A histochemical method for demonstration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenation by tissues is described. The method utilizes Nitro BT as an indicator, glyceraldehyde-3phosphate obtained from hydrolysis of commercially obtainable glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate diethylacetal (monobarium salt) as substrate, and (ethylenediamine)tetraacetic acid acid disodium as an activating agent in a medium buffered to pH 7.2 by 0.2 g sodium phosphate. The heat lability, substrate and coenzyme specificity, and sulfhydryl and phosphate dependence of the tissue component catalyzing this reaction indicate that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is being demonstrated. The disparity between the known pH optimum of this enzyme and that determined histochemically, and the anomalous histochemical localization to mitochondria of this enzyme which has been found in the soluble fraction by differential centrifugation, are thought to result from the diaphorase dependence of the tetrazolium methods and to emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of histochemically determined intracellular localization of dehydrogenating enzymes. The evidence gathered by previous workers concerning the feasibility of demonstrating specific dehydrogenases with Nitro BT, and the correspondence of the distribution of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase determined histochemically with available quantitative data, suggest that at the cellular level the histochemical results accurately reflect the distribution of this enzyme. The synthesis of Nitro BT (2,2~-di-p-nitrophenyl5,5 p - diphenyl - 3,3 r - (3,3' - dimethoxy - 4,¥ biphenylene)ditetrazolium chloride) (21) and its


When factorized approximations are used for variational inference (VI), they tend to underestimate the uncertainty -- as measured in various ways -- of the distributions they are meant to approximate. We consider two popular ways to measure the uncertainty deficit of VI: (i) the degree to which it underestimates the componentwise variance, and (ii) the degree to which it underestimates the entropy. To better understand these effects, and the relationship between them, we examine an informative setting where they can be explicitly (and elegantly) analyzed: the approximation of a Gaussian,~$p$, with a dense covariance matrix, by a Gaussian,~$q$, with a diagonal covariance matrix. We prove that $q$ always underestimates both the componentwise variance and the entropy of $p$, \textit{though not necessarily to the same degree}. Moreover we demonstrate that the entropy of $q$ is determined by the trade-off of two competing forces: it is decreased by the shrinkage of its componentwise variances (our first measure of uncertainty) but it is increased by the factorized approximation which delinks the nodes in the graphical model of $p$. We study various manifestations of this trade-off, notably one where, as the dimension of the problem grows, the per-component entropy gap between $p$ and $q$ becomes vanishingly small even though $q$ underestimates every componentwise variance by a constant multiplicative factor. We also use the shrinkage-delinkage trade-off to bound the entropy gap in terms of the problem dimension and the condition number of the correlation matrix of $p$. Finally we present empirical results on both Gaussian and non-Gaussian targets, the former to validate our analysis and the latter to explore its limitations.


Without doubt, 2014 was the year of Matteo Renzi. Since winning the leadership of his own party at the end of 2013 and becoming prime minister in February 2014, the young Florentine politician has imparted a decisive change of pace to the endless debates over institutional and policy reforms in Italy. The government has tackled reform of the Senate, the electoral law, and state bureaucracy and has issued measures to address the economic crisis and unemployment. These vital matters have formed the heart of the government's agenda, but that agenda has sometimes seemed to involve "government by press release" and belated recognition of important facts, making overall evaluation of the Renzi government difficult. Thanks to the contributions of international and Italian academics, this volume offers a detailed analysis of the "Year of the Bulldozer," highlighting the key developments that have affected Italian politics and institutions and Italian society in its broadest sense.


A channel estimation technique has been proposed with the least square (LS) based on comb-type pilots for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). An interpolator should be used to obtain the channel information between adjacent pilots for a comb-type pattern. However, an interpolation method causes additional errors due to the interpolation properties of not detecting long delayed paths and generating fictitious paths, OFDM has its strength in realistic possibility of constructing the single frequency network (SFN). However, synchronization and channel estimation errors are revealed by multi-path fading with long delayed paths in SFN channels. We propose a robust channel estimator overcoming the adverse effects of long delayed signals in SFNs. A new channel estimator is proposed with the interpolated LS by applying phase shifted samples in the frequency-domain. In particular, the proposed channel estimator is more robust to the single frequency network (SFN) whenever the delay spread is less than the cyclic prefix length. For a Rayleigh channel, the proposed estimator has an almost 3 dB gain comparing to conventional estimator


Idha Dwi Prasetyo. 2011. A Comparative Analysis of Appraisal between
Editorial and Opinion Column Exposing Ahmadiyah Issue Published on The
Jakarta Globe and The Jakarta Post Websites (A Study Based on Systemic
Functional Linguistics). English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts,
Sebelas Maret University.

This research explored the appraisal system in the editorial and opinion
column exposing issue of Ahmadiyah, taken from Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post
Websites. There were four texts that were analyzed. They were four texts of editorial
and opinion taken from The Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites. These texts
were analyzed using Appraisal Theory. Appraisal theory is concerned with attitude,
graduation, and engagement. The objectives of this thesis were to find out the
atttudes applied in those texts; the influence of the attitudes toward the texts; the
similarities and differences of the texts; and why they were applied, including the
ideology.
This was a descriptive qualitative research. The technique used in this
research was total sampling since all data containing appraising items become the
data of this research. There were two data in this research. The primary data was
taken from the four analyzed texts and the secondary were the information of media
Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post, as well as the information of the writer taken from
other news related to the Ahmadiyah news.
The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, jugdment, and
appreciation) are applied in the texts. From the analysis, there are two kinds of
attiudes applied dominantly in the texts, they are Judgement and Appreciation with
positive and negative attitudes. The engagement is mostly monogloss, and the moslty
graduation is force. The employment of attitudes influence the texts in term of
prosody, ideology and also genre. Hortatory exposition is laid in editorial published
on Jakarta Globe Website; analytical exposition is laid in editorial from Jakarta Post
Website, while discussion genre is employed in opinion texts published on Jakarta
Globe and Jakarta Post Website.
The appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that the
writer wants to convey. The ideologies are Left antagonist for editorial text from
Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites and right protagonist for opinion texts from
Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites. From the analysis, the ideology of the
media and the writer become an important one to influence the ideology of the texts.
Both of media Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post tend to be negative in its editorials
because the media wants to put its contradictory position toward the issue of violence
attack and religious persecution toward Ahmadiyah. Meanwhile, opinion text is
written individually. Therefore, the story or background of the writer may influence
the ideology of the texts. In this case, both writers tend to give positive evaluation
toward the issue of Ahmadiyah. Based on the sources, both of them really have


Objectives Sales of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) and beverages are rising in low-income and middle-income countries. Such foods are often linked with weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension—diseases that are on the rise in India. This paper analysed patterns in purchases of processed and UPF by urban Indian households. Setting Panel data from Kantar —Worldpanel Division, India for 2013 and 2016. Participants 58 878 urban Indian households. Methods We used K-mean partition clustering and multivariate regression to analyse patterns in processed food (PF) and UPF purchase for urban India. Results Three-quarters of urban Indian households purchased over ten PF groups. Mean per person annual PF purchase was 150 kg. UPF purchase was low at 6.4 kg in 2016 but had grown by 6% since 2013. Cluster analysis identified three patterns of consumption, characterised by low (54% of the households in 2016), medium (36%) and high (10%) PF purchase quantities. High cluster households purchased over three times as much PFs and UPF as the low cluster households. Notably, salt purchases were persistently high across clusters in both years (>3.3 kg), while sweet snack and ready-to-eat food purchases grew consistently in all clusters between 2013 and 2016. A positive and significant association was found between household purchases of UPF and their socioeconomic status as well as ownership of durables, such as refrigerator, colour television and washing machine (all p<0.001). Spatial characteristics including size of town (p<0.05) in which the household is located were also positively associated with the purchase of UPF. Conclusion Results suggest the need for tailored regional and city level interventions to curb the low but growing purchase of UPF. New data on obesity and rise of non-communicable diseases, the results are concerning given the links between lifestyle changes and the speed of urbanisation in Indian cities.


Our previous studies have shown that the two coronarodilatatory hypothalamic proteins isolated by us are not only carriers for neurohormones "K" and "C" but also procursors of coronarodilatory substances. In the present study we have looked at some physico-chemical properties of these proteins through isoelectric focusing and gel electrophoresis as well as the possibility of obtaining coronaroactive fragments by proteolytic enzymes. The results obtained have shown that the isoelectric points of the coronaroactive proteins are between pH 6.2 and 6.4. Polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis has shown that one of the coronaroactive proteins, the carrier of neurohormone "C", moves towards the anode and is homogenous while carrier of neurohormone "K" is made up of two protein fractions. Under the action of certain enzymes (trypsin and pepsin) two coronaroactive fragments are obtained from the "neutral" protein carrier. Such an effect is not observed following the action of pronase and chymotrypsin. The physico-chemical properties of these fragments require further studies.


ABSTRACT Estimates of the effect of foetal health shocks may suffer from survivorship bias. The foetal origins literature seemingly agrees that survivorship bias is innocuous in the sense that it induces a bias towards zero. Arguably, however, selective mortality can imply a bias away from zero. In the case of the 1918 flu pandemic, a suppressed immune system may have been protective against the most severe consequences of infection. We use historical birth records from the maternity hospital of Bern, Switzerland, to evaluate this possibility. Our results suggest that a careful consideration of survivorship bias is imperative for the evaluation of the 1918 flu pandemic and other foetal health shocks.


The atmospheric effects of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over and near western boundary currents are a matter of renewed interest. The general circulation model (GCM) of the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD-Z) has a zooming capability that allows a regionally increased resolution. This GCM is used to analyze the impact of a sharp SST front in the North Atlantic Ocean: two simulations are compared, one with climatological SSTs and the other with an enhanced Gulf Stream front. The results corroborate the theory developed previously by the present team to explain the impact of oceanic fronts. In this theory, the vertical velocity at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer has two components: mechanical and thermal. It is the latter that is dominant in the tropics, while in midlatitudes both play a role in determining the wind convergence above the boundary layer. The strengthened SST front does generate the previously predicted stronger ascent above the warmer water south of the front and stronger descent above the colder waters to the north. In the GCM simulations, the ascent over the warm anomalies is deeper and more intense than the descent.


Millions of child labourers worldwide, especially those engaged in hazardous work, face grave health risks that have been systematically under-reported, says a study.

Children are more likely to be killed or injured at work than adults, says the report by the International Labour Organization (ILO), launched on 1 June at its annual ministerial conference. Children are at risk of health problems ranging from lung damage and cancers to premature arthritis through exposure to extreme toxic chemicals, harsh settings, and repetitive tasks.

The ILO's director general, Juan Somavia, called for joint action by governments, employers, and workers to protect children. "Tackling work that jeopardises the safety, health, or morals of children must be a common and urgent priority," he said.

The report highlights the high proportion of children still involved in hazardous work: about 115 million of the world's estimated 215 million child labourers. In …


A three-story school supported by shallow foundations was affected by an adjacent 12.2-m-deep excavation in soft clay in which the excavation support system was a 0.9-m-wide secant pile wall braced by both cross-lot struts and tiebacks. The school is a reinforced concrete frame structure with exterior reinforced concrete foundation walls. This paper summarizes the conditions at the site and presents correlations among construction activities, measured deformations and distortions, and attendant damage in the school. The lateral ground movements associated with the excavation were monitored with four inclinometers placed around the school. The building movements were monitored with optical survey points established on interior columns, exterior walls and on the roof, and with tiltmeters installed on the exterior foundation walls. The damage to the school mainly consisted of 300 to 500-mm-long hairline cracks in nonload bearing walls. Only a few cracks had widths greater than 6 mm. The school deformed such that the portion closest to the excavation sagged and the remainder hogged. Damage was first observed in the area of sagging when angular distortions reached 1/940 and the excavation was approximately 5.5-m deep. Angular distortions as large as 1/300 were observed at the end of the project. The data suggest that angular distortions had to be less than 1/1000 to preclude any damage to the school.


The rapid changes in Information Technology (ID have helped U.S. companies grow into Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and have been the driving force in the building and operation of global Information Systems (IS). Present training in the U.S. in Management Information Systems (MIS) has focused on building the IS within the country. When MNCs expand the IS globally, a whole series of new problems must be faced. These include different cultures, languages, currencies, laws, as well as the amount of money spent on IS and IT. Different levels of competency are found in different countries and both IS and IT education may vary greatly. In order to solve these problems IS managers must begin to think globally, yet become more aware of each local situation and be willing to accept a less than perfect solution. Top management of MNCs must be aware of the strain that is placed on the IS manager who has to solve these problems while coping with the constantly changing IT and yet must build an IS that will keep the company competitive. Educational reform is needed to meet this challenge. Multinational corporations, rather than domestic ones, should become the norm for all management studies. IS managers will tend to be less technical but must then have help from both technical and legal assistants.


Aqueous extracts from the African plant Myrianthus holstii potently inhibited the infection of the T-lymphoblastoid cell line, CEM-SS, by human immunodeficiency virus-1(RF) (HIV-1(RF)). The active constituent, M. holstii lectin (MHL), was purified by LH-20 column chromatography and reversed phase HPLC. MHL, a 9284-Da cysteine-rich protein, was characterized by amino acid analysis, N-terminal sequencing, ESIMS, and matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Pure MHL had anti-HIV activity, with an EC(50) value of 150 nM. Delaying the addition of MHL for up to 8 h after initial exposure of CEM-SS cells to virus did not result in loss of the antiviral activity; however, if addition of the compound was delayed for 16 h or more, there was a marked decrease in the antiviral activity. MHL bound to a virus-free, soluble form of the viral envelope protein gp120 but did not inhibit the subsequent binding to a cell-free, soluble form of the cellular receptor CD4.


This study is a description of the word order variation in the noun phrases of Kivunjo, a Bantu language classified under group E62b, according to Guthrie (1948). The study
describes five aspects of the noun phrase which are: constituents that modify the noun, order of the constituents in the phrase structure and variation in their ordering. Others are semantic significance of the variation and the possible number of modifying elements in the noun phrase structure. The study is based on the assumption that there is variation in the order of the noun phrase elements, and that this variation has semantic implications.
The study is guided by the general theory of the word categories as building blocks of syntactic structures such as phrases and sentences. Based on the theory, the study
identified different categories that build up noun phrases and their order. The study was carried out in Kilema sub-location, one of the areas where the Language is spoken natively in Kilimanjaro region. It used a descriptive design and the instruments of data collection were focused group discussion, interview and text analysis.Findings from the study revealed that semantic significance of the word order variation in Kivunjo is associated with a number of factors. These include position of the elements in the [mal position in the sequence of noun phrase elements; movement of demonstrative from its normal position (immediately after the head noun) to other positions and order of
demonstrative in the positions before and after the head (locative) noun. The last one is repetition of the same demonstrative in the same phrase structure. The study further identified six elements which appeared to be the normal load of noun modifiers in the noun phrase structure.


Metals on the verge or just in the weakly magnetic state offer a unique testing ground for current theories of itinerant magnetism. Three investigations of such systems using neutron scattering are outlined in this work. TiBe(_2) is of interest since the random substitution of copperat Be atom sites expands the lattice allowing one to cross the threshold from an incipient to a weakly magnetic state. Small angle neutron scattering studies of spin density fluctuations in TiBe(_1.5) Cu(_0.5) have shown that a single phenomonological model is sufficient to describe the collected integrated intensities above and below the magnetic phase transition temperature. Observations below the transition temperature may be attributed to scattering from damped spin waves. Polarised neutron diffraction studies of a single crystal of ZrFe(_2) are in contradiction with reported band structure calculations of a strong ferrimagnetic ground state. The magnetic distribution in real space around the Fe ions is highly spherical and the form factor closely follows that of free Fe ions in reciprocal space. A small angle neutron scattering investigation of the helical spin wave density wave in MnSi below the magnetic phase transition and spin density fluctuations in the paramagnetic regime under hydrostatic pressure has been performed.


A large collection of data recorded during coiled tubing (CT) operations has been analyzed using proprietary pattern recognition algorithms to identify downhole events with a high degree of confidence. These events include the drilling of plugs and stuck pipe incidents. Key performance indicator (KPI) metrics derived from this analysis provide insight into industry trends over time and by region, and can provide useful performance benchmarks for service providers and operator companies.
 Depth, weight and pressure data from multiple sources has been streamed and stored on a shared platform over a five year period, creating a record of over 39,000 data files. This data was processed to generate KPI-type statistics for over 500,000 detected plugs and 760 possible stuck pipe scenarios, based on analysis of depth and weight signatures. Using surface measurements to quantify downhole events has some limitations, but the method has proven sufficiently robust to allow useful trends to be observed and evaluated. While the analysis is confidential to the parties involved, a contributing company can compare their 'performance' statistics (as evaluated by the third party algorithms) against averages representative of the industry at large, arranged by year and geographic region, to identify areas of relative strength or weakness. An operator company can likewise compare metrics for different service providers (derived solely from jobs performed for their company) for those which elect to share data in this fashion.
 This paper presents statistics for plug drilling operations and stuck pipe incidents in North America between 2016-2020, a period of significant change in the CT industry. Examples show how average plug drilling times have generally decreased, with less frequent use of short trips and fewer pipe cycles. The data shows that, for some companies, faster operations have come at the expense of more frequent or severe stuck pipe incidents, whereas other companies have experienced fewer such problems. This comparative analysis illustrates how downhole outcomes can be deduced from surface measurements, and resulting performance metrics can vary widely between companies, fields and geographic regions.


The effects of D-galactosamine (D-gal) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration on induction of liver cell proliferation in a medium term liver bioassay for detection of initiation activity of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were investigated with special emphasis on kinetics of cell proliferation and cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression. In experiment I, fluctuation of cell proliferation and CYP 2E1, which is one of the enzymes involved in bioactivation DMH to ultimate form, levels of liver cells after D-gal administration (4000 mg/kg, i.g.) or CCl4 administration (1 ml/kg, i.g.) was analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine labeling and western blotting, respectively. In experiment II, induction of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci by DMH in a model for detection of initiation activities using D-gal or CCl4 administration as a toxicity-regeneration dependent proliferative stimulus was evaluated. Although high BrdU labeling indices continued from 36 h to 72 h after D-gal and CCl4 treatment, cell proliferation after intragastric D-gal administration was very low compared with the CCl4 case. Decrease of CYP 2E1 apoprotein content in the microsomes was slight after D-gal administration, whereas decrease up to about 40% of the control level was evident from 12 h until 60 h after CCl4. When the carcinogen was injected 60 h after D-gal administration, there was appreciable increase in the area and numbers of GST-P positive foci, similar to the case with CCl4 administration. Sensitivities for detection of initiation activity with intragastric D-gal or CCl4 administration were equal, despite the kinetics of cell proliferation and CYP 2E1 being very different. With CCl4 administration, initiation depended on fluctuation of CYP 2E1, reversibly in intragastric D-gal treatment, initiation depended on cell kinetics.


We present experimental data on the time and radius-dependent length distributions of Au-catalyzed InAs nanowires grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. We show that these distributions are not as sharp as commonly believed. Rather, they appear to be much broader than Poissonian from the very beginning and spread quickly as the nanowires grow. We develop a model that attributes the observed broadening to the diffusion-induced character of growth. In the initial growth stage, the nanowires are fed from their entire length, leading to a Polya-like length distribution whose standard deviation is proportional to the mean length. After the nanowire length exceeds the adatom diffusion length, the growth acquires a Poissonian character in which the standard deviation scales as a square root of the mean length. We explain why wider nanowires have smaller length dispersion and speculate on the length distributions in Au-catalyzed versus self-catalyzed growth methods.


This research studies Completion Deadline of Corruption Case in Corruption Court Jayapura. The study aims to review the cause of corruption cases cannot beresolved in 120 days and knowing the efficient time to resolve corruption cases in corruption court jayapura. The legal research is normative. Research results show that the corruption cases at the corruption court in jayapura cannot be resolved in 120 days as what can be foundation in Article 29 of Law No. 46 of 2009 about Corruption Court. Causes of corruption cases can not be resolved in 120 days because, the process of examination of court, the limited number career of judge, indiscipline of public prosecutor, and the location of the Corruption Court in Jayapura. Completion of corruption cases at the corruption court in jayapura which often passes 120-day deadline makes Article 29 of Law No. 46 of 2009 about Corruption Court become not efficient because the implementation does not go well. The biggest reason is because of the location of the corruption court in jayapura which is the true nature of events and unreached quickly by a public prosecutor or a witness from outside related to corruption cases, due to inadequate infrastructure facilities such as Jakarta and Java. Therefore, the content of Article 29 of Law No. 46 of 2009 on the Corruption Court should be changed with the maximum time limits reach of 365 days (1 year) as the deadline efficient for all the Corruption Court in Indonesia which one of them is Jayapura Corruption Court.


The importance of microRNAs in various diseases has been demonstrated, but their potential role in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis needs to further research. We have profiled changes in microRNA levels in human kidney proximal tubular cell line HK-2 with TGF-β treatment and identified significantly altered miRNAs. miR-129-5p, was one of the significant down-regulated miRNAs in experimental models. PDPK1 was a potential target gene of miR-129-5p and luciferase assay analysis identified PDPK1 as a new direct target gene of miR-129-5p. Further research indicated that miR-129-5p suppressed PDPK1 mRNA and protein levels in HK-2 cells. miR-129-5p inhibited EMT via PDPK1 in HK-2 cells. In a conclusion, our findings suggested that miR-129-5p may function as a suppressor in renal fibrosis by targeting PDPK1.


Abstract Since G.E.P. Box introduced central composite designs in early fifties of 20th century, the classic design of experiments (DoE) utilizes response surface models (RSM), however usually limited to the simple form of low-degree polynomials. In the case of small size datasets, the conformity with the normal distribution has very weak reliability and it leads to very uncertain assessment of a parameter statistical significance. The bootstrap approach appears to be better solution than - theoretically proved but only asymptotically equal - t distribution based evaluation. The authors presents the comparison of the RSM model evaluated by a classic method and bootstrap approach.


Traditionally, object retrieval methods require a set of images of a specific object for training. In this paper, we propose a new object retrieval method using a single query image, without training, for a global object. The query image could be a typical real image of the object. The object is constructed based on Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) points acquired from the image. Information of relative positions, scale and orientation between SURF points are calculated and constructed into an object model. The ability to match partially affine transformed object images results from the robustness of SURF points and the flexibility of the model. Occlusion is handled by specifying the probability of a missing SURF point in the model. Experimental results show that this matching technique is robust under partial occlusion and rotation. The obtained results illustrate that the proposed method improves efficiency, speeds up recovery and reduces the storage space.


The use of a wide spectrum of monoclonal antibodies allowed us to distinguish two groups of glomerulopathies: inflammatory (glomerulonephritis) and non-inflammatory. Glomerulus infiltration with inflammatory cells, glomerulus cell proliferation, heterogeneous composition and localization of the immune complex depositions even within one morphological form are characteristic of inflammatory glomerulopathies. A proliferative reaction is practically absent in non-inflammatory glomerulopathies, localization and deposits composition within one morphological form is homogeneous, the appearance of non-immune deposits containing only fibrin or low-density lipoproteins is typical. Specific podocyte marker, antigen of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, is practically absent at early stages of non-inflammatory glomerulopathies.


This study investigated the suspected role of invertebrate vectors in the transmission of phytophthora branch canker, a severe disease of clementine cultivars in Spain, caused by Phytophthora citrophthora. Ants (Lasius grandis) and snails (Helix aspersa and Rumina decollata) were collected in spring and autumn 2005 from 15 commercial citrus fields which were severely affected by the disease. Isolations made from L. grandis and R. decollata bodies did not yield positive results. However, P. citrophthora was isolated from 5·0% of bodies of H. aspersa and 4·8% of samples of their faeces. In one assay, after snails were allowed to feed for 5 h on citrus branches which had been artificially infected with P. citrophthora, the pathogen was isolated from 79% of their faeces. In another experiment, snails were infested by placing them in contact with a substrate colonized by P. citrophthora and then transferred to the base of potted 4-year-old trees of cvs Clemenules, Fortune and Nova in the glasshouse. One day after their release, infested snails were widely distributed throughout the tree canopies and 10 days later bark discoloration and gum exudations were observed on the trees. Phytophthora citrophthora was readily isolated from tissues showing symptoms.


The policing of riots and uprisings poses severe challenges to the police. Yet the police are often culpable in the disturbances touched off by a precipitating incident of police violence or a crackdown on a peaceful protest. The Gezi Park uprisings in Turkey also broke out shortly after excessive force by the Istanbul police against a handful of peaceful activists in Taksim Square. In the aftermath of the mobilizations, however, a drift towards a 'zero-tolerance' approach has prevailed over protest control strategies. Drawing on field notes, interviews with activists, excerpts from the news media, protest event analysis and secondary literature, we argue that the chances of dialogue-oriented policing are hampered by two major predicaments in Turkey. The first pertains to the negative biases in police perceptions about protests and protesters that serve to justify and perpetuate a conflict-driven understanding of policing. The second is rooted in the institutional and policy realm and stems from the prevalence of a law-and-order approach to crowd control and public order.


The purpose of this study was to examine whether hesperidin inhibits bone loss in ovariectomized mice (OVX), an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Forty 8-wk-old female ddY mice were assigned to five groups: a sham-operated group fed the control diet (AIN-93G), an OVX group fed the control diet, an OVX+HesA group fed the control diet containing 0.5 g/100 g hesperidin, and an OVX+HesB group fed the control diet containing 0.7 g/100 g alpha-glucosylhesperidin and an OVX+17beta-estradiol (E(2)) group fed the control diet and administered 0.03 micro g E(2)/d with a mini-osmotic pump. After 4 wk, the mice were killed and blood, femoral, uterine and liver were sampled immediately. Hesperidin administration did not affect the uterine weight. In OVX mice, the bone mineral density of the femur was lower than in the sham group (P < 0.05) and this bone loss was significantly prevented by dietary hesperidin or alpha-glucosylhesperidin. The Ca, P and Zn concentrations in the femur were significantly higher in the hesperidin-fed and E(2) groups than in the OVX group. Histomorphometric analyses showed that the trabecular bone volume and trabecular thickness in the femoral distal metaphysis were markedly decreased (P < 0.05) by OVX, and alpha-glucosylhesperidin significantly prevented this bone loss. Furthermore, hesperidin decreased the osteoclast number of the femoral metaphysis in OVX mice, as did E(2). Serum and hepatic lipids were lower in mice that consumed the hesperidin-containing diets (P < 0.05) than in the OVX group fed the control diet. These results suggest a possible role for citrus flavonoids in the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases because of their beneficial effects on bone and lipids.


: There are significant advances in many areas in the field of the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The publication of treatment guidelines by the American Psychiatric Association provides clear direction for clinicians involved in the care of these patients. Research continues to elucidate those factors in family therapies that are associated with significant change, suggesting that the psychoeducational component of these treatments is critical. Although there is general agreement that there is significant comorbidity between eating disorders and many other psychiatric illnesses, especially affective and substance use disorders, the association between anorexia nervosa and diabetes mellitus is being reexamined. There is increased interest in the heritable genetic components of these conditions, with some evidence available to support a heritable component. Finally, there is a growing body of literature examining the occurrence of eating disorders in members of nonwestern cultural groups.


Purpose: There has been growing academic interest in logistics and supply chain management (L/SCM) as fields of study (Sachan and Datta, 2005). Yet this trend could be affected by innovation in digital technology (Wang et al, 2016). Indeed, digital technology plays an increasingly important role in today's world. Development of innovative solutions in digital technology could lead to a hazy outlook in L/SCM research (Kumar et al, 2015) and in innovation strategies that firms devise (Seraidarian, 2008). This study explores how initiatives in digital innovation can give clearer direction to the L/SCM research agenda to provide tomorrow's firms with strategic added value. Design / Methodology: We combined the Delphi and Prodin methods (Schmidt et al, 2001; Scouarnec, 2008) to carry out a forecasting study over four rounds, based on a panel of 128 respondents. The empirical investigation took place over eight months. Findings: The results underlined challenges in tomorrow's logistics that reveal certain paradoxes concerning coopetition, governance and systems. Originality / Value: The study identifies future challenges in digital innovation in L/SCM through an approach that combines two traditional forecasting methods in an original way. Practical applications: The results of the study could help decision-makers and managers foresee challenges that could arise in their daily work and consider how they could adjust their skills and business models.


This brief presents an algorithm for decoupling multivariable systems based on quadratic programming (QP). A single framework is presented which can be used to design centralized, decentralized, and sparse structures of arbitrary dynamical order. A worked example and a case study are presented to demonstrate the usage and performance. It is shown that only previous methods based on Evolutionary Algorithms are able to achieve slightly higher performance than the proposed algorithm. However, these minor improvements are outweighed by the huge increase in time and costs associated with evolutionary optimizations.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: There is an increasing number of vaginoplasties performed for gender incongruence in the United States. Some of these patients may have had prior treatment for prostate cancer, and as a result, urologists may be confronted with unusual complications in these patients that have not been reported in the literature. METHODS: A 68-year-old transfemale who has had a radical prostatectomy and mild post-operative incontinence subsequently developed total incontinence after vaginoplasty. An artificial urinary sphincter was not possible because of the dramatically shortened bulbar urethra. We describe treatment with a pubovaginal sling using autologous rectus fascia. The patient was counseled about the likelihood of urinary retention post-operatively and the need for intermittent catheterization which she agreed to do. RESULTS: The patient was dry one month after surgery but did require intermittent catheterization to empty her bladder. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous pubovaginal sling may be an option to treat incontinence in the transgender female. Unusual complications may occur after transgender surgery and familiarity with reconstructive male and female surgical techniques can be helpful. Source of Funding: Institute for Bladder and Prostate Research


Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been acknowledged as outstanding substitutes for energy storage systems due to their superiority in energy density. To satisfy the commercial applications, it's necessary to establish the highly efficient and long-life Li–S batteries by synchronously restraining the shuttle effect and enhancing the polysulfides redox. Here, we prepared hierarchical mesoporous SnO2 nanosheets on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) namely C@SnO2 with the novel topological method. The obtained C@SnO2 materials not only show the strong chemisorption to trap polysulfides but also can more effectively decrease the electrochemical polarization to enhance the polysulfides redox. With the 3D conductive framework CNFs as the current collector, the hierarchical C@SnO2/S nanosheets material electrode delivered a specific capacity of 1228 mA h g−1 at 0.2C and retained a stable cycling performance at 2C over 1000 cycles with the decay as low as ≈0.024% per cycle.


There is limited research on nurses' experiences of nursing care in the operating room. The operating room nurses' responsibility is to ensure good nursing care before, during and after surgery. In an increasingly technological health care environment, there is always a risk of turning the focus away from nursing care towards technology and medicine. Integration of past experiences into the role as an operating room nurse becomes a challenge for those who recently worked as general nurses. The present study aimed to explore newly trained operating room nurses' experiences of nursing care in an operating room. Semi-structured interviews were performed with ten operating room nurses with a maximum three years' work experience from an operating room. The interviews were subjected to qualitative content analysis. The findings revealed three themes describing operating room nurses' searching for their new role. They experienced a gap between theory and practice, felt alone and insignificant and had to find their own place. The operating room nurses' experienced threats to safe nursing when they lacked time for the patients as well as for their own recovery, and they lacked feedback in order to improve care. They ensured security for patients by establishing one-to-one contact, protecting patients' well-being and working in teams for the patients' best interest, participants also focused on the task at hand instead of the patient as a person. New ways of organising work in operating units, and well-functioning teams can be a key to a successful integration of experiences from ward nurse to an operating room nurse, and provide support so that they feel more visible, at ease and safe in their new profession.


Treatment and perioperative dental management in patients on antithrombotic
medications poses a serious challenge to dental professionals due to perceived risk of
bleeding complications. This article aims to study the anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs currently
available on the market, review contemporary oral anti-thrombotic treatment and offer management
guidelines in such situations based on the review of pertinent literature.

 Science Direct and Ovid databases, PubMed, Scopus and product literature
were accessed to review relevant literature with respect to current anti-thrombotic drugs, indications
for their use in medical conditions, complications related to their use and drug interactions. The
search covered studies published in medical and dental journals in English with a relevant impact
factor over a period of 10 years. Meta analyses, systematic reviews, randomized trials, cohort based
and case-control studies and society-based guidelines were considered. Key words utilized in the
search criteria included Warfarin, Coumarin, Aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors, Prasugrel, Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor,
Hemorrhage, Anti-thrombin, Platelet aggregation inhibitors and International Normalized
Ratio (INR) and were validated by the MeSH dictionaries.

Dental practitioners today, are faced with the challenge of conducting surgical procedures on
patients who are on anti-thrombotic medications for a variety of medical/ surgical co-morbid conditions.
Although there is consensus amongst various studies regarding continuation of warfarin in therapeutic
ranges for dento-alveolar surgery, there is insufficient evidence to reach a consensus in those
groups who are at intermediate or high risk of bleeding. However, most studies and published literature
do agree that there is no real increased risk of bleeding complications during conduct of these procedures
if the patient's INR is less than 3.5 along with adequate haemostatic measures.

Regardless of the procedure to be performed, every case needs to be titrated on its individual
merit based on both patient and surgical factors. Further, it is recommended that INR values
should be established at least 72 hours prior to the surgery, which admits a margin of safety for dose
modification if necessary. A meticulous case history with complementary hemostatic tests and adoption
of adequate local hemostatic measures hold the key to not having the necessity to modify the
antiplatelet or anticoagulation treatment in most cases. Additionally, the advent of newer anticoagulants
and antiplatelets have raised the requirement of dedicated Randomized Clinical Trials to answer
the specific clinical questions of bleeding risk versus thrombo-embolic complications in the perioperative
management of such patients.


Software hang bugs are notoriously difficult to debug, which often cause serious service outages in cloud systems. In this paper, we present HangFix, a software hang bug fixing framework which can automatically fix a hang bug that is triggered and detected in production cloud environments. HangFix first leverages stack trace analysis to localize the hang function and then performs root cause pattern matching to classify hang bugs into different types based on likely root causes. Next, HangFix generates effective code patches based on the identified root cause patterns. We have implemented a prototype of HangFix and evaluated the system on 42 real-world software hang bugs in 10 commonly used cloud server applications. Our results show that HangFix can successfully fix 40 out of 42 hang bugs in seconds.


Limited resources hinder the control and prevention of hepatitis B in some communities in Ghana and the Brong Ahafo region is no different. In this paper, we formulated a model that explains the spread of hepatitis B and suggested an intervention to minimise its effect. We analysed the local and global stability of the disease as well as the basic reproduction number. It was established that the disease is locally asymptotically stable whenever the basic reproduction number is less than unity and unstable otherwise. Optimal control theory was incorporated to determine the best control strategy in combating the spread of hepatitis B in the environment. The following control strategies were employed; treatment, vaccination and prevention. The results of the numerical simulation showed that the best optimal control strategy in combating the spread of the infection was vaccination of susceptible and treatment of the infected population.


Abstract Moral education is a practice to promote the moral competence of adolescents, particularly in nurturing their moral judgement and moral behaviour. In China, under the rapid development of social work practice at schools, moral education could serve as a collaborative point between teachers, school counsellors, social workers and policymakers to promote the moral, holistic and healthy development of students. However, moral education is not as yet widely and systematically evaluated? particularly the details of relevant policy, curriculum, textbooks, teaching and learning approach, examination and evaluation. This paper takes an initiative to conduct a comprehensive literature review and theoretical discussion on the subject 'Moral and Character Education' (Sixiangpinde思想品德) which is a mandatory moral education subject for Grade 7–9 students in junior high schools in China. It also provides reflections and suggestions on how the subject and moral education could be promoted under the contexts of promotion of adolescent holistic development and involvement of social work practice.


Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is a rare smooth muscle tumor. We report a case of IVL with atypical histologic features, which did not respond to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and could be only partially resected due to adherence to the vessel wall. Atypical histology may signify more aggressive behavior. IVL should always be considered when a patient presents with both uterine leiomyoma and venous thrombosis, and a high index of suspicion is crucial for early diagnosis. An adequate surgical preparation including venous graft or prosthetic reconstruction is essential as difficulty in removal may arise if the intravascular tumor adheres to the vessel wall.


In this paper, a simultaneous discrete choice model for welfare participation and labour supply of two-adult households is estimated. It is assumed that in addition to the indirect effect of welfare participation on utility, welfare participation also has a direct effect. The resulting net effect is unknown and may depend on personal characteristics. To account for the direct effect of welfare participation on utility, a parameter to measure the disutility associated with welfare participation is included in the utility function. This model allows for the fact that not all eligible people are participating in welfare. The results indicate that there is evidence of a significant disutility associated with welfare participation. From simulations, it is found that a change in the benefit withdrawal rate or the maximum benefit level does not seem to have a large effect on the labour supply of either adult.


In the general framework of a macroscopically coherent phase transition, the mechanical and thermodynamical behaviour of a two-phase volume element under structural evolution will be investigated and discussed. The identification of internal entropy production will then allow to formulate a general evolution condition for such a system and the internal stress state will appear to influence strongly the transformation behaviour, via the interface. The case of a martensitic transformation is considered. From that rigourous mechanical approach, we obtain the thermodynamical balance equation used for martensitic transformation.


ABSTRACT Hundreds of millions of adolescents across Africa face challenges in many areas of their lives, including elevated risk of HIV exposure and acquisition. Understanding the aspirations and self-perceptions of adolescents could play an important role in better targeting effective investments to break the cycle of adversity for adolescents and into their adulthood. Aiming to understand what adolescents value most for themselves and their future, we analysed and summarised cross-sectional data on the aspirations and self-perceptions of 1519 adolescents living in South Africa, overall and by HIV status. Outcomes were coded from participant responses to two open-ended questions: 'What job do you want to do when you grow up?' and 'What are you most proud of about yourself?'. Associations with HIV status were then evaluated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for six sociodemographic factors measured from the same cohort. The sample had a mean age of 14 years, 55% were female, and 70% were living with HIV. The five most common job aspirations were: 'Health and Medical Science Professionals' (28%), 'Law Enforcement and Public Safety Professionals' (14%), 'Social Work Associate Professionals' (12%), 'Legal Professionals' (9%), and 'Education Institutions Teaching Professionals' (6%). The top five themes for what adolescents were most proud of about themselves were 'School performance' (22%), 'Outward appearance' (15%), 'Sports skills' (12%), 'Personality' (11%), and 'Behaviour at home/with elders' (7%). Adjusted analysis showed no evidence that HIV status was associated with important differences in aspirations or self-perceptions. In conclusion, adolescents facing high levels of adversity in South Africa hold high value for their education and aspirations for their futures. Policies and initiatives should focus on meeting these aspirations as vehicles for development, independent of their HIV status. Therefore, more needs to be done to not just help adolescents survive but thrive into adulthood.


Establishment, yield, and nutritional quality of 'Nordan' crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fischer ex Link] Schultes), 'Fairway' crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertner), 'Arriba' western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] A. Love), 'Luna' pubescent wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium subsp. barbulatum [Schur.] Barkw. and D.R. Dewey), and 'Largo' tall wheatgrass (T. ponticum [Pod] Barkw. and D.R. Dewey) were evaluated on big sagebrush range (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. tridentata) in northcentral New Mexico during a 5-year study. All the above wheatgrasses showed high initial densities and long-term persistence. Wheatgrass yields across years and seasons during the last 2 years of study averaged 760 kg/ha compared to forage yields of 355 kg/ha on surrounding ungrazed native rangeland. There were no differences (P > .05) among wheatgrasses in standing crop of current year's growth during spring, summer, or fall. Crude protein concentrations did not differ (P > .05) among wheatgrasses with seasonal advance. However, all the wheatgrasses showed a consistent decline in nutritional quality from spring to summer to fall. All the wheatgrasses we studied will provide high-quality, spring (mid-April to mid-June) forage for livestock. During summer, use of native range is advantageous because it contains a high component of warm season grasses and forbs. Interseeding shrubs in wheatgrass seedings could reduce protein supplementation costs in winter.


To investigate the effects of different temperatures on the vernalization of leaf lettuce, and declare their type, two easy bolting leaf lettuce varieties of GB-30 and GB-31 were selected as material, which were treated by 4 ℃, 20 ℃ and 25 ℃ for 20 d respectively and afterwards treated by high temperature stress. The process of flower bud differentiation was observed by using paraffin section technology, and combined the condition of bolting and flowering to estimate whether or not it underwent vernalization, and defined its vernalization type. The results showed that, two varieties of GB-30 and GB-31 appeared bolting to different degrees at the 8th day under high temperature stress after temperature treatments in the early stage. Different temperatures in the early stage all made flower bud differentiated of two varieties. 4 ℃ treatment did not advance the flower bud differentiation, while the high temperature in later time accelerated this progress. Furthermore, the days required for the two varieties to complete development stages differed under different temperature treatments. The effective accumulated temperature whether from pregermination to flowering or from high temperature stress to flowering of two varieties were also different. The leaf lettuce without low temperature treatment in early stage could enter into the flower bud differentiation, bolting, budding and flowering stages, and it could be considered as non-low temperature vernalization plant. The high temperature treatment in later stage could obviously promote its bolting and flowering. In addition, the effective accumulated temperature had to reach about 2500 ℃·d from germination to blossom.


We propose a nano-structured suction system based on graphene sheets for water desalination processes. The desalination system modeled in this work is an alternative process to the commonly employed but energy intensive reverse osmosis process. The nano-structured system generates drag forces, which pull water molecules from the saline solution into a chamber. Our molecular simulations consist of two rigid walls of graphene: one wall with 5 A pores permeable to water molecules forms the membrane, while the other wall acts as a plunger to induce and control the transfer of desalinated water molecules, which accumulate in a chamber between the two walls. Prior to the desalination process, the chamber is saturated with one monolayer of water molecules. The desalination occurs when the plunger moves to create unsaturated space inside the chamber. At plunger speeds up to 10 cm s−1, the system desalinates saltwater films in the open part of the membrane. At higher plunger speeds, the desalination chamber expands faster than molecules can fill the chamber, resulting in cavitation and poor desalination. At plunger speeds of 0.5 cm s−1, the desalination occurs via a quasi-equilibrium process, which minimizes the energy necessary to drive desalination. Our findings suggest that the desalination process requires less energy than reverse osmosis methods at plunger speeds up to 0.15 cm s−1 (for the chosen pore density). The filling profile of desalinated water molecules inside the chamber occurs via three distinct regimes: the first two regimes correspond to the formation of one and then two monolayers adsorbed to the chamber's walls. The third regime corresponds to the filling of molecules between the adsorbed layers, which approaches a density close to the density of bulk liquid water. Including flexibility in the graphene sheets does not affect the energy consumption for desalination processes occurring after the formation of the second monolayer, but flexible membranes require a slightly larger pore diameter (7 A) than rigid membranes.


The horizontal stiffness of steel frame is relatively weak. So designers introduce brace system into steel frame to increase the horizontal stiffness. In order to guarantee the safety of the structure, we should imitate the performance of the structure under seismic loads. In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic test was conducted on the semi-rigid connection of steel frame and the semi-rigid connection of steel-braced frame. The test results show that the brace can increase the ductility of the structure, decrease the displacement of the top floor, decrease the interlayer displacement, and bear ground floor shearing-force. So the brace greatly impacts the performance of the structure. It has the ability of anti-earthquake and strong resistance ability of lateral force.


We review the field of fluid-filled solid-core photonic bandgap fibers (SC-PBGF): we present the mechanisms and models of light guidance in these fibers, and how the guidance properties are sensitive to the refractive index of the infiltrated fluid. We discuss how this sensitivity can be used for creating tunable devices such as filters, delay lines and tunable non-linear pulse propagation experiments. We review refractive index sensors based on SC-PBGFs, including band edge sensing, SC-PBGF based long period grating sensing and new results on selectively filled SC-PBGFs which are the most sensitive microstructured fiber based sensors to date. We also discuss practical aspects of fluid filling.


This article discusses the development of teaching legal ethics in light of the changes in the ethics rules over the years. The thesis is that many ethics rules reflect the needs of a cartel (the legal profession) to protect itself, rather than the need to protect the clients of lawyers. The author uses stories and examples to illustrate this thesis.


ID: 00361 GIRLS Inspire is a Commonwealth of Learning (COL) project designed to leverage the power of open and distance learning (ODL) to end the cycle of child, early and forced marriage (CEFM) and to address other barriers that prevent girls' economic participation. Through the use of ODL, community organisations and institutions in Bangladesh, India, Mozambique, Pakistan and Tanzania are mobilised to provide schooling and skills training to girls and women. With funding from the governments of Canada and Australia, GIRLS Inspire aims to reach some of the world's most vulnerable and hard-to-reach women and girls through technology-enabled learning. To convince girls, community leaders and parents that girls can access education in a safe and gender-friendly environment, institutions' capacity to offer technology-enabled learning need to be strengthened. GIRLS Inspire committed to creating a network through an online community of practice (CoP) as one of the strategies to enhance the capacity of partner organisations. Through this CoP, conscious efforts are made to form a strong network among the partners and other development agencies for knowledge exchange and capacity building that transcends geographies. Using a case study approach, this paper will explore (1) the innovative use of technology to build a vibrant online CoP (2) the factors contributing to partner engagement on the online community and provide (3) evidence on how partner's capacity were enhanced through the CoP on issues such as CEFM, Gender Equality; Monitoring & Evaluation; community engagement; and online strategies for awareness raising. The following data collection methods will be utilised: direct observations, participant observation, interviews and document analysis. It is envisaged that this paper will contribute to sustainable practice of capacity building, as it captures the change taking place over time and varying geographic regions which can be used to measure the progress of this project as envisaged in its theory of change capacity building that transcends geographies. Using a case study approach, this paper will explore (1) the innovative use of technology to build a vibrant online CoP (2) the factors contributing to partner engagement on the online community and provide (3) evidence on how partner's capacity were enhanced through the CoP on issues such as CEFM, Gender Equality; Monitoring & Evaluation; community engagement; and online strategies for awareness raising.


We propose MoNoise: a normalization model focused on generalizability and efficiency, it aims at being easily reusable and adaptable. Normalization is the task of translating texts from a noncanonical domain to a more canonical domain, in our case: from social media data to standard language. Our proposed model is based on a modular candidate generation in which each module is responsible for a different type of normalization action. The most important generation modules are a spelling correction system and a word embeddings module. Depending on the definition of the normalization task, a static lookup list can be crucial for performance. We train a random forest classifier to rank the candidates, which generalizes well to all different types of normalization actions. Most features for the ranking originate from the generation modules; besides these features, N-gram features prove to be an important source of information. We show that MoNoise beats the state-of-the-art on different normalization benchmarks for English and Dutch, which all define the task of normalization slightly different.


The author points out a brief revision of the legal, ethical and scientific bases of the ostomy care process and describes some important topics about caring the ostomist in the different operatory phases.


In the historical pursuit of soft tissue augmentation, fat has seemed a natural choice for plastic surgeons. The use of fat transfer to replace volume or camouflage soft tissues is an increasingly popular method in craniofacial surgery and facial esthetics. Craniofacial malformations undoubtedly have a certain psychosocial effect. Children of early age are particularly vulnerable to comments, teasing, and harassment related to their appearance; therefore, improving the facial image is of great importance. We believe that volumetric lipoinjection represents an excellent alternative to obtain greater facial esthetic harmony, which directly increases patient self-esteem in children and adults.


This thesis explores the interrelations between the design characteristics of activity-based offices, users' perceptions of them, and users' sense of coherence. The goal is twofold: (i) contribute to conceptualizations of healthy activity-based offices and (ii) facilitate practical use of the sense of coherence theory for office designers. Most research into healthy offices has focused on harmcausing factors (pathogenic aspects) while overlooking the health-promoting design characteristics in activity-based offices (salutogenic aspects). This thesis is a response to the call for a paradigm shift and explores the particular design characteristics of activity-based offices that promote health, drawing on the salutogenic approach and sense of coherence theory. The thesis builds on a literature review and two mixed methods case studies on activity-based offices. Drawing on the sense of coherence framework, three types of design characteristics were identified: (i) those that promote a clear understanding of office environments, (ii) those that enhance users' access to relevant resources, and (iii) those that evoke meaning for users to cope with stressors. These characteristics and the perceptions of them are interrelated meaning that they can have multiple impacts on users' sense of coherence. The findings also highlighted temporal changes in users' perceptions, indicating that novelties of the new office wore off and the initial problems observed in the office environment worsened. Moreover, activity-based offices were not always perceived as intended because of suboptimal design solutions and contextual factors. In conclusion, there are no definitive answers to how to design healthy activity-based offices. Activity-based offices are complex environments and consist of many interacting aspects including the design characteristics, individuals', and their work-related prerequisite as well as organization-related factors that influence users' perceptions and their sense of coherence. The framework developed in this thesis may contribute to better-informed discussions about designing for sense of coherence. The thesis suggests that healthy activity-based offices should be viewed as a "moving project" that develops over time through experimentation and adaptation, with management's involvement. Thus, a healthy activity-based office provides users resources and opportunities to codesign an environment that enables them (i) build meaningful social relationships, (ii) manage visual and acoustic distractions, (iii) read and understand workspaces, and (iv) receive support from management in their daily work.


Regulation of the positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, plays a major role in controlling mammalian transcription and this is accomplished in part by controlled release of P-TEFb from the 7SK snRNP that sequesters the kinase in an inactive state. We demonstrate here that a similar P-TEFb control system exists in Drosophila. We show that an RNA previously suggested to be a 7SK homolog is, in fact, associated with P-TEFb, through the action of a homolog of the human HEXIM1/2 proteins (dHEXIM). In addition, a Drosophila La related protein (now called dLARP7) is shown to be the functional homolog of human LARP7. The Drosophila 7SK snRNP (d7SK snRNP) responded to treatment of cells with P-TEFb inhibitors and to nuclease treatment of cell lysates by releasing P-TEFb. Supporting a critical role for the d7SK snRNP in Drosophila development, dLARP7 and dHEXIM were found to be ubiquitously expressed throughout embryos and tissues at all stages. Importantly, knockdown of dHEXIM was embryonic lethal, and reduction of dHEXIM in specific tissues led to serious developmental defects. Our results suggest that regulation of P-TEFb by the d7SK snRNP is essential for the growth and differentiation of tissues required during Drosophila development.


The production function and multi-regional trade partial equilibrium model are applied to analyze China's domestic agricultural support policy,with the focus on structure and efficiency of Green Box policy.The major findings are: China's green box policy are targeted to increase productivity and secure food supply rather than to stabilize farmers' income or reduce the income gap. Investments on agricultural R&D and rural education,which have lower proportion and lower growth rate compared with the investment on rural infrastructure,have higher return in the terms of the marginal return and cost reduction. It is found that the externality of the impact of investments on R&D and education in rural area are the principal factors which result in the underinvestment from the governments' budget. Solutions to the underinvestment on agricultural R&D rural education are also discussed.


The article presents a comparison of modification of the strained-and-stressed state for the soil and in the elements of barrier structure during carrying out a deep excavation. The results are given using two different models of the soil in computation software PLAXIS.


SUMMARY

Many extension zones have been subjected to folding and shortening in a direction perpendicular to the stretching. Such deformation can be accounted for by the extension of a thin superficial elastic layer overlying a substrate that has small elastic moduli or that deforms in a viscous regime. Laboratory experiments are used to document the wavelength and amplitude of the folds for a range of geometrical configurations. Folding is observed even for very small amounts of extension (less than 1 per cent) with characteristics that are consistent with finite-amplitude scaling laws. Because of the intrinsically 3-D nature of the deformation field, the size of the region affected by folding and the direction of the fold axes depend on the orientation of the extension with respect to the rigid blocks that bound the deforming region. For regions of extension where the elastic thickness is about 10 km, as in the Basin and Range province for example, it is predicted that folding occurs with wavelengths in a 20–40 km range, such that it induces little deformation in the lower crust and maintains a flat Moho discontinuity. These predictions are consistent with the observations. The characteristics of faulting that is associated with such deformation are discussed.


We are delighted to welcome Professor Armin Grün of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, as a new member of the International Editorial Board, at the same time as congratulating him and his co-authors, F. Remondino and L. Zhang, on receiving the E. H. Thompson Award for 2005 for their paper ''Photogrammetric reconstruction of the Great Buddha of Bamian, Afghanistan'', which was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 19(107):177– 199, in September 2004.


For taking intermediate-level economics, does it matter where they studied principles of economics? Does transferring college credit influence subsequent academic performance in economics? With a sample covering 1999–2008, the authors analyze in this article a group of nearly 1,000 students taking intermediate macroeconomics at a prominent state university. Despite seemingly impressive-looking grades from the principles of macroeconomics course, community college transfer students significantly underperformed their peers in the intermediate macroeconomics course, unlike transfer students from four-year institutions. Moreover, students who transferred other course work from community college (that is, other than the principles course) were relatively less likely to succeed in intermediate macroeconomics.


Author(s): Dimson, Monica; Baldwin, Roger A.; Quinn, Niamh | Abstract: In terms of internet access, California farmers are some of the most well-connected in the country. According to the USDA, 70% of farms in the U.S. have access to the web as of 2015. In California, 93% of counties exceed that national average. This prompts us to take advantage of the opportunity to employ passive extension approaches, such as websites, which can save both time and resources for Extension audiences and personnel alike. Because digital media can be distributed without the expenses associated with static print resources, this allows us to update our information platforms with greater ease and frequency. Our goal is not to replace print publications, but to adapt Extension resources for a web context and thus connect with a large and geographically extensive audience, especially those who may not customarily seek or have access to more traditional Extension services. A website allows homeowners, landowners, and pest-control professionals to consult this resource freely, at their leisure, and to adopt best management practices more quickly. However, the movement toward cloud-based resources comes with greater web familiarity and thus greater expectations for the websites people use. We are currently developing a ground squirrel best management practices website. In order to provide a user-oriented experience comparable to that of other digital media resources, we need to consider the specific needs and behaviors of a web-based audience. We aim to achieve this by synthesizing new and existing resources into consumable, approachable content on a website that focuses on usability, clarity, visual impact, and site-wide cohesion. We will discuss these goals and how we achieved them.


Single-atom catalysts, providing 100% metal dispersion and maximized metal utilization, have recently emerged as a new class of catalysts for chemical and electrochemical reactions, with great potential for industrial catalysis in the future. The current key challenges in this field include how to develop scalable and economically viable approaches to synthesize highly active, selective and stable catalysts and how to further extend their applications in organic synthesis with high value-creation using these single-atom catalysts. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the field of single-atom catalysts, emphasizing on unique catalyst design strategies. A thorough discussion of the atomic and electronic structures of single-atom catalysts is presented to provide fundamental insights into their catalytic performances. The application of single-atom catalysts in organic chemistry is comprehensively discussed. Finally, the opportunities, challenges and potential applications of single-atom catalysts are addressed.


SUMMARY

The composition of the crystalline material present in 5 renal calculi and pieces of prostatic calculi from patients suffering from alcaptonuria has been determined by the X-ray powder method. The urinary stones contain standard calculus constituents. Some of the pieces of the prostatic calculi consist of a substituted calcite Ca(Mg, Mn)CO3, a substance not reported hitherto in a calculus. The stones, which are very dark in colour, also contain a small amount of the crystalline melanin-type oxidation product of homogentisic acid and probably a larger amount of the pigment in a finely divided or amorphous state.


The landscape of mobile health applications is evolving rapidly. This includes a growing set of medication-related health apps. Keeping track of the functional diversity in medication apps is a challenge for both practitioners and regulators, limiting the scope of innovative use of digital technologies in healthcare service delivery. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic search and functional classification of medication apps. We combine this with a discussion of the current and future landscape of regulation and reimbursement decision-making. We show that a majority of apps offers a cluster of functions including medication information, interaction checks and/or medication plans. The number of apps in the functional categories most affected by the Medical Device Regulation (identification, dosage, monitoring) is still low. This suggests that there is a window of opportunity for public sector decision-making on quality criteria.


This paper uses annual US data to examine the causal relationship between immigration and real GDP. Despite its implications for policy, a statistically robust relationship between these two series has been difficult to pin down. Our tests reveal that both the series are break-stationary. Therefore, we apply the Gregory-Hansen (1996) residual based cointegration approach to these series to establish a long run relation between them in the presence of regime shifts. Standard Granger causality test shows that the relation flows from economic growth to immigration in the short run, but not the reverse. However, the Error Correction Models within Vector Error Correction framework shows a bidirectional feedback relationship in the long run which is intuitively more appealing.


ABSTRACT This article examines the provision of public parks in Latino and non-Latino neighbourhoods in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. Though previous research has examined the socio-spatial distribution of urban parks, few have analysed both accessibility and variations in park features associated with the Latino composition of neighbourhoods. In this study, geographical information systems were employed to assess the availability and accessibility of neighbourhood parks, and Google Earth was used to audit their natural and built environmental features. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Games-Howell post hoc test was applied to examine the hypothesis that park resources are not equitably distributed across neighbourhoods, and that Latino places are disproportionally affected by a suboptimal provision of park space and services. The analysis points to invariance across neighbourhoods in terms of quantity and features of public parks, so the expected systemic pattern of inequality affecting Latino neighbourhoods in Phoenix Metro was not found. The study suggests, however, some areas wherein cities in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area could act to improve the allocation of public park resources and engage the diversity of local populations.


The present paper utilizes (multimodal) critical discourse studies and cognitive linguistics to analyze the verbal and visual metonymies/metaphors found in online news sources that report on unaccompanied youths from Central America and Border Patrol/immigration officials in the U.S. Findings reveal verbal and visual metonymies that dehumanize and criminalize child migrants, while Border Patrol/immigration enforcement discourse creates WAR/WILD WEST metaphors that justify the militarization of the border. The significance of the study lies in showing how underlying conceptualizations of migrants by immigration and border control agencies help us understand the social imaginary which allows the government to garner public support for unjust policies and treatment of migrants. In addition, by examining the connection of media and law enforcement rhetoric to the Trump administration, it illustrates how rightwing populists gain and maintain power through their appeal to populist ideals and the repetition of core discourses.


This article reports on the first two phases of a larger research project that was undertaken to fill the gap in information about resident identified issues related to their lives in aged living and care facilities. The information was obtained from over 1000 residents of aged living and care facilities who responded to an open question about issues affecting their lives. The results clustered around four major concerns for residents: the social environment; the physical environment; issues of governance; and activities which support active living. These four issues have been mentioned as important in literature for the care of the elderly however, as a result of this research, managers and researchers are provided with a validated holistic framework for planning and evaluating change within aged living and care facilities. (author abstract)


Unipolar diffusion charging of non-spherical particles was investigated for various particle shapes. We researched with TiO₂ agglomerates produced by the thermal decomposition of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) vapor. TTIP was converted into TiO₂ in the furnace reactor and was subsequently introduced into the sintering furnace. Increasing the temperature in the sintering furnace, aggregates were restructured into higher fractal dimensions. The aggregates were classified according to their mobility using a differential mobility analyzer. The projection area and the mass fractal dimension of particles were measured with an image processing technique performed by using transmission electron microscope (TEM) photograph. The selected aggregates were charged by the indirect photoelectric-charger and the average number of charges per particle was measured by an aerosol electrometer and a condensation particle counter. For the particles of same mobility diameter, our results showed that the particle charge quantity decreases as the sintering temperature increases. This result is understandable because particles with lower fractal dimension have larger capacitance and geometric surface area.


Cartilage tissue engineering is required for the repair of injured cartilage and osteoarticular diseases. Since cartilage cells at the site do not grow to form new cartilage cells, therefore, tissue engineered cartilage approaches aim at cultivating chondrocytes in vitro, and to reintroduce the engineered cultured cartilage tissue into the damaged region. In our study, human cartilage cells cultured on novel microcarrier made of ECM (Extracellular matrix) proteins exhibited hyaline cartilage differentiation, cell proliferation and biocompatibility. Engineered cartilage tissue will be a promising method for the treatment of Cartilage defects.


Ciliary beating of airway epithelial cells drives the removal of mucus and particles from the airways. Mucociliary transport and possibly airway epithelial development are governed by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors but the precise roles of the subtypes involved are unknown. This issue was addressed by determining cilia-driven particle transport, ciliary beat frequency, and the composition and ultrastructural morphology of the tracheal epithelium in M1–M5 muscarinic receptor gene-deficient mice. Knockout of M3 muscarinic receptors prevented an increase in particle transport speed and ciliary beat frequency in response to muscarine. Furthermore, the ATP response after application of muscarine was blunted. Pretreatment with atropine before application of muscarine restored the response to ATP. Additional knockout of the M2 receptor in these mice partially restored the muscarine effect, most likely through the M1 receptor, and normalised the ATP response. M1, M4 and M5 receptor-deficient mice exhibited normal responses to muscarine. None of the investigated mutant mouse strains had any impairment of epithelial cellular structure or composition. In conclusion, M3 receptors stimulate whereas M2 receptors inhibit cilia-driven particle transport. The M1 receptor increases cilia-driven particle transport if the M3 and M2 receptors are missing. None of the receptors is necessary for epithelial development.


We present 2.5-45 m ISO SWS spectra of the Circinus galaxy which is one of the closest spirals containing both a visually obscured Seyfert nucleus and circumnuclear starburst activity. In addition to PAH features, H 2 and low excitation ionic lines ([FeII], [NeII], [SIII]) from the starburst region its spectrum shows several prominent lines from highly ionized species ([NeIII,V,VI], [SIV], [MgV,VII,VIII], [OIV], [SiIX]) which arise in gas photoionized by the AGN within its ionization cone. Adopting solar abundances and a density of 5000 cm 3 derived from the [NeV]14.3/24.3 m ratio we have developed a model which can reproduce the absolute fluxes of most of the visible/near infrared and ISO lines from species with ionization energies in the range 50 320 eV to within a factor 2. Most of the discrepancies can probably be attributed to uncertainties in the calibration, abundances and atomic parameters. Of particular interest for further work are [OIV] 26 m and [SIV] 10.5 m which are observed to be a factor 2 brighter and fainter respectively than expected. The best fit ionizing spectrum is characterized by a 0:5 X-ray continuum consistent with recent ASCA satellite observations plus a pronounced UV bumpwhich peaks at ' 70eV (180̊A) in a plot of F versus and is responsible for most of the ISO lines. Models in which the UV bumpis represented by a broken power law, typical of a thin accretion disc, or a quasi black body at 2 x 10 5K give equally good fits to the observed emission line spectrum. Whatever its origin it appears that re-processed ionizing radiation from the AGN probably dominates over the starburst contribution to the total infrared luminosity.


In this paper, we propose an approach to ensure the diagnosability of a partially controllable system. Given a model of correct and faulty behaviors of a partially observable discrete event system, equipped with a set of elementary actions that do not intertwine with autonomous events, we search a diagnosability plan, i.e., a sequence of applicable actions that leads the system from an initial belief state (a set of potentially current states) to a diagnosable belief state, in which the system is then left to run freely. This helps in reducing the diagnosis interaction with running systems and can be applied, e.g., on the output of a repair plan, like in power networks. The two successive stages of this approach keep diagnosability planning, including diagnosability tests, in PSpace in comparison to the Exptime test for the more complex active diagnosability used usually in such cases. For this, we propose to construct incrementally the twin plant structure of the given system and to exploit its parts already constructed while testing the candidate plans and constructing its next parts. This helps in pruning the twin plant constructions and many non-diagnosability plan tests. We have created a special benchmark and tested three proposed methods, according to the recycling level of twin plants construction, with one cost function used for plan optimality and an optional heuristics.


Inter-relation between quantum and classical probability models is one of the most fundamental problems of quantum foundations. Nowadays this problem also plays an important role in quantum technologies, in quantum cryptography and the theory of quantum random generators. In this letter, we compare the viewpoint of Richard Feynman that the behavior of quantum particles cannot be described by classical probability theory with the viewpoint that quantum–classical inter-relation is more complicated (cf, in particular, with the tomographic model of quantum mechanics developed in detail by Vladimir Man'ko). As a basic example, we consider the two-slit experiment, which played a crucial role in quantum foundational debates at the beginning of quantum mechanics (QM). In particular, its analysis led Niels Bohr to the formulation of the principle of complementarity. First, we demonstrate that in complete accordance with Feynman's viewpoint, the probabilities for the two-slit experiment have the non-Kolmogorovian structure, since they violate one of basic laws of classical probability theory, the law of total probability (the heart of the Bayesian analysis). However, then we show that these probabilities can be embedded in a natural way into the classical (Kolmogorov, 1933) probability model. To do this, one has to take into account the randomness of selection of different experimental contexts, the joint consideration of which led Feynman to a conclusion about the non-classicality of quantum probability. We compare this embedding of non-Kolmogorovian quantum probabilities into the Kolmogorov model with well-known embeddings of non-Euclidean geometries into Euclidean space (e.g., the Poincaré disk model for the Lobachvesky plane).


In a cell-free system prepared by lysis of protoplasts of Cephalosporium acremonium mutant M-0198, isopenicillin N was converted into a penicillinase-resistant material that behaved like deacetoxycephalosporin C on high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. This activity was found to be unstable to storage at -80 degrees C; 70-80% of the activity was lost after 1 day.


Studies in animals have shown a relationship between alterations in noradrenergic brain system function and behaviors of anxiety and fear. These findings have generated the hypothesis that the symptoms seen in patients with anxiety disorders may be related to alterations in noradrenergic function. A number of clinical studies have tested this hypothesis, utilizing measures of catecholaminergic function such as heart rate and blood pressure, measurement of norepinephrine and its metabolites in urine and plasma and adrenergic receptor binding in platelets, as well as pharmacological challenge to the noradrenergic system. Acute stressors, such as public speaking, have been associated with an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and norepinephrine and its metabolites in urine and plasma. Findings in patients with panic disorder at baseline related to heart rate, blood pressure, baseline norepinephrine and its metabolites, and platelet adrenergic receptors have been mixed, while the most consistent findings have been blunted growth hormone response to clonidine and increased 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐phenylethylene‐glucol (MHPG) and anxiety following stimulation of the noradrenergic system with yohimbine. Baseline measures of noradrenergic function in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have also been mixed, while an increased heart, blood pressure and norepinephrine response to traumatic reminders, as well as increased behavioral (as well as different brain metabolic) response to yohimbine, have been found in PTSD. There are fewer studies of noradrenergic function in the other anxiety disorders, and the findings there have not been consistent. These studies provide evidence for increased noradrenergic responsiveness in panic disorder and PTSD, although there does not appear to be an alteration in baseline noradrenergic function in these patients. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


As more and more people use mobile handsets, a revolution is taking place in computing and telecommunications. Two extraordinary industries the Internet and mobile communications are converging. But this is just the beginning. As the third industry - consumer electronics - and the fourth - media and entertainment - join in, changes in consumer markets are inevitable, as evidenced by the explosive growth of mobile media, games and entertainment. In "The Mobile Revolution", the senior executives of the world's leading mobile vendors, operators, service providers, software giants, chip kings, media and entertainment conglomerates, publishers, music moguls and brand marketers reveal their secrets and strategies. Nokia, Motorola, Ericsson, Qualcomm, Vodafone, NTT DoCoMo, SK Telecom, Verizon Wireless, Microsoft, Intel, IBM, RealNetworks, Yahoo, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, EMI, BMI, BMG, IFPI, CNN, ABC, Disney, Fox, Sony, Warner Music and Universal are just a few of the names that feature. As a result, the book abounds with inside stories of great industry successes (and equally great flops!) as the narrative shifts constantly between the major cities of several continents - from Helsinki and Stockholm, London and Frankfurt, Tokyo and Seoul, Beijing and Singapore, New York City and Los Angeles, to Bangalore and Moscow. "The Mobile Revolution" is about the making of mobile markets and services worldwide, with a firm emphasis on innovation. It is not just another account of technology innovation; rather it examines the rise of mobile services in the context of maturing and emerging mobile markets.


Background and objectiveIndividuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) tend to be prescribed a high number of psychotropic medications to treat high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders. A lack of guidance regarding best practices for prescribing psychotropic medications to individuals with FASD probably accounts for this reliance on polypharmacy. The objective of this study is to describe the types of medications prescribed to individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure, comparing rates between individuals diagnosed with FASD and individuals without FASD as well as how medications are prescribed based on age, sex, and comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Material and methodsData were drawn from Canada's national FASD database. This database includes information collected during an FASD assessment related to diagnostic outcomes, secondary challenges, and medical and mental health information. Descriptive statistics were calculated for four diagnostic groups (FASD with sentinel facial features [FASD + SFF], FASD without sentinel facial features [FASD - SFF], at risk for FASD ["at risk"], and no FASD). Group demographics were compared using Chi-Square, Fisher's Exact Test, and ANOVA, as appropriate. Differences in the proportion of individuals between these four diagnostic groups were calculated using each of the following six classes of psychotropic medications—antipsychotics, antidepressants/anxiolytic, anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers, stimulants, melatonin, and others—using ANOVA. Considering just the individuals with FASD by combining the FASD + SFF and FASD - SFF groups, independent sample tests were used to compare differences in the proportion of males and females prescribed different medications. Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact Test were used to compare the proportion of individuals using psychotropic medications, according to category, within the FASD group based on the presence or absence of 13 comorbid psychiatric disorders.
ResultsThe overall sample included 2349 participants (mean value = 18.1 years, SD = 10.3). The sample included 1453 participants with an FASD diagnosis (n = 218, FASD + SFF, mean = 23.7 years, SD = 15.8, and n = 1235, FASD - SFF, mean = 19.5 years, SD = 10.0 years) and 896 participants who were assessed but did not receive an FASD diagnosis (n = 653, no FASD, mean = 16.1 years and n = 261, "at risk" for FASD, mean = 12.2 years). The FASD groups had a significantly higher rates of anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and the presence of at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder compared to the no FASD and the "at risk" groups. Both FASD groups had a higher proportion of individuals taking antipsychotic and antidepressant/anxiolytic medications compared to the no FASD and "at risk" groups. Females with FASD were more often prescribed antidepressants/anxiolytics compared to males with FASD, while males with FASD were more often prescribed stimulants than females with FASD. The prevalence of antidepressants/anxiolytics, stimulants, and melatonin use by individuals with FASD differed across the lifespan. The prevalence of the prescription of six medication categories was found to differ according to psychiatric disorder.
ConclusionCompared to individuals assessed as not fulfilling criteria for FASD, those with FASD had higher rates of psychiatric disorders and were prescribed significantly more antidepressants/anxiolytics and antipsychotics. The class and rate of prescriptions may support efforts in devising treatment guidelines for a complex disorder with known high comorbidity such as FASD.


This paper presents the results of researching the issues pertaining to email spam on Bahrain's email society and how to combat it. We have surveyed the status of spam amongst the Bahraini community through a carefully prepared questionnaire and studied the effects of spam on the social and economical welfare of Bahrainis. The research results stress the need to regulate spam spread through the introduction of a spam law. The overwhelming majority of the Bahraini email community expresses concern with receiving spam but some would still prefer to continue to receive some sort of controlled spam especially commercial advertising spam. The paper addresses the different concerns expressed by the email community and measures the levels of these concerns in terms of age, gender, work productivity. This paper is aimed at setting the pace for regulating and raising the level of awareness of email spam in the Arab countries.


Education has a transformative effect. Without entrepreneurial education, there are no entrepreneurs. Even born entrepreneurs need new information and knowledge (all the time). Entrepreneurship is not an intuitive thing, even though intuition is an important issue during business activities, especially in the decision-making process. Many of today's successful entrepreneurs attribute their success to their intuition. Bill Gates says for example, "you cannot ignore your intuition." At the same time, theory is an essential component of the learning process. Without accumulated, abstract general knowledge, learning would be slow, difficult, and ineffective. This is especially true for university-level education, where a correctly chosen theory is the building block of teaching. Among other things, entrepreneurial theories help us better understand entrepreneurial behaviours. Entrepreneurial theories also help us understand why some people have greater entrepreneurial inclination than others. Macroeconomic research makes it clear that there is a need for entrepreneurship and activity, as this is how companies are created that provide work and a living for employees. But even sole proprietorships are valuable participants in value creation.


Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a public health problem of considerable magnitude. The prevailing primary prevention strategies are universal, school-based CSA prevention programs, some of which have been designated as evidence-based, such as Safe Touches. However, to reach their public health impact potential, effective universal school-based CSA prevention programs require effective and efficient dissemination and implementation strategies. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the reach and effectiveness of a school-based CSA prevention curriculum, Safe Touches, when implemented on a wide scale. Using a longitudinal cohort design, children in second grade classrooms in public elementary schools in five counties received the Safe Touches workshop and completed surveys designed to assess gains in knowledge at four timepoints (one week prior, immediately post-workshop, 6- and 12-months post-workshop). In total, the Safe Touches workshop was delivered in 718 classrooms in 92% of school districts, reaching ~14,235 second graders. Multilevel models (n = 3,673) revealed that Safe Touches significantly increased CSA-related knowledge, and that these gains were maintained 12-months post-workshop (ps < .001). There were some small but significant time-varying effects among participants in schools with a greater percentage of low income and minority students, but these effects largely disappeared 12-months post workshop. This study demonstrates that a single-session, universal school-based CSA prevention program can effectively increase children's knowledge when implemented and disseminated on a wide scale and knowledge gains can be retained 12-months post intervention.