Trading networks are an indispensable part of today's economy, but to compete successfully with others, they must be efficient in maximizing the value they provide to the external market. While the prior work relies on truthful disclosure of private information to achieve efficiency, we study the problem of designing mechanisms that result in efficient trading networks by incentivizing firms to truthfully reveal their private information to a third party. Additional desirable properties of such mechanisms are weak budget balance (WBB; the third party needs not invest) and individual rationality (IR; firms get non-negative utility). Unlike combinatorial auctions, there may not exist mechanisms that simultaneously satisfy these properties ex post for trading networks. We propose an approach for computing or learning truthful and efficient mechanisms for given networks in a Bayesian setting, where WBB and IR, respectively, are relaxed to ex ante and interim for a given distribution over the private information. We incorporate techniques to reduce computational and sample complexity. We empirically demonstrate that the proposed approach successfully finds the mechanisms with the relaxed properties for trading networks where achieving ex post properties is impossible.


This paper is a usage-based study of the grammar of that set of English Relative Clauses with which a relativizer has been described as optional. We argue that the regularities in the use of relativizers in English can be seen as systematically arising from pragmatic-prosodic factors, creating frequency effects, resulting in some cases highly grammaticized formats: the more the Main Clause and the Relative Clause are integrated with each other, that is, approach monoclausal status, the more likely we are to find no relativizer used; conversely, the more separate the two clauses are, the more likely we are to find an overt relativizer. These findings have led us to suggest that the more monoclausal combinations have become unitary storage and processing chunks. We thus see these findings as a contribution not only to our understanding of Relative Clauses, but to our understanding of syntactic organization in general and of the nature of the grammatical practices in which speakers engage in everyday interactions.


The defective interfering (DI) RNA MIDI of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59) contains a large open reading frame (ORF) spanning almost its entire genome. This ORF consists of sequences derived from ORF1a, ORF1b, and the nucleocapsid gene. We have previously demonstrated that mutations that disrupt the ORF decrease the fitness of MIDI and its derivatives (R. J. de Groot, R. G. van der Most, and W. J. M. Spaan, J. Virol. 66:5898-5905, 1992). To determine whether translation of the ORF per se is required or whether the encoded polypeptide or a specific sequence is involved, we analyzed sets of related DI RNAs containing different ORFs. After partial deletion of ORF1b and nucleocapsid gene sequences, disruption of the remaining ORF is still lethal; translation of the entire ORF is not essential, however. When a large fragment of the MHV-A59 spike gene, which is not present in any of the MHV-A59 DI RNAs identified so far, was inserted in-frame into a MIDI derivative, translation across this sequence was vital to DI RNA survival. Thus, the translated sequence is irrelevant, indicating that translation per se plays a crucial role in DI virus propagation. Next, it was examined during which step of the viral life cycle translation plays its role. Since the requirement for translation also exists in DI RNA-transfected and MHV-infected cells, it follows that either the synthesis or degradation of DI RNAs is affected by translation.


Differentially heaving bedrock has caused severe damage near the Denver metropolitan area. This paper describes heave-feature morphologies, the underlying bedrock framework, and their inter-relationship. The heave features are linear to curvilinear and may attain heights of 0.7 m (2.4 ft), widths of 58 m (190 ft), and lengths of 1,067 m (3,500 ft). They are nearly symmetrical to highly asymmetrical in cross section, with width-to-height ratios of 45:1 to 400:1, and most are oriented parallel with the mountain front. The bedrock consists of Mesozoic sedimentary formations having dip angles of 30 degrees to vertical to overturned. Mixed claystone-siltstone bedding sequences up to 36-m (118-ft) thick are common in the heave-prone areas, and interbeds of bentonite, limestone, or sandstone may be present. Highly fractured zones of weathered to variably weathered claystone extend to depths of 19.5 to 22.3 m (64 to 73 ft). Fracture spacings are 0.1 to 0.2 m (0.3 to 0.7 ft) in the weathered and variably weathered bedrock and up to 0.75 m (2.5 ft) in the underlying, unweathered bedrock. Curvilinear shear planes in the weathered claystone show thrust or reverse offsets up to 1.2 m (3.9 ft). Three associations between heave-feature morphologies and the geological framework are recognized: (1) Linear, symmetrical to asymmetrical heaves are associated with primary bedding composition changes. (2) Linear, highly asymmetrical heaves are associated with shear planes along bedding. (3) Curvilinear, highly asymmetrical heaves are associated with bedding-oblique shear planes.


This overview presents an introduction to the articles published in this issue of the Health Care Financing Review, entitled "Mental Health Services and Vulnerable Populations." This article discusses the challenges the mental health and substance abuse (MH/SA) care system is confronted with in terms of equity and efficiency and how the system is responding to these challenges. It further addresses research issues in assessing the need and use of mental health services and summarizes recent activities in the research and evaluation of new delivery and payment systems.


A number of compilers exploit the following strategy: translate a term to continuation-passing style (CPS) and optimize the resulting term using a sequence of reductions. Recent work suggests that an alternative strategy is superior: optimize directly in an extended source calculus. We suggest that the appropriate relation between the source and target calculi may be captured by a special case of a Galois connection known as a reflection. Previous work has focused on the weaker notion of an equational correspondence, which is based on equality rather than reduction. We show that Moggi's monad translation and Plotkin's CPS translation can both be regarded as reflections, and thereby strengthen a number of results in the literature.


An optical wireless intensity-modulation direct-detection multiple-input multiple-output communication system is considered. The performance of  $M$ -PAM rate-1 direct current offset space-time block codes is studied in terms of average worst-case pairwise error probability (WC-PEP) in quasi-static channels. It is shown that within this code class, the average WC-PEP is minimized by repetition coding (RC) under both electrical and optical individual power constraints, irrespective of channel statistics. This agrees with previously published results related to ON–OFF keying RC. This is further extended to sum power constraints, where it is shown that spatial beamforming minimizes the average WC-PEP within this code class, which simplifies to RC if the channel matrix has independent and indentically distributed columns and a sum electrical power constraint. Under a sum optical power constraint, this also holds true at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but not at low SNR. Generally, the time dimension of this code class is redundant from an average WC-PEP perspective. Numerical results are provided to support the theoretical findings and to show that the average WC-PEP leads to a good approximation of the actual error probability at high SNR.


AIM
The present study assess the effect of consumption of alcohol on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients suffering from different types of cancer.

METHODS
This hospital based case control study conducted in the Western part of Nepal covered a total of 93 cancer patients with or without alcohol intake and smoking habits, along with 94 age, sex and habit-matched individuals serving as controls. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), total antioxidant activity (TAA), vitamin C, α-tocopherol and erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated and compared.

RESULTS
The TBARS level was found to be significantly higher (p≤0.001) in all types of cancer patients when compared to controls, being aggravated in alcoholics with a smoking habit. No statistical significance (p≥0.05) was observed in the level of vitamin C and α-tocopherol. GSH and TAA level were significantly decreased (p≤0.001) in all the groups except those who consumed both branded as well as homemade alcohol and non-alcoholics without smoking habit.

CONCLUSION
Alcohol, irrespective of its commercial brand, increases oxidative stress in all types of cancer patients. This is even higher when alcohol intake is combined with a smoking habit. Decreased TAA and GSH are major risk factors for cancer development.


Deep energy-based models are powerful, but pose challenges for learning and inference (Belanger and McCallum, 2016). Tu and Gimpel (2018) developed an efficient framework for energy-based models by training "inference networks" to approximate structured inference instead of using gradient descent. However, their alternating optimization approach suffers from instabilities during training, requiring additional loss terms and careful hyperparameter tuning. In this paper, we contribute several strategies to stabilize and improve this joint training of energy functions and inference networks for structured prediction. We design a compound objective to jointly train both cost-augmented and test-time inference networks along with the energy function. We propose joint parameterizations for the inference networks that encourage them to capture complementary functionality during learning. We empirically validate our strategies on two sequence labeling tasks, showing easier paths to strong performance than prior work, as well as further improvements with global energy terms.


The goal of this project was to identify and target metabolic vulnerabilities of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) to improve therapeutic outcomes for patients with AML. We have previously shown that primary human LSCs reside in a unique metabolic condition characterized by a relatively low oxidative state (termed "ROS-low") and increased levels of glutathione (Lagadinou et al. Cell Stem Cell, 2013). Cells in this condition are highly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation for survival, in striking contrast to many tumor cells which often rely on glycolysis; indicating that LSCs are governed by distinct metabolic properties. To further elucidate key metabolic properties of LSCs, we measured differences in the global metabolome of ROS-Low LSCs in comparison to ROS-high AML blasts. Our preliminary data demonstrated that ROS-low LSCs have higher levels of amino acids and require amino acid catabolism for survival. We hypothesized that certain individual amino acids may be more important for LSC survival. If true, then targeting specific amino acids may be an avenue towards improved AML therapy.
 To determine if any individual amino acid is essential for LSC survival, we analyzed AML cells from five patients that were systematically cultured in media lacking one of the twenty amino acids. Cysteine depletion was consistently the most cytotoxic, showing decreased cell viability and colony forming potential of LSCs. We next determined the effect of an engineered human enzyme that selectively degrades cysteine and cystine (AEB3103, Aeglea BioTherapeutics, Inc.) on LSC viability and colony forming potential. We found that AEB3103 treatment decreased viability of LSCs in all AML specimens tested and significantly decreased colony formation (p<0.05). Importantly, AEB3103 treatment did not decrease the frequency or colony forming ability of HSCs in normal mobilized peripheral blood or normal bone marrow.
 To determine how AEB3103 decreased LSC viability we investigated the metabolic changes that occur upon AEB3103 treatment by mass spectroscopy. We found that AEB3103 treatment decreased the abundance of metabolites involved in glutathione synthesis (cysteine, cystine, glutathione, taurine, and Cys-Gly) in ROS-low LSCs. Tracing of cysteine13C315N in LSCs demonstrated that all detectable heavy cysteine was metabolized to cystine and glutathione. Furthermore, pretreatment with cell permeable glutathione rescued cell viability and colony-forming potential upon AEB3103 treatment. These data suggest that modulation of glutathione is central to the mechanism by which AEB3103 kills LSCs. Glutathione is a well-characterized antioxidant, therefore, we measured ROS levels and the expression of genes known to be expressed upon ROS induction in LSCs. Surprisingly, we did not observe changes in ROS induction or the expression of ROS induced genes upon AEB3103 treatment.
 Next, we interrogated cellular functions of glutathione that are independent from the role of glutathione as an antioxidant. Glutathione has previously been shown to mediate electron transport chain complex II function via posttranslational glutathione modification, glutathionylation. Therefore, we hypothesized that decreased glutathione levels upon AEB3103 treatment could result in decreased complex II activity and therefore decreased levels of OXPHOS and ATP production. To test this hypothesis, we measured complex II activity, complex II glutathionylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP levels upon AEB3103 treatment. We observed AEB3103 treatment significantly decreased glutathionylation, complex II activity, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP levels in AML cells (p<0.05). Furthermore, pretreatment with cell permeable glutathione completely reversed the metabolic consequences of AEB3103 treatment. Overall, our data demonstrates that cysteine depletion selectively targets LSCs by decreasing glutathione levels resulting in decreased electron transport chain complex II activity. Furthermore, targeting cysteine and cystine metabolism may be a promising approach to eradicate LSCs.

 Pollyea: AbbVie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Argenx: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celyad: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Karyopharm: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy; Curis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.


Abstract. Active trailing edge flaps are a promising technology that can potentially enable further increases in wind turbine sizes without the disproportionate increase in loads, thus reducing the cost of wind energy even further. Extreme loads and critical deflections of the blade are design driving issues that can effectively be reduced by flaps. In this paper, we consider the flap hinge moment as a local input sensor for a simple flap controller that reduces extreme loads and critical deflections of the DTU 10 MW Reference Wind Turbine blade. We present a model to calculate the unsteady flap hinge moment that can be used in aeroelastic simulations in the time domain. This model is used to develop an observer that estimates the local angle of attack and relative wind velocity of a blade section based on local sensor information including the flap hinge moment of the blade section. For steady wind conditions that include yawed inflow and wind shear, the observer is able to estimate the local inflow conditions with errors in the mean angle of attack below 0.2° and mean relative wind speed errors below 0.4 %. For fully turbulent wind conditions, the observer is able to estimate the low frequency content of the local angle of attack and relative velocity even when it is lacking information on the incoming turbulent wind. We include this observer as part of a simple flap controller to reduce extreme loads and critical deflections of the blade. The flap controller's performance is tested in load simulations of the reference turbine with active flaps according to the IEC 61400-1 power production with extreme turbulence group. We used the lifting line free vortex wake method to calculate the aerodynamic loads. Results show a reduction of the maximum out-of-plane and resulting blade root bending moment of 8 % and 7.6 % respectively when compared to a baseline case without flaps. The critical blade tip deflection is reduced by 7.1 %. Furthermore, a sector load analysis considering extreme loading in all load directions shows a reduction of the extreme resulting bending moment in an angular region covering 30° around the positive out-of-plane blade root bending moment. Further analysis reveals that a fast reaction time of the flap system proves to be critical for its performance. This is achieved with the use of local sensors as input for the flap controller. A larger reduction potential of the system is identified but not reached mainly because of a combination of challenging controller objectives and the simple controller architecture.


Ventilation with recuperation is a means of reducing heat consumption per square meter below 50 (kWh/m 2 ) in Latvia through proper project design and trained personnel. The aim of this research is to show necessity for a ventilation system with recuperation.  This research would further permit preparing recommendations for responsible decision-makers. There are no regulatory enactments that would provide ventilations indispensability during the renovation process in Latvia. The recommendation for ventilation with recuperation should be incorporated during the renovation as a mandatory requirement in Latvia. Renovated buildings with European co-financing in Liepaja city have been used as a research basis. Different renovated building groups are compared: those without ventilation, with ventilation, ventilation with recuperation. Each one of these building groups will have more than one object. The obtained data will be heat consumption per square meter (kWh/m 2 ). It is not possible to achieve good results with badly designed projects as well as with non-trained personnel, therefore this system is quite often either not used or ignored. Ventilation with recuperation is to be a mandatory requirement in renovated buildings. During the research it has been realized that the available information is not sufficient to compare renovation processes in other countries of comparable climatic conditions. It would be preferable to meet researchers working on similar themes to be able to share mutual experience and to promote co-operation in this field . DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.67.1.5858


Today's users interact with an increasing amount of information, demanding a similar increase in attention and cognition. To help cope with information overload, recommendation engines direct users' attention to content that is most relevant to them. We suggest that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain measures can be used as an additional channel to information filtering systems. Using fNIRS, we acquire an implicit measure that correlates with user preference, thus avoiding the cognitive interruption that accompanies explicit preference ratings. We explore the use of fNIRS in information filtering systems by building and evaluating a brain-computer movie recommender. We find that our system recommends movies that are rated higher than in a control condition, improves recommendations with increased interaction with the system, and provides recommendations that are unique to each individual.


We assess the broad importance of family and community background for entrepreneurship outcomes. We go beyond traditional, intergenerational associations by estimating sibling correlations in unincorporated and incorporated entrepreneurship using register data from Sweden. Sibling correlations range from 20% to 50%. They are consistently higher for more committed and incorporated entrepreneurship than for less committed or unincorporated entrepreneurship; they are also higher for brothers than sisters. We then assess what factors drive these correlations: parental entrepreneurship, neighborhoods, shared genes and financial resources help explain these high correlations, whereas immigration status, family structure and sibling peer effects have a limited contribution. The higher correlation for incorporated versus unincorporated entrepreneurship is explained mainly by the type of parental entrepreneurial engagement and financial resources, while the gap between brother and sister correlations in unincorporated entrepreneurship is largely driven by the geographic concentration of male dominated industries. JEL Classification: D13, J62, L26.


The integration of signals received by a cell, and their transduction to targets, is essential for all cellular responses. The cytoskeleton has been identified as a major target of signalling cascades in both animal and plant cells. Self-incompatibility (SI) in Papaver rhoeas involves an allele-specific recognition between stigmatic S-proteins and pollen, resulting in the inhibition of incompatible pollen. This highly specific response triggers a Ca(2+)-dependent signalling cascade in incompatible pollen when a stigmatic S-protein interacts with it. It has been demonstrated recently that SI induces dramatic alterations in the organization of the pollen actin cytoskeleton. This implicates the actin cytoskeleton as a key target for the SI-stimulated signals. The cytological alterations to the actin cytoskeleton that are triggered in response to SI are described here and there seem to be several stages that are distinguishable temporally. Evidence was obtained that F-actin depolymerization is also stimulated. The current understanding that the actin cytoskeleton is a target for the signals triggered by the SI response is discussed. It is suggested that these F-actin alterations may be Ca(2+)-mediated and that this could be a mechanism whereby SI-induced tip growth inhibition is achieved. The potential for actin-binding proteins to act as key mediators of this response is discussed and the mechanisms that may be responsible for effecting these changes are described. In particular, the parallels between sustained actin rearrangements during SI and in apoptosis of animal cells are considered.


This paper discusses an efficient numerical approximation technique, called the differential quadrature method (DQM), which has been adapted to model lossy nonuniform interconnects. DQM discretizes Telegrapher's equations into algebraic equations, which can be represented by compact equivalent circuit models, whose port voltages and currents are related by rational formulas in the frequency domain. Although the rationalization process in DQM is comparable with the Pade approximation of AWE, the derivation of DQM modeling avoids the process of moment-generation and moment-matching. The differential quadrature method guarantees stability. Numerical experiments show that DQM-based modeling leads to high accuracy as well as high efficiency.


Abstract During the ultrastructural investigation of the central nucleus of cat's colliculus inferior (CI) neurons containing synaptic vesicles were encountered. Their perikarya form somatodendritic synapses and occupy presynaptic positions. These neurons were located in the dorsomedial portion of the central nucleus of the CI. On the basis of their electron microscopical appearance and synaptic relationships they might be discriminated as putative interneurons.


Bombardment with C60+ primary ions of monolayer and multilayer barium arachidate Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films is investigated. The behavior of cluster versus atomic (Ga+) bombardment is monitored by the barium-cationized arachidate ion (mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) 449) and a characteristic fragment ion (m/z 209) using 1-, 7-, and 15-layer model systems. The removal rate of material from the films is shown to be on the order of several hundred molecules per C60 impact, a value 100-fold larger than Ga+ impact. The enhancement in secondary ion yield is also shown to be larger for the 15-layer film (400x) than for the monolayer film (100x). Moreover, most of the increase in yield is shown to be associated with ejection of sputtered species rather than an increase in ionization probability. High yields associated with cluster bombardment are also shown to be amenable to depth profiling experiments in which the two ions can be monitored as the film is being removed. In this modality, chemical damage associated with bombardment is removed before it can accumulate on the surface. Due to the similarity of fatty acid LB films to cellular membranes, these results suggest that C60+ primary ion beams may improve the prospects for TOF-SIMS studies of biological systems.


The traditional approach to FPGA clustering and CLB-level placement has been shown to yield significantly worse overall placement quality than approaches which allow BLEs to move during placement. In practice, however, modern FPGA architectures require computationally-expensive Design Rule Checks (DRC) which render BLE-level placement impractical. This thesis research addresses this problem by proposing a novel clustering framework that produces better initial clusters that help to reduce the dependence on BLE-level placement. The work described in this dissertation includes: (1) a comparison of various clustering algorithms used for FPGAs, (2) the introduction of a novel hybridized clustering framework for timing-driven FPGA clustering, (3) the addition of physical information to make better clusters, (4) a comparison of the implemented approaches to known clustering tools, and (5) the implementation and evaluation of cluster improvement heuristics. The proposed techniques are quantified across accepted benchmarks and show that the implemented DPack produces results with 16% less wire length, 19% smaller minimum channel widths, and 8% less critical delay, on average, than known academic tools. The hybridized approach, HDPack, is found to achieve 21% less wire length, 24% smaller minimum channel widths, and 6% less critical delay, on average.


Calibration of electric field probes in a GTEM cell is carried out using the reference antenna method. To determine the effectiveness of the calibration, we compared our results with those of calibration in an anechoic chamber from 1 to 6GHz. Each electric field probe had three elements, one of which was used to calibrate the other two. The calibration factors in the GTEM cell agree well with those in the anechoic chamber. Therefore, the GTEM cell is as effective as the anechoic chamber for calibrating electric field probes with the same type of probe and helps save more measurement time and effort.


Background. Major depression is often chronic or recurrent and is usually treated within primary care. Little is known about the associated morbidity and costs. Objectives. To determine socio-demographic characteristics of people with chronic or recurrent depression in primary care and associated morbidity, service use, and costs. Method. 558 participants were recruited from 42 GP practices in the UK. All participants had a history of chronic major depression, recurrent major depression, or dysthymia. Participants completed questionnaires including the BDI-II, Work and Social Adjustment Scale, Euroquol, and Client Service Receipt Inventory documenting use of primary care, mental health, and other services. Results. The sample was characterised by high levels of depression, functional impairment, and high service use and costs. The majority (74%) had been treated with an anti-depressant, while few had seen a counsellor (15%) or a psychologist (3%) in the preceding three months. The group with chronic major depression was most depressed and impaired with highest service use, whilst those with dysthymia were least depressed, impaired, and costly to support but still had high morbidity and associated costs. Conclusion. This is a patient group with very significant morbidity and high costs. Effective interventions to reduce both are required.


This paper studies an application of wye- zigzag transformes for reducing harmonics in the neutral conducto.rs of a three phase 41512.40V distribution system. Triplen harmonic currents add up in the neutral conductor of the distribution system feeding the non linear loads such as personal computers and electronic office machines with switch mode power supplies. The zigzag transformer is installed between the distribution panel and the high harmonics producing loads. This research makes use of a star-zigzag grounded transformer.


A noticeable degree of inconsistent forming behaviors has been observed for the 1st generation advanced high strength steels (AHSS) in production, and they appear to be associated with the inherent microstructural-level inhomogeneities for various AHSS. This indicates that the basic material property requirements and screening methods currently used for the mild steels and high strength low alloys (HSLA) are no longer sufficient for qualifying today's AHSS. In order to establish more relevant material acceptance criteria for AHSS, the fundamental understandings on key mechanical properties and microstructural features influencing the local formability of AHSS need to be developed. For this purpose, in this study, DP980 was selected as model steels and eight different types of DP980 sheet steels were acquired from various steel suppliers. Various experiments were then performed on the eight different DP980 steels such as chemical composition analysis, static tensile test, hole expansion test, channel forming test. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of the DP980 steels were also obtained, and image processing tools were then adopted to those SEM pictures in order to quantify their various microstructural features. The results show that all DP980 steels show large discrepancy in their performance and that the tensile properties and hole expansionmore » properties of these steels do not correlate with their local formability. According to the results up to date, it is not possible to correlate the microstructural features alone to the macroscopically measured deformation behaviors. In addition to image analysis, other experiments (i.e., nano-indentation test) are also planned to quantify the individual phase properties of the various DP steels.« less


Soil moisture information is an important factor in the fields of hydrology, meteorology and climatology. For hydrological applications, soil moisture data with a spatial resolution of 1 km is often requested. Current remote sensing methods are limited to a spacial resolution of 25–50 km. This study was motivated by the need to improve the resolution of soil moisture information. The aim was to produce and make a first evaluation of scaling information that could be used for validating spatial downscaling of scatterometer derived soil moisture information to achieve a resolution of 1 km. The backscatter intensity from surface scattering is largely determined by the moisture content in the upper few centimetres of the soil. Based on the assumption that soil moisture is mainly driven by large scale atmospheric forcing, the local and regional soil moisture content is likely to be well correlated. Therefore, also the backscatter intensity on the two scales is expected to show similar scaling properties. By using time series of ENVISAT ASAR data, a measure of the temporal correlation between the backscatter intensities on the two scales can be calculated. For locations where a high temporal correlation is achieved, the regional soil moisture estimates can be used directly on the 1 km scale. Scaling information for a large part of the African continent was produced and the influence of land cover was analysed. It is concluded that there is a high potential for downscaling scatterometer derived soil moisture information for agricultural regions, including cropland and pasture, and over range land, which includes savannas and land covered with grass or shrub.


The objective of the present research was to determine the allelopathic potential of Ipomoea fistulosa plants on germination and growth of seedlings. In laboratory, lettuce and tomato seeds were placed to germinate in the presence of water or Ipomoea fistulosa leaf extract, in the concentrations of 5, 10 e 15% (p/v). In greenhouse, seeds were placed to germinate in trays containing Plantmax ® substrate and Plantmax ® substrate + Ipomoea fistulosa dry leaf residue, at 3% (w/w). The aqueous extract inhibited germination, raised the mean germination time of the seeds and reduced the radicle and hypocotyl growth in all used concentrations. In greenhouse, the plant height, leaf number, and dry mass accumulation also were reduced in the presence of the leaf residue in the substrate. The results suggest the presence of allelochemicals in Ipomoea fistulosa and demonstrate the highest sensitivity of lettuce that tomato to these compounds.


The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), is a multifunctional protein with an impressive range of distinct, but overlapping functions in the process of tissue remodelling and cell migration: 1) uPAR regulates extracellular proteolysis by promoting plasminogen activation; 2) uPAR regulates cell adhesion as an adhesion receptor for vitronectin and by its capacity to modulate integrin function; 3) uPAR regulates cell migration as a signal transduction molecule and by its intrinsic chemotactic activity. In this thesis I have analysed the consequences, and occurrence, of uPAR cleavage and shedding. In chapter 3 I analyse the structural requirements for uPAR to promote cellular adhesion to vitronectin. I demonstrate that cell surface expression of intact uPAR is necessary and sufficient to promote binding of the myeloid cell line 32D to vitronectin. In this cell system the uPAR mediated cell binding does not lead to cell spreading and does not require integrin activation. In chapter 4 I demonstrate that the chemotactic activity of uPAR maps to the linker region which connects the first and second domain of uPAR. This chemotactic epitope (the SRSRY motif) is required and sufficient for the chemotactic activity of soluble uPAR fragments and appears to induce signalling similar to that induced by uPAR ligands such as uPA. In chapter 5 I show that uPAR and the uPAR fragments Dl and D2D3 are indeed generated on the cell surface and released to the surroundings by several different cell types. In chapter 6 I describe and characterise the presence of soluble uPAR and uPAR fragments in vivo. I demonstrate that suPAR as well as the suPAR fragments Dl and D2D3 are present in human urine. Using mice xenografted with human model tumours I demonstrate that the tumour tissue is a source of urinary suPAR antigen and that the suPAR fragment pattern in urine correlates with uPAR cleavage in the tumour tissue.


During a remarkable period of growth for the Sierra Club during the Cold War, the club sponsored This Is the American Earth in 1954, a collaborative project between Ansel Adams and Nancy Newhall that resulted in a 1955 exhibition of photographs and a 1960 photobook on the theme of nature conservation. The two productions of photography provide a crucial opportunity to examine how the medium was employed as a campaign tool and an instrument of propaganda over a period of six years. Yet, the project has been almost exclusively defined by its 1960 book. This thesis aims to recuperate the message and import of the 1955 exhibition to determine the function of the entire project, significantly revealing that in addition to being a social and political device, This Is the American Earth marked a critical point in Adams's and Newhall's ongoing battle for photography's recognition as a fine art.


Increases in the speed and density of electronic systems do not necessarily result in tougher electromagnetic compatibility problems. In fact, recent advances in packaging technology can help designers to meet electromagnetic compatibility requirements. However, working with new technologies requires us to re-evaluate existing EMC design models and guidelines. Understanding the system-level impact of component-level packaging changes, is a prerequisite for meeting stringent electromagnetic compatibility requirements in a timely and cost-effective manner.


Asthma morbidity is known to exhibit seasonal periodicity. Yet the relationship between trends in morbidity vs mortality is not known. This report describes and compares the seasonal variation in asthma hospitalizations and mortality in the US population. During 1982 through 1986, both mortality and hospitalizations demonstrated periodic seasonal trends that were age specific and did not differ by sex, race, or region. For persons aged 5 through 34 years, hospitalizations peaked in September through November, whereas mortality trends peaked in June through August. A disproportionate number of the summer deaths in this age group occurred out of the hospital. For individuals 65 years old or older, both asthma hospitalizations and mortality demonstrated increases during December through February. The results of this study demonstrate age-specific seasonal variations in the clinical expression of asthma. Perhaps the treatment and prevention of asthma hospitalizations and mortality might be improved through further understanding of these trends.


Training protocols apply sequential bouts of resistance exercise (RE) to induce the cellular and molecular responses necessary to produce compensatory hypertrophy. This study was designed to 1) define the time course of selected cellular and molecular responses to a single bout of RE and 2) examine the effects of interbout rest intervals on the summation of these responses. Rat muscles were exposed to RE via stimulation of the sciatic nerve in vivo. Stimulated and control muscles were obtained at various time points post-RE and analyzed via Western blot and RT-PCR. A single bout of RE increased intracellular signaling (i.e., phosphorylations) and expression of mRNAs for insulin-like growth factor-I system components and myogenic markers (e.g., cyclin D1, myogenin). A rest interval of 48 h between RE bouts resulted in much greater summation of myogenic responses than 24- or 8-h rest intervals. This experimental approach should be useful for studying the regulatory mechanisms that control the hypertrophy response. These methods could also be used to compare and contrast different exercise parameters (e.g., concentric vs. eccentric, etc.).


Prescribing in paediatrics is generally calculated using weight, however once an individual reaches adulthood medication is prescribed based on the standard adult dose. This study looks at a group of young adults managed within a children's hospice, who as a result of life-limiting conditions, may be of lower or higher weights than the average adult. Aims Identify whether patients aged 16 and over are receiving appropriate doses when compared to the recommended dose for their weight. Establish any trends in conditions vulnerable to low, or high, weights. Make recommendations to the hospice on current prescribing practice. The study was conducted at a local children's hospice, which provides services for patients up to 30 years old. 101 individuals were suitable for the study, aged between 16 and 29 years. Patient notes were looked at retrospectively and prospectively, and their most current weights recorded. Individual conditions were noted to establish any trends related to low or high weights. Results illustrated a large range of weights amongst people of a similar age, which current prescribing practice does not take into account. 58.4% of patients fell below the threshold set by the hospice for adult weight, this being 50 kg, shown in Figure 1. Abstract G427(P) Figure 1 In contrast there were patients at the higher end of the weight range, with 4.9% of patients weighing over 90 kg. These results emphasise extremes of weights amongst the young adults, posing the question: Are patients receiving correct doses of medication in relation to their weight and is this providing them with a therapeutic dose? Unlike paediatric prescribing, based on patient weight, adults are administered standard doses of medication irrespective of their weight. This could result in potentially dangerous doses of medication being administered, especially for underweight patients. For example a large dose of opioids or benzodiazepines could have devastating consequences. Similarly, very large patients may not receive therapeutic doses of medication. Weight-based prescribing should be used in adults as well as paediatrics, to ensure individualised patient care and more importantly, patient safety


The relationship between mating, spawning and moult cycles of Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) (Dendrobranchiata: Aristeidae) was analysed for 4 yr as a determinant of reproductive strategies. Field specimens were obtained from an exploited population off the Catalan coast, Spain (northwestern Mediterranean). It was found that females showed a marked reproductive seasonality while males showed potential for year-round reproductive activity. Although several layings occurred during an annual reproductive period, there was only 1 per instar. A. antennatus had an indeterminate growth pattern. Moulting activity of both sexes was present throughout the year but increased in females during the reproductive period. In addition, during vitellogenesis the moult cycle of females was not prolonged during intermoult stages or during initial premoult stages. This finding indicates that the high moult activity of females during the seasonal reproductive cycle must be displayed in order to obtain an optimum level of fertilization. Furthermore, results suggest that during the spawning period, moulting phenomena are most closely linked to reproduction rather than to growth. Finally, it is proposed that intraspecific biotic factors rather than environmental and energet~c ones appear to be a key for determining the reproductive success of A. antennatus.


The overall purpose with this work is to investigate the bubbly flow in a aerated stirred tank using numerical simulations. Aerated stirred tanks are commonly used in chemical processes for producing for example insulin and antibiotics. The main requirement of these tanks, is to provide an optimal environment for the microorganisms found inside, with homogeneous mixing of air. The flow in a aerated stirred tank is complex and turbulent with stagnation points, swirling motion and recirculation zones. Introducing bubbles in this environment creates a wide range of bubble sizes. For the aerated stirred tank, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used for the continuous phase and the two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian model for the dispersed phase. A break-up and coalescence model has been incorporated. Since the bubbles inside a bioreactors are many and with a wide range of sizes as well as largely varying inter-droplet distance, the underlying assumptions of the model can have significant error. However, the approach offers computational efficiency and allows one to include bubble breakup and coalescence models. The moving blades, representing the rotating impeller, is modeled by using the Volume of Solid (VOS) model. The averaged radial and tangential liquid velocities decreased with increasing gas volume fraction. Additionally, for the axial velocities the gas redirected the radial jet upwards and the symmetry of the ring vortices vanished. Although, low gas flow rate, the periodicity from the impeller is decreased and interfere with the creation of the trailing vortex pair behind the impeller. Including bubble break-up and coalescence model in the aerated stirred tank, induces small spherical bubbles. For large bubbles, shapes become important and can be modeled using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model. Numerical simulations has been performed for deformable air-bubbles in a straight channel. Bubble features such as aspect ratio, equivalent diameter, velocity and path are compared against experimental data obtained by using shadow-graph technique. The VOF model is capable to predict the different bubble features and shows a promising future for studying the detailed interaction between the different phases inside a bioreactor. The limitations of the Eulerian-Lagrangian model arises when the inter-particle distance is small. From the simulations of Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), both drag- and lift-coefficients were obtained for cases with strong particle-particle (so called four-way) interaction. A novel approach of handling large spherical bubbles combined with the Eulerian-Lagrangian model in the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) framework, has been developed and utilized. (Less)


A multiport medium voltage (MV) isolated DC-DC converter with integrated energy storage, suited for connection of low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) DC grids is presented. A multi-stage structure, adapted for MV ratings, is composed of multiple identical submodules connected in an Input-Series-Output-Parallel (ISOP) configuration. Each submodule has three fully bidirectional ports, that are galvanically isolated. This is achieved by means of a three-winding medium frequency transformer, where each leakage inductance combined with a resonant capacitor creates a resonant tank, benefiting from soft switching operation. Each submodule has two additional buck/boost stages, to actively control the power exchange with external DC circuits. The inner resonant stage is operated in open-loop and adapts its mode of operation based on the actual power flow. The remaining ports, dedicated to the storage, can be operated independently from the power flow between the MV and LV side, in order to charge or discharge the storage elements. Switched mode simulations are used to verify and demonstrate various operational modes and performance of the converter.


Geophysical, petrographical, and geochemical data indicate the presence of a large impact structure in the area around Morokweng, Northwest Province, South Africa, possibly up to 340 km in diameter. Drill cores from the center of the structure show a thick layer of impact melt rocks with high abundances of Cr, Ni, Co, and the platinum-group elements, consistent with the presence of up to 5% of a chondritic component. Ion probe dating of zircons extracted from the impact melt yielded a 206 Pb/ 238 U age of 146.2 ± 1.5 Ma and a 208 Pb/ 232 Th age of 144.7 ± 1.9 Ma; these are indistinguishable from the age of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Following the identification of the Chicxulub impact structure of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary age, the discovery of a second large impact structure at a previously established major chronostratigraphic boundary strengthens suggestions that large impact events have been major factors in the evolution of the Earth.


Traditionally, sweetpotato is a woman's crop grown primarily for food in Mozambique. With the introduction of Vitamin A rich varieties, efforts were made to commercialize the crop. This study assessed the effects of this commercialization on women producers. Findings indicate that though women devoted more land to sweetpotato, men got higher yields, sold more and obtained better prices. Nonetheless, women dominated the roots value chain and increased their participation in markets. The more lucrative sweetpotato vine chain was dominated by men (75% men), as the resources and skills required to engage in this activity were a significant challenge for women. Women perceived that sweetpotato commercialization increased their ability to make production decisions, though it has not resulted in any changes in ownership of resources. Women and men both noted a subtle change in norms. Men for example perceived that their ability to make decisions had reduced, while women noted that they had taken on more leadership positions locally. These changes might be attributed to the role played by project implementors who encouraged men to allow their spouses to engage more in commercial activities. Whilst women faced challenges related to literacy, market entry and access to resources, they valued the experience obtained in improving their entrepreneurial skills. Future commercialization initiatives should work on linking women to business services and building stronger farmer-processer linkages. Efforts to sensitize men about the benefits of women's engagement in business showed some impact and should be included in further work on crop commercialization.


The potato tuber is one of world's largest food crops and in most growing regions is only harvested once a year. A proportion of tubers must therefore be stored efficiently to ensure there are enough provisions to last until the next harvest. Dormancy break during storage causes reduced tuber quality and potentially considerable losses.
The aim of this work has been to determine whether Vis/NIR Spectroscopy can be used to monitor tuber dormancy, and further, to predict the onset of sprouting within a potato tuber.
Small changes in Chlorophyll (Chl) production can be tracked in the tissue under the surface skin of a potato tuber, using a Vis/NIR spectrometer equipped with a fibre-optic probe. A static experimental setup yielded precise measurements of these subtle changes when the tuber was stimulated with light, long before visible greening occurred. It was found that there is a greater capacity for Chl production around the apical buds or "eyes" of a tuber compared with the surrounding tissue.
These results held true for several cultivars from multiple harvests over the four years of the project. The technique however is very sensitive to the exact positioning of the tuber-probe alignment, due to the highly localised area of increased activity in the Chl production under an eye and the shape of the tuber itself.
Although Chl is not produced in tubers whilst kept in cold dark storage, a tuber's capacity to produce Chl once removed was found to change over the course of long-term storage. This behaviour was well fitted by a generalised logistic function. Prediction of the onset of dormancy break could be made from the shape of the curve from individual tuber batches. A proviso throughout is that sufficient tubers need to be analysed to obtain a meaningful batch average. The large tuber-to-tuber variance in behaviour remains the greatest challenge to translating this work into real world settings.


The behavior of stacking faults with regard to Vf degradations and TEDREC phenomena for 4.5 kV SiCGT have been investigated through the use of light emission images. Stacking faults, which cause Vf degradations, are expanded when current densities are increased. A novel phenomena of Vf degradation reduction, TEDREC phenomena, was found, which can reduce degradation by increasing operating temperature. It was observed for the first time that stacking faults become inactive by elevating temperatures to more than 150 oC in spite of existing stacking faults, which is a factor that contributes to TEDREC phenomena.


Vitamin K2 is a collection of isoprenologues that mostly originate from bacterial synthesis, also called menaquinones (MKs). Multiple bacterial species used as starter cultures for food fermentation are known to synthesize MK. Therefore, fermented food is the best source of vitamin K2. In the Western diet, dairy products are one of the best known and most commonly consumed group of fermented products. Although intensive research on metabolism and the biological effect of vitamin K2 continues today, data about vitamin K2 production and content in foods remain scarce. Dietary recommendations are still based on the classic role of vitamin K as an enzyme cofactor for coagulation proteins and do not consider differences in bioavailability and bioactivity between the various MKs and the possibly higher requirements for health effects apart from coagulation, such as bone or cardiovascular health. Here, we provide a global view of foods rich in vitamin K2 and their interactions together with other nutrients in selected health effects such as bone and cardiovascular health.


We report on some theoretical results of the photon localization parameter in the transparent matrix in which there are constant high refractive index scatterers or anomalous dispersive dielectrics scatterers in the mid-infrared region.Strong photon localization appears when the relative refractive index m is large,and predominant backscattering occurs when m>3.1.The roles of the matrices on photon localization are found to be very different in two kinds of random media.


In this paper, I explore the implications of a dictator's time horizon on the fiscal balance of an authoritarian regime. A dictator with a longer time horizon will discount the future less, thus is more responsible in spending. Since a dictator's time horizon is not directly observable, I discuss the factors that would affect a dictator's time horizon and their influence on the fiscal balance of an authoritarian regime. Testing the results using OLS regressions, limited evidence is found to support my hypotheses. Possible reasons for the inconclusive results are explored and further improvement and future research possibilities are discussed.


Among 1060 histologically examined meniscus cartilages from patients aged 11--74 years 20 (2%) had chondrocalcinosis. Age at onset of symptoms was 28--67 years, duration of symptoms until surgical removal of the meniscus six weeks to 20 years. All patients had pain, 12 had pain-independent limitations of knee movement. Effusions of the knee were present in ten. Independent of the radiological findings, in the majority of patients the symptoms were markedly improved or completely absent one-two years after meniscus removal. All meniscus specimens revealed severe changes both macroscopically and histologically. The clinical diagnosis confirmed by demonstrating calcium pyrophosphate crystals in haemalauneosin stained sections, examined by polarisation microscopy. The X-ray films demonstrated arthrosis in at least 50% of cases. There appeared to be a close mutual relationship between chondrocalcinosis and arthrosis of the knee-joint.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the following study was to describe trends in the use of information by dentistry thesists and their research topics in Medical Education, Ethics and History.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Of a total of 290 doctorate thesis of the Dentistry Faculty made from 1965 to 2002, were identified: 3 theses on Medical Education and 1 on Ethics. On these, bibliographic quotations from periodic and non periodic publications, as well as quotations from doctorate thesis and congress acts were analyzed. In addition the antiquity of these was analyzed considering a period of five years between the date of accomplishment of the thesis and the one of the used bibliographical quotation.

RESULTS
The total of analyzed quotations was of 492, presenting an average of 123 quotations per thesis. 62 per cent of the quotations corresponded to non periodic publications, 37 per cent to periodic publications and 2 per cent to quotations from doctorate thesis and congress acts. In regard of the antiquity of the quotations, 42 per cent was smaller to 5 years and 58 per cent was greater than that period of time.

CONCLUSION
We concluded the doctorate thesis represent the highest degree of scientific and academic expression, and constitute a rich and valuable source of data. The analysis of these theses is very important because it provides information about the trends and innovations on the on the areas of Medical Education, Ethics and History. It would be (very) useful to extend the bibliometric analysis towards other thematic areas, generating a reference for future research.


Different patterns of livelihood are found in different places within same community or different communities over the generation. Therefore livelihood strategy is a changing process of an individual or a household level of economic and social activities in order to fulfill daily livelihood needs. This paper seeks to explore the changing rural livelihood strategies of a community in mountain region of Nepal. The study is mainly based on primary data collected from field survey, focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII). Questionnaire survey was conducted within 52 households by applying random sampling method. Likewise five KII and three FGDs were conducted and participants belonged to different field i.e. ward chairperson, ward women member, businessmen, wage labor, farmer and social worker. The finding indicates that livelihood strategies are changing rapidly in the rural areas. Similarly, multiple sources of income of a household have resulted into secured livelihood system in Goljung. Despite the fact that the agriculture with livestock farming was an important traditional source of livelihood in the past, the roles of non-agricultural sectors have become significant for livelihood sustaining in the rural community in Goljung, Rasuwa in the present days. After a decade, development of the hydro-electricity projects and trade route between Nepal and China has played the catalyst role for changing rural livelihoods of local people in this village. The Third Pole: Journal of GeographyVol. 17: 20-36, 2017


: The effect of the thymus polypeptide factor-thymidin on the lipid spectrum of the blood, thymic factor content in the blood and clinical course of the disease were studied in 156 patients with exertion stenocardia (II-IV functional class). Results indicate that patients with exertion stenocardia show with advance of the disease a reduction of the blood thymic factor and 85.6% develop hyperlipidemia. Complex treatment with inclusion of thymalin resulted in an increase of the thymic factor, normalization of the lipid metabolism increase of the contractile function of the myocardium and, thus, increases the treatment efficacy.


Objectives The aim of this study was to demonstrate a new clinically translatable ultrasound molecular imaging approach, modulated acoustic radiation force-based imaging, which is capable of rapid and reliable detection of inflammation as validated in mouse abdominal aorta. Materials and Methods Animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Virginia. C57BL/6 mice stimulated with tumor necrosis factor &agr;, or fed with a high-fat diet, were used as inflammation (MInflammation) and diet-induced obesity (DIO) (MDIO) models, respectively. C57BL/6 mice, not exposed to tumor necrosis factor &agr; or DIO, were used as controls (MNormal). P-selectin–targeted (MBP-selectin), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1–targeted (MBVCAM-1), and isotype control (MBControl) microbubbles were synthesized by conjugating anti–P-selectin, anti–VCAM-1, and isotype control antibodies to microbubbles, respectively. The abdominal aortas were imaged for 180 seconds during a constant infusion of microbubbles. A parameter, residual-to-saturation ratio (RSR), was used to assess P-selectin and VCAM-1. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student t test. Results For the inflammation model, RSR of the MInflammation + MBP-selectin group was significantly higher (40.9%, P < 0.0005) than other groups. For the DIO model, RSR of the MDIO + MBVCAM-1 group was significantly higher (60.0%, P < 0.0005) than other groups. Immunohistochemistry staining of the abdominal aorta confirmed the expression of P-selectin and VCAM-1. Conclusions A statistically significant assessment of P-selectin and VCAM-1 in mouse abdominal aorta was achieved. This technique yields progress toward rapid targeted molecular imaging in large blood vessels and thus has the potential for early diagnosis, treatment selection, and risk stratification of atherosclerosis.


Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD). The history of surgical treatment of ToF is closely linked with the origins of cardiac surgery. Before the era of cardiac surgery, most ToF patients died in childhood; now well over 85% survive to adulthood, resulting in an increased prevalence of ToF in adults.1 Patients with "repaired" ToF pose unique challenges for primary care providers and cardiologists. This review will focus on the history and changing epidemiology of ToF in adults, the pathophysiology of repaired ToF, and emerging data for monitoring and treatment.

The aorta and pulmonary artery form from septation of the distal bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus and rotate to overlie the ventricles. Faulty rotation and septation with incomplete transfer of the aorta to a position above the left ventricle results in a malalignment ventricular septal defect (VSD) and an aorta that "overrides" the interventricular septum.w1 Right ventricle (RV) outflow tract obstruction, the other defining feature of ToF, is the result of one or more of the following abnormalities: subvalvar obstruction from septal deviation, hypertrophied muscular bands in the RV outflow tract, a hypoplastic pulmonary valve annulus, pulmonary valve stenosis or atresia, and main or branch pulmonary artery stenosis. The RV hypertrophies as a result of the outflow tract obstruction. Thus, the characteristic four features of ToF are an overriding aorta, RV outflow tract obstruction, malalignment VSD, and RV hypertrophy (fig 1). In addition, ToF is associated with other congenital cardiac abnormalities in about 40% of patients. Some of the more common anomalies are a right sided aortic arch (13–34%), atrial septal defect (∼15%), atrioventricular septal defect (1.7–7%), anomalous coronary arteries (most commonly a prominent conus artery or the left anterior descending artery from the right coronary artery or right sinus of Valsalva) …


... Harold first went to the Arctic in 1944 as a Hudson's Bay Company seaman aboard the Nascopie. Thus began a lifelong association with the Arctic. In 1945 he joined the Department of Transport as a radiosonde technician. In 1947 he transferred to the Defence Research Board (DRB) Radio Propagation Laboratory and was one of the first people to winter-over at the newly established joint Canada-U.S.A. weather station at Resolute Bay. Subsequently, he became involved in ionospheric research at the DRB Radio Physics Laboratory, the Prince Alberta Radar Laboratory and the Telecommunications Establishment. As a technician and later technical officer he coauthored a number of papers on radio propagation in the auroral zone. In 1961, Harold was asked to investigate the abandoned Soviet drifting station NP-7, then located in Baffin Bay. That experience led to a meeting with Dr. G. Hattersley-Smith, of the DRB Directorate of Physical Research, and a significant career change. Harold began working in High Arctic oceanography and glaciology and quickly established a reputation in remote arctic science operations and logistics. ... In 1981 he retired from government service. However, he was not the type of person who could ever properly retire and turn his back on his beloved Arctic, as I was fortunate enough to soon learn. I was privileged to be able to work with Harold throughout the 1980s, .... I shall always remember the experiences we had together and will always be indebted to Harold for his friendship and the knowledge he passed on to me. ... He was modest about his achievements, never expected any reward other than thanks, and never sought any honours. In 1988 he was elected a Fellow of AINA in recognition of his significant contributions to High Arctic research. This was the least that could be done for someone who served Canadian arctic science with quiet dedication for almost five decades. Harold will be missed but, I hope, not forgotten.


A model involving the use of line sources is developed to describe the transport of radon through the cracks or gaps which appear in concrete slabs used in building foundations. The strength of these sources is determined from the results of the diffusion model proposed by Landman in a previous work. Once the strength of the source is known, additional transport mechanisms can be treated in a simple manner. Pressure differences across the slab and in the underlying soil are discussed. The rate of exhalation through a portion of the cracked slab is determined and compared to the rate of exhalation from the same surface area of bare soil. In typical cases, their ratios vary from 0.25 to 0.50. Therehe, these transport mechanisms account for a larger portion of the levels of radon found in many houses than do previous models.


It is in the best interests of standards development that bias and inter-laboratory variability be minimized in the reporting of test results. However, the apparatus sections of flexural test standards, such as ASTM C78, C1399, C1550, and C1609, may not adequately address important issues raised in this study that could adversely affect test results. Specifically, current standards specifications fail to address arching forces and effective span control. The mechanics of commonly applied journal-bearing-type support designs are analyzed and compared to an alternative ball or needle-bearing-type support design. The analysis demonstrates that significant bias can be introduced as a direct consequence of the mechanics that is the nature of journal-bearing-type supports. The analysis applies equally well to flexural tests involving small deformations of portland cement concrete or similar brittle materials, as it does to tests that are carried out involving relatively large deformations, such as with fiber-reinforced concrete.


Tiger shark is one of the important catch for small scale fisheries in West Nusa Tenggara. It is considered nearly threatened according the IUCN, thus information regarding to its estimated population is needed for conservative efforts. This study aimed to estimate the biological and population parameters of the tiger shark in Indonesia. Length data were collected from March to December 2018 in Tanjung Luar Port, West Nusa Tenggara. The length-weight relationship was calculated using equation W=aLb. Electronic length-frequency analysis (ELEFAN) in R Statistics with package "TropFishR" was used to estimate the population parameter. Length converted catch curve (LCCC) analysis was used to estimate the total mortality of the species. The results showed the length-weight relationship for combined sex, male and female was similar to the equation W=0.000001L3.15. The growth pattern for this species was positive allometric which means that the growth of weight is faster than its length. Total mortality was estimated at 0.33/yr, with natural and fishing mortality of 0.16/yr and 0.17/yr, respectively. The results from this study should be able to provide the basic information to support fisheries management of tiger sharks in Indonesia.


Although Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used to eradicate smallpox by dermal vaccination, there is little information available about the immune response induced at the vaccination site. Previously, an intradermal murine model that mimics smallpox vaccination was established. Here, this model was used to investigate which leukocytes are recruited to the infected lesion and what are the kinetics of recruitment. Data presented show that VACV infection induced the infiltration of macrophages, followed by granulocytes and lymphocytes. Up to 4 days post-infection, the major lymphocyte population was TCRgammadelta T cells, but thereafter, there was a large recruitment of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Interestingly, the majority of T cells expressed the natural killer-cell marker DX5. This report is the first to characterize the local immune response sequence to VACV infection and represents a benchmark against which the responses induced by genetically modified VACVs may be compared.


Introduction Older adults present unique challenges to both emergency clinicians and health systems. These challenges are especially evident with respect to discharge after an emergency department (ED) visit as older adults are at risk for short-term, negative outcomes including repeat ED visits. The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics and risk factors associated with repeat ED utilization by older adults. Methods ED visits among participants in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study between 2003–2016 were examined using linked Medicare claims data to identify such visits and resulting disposition. Multilevel proportional hazards models examined associations of age, comorbidity status, race, gender, Medicaid dual eligibility status, social support characteristics (living alone or caregiver support), and use of ambulatory primary and subspecialty care with repeat ED utilization. Results Older adults discharged from the ED seen by a primary care provider (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.93, confidence interval [CI], 0.87–0.98, p = 0.01) or subspecialist (HR = 0.91, CI 0.86–0.97, P <0.01) after the ED visit were less likely to return to the ED within 30 days compared to those who did not have such post-ED ambulatory visits. Additionally, comorbidity (HR =1.14, 95% CI, 1.13–1.16, P <0.01) and dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid (HR = 1.34, 95% CI, 1.20–1.50, p<0.01) were associated with return to the ED within 30 days. Those who were older (HR = 1.10, 95% CI, 1.05–1.15), had more comorbidities (HR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.15–1.18), Black (HR = 1.23, 95% CI, 1.14–1.33,P <0.01), and dually eligible (HR =1.23, 95% CI, 1.14–1.33, P <0.01) were more likely to return within 31–90 days after their initial presentation. The association of outpatient visits with repeat ED visits was no longer seen beyond 30 days. Patients without a caregiver or who lived alone were no more likely to return to the ED in the time periods evaluated in our study. Conclusion Both primary care and subspecialty care visits among older adults who are seen in the ED and discharged are associated with less frequent repeat ED visits within 30 days.


Competition law has seen very active development in Asia in recent years. Ironically, Hong Kong and Singapore, as two of the freest and most competitive economies in the region, long held a sceptical attitude towards competition law. Singapore enacted its first cross-sector competition law in 2004, some say only due to American pressure. For years, the Hong Kong government defended its sectoral model and insisted that the city had no need for a cross-sector competition law. However, that obstinate attitude shifted in March 2007, when the government announced that Hong Kong would follow Singapore's footsteps. Until the new law is passed, however, telecommunications remain one of the two sectors in both economies that are subject to active competition law enforcement. The telecom-sector regimes hence may provide useful examples for the new general competition regulator in Singapore, and for Hong Kong as it drafts its new cross-sector law. These telecom-sector regimes also carry independent significance. They are part of the two governments' effort to liberalize their respective telecom sectors. This article evaluates these two regimes in light of their avowed objective of facilitating liberalization, and draws lessons from their experience to shed light on Hong Kong's effort to adopt a cross-sector competition law.


and Doppler flow velocity waveforms of Umbilical Artery, Middle Cerebral artery, Ductus Venosus and Uterine arteries. Patients with adverse outcomes were excluded and all the women with normal outcomes were included for data analysis. Every two gestational weeks patients were grouped and for these groups, the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles were calculated for the FO, and DA Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and Pulsatility Index (PI). Results: Gestation – specific reference ranges were constructed for the fetal intrauterine shunts. In normal pregnancies, PI of FO decreased and PI of DA was relatively constant with advancing gestation. However, the PSV of FO and DA increased linearly with gestational age. Conclusion: Reference ranges for fetal central intrauterine shunts have been established which may enhance our understanding of fetal compromise and aid in evaluating management of complications like fetal growth restriction as well as congenital cardiac malformations.


Citizens in low income democracies depend, to a large extent, on the state for the provision of basic services either due to absence of a market for these services or poverty. This paper synthesizes the findings of the International Growth Centre (IGC) supported research on governance and public service delivery in India. Existing research suggests that the quality of public services affects economic growth via its impact on poverty alleviation, human capital formation and corruption. There is near consensus, however, that India has had limited success in reducing poverty and enhancing human capital inspite of myriad programs that provide free or heavily subsidised essential services to its citizens. The paper identifies incentives, transparency and state capacity as the key challenges to reducing the governance deficit in India. IGC supported research emphasizes building state capacity to implement and monitor public programs, rewarding performance of civil servants and providing information to stakeholders as key policies that can be implemented, and scaled up, to both improve the quality of public service delivery and spur economic growth.


YKPN survey results showed that there are about 4000-5000 gay in Jakarta. Gaya Nusantara estimates there are 260.000 of the 6 million residents of East Java is Gay. Gays registered as members of the gay community in Indonesia there are 76.288. While Oetomo estimate, there is 1% of the Homosexual community in Indonesia. Connecting with LGBT victims rehabilitation treatment in children by agency or entity that has not been regulated in Article 292 of the Criminal Code following criminal sanctions if not carried out rehabilitation. Juridical empirical approach is used in hopes obtained a clear and complete picture of the background and the ins and outs of why the implementation of the children rehabilitation of LGBT's victims urgent to be done and set in article 292 of the Criminal Code in the form of additional verse. Considering article 292 of the Criminal Code did not regulate and discusses how the continuation of children as LGBT's victim and only focus on criminal prosecution against the perpetrators only. This sort of thing happens because the regulations have not explicitly regulate this issue. LGBT in Indonesia, including the diversion of moral and immoral acts in the category, but in the regulation of fixed elements deemed equal before the law properly human. Because justice remains true for all citizens with regard to the Pancasila values.Keywords: Reconstruction; Rehabilitation; LGBT; Children; Pancasila Value.


Repeated administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. However, it is still not clear whether this exposure induces deficits in cognitive processing related to specific subsets of executive functioning. We evaluated the effects of neurotoxic and non‐neurotoxic doses of MDMA (0, 3 and 30 mg/kg, twice daily for 4 days) on working memory and attentional set‐shifting in mice, and changes in extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in the striatum. Treatment with MDMA (30 mg/kg) disrupted performance of acquired operant alternation, and this impairment was still apparent 5 days after the last drug administration. Decreased alternation was not related to anhedonia because no differences were observed between groups in the saccharin preference test under similar experimental conditions. Correct responding on delayed alternation was increased 1 day after repeated treatment with MDMA (30 mg/kg), probably because of general behavioural quiescence. Notably, the high dose regimen of MDMA impaired attentional set‐shifting related to an increase in total perseveration errors. Finally, basal extracellular levels of DA in the striatum were not modified in mice repeatedly treated with MDMA with respect to controls. However, an acute challenge with MDMA (10 mg/kg) failed to increase DA outflow in mice receiving the highest MDMA dose (30 mg/kg), corroborating a decrease in the functionality of DA transporters. Seven days after this treatment, the effects of MDMA on DA outflow were recovered. These results suggest that repeated neurotoxic doses of MDMA produce lasting impairments in recall of alternation behaviour and reduce cognitive flexibility in mice.


A physician now working in South Carolina is among those persons who can discuss torture from the personal perspective of having been its victim. Nearly 20 years ago, on Sept 4, 1966, Thomas M. McNish—then a fighter pilot in the US Air Force and still a professional military officer—was shot down over North Vietnam while approaching a target 12 miles from Hanoi, the capital. He ejected from his F-105 "Thunderchief" jet fighter-bomber at a speed of more than 500 miles per hour. For the next 6 1/2 years, McNish was held captive by the North Vietnamese. While a prisoner, he was a victim of torture. After his release, he attended medical school and completed a residency in family medicine. Still in the Air Force and now a lieutenant colonel, McNish is commander of the military hospital on the base at Myrtle Beach, SC. He recently talked to MEDICAL NEWS &


We report the results of observations of atmospheric refraction fluctuations and scintillations performed aboard the Salyut-6 orbiter. Bodies of various angular diameters (Sun, planets, and stars) were used for the observations. It was ascertained that random variations in refraction owing to the horizontally layered structure of the refractive index take place almost everywhere in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Observations of refraction made it possible to obtain estimates of the characteristic parameters of its horizontally layered structure. A spectrum of glitter was calculated on the basis of observed scintillations of Venus.


Numerous epithelia undergo tubulogenesis and branching morphogenesis during their development (i.e., lung, salivary gland, pancreas) in order to establish sufficient available surface for their proper functioning. The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ constituted by pharyngeal-derived epithelium necessary to produce immunocompetent lymphocytes whose mechanisms of development are not fully known. In the current chapter, we review histological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms governing early thymic epithelium development emphasizing its resemblance with the process of branching morphogenesis and tubulogenesis occurring in other epithelial organs in which epithelial-mesenchyme interactions determine the tissue patterning through specific combinations of common molecular signaling pathways.


In this paper, a methodology for the development of fault-tolerant adders based on the radix 2 signed digit (SD) representation is presented. The use of a number representation characterized by a carry propagation confined to neighbor digits implies interesting advantages in terms of error detection, fault localization, and repair. Errors caused by faults belonging to a considered stuck-at fault set can be detected by a parity-based technique. In fact, a carry-free adder preserving the parity of the augends can be implemented allowing fault detection by using a parity checker. Regarding fault localization, the "carry-free" property of the adder ensures the confinement of the error due to a permanent fault to only few digits. The detection of the faulty digit has been obtained by using a recomputation with shifted operands method. Finally, after the fault localization, graceful degradation of the system intended as the reduction of the performances versus a correct output computation can be obtained by using two different procedures. The first one allows obtaining the correct output by recomputing the result performing two different shift operations and using the intersection of the obtained results to recover the correct output, while the second one is based on a reduced dynamic range approach, which allows us to obtain the result in only one step, but with fewer output digits.


BACKGROUND
Chondrosarcomas are rare malignant mesenchymal tumors of unknown etiology. Only 5 to 10 % appear in the head and neck region.

PATIENT AND RESULTS
We report the case of a 63 year old woman with a chondrosarcoma of the sphenoethmoidal complex extending into the anterior cranial fossa. The tumor was subtotally resected via an osteoplastic lateral rhinotomy. Postoperatively, a fractionated radiation therapy with carbon ions (Schwerionen) was applied. There was no evidence of recurrence one year after therapy.

CONCLUSION
Recent prognostic improvements of skull base chondrosarcomas by combination of skull base surgery and innovative radiation therapy are discussed and the literature is presented.


AIM
The sphenoid sinus is deeply situated in the skull and is the least accessible paranasal sinus. The sphenoid sinus is surrounded by vital structures such as the optic nerve and internal carotid artery, and therefore additional radiological assessment of the sphenoid sinus and the related neurovascular structures is inevitable before surgery. The aim of this study was to note the anatomic variations in the relationship of these structures with the sphenoid sinus by analyzing the coronal computed tomography (CT) scans.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The consecutive coronal CT scans of 100 patients that included 43 males and 57 females were evaluated.

RESULTS
Variations in the neurovascular boundaries of the sphenoid sinus were a common finding in the present study and were seen in as many as 66% of the cases. Variations involving the Vidian canal were the commonest in our study and were seen in around 42%, followed by those involving the bony canal for internal carotid artery, 33%; maxillary nerve, 21 % and optic nerve, 9%.

CONCLUSION
These variations do not represent disease as such, but may increase the risk of endoscopic mishaps. CT of the paranasal sinus region is therefore an essential prerequisite prior to sinonasal and trans-sphenoidal surgeries.


Hydraulic fluid is one of the most important components in every fluid power system. Therefore, fluid properties have to be known with a good accuracy in an increasing number of applications, for example in system's design, modelling and control. The fluid of interest may be a power transmission fluid as well as a fuel. In defining the needed fluid characteristics, the large variety of different fluid types sets many demands for a single measuring system. Moreover, known fluid properties, of fuels in particular, are needed at constantly higher pressures and temperatures, raising the bar for practical measuring concepts — user-friendliness, safety and equipment cost are also essential criteria.In this paper, two accurate, but rather simple and affordable measuring concepts are presented. The speed of sound in a fluid, hydraulic fluid density and adiabatic tangent fluid bulk modulus are all defined with a direct measurement of the pressure wave propagation. The dynamic and kinematic fluid viscosities are defined with a remotely operated, modified falling ball viscometer. Both the presented methods have been developed further from the previously published concepts of the same authors. With these improved systems, all the mentioned fluid parameters can reliably be measured at up to at least 2,500 bar and at up to at least +150°C. Moreover, the same equipment can be applied to any type of hydraulic fluid, a fuel or a power transmission fluid, regardless of the base fluid, additives or viscosity grade.In addition to presenting the measuring concepts and the equipment used in detail, a selected sample of experimental results will also be presented to demonstrate the performance characteristics of the methods.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


This paper surveys the fundamental principles of subjective Bayesian inference in econometrics and the implementation of those principles using posterior simulation methods. The emphasis is on the combination of models and the development of predictive distributions. Moving beyond conditioning on a fixed number of completely specified models, the paper introduces subjective Bayesian tools for formal comparison of these models with as yet incompletely specified models. The paper then shows how posterior simulators can facilitate communication between investigators (for example, econometricians) on the one hand and remote clients (for example, decision makers) on the other, enabling clients to vary the prior distributions and functions of interest employed by investigators. A theme of the paper is the practicality of subjective Bayesian methods. To this end, the paper describes publicly available software for Bayesian inference, model development, and communication and provides illustrations using two simple econometric models.


Low carbon tourism management appears to be a contradictory concept. After all, tourism involves travel for purposes of leisure and recreation and that travel, under current technological conditions, inevitably produces carbon emissions. This is quite in addition to the environmental consequences of actions taken in the tourism resort destination or destinations. However, there are actions that can be taken to mitigate negative environmental consequences and some which can even aspire to have a negative overall effect on carbon emissions. Many of these activities take place on the supply side of the tourism industry, such as local sourcing of food and beverage items, locally-produced goods and services and minimally invasive architecture and development. This paper explores the nature of low carbon tourism destination management and highlights the more practical and valuable applications in the context of the low carbon campaign being organized by the Designated Areas for Sustainable Tourism Association (DASTA) in Thailand, with a particular focus on the case study island of Koh Mak. Various recommendations are made in the light of the analysis and the implications of preparing low carbon tourism destination activities on a small island are considered.


This report describes the treatment of a 15-year-old female patient with Angle Class I malocclusion, severe maxillary anterior crowding, maxillary midline shift to the left, and maxillary atresia associated with posterior crossbite. The treatment consisted of palatal expansion using a modified Haas expander and placement of a standard Edgewise fixed appliance. Interproximal reduction was performed on mandibular incisors and canines to align anterior teeth, as well as to reduce Bolton discrepancy due to wide mandibular teeth. This case was submitted to the Committee of the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics (BBO) in the Free Case category as part of the requisites to obtain the BBO Diploma. Abstract


Introduction: Regional blocks are increasingly the preferred for a wide range of lower limb surgical procedures over spinal and epidural anesthesia. Various local anesthetic agents in different concentrations have been used for combined femoral and sciatic nerve block. But the existing evidence is inconclusive on the ideal anesthetic agent and its concentration. The available evidence on relative merits of different anesthetic agents in Indian Population is even limited.
Objectives: To compare the safety, efficacy and hemodynamic parameters of 0.5% Bupivacaine and 0.5% Ropivacaine during combined femoral and sciatic nerve block.
Materials and Method: The study was a randomized double-blind controlled trial of 36 subjects, randomly assigned to 0.5% Bupivacaine and 0.5% Ropivacaine groups. Subjects between 18 to 60 years belonging to ASA grade I and II, posted for various below knee lower limb procedure were included. Time is taken for onset of sensory and motor block, duration of sensory and motor block was compared across the study groups using independent sample t-test. The occurrence of complications and hemodynamic parameters also were compared.
Results: In the current study, no statistically significant difference was observed in the time taken for onset of sensory block in either femoral nerve (13.39 and 13.69 minutes in Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine groups respectively, p value 0.39) or sciatic nerve (17.19 and 17.14 minutes, p value 0.89) The motor blockade took 21.28 and 21.64 minutes respectively in both the study groups (P value 0.53). In the current study, the duration of sensory block was slightly longer in Bupivacaine group, as compared to Ropivacaine group (933.67Vs 924.22, p value 0.19), but this difference was statistically not significant. The duration of motor block was significantly longer in Bupivacaine group (243.78 Vs 189.11, p value 0.001), as compared to Ropivacaine group. None of the study subjects in both the groups have reported any complications. There were no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters across the groups.
Conclusions
1.        Both sensory and Motor block onset time were similar with 0.5% Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine in combined femoral and sciatic nerve block. The duration of sensory block also was comparable across the two groups
2.        Bupivacaine had comparatively longer duration of motor block, as compared to Ropivacaine group
3.        There were no clinically or statistically significant differences in hemodynamic parameters.

Keywords: Combined femoral and sciatic nerve block, Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine.


Social Networking Sites (SNS) provide a platform for engaging youth in activism (e.g., by helping mobilize civic action). While youth typically employ casual approaches to online activism (i.e., quick actions, such as broadcast posts to advertise social justice events), more strategic practices (i.e., those that are more creative and informed) can increase the likelihood of successful online campaigns. However, little work has examined how youth activists can be supported to use SNS more strategically. To address this research gap, we conducted interviews with youth activists, exploring how youth made sense of social network visualizations and their perspectives on how such tools could support their activism efforts. Our findings characterize how participants made inferences about followers? identities based on their hashtag use, and how they used those inferences in outreach decisions. We conclude with design implications for future research in this area.


Process interoperability is important to achieve collaborative product design across enterprise boundaries. In this paper, first analyzes interoperability requirements in collaborative design process. Then the Process Specification Language (PSL) is introduced to design process modeling and PSL description method of design process information is given. In the end, a process interoperability framework is established based on PSL ontology and main function of modules are discussed. The framework provides an effective solution for information exchange and sharing among different process management systems in collaborative product design.


Since March 2020 Europe has faced the COVID-19 epidemic. General confinement measures imposed by governments have had a strong impact on cultural practices, including within dance schools. This article describes the actions implemented by the Dance Department of the Lyon National Conservatory of Music and Dance (CNSMDL, France) in order to ensure pedagogical continuity during the confinement period. The study focused on the 12 preparatory-year students in contemporary dance. Despite numerous constraints—primarily small workspaces, unstable Internet connections, and the difficulty of correcting technical dance moves at a distance—all students and teachers were able to maintain pedagogical follow-up through a series of constructed activities. Students appreciated the social aspect (the relationship with their teachers and fellow students) and day-structuring component of the scheduling. The online activities helped to avoid student isolation, and motivation seemed unaffected. While online exercises can never replace "in the flesh" dance classes, this crisis provided an opportunity to develop pedagogical innovations and tools that could be reused in face-to-face dance instruction in other contexts such as injuries and intermittent work conditions.


Plasmids pRL 1JI and pRL6J1, which carry determinants essential for symbiosis in Rhizobium leguminosarum field isolates 248 and 128C53, respectively, were both incompatible with two other transmissible plasmids that did not carry symbiotic determinants. When derivatives of these two plasmids (pRL3JI or pRL4JI) were introduced into a strain which already contained pRL 1 JI or pRL6J1, recombinant replicons were often obtained: these were of uniform size for each pair of incompatible plasmids. Recombinant nodulation plasmids were also observed following infrequent interactions with pRL lOJI, a natural nodulation plasmid that does not belong to the same incompatibility group as pRL3JI or pRL4JI. By the formation of a recombinant nodulation plasmid, it has been possible to transfer the determinants for nodulation ability (Nod+), nitrogen fixation (Fix+) and hydrogen uptake (Hup+) from pRL6J1, a plasmid that was not self-transmissible, on to a replicon that was transmissible at high frequency and carried a selectable drug resistance marker. In the case of pRL lOJI, which is also a non-transmissible nodulation plasmid, the formation of a recombinant nodulation plasmid transferred the symbiotic determinants to a transmissible replicon belonging to a different incompatibility group from pRL lOJI itself.


The language of science is a problem that students face at both second and third level education. Wellington and Osborne (2001) claimed that "language is a major barrier (if not the major barrier) to most students in learning science" (p. 2). Science has its own language and difficulties presented in acquiring and understanding the language act as impediments for many students. However, the work of Cassels & Johnstone (1980 and 1985) and Johnstone (1988) has indicated that the problem lies not so much in the technical language of science, but in the vocabulary and usage of normal English in a science context. Students and teacher see familiar words and phrases which they both 'understand', but the assumption that both understandings are identical is just not tenable (Barber, 1962; Sager et al., 1980; Kennedy & Bolitho, 1984). To date in Ireland, little research has been conducted into the role which language plays in the teaching and learning of science at third level, or on the transition from second level. This study is a part of a larger project looking at the problem of language in the teaching and learning of science in Ireland. It follows a study which identified the specific problem areas of language in science teaching of a diverse cohort of second-level Junior Cycle pupils of science. The purpose of this paper is to identify student teacher's understanding of the nontechnical words that are used in the teaching of science and also to identify the specific problem areas of language in science teaching and learning.


OF DISSERTATION OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS' EXPERIENCES WITH ETHICAL AND OCCUPATION-BASED PRACTICE IN HOSPITAL SETTINGS Changes in health care delivery practices are impacting the provision of care in all venues. Occupational therapists working in hospital settings strive to meet professional mandates for occupation-based practice within a medical-model system. Ethical practice is another aspect of service provision vulnerable to contextual influences. The aims of the two studies reported here were to explore occupational therapists' experiences with occupation-based practice, and with ethical issues, in hospital settings. Grounded theory methods were employed for both studies. Data were collected via individual, semi-structured interviews with 22 participants for the first study. For the second study, nine participants participated in individual, semi-structured interviews, journaling, and follow up interviews. Data analysis resulted in four emergent themes for each study. The main themes of the first study were Occupation-based practice expresses professional identity; Occupation-based practice is more effective; Occupation-based practice can be challenging in the clinic; and, Occupation-based practice takes creativity to adapt. The four themes of the second study were Anything less would be unethical: Key issues; I trust my gut: Affective dimension of ethical practice; Ethical practice is expected but challenging; and, It takes a village. Occupational therapists negotiate challenges inherent in contemporary hospital-based practice to provide occupation-based services and to practice ethically. Occupation-based practice is perceived to be more effective than biomedical approaches to intervention. Therapists must employ creative strategies to overcome challenges presented by medical-model service delivery contexts in order to provide occupation-based interventions. In comparison to other health care professionals working in adult rehabilitation practice, occupational therapists experience both common and unique ethical issues. A discovery of this study was that occupational therapists also experience ethical tensions related to team members' and families' sometimes subtle, and less frequently explicit, requests to falsify recommendations in documentation. Experiences with ethical issues include an inherent affective component in the form of moral distress and a strong sense of caring. The impact of systemic/organizational and relational forces is a reality that contemporary occupational therapists must negotiate in order to provide occupation-based and ethical practice.