This study tests the crime impact of the Boston South-west Corridor parkland, a 5-mile transit and linear park, on its adjoining neighbourhoods 15 years after its completion in the early 1980s. The study responds to concerns of local neighbourhoods during the time of planning and construction, and to evidence of general public uneasiness about the dangers of linear parks to communities. In an analysis of two residential neighbourhoods adjoining the corridor, the study searched first for evidence of crime spill-over from the corridor, and secondly for neighbours' perceptions of corridor safety. To test crime spill-over, police calls from houses adjacent to the corridor were compared with calls from houses further away; interviews with residents investigated perceptions of the corridor's safety. Findings revealed that though police calls were marginally more frequent from houses next to the corridor, these were considerably less frequent than calls from houses next to commercial streets. Interviews with residents revealed generally positive estimates of park safety by day, with low estimates of night-time safety and mixed estimates of its safety during twilight hours. Interviews also revealed heavy reliance on the corridor by the elderly and people with small children. The study concludes with recommendations for the future design of linear parks in cities.


Case method application in the area of school leadership has proven a valuable tool for the professional training and continuing development of educational leaders. In recent years, the integration of computer technology with the case-based approach has yielded a convergent methodology -- technology-integrated case method -- that holds promise for invigorating yet again the potential of the case method for providing reality-based, simulated thinking and learning environments for school leader development. Specifically, as an evolving developmental resource, technology-integrated case method and CD-ROM case simulations have potential for creating career-long, professional learning and growth opportunities for preK-12 principals, teachers, and other teaching and learning school leaders. This article presents an overview of project activities and initial findings of one funded multimedia research and development effort -- the Administrator Case Simulation (ACS) Project -- to design, develop and use CD-ROM case simulations as reflective thinking tools for school principals. Project History The Administrator Case Simulation Project, based in the College of Education at Texas Tech University, focused on the study of adult thinking and professional learning processes of educational leaders in preK-12 schools. Beginning in 1994, and continuing with major funding support through 1996 and 1997, the project's central activity was developing multimedia case simulations about school leadership practice, Specifically, the goal of the ACS Project was to develop an initial set of CD-ROM cases informing an eventual case simulation library for school leaders' career-long assessment and professional growth keyed to National Policy Board for Educational Administration Standards.[1] ACS Project multimedia cases were conceived and designed to artistically integrate a variety of text, graphic and video databases into real-world, useful multimedia professional learning tools for school principals and other school leaders. ACS project development teams -- consisting of a variety of individuals interested in school leadership, including school principals, superintendents, building level professionals, community leaders, multimedia and dramatic arts specialists, and university researchers -- designed and developed a prototype, five-case Collaborative Leadership Case Library Set as an initial installment toward an eventual CD-ROM case library for school leaders. The prototype CD-ROM cases were produced using state-of-the-art multimedia software and CD-ROM production technology to involve preK-12 school administrators and other school leaders (teachers, counselors, curriculum specialists, etc.) in the study of their own adult thinking processes and the leadership decisions they make affecting students in American schools. More specifically, the case simulations developed addressed issues/problem areas relating to several important facets of school administrative (both organizational and instructional) leadership, including the ways in which school principals and staff: 1. Accurately (and inaccurately) define school problems; 2. Navigate the gray area (complicated and fuzzy) problems of school practice; 3. Chart options and analyze consequences within an overall problem frame; and 4. Make ethical decisions and engage in valuative judgments affecting the processes and outcomes of individual, context-specific problems. The ACS CD-ROM cases utilized video portrayal capabilities of 2D computer simulation software to engage principals in a powerful flight simulation-type decision making and advance consequence analysis/reflective teaming experience. The overall aim of the ACS CD-ROM case library development effort was to provide a 21st century, multimedia-enhanced learning environment in which school leaders can study their own reflective leadership thinking. …


This book examines the history of women in India's Gujarat region. The book reflects the wide range of controversies, debates, and concerns over women's issues during the colonial regime. It also encompasses the various dynamics of gender construct, women's identity formation, and the complex simultaneity of their marginalization. Before the era of Gandhi, women from cities and distinct country towns became agents of social change. By redefining themselves, women of diverse class, castes, and communities converged for a common cause of social reform. They developed a collective identity and made a 'transversal shift' while maintaining their ethnic rootedness. Women and Social Change provides a fresh approach to a number of central problems in the history of women in Gujarat.


Diarrhea episodes among children under five years with its devastating consequences have been a concern to stakeholders in child survival strategy programs. Mothers are key in the prevention of diarrhea among children since they are the care givers. The main aim of this paper is to assess the trend and risk factors of under-five diarrheal disease in the study areas. Descriptive research design was employed for the study. A snowball sampling method was used to select 60 respondents for these study (this include 30 respondents each from a study area) and 19 health professionals were also contacted for the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel and presented descriptively. The findings showed the causes of diarrhea as; contaminated food and poor food hygiene practices (96.7%), lack of personal hygiene (93.3%), poor sanitation (91.7%), and lack of maternal care (86.3%). Findings from expert's survey showed that; lack of personal hygiene practices, poor food hygiene practices, contaminated food, and poor sanitation with each representing 100% respectively were some of the common determinants for the diarrheal morbidity and mortality. It is recommended that, the District Health Administration initiate health promotion and education programs to sensitize mothers' on food hygiene practices.

 Key words: Diarrhea episode, children under-five morbidity and mortality.


Secondary school dropout and crime seem to be crucial issues in the eduction, economic and social context in Tanzania. Consequently, this study was to assess the effects of secondary school dropouts on crime increase in Nyamagana District. Specificically the study sought to assess the extent to which secondary school dropouts involve in crime, to examine factors that make secondary school dropouts engage in criminal behavior and to identify types of crime that secondary school dropouts are frequently involved. A mixed approach, although mainly quantitative was employed in connection with survey design. A sample comprised of fifty six (56) rspondents. The data was collected using questionnaire, interview and documentary analysis. SPSS programmes was used for processing and analyisis of data. The findings of the study revealed that secondary school dropouts are most likely to involve in criminal offenses such as robbery, rape, drug abuse, burglary, theft, murder, assalt and alcoholism and factors that make them involve in criminal actions were found to be poverty, unemployment, envy, social isolation, peer pressure, alcoholism, corruption and ignorance. The findings suggest that an increase of the number of dropouts impinges the increase in criminal offenses. The study recommends that there should be improved teaching and learning environment in secondary schools to keep students in schools; the use of educative phrases like "students who learn more earn more" that will motivate students; improved performance of guidance and counseling school committee and improved provision of quality and equity education to students.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
To improve the definition of the incidence and significance of chromosome lesions occurring in marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL).

DESIGN AND METHODS
Fourteen cases of MZBCL diagnosed according to the REAL classification were studied by conventional chromosome analysis (CCA) and by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using the following probes: 3q27/BCL6, 6q21, 7q31, 9p21/p16, 11q22/ATM, 13q14, 17p13, centromeres of #3, #7, #12. Pertinent clinical data were collected.

RESULTS
Primary disease presentation consisted of histologically documented splenic MZBCL in 9 cases, nodal MZBCL in 3 cases and extra-nodal MZBCL in 2 cases. Four cases showed evolution into a high-grade lymphoma, due to the presence of a predominant large cell or blast cell component. Clonal karyotype anomalies were detected by CCA in 12 cases, 6 of which had a complex karyotype, including all 4 cases with high-grade histology. Interphase FISH confirmed cytogenetic data and revealed several cryptic chromosomal lesions. Overall, total/partial +12 was found in five cases; 13q14 and 17p13 deletion were found in four cases each; +3, 7q31 deletion and a BCL6 split signal were found in three cases; deletions at 6q21 and 11q22.3 in two cases each; +7 and a 9p21 deletion were found in one case each.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
i) Besides +3 and 7q-, 13q14 deletion, total/partial +12, BCL6 rearrangement, and deletions at 6q21, 11q22-23, and 17p13.3 are relatively frequent events in MZBCL; ii) unlike in mantle cell lymphoma, 9p21 deletion occurred infrequently in MZBCL; iii) a switch into high grade histology is usually associated with complex chromosome defects, including 6q-, 11q-, +12, and 17p.


This is just a place-holder abstract copied from a previous paper. Don't take it seriously! We report on measurements of the transverse wakefields induced by collimators of differing characteristics. An apparatus allowing the insertion of different collimator jaws into the path of a beam was installed in End Station A (ESA) in SLAC. Eight comparable collimator geometries were designed, including one that would allow easy comparison with previous results, and were installed in this apparatus. Measurements of the beam kick due to the collimator wakefields were made with a beam energy of 28.5 GeV, and beam dimensions of 100 microns vertically and a range of 0.5 to 1.5 mm longitudinally. The trajectory of the beam upstream and downstream of the collimator test apparatus was determined from the outputs of ten BPMs (four upstream and six downstream), thus allowing a measurement of the angular kick imparted to the beam by the collimator under test. The transverse wakefield was inferred from the measured kick. The different aperture designs, data collection and analysis, and initial comparison to theoretical and analytic predictions are presented here.


The enzyme BACE (beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme) has recently been identified as the beta-secretase that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce the N terminus of the Abeta peptide found in plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. BACE is an aspartic protease similar to pepsin and renin. Comparative modeling of the three-dimensional structure of BACE in complex with its substrate shows that several residues confer specificity of the enzyme for APP. In particular, Arg296 forms a salt-bridge with the P1' Asp of the APP substrate, explaining the unusual preference of BACE among aspartic proteases for a P1' residue that is negatively charged. Several hydrophobic residues in the enzyme form a pocket for the P1 hydrophobic residue (Met in wild-type APP and Leu in APP with the "Swedish mutation" associated with early-onset of Alzheimer's disease). Inhibitors that can bind to the BACE active site may prove useful for drugs to treat and prevent Alzheimer's disease.


We propose to design and to evaluate an on-board intelligent health assessment tool for rotorcraft machines, which is capable of detecting, identifying, and accommodating expected system degradations and unanticipated catastrophic failures in rotorcraft machines under an adverse operating environment. A fuzzy-based neural network paradigm with an on-line learning algorithm is developed to perform expert advising for the ground-based maintenance crew. A hierarchical fault diagnosis architecture is advocated to fulfil the time-critical and on-board needs in different levels of structural integrity over a global operating envelope. The research objective is to experimentally demonstrate the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed health monitoring procedure through numerical simulations of bearing faults in USAF MH-53J PAVE LOW helicopter transmissions. The proposed fault detection, identification and accommodation architecture is applicable to various generic rotorcraft machines. The proposed system will greatly reduce the operational and developmental costs and serve as an essential component in an autonomous control system.


This paper models an emerging economy with financial dollarization features within an optimizing, stochastic general equilibrium setup. One key result in this framework is that unexpected nominal exchange rate depreciations are positively correlated with the probability of default by borrower firms and turn out to be a powerful mechanism to affect aggregate consumption. Throughout the monetary policy evaluation exercises performed, the sign of the unexpected depreciation is positively correlated to the real value of assets and negatively correlated to aggregate consumption. This result supports the idea that unexpected exchange rate depreciations are contractionary and not expansionary if dollarization and agency costs in the financial sector are considered.


In this paper, we examine the pure exchange motive for intergenerational transfers within the family. We consider a model where a parent offers a financial transfer in exchange for the care services of the child. Using a Stackelberg game, we study the optimal attention care-money contract between the generations. We prove that the amount of gift received may be either positively or negatively related with the child's income. In addition, the relationship between the two variables is non linear and affected by the parent's degree of risk aversion. This non linearity, which has been largely neglected to date in empirical analyses, may explain why the exchange transfer motive has received little support in developed countries


OBJECTIVE
Audio-enhanced computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASIs) are useful adjuncts for clinical care but are rarely integrated into the electronic health record (EHR). We created a flexible framework for integrating an ACASIs with clinical decision support (CDS) into the EHR. We used this program to identify adolescents at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the emergency department (ED). We provide an overview of the software platform and qualitative user acceptance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We created an ACASI with a CDS algorithm to identify adolescents in need of STI testing. We offered it to 15- to 21-year-old patients in our ED, regardless of ED complaint. We collected user feedback via the ACASI. These were programmed into REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture), and an iOS application utilizing Apple ResearchKit generated a tablet compatible representation of the ACASI for patients. A custom software program created an HL7 (Health Level Seven) message containing a summary of responses, CDS recommendations, and STI test orders, which were transmitted to the EHR.

RESULTS
In the first year, 1788 of 6227 (28.7%) eligible adolescents completed the survey. Technical issues led to decreased use for several months. Patients rated the system favorably, with 1583 of 1787 (88.9%) indicating that they were "somewhat" or "very comfortable" answering questions electronically and 1291 of 1787 (72.2%) preferring this format over face-to-face interviews or paper questionnaires.

CONCLUSIONS
We present a novel use for REDCap to combine patient-answered questionnaires and CDS to improve care for adolescents at risk for STIs. Our program was well received and the platform can be used across disparate patients, topics, and information technology infrastructures.


Previous research has demonstrated that form variables can increase television viewers' sense of presence. The current broadcasting of high-definition television (HDTV) programming makes testing this relation between form and presence possible in a new context, image quality. In this experiment, television viewers watched either HDTV or standard-definition television images and then rated their viewing experience on a pencil-and-paper questionnaire. The results demonstrate that HDTV provided viewers with a greater sense of presence than the current standard, thus providing empirical evidence for the claim that improved image quality will lead to television viewers' experiencing presence. Additionally, the results suggest that with the coming of HDTV, sensations of presence will be both stronger and more common.


Thanks to the pioneering efforts of Dr. Gustavo Cabrera and other leading demographers, Latin America contains a vast archive of census microdata, the majority of which, however, are inaccessible to researchers. Throughout his academic and scientific career, Professor Cabrera was constantly concerned with information sources. The Integrated Public Use of Microdata Series for Latin America (IPUMS-AL) has embarked on the difficult task of integrating the census microdata from this region by making intensive and extensive use of new technologies, but above all, by infusing them with the determination with which Latin American institutions and eminent demographers have sought to improve the quality and ensure the preservation of these data, which undoubtedly constitute one of Latin America's statistical treasures. The IPUMS-Latin American project has the financial basis required to incorporate these microdata into a single data base that will be used for academic research and be accessible via the Internet. The census microdata of 1960, 1970, 1990 and 2000 on Mexico have already been integrated  (www.ipums.org/international) as a result of the collective work undertaken by INEGI, a founding member of the project, leading Mexican demographers, and the University of Minnesota Population Center.


Background: Harmful traditional practices (HTPs) are deeply entrenched behaviours or actions that violate the human rights of affected individuals. They have negative consequences on the physical and psychological health, social rights and political equality of affected individuals and their communities. Despite legislation making HTPs illegal in many countries, these practices continue today, causing considerable health risks to women and girls. Whilst studies have sought to understand factors perpetuating different HTPs, a paucity of reviews synthesises these findings. Aims: The aim of this review is to consider son preference, female genital mutilation, and child marriage in relation to their persistence, including the underlying and other factors that facilitate resistance and control mechanisms. Method: Using PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature review of 21 research studies. Results: Women of practising communities identified educational status of women, residential location, economic status, and a family history of practising HTPs as socio-economic factors perpetuating HTPs. Negative physical health consequences and women's autonomy were identified as facilitating resistance to HTPs, whilst religion and patriarchy were identified as mechanisms that prevented resistance to HTPs. Policy implications are considered.


Summary: Exopolysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides were prepared from a number of myxobacterial strains representing the more complex types. The exopolysaccharides were isolated from fruiting bodies and from liquid and solid cultures. The polysaccharides secreted by the bacillary forms in solid or liquid media closely resembled the material obtained from fruiting bodies, the monosaccharides present being in the same approximate molar ratios. Many of the sugars present in the exopolysaccharides were also detected in the lipopoly-saccharides, suggesting an economic use of sugar nucleotide synthetic systems. Several, but not all, lipopolysaccharides contained material resembling 3-O-methylxylose in its chromatographic mobility. In addition, a faster-moving spot, as yet unidentified, was noted in some hydrolysates. The commonest monosaccharide components of the lipo-polysaccharide were rhamnose, mannose, glucose and galactose. Small quantities of amino sugars, particularly glucosamine and galactosamine, were also detected.


ABSTRACT The free-living spirochete Spirochaeta aurantia was nearly as susceptible to diacetyl chloramphenicol, the product of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, as it was to chloramphenicol itself. This unexpected susceptibility to diacetyl chloramphenicol was wholly or partly the consequence of intrinsic carboxylesterase activity, as indicated by high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and microbiological assays. The esterase converted the diacetate to chloramphenicol, thus inhibiting spirochete growth. The esterase activity was cell associated, reduced by proteinase K, eliminated by boiling, and independent of the presence of either chloramphenicol or diacetyl chloramphenicol. S. aurantiaextracts also hydrolyzed other esterase substrates, and two of these, α-napthyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate, identified an esterase of approximately 75 kDa in a nondenaturing gel. Carboxylesterases occur in Streptomyces species, but in this study their activity was weaker than that of S. aurantia. The S. aurantia esterase could reduce the effectiveness of cat as either a selectable marker or a reporter gene in this species.


High-resolution HeI photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), Mn 2p-3d resonant photoemission spectroscopy (RPES) and Mn 2p X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) have been performed to investigate the electronic structure and its effect on the electrical resistivity in (La(1-z)Nd(z))(0.46)Sr(0.54)MnO(3) (z = 0, 0, 2, 0.6 and 1.0). It was found that in the UPS and RPES spectra the Fermi edge persisted over the temperature range 15 < or = T < or = 340 K regardless of the magnetic structure or the composition of the samples. The density of states at the Fermi level [N(E(F))] in the samples where 0 < or = z < or = 0.6 was increased drastically at the Curie temperature (T(C)) with decreasing temperature, but essentially kept unchanged across the Néel temperature (T(N)). A fairly large reduction at T(C) and a small increase at T(N) in the electrical resistivity with decreasing temperature are found to be well accounted for in terms of the temperature dependence of N(E(F)). The presence of a finite N(E(F)) in the insulating Nd(0.46)Sr(0.54)MnO(3) was also found. Thus the origin of the insulating behavior in this sample can be regarded as the Anderson localization associated with the small density of states and the chemical disorder between Nd and Sr.


Since 1995, Springer Verlag has published the series 'Advances in Spatial Science', in which studies have appeared about 'Sustainable Cities and Energy Policies' (R. Capello, P. Nijkamp & G. Pepping), Geographical Information and Planning (J. Stillwell, S. Geertman & S. Openshaw, eds.) and 'Spatial Dynamics of European Integration' (H.M. Fischer & P. Nijkamp, eds.) and so forth. In 2000, the book 'Information, Place and Cyberspace. Issues in Accessibility' appeared, published by Don Janelle and David Hodge. The book was a consequence of a workshop in the context of the Varenius project and funded by the National Science Foundation, held in November 1998 in Pacific Grove (California). The theme of the conference was 'Measuring and Representing Accessibility in the Information Age'. It was sponsored by the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA). The objectives of the book are to broaden understanding of conceptual and analytical approaches to accessibility research appropriate to the information age, and to demonstrate possible contributions for geographic information science in representing the geographies of the information society. In seeking to meet these objectives, the editors and authors highlight significant linkages among information resources, traditional places, and cyberspace, and focus on expanding models of space (and time) that encompass both the physical and virtual worlds.


Cross-sectional imaging of conductivity and permittivity distributions inside the human body has been actively investigated in impedance imaging areas such as electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and magnetic induction tomography (MIT). Since the conductivity and permittivity values exhibit frequency-dependent changes, it is worthwhile to perform spectroscopic imaging from almost dc to hundreds of MHz. To probe the human body, we may inject current using surface electrodes or induce current using external coils. In EIT and MIT, measured data are only available on the boundary or exterior of the body unless we invasively place sensors inside the body. Their image reconstruction problems are nonlinear and ill-posed to result in images with a relatively low spatial resolution. Noting that an MRI scanner can noninvasively measure magnetic fields inside the human body, electrical tissue property imaging methods using MRI have lately been proposed. Magnetic resonance EIT (MREIT) performs conductivity imaging at dc or below 1 kHz by externally injecting current into the human body and measuring induced internal magnetic flux density data using an MRI scanner. Magnetic resonance electrical property tomography (MREPT) produces both conductivity and permittivity images at the Larmor frequency of an MRI scanner based on B1-mapping techniques. Since internal data are only available in MREIT and MREPT, we may formulate well-posed inverse problems for image reconstructions. To develop related imaging techniques, we should clearly understand the basic principles of MREIT and MREPT, which are based on coupled physics of bioelectromagnetism and MRI as well as associated mathematical methods. In this paper, we describe the physical principles of MREIT and MREPT in a unified way and associate measurable quantities with the conductivity and permittivity. Clarifying the key relations among them, we examine existing image reconstruction algorithms to reveal their capabilities and limitations. We discuss technical issues in MREIT and MREPT and suggest future research directions to improve the quality of cross-sectional images of the electrical tissue properties.


Cordycepin, or 3'-deoxyadenosine, is a metabolite produced by the insect-pathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris and is under intense investigation as a potential lead compound for cancer and inflammatory conditions. Cordycepin was originally extracted by Cunningham et al. (1) from a culture filtrate of a C. militaris culture that was grown from conidia. Subsequently, cordycepin has also been reported to be produced by Ophiocordyceps sinensis (2), a species historically used as a traditional medicine and health food, primarily in China and the wider Far East (3). Cultivated C. militaris is now widely in use as less expensive substitute. In addition, these fungi are also globally gaining a market as natural food supplements, with 30–50 products claiming to contain Cordyceps available in the UK and the USA.


The gastrocnemius and the tibialis anterior muscles revealed an increase in the optimal work and optimal load with ageing reaching maximal values at the grown-up period. Development of these parameters differs in rabbits and dogs. The formers develop maximal values of these parameters for m. gastrocnemius at the period of realization of the standing pose while in dogs these values go on increasing till the grown-up state. This difference is due dissimilarity of the natural ecological courses of development of the motor functions in these animals.


Near-monodisperse polyaniline (PANI) colloids with controlled particle size (55–90 nm) were prepared by disperse polymerization of aniline in the presence of a steric stabilizer: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The silica-coated PANI colloidal nanospheres were further subjected to pyrolysis treatment at different temperatures (400–950 °C) to fabricate the nitrogen-doped carbon shells (NCSs). The NCSs so obtained were found to have controllable morphologies and pore sizes (13.4–23.2 nm). A possible structural evolution of the PANI colloids during pyrolysis process is proposed based on results obtained from a variety of characterization techniques. Upon loading Pt metal, the supported Pt/NCS catalysts were found to exhibit superior catalytic performance during electrooxidation of methanol, surpassing that of the conventional Pt/Vulcan XC-72 catalyst. The effects of nitrogen doping and carbon shell structure on Pt dispersion, tolerance of CO poisoning, and electrochemical properties are also examined and discussed.


The assessment and control of microbial contamination in health care facilities is presently a mandatory and vital part of strategies to prevent and control hospital-acquired infections. This study aims to assess the bioburden with two passive sampling methods (30 ventilations grids swabs and 16 electrostatic dust collectors (EDCs)) at Clinical Pathology Services. The fungal burden was characterized through molecular tools, antifungal resistance, and the mycotoxins and cytotoxicity profile. Total bacteria presented the highest prevalence in both matrixes, whereas Gram-bacteria presented the lowest. Swabs presented a higher prevalence (27.6%) for fungal burden. Chrysonilia sitophila presented the highest prevalence in swabs, whereas for EDCs, C. sitophila and Mucor sp. were the most prevalent. Concerning Aspergillus genera on swabs, section Flavi was the one with the highest prevalence (58.02%), whereas, for EDCs, section Versicolores was the only section observed (100%). Aspergillus section Fumigati was detected in 10 swabs and 7 EDC samples and Aspergillus section Versicolores was detected in one EDC sample. Fungal growth on azole-supplemented media was observed in eight EDC samples. No mycotoxins were detected in any of the samples. A low cytotoxic effect was observed in two sites upon incubation of collected samples with A549 and SK cells and in two other sites upon incubation of collected samples with SK cells only. A medium cytotoxic effect was observed with one EDC sample upon incubation with A549 cells. This study reinforces the need of determination of the azole resistance profile for fungal species and allowed a preliminary risk characterization regarding the cytotoxicity. An intervention including the use of a ultraviolet with wavelength between 200 nm and 280 nm (UVC)—emitting device and an increased maintenance and cleaning of the central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems should be ensured to promote the reduction of microbial contamination.


Traditional methods for deriving performance models of customer flow in real-life systems are manual, timeconsuming and prone to human error. This paper proposes an automated four-stage data processing pipeline which takes as input raw high-precision location tracking data and which outputs a queueing network model of customer flow. The pipeline estimates both the structure of the network and the underlying interarrival and service time distributions of its component service centres. We evaluate our method's effectiveness and accuracy in four experimental case studies.


The next generation of solar missions will reveal and measure fine-scale solar magnetic fields and their effects in the solar atmosphere at heights, small scales, sensitivities, and fields of view well beyond the reach of Solar-B. The necessity for, and potential of, such observations for understanding solar magnetic fields, their generation in and below the photosphere, and their control of the solar atmosphere and heliosphere, were the focus of a science definition workshop, 'High-Resolution Solar Magnetography from Space: Beyond Solar-B,' held in Huntsville Alabama in April 2001. Forty internationally prominent scientists active in solar research involving fine-scale solar magnetism participated in this Workshop and reached consensus that the key science objective to be pursued beyond Solar-B is a physical understanding of the fine-scale magnetic structure and activity in the magnetic transition region, defined as the region between the photosphere and corona where neither the plasma nor the magnetic field strongly dominates the other. The observational objective requires high cadence (less than 10s) vector magnetic field maps, and spatially resolved spectra from the IR, visible, vacuum UV, to the EUV at high resolution (less than 50km) over a large FOV (approximately 140,000 km). A polarimetric resolution of one part in ten thousand is required to measure transverse magnetic fields of less than 30G. The latest SEC Roadmap includes a mission identified as MTRAP to meet these requirements. Enabling technology development requirements include large, lightweight, reflecting optics, large format sensors (16K x 16K pixels) with high QE at 150 nm, and extendable spacecraft structures. The Science Organizing Committee of the Beyond Solar-B Workshop recommends that: (1) Science and Technology Definition Teams should be established in FY04 to finalize the science requirements and to define technology development efforts needed to ensure the practicality of MTRAP's observational goals; (2) The necessary technology development funding should be included in Code S budgets for FY06 and beyond to prepare MTRAP for a new start no later than the nominal end of the Solar-B mission, around 2010.


The rotating components in the hot sections of land-based gas turbine are exposed to severe environment during several ten thousand hours at above 1100 oC operating temperature. The failure mechanism of the hot gas components would be accompanied by material degradation in the properties of high temperature and creep rupture strength. Many hot gas components in gas turbine are made of Ni-based superalloy because of their high temperature performance. In this work, we surveyed the time and temperature dependent degradation of Ni-based superalloy. We prepared the specimens from GTD111 that are exposed at 871 oC and 982 oC in 1,000 ~ 10,000 hours. We carried out the mechanical test and microstructural observation.


This study shows that when presidential candidates visit, late-night talk show discourse is argumentative, and that this
 argumentation is co-constructed by the host and the candidate. Through their questions, hosts implicitly invoke arguments by casting doubt
 on the candidate's presidential bid. By treating the host's questions as critical questions expressing skepticism whether people should vote
 for the candidate, politicians prototypically use two types of argument schemes to defend their case. First, to argue that their policy
 proposals are needed, candidates use complex problem-solving argumentation. Second, to maintain that they have the skills and character to
 succeed as president, candidates use symptomatic argumentation. In their response, candidates also deal with other critical questions
 belonging to the argument scheme invoked through the host's question. Which critical questions of that argument scheme the candidate
 addresses in addition to the one posed by the host depends on the type of question the host has asked.


Introduction: Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive agent, has been shown to be an effective treatment against corneal neovascularization (CNV). However, the poor solubility of this compound restricts its clinical application. The goal of this study was to incorporate tacrolimus into phospholipid-bile salt mixed micelles. Methods and Results: Tacrolimus loaded phospholipid-bile salt mixed micelles were prepared, employing three different methods of direct dispersion, thin film hydration, and remote film loading, and the effects of various formulation parameters (type of dispersion medium, phospholipid to bile salt molar ratio, lipid-to-drug (L/D) molar ratio, time of probe sonication, and type of bile salt) on the physicochemical characteristics of the mixed micelles were assessed. Remote film loading method indicated higher efficacy for drug entrapment in comparison to the other methods. Encapsulation of tacrolimus within the micelles increased remarkably by the use of sodium taurocholate (NaTC) as bile salt, higher phospholipid percentage, and increasing the total lipid level. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies confirmed the size and size distribution of the mixed micelles and their spherical morphology. It was observed that release of tacrolimus from the micelles was in a controlled manner, without an initial burst. Conclusions: By adjusting process and formulation factors, phospholipid-bile salt mixed micelles with high entrapment efficiency of (99.5 %) and controlled release behavior were achieved, which possess great potential to be valuable carriers for ocular delivery of tacrolimus for the treatment of CNV. Keywords: Mixed micelles, Phosphatidylcholine, Bile salt, Tacrolimus, Corneal neovascularization


Introduction: Most of South Africa is malaria-free, but hypoendemic levels of transmission persist in lowveld areas in the north-east of the country, adjacent to Mozambique. Many families have links to relatives in Mozambique, where malaria transmission remains much higher, and cross-border travel is commonplace, although the Kruger National Park provides something of a depopulated buffer zone along the border. Malaria diagnosis and treatment is relatively easily available at public and private facilities in the endemic area.Methods: The Agincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance Site has monitored population health in a defined area within Mpumulanga Province, around 24.7°S, 31.2°E, since 1992. A circumscribed semi-rural area with a population ranging from approximately 60 000 in 1992 to 90 000 in 2013 was covered. All households were visited regularly to consistently record demographic and health data, including the documentation of deaths and their causes using verbal autopsy.Results: From 1992 to 2013 a total of 13 251 deaths were documented over 1.58 million person-years observed. Of that total mortality burden, 1.2% of deaths were ascribed to malaria. Half of the malaria deaths were among children aged under 15 years, with most of the remainder among working-age adults. Malaria deaths were strongly correlated with temperature and rainfall. The malaria mortality rate was over 50% higher during the last 5 years of the surveillance period, compared with earlier years. A huge HIV/AIDS epidemic that developed and receded in this population during the period of observation had no apparent effect on malaria mortality.Conclusions: This detailed longitudinal examination of malaria mortality showed that although malaria is a relatively minor cause of death in this population, it has become more common in recent years, and shows no sign of retreating despite rapid socioeconomic development. In addition to local relevance, these findings are important for understanding potential population burdens of hypoendemic malaria in other areas of sub-Saharan Africa as progress towards malaria control and elimination targets is realised.


Background: The number of bacterial infections that—for various reasons—are challenging to cure continues to increase. One such reason is persister cell infection. To investigate persister formation and persister infections, viable bacteria must be evaluated in the same animal over time. In this study, the feasibility of monitoring viable bacteria by SPECT using two labeled peptides was evaluated. Results: Two types of ubiquicidin (UBI) 29-41 labeled with technetium-99m, 99mTc-HYNIC(GH)2-UBI 29-41 and 99mTc-HYNIC(Tricine)2-UBI 29-41, were synthesized. The in vitro binding of these labeled peptides to Staphylococcus aureus was measured. For the in vivo study, each labeled peptide was injected into S. aureus infected mouse thigh after treatment with various doses of ciprofloxacin (CPFX). Two hours after injection, the accumulation of each labeled peptide at the infection site was assessed by SPECT, and then the number of viable bacteria was determined from the accumulation detected. The peptide labeling was successful, and the radiochemical purity was 91±9% (GH, n=8) and 100% (Tricine, n=8). The in vitro binding of the labeled peptides to S. aureus (5×108 cfu) without serum was 78.9% (GH) and 85.5% (Tricine) of the total 99mTc activity. With serum, the binding rate was 67.5% (GH) and 13.3% (Tricine). The accumulation of labeled peptide was calculated from the SPECT images, and that in the bacterial infection site (left thigh) was higher than that in the non-infection site (right thigh) for both peptides. Good correlation was found between the target-to-non-target (T/NT) ratios of each labeled peptide and the viable bacterial count at the infection site, and 99mTc-HYNIC(Tricine)2-UBI 29-41 had a wider range than 99mTc-HYNIC(GH)2-UBI 29-41.Conclusion: Using the SPECT/labeled peptide method, it was possible to monitor viable bacterial count in the range 103–108 cfu, which is appropriate for tracking viable bacterial counts in the same animal over time.


Use of Electrically conductive adhesives has been considered an environment friendly interconnection technique, one of the two potential alternatives. Fundamental understanding of conductive adhesives has lagged far behind their commercial utilization. For isotropically conductive adhesives (ICAs), the conductive particles in the adhesives are responsible for the electrical interconnection, while the polymer matrix mainly provides the mechanical interconnection. We have found from our previous studies that there is obvious relationship between the polymerization shrinkage of epoxy curing and the electrical conductivity finally established with the material. In this paper, several epoxy resin based curing systems were used as the matrices for the ICAs. They exhibited different curing peak temperatures, which would enable us to investigate the effects of curing process upon the resultant bulk resistivity of the ICAs. To eliminate the complex effect of lubricants in silver flakes, a spherical silver powder was used as the conductive filler. The experimental results indicated a strong correlation between bulk resistivity and curing temperature or curing kinetics, which could be explained by a proposed mechanism on the establishment of electrical conductivity of ICAs during the curing process.


Dalit art and literature has been an inseparable part of Dalit movements in Nepal. It has its own aesthetic characteristics, literary features, paradigms and missions for Dalits' rights, equality, dignity, and social transformation. However, there is no remarkable qualitative research focusing on Dalit aesthetic perspectives. This research article aims to explore the caste system, social context and consciousness in Dalit literature. It examines the literary paradigms and Dalit aesthetics characteristics and values in literature. For this purpose, the study has employed the emerging concept of Dalit aesthetics and consciousness as a theoretical lens developed by Sharankumar Limbale, C. B. Bharti, Arjun Dangle, Rajarao Dunna and Anju Bala to the novel "Likhe". The study has adopted the exploratory method with a qualitative approach. Findings of the study illustrate that Dalit literature has its own aesthetics features and values and literary paradigms. As a protest literature by its nature, Dalit literature awakens Dalits and backward communities to move against all types of atrocities, caste discrimination, oppression, exploitation. The study further elucidates that the novel "Likhe" portrays the Nepali society and the misery of Dalits. It delivers socio-political messages to establish an equity-based prosperous society through its context, content, plots and characters.


3157 Previous study indicated that MSM, an organic sulfur donor, was able to prevent cancer at the initiation stage of chemical carcinogenesis in female SD rats. It has a long history of use for a variety of health conditions including cancer. Sulfur from MSM was incorporated into methionine and cysteine after feeding 32S-labeled MSM to guinea pigs. MSM in drinking water was able to prevent colon and mammary breast cancer in animals. In this study, we examined if MSM possessed a preventive effect on a mammary tumorigenic model induced by17β-estradiol (E2) at the initiation stage in female ACI rats. Forty-five, 5 week-old female ACI rats were divided into three groups, 15 rats each, and placed on regular chow. Age-matched control animals were supplied with regular drinking water only. 5% placebo and 5% MSM in drinking water were supplied to the animals till the 90th day after E2 pellet implantation, respectively. Two weeks after giving placebo and MSM, all animals were implanted subcutaneously with a 25 mg pellet containing 22.5 mg of E2 mixed with 2.5 mg cholesterol. The control animals received a 25 mg cholesterol pellet implant. The animals in the placebo group had significant body weight loss when compared to the age-matched control group. The animals in the MSM group had slight body weight loss and none of the rats implanted with cholesterol pellets exhibited enlarged mammary glands. All rats with an E2 implant in the placebo group showed enlarged mammary glands. One hundred percent of the rats in the placebo group had 3 to 7 enlarged mammary glands. 57% of the rats in the MSM group had 1 to 4 enlarged mammary glands. The average enlarged mammary gland area in the placebo group and MSM group at 160 days after E2 implantation was 17 and 10 mm2, respectively. The survival rates of the control, 5% placebo, and 5% MSM at 160 days after E2 implantation were 100%, 0.00%, and 73%, respectively. The survival rate of different groups at 180 days was 100%, 0.00%, and 20%, respectively. The behaviors and overall health conditions between groups were significantly different. The animals in the control group were normal and healthy. The animals in the placebo plus E2 group were lethargic and thin. The animals in the E2 plus MSM group were much more active and healthier than that in the placebo plus E2 group. It is the first finding that MSM is able to prevent pre-cancerous activity in estrogen-induced mammary tumors in female ACI rats. The enlarged mammary glands in different groups showed mammary gland proliferation and cystic lesions. Since toxicity of E2 in ACI rats was observed, animals died in an early time after E2 implantation. Therefore, the dose of E2 should be decreased in ACI rats for a tumor induction and preventive study. Consequently it was suggested that a 5 - 10 mg of E2 pellet implant per rat might be the optimal dose for studies of hormonal carcinogenesis and cancer prevention.


Maximum food–chain length has been correlated with resource availability, ecosystem size, environmental stability and colonization history. Some of these correlations may result from environmental effects on predator–prey body size ratios. We investigate relationships between maximum food–chain length, predator–prey mass ratios, primary production and environmental stability in marine food webs with a natural history of community assembly. Our analyses provide empirical evidence that smaller mean predator–prey body size ratios are characteristic of more stable environments and that food chains are longer when mean predator–prey body size ratios are small. We conclude that environmental effects on predator–prey body size ratios contribute to observed differences in maximum food–chain length.


Patient experiences pre- and post-ileostomy creation as a result of severe Crohn's Disease are underresearched. A qualitative phenomenological design involving a purposeful sampling approach was used to capture the lived physical and psychosocial transition of patients with Crohn's Disease before and after ileostomy formation. Patients were recruited from the membership of the United Kingdom Ileostomy Association; inclusion criteria stipulated participants must speak English and have a diagnosis of Crohn's Disease and subsequent stoma formation. Ten (10) patients (6 women, 4 men, ranging in age from 34 to 83 years with Crohn's Disease and an ileostomy [mean time with stoma 18.3 years, range 3-36 years]) participated in indepth, semistructured interviews with questions on sociodemographic characteristics along with questions informed by the relevant literature regarding life before and after the ileostomy. All interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to examine the data and identify and interpret themes. Participants were asked to comment on these themes to ensure they were a realistic interpretation of their experiences. Two (2) major themes emerged that embodied ileostomy formation: being controlled by Crohn's and transition to a new life with an ileostomy. Crohn's symptoms controlled daily activities such as work and socializing due, in part, to the need to be in close proximity to toilet facilities. The ileostomy facilitated a transition to a new life that allowed patients to re-engage with work and social activities. One minor theme emerged: memories of Crohn's. Participants said their memories of Crohn's affected life with an ileostomy. Where Crohn's controlled every aspect of people's lives pre-ileostomy formation, the creation of the ileostomy was a positive experience because it helped manage Crohn's symptoms. Memories of life pre-ileostomy may affect individuals' behavior post-ileostomy formation. In order to offer appropriate support, health professionals may need to be more aware that having Crohn's may affect patient behavior post-ileostomy.


This paper presents a model designed to analyze written business genres within their business context. Within a context specified at the levels of organization, business sector and business community, business genres are studied with respect to writing, distribution and reading practices. As such, the model extends beyond generic textual features and allows analyses of individual and collective writing activities and textual choices writers make (i.e., writing practices), the selection of particular channels and text formats for generic textualizations (i.e., distribution practices), and the way recipients read genre texts and make choices based on their readings (i.e., reading practices). In the model, the actual analysis of textual features of genre texts is clearly embedded in a wider situational framework. This paper argues that such a framework is a prerequisite for a proper understanding of textual realizations of business genres. Moreover, it provides business professionals with a tool to design texts that are effective responses to specific communicative needs.


Retrofitting Canada's existing housing stock to increase energy efficiency of dwellings is
an opportunity to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Gemini
Nested Thermal Envelope Design (NTED®) is an innovative building retrofit that
drastically reduces energy consumption. However, this innovation's potential can only
be realized once it has achieved widespread market acceptance.

Using Gemini NTED® as a case study, an innovation commercialization model was
applied to energy retrofits to aid in establishing an appropriate commercialization strategy
for Toronto. Market research conducted within this study identified external factors
affecting commercialization, barriers to innovation adoption and competitive forces
affecting profitability. Economic valuation evaluated discounted monetary savings from
reduced energy consumption. Results show that the retrofit market is moderately
attractive and conducive to earning profits. Results related to Gemini NTED® show that
Gemini may have commercialization potential for retrofitting older electrically heated
homes especially in Canadian provinces with high electricity rates. Results arising from
a soon to be completed Gemini NTED® pilot will confirm capital costs and economic
benefit.


ABSTRACT With alcohol misuse one of the leading causes of disability among young Australians, determination of potential predictors of risky drinking trajectories of young people is crucial. This study aimed to identify risky drinking trajectories from early to mid-adolescence and to determine if membership of a harm minimization intervention, alcohol knowledge, attitudes towards alcohol and prevalence of alcohol harms would predict trajectory group membership. Longitudinal data from 1746 students were used to identify alcohol consumption trajectory groups for both intervention and control students. Higher baseline knowledge predicted a higher, increasing, consumption trajectory for controls, whereas, safer attitudes at baseline were not associated with a higher, increasing trajectory. All other alcohol harms at baseline were strongly associated with higher consumption trajectories. The intervention group had fewer increasing trajectories and a lower level of consumption at the end of the programme, suggesting the drug education programme reduced the number of students who substantially increased their consumption over time, while at the same time reducing their level of consumption in relative terms. The consistency of better intervention student outcomes across all trajectories provides evidence that the drug education programme was influential with all types of student drinkers and is suitable for universal delivery.


This book explores the discourse of regulatory crisis in the UK and examines why, despite the increasing contestation of the principles underpinning the regulatory state, its institutions and practices continue to be firmly embedded within the governance of the British state. It considers its implications for our understanding of the contemporary nature of the British state, and to the study of regulation which is no longer confined to the domain of low politics, populated by technocrats, but is scrutinised by elected politicians, and the subject of the front pages rather than the financial pages. The author sets the British regulatory tradition in a wider context, both spatially, in terms of the challenges presented by Europeanisation, and temporally, critically analysing the process of crisis construction in the narratives of neoliberalism and participatory democracy in the contemporary era.


The risk of osteoporotic fracture can be viewed as a function of loading conditions and the ability of the bone to withstand the load. Skeletal loads are dominated by muscle action. Recently, it has become clear that bone and muscle share genetic determinants. Involvement of the musculoskeletal system manifests as bone loss (osteoporosis) and muscle wasting (sarcopenia). There is clinical evidence that osteoporotic fractures are significantly associated with sarcopenia, and sarcopenia may be a potential predictive factor for fracture risk, which suggests that there may be shared genetic determinants between sarcopenia and osteoporotic fracture. In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) studies have found that both lean mass and hand grip strength are associated with fracture risk, which may provide a possible endophenotype for elucidating the potential genetic study of fracture risk. Our effort to understand the clinical and genetic correlations between osteoporotic fracture and sarcopenia is helpful to understand the interaction between muscle and bone, and to study the etiology of complex musculoskeletal diseases. Identifying potentially important genetic variations in bone and muscle, measuring these variations using state-of-the-art technology, and replicating these experiments in humans and large animals will provide potential drug or intervention targets for osteoporotic fracture valuable in the future. Keywords: Genetics, osteoporosis, fracture, sarcopenia, genome-wide association studies, single nucleotide polymorphism


This artwork emerged from the process of engaging with a group of men who care for a loved one at home.
It took the form of an interactive sculpture constructed from two 1930s 'Gentleman's' wardrobes, enabling audiences to sit inside and listen to audio recordings of the everyday lives of the men involved; including a poem about caring for someone with dementia.
In 2018, the interactive sculpture was exhibited alongside the work of the current Turner Prize winning artist Lubaina Himid at the Harris Museum and Art Gallery in Preston in April 2018.
The male carers were proud to experience their work in a gallery setting.
While you need to experience the sculpture through physically engaging with it, this video offers a glimpse of what it's like to sit inside and hear the recordings of life as a male carer.
Copyright of this video is owned by the artist William Titley.


Abstract The concept of effective discharge, Qe, was introduced by Wolman and Miller (1960) as that stream discharge that transports the most sediment over time. Recently, the validity of Qe as an overall descriptor of sediment transport has been questioned because of its various interpretations and methods of calculation. A new discharge index—termed the "half-load discharge," Q1/2—was introduced as the discharge above and below which half of the total sediment load has been transported over time. Existing methods along with long records of continuous daily suspended sediment and discharge data are used to clarify what a discharge index can accomplish. We also offer an objective and consistent empirical methodology for calculating Qe based on a kernel density function. Generalized graphical relationships are introduced for summarizing the frequency and magnitude of both stream discharge and sediment loads. We document how Qe and Q1/2 are related to standard descriptors of river discharge as well as gener...


A new subspace approach is proposed for enhancement of speech corrupted by colored noise. The proposed approach is based on the simultaneous diagonalization of the clean speech and noise covariance matrices, which leads to an optimal linear estimator that minimizes speech distortion subject to the noise distortion being below a set threshold. The proposed approach is shown to be a generalization of the approach proposed by Ephraim and Van Trees (1995) for white noise. Objective and subjective measures demonstrated significant improvements over other subspace-based methods when tested with sentences corrupted with speech-shaped noise and multitalker babble.


Abstract This study aims to develop a robust methodology for measuring financial performance of equity-share schemes. Several studies have investigated various aspects of performance of these schemes but no single study has yet measured their performance using an objective set of criteria. Four categories of such objective criteria are proposed: poverty alleviation; empowerment and participation; institutional arrangements and governance; and financial performance. This paper focuses only on the financial performance criteria. Recognised indicators of financial performance are applied to balance sheet and income statement data provided by four equity-share schemes in the Western Cape province. This analysis highlights problems with several of the conventional ratios used to measure profitability, solvency and growth when they are applied to recently restructured farming enterprises whose 'empowerment' status attracts exceptionally high levels of debt capital to finance long-term investments. To avoid these problems it is recommended that, for equity-share schemes, profitability should be measured by the return on assets or dividend return; solvency by the debt/asset ratio; liquidity by cash flow projections; growth by changes in the (estimated) real value of shares; and workers' total returns by changes in the sum of the real wage bill, capital gains, dividends, interest and other benefits accruing to workers in aggregate.


The effect of a controlled-availability fertilizer (CAF) on plant uptake and leaching potential of soil nutrients, in relation to the dynamics of the chemical composition of the soil solution, was evaluated using a pot experiment with three N treatments [CAF or ordinary fertilizer applied as Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and an unfertilized treatment], with or without wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. Soil solutions were collected nondestructively with looped hollow fiber samplers from the root zone in situ six times during the 49-d growing period. Wheat plants were also collected at the second, fourth, and last collection date. Concentrations of NO 3 and K in the soil solution were significantly lower for the CAF treatment than for the ordinary fertilizer treatment at all sampling times. Leaching potential of N and K in the CAF treatment was accordingly reduced compared with the ordinary fertilizer treatment, especially at the early stages of plant growth. The concentration of P was low, and not affected significantly by the N treatments, and the leaching potential was negligible. Moreover, plant growth, nutrient uptake of N, P, and K, and their supplying mechanisms in soil were not affected significantly by the N treatments in this experiment. Therefore, the ability of CAF to reduce the leaching potential of soil nutrients without exerting adverse effects on the growth and nutrient uptake of plants was demonstrated for N and K, based on the dynamics ofthe soil solution composition in the root zone.


Orientation: Globally, women have become an essential part of the mining workforce. Among other jobs, they fulfil management positions, operate heavy machinery and are involved in artisanal mining processes. In South Africa, new mining legislation not only prohibits the exclusion of women but requires from companies to actively change the demographic profile of their workforce. Mining companies are obliged to also employ women in core mining activities. Although well intended, women appointed in core positions work side by side with men, often in isolation, and are frequently at risk of sexual abuse and/or harassment. Research purpose: This research determined perceptions regarding the occurrence of sexual harassment among women working in core mining positions. Motivation for the study: Currently, there is a paucity of published data on the occurrence of sexual harassment in the mining industry. Method: A mixed-method research design was used including quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. Quantitative data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire. Qualitative data were collected by means of individual and group interviews. Main findings: From the literature review and the empirical findings, it is evident that women are still exploited and sexually harassed in the mining industry. Incidents taking place on a daily basis vary from whistling; name calling; use of vulgar or derogatory language; display of body parts; physical contact, ranging from touching to sexual assault and rape; to the exchange of sexual favours for promotion. Practical/managerial implications: It is evident from the research that a holistic approach is required to effectively eradicate sexual harassment in the mining industry, involving the commitment of relevant state departments, human resource managers and labour experts. Contribution: Practical recommendations are made to effectively address sexual harassment in the mining industry.


A simple, rapid, accurate and precise reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Terbutaline sulphate and Guaiphenesin in combined dosage form. Separation was performed using Phenomex C18 column (250*4.5 mm, 0.5 μ) on LC-20 AD Prominence Liquid chromatograph (Shimadzu, Japan) attached with Spd-20A/20AV Prominence SPD-20A prominence UV/Vis detector. By using mobile phase0.02 M Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (pH 3.0) and Acetonitrile (40:60 V/V) isocratic elution using a flow rate of 1mL/min. Good sensitivity was observed with UV detection at 215 nm. Retention times of Terbutaline sulphate and Guaiphenesin were found to be about 2.1 and 2.8 min, respectively. The method was validated over the range from 1.25-15 μg/mL for Terbutaline sulphateand 12.5- 150 μg/mL for Guaiphenesin with correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.998, respectively. This method was shown to be accurate, specific, robust, linear, and repeatable and can be successfully employed in routine quality control for the simultaneous analysis of Terbutaline sulphate and Guaiphenesin in tablets.


This work discusses basic human senses: sight; sound; touch; taste; and smell; and the way in which it may be possible to compensate for lack of one, or more, of these by explicitly representing stimuli using the remaining senses. There may be many situations or scenarios where not all five of these base senses are being stimulated, either because of an optional restriction or deficit or because of a physical or sensory impairment such as loss of sight or touch sensation. Related to this there are other scenarios where sensory matching problems may occur. For example: a user immersed in a virtual environment may have a sense of smell from the real world that is unconnected to the virtual world. In particular, this paper is concerned with how sound can be used to compensate for the lack of other sensory stimulation and vice-versa. As a link is well established already between the visual, touch, and auditory systems, more attention is given to taste and smell, and their relationship with sound. This work presents theoretical concepts, largely oriented around mapping other sensory qualities to sound, based upon existing work in the literature and emerging technologies, to discuss where particular gaps currently exist, how emotion could be a medium to cross-modal representations, and how these might be addressed in future research. It is postulated that descriptive qualities, such as timbre or emotion, are currently the most viable routes for further study and that this may be later integrated with the wider body of research into sensory augmentation.


The conserved "DRY" motif (Asp-Arg-Tyr) at the cytosolic surface of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors has been the subject of much work attempting to understand the mechanisms of receptor activation and interaction with G proteins. Both the acidic (Asp) and basic (Arg) residues of this motif are important for isomerization of receptors between inactive and activated conformations. In this issue of Molecular Pharmacology, Rosenkilde et al. (pp. 11–19) show that a novel wild-type receptor, ORF74-EHV2, which lacks the Arg residue, is fully functional, showing both constitutive and ligand-induced activation of G protein signaling. Reintroducing the DRY motif by mutagenesis decreased constitutive activity while retaining ligand-inducible function. This work shows that the conserved Arg side chain is not required for receptor function, but it is important for stabilizing receptors in the inactive conformation.


Background Long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 1503 (LINC01503) was reportedly oncogenic in several malignancies, whereas whether it contributed to pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and progression requires to be verified. Methods The expression pattern of LINC01503 was monitored via qRT-PCR assay in normal cells and cancerous pancreatic cancer cells. The introduction of silencing LINC01503 was to verify the relation between LINC01503 expression and cell growth. Then, the targeting relationship of LINC01503 to miR-1321 was confirmed by bioinformatics predication and luciferase reporter assay. In addition, luciferase reporter assays evaluated the binding of miR-1321 to the 3′-untranslated region of KLK4. Overexpressing KLK4 and inhibiting LINC01503 was introduced in tumor cells to investigate the corresponding impacts on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration. Results LINC01503 and KLK4 were highly abundant in pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, miR-1321 bound to LINC01503 and KLK4. Downregulating LINC01503 promoted the availability of miR-1321 in pancreatic cancer cells and thus repressed KLK4 expression. KLK4 overexpression abolished the impediment of LINC01503 depletion on cell proliferation and migration. Conclusion Oncogenic function of LINC01503 was dependent on KLK4 upregulation by sponging miR-1321. Revealing the tumor-promoting property of LINC01503 in pancreatic cancer may confer new biomarkers for this malignancy.


We present a detailed analysis of week-long simultaneous observations of the blazar Mrk 421 at 2-60 keV X-rays (RXTE) and TeV γ-rays (Whipple and HEGRA) in 2001. Accompanying optical monitoring was performed with the Mt. Hopkins 48 inch telescope. The unprecedented quality of this data set enables us to establish the existence of the correlation between the TeV and X-ray luminosities, and also to start unveiling some of its characteristics, in particular its energy dependence and time variability. The source shows strong variations in both X-ray and γ-ray bands, which are highly correlated. No evidence of an X-ray/γ-ray interband lag τ is found on the full week data set, with τ ≲ 3 ks. A detailed analysis of the March 19 flare, however, reveals that data are not consistent with the peak of the outburst in the 2-4 keV X-ray and TeV band being simultaneous. We estimate a 2.1 ± 0.7 ks TeV lag. The amplitudes of the X-ray and γ-ray variations are also highly correlated, and the TeV luminosity increases more than linearly with respect to the X-ray one. The high degree of correlation lends further support to the standard model in which a unique electron population produces the X-rays by synchrotron radiation and the γ-ray component by inverse Compton scattering. However, the finding that for the individual best observed flares the γ-ray flux scales approximately quadratically with respect to the X-ray flux poses a serious challenge to emission models for TeV blazars, as it requires rather special conditions and/or fine tuning of the temporal evolution of the physical parameters of the emission region. We briefly discuss the astrophysical consequences of these new findings in the context of the competing models for the jet emission in blazars.


This paper describes how the Automatic Identification System - Application Specific Message (AIS/ASM) via Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites can be used to transmit small data between ship and shore to facilitate information visibility in future maritime transport systems. The focus is on ships without advanced satellite terminals in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is not available. Here, AIS is proposed as a low cost and general alternative to ordinary satellite communications. In this paper, we report on how reliable ASM is for data exchange, for instance for cargo-monitoring data. One problem is to determine when the LEO satellite is in a geographic position to receive messages from the ship. Another problem is that the AIS satellite can fail to register data, even when in the radio range of the ship, because the ship antenna is constructed for horizontal radiation and sends very little signal upwards, especially when the satellite is at its closest to the ship. The study uses AIS data from the Norwegian Coastal Administration to determine the probability that specific AIS transmitters are detected by the satellites.


Constructed wetlands (CWs) are an alternative method for wastewater treatment and its purification. In the past decades, CW techniques were hardly used for contamination removal, although first time in early 1950s, Dr. Kathe Seidel used constructed wetland for wastewater treatment. But evolutionary period started since the 1990s, this technique is used to treat various types of wastewaters i.e., industrial effluents, municipal wastewater, and drinking waters. CWs are the engineered systems that mimics the natural processes by removing the pollutants or by reducing the level of pollutants to a dischargeable limit.
Constructed wetland treatment systems efficiently remove several kinds of pollutants from wastewater, drinking water, and industrial effluents within the controlled environment and are considered as environment-friendly. Removal of effluents, metal and waste are performed through a variety of processes i.e., by increasing sorption, hydrolysis, filtration and oxidation, precipitation, binding with iron oxide, microbial activity and uptake by plants. In response to removing pollution, constructed wetlands differ in their processes, cost effectiveness and their design and also enhance the waste removal performance by using different substrates i.e., Phosphorus (P). In the recent years, scientists have tried to remediate or clean up wastewater through phytoremediation and bioremediation. Constructed wetland treatment systems use microbes and rooted plants to remove contaminants from soil or wastewater. It takes advantage of natural wetland processes (biological, physical and chemical processes ) to remove contaminants but the efficiency of all the processes (Chemical, physical and Biological) differ with water residence time.
This technology is now widely used (in America, China, Argentina, Czech Republic, Greece, Netherlands, and Europe) and tested to efficiently improve water quality. However, the industrial and environmental sector pay more attention to remove heavy metals form industrial effluents using CWs. CWs are more effective and have significantly low capital costs as compared to conventional system (ITRC 2003) and also require less labor and electricity to operated (USEPA 1988). The main objective of constructing the constructed wetland is to optimize the interaction of the substrate with microbial species and plants cells and then bioconversion into harmless products.
The haplotype plants and microbes that are used in wastewater treatment not only accumulate heavy metals but also perform the function of catalysts for purification reaction. Several factors also influence the remediation process which includes plant transpiration, and growth rates, storage, and accumulation in root and leaf cells, sedimentation, pH of media. CWs are composed of one or two chambers which are filled with the substrate that support the growth of haplotype plants and microorganisms. The substrate is both directly and indirectly involved in the remediation of pollutants, directly these substrates are involved in precipitation and filtration of suspended solids, sorption of heavy metals and organic matter and indirectly act as adhesion of microorganisms and support to root system. Nowadays an integrated technique is used to efficiently remediate the contaminants or pollutants from drinking water and industrial effluents from the soil. The main aim of this review is to evaluate and explain the role of constructed wetlands to remove industrial effluent.
Conclusion:
Phytoremediation in the past years has shown a promising evidence in case of the removal of different kinds of industrial effluents from the soils as well as the waters. Removal of contaminants discharged from the industries is essential for the better sustenance of the ecosystem and the protection of the various life forms including, humans, animals, and the microbial life forms. Removal of these contaminants discharged from the industries is of extreme importance and is the most focused area research for the environmental scientists of today because of the increase in the industrialization as well as the population of the developing and under-developed countries has made it an utter requirement for the wealthy people to establish industries and fulfill the increasing demands of the increasing world population. Phytoremediation is the cheap and the most accurate and widely adopted method to remove industrial effluents from the water as well as the contaminated soils. Plant-microbe interaction in most cases does not work efficiently as it is needed to, in that case, the scientists are making their efforts to engineer certain plant growth-promoting and contaminant degrading bacteria which would harm the environment and the plants to a neglectable level and would efficiently degrade the contaminants present in the soils and in water. Several plant species like Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Typha domingensis (Southern cattail), Vetiver grass, Lolium prenne, Brachaiaria mutica etc. are known as the best for the phytoremediation which work efficiently in association with the microbes colonizing their roots. Proper plant-microbes interaction strategies and the management of the floating wetlands could aid in the development of such wetlands that can be used to treat the greater surface area of water and remove as much contaminant s as possible that could not harm the life forms thriving in the water or in the soil which would otherwise die off due to intolerable level of pollutants in their surrounding environment.


Abstract Only a small area of the Australian mainland was glaciated during the Pleistocene, whereas periglacial deposits are far more common, indicating that cold environments were extensive and a major influence on landscape evolution. Here we identify representative low-elevation examples of scree slopes and frost action, together with fans and valley fills, indicating pronounced erosion cycles during the Pleistocene. To date the deposits, we explore approaches using radiocarbon, optically stimulated luminescence, and profile dating using the cosmogenic nuclide 10Be. The radiocarbon and optical ages show that screes, alluvial valley fill, and fans were deposited between 66–13 ka during the coldest part of the last glacial cycle, and within the previous glacial cycle. Exposure dating indicates further landscape erosion cycles back to the mid Pleistocene. Together, the deposits indicate the frost cracking limit was ~1300 m lower at 680 ± 10 m and mean winter temperature was 8.2 ± 0.5°C colder than present. Periglacial conditions probably affected much of southeastern Australia. The treeless and dry conditions resulted in widespread erosion and increased run off. Combined with increased snow storage within catchments, rivers were paradoxically larger, with high seasonal discharge and sediment loads.


Covering a key topic in both sociology and religious studies, this book is a thorough and lively introduction to the character and place of religion in contemporary British society. A brief introduction places the major British churches in their historical context and explains our curious combination of religious freedom and state-supported churches. Subsequent chapters examine a wide array of evidence on the influence and popularity of the churches, and on religious beliefs and behaviour, and document the following trends: the decline in the mainstream churches; a shift to the 'sectarian' right in Protestantism; the rise of non-Christian ethnic minority religions; and increasing interest in the occult and New Age spirituality. Particular attention is given to the issue of what sort of people remain religious and how their religious beliefs affect their lives. Throughout the book, Britain's religious life is compared with that of other European societies and the final chapter shows how recent changes can be understood as a response to fundamental features of modern industrial democracies. The book will be an invaluable introduction and point of reference for students of the social sciences and religious studies. The Oxford Modern Britain series comprises authoritative introductory books on all aspects of the social structure of modern Britain. Lively and accessible, the books will be the first point of reference for anyone interested in the state of contemporary Britain. They will be invaluable to those taking courses in the social sciences.


Real-world dilemmas rarely involve just two choices and perfect interactions without mistakes. In the iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) game, intermediate choices or mistakes (noise) have been introduced to extend its realism. This paper studies the IPD game with both noise and multiple levels of cooperation (intermediate choices) in a coevolutionary environment, where players can learn and adapt their strategies through an evolutionary algorithm. The impact of noise on the evolution of cooperation is first examined. It is shown that the coevolutionary models presented in this paper are robust against low noise (when mistakes occur with low probability). That is, low levels of noise have little impact on the evolution of cooperation. On the other hand, high noise (when mistakes occur with high probability) creates misunderstandings and discourages cooperation. However, the evolution of cooperation in the IPD with more choices in a coevolutionary learning setting also depends on behavioral diversity. This paper further investigates the issue of behavioral diversity in the coevolution of strategies for the IPD with more choices and noise. The evolution of cooperation is more difficult to achieve if a coevolutionary model with low behavioral diversity is used for IPD games with higher levels of noise. The coevolutionary model with high behavioral diversity in the population is more resistant to noise. It is shown that strategy representations can have a significant impact on the evolutionary outcomes because of different behavioral diversities that they generate. The results further show the importance of behavioral diversity in coevolutionary learning.


The fault in transmission and distribution lines of the power system creates voltage sag. This paper focuses on estimating the financial loss due to such voltage sags. The transformer in a system has great impact on the estimated number of voltage sags at the sensitive load due to faults in the system. So the financial loss in a system due to sag will be affected by the type of transformer in that system. The financial losses for different types of transformers are calculated in probabilistic manner for different types of load groups. Effect of the transformer in the system, on financial loss due to voltage sag is presented in this paper.


The relationship between prostacyclin and thromboxane activity in plasma or lymph of endotoxemia sheep was studied to better understand the physiologic significance of these two vasoactive compounds. Conscious sheep received either endotoxin alone or endotoxin plus a five-hour infusion of prostacyclin. Endotoxin alone produced a pulmonary arterial hypertension, a significant decrease in cardiac output, an increase in the lung lymph flow rate, and a leukopenia. Plasma prostacyclin and thromboxane concentrations were elevated to the same extent, while pulmonary lymph thromboxane concentrations were greater than those of prostacyclin. The administration of exogenous prostacyclin significantly attenuated the hemodynamic changes following endotoxin, but not the leukopenia. During the prostacyclin infusion, plasma and lymph prostacyclin concentration were tenfold higher than those seen with endotoxin alone, while thromboxane concentrations were six to eightfold lower. Thus, high circulating prostacyclin concentrations resulted in an inhibition of thromboxane production with an associated attenuation of the hemodynamic response to endotoxin.


AIM
This study aimed to compare rural and urban nurse residency programme participants' personal and job characteristics and perceptions of decision-making, job satisfaction, job stress, nursing performance and organisational commitment over time.

BACKGROUND
Nurse residency programmes are an evolving strategy to foster transition to practice for new nurses. However, there are limited data available for programme outcomes particularly for rural nurses.

METHOD
A longitudinal design sampled 382 urban and 86 rural newly licensed hospital nurses during a 12-month nurse residency programme. Data were collected at the start of the programme, at 6 months and the end of the programme.

RESULTS
At the end of the programme, rural nurses had significantly higher job satisfaction and lower job stress compared with urban nurses. Across all time-periods rural nurses had significantly lower levels of stress caused by the physical work environment and at the end of the programme had less stress related to staffing compared with urban nurses. Perceptions of their organisational commitment and competency to make decisions and perform role elements were similar.

CONCLUSIONS
Differences in these outcomes may be result from unique characteristics of rural vs. urban nursing practice that need further exploration.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT
Providing a nurse residency programme in rural and urban hospitals can be a useful recruitment and retention strategy.


Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is the most widely deployed interior gateway routing protocol on the Internet. We present two new attacks on OSPF that expose design vulnerabilities in the protocol specification. These new attacks can affect routing advertisements of routers not controlled by the attacker while evading the OSPF self-defense "fight-back" mechanism. By exploiting these vulnerabilities an attacker can persistently falsify large portions of the routing domain's topology thereby giving the attacker control over how traffic is routed in the domain. This in turn can lead to denial of service, eavesdropping, and man in the middle attacks. We discuss a number of mitigation strategies and propose an update to the OSPF specification that defeats these attacks and improves overall OSPF security.


Patients with frequent vasovagal syncope have a poor quality of life and often resist treatment with standard pharmacologic approaches. Clinical vasovagal syncope may be associated with some degree of bradycardia. Studies of temporary pacing during tilt table tests showed that pacing prevented syncope in a little more than half of patients who developed a vasovagal response. Six open-label studies of permanent pacing show that permanent pacemaker therapy is associated with substantial improvement over medical therapy. The roles of specific pacemaker modes have not been determined, although there is some evidence that rate-drop responsiveness helps. The second Vasovagal Pacemaker Study will quantify the true benefits of pacing for vasovagal syncope and assess the role of rate-drop response algorithms.


The analysis of brain-imaging data requires complex processing pipelines to support findings on brain function or pathologies. Recent work has shown that variability in analytical decisions, small amounts of noise, or computational environments can lead to substantial differences in the results, endangering the trust in conclusions. We explored the instability of results by instrumenting a structural connectome estimation pipeline with Monte Carlo Arithmetic to introduce random noise throughout. We evaluated the reliability of the connectomes, the robustness of their features, and the eventual impact on analysis. The stability of results was found to range from perfectly stable (i.e. all digits of data significant) to highly unstable (i.e. 0 − 1 significant digits). This paper highlights the potential of leveraging induced variance in estimates of brain connectivity to reduce the bias in networks without compromising reliability, alongside increasing the robustness and potential upper-bound of their applications in the classification of individual differences. We demonstrate that stability evaluations are necessary for understanding error inherent to brain imaging experiments, and how numerical analysis can be applied to typical analytical workflows both in brain imaging and other domains of computational sciences, as the techniques used were data and context agnostic and globally relevant. Overall, while the extreme variability in results due to analytical instabilities could severely hamper our understanding of brain organization, it also affords us the opportunity to increase the robustness of findings.


Recently, it has been reported that, in several tumor cell lines, short double-stranded RNAs tailored for promoter regions of specific genes are able to activate their transcription. Such molecules (named RNA activators) act opposite to other double-stranded RNA molecules (named RNA inhibitors) in that the overexpression instead of underexpression of a given gene is triggered. In Dohh2 non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells, the transcriptional repressor BCL6, which negatively controls both p53 and p21, is overexpressed, so that the cells can escape the check point governed by p53 and proliferate. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the RNA activator p21 can represent a tool to circumvent the transcriptional control of BCL6 and induce the blockage of cell proliferation in Dohh2 non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells. For that, Dohh2 cells were transfected with either a control RNA activator (ds-NC) or an RNA activator specific for human p21 promoter (ds-p21). At various time points after transfection, the cells were collected and p21 was measured. Dohh2 cells transfected with ds-p21 showed a slight but significant overexpression of p21 at both mRNA and protein levels. Nonetheless, cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis were not significantly modified. In contrast, the exposure of Dohh2 cells transfected with ds-p21 to fludarabine potentiates the cytotoxicity of the drug, suggesting the RNA activator p21 complements the fludarabine-dependent cell death pathways.


Training is increasingly required as technology brings wide sweeping changes to the ways in
which traditional library activities are administered. The purpose of this thesis was to collect and
analyse information on training, on the use of information technology and the training given for it,
and how the technology In use has Impacted on training in selected public libraries.
Semi structured interviews formed the basis of the data collection on training in the English and
Canadian libraries. While concentrating on the types of information technology introduced and
hence what training is required, the researcher also uses examples from training programmes
covering other issues, or relating to non automated situations, if this elucidates a specific point.
Training has become a key activity in public libraries and the interview data establishes this
hypothesis. The IT introduced and currently in use in public library systems determines the
training offered which in tum impacts on the Individual staff member, the organisation and the
library community as a whole.
This demonstrates that the introduction of technology does modify the training required. The
organisational structure flattens after technology is introduced; the role of middle managers
undergoes significant changes while the blurring of job boundaries between different levels of
staff dramatically alters the role of paraprofessionals.
Other areas where significant changes are taking place include the need for a more highly
educated and skilled workforce; whether deskilling has happened; the need for improved
interpersonal skills; and the creation of new specialist positions.
IT stresses a team not an individual approach and training needs to reflect this. Further it is
demonstrated that using the technology itself for training is on the increase: CBT (Computer
based training) can be used for a wide range of repetitive tasks, particularly those associated
with the circulation desk and be used with simulations in management situations.


There is a well-documented developmental decline in engagement among adolescents throughout secondary school. Given this pattern of engagement poses problems for both student well-being and their academic outcomes, it is important to examine potential strategies to address this decline. As a growth-oriented strategy, personal best (PB) goal setting may be one viable option to challenge this decline in engagement. Across 3 years of data collection among a sample of N = 368 Australian secondary school students and using latent growth modeling (LGM), we explored 4 ways that PB goal setting may impact engagement: (a) an "initiating effect" such that initial PB goal setting positively impacts initial engagement; (b) a "contemporaneous effect" such that PB goal setting at each time point positively predicts engagement at that same time point; (c) an "escalating effect" such that at each time point PB goal setting has an increasing impact on engagement; and (d) a "slope effect" such that initial PB goal setting improves the rate of change of engagement (reduces negative slope) over time. Findings confirmed an initiating effect, contemporaneous effect, and escalating effect of PB goal setting on engagement, but not a slope effect. These results suggest that although the developmental decline in engagement seems to be somewhat pervasive during adolescence (i.e., no slope effect), PB goal setting may be a viable strategy to positively impact early levels of engagement (initiating effect), positively impact engagement at any given point in time (contemporaneous effect), and increasingly impact engagement across time (escalating effect). Taken together, this investigation adds to the growth, goal setting, and engagement literatures while showcasing the various ways (and analytical approaches to them) that psychoeducational phenomena can interact and impact one another across time. The findings also provide applied direction for practitioners seeking to assist students through this challenging developmental stage of adolescence.


Sucker-rod pumping systems are the most widely applied artificial lift equipment in the oil and gas industry. Accurate and intelligent working condition recognition of pumping systems imposes major impacts on oilfield production benefits and efficiency. The shape of dynamometer card reflects the working conditions of sucker-rod pumping systems, and different conditions can be indicated by their typical card characteristics. In traditional identification methods, however, features are manually extracted based on specialist experience and domain knowledge. In this paper, an automatic fault diagnosis method is proposed to recognize the working conditions of sucker-rod pumping systems with massive dynamometer card data collected by sensors. Firstly, AlexNet-based transfer learning is adopted to automatically extract representative features from various dynamometer cards. Secondly, with the extracted features, error-correcting output codes model-based SVM is designed to identify the working conditions and improve the fault diagnosis accuracy and efficiency. The proposed AlexNet-SVM algorithm is validated against a real dataset from an oilfield. The results reveal that the proposed method reduces the need for human labor and improves the recognition accuracy.


Optimal amplitude modulations for a radar signal are derived and then used to calculate the efficiencies of various sub-optimal modulations. The choice of modulation is constrained by the total energy transmitted and the peak power (amplitude) of the transmitted signal. The peak power constraint is handled by the use of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle, an extension of the calculus of variations recently developed in the U.S.S.R. that is enjoying wide application in optimal control theory. The criterion of optimality is based on the error variances of estimates of the range motion parameters of a reflecting body, where the errors are caused by additive, white, zero mean, Gaussian noise. Explicit results are provided for bodies with constant velocity and bodies with constant acceleration. The analysis covers: 1) incoherent processing of a sequence of many range measurements; 2) coherent processing assuming the RF phase is known, 3) certain aspects of coherent processing assuming the RF phase is unknown. The optimal modulations turn out to be of the "on-off" type, requiring either no transmission or transmission at the maximum allowable power level.


: The History of Medicine and Medical Specialties such as Ophthalmology, and the Subspecialty of Strabology extend back to the beginning of recorded history. Before there was photography to record physical abnormalities of living creatures, there was art and artists who did the recording in their works. Fortunately, many such recordings have been preserved, usually in museums, such as the Louvre, in Paris, France. They provide the graphic evidence of the same medical problems which our ancestors suffered and survived which we still do but now understand and can ameliorate better. The purpose of this paper is to provide several examples of these art works, to illuminate these historical aspects of medicine.