This thesis explores the fact that in Slovenian multiple wh-questions not all wh-phrases have to front. This suggests that multiple wh-movement in Slovenian is optional. The majority of the existing literature on multiple wh-fronting focuses on questions in which all wh-phrases have to move to clause initial positions, I, on the other hand, focus on optionality in multiple wh-questions. I show movement in Slovenian is not avoided because of phonological, syntactic or semantic restrictions that influence other languages (cf. Boskovic 2002), and that the Principle of Distinctness (Richards 2010) does not account for all cases of optional multiple wh-fronting in Slovenian.
Three types of multiple wh-questions in Slovenian are determined and analyzed: (i) questions in which all wh-phrases move to clause initial positions (i.e. questions with multiple wh-fronting), (ii) questions in which one wh-phrase has to be moved to a clause initial position and the rest undergo movement to a clause internal position (multiple wh-questions with short movement), (iii) questions in which at least one wh-phrase has to be moved to a clause initial position and the rest stay in situ (multiple wh-questions with wh-in-situ). Crucially, in all three types at least one wh-phrase has to move to a clause initial position for a question to receive a true question reading.
I assume the Cartographic approach and propose an account of multiple wh-fronting in Slovenian in which one wh-phrase has to move to an Interrogative Projection (the clause initial position) in the Left Periphery while the remaining wh-phrases move to Wh-Projections in the Left Periphery, questions in (i), or the Low Periphery, questions in (ii). I propose that wh-phrases with a wh-feature undergo wh-movement, which means that wh-movement is in fact obligatory in Slovenian. In questions of type (iii), wh-phrases that do not undergo movement are in fact bare wh-pronouns, which one also finds in polarity contexts, that are licensed by the interpretable Q+wh-feature located in the Interrogative Projection. Because the bare wh-pronouns do not come with a wh-feature, they do not have to move. I conclude that wh-movement in Slovenian only appears to be optional.


An adaptive fusion technique based on non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) and intensity–hue–saturation (IHS) transform is presented. First, the grey-scale visible light image is colourised by utilising a reference image, and then, the values of components I, H and S can be obtained via IHS transform, which can separate intensity information from spectrum information of the image. Second, multi-scale and multi-directional decompositions of the infrared image and the component I of the grey-scale visible light image are performed by NSCT. By adopting certain fusion rules, the low-frequency and high-frequency components of the fused image can be achieved. Third, being the component I of the final fused image, the grey-scale fused image can be gained by the use of inverse NSCT. Finally, the red–green–blue colourised fused image is reconstructed by the inverse IHS. Experimental results show that the technique is effective.


Attenuation caused by trees should be estimated for the purpose of high altitude platforms link design. Thus, the knowledge of vegetation depths for different tree types (conic, ellipsoid, spherical, hemispherical) and elevation angle distributions in a coverage area is required. For this purpose, bivariate histogram of vegetation depths and probability density function of elevation angles are calculated. Then, by utilizing the vegetation depths and the probability distribution of the elevation angles in a coverage area, the calculation of the joint probability distribution is made. For a possible link design, when tree shape differences and elevation angle possibilities have been taken into account, average single tree attenuation ranges are estimated and presented for 2-6 GHz frequency band.


The metaphase spindle of haploid Dictyostelium discoideum (n = 7) is 2 mum long. It consists of some 20 microtubules which seem continuous between the spindle pole bodies and there are about 20 chromosomal microtubules at each end of the spindle. During anaphase the central spindle elongates and the chromosomal microtubules shorten. The spindle length and structure at this stage suggests that lengthening is caused by elongation as well as parallel sliding of the nonchromosomal microtubules. The nuclear envelope remains mostly intact during mitosis, and nuclear separation through medial constriction takes place when the spindle is 6 mum long. Cytokinesis occurs when the spindle is 10 mum long. At that time the kinetochores double in size. During interphase, the spindle pole body separates from the nucleus to a distance of 0.7 mum, and it returns at the onset of the next prophase when it becomes functionally double, thereby starting the formation of a central spindle. When comparing mitosis in the cellular slime molds Polysphondylium violaceum and D. discoideum, several similarities and some differences are apparent.


Learning-by-exporting proponents argue that exporting increases productivity by exposing producers to new technologies or through product quality upgrading. This study is based on the observation that the technological superiority and severity of product quality requirements are not the same in all export markets. If learning occurs through the acquisition of new knowledge, exporting to less developed markets should not generate as much productivity growth as exporting to advanced countries. Using plant-level data from Colombia, I demonstrate that exporting to advanced countries generates the highest productivity premium and that the ability to benefit from exporting in general and exporting to advanced markets in particular increases monotonically as one moves along the conditional productivity distribution.


: The article discusses the results of dynamic echocardiographic examination of 46 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease before and after 15-day treatment with agents capable of blocking beta-receptors: propranolol (anaprilin), pindolol (visken), talinolol (cordan) which were prescribed in mean therapeutical doses. It is shown that agents blocking beta-adrenergic receptors lead to regular decrease in the indices of myocardial contractility. The character of changes in the volumetric characteristics of the left ventricle depends on the initial levels of arterial pressure and the degree of its dynamics during treatment with beta-adrenergic blocking agents. In patients with chronic ischemic heart disease developing against the background of hypertensive disease the dynamics of changes in the volumetric indices depends on the degree of arterial pressure reduction.


Abstract Rates of overweight and obesity are increasing and although the causes are multifaceted, portion size has been implicated in a number of studies. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate perceptions of portion size, knowledge of energy requirements and how these vary by Body Mass Index (BMI) and gender. Subjects (n = 216) were asked, using a 7-point scale, to rate the adequacy of a standard portion of both food and drink; select their preferred size from a choice of four different portions; asked questions related to energy intake and expenditure; and then weighed and heights measured. Results show that when presented with a choice, individuals generally prefer larger portions of food; the correlation between BMI and perceptions of portion sizes was significant; those with higher BMIs preferring larger portion; males preferring larger portions than females. In general, individuals have a poor understanding of their energy requirements and expenditure although there were no significant differences between BMI groups. Nearly half (43%) overestimated the amount of energy in a portion and most (54%) underestimated the amount of time required to burn that energy off. If the current overweight and obesity "epidemic" is to be addressed, action is required on a number of fronts; one being portion size where further research is warranted. doi:10.1300/ J385v05n02_04


Electricity is a major concern in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of most products since it is a required input for production of almost all goods. The largest life cycle inventory (LCI) databases contain, mainly, data for Europe and North America, while goods are produced in several other locations. Electricity generation in Brazil was chosen as a case study. Instead of making a totally new inventory this study started from an existing dataset for electricity mix, available on the database of ecoinvent (which has the composition of the mix according to Brazilian generation, i.e. the amount of electricity generation from each electricity source). The first step was to update the amount of each type of electricity contributing for the current mix, according to the latest available data. The impact assessment was carried out using three methods: EPS 2000, eco-indicator 99 and the single use method IPCC-GWP 100a. The results provided the base to identify which were the most contributing electricity types to certain categories. The impact assessment indicated the methane emissions from hydropower reservoirs, the bagasse electricity generation carcinogens impacts to be relevant parameters to be investigated further. As well the type of coal mining was altered to open cast mine in order to be more representative of the Brazilian coal mining reality. Difficulties were faced when attempting to select the most appropriate value for methane emissions in tropical reservoirs. In regards to the greenhouse gas emissions the greatest impact variation was a result of the usage of the worse and average cases, as well as alteration of characterization factors. Another factor highly relevant for the LCA impact of hydro power is the energy density, which had a significant variation from different hydropower plants in Brazil. For bagasse generation outdated data could have a significant impact in certain categories, although due to the small contribution to the Brazilian mix the difference impact becomes much less significant. The alteration of the type of mining did not result in a difference when compared to underground mining.


As a model for a full-scale, factory-wide system, a system for dimensional measurement has been constructed using eight low-cost monochrome cameras with C-mount lenses on a rigid metal framework. The cameras were synchronised to capture simultaneous image sets, and photogrammetric software used to locate in each image the centroids of retroreflective targets on a 3D test object. The distortion parameters of the lens on each camera were estimated, and a target network constructed to a precision of better than 4.5 µm (at k=1), equivalent to a 1:220,000 discrimination range. Targets were illuminated by an annular LED ring attached to the front mounting ring of the lens of each camera, and the analysis was repeated for four different LED wavelengths.


A weakening of Kreps and Wilson's (1982) notion of sequential rationality for extensive form games is presented. The motivation behind this weakening stems from the difficulty in justifying sequentially rational behavior in subgames reachable only through a violation of sequential rationality. Although the notion of weak sequential rationality developed here is based upon extensive form considerations, it bears a close relation to Selten's (1975) normal form perfect equilibria. Also, a class of restrictions one might impose upon out of equilibrium beliefs is suggested. The weakest of these results from the assumption that deviators are expected utility maximizers. The strongest yields backward induction outcomes in generic games with perfect information. Lastly, it is argued, with the aid of an example having imperfect information, that sequential rationality is not the consequence of equilibrium play and the absence of incredible threats.


Chromium is one of the toxic heavy metals which exists in nature as
stable hexavalent and trivalent forms. The hexavalent form of chromium
is more toxic than trivalent chromium as it persists indefinitely in the
 environment complicating its remediation. The conventional physical and
 chemical treatment techniques used for the removal of Cr(VI) are
expensive and highly energy intensive, moreover they produce harmful
by-products, ultimate disposal of which again causes secondary
pollution. Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using biological
sources as biosorbent has assumed advantageous over the existing
conventional physico-chemical techniques for the treatment of metal
contaminated wastes. The present batch biosorption study was undertaken
with an aim to examine the Cr (VI) removal potential of the resting
cells of Fusarium solani (isolated from soil) from aqueous solution. The
 specific Cr (VI) removal decreased with increase in pH and increased
with increase in initial Cr(VI) concentration , up to 500 mg/L . The
specific Cr(VI) removal remained almost constant by increasing biomass
concentration from 2.4 to 5.2 g/L. The studies also carried out by using
 the resting cells obtained from various stages of growth and the
maximum specific Cr(VI) removal (60 mg/g ) was achieved at 500 mg/L
initial Cr(VI) concentration and by using cells (36 h old). The Langmuir
 adsorption isotherm constants, Q0 and b were observed to be 57.1 mg/L
and 0.06 l 1/mg, respectively.


CTL that lyse melanoma cells were previously isolated from several melanoma patients. Such CTL recognize autologous proteins, indicating the occurrence of autoreactive T cells in melanoma patients. We have now raised CTL, using responding T lymphocytes from healthy donor blood, that lysed not only cells incubated with an HLA-A*0201-binding tyrosinase peptide but also melanoma cells endogenously processing and presenting the epitope. Our results suggest that autoreactive CTL precursors are present in healthy donor blood and can be activated in vitro with synthetic peptides presented on appropriate APCs. Therefore, tissue-specific, autoantigen-derived peptides might be useful in immunotherapy of both poorly and nonimmunogenic tumors.


Over the past decade, Scandinavian and German scholars have been active in the redefinition of the terms "Vitalism" and "Vitalist" as descriptive categories for analytical purposes in the fields of literary and cultural history. In this context,"Vitalism"has primarily been used to describe an enthusiastic worshipping of life, one that holds youth, health, strength and beauty as its primary attributes, which was prevalent in all aspects of cultural life around 1900. But even the post war founders of the Vitalist re-conceptualisation of this era, Wolfdietrich Rasch and Gunter Martens, warned of taking such a unilateral view ofwhat constituted a Vitalist concept of life. It could lead to a misunderstanding of Vitalist way of thinking, Rasch said, if the focus wasonly set upon the enthusiastic surplus, the worshipping of youth and health. To Vitalists, life is more than that. It is a totality that also encompasses notions of destruction, decay and death. "All life symbols in literature around 1900 are at the same time symbols of death" (Rasch, 1967:24).Through the analyses of three poems, this article aims to show concrete examples of how cyclic Vitalist thinking is embedded in poetry of the era. The analyses include a further sub-categorisation to capture the different types of Life Force dealt with in the texts. By way of an introduction, Vitalism is discussed within the context of the scientific and social developments of the 19th Century.


Background: The process of translating preclinical findings into a clinical setting takes decades. Previous studies have suggested that only 5-10% of the most promising preclinical studies are successfully translated into viable clinical applications. The underlying determinants of this low success rate (e.g. poor experimental design, suboptimal animal models, poor reporting) have not been examined in an empirical manner. Our study aims to determine the contemporary success rate of preclinical-to-clinical translation, and subsequently determine if an association between preclinical study design and translational success/failure exists. Methods: Established systematic review methodology will be used with regards to the literature search, article screening and study selection process. Preclinical, basic science studies published in high impact basic science journals between 1995 and 2015 will be included. Included studies will focus on publicly available interventions with potential clinical promise. The primary outcome will be successful clinical translation of promising therapies - defined as the conduct of at least one Phase II trial (or greater) with a positive finding. A case-control study will then be performed to evaluate the association between elements of preclinical study design and reporting and the likelihood of successful translation. Discussion: This study will provide a comprehensive analysis of the therapeutic translation from the laboratory bench to the bedside. Importantly, any association between factors of study design and the success of translation will be identified. These findings may inform future research teams attempting preclinical-to-clinical translation. Results will be disseminated to identified knowledge users that fund/support preclinical research.


ABSTRACT This qualitative study highlights how the use of several interpretative-methods helps to better capture the journey of the participants' transition from low-income, immigrant households to first-generation college students of color at a top-tier research university. I examine a wide range of interpretive practices, from traditional to innovative educational methods in the field of qualitative inquiry, when exploring the lived experiences of students who have been historically excluded in higher education. I reflect on the benefits and limits when employing these methods. I argue for the particular strength of employing multiple qualitative methods to study complex life situations such as college transitions. The pilot study's preliminary findings suggest that four first-generation college-going students utilized their family as a resource to help their transition to college. Specifically, the use of participant-generated photographs helped capture meaningful aspects of their everyday life as a college student. Scholars who aim to understand lived experiences of Mexican American women or other excluded groups are encouraged to employ multiple-interpretive methods to gain more textured accounts of their college experiences.


We present Higgs boson mass bounds in a lattice regularization allowing thus for non-perturbative investigations. In particular, we employ a lattice modified chiral invariant Higgs-Yukawa model using the overlap operator. We show results for the upper and lower Higgs boson mass bounds in the presence of a heavy mass-degenerate quark doublet with masses ranging up to 700 GeV. We perform infinite volume extrapolations in most cases, and examine several values of the lattice cutoff. Furthermore, we argue that the lower Higgs boson mass bound is stable with respect to the addition of higher dimensional operators to the scalar field potential. Our results have severe consequences for the phenomenology of a fourth generation of quarks if a light Higgs boson is discovered at the LHC.


Abstract. Factors affecting erythrocyte K+ content and plasma electrolytes during light exercise were examined in 8 normal subjects and 27 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. The patients were classified into bronchitis, emphysema and intermediate groups. Arterial blood was obtained during rest, after 2, 5, and 7 min. of exercise on a bicycle ergometer (30 km/h without mechanical brake), and at 10 and 20 min. during recovery for analysis of PO2, PCO2, plasma H, Na+, K, and Cl‐, erythrocyte K+ content and whole blood lactate. Plasma H increased significantly in all subjects after 2 min. of exercise and PCO2 rose in normal, bronchitis, and emphysema groups during exercise, whereas PO2 did not change significantly. Plasma K rose promptly after the beginning of exercise and remained at high values during exercise. The rapid rise in PCO2 was associated with a significant decrease of calculated erythrocyte K in patients with chronic bronchitis. Although changes in plasma H were dependent on both PCO2 and lactate, erythrocyte K+ changes were significantly related only to changes in PCO2. These results indicate that the decrease in erythrocyte K+ is mainly controlled by changes in arterial PCO2 during light exercise in patients with chronic bronchitis.


Phlogopite with layered silicate structure had been firstly chemically modified via an in situ intercalation method, and phlogopite-polymer nanocomposite films were prepared from 2,2'-bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluropropane dianhydride (6FDA) and oxydimethyl aniline (ODA) in N,N-dimethylacetamide as a solvent by using in-situ polymerization process combined with ultrasonic dispersion and multi-step curing. The structure of phlogopite minerals and its polymer nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectra (FTIR) respectively. The experimental results indicated that the phlogopites with layered nanostructure had lost their ordered structure and had been exfoliated or intercalated. Thereafter, they were dispersed randomly in the polyimide matrix. The dependence of dielectric properties and thermal stabilities of the nanocomposite films on the phlogopite content and frequency were studied.


Background The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated "going remote" with the delivery, support, and assessment of a study intervention targeting older adults enrolled in a clinical trial. While remotely delivering and assessing technology is not new, there are few methods available in the literature that are proven to be effective with diverse populations, and none for older adults specifically. Older adults comprise a diverse population, including in terms of their experience with and access to technology, making this a challenging endeavor. Objective Our objective was to remotely deliver and conduct usability testing for a mobile health (mHealth) technology intervention for older adult participants enrolled in a clinical trial of the technology. This paper describes the methodology used, its successes, and its limitations. Methods We developed a conceptual model for remote operations, called the Framework for Agile and Remote Operations (FAR Ops), that combined the general requirements for spaceflight operations with Agile project management processes to quickly respond to this challenge. Using this framework, we iteratively created care packages that differed in their contents based on participant needs and were sent to study participants to deliver the study intervention—a medication management app—and assess its usability. Usability data were collected using the System Usability Scale (SUS) and a novel usability questionnaire developed to collect more in-depth data. Results In the first 6 months of the project, we successfully delivered 21 care packages. We successfully designed and deployed a minimum viable product in less than 6 weeks, generally maintained a 2-week sprint cycle, and achieved a 40% to 50% return rate for both usability assessment instruments. We hypothesize that lack of engagement due to the pandemic and our use of asynchronous communication channels contributed to the return rate of usability assessments being lower than desired. We also provide general recommendations for performing remote usability testing with diverse populations based on the results of our work, including implementing screen sharing capabilities when possible, and determining participant preference for phone or email communications. Conclusions The FAR Ops model allowed our team to adopt remote operations for our mHealth trial in response to interruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic. This approach can be useful for other research or practice-based projects under similar circumstances or to improve efficiency, cost, effectiveness, and participant diversity in general. In addition to offering a replicable approach, this paper tells the often-untold story of practical challenges faced by mHealth projects and practical strategies used to address them. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04121858; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04121858


This study examined differences between lawyers (n = 91) and undergraduate students (n = 120) regarding their evaluation of behavior as sexual harassment (SH) and blame attributions toward offender and victim. The current study used a cross-sectional, comparative, independent measures design. Also examined was the correlation between these perceptions and belief in a just world (BJW) hypothesis. The respondents were presented with case descriptions of SH that were identical in all aspects but the perpetrator and victim's gender (alternately depicted as male/female and female/male). Results showed that both lawyers and students agreed that the described event comprised SH, yet gender bias was evident. Both lawyers and students were more inclined to regard the behavior as SH when the vignette description depicted the perpetrator as a man (i.e., female victim) than as a woman (male victim). Gender bias was also evident in the examination of blame attributions, which were higher toward a male (vs. female) harasser. Nonetheless, the findings indicate that lawyers were less biased than students, manifested in less victim-blame and higher perpetrator blame attributions. No correlation between BJW and perceiving the vignette as SH and blame attribution was found. The findings indicate discriminatory judgments of SH based on gender. Gender-related stereotypes and sociocultural explanations are discussed.


Geotechnical centrifuge testing is used to examine the preferential (fingered) flow of a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in a uniform dry sand. The results of nine experiments, containing a total of 87 observations of NAPL finger behavior, are analyzed. The observed finger tip velocities range from 0.01 to 0.3 cm/s, while the observed finger widths range from 0.3 to 3.6 cm. From the experimental data it is concluded that, asymptotically, the NAPL fingers are not fully saturated. For comparison, the behavior of water fingers is examined using the same experimental setup. In contrast to the NAPL fingers, and in agreement with other work reported in the literature, the water fingers are found to be fully saturated. In addition, it is confirmed that the water finger properties can be well predicted from known porous medium and fluid properties. A scaling analysis is presented that allows the NAPL finger properties to be inferred from models developed to describe water finger properties. The analysis predicts NAPL finger velocities to within 15% and NAPL finger widths to within 50% if both finger types are assumed saturated. By adjusting the analysis to account for the fact that the NAPL fingers are not fully saturated, NAPL finger widths can be predicted within to 10%, and NAPL finger velocities to within 30%.


Objective To assess the effect of patient completed agenda forms for the consultation and doctors' education on identifying patients' agendas on the outcome of consultations. Design Randomised controlled trial. Setting General practices in Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom. Participants 46 general practitioners and 976 patients. Interventions Education for general practitioners, with an embedded clustered randomised controlled trial of a patient agenda form. Main outcome measures Number of problems identified, time required to manage each problem, duration of consultations, number of problems raised after the doctor considered the consultation finished ("by the way" questions), and patient satisfaction. Results Data were available from 45 doctors (98%) and 857 patients (88%). The number of problems identified in each consultation increased by 0.2 (95% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.4) with the agenda form, by 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) with education, and by 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) with both interventions. The time required to manage each problem was not affected. The duration of consultations with the agenda form was increased by 0.9 minutes (0.3 to1.5 minutes) and with the combined intervention by 1.9 minutes (1.0 to 2.8 minutes). Patient satisfaction with the depth of the doctor-patient relationship was increased with the agenda form. The occurrence of "by the way" presentations did not change. Conclusion A patient completed agenda form before the consultation or general practitioner education about the agenda form, or both, enabled the identification of more problems in consultations even though consultations were longer.


Having interpreted the building traces and surviving archival sources of St. John's Church it proved possible to reconstruct most of the building history. The earliest known church structure on this site was probably a thirteenth century brick, single-nave construction. In the fourteenth century the church was extended and the western tower was built. In 1390 a triple-nave brick hall church was being constructed. The size of the bays was half the size of the current bays. The architecture demonstrated an affinity with churches like the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam. Between 1475 and 1510, the church was widened by adding two side-aisles and extended lengthways by a basilica choir with a five-sided ambulatory. The size of the nave's bay remained unchanged, but for the choir a broader bay was built. The ambulatory has broad gables with wide stained-glass windows and bears a great resemblance to that of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam and that of the former Nieuwezijds Kapel in the same city. Around 1510 the church was decided to become a basilica and the outside side-aisles were turned into side-chapels, with bays that were twice the size of those of the nave. This concept also refers back to the architecture of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam. In 1552, the church was destroyed by fire. The renovation work offered the opportunity to double the size of the nave's bay and this gave the church interior a great sense of unity and space. The lateral axis became as important in width as the longitudinal layout and the inner side-aisles. Cornelis Frederickszn van der Goude was the master builder involved. The restoration was finished in course of the seventies of the sixteenth century. In 1590 the clerestory was finished, and after it had been placed on the nave, a new section was placed on the highest section of the tower. This section was designed by builder and bricklayer Dirck Luyten. It emerges that not much was changed to the building itself in the centuries that followed. It was as late as the eighteenth century before the interior was modernised. At the end of the nineteenth century the church was in need of restoration. This began in 1898 and ended (with a little pause during World War II) in 1980. In the past decades St. John's Church and the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam have both mistakenly been regarded as the Hague hall-type. The churches of the Hague hall-type have a triple-aisle layout and transepts that are situated one after the other with roofs that cut through the nave which is of equal height. St. John's and the Oude Kerk have a five-aisle floor plan of which only the outermost aisles are side-chapels. The architecture of St. John's Church has been influenced more by interregional developments rather than local ones, which may be expected when one considers that Gouda belonged to the six most important Dutch cities in the Middle Ages and that St. John's has always been the only parish church of the town.


This paper proposes a novel low-power fully-differential ultra-wideband (UWB) low noise amplifier (LNA) for 6–9-GHz UWB receivers in digital 90nm CMOS. The capacitive cross-coupled common-gate (CG) stage is cascaded with a cross-coupled common-source (CS) second stage to perform the wideband input impedance matching, low noise figure (NF), low power, and flat-high-wideband gain which is due to the stagger tuning amplification. The DC power consumption is further reduced by the current-reuse topology. The simulation results achieve the minimum NF of 2.55dB, maximum voltage gain of 24.8dB with 3-dB bandwidth of 6–9-GHz, and IIP3 of 3.57dBm at 9GHz. The return loss is less than −12dB in the desired band because of the CG stage as the input stage. The proposed UWB LNA consumes 2.3mW core DC power at 1V supply voltage.


While children with developmental disabilities often fail to develop speech, many will nonetheless engage in a range of prelinguistic behaviours. Prelinguistic behaviours include actions such as eye gaze or eye pointing, pointing with a finger, facial expressions (e.g., smile, frown), and body movements (e.g., waving an arm, leg extension). The purpose of this research project was to evaluate procedures for (a) identifying prelinguistic forms in the repertoires of children with developmental disability, and (b) validating the communicative function, if any, of these existing prelinguistic behaviours. This was achieved through a three-phase study involving a total of 10 children with developmental disabilities and their parents. For Phase 1, the author interviewed each child's parent(s) and teacher using a structured protocol; The Inventory of Potential Communicative Acts (IPCA; Sigafoos, Woodyatt, Keen et al., 2000). The IPCA has been used in numerous previous studies to identify prelinguistic behaviours that are interpreted as forms of communication. In Phase 2, the author used informant report to identify and replicate six situations: three in which each participant was reported to communicate a specific function and three in which he/she reportedly did not communicate. The author then compared the children's responses during the clinical trials to the behaviours he/she was reported to use for the targeted function. In Phase 3, the parent replicated the structured trials used in Phase 2 to determine whether participant performance varied relative to communicative partner. Findings from this study provide evidence to support the validity of the IPCA as an interview protocol for identifying potential communicative acts in children with developmental disability and severe communication impairment. The comparisons made between the reported communicative behaviours used for each function revealed both similarities and differences across children. The results also provide evidence that children with severe communication impairment and developmental disability are using similar behaviours to communicate specific functions across different environments and with different communicative partners.


The behavior of swollen gellan gum hydrogels in terms of mechanical properties, weight loss, and cell growth inhibition of leachates is presented. Low-acyl gellan gum (LAGG), high-acyl gellan gum (HAGG), and a HAGG–LAGG blend were soaked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 and 37°C for up to 168 days. The gels exhibited their maximum mass loss and swelling after 28 days of immersion in PBS. LAGG gels exhibited lower value for mass loss and the chain-release diffusion coefficient than gels consisting of HAGG and the HAGG–LAGG blend. The change in mechanical and rheological characteristics during soaking of the three hydrogels was attributed to mass loss, while LAGG hydrogels also showed evidence of effects because of cation exchange with the surrounding medium. The mechanical characteristics of the LAGG, HAGG, and blend hydrogels relative to each other did not change during swelling (although the magnitude changed). L929 fibroblasts growth inhibition tests showed that the leachate products of the three gels can be considered noncytotoxic, which is important for their future application in tissue engineering. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3374–3383, 2013


"An even-handed, elegantly presented and thoroughly researched example of the sort of work historical geographers need to be doing."--Journal of Historical Geography. "A valuable and meticulous study."--London Times Literary Supplement. "No serious student of Indian history or Indian-white history can overlook this singular book, a readable, thoroughly documented history of the Indians of Nebraska--Pawnee, Otoe, Missouria, Ponca, and Omaha...David Wishart has given readers what I regard as one of the best histories of the American Indians ever written...I find Wishart's work exceptionally meritorious in the field."--Wilbur R. Jacobs, Journal of American History. "A well-written and authoritative work." --Francis Paul Prucha, Great Plains Quarterly. Of all the interactions between American Indians and Euro-Americans, none was as fundamental as the acquisition of the indigenous peoples' lands. To Euro-Americans this takeover of lands was seen as a natural right, an evolution to a higher use; to American Indians the loss of homelands was a tragedy involving also a loss of subsistence, a loss of history, and a loss of identity. Historical geographer David J. Wishart tells the story of the dispossession process as it affected the Nebraska Indians--Otoe-Missouria, Ponca, Omaha, and Pawnee--over the course of the nineteenth century. Working from primary documents, and including American Indian voices, Wishart analyzes the spatial and ecological repercussions of dispossession. Maps give the spatial context of dispossession, showing how Indian societies were restricted to ever smaller territories where American policies of social control were applied with increasing intensity. Graphs of population loss serve as reference lines for the narrative, charting the declining standards of living over the century of dispossession. Care is taken to support conclusions with empirical evidence, including, for example, specific details of how much the Indians were paid for their lands. The story is told in a language that is free from jargon and is accessible to a general audience. David J. Wishart is a professor of geography at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He is the author of The Fur Trade of the American West, 1807-1840: A Geographical Synthesis (Nebraska 1979).


Gelatin-chitosan mucoadhesive microspheres of clonazepam were prepared using the emulsion cross linking method. Mirospheres were evaluated using the in vitro and ex vivo drug release patterns. In vivo CNS drug distribution studies were carried out in rats by administering the clonazepam microspheres intra-nasally and clonazepam solution intravenously. From the drug levels in plasma and CSF, drug targeting index and drug targeting efficiency were calculated. Results obtained indicated that intranasally administered clonazepam microspheres resulted in higher brain levels with a drug targeting index of 2.12. Gelatin-chitosan cross linked mucoadhesive microspheres have the potential to be developed as a brain-targeted drug delivery system for clonazepam.


Cerro Quema is a high-sulfidation epithermal Au-Cu deposit located in the Azuero Peninsula, southwestern Panama. It is hosted by a dacite dome complex of the Río Quema Formation, a volcano-sedimentary sequence of the Panamanian Cretaceous-Paleogene magmatic arc. Cerro Quema has oxide resources of 24.60 Mt at 0.71 g/t Au and 0.04% Cu, and sulfide resources of 11.38 Mt at 0.41 g/t Au and 0.31% Cu. Alunite 40Ar/39Ar dating of a sample from Cerro Quema yielded a final age of 48.8 ± 2.2 Ma (weighted average of plateau age) and 49.2 ± 3.3 Ma (weighted average of total gas age). This age is interpreted to represent the formational age of the Cerro Quema deposit at ~49 Ma, linking it to the Valle Rico batholith intrusive event. Based on the new alunite 40Ar/39Ar data and a reexamination of published geochronological data, magmatic-hydrothermal deposits such as the Río Pito porphyry copper and the Cerro Quema high-sulfidation epithermal deposit formed during the early arc stage (68–40 Ma) in the Chagres-Bayano arc (eastern Panama) and the Soná-Azuero arc (western Panama), respectively. They formed in a similar geodynamic setting at ~49 Ma, when diorites and quartz-diorites intruded Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequences. Cerro Quema and Río Pito provide evidence for the exploration potential of Cretaceous-Paleogene arc segments. Exploration should focus on Cretaceous volcanic and volcano-sedimentary sequences intruded by Paleogene batholiths of intermediate to felsic composition.


Nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithms, e.g., the butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA), have become increasingly popular. The BOA, which adapts the food foraging and social behaviors of butterflies, involves randomly defined, algorithmic-dependent parameters that affect the exploration and exploitation strategies, which negatively influences the overall performance of the algorithm. To address this issue and improve performance, this paper proposes a modified BOA, i.e., the quantum chaos BOA (QCBOA), that relies on chaos theory and quantum computing techniques. Chaos mapping of unpredictable and divergent behavior helps tune critical parameters, and the quantum wave concept helps the representative butterflies in the algorithm explore the search space more effectively. The proposed QCBOA also implements a ranking strategy to maintain balance between the exploration and exploitation phases, which is lacking in conventional BOAs. To evaluate reliability and efficiency, the proposed QCBOA is tested against a well-utilized set of 20 benchmark functions and travelling salesman problem which belongs to the class of combinatorial optimization problems. Besides, the proposed method is also adopted to photovoltaic system parameter extraction to demonstrate its application to real-word problems. An extensive comparative study was also conducted to compare the performance of QCBOA with that of the conventional BOAs, fine-tuned particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, differential evolution (DE), and genetic algorithm (GA). The results demonstrate that, chaos functions with the quantum wave concept yield better performance for most tested cases and comparative results in the rest of the cases. The speed of convergence also increased compared to the conventional BOAs. The proposed QCBOA is expected to provide better results in other real-word optimization problems and benchmark functions.


The facts of isomorphism of collagens from a variety of species have been discovered; helical unit twist and unit height are practically constant in spite of a wide variation of amino acid composition. Collagen is isomorphous to fibrous form of modelling polytripeptides, at the same time helical unit twist of crystalline forms of (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 is different (although it is possible that the disagreement between fibrous and crystalline forms is a consequence of a specific diffraction effects).


ABSTRACT Our laboratory previously constructed mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis with deletions in the genes for their major β-lactamases, BlaC and BlaS, respectively, and showed that the mutants have increased susceptibilities to most β-lactam antibiotics, particularly the penicillins. However, there is still a basal level of resistance in the mutants to certain penicillins, and the susceptibilities of the mutants to some cephalosporin-based β-lactams are essentially the same as those of the wild types. We hypothesized that characterizing additional mutants (derived from β-lactamase deletion mutants) that are hypersusceptible to β-lactam antibiotics might reveal novel genes involved with other mechanisms of β-lactam resistance, peptidoglycan assembly, and cell envelope physiology. We report here the isolation and characterization of nine β-lactam antibiotic-hypersusceptible transposon mutants, two of which have insertions in genes known to be involved with peptidoglycan biosynthesis (ponA2 and dapB); the other seven mutants have insertions which affect novel genes. These genes can be classified into three groups: those involved with peptidoglycan biosynthesis, cell division, and other cell envelope processes. Two of the peptidoglycan-biosynthetic genes (ponA2 and pbpX) may encode β-lactam antibiotic-resistant enzymes proposed to be involved with the synthesis of the unusual diaminopimelyl linkages within the mycobacterial peptidoglycan.


The study is based on the 3D seismic dataset (LN09M01). The study area is located in the southwest Barents Sea, south-western flank of the Loppa High. In the SW Barents Sea, the Middle to Late Triassic interval incorporates relatively thick and widespread fluvial system in the Snadd Formation, which is characterized by distinctive abundance of channel bodies of varying shape and extend. During Triassic, the Barents Sea Basin was gradually filled with sediments, sourced from Caledonian mountains in the southeast, by prograding alluvial to deltaic plain. The Middle to Late Triassic Snadd Formation is dominated by distinctive abundance of channel bodies. This master thesis has the overall objective to increase knowledge about the distribution and evolution of fluvial depositional systems of Snadd Formation, also focusing on channel dimensions, geomorphology and control over sediment deposition. By analyzing 3D seismic volume and investigating stratigraphic evolution, this thesis reveals evidence of the presence of fluvial depositional systems and variety of fluvial geomorphological features, such as point bar, concave-bank, channel fill and levees deposits. The results of this study provide a basis sedimentology insight of the Snadd formation, evolution and migration of ancient fluvial channel, and in broader scale, it provides insight into spatio-temporal development of channel sandstone bodies.


The new quaternary thiosilicate, Li2PbSiS4 (dilithium lead silicon tetrasulfide), was prepared in an evacuated fused-silica tube via high-temperature, solid-state synthesis at 800 °C, followed by slow cooling. The crystal structure was solved and refined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. By strict definition, the title compound crystallizes in the stannite structure type; however, this type of structure can also be described as a compressed chalcopyrite-like structure. The Li+ cation lies on a crystallographic fourfold rotoinversion axis, while the Pb2+ and Si4+ cations reside at the intersection of the fourfold rotoinversion axis with a twofold axis and a mirror plane. The Li+ and Si4+ cations in this structure are tetrahedrally coordinated, while the larger Pb2+ cation adopts a distorted eight-coordinate dodecahedral coordination. These units join together via corner- and edge-sharing to create a dense, three-dimensional structure. Powder X-ray diffraction indicates that the title compound is the major phase of the reaction product. Electronic structure calculations, performed using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method within density functional theory (DFT), indicate that Li2PbSiS4 is a semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of 2.22 eV, which compares well with the measured optical bandgap of 2.51 eV. The noncentrosymmetric crystal structure and relatively wide bandgap designate this compound to be of interest for IR nonlinear optics.


Background Psychological distress (PD) is common worldwide. Physical exercise is usually recommended by physicians to relieve PD among older adults. However, there is not yet strong enough evidence to support this recommendation. Aim This study examined the effect of a low impact exercise program on marginalised Lebanese women with psychological distress. Methods Community-dwelling women with a mean age of 56 years were randomised to either a low impact exercise program of three times a week for 6 weeks or a control group that received daily calcium tablets. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to assess PD, the main outcome measure, and intention-to-treat analysis was performed. A focus group discussion was then conducted with a group of women who completed the exercise program. Results Sixty nine women were enrolled. Psychological distress was significantly lower at the completion of the study when compared to baseline levels in both intervention and calcium groups, whereby a drop in the GHQ-12 was noted in all 69 women, but this drop did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion This study showed that light impact exercise did not result in significant improvement of PD though the women who participated in the exercise program reported improvement and asked to sustain this activity.


In recent years, researchers have turned their attention to the relationship between teacher social interactions and the successful implementaion of reforms. The limited research to date has tended to support this relationship, with some research finding significant correlations between teacher collaboration and student achievement. In this study, we use quantitative methods to determine the relationship between within-school networks formed around the interpertation and use of the data on the National Tests Report and student achievement, as measured by the proportion of students meeting or exceeding the proficiency standard on the National Tests. The sampple comprised 56 teachers from seven schools within an urban school district. Teachers responded to a social network survey and two dimensions on the OCI. Interviews of 15 principals and five focus groups of 31 teachres provided the qualitative data. Findings suggested that a relationship between shcools with high collegial trust exhibited deeper collaborative structures and a higher proportion of students performing at standard on the National Tests. These findings have implications for principals and techers who will need to find ways to maximize the use of within-school skill sets and expertise, especially in a resource-strapped system.


Compressed natural gas (CNG) is considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels for transportation due to its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 , in particular) and its abundance. An earlier study from IFP has shown that CNG has a considerable potential when used as a fuel for a dedicated downsized turbo-charged SI engine on a small urban vehicle. To take further advantage of CNG assets, this approach can be profitably extended by adding a small secondary (electrical) power source to the CNG engine, thus hybridizing the powertrain. This is precisely the focus of the new IFP project, VEHGAN, which aims to develop a mild-hybrid CNG prototype vehicle based on a MCC Smart car equipped with a reversible starter-alternator and ultra-capacitors (Valeo Starter Alternator Reversible System, StARS). The unfolding of this project has involved and will involve several interesting and challenging issues from an engine control point of view, such as mastering the automatic manual transmission (AMT) control system and integrating a new power source, with its new functions, into the torque-oriented engine control structure.


A key feature of maturation of dendritic cells is the down-regulation of antigen-processing and up-regulation of immunostimulatory capacities. To study the differential expression of transcription factors in this process, we investigated the nuclear translocation and DNA binding of Rel/NF-kappaB and octamer factors during in vitro generation and maturation of dendritic cells compared with macrophage development. RelB was the only factor strongly up-regulated during the generation of both immature dendritic cells and macrophages. Cytokine-induced maturation of dendritic cells resulted in an increase in nuclear RelB, p50, p52, and especially c-Rel, whereas cytokine-treated macrophages responded poorly. This up-regulation of NF-kappaB factors did not correlate with lower levels of cytosolic NF-kappaB inhibitors, the IkappaBs. One IkappaB, Bcl-3, was strongly expressed only in mature dendritic cells. Furthermore, generation and maturation of dendritic cells led to a continuous down-regulation of the octamer factor Oct-2, whereas monocytes and macrophages displayed high Oct-2 levels. A similar pattern of maturation-induced changes in transcription factor levels was found in cultured murine epidermal Langerhans cells, suggesting a general physiological significance of these findings. Finally, this pattern of differential activation of Rel and octamer factors appears to be suitable in determining the maturation stage of dendritic cells generated by treatment with different cytokine combinations in vitro. (Blood. 2000;95:277-285)


systems such as horse locomotion are investigated by using inertial sensor systems composed of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers, or by optical motion tracking systems. The major difficulty in the inertial sensor systems is the integration process. Furthermore, the signals possess noise that has to be filtered. On the other hand, the motion tracking systems are expensive and mostly adapted to indoor laboratory conditions. Hence, in some studies, horses are trained to walk on treadmills with various speeds. This training process is time consuming and may lead to unnatural gaits. In this study, an inexpensive, portable vision system for tracking the motion in a large calibration volume is designed; and an algorithm for obtaining kinematics of a rigid body is developed and implemented in MATLAB. Using the overall system, it is possible to determine the position, velocity and acceleration of any point in the calibration volume which may contain multiple rigid bodies. The point of interest may correspond to points which do not allow an accelerometer to be mounted, or points which are invisible to the cameras. This is the major advantage of our method. A singularity analysis of the algorithm, which yields useful information on the positioning of the markers that are to be tracked by the vision system, is also performed. The method is used to study the whole-body vibrations (WBV) imposed on a horse rider. To the authors' knowledge, there exists no studies on this topic in the literature. Regarding the imposed WBV, the differences between the gaits of the same horse and the differences between the gaits of different horses (executing the same gait) are investigated. The results are experimentally shown to be consistent with the comfort assessment of four experienced riders.


The objective of this study was to determine effects of various forages and live yeast culture on intake, growth, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation of weaned dairy calves. Holstein calves (n = 45) were randomly assigned to 2 × 3 factorial treatments: live yeast culture or no yeast and alfalfa haylage (AH), corn silage (CS), or grass hay (GH). Calves were weaned at 6 wk of age, housed individually, and studied from 7 to 16 wk of age. Rations, consisting of an 18% crude protein texturized grower (yeast or no yeast) and assigned forage, were offered as separate components until 9 wk of age. After 9 wk, diets were offered as a total mixed ration (TMR). Concentrate intake was capped at 2.25 kg of dry matter (DM)/d, and forage was offered ad libitum. The TMR contained equal forage neutral detergent fiber (8 ± 0.5%) on a DM basis for each basal diet. Calves were fed TMR to limit concentrate intake, and additional forage was offered ad libitum after 8 h if the entire TMR allotment was consumed. Total fecal collection (12 calves) was conducted for 4 d at 11 and 15 wk of age. Feeds and feces were evaluated for DM, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and starch to calculate digestibility. On the last day of fecal collection, rumen samples were collected to evaluate pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile. Metabolizable energy and DM intake was least for calves consuming GH compared with other forages. Forage intake (% of DM intake) increased as calves aged (AH = 20 to 44.4%, CS = 24.5 to 37.6%, GH = 11.3 to 32.3% at 10 and 16 wk of age, respectively). Calves on CS had the greatest average daily gain and empty body weight gain, and calves on GH had the least. Calves on GH tended to have the lowest final body weight. There were no differences in structural growth. Digestibility of DM decreased with age. Fiber digestibility was least for calves on CS, and starch digestibility was least for calves on AH. Mean and minimum rumen pH increased with age. Forage offered changed VFA profile and there was an interaction between yeast and forage on VFA profile. These results indicated that recently weaned calves perform well on AH, CS, or GH and have minimal benefit from yeast supplementation. Feeding GH reduced weight gain, but all calves achieved a level of gain to meet growth goals for breeding and freshening. Furthermore, the ability to consume large portions of the ration as forage allows for more economical diets to be fed.


AbstractBackground;Despite of the significant role of packaging within logistics and supply chain management, packaging is infrequently studied as focal point in supply chain. Most of the previous logistics research studies tend to explain the integration between packaging and logistics through logistical packaging. In very rare cases, the studies mentioned about customer value. Therefore the major disadvantage of these studies is that, they didn't consider logistical packaging and customer value delivery as related matters. As a result customers incur significant cost in repairing damages incurred during inbound and outbound logistics operations because of poor packaging.Purpose;To explore how packaging solution manufacturers accounts for packaging requirements and delivers customer value through logistical packaging in order to enhance the efficiency in the customer's inbound and outbound logistics operations.Method;Through a qualitative research method combined with abductive research approach, a case study at Stora Enso packaging was conducted. Logistical packaging concept and customer value equation model has been introduced in this thesis. Then, data were collected and analyzed in the context of how does Stora Enso derives packaging requirements from customers so that it deliver customer values which ultimately enhance customers' inbound and outbound logistic operations.Conclusion;The results after the analysis showed that, the packaging solution really affects performance of different activities in a logistics chain. Moreover, it showed how Stora Enso takes into consideration logistics requirements from customers and deliver value to these customers through logistical packaging. By delivering customer values such as light, strong and durable, flexible and cost efficient, having many fields of use, and completely renewable, a Stora Enso packaging solution enhance customer's inbound and outbound logistics operations by ensuring efficient transportation, maximum product protection, smooth handling, optimal warehouse space usage and less waste to the environment during disposal. In this way, Stora Enso delivers value to its customers by manufacturing a packaging solution that is tailored to their logistics chain requirements.


ABSTRACT In a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, 546 patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections received tigecycline 100 mg/day (a 100-mg initial dose and then 50 mg intravenously twice daily) or the combination of vancomycin 2 g/day (1 g intravenously twice daily) and aztreonam 4 g/day (2 g intravenously twice daily) for up to 14 days. The primary end point was the clinical response in the clinical modified intent-to-treat (c-mITT) and clinically evaluable (CE) populations at the test-of-cure visit 12 to 92 days after the last dose. The microbiologic response at the test-of-cure visit was also assessed. Safety was assessed by physical examination, laboratory results, and adverse event reporting. Five hundred twenty patients were included in the c-mITT population (tigecycline group, n = 261; combination group, n = 259), and 436 were clinically evaluable (tigecycline group, n = 223; combination group, n = 213). The clinical responses in the tigecycline and the combination vancomycin and aztreonam groups were similar in the c-mITT population (84.3% versus 86.9%; difference, −2.6% [95% confidence interval, −9.0, 3.8]; P = 0.4755) and the CE population (89.7% versus 94.4%; difference, −4.7% [95% confidence interval, −10.2, 0.8]; P = 0.1015). Microbiologic eradication (documented or presumed) occurred in 84.8% of the patients receiving tigecycline and 93.2% of the patients receiving vancomycin and aztreonam (difference, −8.5 [95% confidence interval, −16.0, −1.0]; P = 0.0243). The numbers of patients reporting adverse events were similar in the two groups, with increased nausea and vomiting rates in the tigecycline group and an increased incidence of rash and increases in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in the combination vancomycin and aztreonam group. Tigecycline was shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections.


Cassava is often grown in low-fertility soils and has a reputation for having modest nutrient requirements. The storage roots that are harvested, however, contain relatively large amounts of potassium (K). We carried out a field experiment in Laos to determine the growth response to K fertiliser and to examine the field's K balance over the cropping season. Four different rates of K (0-40-80-120 kg K2O equivalents ha−1) were applied to cassava variety Rayong11. Harvests were done at 8 and 10 months after planting, when the crop was at early and full maturity respectively, to assess if any benefits for productivity or K balance could be achieved by early harvest. We found a positive effect of K fertiliser (up to 39% yield increase compared to no K fertiliser at early harvest, 21% at late harvest) and a positive effect of late harvest (on average a 35% increase compared to early harvest) on cassava root yield. Low-K crops benefited more from a late harvest. At 10 months, the harvested cassava contained 99–142 kg K ha−1, indicating that there was a net removal of K from the fields, even at high K fertilisation levels. This experiment was carried out in comparatively fertile soil with relatively high background K levels, yet, yield benefits of K fertilisation were observed and soil K reserves were depleted by the harvest. It can be concluded that K fertilisation of cassava is advisable for better yields and to avoid progressive depletion of the soil K capital.


Due to the recent popularization of digital broadcasting systems, close-range broadcasting using continuous media data, i.e. audio and video, has attracted great attention. For example, in a drama, after a user watches interesting content such as a highlight scene, he/she will watch the main program continuously. In close-range broadcasting, the necessary bandwidth for continuously playing the two types of data increases. Conventional methods reduce the necessary bandwidth by producing an effective broadcast schedule for continuous media data. However, these methods do not consider the broadcast schedule for two types of continuous media data. When the server schedules two types of continuous media data, waiting time that occurs from finishing the highlight scene to starting the main scene, may increase. In this paper, we propose a scheduling method to reduce the waiting time for close-range broadcasting. In our proposed method, by dividing two types of data and producing an effective broadcast schedule considering the available bandwidth, we can reduce the waiting time.


This thesis constitutes an investigation into the depiction of dreams in imagery accompanying the late-medieval manuscripts and printed editions of the Roman de la Rose. It reflects on the changing approaches to depicting dreams during the 250 years of the Rose's popularity in central France, as well as discussing the historical theoretical understanding of the concept of dreams, and its expression in a specific Rose context. It examines the representation of dreams in a number of Rose manuscripts – in particular their prominent dreamer incipits – alongside other relevant miniatures of both a secular and religious nature. Furthermore, the alteration of trends for depicting the dream space in Rose manuscripts during the fifteenth century are also considered, as well as a casestudy of the luxurious Valencia manuscript, which contains a variety of dream subjects. This is followed by a discussion of the methodology of manuscript production in the medieval period, gleaned from a number of extant Roses. This chapter underscores the important role played by artistic originality and intention in the processes of manuscript making – addressing the 'artistic vision' indicated in the title of this thesis. An outline of the printed editions of the Rose and their resurrection of earlier tropes of dream depiction is also included. Finally, the appendix contains a Catalogue of the Rose manuscripts studied in preparation for and throughout the production of the thesis.


IMPORTANCE
The evolution of damage control strategies has led to significant changes in the use of resuscitation after traumatic injury.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate changes in the administration of fluids and blood products, hypothesizing that a reduction in crystalloid volume and a reduced red blood cell (RBC) to fresh frozen plasma (FFP) ratio over the last 7 years would correlate with better resuscitation outcomes.

DESIGN
Observational prospective cohort study.

SETTING
Urban level I trauma center.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 174 trauma patients receiving a massive transfusion (>10 units of RBCs in 24 hours) or requiring the activation of the institutional massive transfusion protocol from February 2005 to June 2011.

EXPOSURE
Patients had to either receive a massive transfusion or require the activation of the institutional massive transfusion protocol.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
In-hospital mortality.

RESULTS
The mean (SD) Injury Severity Score was 28.4 (16.2), the mean (SD) base deficit was -9.8 (6.3), and median international normalized ratio was 1.3 (interquartile range, 1.2-1.6); the mortality rate was 40.8%. Patients received a median of 6.1 L of crystalloid, 13 units of RBCs, 10 units of FFP, and 1 unit of platelets over 24 hours, with a mean RBC:FFP ratio of 1.58:1. The mean 24-hour crystalloid infusion volume and number of the total blood product units given in the first 24 hours decreased significantly over the study period (P < .05). The RBC:FFP ratio decreased from a peak of 1.84:1 in 2007 to 1.55:1 in 2011 (P = .20). Injury severity and mortality remained stable over the study period. When adjusted for age and injury characteristics using Cox regression, each decrease of 0.1 achieved in the massive transfusion protocol's RBC:FFP ratio was associated with a 5.6% reduction in mortality (P = .005).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
There has been a shift toward a reduced crystalloid volume and the recreation of whole blood from component products in resuscitation. These changes are associated with markedly improved outcomes and a new paradigm in the resuscitation of severely injured patients.


Technological innovation and globalization force the organizations collaborate across time, culture, and geographical boundaries. It becomes one of the ordinary practices to the construction sector and has given rise to the concept of global teams known as a virtual team. Virtual team drives by advance technology to solve the communication issues and perceived as an effective, efficient, and creative team structure. Effective communication is an essential process to develop project success in the construction Industrialised Building System (IBS) project. However the implication of the fragmented approach in the IBS project development process was reflected in the lack of communication between multidisciplinary project teams cause various problem such as lower performance and a higher turnover of staff. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effects of communication, subject to different project stage and to identify the key factors to enhance virtual team communication processes between the practitioners.


Abstract : The contemporary human predicament is marked by some absurd paradoxes. By 1980 the five-fold increase in the price of crude oil in real terms since 1972 had resulted in an annual expenditure of $50 million for oil imports by developing countries. The World Bank, concerned about the considerable strain on the balance of payment of oil importing developing countries, initiated a modest $13 billion program of loans for the development of energy resources over the five-year period 1981-1985. Yet, according to SIPRI, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, in 1980 the Third World spent $80 billion on defense. The ten-year investment schedule for an expanded energy program in the oil importing developing countries, which the World Bank considers desirable and feasible, would require $450 to $500 billion (in 1980 dollars). According to SIPRI, the world spent $500 billion in 1980 alone on defense. Obviously, the energy crisis is not due to an absolute lack of resources but to their misallocation. A modest transfer of ten percent of global defense expenditures--which would not leave any nation at the mercy of its enemies--to an energy resources development fund would advance considerably the modernization of the Third World and also reduce international tensions caused by the sharpening competition for natural resources.


While most introductory textbooks in sociology make use of functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theoretical perspectives in the analyses of societal dynamics, they demonstrably make no attempt to integrate these paradigms either in theory or in practice. Yet even a casual look at the social world evidences a transcendent reality not limited to the discrete and narrow analysis of each respective perspective. By unsatisfactory default, the discipline of sociology thus appears to consistently present a very fragmented and seemingly irreconcilable view of the social world and its problems. This article explores the development of a Christian sociological integration model at the meta-theoretical level. Applying a unifying Creation-Fall-Redemption view of society and its functions and dysfunctions bridges the disparate and isolated perspectives in the discipline. This meta-theoretical lens is best entitled the Christian Sociological Re-Imagination approach. In proposing this theoretical alchemy of sorts, the present discussion affirms the viability of an integrated approach for achieving a biblically informed, sociologically robust, and arguably more holistic understanding of social reality and its complex social issues than afforded by mainstream introductory sociology textbooks.


This paper discusses possible policies to handle English as a medium of instruction for higher education (HE) in Denmark. It summarizes the de-facto status of the institutionalization of English as a lingua franca and EMI in Europe and relates the findings to the status quo of the academic and political discussion about EMI in Denmark. This discussion is classified into three typical approaches: the progressive, the conservative, and the radical conservative. The distinction is supplemented with the results of the author's own recent study on EMI and the introduction of a fourth perspective: the 'cautiously progressive perspective'. This perspective supports further introduction of EMI, on condition that careful attention must be given to the way EMI is implemented. Possible lines of reactions, implications, and recommendations are introduced. These are relevant for university teachers that wish to encourage their students to participate in EMI classes and for university management and administration in order to provide the necessary conditions for a reasonable EMI use. They could further provide value for potential employers that support EMI education, especially in the field of communication.


The article analyses the volume of passenger traffic from 1990 to 2019 for land, water and air transport. From the materials obtained and the experience of the networks of European and world high-speed railways, goals are set. High-speed lines designed exclusively for passenger traffic. This moment plays an important role in reducing the cost of construction, increasing the market and economic profitability. According to the data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, it is possible to calculate the passenger flow based on the known parameters for 2020–2032 in the direction of Kiev-Lviv. The design of high-speed lines should meet general requirements aimed at satisfying the basic characteristics of a high-speed railway system, which works in conjunction with the European High-Speed Railway network. The compatibility of the parameters of high-speed lines with the parameters of traditional lines is part of the operational requirements for the gradual introduction of a network of high-speed railways. Possible scenarios to achieve the required compatibility should cover all subsystems. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.689


This paper is written for the specific purpose of the International Workshop on Promotion of Technical Harmonisation on Risk-based Decision Making organised by the European Commission - DG JRC to be held between 22 and 24 May, 2000 in Stresa (Italy). Its main aim is to present personal views of the authors concerning QRA development and use. The authors have been part of an international team in charge of the development of a software dedicated to assessment of risk due to transport of Dangerous Goods (DGs) by road. They have also used the QRA software and assessed risk for real cases. Tunnels represent singularities where risk per km may be high, so special care has been taken so as to explore their contribution when a risk assessment is performed for a whole route including tunnels. Presentation will focus on QRA for transport of goods through road tunnels (by Heavy Good Vehicles : HGVs). These personal views have been also expressed by filling out a questionnaire sent to all experts attending the workshop and addressing detailed points on QRA development and use.


Despite the immense communicative potential of visual methodologies, surprisingly few community-based research studies have meaningfully considered participants' visual meaning-making processes. When working with youth participants from contexts with which researchers are unfamiliar, the use of visual methodologies and analyses is able to transcend much of the developmental and cultural barriers to communication that are inherent in many linguistically focused research methods. By employing a visual discourse analysis on six photographs captured by Ethiopian youth in a Multi-Country Photovoice Project on youth representations of safety, this study aims to showcase the value of analysing participants' use of 'alternative' visual discourses. It was found that participants drew predominantly on two discourses, Humanising Capital and Unity, both of which resisted a number of Western hegemonic discourses surrounding youth constructions of safety. Participants' visual constructions served as a meaningful mode of communication, as well as a relevant approach to facilitating youth ownership of meaning-making processes within community-based research.


Utilization of sophisticated hydroinformatic systems depends on the optimum use of
appropriate input data. The main focus of the present project has been the
development of a number of auxiliary data handling modules for a previously
constructed IPT system. This system is an elaborate software capable of modelling a
wide range of hydro-environmental phenomena. Data required for the implementation
of the IPT system consist of hydro graphic and physical data regarding the geometry
of hydro-environmental system and boundary and initial conditions. Due to inevitable
high cost of these surveys in most cases the available data are scarce which reduces
the efficiency of computer models. In this respect development of more sophisticated
computer modelling schemes is in effective and techniques for enhancing the quality
of the input data must be employed. The aim of this project has been to eliminate such
difficulties by the use of modern IT techniques such as the optimization of physical
data by genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic procedures, intelligent data bases and case
based reasoning. To demonstrate the efficiency of the developed data handling
modules a number of hydro-environmental problems in tidal river networks have been
solved. It is shown that the modules developed in this project have general
applicability and can be used to assist computer aided design and systems
management in a wide variety of cases.


Recent research suggests that sound appraisal can be moderated by social identity. We validate this finding, and also extend it, by examining the extent to which sound can also be understood as instrumental in intergroup relations. We interviewed nine members of a Catholic enclave in predominantly Protestant East Belfast about their experiences of an outgroup (Orange Order) parade, where intrusive sound was a feature. Participants reported experiencing the sounds as a manifestation of the Orange Order identity and said that it made them feel threatened and anxious because they felt it was targeted at them by the outgroup (e.g., through aggressive volume increases). There was also evidence that the sounds produced community disempowerment, which interviewees explicitly linked to the invasiveness of the music. Some interviewees described organizing to collectively 'drown out' the bands' sounds, an activity which appeared to be uplifting. These findings develop the elaborated social identity model of empowerment, by showing that intergroup struggle and collective self-objectification can operate through sound as well as through physical actions.


We address the problem of compression for wireless sensor networks, where each of the sensors has limited power, and acquires data that should be sent to a remote central node. The final goal is to have a reconstructed version of the sampled field at the central node, with the sensors spending as little energy as possible. We propose a distributed wavelet algorithm, based on the lifting scheme, as a means to decorrelate data at the nodes by exchanging information between neighboring sensors. A key result of our work is that by using a locally adaptive distributed transform it is possible to optimize overall power consumption by operating at the right trade-off point between local processing and transmission costs.


In the 16th, 17th and 18th century "Glossopetrae", popularly known as "Lingue di Serpi", found on the Mediterranean island of Malta, were extensively used for medical purposes as antidotes. These fossil teeth, including specimens of the "Carcharodon Megalodon" (an extinct variant of the great white shark), were ground to powder or used as amulet pendants and "credence" and exported to pharmacies and shops in various cities of Europe. In antiquity, authors like Plinius or Solinus, excluding any religious connotations, had regarded "Glossopetrae" as objects "fallen from heaven on dark moonless nights". However, from the beginning of the 16th century the miraculous antidotic power of the specimens found at Malta was very strongly connected with the Pauline cult there. This cult owed ist origin to the excerpt of the shipwreck of the Apostle of the Gentiles on this island, as recorded in the New Testament. As in so many cases found in medieval and early modern medicine and pharmacy, the renown, collection, distribution and use of the antidote "Glossopetrae" or "Lingue di Serpi" was never limited to its real chemical and pharmaceutical properties. In the period of enlightenment and secular thinking mythic medicine as "Glossopetrae" had lost ist "magical" power. Consequently, with beginning of the late 18th century also the Maltese "Glossopetrae" featured in literature merely as exotic objects of curiosity or symbols of an age bound to medical superstition.


The transportation is the core functional elements in the logistics activities. If not focusing on implementation of eco-friendly management in the process of logistic transportation, it is impossible to build an eco-friendly logistic system as a whole. Developed countries attach great importance to environmental issues and spare no effort in promoting the reform of logistics transportation. In order to comply with sustainable development in society and economy, China's transportation industry is urgently in need of more scientific management. Based on the relevant issues of current logistic transportation, from the perspectives of multi-subject such as the government, the enterprises and the public, this article analyzes the feasible approach to achieving the eco-friendly transportation management to ensure harmonious development of efficient transportation, social economy, environment and resources.


The authors describe a microcomputer-based speech-concatenation system that is being developed to produce automated voice output for the broadcast of weather forecasts. The system consists of an inventory of prerecorded speech units (words and phrases of English), and the software that is necessary to translate a weather forecast from a text format into an audio format. Speech units are processed and encoded using residual-excited linear predictive coding. This method allows changes to be made to certain speech parameters without significant degradation in speech quality. Such changes are necessary to ensure that the voice output for weather broadcasts sounds as natural as possible.<<ETX>>


Purification of viruses of C58 mouse leukemias was carried out by the following procedures; filtration, differential ultracentrifugation and Gessler's fluorocarbon extraction. The degree of virus purification was examined by fluorescent antibody method, electron microscopy, nucleic acid analysis and bioassay.
The following results were obtained.
1. Large amount of host cell antigens was noted in virus suspension separated by Berkefeld-N and Chamberland L3 filtration and by differential ultracentrifugation. Therefore it was improper to perform immunofluorescent study because this procedure was concerned with examination of viral antigens.
2. Immunofluorescent procedure by Coons' direct method using anti-viral serum against fluarocarbon extracts showed partially granular or partially diffuse specific fluorescence in leukemic cells and intercellular spaces of the leukemic organs.
3. Electron microscopic observation revealed many virus-like particles in the fluorocarbon extracts. And 50% of animals inoculated with developed leukemias in these extracts.
4. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry of the fluorocarbon extracts demonstrated a maximal absorption at 260 mμ and a minimal absorption at 230 mμ with a Bechman spectrophotometer. It was clear from these data that large amount of nucleic acid was contained in these extracts. And also it was indicated by Bial's test that the fluorocarbon extracts of the leukemia organs contained large amount of RNA.
5. From above findings, fluorocarbon extraction appeared a superior procedure for fluorescent antibody technic in comparison with the other procedurs used. It was thought that the specific fluorescence in the immunofluorescent study represented viral antigen itself.


Recently, several derivatives, in which tryptamine, tyramine, and dopamine moieties are linked to the indole nucleus by an oxalyl bridge, were tested for their affinity and efficacy at the benzodiazepine receptor (BzR). To better define the structure-activity relationships (SAR) several phenylethylamine derivatives were also synthesized and tested for their affinity at the BzR. Compounds bearing a protic group on the aromatic system of the side chain show a pharmacological profile of inverse agonist, while the products lacking this group behave as partial agonist. We now report the affinity data at the BzR of new compounds in which the distance between the phenyl ring and the amide group of the side chain has been changed. The benzylamine derivatives showed a good affinity at the BzR, generally higher than that of the phenylethylamine derivatives. In this series the pharmacological profile showed to be opposite to that of the corresponding phenylethylamine derivatives, since the compounds substituted with protic groups on the phenyl ring behaved as partial agonists. Moreover, a probable interaction with the receptor site is hypothesized.


A circular (5.5 mm diameter) full-thickness cartilage defect was created on the medial ridge of the talus in 12 skeletally mature dogs. In 6 dogs, the articular surface of the lesion was repaired, using an osteochondral graft obtained from the ipsilateral manus. The graft (digit I, first phalanx, distal articular surface and diaphysis) was contoured to obtain a press fit in the drilled talar recipient site. In 6 dogs, the lesion was not treated and healed by fibrous tissue replacement. Functional assessment (lameness, hock range of motion, joint stability, joint crepitus, and mid-femoral muscle circumference) was completed before surgery and at postoperative weeks 2 through 20. Radiographic assessment (periarticular soft tissue width, joint space width, osteophyte formation, and graft incorporation) was completed before surgery and at postoperative weeks 0, 6, 12, and 20. To facilitate histologic assessment, tissues were stained with toluidine blue and H&E. Histologic assessment of the articular surface on the surgically treated talus, ipsilateral tibia, and contralateral talus was completed, using a modification of the Mankin grading system. Subchondral bone was examined to assess graft viability and incorporation. Analysis of the ordinal data was completed, using a Mann-Whitney rank sum test. All dogs were fully weight bearing by postoperative week 7. Dogs without grafts had significantly (P = 0.036) better clinical function at postoperative week 6. Significant difference in functional assessment was not evident at postoperative week 20. Immediate postoperative radiographic assessment revealed significant (P = 0.005) difference between nongrafted and grafted groups. Significant difference was not observed at postoperative week 6, 12, or 20. All grafts appeared radiographically incorporated by postoperative week 12. All grafts restored joint surface congruity, whereas 3 of 6 nongrafted lesions had poor articular congruity. Of 6 grafts, 4 partially retained normal hyaline cartilage, resulting in significantly (P = 0.014) lower Mankin grades. Significant histologic differences between groups were not apparent when the apposing tibia and control talus were examined. Talar reconstruction by use of a phalangeal osteochondral graft is a viable surgical procedure. These data indicate that normal articular and subchondral architecture are more closely approximated by osteochondral reconstruction than by fibrous tissue repair.


Science, a weekly journal, is published each Friday by the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Mt. Royal & Guilford Avenues, Baltimore 2, Maryland. Founded in 1880, it has been snes 1900 the official publication of the AAAS. Editorial, Advertising, and Circulation Offices, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington 5, D. C. Telephone, EXecutive 6060 or 661. Cable address, SCIMAG. Articles offered for publication should be sent to the Editor, 1515 Mae. sachusetta Avenue, N.W., Washington, 5 D. C. Membership correspondence for the AAAS should be sent to the Administrative Secretary, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington 5, D. C. Change of address. Four weeks notice required for change of addres. When ordering a change, please furnish an address stencil label from a recent issue. Address changes can be made only if the old as weil


This study aims to make an inquiry regarding the advantages and challenges of integrating augmented reality (AR) into the library orientation programs of academic/research libraries. With the vast number of emerging technologies that are currently being introduced to the library world, it is essential for academic librarians to fully utilize these technologies to their advantage. However, it is also of equal importance for them to first make careful analysis and research before deciding whether to adopt a certain technology or not. AR offers a strategic medium through which librarians can attach digital information to real-world objects and simply let patrons interact with them. It is a channel that librarians can utilize in order to disseminate information and guide patrons in their studies or researches. And while it is expected for AR to grow tremendously in the next few years, it becomes more inevitable for academic librarians to acquire related IT skills in order to further improve the services they offer in their respective colleges and universities. The study shall employ the pragmatic approach to research, conducting an extensive review of available literature on AR as used in academic libraries, designing a prototype to illustrate how AR can be integrated to an existing library orientation program, and performing surveys and interviews on patrons and librarians who used it. This study can serve as a guide in order for academic librarians to assess whether implementing AR in their respective libraries will be beneficial to them or not.


Complex refractive index and complex dielectric permittivity and loss tangent data for polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-4 methyl-perrtene1 (TPX), and polytetrafluorethylene (Teflon) are presented over the frequency range 60-300 GHz. All of these nonpolar polymers are extremely low-loss materials. As in the microwave region, polyethylene demonstrates exceptionally low-loss characteristics in the entire millimeter-wave region. Polar polymers such as nylon and plexiglass exhibit much higher absorption (nearly an order of magnitude higher) loss compared to nonpolar polymers.


The study has analyzed the factors that determine dairy farmers' choice of marketing channel and to what degree their market choice influence the level of commercialization or market participation in Uttarakhand. The study has used multinomial logit model to ascertain major factors influencing producers' choice of marketing channels, Chow's seminal test to examine differences between data from diverse regions (plains and hills) and a multivariate regression model to assess the level of market participation. The study has revealed that given the right institutional incentives and market infrastructure, marginal and small landholders are capable of scaling-up milk production and hence commercialize their dairy enterprises. The results of multinomial logit analysis have indicated that increase in the scale of milk production would lead a shift away from cooperatives to market as point of first sale. Milk production and extension contact have emerged as the two most important policy variables favourably influencing intensity of market participation. Distance to market has negatively influenced likelihood of producers' market participation, irrespective of hills or plains. Once the households decide to sell, this variable has been found not to significantly impact their level of participation in the plains. However, distance to market has been observed to negatively impact intensity of market participation in the hills.


Coconut bagasse, an agricultural solid waste was used as biosorbent for the removal of cadmium after modification with thiourea. The adsorption of Cd2+ was studied at pH 5.5. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were used to model the adsorption equilibrium data, and it was found that the system followed the Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. The adsorption capacity of the biosorbent was found to be 35.97 mg g-1, which is higher or comparable to the adsorption capacity of various adsorbents reported in literature. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order rate model.


A four-time O. Henry Prize winner, Ann Beattie is a masterful observer of domestic relations and the idiosyncratic logic that governs human lives. In Follies, her most resonant collection, she looks at baby boomers in their maturity, sorting out their own lives and struggling with parents who are eccentric, unpredictable, and increasingly dependent. She is at the top of her form, writing with the vividness, compassion, and sometimes morbid wit that have made her one of the most influential writers of a generation.


A nanofiber was obtained by electrospinning of "dialdehyde cellulose" (periodate-oxidized cellulose, DAC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), using only water as the solvent. Celluloses of four different origins were fully oxidized with sodium periodate to water-soluble DAC. Aqueous solution of DAC showed inadequate spinnability regardless of the polymer concentration and the electrospinning conditions used. Addition of PVA improved the solution's viscoelasticity and, consequently, the solution's spinnability. We examined the effects of DAC/PVA composition and electrospinning parameters on fiber morphology. Highly homogeneous nanofibers were prepared from 1:1 up to 2:1 (weight) DAC/PVA blends while samples of lower viscosity or higher relative DAC contents resulted in continuous, beaded fiber networks. Characterization of the electrospun fabrics revealed a highly crosslinked DAC structure reinforced with PVA, strongly interacting through hemiacetal bonds and hydrogen bonding. Fluorescence labeling confirmed the presence of reactive aldehyde functionalities in the electrospun web. The versatile properties of DAC as reactive material can now be imparted on electrospun fiber and nanofiber material – which was not possible so far –further widening the application scope of this interesting cellulose derivative.


Abstract. Shoreline represents the boundary between land and sea, and its accurate extraction is of utmost importance because of the economic and ecological value of coastal areas. Nowadays, satellite remote sensing is widely used for monitoring the natural environment. Indeed, satellite remote sensing data are cost-effective and periodically available over large areas at a relatively high spatial resolution. Hence, the automatic shoreline extraction from satellite images is a fundamental task for coastal monitoring and management. Shoreline extraction methods are usually applied to satellite remote sensing data. The goal of this study is to compare the performance of different shoreline extraction methods, such as thresholding and more complex classification approaches, such as Random Forest (RF), Minimum Distance (MD), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and K-means, using both optical and radar images. The considered case study area is the shallow basin of the Orbetello Lagoon and one of its ayre called Feniglia. The data supplier is the Copernicus program, which, through the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 missions, provides medium-resolution, open-access products. The accuracy of the obtained results from both methodologies is checked by validating the extracted shoreline using an aerial orthomosaic and, subsequently, a manually extracted shoreline. A preliminary accuracy assessment was performed for image classification, focusing on extracting four classes: water, soil, urban, and forest, using manual segmentation as a reference. In terms of deviation from the reference shoreline, the results obtained through the analysed methodologies achieved an accuracy of 3.75 m, less than half of the pixel size of the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 used products.


three": the rule states that if none of n patients shows the event about which we are concerned, we can be 95%0 confident that the chance of this event occurring is at most three in n-that is, 3/n. In other words the upper 95%°, confidence limit of a 0/n rate is 3/n. Combining our observations with those of Dr Hosie and Dr Hosie the risk of hydralazine induced lupus when the daily dose is limited to 100 mg in men and 50 mg in women is likely to be at most 3/176-1 7,O,. This figure suggests to us that these dose limits for hydralazine are acceptably safe. As we stated in our original article, however, the antihypertensive effect of such low dose hydralazine will often prove unsatisfactory.


On 19 December 2009, the eastern part of Taiwan at approximate depth of 45 km was struck by a strong earthquake (Mw=6.4). The epicenter was located about 20 km away from the Hualien (HLN) station in Taiwan. By analyzing data from the HLN station and Amami Oshima (AMA) in Japan as a remote reference, the geomagnetic east-west (D) and vertical (Z) components recorded at the HLN station are showing no correlation with those at the AMA station in December 2009. Anomalous variations of ∼10–15 nT started about one week before the occurrence of the earthquake and lasted for about two weeks. Also, an enhanced ULF signal in the range of Pc 3 (10–40 s) was observed a few days before the onset of the earthquake. Moreover, the polarization ratio (Z/H (north-south component)) of the Pc 3 amplitude at the HLN station decreased a few days preceding the earthquake. The mechanism behind these anomalous variations is not fully understood. However, we expect that crustal stress perturbations and underground conductivity changes associated with the earthquake played an important role for generating such observed geomagnetic variations.