase and the benzaldehyde dehydrogenase encoded by the TOL plasmid pWW53 from a single batch of Pseudomonas putida MT53. The procedure involved disruption of the bacteria in the French pressure cell and preparation of a high-speed supernate, followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, Matrex Gel Red A and Blue Sepharose CL-6B which separated the two enzymes, Phenyl Sepharose CL-4B and Matrex Gel Green A. The final preparations gave single bands on electrophoresis under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. The subunit Mr
values of benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase are 43000 and 56300 respectively. Cross-linking studies with dimethylsuberimidate indicate that both enzymes are probably tetramers, although they run anomalously through gel-filtration columns. The benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase was fairly specific for NAD+ as cofactor but the benzaldehyde dehydrogenase had appreciable activity with NADP+ as well as with NAD+. The optimum pH values are 9.4 and 9.3 for benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase respectively. Benzaldehyde dehydrogenase appears to require a monovalent cation for maximum activity. The apparent Km
and maximum velocity values of the two plasmid-encoded dehydrogenases and of the chromosomally encoded benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenases I and II from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were determined for NAD+ and for the unsubstituted substrates and for the monomethyl ring-substituted analogues. The corresponding apparent specificity constants were then calculated. All three benzaldehyde dehydrogenases had very similar substrate profiles, as did the two benzyl alcohol dehydrogenases. The plasmid-encoded benzaldehyde dehydrogenase resembles benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I from A. calcoaceticus (which also requires monovalent cations for activity) in being much more heat-stable than benzaldehyde dehydrogenase II. Overall, the plasmid-encoded benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase from P. putida appears to be remarkably similar to the chromosomally encoded benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase from A. calcoaceticus, and the plasmid-encoded benzaldehyde dehydrogenase is very similar to the two chromosomally encoded benzaldehyde dehydrogenases, particularly benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I.


The impact of spatial correlation on the multi-input multi-output ultrawide band (MIMO-UWB) system using the time reversal (TR) technique is investigated. Thanks to TR, several data streams can be transmitted by using only one antenna in a system named virtual MIMO-TRUWB. Since the virtual MIMO-TR-UWB system is not affected by the transmit correlation, under the condition of the high spatial correlation, it outperforms the true MIMO-UWB system with multiple transmit antennas. The channel measurements are performed in short-range indoor environment, both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight to verify the adopted correlated channel model.


We propose a polymer photovoltaic device with a new scattering mechanism based on photon absorption and re-emission in a quantum dot layer. A matrix of aluminum nanorods with optimized radius and period are used to modify the coupling of light emitted from the quantum dots into the polymer layer. Our analysis shows that this architecture is capable of increasing the absorption of an ordinary polymer photovoltaic device by 28%.


GPS (Global Positioning System) has great demand in recent years and the use of GPS has increased widely in many areas like transportation, tracking, navigation, as well as being implemented in almost all of the smart phones for location based services to improve the quality of our daily life. GPS system communicates with the satellites which send the GPS signals to the earth to be able to provide needed information to the GPS receivers. GPS signals that reach to the earth is in low power and GPS receivers evaluate the position with respect to information in the signal. This position evaluation can be done with the error of 2.5 meters in today's technology. Despite this system is successful in outdoor areas, it is not so successful in indoor areas. Decoding GPS signals in the indoor areas is hard due to additional loss in the GPS signal because of interaction of the signals with physical obstacles. There is a need for increasing coverage of GPS signals in indoor areas like tunnels, undersea and buildings. In this thesis, an indoor positioning system based on GPS infrastructure is proposed and designed. Designed indoor positioning system consists of directional GPS antennas, downconverters, upconverter and IF antennas. For realizing the system, downconverters, upconverter and IF antenna are designed, manufactured and measured. The experiments show that indoor positioning can be done with our designed system by adding some hardware and updating in positioning algorithm to the conventional GPS receivers.


Introduction: Stroke is a serious neurological disorder that affects more than 800,000 Americans each year. HuR, an mRNA binding protein, regulates gene expression by modulating the stability and translational efficiency of mRNAs containing adenine-uridine rich elements in the 3' untranslated region. Genes implicated in neuroprotection and post-ischemic repair may be regulated by HuR. The current investigation utilizes transgenic mice engineered to express Flag-HuR in astrocytes using the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. We hypothesized that modulation of mRNA stability in astrocytes would change the outcome from transient cerebral ischemia. Methods: Four mouse cohorts were studied: male or female and transgenic (TG) or wild-type (WT). Mice underwent 30-minute transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and survived for 24 or 72h. Neurological scores were recorded after ischemia and prior to euthanasia, and brain tissue was sectioned for histology and immunolabeling. In a blinded fashion, Flag-HuR expressing nuclei were counted in peri-lesional regions of interest (ROI) and contralateral mirror ROIs, and ischemic/contralateral indices were calculated. Representative lesion size was determined in hematoxylin-eosin sections at the level of Bregma 1.10 mm. Results:HuR-Flag expression: The transgene was expressed in peri-lesional astrocytes. 24h after MCAO, hormonally intact female mice had higher levels of Flag-HuR expression: Flag-HuR index was 5.9 ± 1.9 in females (n = 7) vs. 2.0 ± 0.7 in males (n = 6), p = 0.002, Mann-Whitney rank sum test. 72h after MCAO, TG expression declined in females to levels comparable to those of males. Lesion size: There was no difference in lesion size between sex-matched TG and WT mice 24h post-MCAO, but at 72h lesion size was larger in TG females than WT females: 47% ± 12 (n = 10) vs. 22% ± 11 (n = 5), respectively, p = 0.002, t-test. Analysis of neurological scores, sex hormone levels, and long term survival is ongoing. Discussion: We hypothesized that altering mRNA stability in ischemic astrocytes would change outcome from cerebral ischemia. Initial characterization of TG mice in which HuR was expressed under control of the GFAP promoter showed that ischemia results in peri-lesional upregulation of the transgene, which is more robust in females than males 24h after MCAO and comparable to males 72h after MCAO. Transgene expression correlated with increased lesion size in females 72h after MCAO. While the mechanism of this effect requires elucidation, our results suggest that HuR is a viable novel target for further investigation in cerebral ischemia.


Although the economic literature has analyzed some components of the headship decision, study of household formation has been primarily in the realm of demography. We begin with a pure demographic model and expand it to include additional determinants of the decision to remain with parents or not, to marry or not, and to live with a group or separately. Our results, based on a sample of 2355 youth in their twenties, indicate that (1) rental costs, wealth, and the potential wage that a youth could earn are important variables in explaining the outcomes of these choices am (2) including the economic variables significantly changes the estimated impacts of the demographic variables. One insight that the expanded economic model allows is the prediction that some public policies will affect headship rates of youth. This prediction is of interest because choices of living arranqements often have implications for demands upon public services and housing. We use as an example the 1986 Tax Reform Act and focus on a single outcome: the expectation of higher rental costs. If rentals rise by 20 percent, as predicted by some tax analysts, we estimate a half million reduction in the number of 1986 households formed by youth ages 21 to 29.


Wetlands serve multi purpose functions that have physical, ecological as well as socio economic values. However, these values are threatened by the increasing human activities such as livestock rearing, settlement, urbanization, industrialization and deforestation. Small scale wetlands owned by individuals have been given little attention in studies and in the policy framework. However, these wetlands face greater threats o f extinction. This prompted this study in Kabula Location o f Bungoma District. The objectives of the study were: to establish the functions of the wetlands in Kabula Location; appraise the values the community attach on wetlands; analyze the issues arising from utilization and management of the wetlands in Kabula Location, and to propose strategies for their sustainable management. Primary and secondary methods of data collection were used during the study. These included literature review, interviews, administering questionnaires, observation, photography, survey and mapping. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were used. These included the Chi-square, Spearman's rank correlation, Spearman's product moment correlation, means, variance, totals and discussions. The analysis revealed that the qommunity in Kabula Location relies on wetlands for basic needs such as water, fuelwood and building materials. Wetlands also serve economic puposes such as sugar cane farming, maize farming and livestock grazing. Growth of Eucalyptus trees also takes a good part of the wetland acreage. The economic uses are the greatest threats to wetlands. The other use is socio-cultural activities such as circumcision ceremonies, recreation, collection of herbs, vegetables and materials, bathing and washing are friendlier to the wetland ecology. The community values wetlands as their own resources. The study has proposed strategies that promote uses reinforcing economic and socio-cultural functions of the wetlands and which could enhance of their conservation. It is through the


Aims: We aim to investigate if the environment (characterised by the host dark matter halo mass) plays any role in shaping the galaxy star formation main sequence (MS).
 Methods: The Galaxy and Mass Assembly project (GAMA) combines a spectroscopic survey with photometric information in 21 bands from the far-ultraviolet (FUV) to the far-infrared (FIR). Stellar masses and dust-corrected star-formation rates (SFR) are derived from spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling using MAGPHYS. We use the GAMA galaxy group catalogue to examine the variation of the fraction of star-forming galaxies (SFG) and properties of the MS with respect to the environment.
 Results: We examine the environmental dependence for stellar mass selected samples without preselecting star-forming galaxies and study any dependence on the host halo mass separately for centrals and satellites out to z ∼ 0.3. We find the SFR distribution at fixed stellar mass can be described by the combination of two Gaussians (referred to as the star-forming Gaussian and the quiescent Gaussian). Using the observed bimodality to define SFG, we investigate how the fraction of SFG F(SFG) and properties of the MS change with environment. For centrals, the position of the MS is similar to the field but with a larger scatter. No significant dependence on halo mass is observed. For satellites, the position of the MS is almost always lower (by ∼0.2 dex) compared to the field and the width is almost always larger. F(SFG) is similar between centrals (in different halo mass bins) and field galaxies. However, for satellites F(SFG) decreases with increasing halo mass and this dependence is stronger towards lower redshift.


A novel actinomycete, strain SST-8(T), was isolated from sand sediment of Samyang Beach in Jeju, Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The organism, which produced opaque, circular, yellow colonies, with a coryneform morphology, showed the following chemotaxonomic characteristics: meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid in the peptidoglycan, MK-8(H(2)) as the major menaquinone, phosphatidylglycerol as the only polar lipid, anteiso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0) as major fatty acids and a DNA G+C content of 70.7 mol%. The combination of morphological and chemotaxonomic features supported its classification in the genus Brevibacterium. Phylogenetic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence studies, showed that strain SST-8(T) formed an intermediate branch between the Brevibacterium luteolum/Brevibacterium otitidis and Brevibacterium mcbrellneri/Brevibacterium paucivorans clusters. Sequence similarity calculations based on a neighbour-joining analysis revealed that the closest relatives of strain SST-8(T) were the type strains of B. paucivorans (96.6 %), B. luteolum (96.5 %), B. mcbrellneri (96.3 %), Brevibacterium avium (96.0 %) and B. otitidis (95.9 %). Based on a broad set of phenotypic and genetic data, it was evident that the strain represents a novel species of the genus Brevibacterium. The name Brevibacterium samyangense sp. nov. is proposed, with SST-8(T) (=NRRL B-41420(T)=KCCM 42316(T)) as the type strain.


Finding an appropriate dataset for natural language processing applications is one of the main challenges for researches of this field. This issue is more problematic in Non-Latin languages especially Persian language. Access to an appropriate dataset that can be used in development of practical programs in language processing field, helps us to validate the obtained results and provide the feasibility for comparison and precise analysis of the research studies in this field. This paper presents the procedure for extracting a standard dataset in Persian language. This dataset can only be used for research studies in the field of word-sense disambiguation in Persian language. The required documents that include the ambiguous words of interest are collected by a crawling robot; then these words are processed and registered in Persian dataset for ambiguous words. In this research, three prevalent Persian ambiguous word are used for extracting appropriate phrases that included these words. Finally, a framework for creating the proper configuration for application in word-sense disambiguation problems is presented. By using of this method, we have a solution for absence of suitable word sense disambiguation corpus in Persian language.


We report on a study of the impact of mechanical stress on the electrical properties of InP-based avalanche photodiodes used in OC48 and OC192 10 Gb/s fiber-optic communication applications. The device structure under study consists of separate absorption, grading, charge and multiplication regions. A large population of devices, which were die bonded onto carriers using a range of epoxy and eutectic solder adhesives, has been subjected to accelerated life testing for >5000 h under high thermal and electrical overstress conditions. In addition, we have performed an analysis of the response of the current-voltage characteristics of the device to an external mechanical stress. The mechanical stress experiments give insight into variations in device performance that may arise if the die bonding process is not performed properly. Relaxation in device strain, due to thermally induced epoxy bond degradation, is shown to be a potential hazard, which can interfere with reliability assessment of the device. When these factors are controlled, the device lifetime exhibits the expected log-normal distribution, characterized by an exceptionally low wearout FIT rate.


The magical places that were brought to life for the blockbuster Harry Potter films make up the backbone of J.K. Rowling's wizarding world. This book grants a complete, unprecedented look at the process of adapting those locations for the films. Detailed profiles of each environment pair never-before-seen concept art, behind-the-scenes photos and film stills with text highlighting filmmaking secrets from the Warner Brothers archives.


Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) have revolutionized novel view synthesis for captured scenes, with recent methods allowing interactive free-viewpoint navigation and fast training for scene reconstruction. However, the implicit representations used by these methods—often including neural networks and complex encodings— make them difficult to edit. Some initial methods have been proposed, but they suffer from limited editing capabilities and/or from a lack of interactivity, and are thus unsuitable for interactive editing of captured scenes. We tackle both limitations and introduce NeRFshop, a novel end-to-end method that allows users to interactively select and deform objects through cage-based transformations. NeRFshop provides fine scribble-based user control for the selection of regions or objects to edit, semi-automatic cage creation, and interactive volumetric manipulation of scene content thanks to our GPU-friendly two-level interpolation scheme. Further, we introduce a preliminary approach that reduces potential resulting artifacts of these transformations with a volumetric membrane interpolation technique inspired by Poisson image editing and provide a process that "distills" the edits into a standalone NeRF representation.


A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in an Irish University among undergraduate students in 2012. A web questionnaire consisted of items related to HIV/AIDS knowledge, behaviour and attitudes was sent to all undergraduate students aged 18 years or above. Despite the fact that majority of students were aware about the transmission of HIV/AIDS, this study showed that students were less likely to translate their knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission into healthy behaviour. In addition, they engaged in risky sexual behaviour which increases the likelihood of acquiring HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.


BACKGROUND
During self-paced (SP) time trials (TTs), cyclists show unconscious nonrandom variations in power output of up to 10% above and below average. It is unknown what the effects of variations in power output of this magnitude are on physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual variables.

PURPOSE
To describe physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual responses of 10-km TTs with an imposed even-paced (EP) and variable-paced (VP) workload.

METHODS
Healthy male, trained, task-habituated cyclists (N = 9) completed three 10-km TTs. First, an SP TT was completed, the mean workload from which was used as the mean workload of the EP and VP TTs. The EP was performed with an imposed even workload, while VP was performed with imposed variations in workload of ±10% of the mean. In EP and VP, cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular, and perceptual variables were measured.

RESULTS
Mean rating of perceived exertion was significantly lower in VP (6.13 [1.16]) compared with EP (6.75 [1.24]), P = .014. No mean differences were found for cardiorespiratory and almost all neuromuscular variables. However, differences were found at individual kilometers corresponding to power-output differences between pacing strategies.

CONCLUSION
Variations in power output during TTs of ±10%, simulating natural variations in power output that are present during SP TTs, evoke minor changes in cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses and mostly affect the perceptual response. Rating of perceived exertion is lower when simulating natural variations in power output, compared with EP cycling. The imposed variations in workload seem to provide a psychological rather than a physiological or neuromuscular advantage.


This study ascertained the socioeconomic determinants of farmers' knowledge on soil and water conservation technologies in Dry zones of Central Highlands of Kenya involving 400 farming households. Results showed that the majority of the farmers had inadequate knowledge on the use and benefits of soil and water conservation technologies. The socio-economic factors that influence knowledge levels of the knowledge-intensive technologies were education level, gender, perceptions on soil fertility, farmer group membership, access to training, farm size, access to credit, number of livestock kept and access to farm equipment. This implies that there is the need to come up with an all-inclusive policy that can be employed in improving farmer's level of knowledge through the use of more innovative methods of information dissemination. This can be done by strengthening the existing farmer groups, enhancing extension services, and also formulating gender-friendly policies.


Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among hospitalised patients and under-recognised by providers and yet carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Electronic alerts for AKI have become more common despite a lack of strong evidence of their benefits. We designed a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of AKI alerts. Our aim is to highlight several challenges faced in the design of this trial, which uses electronic screening, enrolment, randomisation, intervention and data collection. Methods and analysis The design and implementation of an electronic alert system for AKI was a reiterative process involving several challenges and limitations set by the confines of the electronic medical record system. The trial will electronically identify and randomise 6030 adults with AKI at six hospitals over a 1.5–2 year period to usual care versus an electronic alert containing an AKI-specific order set. Our primary outcome will be a composite of AKI progression, inpatient dialysis and inpatient death within 14 days of randomisation. During a 1-month pilot in the medical intensive care unit of Yale New Haven Hospital, we have demonstrated feasibility of automating enrolment and data collection. Feedback from providers exposed to the alerts was used to continually improve alert clarity, user friendliness and alert specificity through refined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the appropriate ethics committees for each of our study sites. Our study qualified for a waiver of informed consent as it presents no more than minimal risk and cannot be feasibly conducted in the absence of a waiver. We are committed to open dissemination of our data through clinicaltrials.gov and submission of results to the NIH data sharing repository. Results of our trial will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration number NCT02753751; Pre-results.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the serum zinc level in patients with pneumonia.

METHODS
The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan, from September 2008 to February 2009. All patients above 12 years of age and of either gender who had been diagnosed with pneumonia were further evaluated for their serum zinc status.The data was analysed through SPSS 10.00, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULT
The mean age of the 118 patients in the study was 25.64 +/- 6.53 years. The mean serum zinc level was 8.279 +/- 2.77 mmol/L, while the mean serum zinc levels in patients having low and normal levels was 6.740 +/- 1.47 mmol/L and 13.243 +/- 1.52 mmol/L respectively (p<0.001). The serum zinc was low in 42 of the 72 (58%) males, and 35 of the 46 (76%) females (p<0.04). There was also significant difference between mean serum zinc level in male and female patients (p<0.03). Out of 77 (65%) hypozincaemic patients, 69 (90%) recovered, while 08 (10%) failed to recover) during their hospital stay (p<0.33). Of the 69 who recovered, 29 (42%) patients did so in less than 2 weeks, while 40 (58%) patients recovered in more than 02 weeks.

CONCLUSION
Serum zinc level was found to be low in patients with pneumonia.


An indolizidine alkaloid (swainsonine) was isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens. Swainsonine is a specific and potent inhibitor of alpha-mannosidase (EC 126.96.36.199) and when administered to animals produces a phenocopy of the genetically based lysosomal storage disease, mannosidosis. Evidence is presented to suggest that swainsonine is a reversible active site-directed inhibitor of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase.


A survey of tRNA genes and retroelements (Ty) in the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. Aspects of genomic organization and evolution of these genetic entities and their interplay are discussed. Attention is also given to the relationship between tRNA gene multiplicity and codon selection in yeast and the role of Ty elements.


Data from multiple prevalence surveys can provide information on common parameters of interest, which can therefore be estimated more precisely in a joint analysis than by separate analyses of the data from each survey. However, fitting a single model to the combined data from multiple surveys is inadvisable without testing the implicit assumption that all of the surveys are directed at the same inferential target. We propose a multivariate generalized linear geostatistical model that accommodates two sources of heterogeneity across surveys to correct for spatially structured bias in non‐randomized surveys and to allow for temporal variation in the underlying prevalence surface between consecutive survey periods. We describe a Monte Carlo maximum likelihood procedure for parameter estimation and show through simulation experiments how accounting for the different sources of heterogeneity among surveys in a joint model leads to more precise inferences. We describe an application to multiple surveys of the prevalence of malaria conducted in Chikhwawa District, Southern Malawi, and discuss how this approach could inform hybrid sampling strategies that combine data from randomized and non‐randomized surveys to make the most efficient use of all available data.


Abstract
Purpose
Although a need for innovative approaches to the strategic management of human resources (HR) has been identified, many firms continue to rely solely on their HR information systems instead of adapting to the digital consumer with innovative tools and digital HR management (d-HRM). This research aims to evaluate critically the degree of digital innovation of HR practices in the Irish hotel industry.

Methodology/approach
For this qualitative study, a total of 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with key personnel at both corporate and property level HR in the two largest Irish hotel groups.

Findings
Findings show an overall lack of technological innovation and most of the principal HR activities are digitalised to a very limited extent. In addition, the perception of the degree of digitalisation varies significantly between the managers in both organisations.

Practical and social implications
In order to attract digital natives and to increase their competitiveness within the sector, Irish hotel corporations will need to invest significantly in innovation within their HR departments to capitalise on the strategic and operational advantages of d-HRM. Thus, a more strategic approach towards HR innovation is needed.

Originality/value
This chapter operationalises the concept of HR innovation in the context of the hotel industry; it analyses the key HR activities in hotel operations with regard to the extent to which they are digitalised; and it develops a model of HR digitalisation that can be applied to the hotel and other industries. This research, therefore, contributes to the existing body of knowledge on HR innovation with a specific focus on the hotel industry.


We consider the product of determinantal point processes (DPPs), a point process whose probability mass is proportional to the product of principal minors of multiple matrices, as a natural, promising generalization of DPPs. We study the computational complexity of computing its normalizing constant, which is among the most essential probabilistic inference tasks. Our complexity-theoretic results (almost) rule out the existence of efficient algorithms for this task unless the input matrices are forced to have favorable structures. In particular, we prove the following: (1) Computing $\sum_S\det({\bf A}_{S,S})^p$ exactly for every (fixed) positive even integer $p$ is UP-hard and Mod$_3$P-hard, which gives a negative answer to an open question posed by Kulesza and Taskar. (2) $\sum_S\det({\bf A}_{S,S})\det({\bf B}_{S,S})\det({\bf C}_{S,S})$ is NP-hard to approximate within a factor of $2^{O(|I|^{1-\epsilon})}$ or $2^{O(n^{1/\epsilon})}$ for any $\epsilon>0$, where $|I|$ is the input size and $n$ is the order of the input matrix. This result is stronger than the #P-hardness for the case of two matrices derived by Gillenwater. (3) There exists a $k^{O(k)}n^{O(1)}$-time algorithm for computing $\sum_S\det({\bf A}_{S,S})\det({\bf B}_{S,S})$, where $k$ is the maximum rank of $\bf A$ and $\bf B$ or the treewidth of the graph formed by nonzero entries of $\bf A$ and $\bf B$. Such parameterized algorithms are said to be fixed-parameter tractable. These results can be extended to the fixed-size case. Further, we present two applications of fixed-parameter tractable algorithms given a matrix $\bf A$ of treewidth $w$: (4) We can compute a $2^{\frac{n}{2p-1}}$-approximation to $\sum_S\det({\bf A}_{S,S})^p$ for any fractional number $p>1$ in $w^{O(wp)}n^{O(1)}$ time. (5) We can find a $2^{\sqrt n}$-approximation to unconstrained MAP inference in $w^{O(w\sqrt n)}n^{O(1)}$ time.


Ly49G2 inhibitory receptor-bearing NK cells are essential to viral control in murine (M)CMV infected MA/My and MHC class I Dk-expressing C57L mice. In bone marrow chimeric (BMT) mice, highly effective NK cell-mediated viral control requires Dk expression in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Because Dk is a licensing ligand for Ly49G2, we reasoned that Dk expression in discrete cell lineages modulates NK responsiveness and viral control. To address the question, we generated additional BMT mice and measured the effect of Dk expression on NK effector competency and virus control. As expected, G2+ NK cells in Dk-transgenic (Dk-Tg) mice reconstituted with Dk-Tg bone marrow were fully licensed and conferred MCMV resistance. Conversely, in BMT recipients with Dk expression restricted to only hematopoietic or non-hematopoietic cells, G2+ NK cells displayed reduced activation receptor stimulation and significantly less viral control. These data demonstrate that NK cell licensing is regulated by MHC class I expression in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and this corresponds to the extent of G2+ NK cell-mediated viral control. Whereas recent data has shown that licensing of adoptively transferred mature NK cells is sensitive to MHC I expression on non-hematopoietic recipient cells, ongoing adoptive transfer experiments with Dk-Tg and non-Tg mature NK cells further examines the relationship between NK cell licensing and their capacity for viral control.


Bioassay-guided fractionation of the chloroform extract from the roots of Angelica sinensis led to isolation and characterization of (Z)-ligustilide using direct-bioautography with Colletotrichum species. The structure of (Z)-ligustilide was confirmed by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and GC/MS. (Z)-Ligustilide deterred the biting of two mosquito species more effectively than DEET. Three different A. sinensis accessions and one Angelica archangelica root oil were evauated by GC and GC/MS, and the dominant component in A. sinensis was 61-69% (Z)-ligustilide. Two other prominent compounds in A. sinensis oils were 5.7-9.8% (E)-3-butylidene phthalide and 1.5-2.3% (Z)-3-butylidene phthalide. The main constituents that comprised A. archangelica oil were monoterpene hydrocarbons such as 24.5% alpha-pinene, 13.8% delta-3-carene, 10.1% beta-phellandrene, 8.8% p-cymene, 8.4% limonene, and 6.3% sabinene. Phthalides and monoterpene hydrocarbons were determined to be good systematic markers or chemical fingerprints for A. sinensis and A. archangelica root oils. Chemical fingerprinting by GC/MS of A. sinensis also confirmed the misidentification of one A. archangelica sample sold in the Chinese market.


The April 3 Incident in the Island of Jeju marked one of the gravest human rights violations in Korean history involving a majority of victims who were non-politically motivated innocent civilians caught in the crossfire between the state, foreign actors, and a leftist political party and its armed affiliates. The violence, which continued from 1947 to 1954, resulted in the highest number of casualties, following that of the Korean War (1950-1953). Despite the gravity of the human rights violations, it was only after South Korea transitioned to a democracy and prosecuted two former heads of states that the state engaged in efforts to address the April 3 Incident. This study examines the Special Act for the Investigation of the Jeju April 3 Incident and Recovering the Honor of Victims (1999) and the National Committee for the Investigation of the Truth about the Jeju April 3 Events, which established the Jeju April 3 Commission (2000). Specifically, the study focuses on the status of state compliance with the list of recommendations and article provisions from the Special Act and the National Committee, which included policies for truth-seeking, reparations, and accountability measures for the state. The article finds that while on truth-seeking and symbolic reparations the state reflected a good record of complying with the recommendations, on financial and medical reparations, and criminal accountability measures, the state was relatively less proactive in compliance. The selective level of compliance from the state provides some insight as to the state's respect for these policies and the possible conditions that may have resulted in the differences of state behavior.


Mismatch is a prominent concept in evolutionary medicine and a number of philosophers have published analyses of this concept. The word 'mismatch' has been used in a diversity of ways across a range of sciences, leading these authors to regard it as a vague concept in need of philosophical clarification. Here, in contrast, we concentrate on the use of mismatch in modelling and experimentation in evolutionary medicine. This reveals a rigorous theory of mismatch within which the term 'mismatch' is indeed used in several ways, not because it is ill-defined but because different forms of mismatch are.distinguished within the theory. Contemporary evolutionary medicine has unified the idea of 'evolutionary mismatch', derived from the older idea of 'adaptive lag' in evolution, with ideas about mismatch in development and physiology derived from the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm. A number of publications in evolutionary medicine have tried to make this theoretical framework explicit. We build on these to present the theory in as simple and general a form as possible. We introduce terminology, largely drawn from the existing literature, to distinguish the different forms of mismatch. This integrative theory of mismatch captures how organisms track environments across space and time on multiple scales in order to maintain an adaptive match to the environment, and how failures of adaptive tracking lead to disease. Mismatch is a productive organising concept within this theory which helps researchers articulate how physiology, development and evolution interact with one another and with environmental change to explain health outcomes.


The linear complementarity problem, LCP(q,M), is defined as follows. For given M,q find z such that q+Mz>=0, z>=0, z(q + M z)=0,or certify that there is no such z. It is well known that the problem of finding a Nash equilibrium for a bimatrix game (2-NASH) can be formulated as a linear complementarity problem (LCP). In addition, 2-NASH is known to be complete in the complexity class PPAD (Polynomial-time Parity Argument Directed). However, the ingeniously constructed reduction (which is designed for any PPAD problem) is very complicated, so while of great theoretical significance, it is not practical for actually solving an LCP via 2-NASH, and it may not provide the potential insight that can be gained from studying the game obtained from a problem formulated as an LCP (e.g. market equilibrium). The main goal of this paper is the construction of a simple explicit reduction of any LCP(q,M) that can be verified as belonging to PPAD via the graph induced by the generic Lemke algorithm with some positive covering vector d, to a symmetric 2-NASH. In particular, any endpoint of this graph (with the exception of the initial point of the algorithm) corresponds to either a solution or to a so-called secondary ray. Thus, an LCP problem is verified as belonging to PPAD if any secondary ray can be used to construct, in polynomial time, a certificate that there is no solution to the problem. We achieve our goal by showing that for any M,q and a positive d satisfying a certain nondegeneracy assumption with respect to M, we can simply and directly construct a symmetric 2-NASH whose Nash equilibria correspond one-to-one to the end points of the graph induced by LCP(q,M) and the Lemke algorithm with a covering vector d. We note that for a given M the reduction works for all positive d with the exception of a subset of measure 0.


The morphology and optoelectronic properties of perovskite films are the key to high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a facile non-destructive interface ethanol/chlorobenzene (EtOH/CB) post treatment was established for the lateral grain growth of MAPbI3 perovskite films and fabrication of efficient solar cells. The alcoholic treatment leads to perovskite grain coarsening and a secondary growth in the average grain size from 38.88 μm to 89.59 μm. The enlargement of the perovskite crystals induced a notable defect passivation and attenuated charge recombination centers as confirmed by photoluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and photocharge extraction by a linearly-increasing voltage. Accordingly, inverted planar PSC devices showed an 18% enhancement in the overall power conversion efficiency using this alcoholic post-treatment under ambient fabrication conditions. Our results demonstrate a versatile strategy for the lateral growth of perovskite photovoltaics and beyond.


The development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) requires an ability to accurately predict the flow rates and temperatures of the production wells. While simple in concept, EGS is complicated by the heterogeneity and complexity of fracture pathways that can lead to channeling, short-circuiting, and premature thermal breakthrough. The EGS Collab project will establish a suite of intermediate-scale (~10-20 m) field test beds coupled with stimulation and interwell flow tests that will provide a basis to better understand the fracture geometries and processes that control heat transfer between rock and stimulated fractures. As such, the EGS Collab experiments will provide a relatively inexpensive means of testing tools and concepts that could later be employed under geothermal reservoir conditions at FORGE. Our tests will be well-controlled, in situ experiments focused on rock fracture behavior and permeability enhancement. Pre- and post-test modeling of each test will allow for model prediction and validation. Comprehensive instrumentation will be used to collect high-quality and high-resolution geophysical and other fracture characterization and fluid flow data, and these data will be analyzed and compared with models and field observations to further elucidate the basic relationships between stress, induced seismicity, and permeability enhancement. To the maximum extent achievable, we will observe and quantify other key governing parameters that impact permeability, and attempt to understand how these parameters might change throughout the development and operation of an EGS project with the goal of enabling commercial viability of EGS. Evaluation of site criteria led the team to choose the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in South Dakota as the EGS Collab project experimental site. Our team is well underway with designing the first field experiment planned for this project, which is supported by the US Department of Energy's Geothermal Technologies Office.


Otherwise known as Black Rock City, Burning Man is an artistic event, that, mounted annually in Nevada's Black Rock Desert, has become the inspiration for a global cultural movement. While it has been the subject of considerable attention from ethnographers and sociologists, Burning Man has persistently resisted classification. In this article, I undertake a tentative approach to Burning Man via a concept integral to Maffesoli's postmodern social philosophy popular within Anglophone sociology: the neo-tribe. Ethnographic attention to Burning Man illustrates spectacular aspects of neo-tribalism. It is cyclical, immediate, sensual, enchanted, collaborative and offers multiple sites of belonging for participants, many of whom will self-identify as 'tribal' or 'neo-tribal'. And yet Burning Man is also demonstrative of an optimising modernist 'project' complicating, if not incongruent with, postmodern tribalism. With Black Rock City theme camps, art projects and build teams echoing a design-orientated maker culture, and an organisation – the Burning Man Project – dedicated to propagating and scaling (making) the ethical, civic and progressive dimensions of this culture, this article demonstrates the paradoxical proclivities of Burning Man's tribal character. The objective of the article is to forge a fuller understanding of Burning Man and other 'transformational' events illustrative of an alternative tribalism, and to explore ways the phenomenon both approximates and deviates from Maffesoli's thesis.


The objective of the chapter is to explore the importance of knowledge sharing in the banking management along with organizational culture. To meet the objective of the study, a framework is proposed with knowledge sharing (KS) that is expected to be influenced by organizational culture (OS). OS itself is contributed by uncertainty avoidance, performance orientation, and gender egalitarianism.


Calcium phosphate films were coated on commercially pure titanium substrates by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering using β-tricalcium phosphate targets. The films consisted of amorphous calcium phosphate and oxyapatite phases. Immersion tests of the films were carried out in Hanks' solution and PBS(-), and apatite formation and calcium ion elution from the films were investigated. The titanium cylinders coated with calcium phosphate films were implanted into the mandibles of beagle dogs. These results suggest that coating with calcium phosphate improves the biocompatibility of titanium implants with bone tissue.


Effects of ultraviolet-C radiation on symmetry and morphoanatomy of Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz et. Pav) Mez. (Myrsinaceae) leaves. This study analyzed the effects of UV-C radiation on the development of Rapanea ferruginea leaves. Young plants were selected at six months of age, previously identifying the leaves that had already differentiated on the 3 rd , 4 th , 6 th 8 th and 9 th nodes. After the selection, the plants were divided into three groups and subjected to UV-C radiation for 30, 60 or 120 minutes. The anatomic study was made by using usual techniques of cut and coloration. The morphometric analyses were made by determining three points on the midvein of the leaf, measuring from left (L) and right (R) borders to each of those points. The symmetry deviations, maximum length and width of the limb were measured and the values were submitted to Anova and the Tukey-test (p < 0.05). The responses of R. ferruginea to the UV-C were expressed by variations in the symmetry as well as morphoanatomic injuries, mainly in the palisade parenchyma and mesophyll. The differentiation of leaves did not follow a morphometric pattern, characterizing no directional asymmetry, i.e., fluctuating asymmetry. This study emphasizes the importance of multiscale observations for the determination of plant responses under stress, since several leaves showed anatomic injuries but no morphologic injuries.


For several months, electricity prices in the European Union (EU) have been at sustained and unprecedentedly high levels. This situation has caused national governments to introduce temporary measures aimed at limiting the increase in end-user electricity bills. A number of governments argue that this situation calls for a wider reform of electricity markets in the EU — beyond the mere introduction of temporary measures. Their central message is that the price paid for electricity by consumers shall be linked to the average cost of generation, instead of being set by the marginal generation technology (often gas-fired plants) as it is today. It is, however, unclear how governments plan to reach this objective without overhauling the fundamentals of electricity market design and without affecting the power system efficiency both in the short run and long run. Thus, we start by reporting, interpreting, and assessing what has been publicly said about the need for a wider electricity market reform. Then, we review the measures that have actually been introduced by Member States. We particularly discuss and criticize the two kinds of national measures that have been implemented but go beyond the European Commission (EC)'s recommendations: taxing of (alleged) windfall profits and mandating auctions for bilateral contracts. We also discuss two other potential measures that have been brought up in many of the conversations held over the last weeks and thus might be pursued, but which we do not consider as efficient approaches either: volume-restricted auctions for renewable energy source (RES) and negotiated long-term contracts on behalf of consumers. Finally, we develop policy and regulatory recommendations. We start by supporting the measures proposed by the EC: the introduction or extension of energy poverty measures, the reduction of taxes and levies in the bill, and the acceleration of RES deployment. However, since the economic and sociopolitical situation is diverse across the EU, we explore alternatives for the Member States in which those measures are considered insufficient or even infeasible. We suggest that regulators could design and run auctions to purchase a long-term financial product on behalf of selected tranches of end users (deemed unable to withstand periods of sustained high prices). This would account for the fact that many financial instruments that might improve efficiency does not currently exist. The goal of this financial derivative, that we call "stability options", is to fulfil the objective of hedging those tranches of end users from extreme and long-lasting price shocks (keeping the monthly bills within acceptable limits), while respecting the basic market competition rules, avoiding any distortion of the short-term market price signal, and more importantly, without hurting the regulatory credibility of the European internal market. 1 Also with the Florence School of Regulation, European University Institute and Comillas Pontifical University, Spain. 2 Also with the Florence School of Regulation, European University Institute.


Although there is growing awareness in the development field of the need to better assess fragile states and customise policies to their particular needs, there has been limited progress in these areas. The new Country Fragility Assessment Framework, which systematically examines the societal and institutional sources of fragility, can help decision-makers make more precise diagnoses and better target interventions. It builds on the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States, but offers a more comprehensive framework to assess the forces that can drive a society together or apart. It does this by analysing 12 societal and institutional sources of fragility. The combination of poor social cohesion and poor institutionalisation yields a vicious cycle as instability and underdevelopment feed each other. Social divisions hamper efforts to improve governance and foster economic opportunity, which in turn create discontent and a zero-sum struggle for power and resources. As such, change must target one of these two elements. Even though the framework does not directly provide solutions, it can be used to suggest policy options that are most likely to work, or at least rule out some that will surely fail.


Diamond wire saw is the leading technology for use in cutting hard brittle material. Its smaller kerf and faster cutting time make it replacing the conventional slurry technology for those materials. Turned over the traditional router, this paper presents a novel approach that replaces the typical metallic core with a nonmetallic core, for manufacturing of ultraviolet curing resin fixed-abrasive diamond wire saw (DWS). The experiments show that the diamond wire saw made by this manufacturing method can obtain a good performance as well as taking many other advantages.


State-of-the-art Machine Translation (MT) systems are still far from being perfect. An alternative is the so-called Interactive Machine Translation (IMT) framework. In this framework, the knowledge of a human translator is combined with a MT system. The vast majority of the existing work on IMT makes use of the well-known batch learning paradigm. In the batch learning paradigm, the training of the IMT system and the interactive translation process are carried out in separate stages. This paradigm is not able to take advantage of the new knowledge produced by the user of the IMT system. In this paper, we present an application of the online learning paradigm to the IMT framework. In the online learning paradigm, the training and prediction stages are no longer separated. This feature is particularly useful in IMT since it allows the user feedback to be taken into account. The online learning techniques proposed here incrementally update the statistical models involved in the translation process. Empirical results show the great potential of online learning in the IMT framework.


A field experiment was conducted in one of gypsum soil private farm in Al-Dour district during autumn season 2019. The study aims to show the effect spray potassium concentration of 0, 2000, 4000, 6000 mg l-1 on growth characters and NPK percentage in popcorn plants var Noor. The experiment was applied by using RCBD with three replicates. The results showed that corn plants which sprayed with 6000 mg l-1 gave the highest significant values in plant height 148.06 cm , leave area 4396.3 cm2, leave area index 4.47, leaves number 14.4, plant dry weight 134 g, NAR 0.001789 g cm-2 day-1, CGR 0.002275 gm day-1 and percentage of K, N, and P of 3.591, 1.9, and 0.424% respectively. There was no significant different between 4000 and 6000 mg l-1 treatments in all studied characters. Therefore the spraying of 4000 mg l-1 was useful to improve growth characters and popcorn plant content of NPK.


In the process of deep tunnel excavation, the surrounding rock mass, which often endures high initial geo-stress, is in the state of typical unloading. As the adjustment of stress induced by excavation, rock mass behaves a peculiar kind of mechanical deformation characteristics, different from those in loading conditions. As thus, a series of representative unloading tests on hard granite from DaGangShan power station in China, which is being excavation at 1500 meters deep below earth surface, are carried out to simulate dynamically excavation process for studying the peculiar mechanical deformation characteristics. On the basis of unloading tests, a series of research results are acquired as follows: (1) Under unloading condition, lateral deformation occurs in the unloading direction and volumetric strain changes from compression deformation to dilation deformation. (2) Under unloading condition, hard granites behave brittle failure and Mogi-coulomb criterion can well describe the failure characteristics. (3) According to curves of unloading tests, the constitutive model is deduced for simulation analysis.


We develop a model that endogenizes dynamic financing, investment, and cash retention/payout policies in order to analyze the effect of financial flexibility on firm value. We show that the value of financing flexibility depends on the costs of external financing, the level of corporate and personal tax rates that determine the effective cost of holding cash, the firm's growth potential and maturity, and the reversibility of capital. Through simulations, we demonstrate that firms facing financing frictions should simultaneously borrow and lend, and we examine the nature of dynamic debt and liquidity policies and the value associated with corporate liquidity.


Determination of stage-discharge relationships in natural rivers is extremely important in flood control projects. The importance of rating curves in rivers and the difficulty of its establishment show the need for simpler and more precise methods. Determination of rating curves in compound channels, especially with composite roughness, has proved to be difficult because of significant variations in hydraulic parameters from the main channel to the floodplains. In the current paper, a new approach that is based on the concept of the cross-sectional isovel contours is introduced for estimation of the stage-discharge curves in compound channels. The multivariate Newton's method is applied to the difference between the observed and estimated data to optimize the exponent values of the governing parameters. The proposed method is verified by comparing predictions obtained by using it with some experimental datasets. For compound channels with composite roughness, the stage-discharge curves obtained by the proposed method are more accurate than those obtained by using available conventional methods.


Phytochemical analysis of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaves of Tilkor was carried out. These extracts exhibited satisfactory inhibitory activities against bacteria and fungi strains, which include; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer. Methanol extract of Tilkor possesses antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH free radical with IC50 of 187.58 μg/mL, using DPPH antioxidant assay. GC-MS analysis of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the plant principally revealed the presence of phytol, ethyl hexadecanoate and clionasterol with their corresponding percentage abundance of 57.76%, 18.34% and 9.78%, respectively.


Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the cutaneous vascular territories of the circumflex scapular artery and the areas supplied by perforators from neighboring anatomical vascular territories, and also to define the safety limits of circumflex scapular artery–based flaps by means of fresh cadaver injection studies. Methods: A total of 15 dorsal thoraxes from eight fresh cadavers were used in this study. After saline irrigation, contrast medium was injected into the subclavian artery of each specimen. Each full-thickness specimen of the posterior hemithorax was then radiographed to characterize vascular networks. Results: The primary zone of the circumflex scapular artery was calculated to be 93.8 ± 16.1 cm2, which occupies a region smaller than that of the scapula. However, by capturing the secondary zone, which was composed of the territories supplied by adjacent perforators of the thoracodorsal artery, the dorsal intercostal artery, and the transverse cervical artery, potential flap survival dimensions extended beyond the scapular region. In fact, the potential zone was increased to 307.7 7 ± 55.3 cm2, which extended beyond the scapular spine, the inferior angle of the scapula, the posterior axillary line, and close to the midline of the back. Conclusions: The circumflex scapular artery is an appropriate source for harvesting a large fascial and fasciocutaneous flap based on a single perforating vessel. Surgeons should understand the limits of the circumflex scapular artery–based flap to make best use of it.


Dyspnea is a frequent focus of palliative care, which nurses can better address using the skills of comprehensive assessment and an updated knowledge base about appropriate medical, pharmaceutical, and nonpharmaceutical interventions. A solid clinical foundation about dyspnea allows clinicians to establish an effective plan of care. This column features two clinical case studies, which review clinical assessment in palliative care and appropriate targeted treatment strategies and interventions.


In present study nickel catalyzed synthesis of N-(aryl) substituted p-toluene sulphonamides is reported. The intermediate 4-methylbenzenesulphonamide (2) was obtained by the reaction between p-toluene sulphonyl chloride and ammonium hydroxide. Various readily available aryl halides (3a-e) Substituted p-toluene sulphonamides (4a-e) were obtained by coupling 4-methylbenezenesulphonamide (2) with via Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction. Chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-1R), proton and carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) and mass spectroscopy. The new compounds were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhi, candida albicans and Aspergillusniger using agar diffusion technique. Some of the compounds showed higher activity when compared with the standards ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole). The sulphonamides were further screened for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, Ferrous sulphate lipid per oxidation and Ferric reducing antioxidant power and the compound showed good antioxidant activity. Tests such as acute toxicity, liver function and kidney function was also carried out on the synthesized compounds.


For many private investors, tax efficiency is often addressed by employing investment managers with low portfolio turnover or by incorporating a "tax efficient core" as part of a more diversified portfolio. In this paper, the author suggests that there are situations where the pursuit of tax efficiency can and should take place outside of an investor's core portfolio. His proposed solution, ironically, relies on hedge funds, which are notoriously known as tax inefficient investment strategies. He maintains that certain types of hedge funds—when managed appropriately—can be excellent vehicles for increasing the tax efficiency of a portfolio.


Conventional resolution enhancement techniques (RET) are becoming increasingly inadequate at addressing the challenges of subwavelength lithography. In particular, features show high sensitivity to process variation in low-k1 lithography. Process variation aware RETs such as process-window OPC are becoming increasingly important to guarantee high lithographic yield, but such techniques suffer from high runtime impact. An alternative to PWOPC is to perform retargeting, which is a rule-assisted modification of target layout shapes to improve their process window. However, rule-based retargeting is not a scalable technique since rules cannot cover the entire search space of two-dimensional shape configurations, especially with technology scaling. In this paper, we propose to integrate the processes of retargeting and optical proximity correction (OPC). We utilize the normalized image log slope (NILS) metric, which is available at no extra computational cost during OPC. We use NILS to guide dynamic target modification between iterations of OPC. We utilize the NILS tagging capabilities of Calibre TCL scripting to identify fragments with low NILS. We then perform NILS binning to assign different magnitude of retargeting to different NILS bins. NILS is determined both for width, to identify regions of pinching, and space, to locate regions of potential bridging. We develop an integrated flow for 1x metal lines (M1) which exhibits lesser lithographic hotspots compared to a flow with just OPC and no retargeting. We also observe cases where hotspots that existed in the rule-based retargeting flow are fixed using our methodology. We finally also demonstrate that such a retargeting methodology does not significantly alter design properties by electrically simulating a latch layout before and after retargeting. We observe less than 1% impact on latch Clk-Q and D-Q delays post-retargeting, which makes this methodology an attractive one for use in improving shape process windows without perturbing designed values.


Physical exercise is becoming an accepted part of therapy for many patients with cancer. Exercise may alleviate patients' fatigue and improve physical performance and psychological outlook. Much of the research is limited to women with breast cancer and excludes patients with bone metastases. This article reports on the authors' work in facilitating exercise adherence for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and bone lesions while they were enrolled in a feasibility/pilot exercise study as they were receiving treatment for their disease in an outpatient treatment program. The exercise program for these patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation consisted of aerobic and strength-building components. The program was home based, and patients performed exercises without direct supervision. On average, the patients completed the six-month exercise prescription 75% of the time. Overall trends showed that all 14 patients in the exercise group improved in several areas of testing, and the test results of all 10 patients in the usual-care group declined. Flexibility and simplicity are essential when designing exercise programs for patients, and encouragement and support also are needed to help patients adhere to prescribed exercise.


G technology especially LTE relaying and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) are widely accepted techniques in downlink. To obtain ubiquitous coverage with high data rate to user terminals even in difficult channel conditions (e.g. cell edge) a centralized RRM algorithm has been proposed for cellular fixed relay networks in downlink OFDMA. The proposed method provides the fairness for user with minimal impact on network throughput. The average user throughput has been calculated for various bit error rate in this method. This method is queue aware and jointly performs three functions namely dynamic routing, fair scheduling and load balancing among cell nodes. This method is different from others because of its low level of complexity. Interference is analyzed between CDMA - DS base station and OFDMA base station. Additional isolation required and path losses are calculated when the two stations are not co-sited. KeywordsCDMA-DS, RRM, relaying, routing, scheduling, load balancing, Additional isolation, path loss.


There is no question about the negative effects of child sexual abuse. Freud's seduction theory asserts that psychoneuroses in adults are caused by reactivation of forgotten recollections of gross sexual abuse (involving the genitals) that had taken place prior to the age of 8 to 10 years. His contribution consisted in the discovery of specific events, prior to puberty, which were indispensable to the formation of psychoneuroses. If an adult patient recalled an infantile sexual experience, Freud assumed the interference of a pervert: a child was sexually innocent unless it had been traumatized. But Freud's technique of clinical exploration had not attained adequate reliability and was not immune to prejudices. Freud himself dropped his mechanical, static theory that presupposed a single type of accidentally occurring trauma prior to puberty, allowing him to develop his new drive and fantasy theory.


As an alternative to the conventional intact stability criterion for floating offshore structures, known as the area-ratio-based criterion, the dynamic-response-based intact stability criteria was initially developed in the 1980s for column-stabilized drilling units and later extended to the design of floating production installations (FPIs). Both the area-ratio-based and dynamic-response-based intact stability criteria have recently been adopted for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs).In the traditional area-ratio-based criterion, the stability calculation is quasi-static in nature, with the contribution from external forces other than steady wind loads and FOWT dynamic responses captured through a safety factor. Furthermore, the peak wind overturning moment of FOWTs may not coincide with the extreme storm wind speed normally prescribed in the area-ratio-based criterion, but rather at the much smaller rated wind speed in the power production mode. With these two factors considered, the dynamic-response-based intact stability criterion is desirable for FOWTs to account for their unique dynamic responses and the impact of various operating conditions.This paper demonstrates the implementation of a FOWT intact stability assessment using the dynamic-response-based criterion. Performance-based criteria require observed behavior or quantifiable metrics as input for the method to be applied. This is demonstrated by defining the governing load cases for two conceptual FOWT semisubmersible designs at two sites. This work introduces benchmarks comparing the area-ratio-based and dynamic-response-based criteria, gaps with current methodologies, and frontier areas related to the wind overturning moment definition.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


This project has three key aims. The primary aim is to investigate the role of informal community resources in promoting stable housing outcomes and enhancing social inclusion for young people recovering from a mental illness. The second aim is to identify the neighbourhood factors that potentially moderate the risk of homelessness for youth in recovery. The third aim is to explore how housing policy interventions can strengthen the array of informal community resources available to support stable housing for youth in recovery. To achieve these aims, research will be conducted in two sites, Melbourne and Launceston, in two phases. The first phase will involve the recruitment of a sample of youth aged 18–30 and recovering from a mental illness. Up to 20 youth will be recruited in each site, including a mix of homeless youth, youth currently living in supported accommodation and youth living independently. This phase will employ a range of innovative qualitative methods to identify the various informal resources available in young people's communities to facilitate the transition to independent housing while promoting recovery and social inclusion. The second research phase will involve focus groups in Melbourne and Launceston with housing policy-makers, practitioners and service providers. These sessions will explore how the informal resources identified in phase one might be mobilised in the design of novel, place-based, housing and social inclusion initiatives for youth recovering from a mental illness.