Produced water is a mixture of water trapped in underground formations and injection water that is brought to the surface along with oil or gas. In general, produced water is a mixture of dispersed oil in water (o/w), dissolved organic compounds (including hydrocarbons), residual concentration of chemical additives from the production line, heavy metals, dissolved minerals and suspended solids.In the year 2011, 131 million m3 of produced water were discharged on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). Discharges will increase in the years ahead, primarily because of increased water production from the major fields on the NCS. The majority of the produced water treatment technologies currently applied by the industry focus on removing dispersed oil and some technologies have also demonstrated their ability to reduce the dissolved compounds from the produced water. However, the efficiency of these techniques strongly depends on the variations in water quality and quantity over the lifetime of the production. Therefore, flexibility and robustness of technical solutions have proved to be a very important factor and can not be achieved without proper understanding of fundamentals of different separation techniques and produced water fluids.This thesis presents studies of interfacial properties of dissolved crude oil components in produced water. The findings which have been summarized in this thesis include dynamic adsorption of dissolved crude oil hydrocarbons in synthetic produced water at air bubbles. The water soluble components of the crude oils were partitioned into aqueous phases by mixing 50% crude oil and 50% simulated brine solutions. Brines with different ionic compositions have been used for produced water preparation to determine how the ionic composition of water influenced the partitioning of crude oil components into the aqueous phases, and subsequently the affinity of these components for air-water interfaces. In order to obtain better understanding of the type of crude oil components that partition into the water phase, interfacially active acidic and basic compounds from crude oils have been selectively extracted and synthetic produced water was prepared from these fractions and analyzed.Furthermore, the correlations between crude oils properties and concentration and surface affinity of the dissolved hydrocarbons present in produced water have been investigated using multivariate data analysis. Finally, the interactions between crude oil droplets and air bubbles have been studied by looking at the stability of the thin aqueous film between droplet and bubble and subsequent spreading of the crude oil droplet over air bubble.


Quisqualis indica (QI) has been used for treating disorders such as stomach pain, constipation, and digestion problem. This study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of QI extract on treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line and a testosterone-induced BPH rat model. LNCaP cells were treated with QI plus testosterone propionate (TP), and androgen receptor (AR) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression levels were assessed by Western blotting. To induce BPH, the rats were subjected to a daily subcutaneous injection of TP (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The rats in treatment group were orally gavaged with QI (150 mg/kg) together with the TP injection. In-vitro studies showed that TP-induced increases in AR and PSA expression in LNCaP cells were reduced by QI treatment. In BPH-model rats, the prostate weight, testosterone in serum, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration and 5α-reductase type 2 mRNA expression in prostate tissue were significantly reduced following the treatment with QI. TP-induced prostatic hyperplasia and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 were significantly attenuated in QI-treated rats. In addition, QI induced apoptosis by up-regulating caspase-3 and -9 activity and decreasing the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) ratio in prostate tissues of BPH rats. Further investigation showed that TP-induced activation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) was reduced by QI administration. Therefore, our findings suggest that QI attenuates the BPH state in rats through anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities and might be useful in the clinical treatment of BPH.


World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation and the University of Oxford. 2018. 200 pages. ISBN 978-92-3-100242-7
TRENDS remain extremely alarming, admits UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay in the foreword to the 2018 edition of this annual survey. However, the implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity offers hope.


Analysis of receptor-ligand binding characteristics can be greatly hampered by the presence of non-specific binding, defined as low-affinity binding to non-receptor domains which is not saturable within the range of ligand concentrations used. Conventional binding analyses, e.g. according to the methods described by Scatchard or Klotz, relate the amount of specific receptor-ligand binding to the concentration of free ligand, and therefore require assumptions on the amount of non-specific binding. In this paper a method is described for determining the parameters of specific receptor-ligand interaction which does not require any assumption or separate determination of the amount of non-specific binding. If the concentration of labelled free ligand is constant, a plot of Fu/(B0*-B*) versus Fu yields a linear relationship, in the case of a single receptor class, in which Fu is the concentration of unlabelled free ligand, B0* is the total amount of labelled bound ligand in the absence of unlabelled ligand and B* is the total amount of labelled bound ligand in the presence of an unlabelled ligand concentration Fu; all of these data are readily obtained from binding studies. This linear relationship holds irrespective of the amount of non-specific binding, and the values for receptor density, ligand dissociation constant and a constant for non-specific binding can be readily obtained from it. If the concentration of labelled free ligand is not a constant for all data points, data are first converted according to a straightforward normalization procedure to permit the use of this relationship. The presence of multiple receptor classes with dissociation constants in the range of the ligand concentrations used results in a negative deviation from this linearity, and therefore the presence of multiple receptor classes can be discriminated unequivocally from non-specific binding. Both theoretical and practical advantages of the present method are described. The method, which will be referred to as the linear subtraction method, is illustrated using the binding of tumour promoters and polypeptide growth factors to their specific cellular receptors.


The study focuses on Ethiopian Jewish women's struggles with language usage and social adaptation. The study aims to (a) evaluate the importance of knowledge and usage of Amharic in their daily lives, (b) evaluate the importance of knowledge and usage of Hebrew in their daily lives and (c) identify the differences in Israeli and Ethiopian Jewish cultures. The study was based on data collected and analyzed from a questionnaire that was distributed to a class of Ethiopian Jewish women who study English at a school in Netanya, Israel. The findings showed that while all of the participants speak Amharic, there are differences in literacy in Amharic among them. All of them have difficulties in Hebrew, but see Hebrew as the vehicle for upward mobility within Israeli society. They view Israeli culture as one that is lacking in politeness, respect and dignity, which is very much part of the fabric of the Ethiopian Jewish lifestyle. There is also a strong desire to preserve the past by preserving their language. This study promotes a new dimension to the study of Ethiopian Jewish women (Kayam & Hirsch, in press) in that it adds to the study of language acquisition in the immigrant setting.


Wenzhou used to be one of the poorest regions in eastern China. With limited arable land, poor road access to major cities, and little support from the government, it seemed to lack all the necessary conditions for economic growth according to the standard textbook. However, over the past several decades, Wenzhou has achieved one of the fastest growing rates and owned the most dynamic private sector in China. The footwear industry in particular has grown from a negligible place to the largest market share and has formed one of the largest industry clusters in China. Therefore, the footwear industry provides us with a good example to unde rstand the driving forces behind the dramatic rural industrial growth. For this study, we undertake a survey on about 140 enterprises at different scales in Wenzhou. The survey enables us to examine how the start -up capital, credit, technology, and institutional barriers have been overcome in the formation process.


Traditionally, tertiary educators have followed models of teaching in which they were themselves taught, and which are still expected by many students: "in large part limited to teacher-directed, transmission-style pedagogies" (Sorin & Klein, 2002). In this model, students are passive recipients of knowledge given to them through direct instruction, and print resources such as textbooks are often implemented (Damoense, 2003). There are problems with this passive, rote-learning approach, in that students often report a lack of connection between what is learned in university and what they come to encounter in 'real life' situations (Sorin, 2002). This lack of connection leaves many students feeling they are unprepared for their future roles. Active learning, however, including problem-based and inquiry learning, leads to "increased motivation, better critical thinking, and the integration of knowledge and problem-solving skills" (Norton, Taylor, Stewart, Blackburn, Jinks, Razdar, Holmes & Marastoni, 2012, p. 1083). Scenario-based learning (SBL) is an important component of a number of active learning strategies (Norton et al., 2012). The following article documents the collaborative efforts of a team of educators who have challenged traditional teaching methods by implementing an approach known as SBL, a technique which affords learners a more active role in their learning. Norton et al. (2012) note that as active participants in the scenarios, learners "are required to make decisions, which can offer penalties or rewards and open up, or close off, various future options" (p. 1084). Specifically, the paper examines how the authors adapted their teaching repertoire to include scenario-based situations, incorporate the university's graduate attributes and, in doing so, enhanced both teaching and learning in their subjects.


Microbial experiments are the only proven approach to produce experimental dolomite under Earth's surface conditions. Although microbial metabolisms are known to induce dolomite precipitation by favoring dolomite growth kinetics, the involvement of microbes in the dolomite nucleation process is poorly understood. In particular, the nucleation of microbially mediated dolomite remains a matter for investigation because the metabolic diversity involved in this process has not been fully explored. Herein we demonstrate that Halomonas meridiana and Virgibacillus marismortui, two moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria, mediate primary precipitation of dolomite at low temperatures (25, 35 °C). This report emphasizes the biomineralogical implications for dolomite formation at the nanometer scale. We describe nucleation of dolomite on nanoglobules in intimate association with the bacterial cell surface. A combination of both laboratory culture experiments and natural samples reveals that these nanoglobule structures may be: (1) the initial step for dolomite nucleation, (2) preserved in the geologic record, and (3) used as microbial tracers through time and/or as a proxy for ancient microbial dolomite, as well as other carbonate minerals.


We propose FrameAxis, a method of characterizing the framing of a given text by identifying the most relevant semantic axes ("microframes") defined by antonym word pairs. In contrast to the traditional framing analysis, which has been constrained by a small number of manually annotated general frames, our unsupervised approach provides much more detailed insights, by considering a host of semantic axes. Our method is capable of quantitatively teasing out framing bias -- how biased a text is in each microframe -- and framing intensity -- how much each microframe is used -- from the text, offering a nuanced characterization of framing. We evaluate our approach using SemEval datasets as well as three other datasets and human evaluations, demonstrating that FrameAxis can reliably characterize documents with relevant microframes. Our method may allow scalable and nuanced computational analyses of framing across disciplines.


Received 24 September 2003 Revised 30 January 2004 Accepted 5 March 2004 Nitrosomonas europaea is an aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium that participates in the C and N cycles. N. europaea utilizes CO2 as its predominant carbon source, and is an obligate chemolithotroph, deriving all the reductant required for energy and biosynthesis from the oxidation of ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2 ). This bacterium fixes carbon via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle via a type I ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO). The RubisCO operon is composed of five genes, cbbLSQON. This gene organization is similar to that of the operon for 'green-like' type I RubisCOs in other organisms. The cbbR gene encoding the putative regulatory protein for RubisCO transcription was identified upstream of cbbL. This study showed that transcription of cbb genes was upregulatedwhen the carbon source was limited, while amo, hao and other energy-harvesting-related genes were downregulated. N. europaea responds to carbon limitation by prioritizing resources towards key components for carbon assimilation. Unlike the situation for amo genes, NH3 was not required for the transcription of the cbb genes. All five cbb genes were only transcribed when an external energy source was provided. In actively growing cells, mRNAs from the five genes in the RubisCO operon were present at different levels, probably due to premature termination of transcription, rapid mRNA processing and mRNA degradation.


Distributed estimation of random parameter vector is dealt with using ad hoc wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The decentralized estimation problem is cast as the solution of multiple convex optimization subproblems and the alternating direction method of multipliers is employed to derive algorithms which can be decomposed into a set of simpler tasks suitable for distributed implementation. Different from existing alternatives, the novel approach does not require knowing the desired estimator in closed-form as is generally the case with the maximum a posteriori estimator (MAP). In addition, a priori information is accounted for and sensor observations are allowed to be correlated. The resulting algorithms converge to the centralized estimators under ideal channel links, while they exhibit noise robustness provably established for the distributed linear minimum mean-square error estimator (LMMSE).


The interview describes the state of relations between Ukraine and Estonia through the lens of experience of Gert Antsu, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Estonia to Ukraine.
It is mentioned Estonia has been one of the most consistent partners of Ukraine since establishment of diplomatic relations between Estonia and Ukraine, both in the past and recent years before and after the Revolution of Dignity and Russian aggression. Estonia undertakes a moral duty to support a friendly nation in these complex circumstances. However, even close political relations did not prevent damages to the sphere of economy, caused by aggression of the Russian Federation.
The article reports the membership of Estonia in the Un Security Council will not bring substantial changes into relations with Ukraine, since they are friendly and close in any case. Estonia is highly interested in support of stable international order, taking into account the small territory of Estonia and frankly low force potential.
Estonia is dedicated to a struggle against climate changes, since it faces ever-growing effects of such changes. Ten years ago, Estonia joined the EU Emissions Trading System, and Mr Ambassador participated in those negotiations.
The article reports that e-governance is a positive trend among the priorities of policy of Mr Zelenskyi, President of Ukraine. Mr Ambassador has no doubts Estonia can contribute to enhancement of the system 'Trembita' that became a successful story of assistance of Estonia and the EU to Ukraine. However, to reveal the project potential in full, Ukraine has to solve several issues where experience of Estonia could be useful.
The article also mentions Mr Ambassador studied Ukrainian. It would be hard for him to study it if he were from Belgium, Portugal or Korea and did not understand the peculiarities of the Slavic languages. He has about 30 book in Ukrainian, most of which are fictions. He considers studying of a language as an evident respect to the receiving state and a useful means for establishment of friendly relations with Ukrainian nation. Studying of languages is an integral attribute of a modern person, thus Mr Ambassador has no doubts: his successor will also study Ukrainian.
Keywords: Estonia, interstate relations, climate changes, Ukrainian language, economic relations, e-governance.


As with other groups, Jewish identity salience levels
are higher within those Jewish communities which have a smaller
share of the overall population than those communities which enjoy
a larger share; this is true even among those individuals who do
not engage regularly in religious practices. Based on this
foundation as well as my own mixed-methods research I argue that
those who live in small Jewish communities have different patterns
of identity development and maintenance, community structure, and –
most importantly – generational transmission of values than those
who live in the large urban centers. Behaviors such as assimilation
and out-migration may also be less likely among those who reside in
small Jewish communities. If this is true, it could be that in 100
years' time the non-Orthodox Jewish world will be more accurately
and strongly represented by Charleston, WV, Ashland, OR, and
Colorado Springs, CO, than Boston, MA, Washington, DC, or Los
Angeles, CA. In order to fully understand life in small Jewish
communities and the future impact they may have on American Jewry
as a whole, I am calling for a nation-wide survey focused
specifically on these important yet under-studied
communities.


The phenomenon of internationalization, combined with the internal process of state fragmentation, has challenged the Westphalian model of sovereignty, replacing it with a "disaggregated sovereignty" in which transnational networks have become the primary vectors of international cooperation as well as the primary actors in international policy making. This evolution poses a multifaceted challenge to state-centered constitutionalism since the networks are capable of emancipating themselves from the latter's requirements by creating parallel sets of norms. With their growing autonomy, the networks can gradually replace state action, which raises issues of accountability and legitimacy. Effectively addressing these challenges implies a paradigm shift—from the state-centered approach to constitutionalism toward a broader vision of a constitutionalism beyond the state. At the same time this shift articulates the reflections around notions such as pluralism and polycentricity. This state of affairs requires further examination of the legitimacy of the two faces of these networks—the new model of expert governance, with efficiency maximization, as well as the new paths of solidarity and cooperation that they imply.


The rising adoption of cloud computing and increasing interconnections among its actors lead to the emergence of network-like structures and new associated risks. A major obstacle for addressing these risks is the lack of transparency concerning the underlying network structure and the dissemination of risks therein. Existing research does not consider the risk perspective in a cloud network's context. We address this research gap with the construction of a reference model that can display such networks and therefore supports risk identification. We evaluate the reference model through real-world examples and interviews with industry experts and demonstrate its applicability. The model provides a better understanding of cloud networks and causalities between related risks. These insights can be used to develop appropriate risk management strategies in cloud networks. The reference model sets a basis for future risk quantification approaches as well as for the design of (IT) tools for risk analysis.


Traffic congestion is a re-current problem in densely populated cities. To alleviate congestion, many countries/cities have developed advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) to provide the latest traffic information to road users. However, the traffic information such as instantaneous journey time and traffic speed provided by ATIS is difficult to be validated. In particular, instantaneous journey time reflects the current traffic condition in terms of travel time at different road segments at the same instant. No single driver can normally experience the instantaneous journey time except for travelling on a very short section of road under light trafficked condition. This paper proposes a methodology for validating the instantaneous journey times and traffic speeds with independent observed data. The results show that the proposed method can validate the instantaneous journey time and traffic speed estimates satisfactorily with adequate sample sizes at a significant level statistically.


In this dissertation we investigate aspects of the UV completion of the Standard Model of particle physics. We focus on two examples that inevitably require new degrees of freedom: baryon asymmetry and quantum gravity.

Baryogenesis can occur at the electroweak phase transition if new physics triggers the phase transition to be of strong first order. We consider generic classes of beyond the Standard Model physics and show that all of them give rise to a strongly enhanced Higgs self-coupling if we demand electroweak baryogenesis. The Higgs self-coupling will be measured precisely enough in the high-luminosity run of the LHC.

Quantum gravity is investigated with the asymptotic safety approach, which conjectures the existence of a UV fixed point of the renormalisation group flow. The latter allows for a non-perturbative renormalisation of quantum gravity.
We develop the approach towards quantitative precision by systematically computing flows of higher-order correlation functions. We start from a minimal setup that includes a genuine Newton's coupling, which is the setup with the graviton two- and three-point function. In a first extension we include the graviton four-point function, which allows to investigate convergence properties and the restoration of diffeomorphism symmetry in the IR. In a second extension we evaluate the correlation functions on a constantly-curved background. From this we set up the equations of motion and find a solution at negative background curvature. Overall, these results add further significant evidence for the existence of the UV fixed point.

We include Standard Model matter content into the quantum gravity setup. We start with minimally coupled scalars and fermions and subsequently also couple Yang-Mills theory to quantum gravity. We provide a formal argument that such systems must be compatible with asymptotic safety independent of the number of gauge or matter fields.
Furthermore we show an effective universality between different avatars of Newton's coupling, which means that their flows are in quantitative agreement in the scaling region of the UV fixed point. These results are the basis for future investigations of the Standard Model fully coupled to quantum gravity.


Envy-freeness up to any good (EFX) provides a strong and intuitive guarantee of fairness in the allocation of indivisible goods. But whether such allocations always exist or whether they can be efficiently computed remains an important open question. We study the existence and computation of EFX in conjunction with various other economic properties under lexicographic preferences--a well-studied preference restriction model in artificial intelligence and economics. In sharp contrast to the known results for additive valuations, we not only prove the existence of EFX and Pareto optimal allocations, but in fact provide an algorithmic characterization of these two properties. We also characterize the mechanisms that are, in addition, strategyproof, non-bossy, and neutral. When the efficiency notion is strengthened to rank-maximality, we obtain non-existence and computational hardness results, and show that tractability can be restored when EFX is relaxed to another well-studied fairness notion called maximin share guarantee (MMS).


A novel asynchronous data-path design is described. Circuits for the asynchronous adder unit, asynchronous comparator unit, and asynchronous selector unit are proposed. An asynchronous data-path ACS (add-compare-select) for a Viterbi decoder is formed. The performance of the 4-bit ACS is analyzed with a novel method based on a multi-delay model. The results of performance analysis of the asynchronous 4-bit ACS show that the average case response time of 6.81 ns is only 84% of the worst-case response time, 8.08 ns. It reveals that the asynchronous data-path has some performance advantages over the synchronous one.


A rigorous understanding of conodont element morphology is fundamental to virtually every aspect of conodont research, yet the complexity of morphological variation within elements presents a challenge for qualitative approaches. To address this problem, a suite of new morphometric protocols has been developed and applied to two conodont taxa. Analysis of the conodont ' Ozarkodina ' excavata has enabled development of a new quantitative methodology to objectively discriminate between morphologically similar elements occupying different positions within the conodont skeleton. The methodology differentiated elements with a success rate comparing favourably to expert discrimination, and has application not only in identifying homology in collections of isolated elements, but also in taxonomy. The hypothesis that 'O.' excavata is monospecific has also been tested, and the discovery of significant morphological discontinuities between spatiotemporally separated populations strongly suggests that multiple species are currently accommodated within this taxon. The protocols also have potential to permit repeated and objective identification of biostratigraphically useful morphologies. A natural population of 'O. ' excavata has been examined, elucidating population structure, survivorship and element and apparatus growth within this taxon at a level of detail exceptional even for conodont studies. Evolutionary and taxonomic hypotheses have been tested in the conodont genus Pterospathodus, using a long, densely and evenly sampled stratigraphic sequence. This has revealed few discontinuities within measured variables through time, highlighting the difficulties of objective taxonomic division of an anagenetic continuum. Apparent directional evolutionary trends are partially confirmed, but analysis is hindered by the inability to identify immature elements and separate ontogenetic and evolutionary change. This study has quantified evolutionary rates in conodonts for the first time. The methods and results presented here have the potential to catalyse comprehensive morphometric analysis of conodonts using these widely applicable protocols and refine the existing qualitative framework around which our understanding of conodont morphology is currently based.


Bio-beneficiation of ores through iron removal is a common technique, but not yet tested for the case of bauxite. In this study we compared the iron reducing ability of three bacterial species with and without the chelating action of EDTA. Tests were carried out using a diasporic bauxite sample containing 19.3% Fe2Ο3 in the form of hematite, goethite and chamosite. Reductive dissolution was attempted using three neutrophilic, dissimilatory Fe(III) respirators, i.e. the facultative anaerobes Shewanella putrefaciens and Ferrimonas balearica and the strict anaerobe Desulfuromonas palmitatis. Almost 25% of Fe was reduced by D. palmitatis and S. putrefaciens and 30% by F. balearica in bauxite samples. In the case of S. putrefaciens and F. balearica, Fe(III) reduction took place without addition of EDTA, but most of the biologically produced Fe(II) reprecipitated. The addition of EDTA proved to hinder the bioreduction potential for both S. putrefaciens and F. balearica. On the contrary, D. palmitatis was able to reduce Fe(III) oxides only in the presence of EDTA. Moreover, the presence of EDTA helped maintain biogenic ferrous iron in solution.


OBJECTIVES
To define the clinical spectrum time-course and prognosis of non-Asian patients positive for anti-MDA5 antibodies.

METHODS
We conducted a multicentre, international, retrospective cohort study.

RESULTS
149 anti-MDA5 positive patients (median onset age 53 years, median disease duration 18 months), mainly females (100, 67%), were included. Dermatomyositis (64, 43%) and amyopathic dermatomyositis (47, 31%), were the main diagnosis; 15 patients (10%) were classified as interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) and 7 (5%) as rheumatoid arthritis. The main clinical findings observed were myositis (84, 56%), interstitial lung disease (ILD) (108, 78%), skin lesions (111, 74%), and arthritis (76, 51%). The onset of these manifestations was not concomitant in 74 cases (50%). Of note, 32 (21.5%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit for rapidly progressive-ILD, which occurred in median 2 months from lung involvement detection, in the majority of cases (28, 19%) despite previous immunosuppressive treatment. One-third of patients (47, 32% each) was ANA and anti-ENA antibodies negative and a similar percentage was anti-Ro52 kDa antibodies positive. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (65, 60%), organising pneumonia (23, 21%), and usual interstitial pneumonia-like pattern (14, 13%) were the main ILD patterns observed. Twenty-six patients died (17%), 19 (13%) had a rapidly progressive-ILD.

CONCLUSIONS
The clinical spectrum of the anti-MDA5 antibodies-related disease is heterogeneous. Rapidly-progressive ILD deeply impacts the prognosis also in non-Asian patients, occurring early during the disease course. Anti-MDA5 antibody positivity should be considered even when baseline autoimmune screening is negative, anti-Ro52 kDa antibodies are positive, and radiology findings show a NSIP pattern.


Electrical energy storage systems such as batteries would benefit enormously from integrating all device components in three-dimensional (3-D) architectures on the nanoscale to improve their power capability without negatively impacting the device-scale energy density. However, the lack of large scale synthesis methods of 3-D architectures with precise spatial control of multiple, functional energy materials at the nanoscale remains a key issue holding back the development of such intricate device designs. To achieve fully integrated, multi-material nano-3-D architectures, next-generation nanofabrication requires departure from the traditional top-down patterning methods. Here, we present an approach to such systems based on the bottom-up synthesis of co-continuous nanohybrids with all necessary functional battery components rationally integrated in a triblock terpolymer derived core–shell double gyroid architecture. In our design three-dimensional periodically ordered, functional anode and cathode nanonetworks are separated by an ultrathin electrolyte phase within a single 3-D nanostructure. All materials are less than 20 nm in their layer dimensions, co-continuous and interpenetrating in 3-D, and extended throughout a macroscopic monolith. The electrochemical analysis of our solid-state nano-3-D Li-ion/sulfur system demonstrated battery-like characteristics with stable open circuit voltage, reversible discharge voltage and capacity, and orders of magnitude decreases in footprint area compared to two-dimensional thin layer designs.


What kind of common project is Coworking? Coworking was first presented as a novel model for organising autonomous, authentic and creative labour amid a community of workers who share these progressive aspirations. That this promise has not always been realised in practice has provoked a strong sense of ambivalence among many Coworkers. This article offers a critical assessment of this ambivalence, which we approach by way of a novel theoretical category, an affective commons. Such a commons describes the atmospheric product of the immaterial labour of Coworkers, including the 'commoning' processes by which the community endorsed in accounts of the appeal of Coworking may manifest. In this respect, ambivalence about Coworking may be regarded as an effect of conflicts that arise in the shared work of commoning, particularly conflict over the capture and commodification of pooled resources, and fair acknowledgement of the contributions labouring bodies make to their circulation and reproduction. We argue that this ambivalence emerges from Coworking arrangements themselves, rather than the broader conditions of precarity that characterise much nonstandard work. We close with a brief discussion of the practical implications of our analysis for ongoing efforts to address this ambivalence and sustain the mutualism of Coworking.


The Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop that examined the roles that health systems can play in addressing the prevalence of firearm violence, including suicide, in the United States. This publication summarizes the discussions held during the workshop and highlighted the lessons, practical strategies and opportunities for healthcare systems that were identified by the speakers to prevent firearm injury and death.


Customer Relationship Management is a comprehensive strategy and process of acquiring, retaining, and partnering with selective customers to create superior value for the company and the customer. It involves the integration of marketing, sales, customer service, and the supplychain functions of the organization to achieve greater efficiencies and effectiveness in delivering customer value. 13 Due to the competition arising from liberalization of telecommunication services in Kenya, Safaricom as a mobile services provider needs to develop strategies on ways it can enhance growth of customer relationship management for its corporate clients to make it more competitive and attractive. The interest in focusing on long-term and profitable customers and the need to better understand their behaviours have changed the view of marketers about the marketplace. Traditionally, they have been trying to acquire new customers and the currently other firm's customers, which needed heavy price-oriented promotions and mass advertising rephrase. Today, customers have access to a variety of services and products and when their needs are not easily met; by one player they can choose those companies that provide them the level of services that they require. Many studies show that the cost of acquiring new customers is six times much greater than the cost that firms pay for retaining current ones. (Ang & Buttle, 2006). The study assessed to find out the factors which enhance the growth of customer relationship management in Safaricom's corporate customers. The study employed descriptive method and utilize both quantitative and qualitative data. In order for Safaricom to respond to the key findings of this study, there is need for Safaricom to reduce the cost of its products and services i.e on voice and data products, adhere strictly to the Service Level Agreement with its corporate customers( SLA), improve on the network coverage, improve on speed especially at the retail outlets, introduce more loyal programs and enable new customers to enjoy loyalty programs like the bonga matrix, enable more simplicity in terms of procedures within the company noting that simplicity is one of the core values within the business and improve on the postpay billing timelines, since customers frequently experience this monthly Also, employees within the company stated that frequent training is important so that they can be equipped with more skills, learn on the right escalation matrix within the company and understand fully the company's products and services. However Safaricom should also note that most of the respondents rated it to be the best in innovation and its good reference of availability of products and services.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy in the world and is estimated to cause approximately half a million deaths annually. Because of its high fatality rates, the incidence and mortality rates are almost equal. The major risk factors for HCC are chronic hepatitis B virus infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and alcoholic cirrhosis. The epidemiology of HCC is characterized by marked demographic (age, gender, race/ethnicity) and geographic variations. Hepatitis B virus infection, with and without aflatoxin exposure, is responsible for most cases in developing countries; better control of these risk factors has resulted in a recent decline in HCC in some places like Taiwan and China. Recently, however, a trend of rising rates of HCC has been reported from several developed countries in Europe and North America. These new trends are associated with "new" risk factors such as HCV and, possibly, diabetes. In the United States, the incidence of HCC has approximately doubled over the past 3 decades. White individuals are two to three times less often affected than African Americans, who in turn are two to three times less often affected than Asians, Pacific Islanders, or Native Americans. Men are two to three times more often affected than women. Concomitant with the rising rates of HCC, there has been a shift of incidence from typically elderly patients to relatively younger patients between ages of 40 to 60 years. An increase in HCV-related HCC accounts for at least half of the witnessed increase in HCC in the United States. Hepatocellular carcinoma continues to carry an overall dismal survival rate (close to 5%); very few patients qualify for and receive potentially curative therapy. The future incidence trends of HCC will be determined to a large extent by the clinical course of HCV-infected people.


In this paper we describe an LTE based demonstrator of the Universal Link Layer API (ULLA) and Cognitive Resource Manager (CRM) modules that are developed in ARAGORN project. The demonstrated LTE system comprises one LTE TDD eNode B and one User Equipment (UE). We first introduce ULLA and CRM framework and then demonstrate their suitability to be implemented with the existing LTE equipments. We show how, through ULLA, CRM is able to obtain PHY/MAC status information of the link between the eNode B and UE, and in turn change system parameters to achieve better resource utilization and transmission efficiency. The control logic can be implemented with simple adaptation or policy-based intelligent methods. The platform clearly shows the feasibility to use ULLA/CRM architecture for radio resource management in a LTE network. It also shows the neutrality of ULLA/CRM mechanisms towards PHY/MAC characteristics of LTE technology platform; hence the platform is viable to flexibly switch between technology platforms (e.g. between LTE access and WiFi access) under the control of ULLA/CRM.


Frictions in the labor market are important for understanding the equity premium in the financial market. We embed the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides search framework into a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with recursive preferences. The model produces realistic equity premium and stock market volatility, as well as a low and stable interest rate. The equity premium is countercyclical, and forecastable with labor market tightness, a pattern we confirm in the data. Intriguingly, three key ingredients (small profits, large job flows, and matching frictions) in the model combine to give rise endogenously to rare disasters a la Rietz (1988) and Barro (2006).


Amazingly, the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands has endured for more than 200 years now. It has provided the foundation for one of the most stable constitutional democracies in the world.Surely a constitution cannot endure for two centuries if it would not have included sufficient means of reform. In this paper I ask: How has the Constitution of the Netherlands been adapted as circumstances and demands changed? And what lessons might be relevant for countries facing similar challenges and undergoing constitutional transition in contemporary times? These questions are extremely relevant since, besides drafting a constitution, constitutional change is one of the most difficult challenges facing a constitutional democracy.


Survival analysis refers to the statistical methods used for the analyzing of data where the outcome variable is the time until the occurrence of the event of interest. Survival analysis is also known as time to event analysis. Survival analysis applications are very large: For instance, they can be used for determining the survival rate of a population, or comparing the survival of two or more groups.


Before 1990, the production and use of native plant species in restoration, along with the sale of native grass seed, was not that common. Production of these species in the eastern United States was limited, and the thinking during this time period was that these grasses were not that commonly found in the Eastern states and were primarily Midwestern species. In 1990, the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), which was just getting a foothold in Pennsylvania, initiated a unique collaboration of private industry and governmental entities, including the Pennsylvania Game Commission, Soil & Water Conservation Districts, along with non-governmental organizations such as the Pennsylvania Environmental Council and Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. CREP is a voluntary program designed to help farmers and ranchers restore agricultural lands to natural habitats in order to enhance ecological services including erosion control, ground and surface water quality, and wildlife habitat. As CREP gained recognition and more agencies saw the benefits from establishing these types of projects, the mindset that had prevailed in the past, that native grass prairies were only for the Midwestern states, faded, allowing for the growth of the native grass seed industry in the eastern United States. Through this collaboration, many of the early "tips and techniques" for planting and growing native grasses were disseminated to the farmer and private landowner, and to state government agencies, who were interested in learning new restoration techniques. During this time, it was a "win-win" situation for all parties involved that went a long way in establishing and promoting the use of native grasses in Pennsylvania and throughout the eastern region of the United States. One of the early pioneers in the promotion and use of native grasses for projects like these was Pennsylvania Game Commission's Land Management Officer, Dick Belding. Belding was instrumental in some of the first early plantings of warm season grasses for game habitat improvement and for educating others on the prevalence of native grasses in the eastern United States before it was settled. These early collaborations led to further acceptance and usage of native grasses and new techniques in restoration projects. Harvesting equipment evolved from the old style crop combine to specially built vacuum harvesters and specialized combine stripper heads. Seed cleaning is now not only done on the old wooden style clipper cleaners, but also on modern, retrofitted, computer-controlled cleaners with custom-built screens. Small lots of native seeds are cleaned on specialized, laboratory-sized equipment. Originally, seed testing was not required. Today, however, natives are tested like all other commercial lawn or crop seed. For example, some seed growers test all of their seed through AOSA (Association of Official Seed Analysts) commercial seed labs that are certified in native seed testing, thereby providing the end user or project regulator with a current, valid seed testing result. This should be standard practice throughout the industry, and insisted upon by practitioners. Storage and planting techniques have also been further developed. The seeds of some species need low temperatures and low humidity, such a big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans). On the other hand, recalcitrant seeds that do not survive drying to any large degree and are not amenable to long-term storage, such as arrow arum (Peltandra virginica) and wildrice (Zizania aquatica), cannot be dried. Planting techniques changed with the introduction of the Truax no-till drill, with its innovative, separate fluffy and smooth seed boxes, and its ability to be used on rough ground. Another accomplishment has been the development of ecotype and ecoregion seed stocks. The federal government has always been ahead of the curve with the use of native plant species in the restoration field. They established the USDA NRCS Plant Materials Centers as far back as the 1950s and laid the groundwork for commercial native seed growers to take the lead and advance the available native germplasm to commercially viable levels. Ecological Restoration Vol. 31, No. 2, 2013


Organizational-based self-esteem is the degree to which organizational members believe that they can satisfy their needs by participating in roles within the context of an organization. Organizational-based self-esteem is influenced by organizational factors: self-perceived competency and self-evaluation may be assumed to be a function of social learning experience and the value a person has come to place on himself as a function of his interaction with others. Employees with high organization-based self-esteem have come to believe that they are important, meaningful and worthwhile within their employing organization. Organization-based self-esteem plays a critical role in the motivation of human behaviors. Therefore, to identification the factors that contribute to organizational-based self-esteem are necessary. One of them which have a negative effect is procrastination behavior. Procrastination defines as avoidance of the implementation of an intention, frustrates an individual's stated purposes by simply putting it off until it's too late or nearly too late. It is obvious that dimensions of procrastination are sources which create a prohibition to achieve autonomy, adaptation, personal value, and competence as dimensions of organizational-based self-esteem. To achieve organizational-based self-esteem, organizational effort to overcome procrastination behavior is needed. Managers should succinctly incline procrastination in workforce by different ways for promote organizational-based self-esteem, because they have the mission to improve their employees' self-esteem in order to contribute to the achievement of organizational goals and as well as the personal goals of the members.


Many anticipated deployment scenarios, in particular military, healthcare, and disaster-recovery applications, of Wireless Sensor Networks require reliable source to sink communication. In this paper, we introduce a novel reliable topology that uses hotlines between sensor gateways to enhance the reliability of end-to-end transmissions. These hotlines reduce the number of average hops from source to the sink and serve as reliable and efficient backbone routing alternatives. We show analytically that communication using hotlines is noticeably more reliable than traditional Wireless Sensor Networks routing.


To examine the effects of respiratory acidosis in vivo on the adaptation of acidification in the collecting tubule, New Zealand White rabbits were exposed to a 6.7% CO2-93.3% O2 gas mixture in an environmental chamber for 0, 6, 24, or 48 h before obtaining collecting tubules for in vitro study. These collecting tubules were then perfused and bathed in vitro in identical Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solutions. After 1 h equilibration total CO2 flux (JtCO2) was measured. The urine pH of the rabbits fell, whereas the blood bicarbonate rose as CO2 exposure time increased. In cortical collecting tubules, JtCO2 in vitro correlated with length of animal exposure to hypercarbia (y = 1.14174 + 0.1437x, r = 0.57, P = 0.002), and with the blood bicarbonate of the animal (y = 26.8471 + 0.0858x, r = 0.59, P less than 0.05). In vitro JtCO2 in medullary collecting tubules from rabbits that had been in hypercarbic atmosphere for 48 h (23.2 +/- 4.9 pmol.mm-1.min-1) did not differ from JtCO2 in control tubules (25.0 +/- 3.2 pmol.mm-1.min-1, not significant). Thus the cortical collecting tubule exhibits an adaptive increase in JtCO2 in response to hypercarbia, whereas the medullary collecting tubule does not.


The unique high altitude (> 3,500 m a.s.l.) brackish and freshwater lakes of the Ladakh region, India, are used as breeding grounds and staging sites by migratory waterfowl and waders. A survey of the abundance and diversity of birds at four lakes in eastern Ladakh in July 2007 found that the diversity of birds in these lakes (Tsokar, Statsapuk Tso, Thasangkaru Tso and Tsomoriri) was relatively low. Eleven species were identified, ranging from the widespread Common Redshank Tringa totanus (590 individuals) to the highly endangered Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis (three individuals). Among the four lakes, bird abundance and diversity was highest in Statsapuk Tso and Tsokar, respectively, and lowest in Thasangkaru. The importance of the lakes for waterbird conservation in Ladakh is discussed in relation to environmental changes in the area.


Recent years saw the increase in relevance of Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) in both civilian and military applications. One of the more attractive feature of MAV is the lower cost and ease of transport due to its smaller size; however, the size and weight of the MAV also limited the forms of high lift device that could be applied to the vehicle to increase its operating envelope. One of the devices proposed is the "Pop-Up" feather type passive high lift device (passive flap), a design based on observation of bird feathers during landing. The primary objective of the current research is to investigate the performance of passive flap when applied to the lower operating Reynolds number of MAVs (Re = 40, 000) and establish the CFD and experimental procedure for optimization of passive flap design for application on MAV. To that end, two simulation procedures were developed: one using steadystate solver and optimization algorithm to seek the equilibrium flap angle; the other directly solves for the movement of the flap based on forces acting on the flap and the flap inertia. The solutions from the resulting solvers agrees favorably with existing water tunnel experimental lift data for 2D airfoil with and without passive flap, and while the solutions were not fully validated for detailed flow features, they could be used to supplement the experimental data to better evaluate the impact of different flap size (cf ) and flap position (xf ) on the performance of the flap under 2D settings. On the other hand, it was recognized that three-dimensional flow features could have major impact on the performance of the flap, namely the wing-tip vortex which alters the effective angle of attack along the span of the wing. As no prior studies on the application of passive flap on finite wing existed, wind tunnel studies were performed at Re = 40, 000 on a rectangular wing model with varying size of flaps spanning from the center-line of the wing (bf ); finite wing simulations were also performed to obtain visualization on flow structure around the wing, though further validation of the 3D results needs to be left for future work. It should be noted that there remains outstanding issues to be addressed in the future. Some anomalous results show that the numerical discretization requires a body fitted mesh in the near wall region and further validation work is required to assert accuracy. While some mean aerodynamic characteristics may agree well between the numerical and experimental results, the computed detailed flow behavior along the airfoil surface regions will require further validation. In particular, the experimental diagnostics were only limited to measurements of the integrated quantities of lift.


Parameterless stopping criteria for recursive polynomial expansions to construct the density matrix in electronic structure calculations are proposed. Based on convergence-order estimation the new stopping criteria automatically and accurately detect when the calculation is dominated by numerical errors and continued iteration does not improve the result. Difficulties in selecting a stopping tolerance and appropriately balancing it in relation to parameters controlling the numerical accuracy are avoided. Thus, our parameterless stopping criteria stand in contrast to the standard approach to stop as soon as some error measure goes below a user-defined parameter or tolerance. We demonstrate that the stopping criteria work well both in dense and sparse matrix calculations and in large-scale self-consistent field calculations with the quantum chemistry program Ergo ( www.ergoscf.org ) .


Vertically stacked junctionless accumulation mode (JLAM) nanowire field effect transistors (NWFETs) outperform inversion-mode (IM) NWFETs below 10-nm technology nodes, but the vertical stacking of nanowires (NWs) has a constraint of position dependent drain current. This paper encompasses: 1) extensive investigation of the impact of series resistance on IM, JL mode, and JLAM NWFET architectures; 2) a proposed approach to mitigate the series resistance; and 3) linearity assessment of stacked JLAM-NWFET for radio frequency (RF) applications. We have suggested that by decreasing the channel doping in the bottom NW with respect to the top NW in a stack, the current can be significantly improved along with the reduction in series resistance. This improves the overall uniformity of drain current in each NW for stacked JLAM-NWFET. The linearity performance of the device is assessed in terms of following figure of merits (FOMs): IIP3, 1-dB compression point, and higher order derivative of transconductance  ${g}_{m\textsf {2}}$  and  ${g}_{m\textsf {3}}$ . These FOMs are evaluated through numerical simulations using Sentaurus Technology Computer-Aided Design to confirm the robustness of the device against intermodulation distortion making it suitable for low power radio frequency integrated circuit design applications. The proposed solution allows higher drive current, improved linearity, and thus lower distortion in stacked JLAM-NWFET.


ABSTRACT

Construction is a process of change that is based on planned and deliberated, and demanded eiter the goverment or the society in improving the lives of more prosperous. Indonesia national construction is a construction paradigm that is built on the practice of pancasila that Indonesia fully human construction and the counstruction of Indonesia society. The construction carried out by the Indonesia goverment is essentially to improve thair living standard society. The construction impacts include the social dimension as the waning of cultural values, social norms causing forms of deviant behavior and dependence of society on the other side as a result of the intervention system construction has an impact on socioe economic conditions. So is the case with the construction of the college located in, Kampung Olo is STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat that occurred in their socio economic society. The researchar aims to know and desribe the impacts of constructins STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat toward economic social society Kampung Olo, Nanggalo district Padang city.In this research using Structural Functional Theory form Robert. K. Merton. Beside, the research that used is qualitative research with Descriptive type. As for the information that is taken by using purposive sampling. The number of participants is 21 participants consisting of 15 participants who trade, 3 participants from staff officer Kelurahan and Leader of RW 01 and RW 02. The type of data used primary and secondary data. Method of data colletion is done by 3 ways: 1) observations (non participant), 2) interview, 3) document analysis. To achieve the validity of the reseacrh, the researcher using triagulasi technique. The unit of analysis used is group with data analysis Milles and Huberman consist from steps are reduction, data presentation, and conclucion.Based on the result of the research found the impacts of construction STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat in Kampung Olo, Nanggalo  disrtrict Padang city. 1) Social impact which consist : a. Increasing social network the traders ang migrant society, b. Increasing social norm or more increase the regulations around Kampung Olo especially college area, c. An increase in social problems, d. Demography, the populations density of the society in Kampung Olo. 2) Economic impact: a. Change in the society's livelihood, b. Increasing society asset after the constructions of the college, c. Increasing society's income.

Keywords: Impact of construction, Socio, Economic


Importance
Irreversible vision loss from primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) can be prevented through timely diagnosis and treatment, although definitive diagnosis can be difficult in early-stage disease. As a consequence, large numbers of individuals with suspected glaucoma require regular monitoring, even though many of these may never develop disease and other high-risk individuals with suspected glaucoma may have delayed or inadequate treatment. POAG is one of the most heritable common diseases, and this provides an opportunity to use genetic instruments in risk-stratified screening, diagnosis, and treatment of early glaucoma.

Objective
To assess the association of glaucoma polygenic risk with glaucoma progression in early-stage disease.

Design, Setting, and Participants
This cohort study used clinical and genetic data obtained from a longitudinal cohort study, Progression Risk of Glaucoma: Relevant SNPs With Significant Association (PROGRESSA). Participants of European ancestry with characteristic optic nerve head changes suggestive of glaucoma were included. Data were collected between February 2012 and June 2020. Analysis took place between July 2020 and April 2022.

Main Outcomes and Measures
The association of a glaucoma polygenic risk score (PRS) (2673 uncorrelated variants) with rate of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thinning on optical coherence tomography and progression of visual field loss on 24-2 Humphrey visual fields.

Results
A total of 1777 eyes from 896 individuals had sufficient data for structural progression analyses and 1563 eyes from 808 individuals for functional progression analyses. The mean (SD) age was 62.1 (9.9) years, 488 (44%) were male, and 1087 of 1103 individuals (98.5%) had European ancestry. An ancestrally matched normative population cohort (n = 17 642) was used for PRS reference. Individuals in the top 5% PRS risk group were at a higher risk of visual field progression compared with the remaining 95% after 5 years (hazard ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.13-1.97; P = .005). Conversely, those in the bottom 20% PRS risk group were at a lower risk of visual field progression compared with an intermediate risk group over 3 years (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28-0.96; P = .04).

Conclusions and Relevance
In this study, high polygenic risk was associated with more rapid structural and functional progression in early POAG, despite more intensive treatment. A PRS may serve as a valuable adjunct to identify individuals who stand to benefit the most from more frequent surveillance and earlier or more intensive treatment.


During recent years, different electrical propulsion thrusters in the micro-newton range such as Field Emission Electrical Propulsion thrusters (FEEP) and Radio-Frequency Ion Thrusters (RIT), in Europe, and colloid thrusters, in the U.S., have progressed and achieved considerable milestones both in development and qualification activities so that a significant number of space missions with applications requiring a very high level of controllability in the micro-Newton range (e.g. for drag-free experiments, fine pointing/attitude control or formation flying) are today really feasible. Given that the electronic package is one of the key elements of any electrical propulsion subsystem, providing the electrical power to the thrusters, it actually plays an important role in the overall micro-propulsion performances. In fact, the electronic package (hereafter recalled as Power Control Unit – PCU), beyond being a driving factor for mass and power consumption, effectively allows the micro-propulsion subsystem to meet stringent thrust requirements in terms of resolution, accuracy, controllability and noise. From this perspective, this paper is presenting: • An up-to-date status of the Power Control Unit (PCU) developed by SELEX Galileo to supply and control an electrical micro-propulsion subsystems making use FEEP technology. • Review of the micro-propulsion subsystems aspects linked to the electronic package requirements. • Finally, a review of the developed Power Control Unit for FEEP for its adaptability to different Ion thruster technology (e.g. micro-RIT technology).


Approximately 25% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have the onset of their disease within the first 2 decades of life. Malnutrition is frequent in patients with IBD, especially those with Crohn's Disease (CD). Various micronutrient deficiencies also contribute to morbidity in these patients. Liquid nutrition is frequently utilized to manage the group of patients with malnutrition. In pediatric CD, there is considerable evidence to support the use of polymeric formula as exclusive nutrition to induce remission in newly diagnosed patients, as well as in those with relapses. Exclusive enteral nutrition is an attractive alternative to corticosteroids in patients with CD. There is no evidence for using exclusive enteral nutrition for inducing or maintaining remission in patients with UC. We review the nutritional aspects of patients with IBD and the use of liquid enteral nutrition for remission induction in pediatric patients with IBD.


We present an analysis of the flow of metals through the circumgalactic medium (CGM) in the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) simulations of galaxy formation, ranging from isolated dwarfs to L* galaxies. We find that nearly all metals produced in high-redshift galaxies are carried out in winds that reach 0.25R_(vir). When measured at 0.25R_(vir) the metallicity of outflows is slightly higher than the interstellar medium (ISM) metallicity. Many metals thus reside in the CGM. Cooling and recycling from this reservoir determine the metal budget in the ISM. The outflowing metal flux decreases by a factor of ∼2–5 between 0.25R_(vir) and R_(vir). Furthermore, outflow metallicity is typically lower at R_(vir) owing to dilution of the remaining outflow by metal-poor material swept up from the CGM. The inflow metallicity at R_(vir) is generally low, but outflow and inflow metallicities are similar in the inner halo. At low redshift, massive galaxies no longer generate outflows that reach the CGM, causing a divergence in CGM and ISM metallicity. Dwarf galaxies continue to generate outflows, although they preferentially retain metal ejecta. In all but the least massive galaxy considered, a majority of the metals are within the halo at z = 0. We measure the fraction of metals in CGM, ISM and stars, and quantify the thermal state of CGM metals in each halo. The total amount of metals in the low-redshift CGM of two simulated L* galaxies is consistent with estimates from the Cosmic Origin Spectrograph haloes survey, while for the other two it appears to be lower.


A necessary and sufficient condition for blind deconvolution (without observing the input) of nonminimum-phase linear time-invariant systems (channels) is derived. Based on this condition, several optimization criteria are proposed, and their solution is shown to correspond to the desired response. These criteria involve the computation only of second- and fourth-order moments, implying a simple tap update procedure. The proposed methods are universal in the sense that they do not impose any restrictions on the probability distribution of the (unobserved) input sequence. It is shown that in several important cases (e.g. when the additive noise is Gaussian), the proposed criteria are essentially unaffected. >


The paper develops a simple theoretical framework in which the impact of different governance structures on management incentives, the efficiency of restructuring, and the social costs of the adjustment process in the transition period in Eastern Europe can be analyzed. The model shows that immediate privatization leads not only to strong management incentives to restructure but also to high social costs of bankruptcies and layoffs. If the government stays in control social costs will be lower. However, in this case managers face a soft budget constraint and have less incentive to restructure. The model also suggests which companies should be privatized first. J. Comp. Econom., June 1993, 17(2), pp 964-287. University of Bonn, D-531 13 Bonn, Germany.


Time-dependent partial differential equations (PDEs) are ubiquitous in science and engineering. Recently, mostly due to the high computational cost of traditional solution techniques, deep neural network based surrogates have gained increased interest. The practical utility of such neural PDE solvers relies on their ability to provide accurate, stable predictions over long time horizons, which is a notoriously hard problem. In this work, we present a large-scale analysis of common temporal rollout strategies, identifying the neglect of non-dominant spatial frequency information, often associated with high frequencies in PDE solutions, as the primary pitfall limiting stable, accurate rollout performance. Based on these insights, we draw inspiration from recent advances in diffusion models to introduce PDE-Refiner; a novel model class that enables more accurate modeling of all frequency components via a multistep refinement process. We validate PDE-Refiner on challenging benchmarks of complex fluid dynamics, demonstrating stable and accurate rollouts that consistently outperform state-of-the-art models, including neural, numerical, and hybrid neural-numerical architectures. We further demonstrate that PDE-Refiner greatly enhances data efficiency, since the denoising objective implicitly induces a novel form of spectral data augmentation. Finally, PDE-Refiner's connection to diffusion models enables an accurate and efficient assessment of the model's predictive uncertainty, allowing us to estimate when the surrogate becomes inaccurate.


A study determined sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) preference for 3 subspecies and 9 accessions of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.). The subspecies were mountain big sagebrush (A.t. ssp. vaseyana Rydb. Beetle), Wyoming big sage-brush (A.t. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young), and basin big sagebrush (A.t. ssp. tridentata Nutt.). Accessions were collected at various sites in Utah and established in a uniform garden. Eleven plants for each accession or 33 plants for each subspecies were planted at random on a 2.13-m grid for a total of 99 plants. An enclosure with a top was constructed. Six birds were captured and placed in the garden. Preference was measured by the number of bites taken during the study and by estimates of percentage of leaves eaten at the end of the study. Results, by order of preference, were mountain big sagebrush, Wyoming big sagebrush, and basin big sagebrush. Within the most preferred subspecies there was distinct preference among accessions as measured by bite counts. When the forage of preferred subspecies or accessions was exhausted, the birds readily ate other subspecies or accessions.


Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are essential for all life, and the functions of many ncRNAs depend on their secondary (2D) and tertiary (3D) structure. Despite proliferation of 2D visualisation software, there is a lack of methods for automatically generating 2D representations in consistent, reproducible, and recognisable layouts, making them difficult to construct, compare and analyse. Here we present R2DT, a comprehensive method for visualising a wide range of RNA structures in standardised layouts. R2DT is based on a library of 3,632 templates representing the majority of known structured RNAs, from small RNAs to the large subunit ribosomal RNA. R2DT has been applied to ncRNA sequences from the RNAcentral database and produced >13 million diagrams, creating the world's largest RNA 2D structure dataset. The software is freely available at https://github.com/rnacentral/R2DT and a web server is found at https://rnacentral.org/r2dt.


Purpose
This paper aims to discuss the limitations surrounding the yoghurt industry and challenges to producing a bio-yoghurt tablet. The paper looks into challenge facing the yoghurt industry, such as manufacturing and distribution, its short shelf life, heat-sensitivity and relatively heavy weight. It further looks into the selection of strains, excipients and storage conditions with special consideration towards maintaining the viability of the probiotics inside bio-yoghurt tablets. The paper also discusses yoghurt standards and definitions across various countries and suggests a more uniform standard be embraced across countries for ease of categorization and production.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is divided into a few major sections; each exploring various aspects of the yoghurt industry. Topics discussed include challenges in yoghurt production and storage; processes involved in bio-yoghurt tablet production, e.g. maximising viability, choice of excipients and more; market trends of yoghurt consumption and potential; and various food standards in countries around the world with a focus on yoghurt.

Findings
The review finds that yoghurt is a segment of the food industry with big growth potential. Most of the problems associated with yoghurt, i.e. poor shelf life, and heavy weight, can be circumvented by transforming it into a bio-yoghurt tablet. The paper further identifies food standard variations among different countries around the world which could impede yoghurt manufacture and acceptance.

Originality/value
This paper looks the various challenges surrounding the increased uptake of yoghurt, specifically in the Asian markets and suggests a viable option to overcome this problem, i.e. the use of a bio-yoghurt tablet. Should the worldwide bodies come together and agree to a universal standard involving yoghurt, the industry may see an even bigger expansion.


The neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) selectively binds and activates the N/OFQ peptide
(NOP) receptor. In cells expressing the NOP receptor N/OFQ inhibits cAMP accumulation and Ca2+
conductance and stimulates K+ currents. Via these mechanisms N/OFQ regulates several biological functions
in the central nervous system (pain, locomotion, memory, emotional responses, food intake), as well as in the
periphery (airways, cardiovascular, genitourinary and gastrointestinal systems). Several research tools
including knockout mice and NOP selective agonists and antagonists have been developed in the past and
used to investigate the role played by this peptidergic system in pathophysiology and to identify possible
therapeutic indications of NOP receptor ligands. The aim of the present study was to make available to the
scientific community novel genetic and pharmacological tools to speed up the process of target validation of
the NOP receptor.
Knockout rats for the NOP receptor gene (NOP(-/-)) have been recently generated. These animals were used
in the present study to investigate their emotional (open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming
test), locomotor (drag and rotarod test), and nociceptive (plantar and formalin test) phenotype in comparison
to NOP(+/+) littermates. The results were in line with previous findings obtained with selective NOP
receptor antagonists in mice and rats and with mouse knockout studies and indicated that the blockage of
N/OFQergic signalling elicits antidepressant and motor stimulant effects.
A detailed pharmacological characterization of novel NOP receptor non peptide ligands has been performed.
The compound GF-4 displayed high affinity and potency at recombinant human NOP receptor associated
with pure antagonist properties. This profile was confirmed in N/OFQ sensitive animal tissues. In vivo GF-4
elicited, similar to other NOP antagonists, beneficial effects in animal models of Parkinson disease. The
NOP non-peptide agonists Ro 65-6570, SCH 221510 and compound 6d were characterized in vitro using a
calcium mobilization assay and electrically stimulated mouse and rat vas deferens tissues. The results of
these studies demonstrated that Ro 65-6570 and SCH-221510 behaved as full agonists showing however
some level of NOP selectivity in rat, but not mouse, tissues. Compound 6d did not display NOP selectivity.
Finally, mixed NOP/MOP receptor agonists were generated. [Dmt1]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 was selected as the
most potent compound. The mixed NOP/MOP full agonist activity and high affinity of [Dmt1]N/OFQ(1-
13)NH2 was confirmed at human recombinant receptors in receptor and [35S]GTPgS binding studies, at rat
spinal cord receptors in [35S]GTPgS binding experiments, and at guinea pig receptors inhibiting neurogenic
contractions in the ileum. In vivo in the mouse tail withdrawal assay in mice [Dmt1]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 was
also able to elicit a robust antinociceptive effect being more potent than N/OFQ (by 30 fold) and morphine
(by 3 fold). The antinociceptive properties of spinal [Dmt1]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 were confirmed in non human
primate studies. Collectively these results demonstrate that [Dmt1]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 behaves as mixed
NOP/MOP agonist and susbtantiate the suggestion that such mixed ligands are worthy of development as
innovative spinal analgesics.


Existing evidence suggests that preferences are affected by whether a price is presented as one all-inclusive expense or partitioned into a set of mandatory charges. To explain this phenomenon, we introduce a new mechanism whereby price partitioning affects a consumer's perception of the secondary (i.e., nonfocal) benefits derived from a transaction. Four experiments support the hypothesis that a partitioned price increases the amount of attention paid to secondary attributes tagged with distinct price components. Characteristics of the offered secondary attributes such as their perceived value, relative importance, and evaluability can therefore determine whether price partitioning stimulates or hinders demand. Beyond its descriptive and prescriptive implications, this theory contributes to the emerging notion that pricing can transform, as well as capture, the utility of an offer.


This paper deals with determination of trawl gear pull-over loads on subsea pipelines by use of finite element analysis. A new contact element that handles interaction between a general 3-dimensional rigid body and a pipeline modeled by beam elements is proposed. The contact element is based on a frictionless penalty formulation, which in contrast to previous work by the authors, employs a continuous normal vector description at the contact interface.A comparison study with existing model test results was carried out to verify the performance of the contact element. The model test setup was reconstructed by a full-scale finite element model containing a trawl board, a flat frictionless seabed surface and a short pipe section. In this study several span heights were examined for both fixed and flexible support conditions. Consistent behavior with the model test was demonstrated for span heights of 3 m and 6 m with fixed support conditions.The proposed contact element performed satisfactorily in terms of computing time, and due to the continuous surface normal vector a good numerical robustness was also provided. The contact element is believed to be especially useful for pipeline pull-over scenarios outside the scope of present design codes. This can include analysis of free-spanning pipelines with high flexibility, simultaneous interference of two trawl boards and establishment of design pull-over loads caused by novel trawl gears. To expand the application area it is recommended in future work to verify, and possibly improve the contact element, for handling of subsea template pull-overs and oblique trawl gear crossings of pipelines.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


A few years ago, Hubbard (2012, 2013) presented an elegant, non-perturbative method, called concentric MacLaurin spheroid (CMS), to calculate with very high accuracy the gravitational moments of a rotating fluid body following a barotropic pressure-density relationship. Having such an accurate method is of great importance for taking full advantage of the Juno mission, and its extremely precise determination of Jupiter gravitational moments, to better constrain the internal structure of the planet. Recently, several authors have applied this method to the Juno mission with 512 spheroids linearly spaced in altitude. We demonstrate in this paper that such calculations lead to errors larger than Juno's error bars, invalidating the aforederived Jupiter models at the level required by Juno's precision. We show that, in order to fulfill Juno's observational constraints, at least 1500 spheroids must be used with a cubic, square or exponential repartition, the most reliable solutions. When using a realistic equation of state instead of a polytrope, we highlight the necessity to properly describe the outermost layers to derive an accurate boundary condition, excluding in particular a zero pressure outer condition. Providing all these constraints are fulfilled, the CMS method can indeed be used to derive Jupiter models within Juno's present observational constraints. However, we show that the treatment of the outermost layers leads to irreducible errors in the calculation of the gravitational moments and thus on the inferred physical quantities for the planet. We have quantified these errors and evaluated the maximum precision that can be reached with the CMS method in the present and future exploitation of Juno's data.


In this paper, a high efficient decoding algorithm is developed here in order to correct both erasures and errors for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes based on the Euclidean algorithm together with the Berlekamp-Massey (BM) algorithm. The new decoding algorithm computes the errata locator polynomial and the errata evaluator polynomial simultaneously without performing polynomial divisions, and there is no need for the computation of the discrepancies and the field element inversions. Also, the separate computation of the Forney syndrome needed in the decoder is completely avoided. As a consequence, the complexity of this new decoding algorithm is dramatically reduced. Finally, the new algorithm has been verified through a software simulation using C/sup ++/ language. An illustrative example of (255,239) RS code using this program shows that the speed of the decoding process is approximately three times faster than that of the inverse-free Berlekamp-Massey algorithm.


The usefulness of cell‐enclosing microcapsules in biomedical and biopharmaceutical fields is widely recognized. In this study, we developed a method enabling the preparation of microcapsules with a liquid core in one step using two enzymatic reactions, both of which consume H2O2 competitively. The microcapsule membrane prepared in this study is composed of the hydrogel obtained from an alginate derivative possessing phenolic hydroxyl moieties (Alg‐Ph). The cell‐enclosing microcapsules with a hollow core were obtained by extruding an aqueous solution of Alg‐Ph containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP), catalase, and cells into a co‐flowing stream of liquid paraffin containing H2O2. Formation of the microcapsule membrane progressed from the surface of the droplets through HRP‐catalyzed cross‐linking of Ph moieties by consuming H2O2 supplied from the ambient liquid paraffin. A hollow core structure was induced by catalase‐catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 resulting in the center region being at an insufficient level of H2O2. The viability of HeLa cells was 93.1% immediately after encapsulation in the microcapsules with about 250 µm diameter obtained from an aqueous solution of 2.5% (w/v) Alg‐Ph, 100 units mL−1 HRP, 9.1 × 104 units mL−1 catalase. The enclosed cells grew much faster than those in the microparticles with a solid core. In addition, the thickness of microcapsule membrane could be controlled by changing the concentrations of HRP and catalase in the range of 13–48 µm. The proposed method could be versatile for preparing the microcapsules from the other polymer derivatives of carboxymetylcellulose and gelatin. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1528–1534, 2013


The profitability of business organizations greatly relies on utilizing the Internet for marketing purposes. Through careful and knowledgeable use of the Internet, organizations can improve various aspects of their operations, mainly marketing. This study examines the Internet's specific impact on business organizations' marketing strategies. This study aims to enhance our understanding of how Internet usage impacts effective Internet management and its potential to boost marketing efforts for businesses in achieving their goals. The study highlights the advantages of using the Internet in business, differentiating organizations that utilize it from those that do not.
Additionally, it emphasizes how the Internet can make long-term tasks more manageable and less time-consuming. Using the Internet can take you to levels that may have once been just a fantasy since the beginning of your business. In this paper, we have used the relevant literature mainly about the effects of using the Internet for a business organization, such as gaining more customers, increasing profits, reaching an infinite limit, and finally succeeding. Marketing, Internet, business organization, customer, attract customer.


The carbonyl stretching vibration, vC=O, for cyclopentanone is in Fermi resonance with a combination tone, and the amount of Fermi resonance interaction between these two modes is dependent upon the amount of solute/solvent interaction. Correction for Fermi resonance shows that vC=O for cyclopentanone decreases in frequency by approximately 17.1 cm−1, progressing in the series of solvents from hexane through methyl alcohol. In the same series of solvents the vC=O frequency for cyclohexanone decreases in frequency by approximately 22 cm−1, progressing through the series of solvents hexane through methyl alcohol. Moreover, the vC=O mode for cyclohexanone occurs at a lower frequency than the vC=O mode for cyclopentanone (after correction for Fermi resonance) by between 26.5 and 33.2 cm−1, depending upon which particular solvent was used to dissolve cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone. The larger decrease in frequency for vC=O of cyclohexanone compared to vC=O for cyclopentanone in the same series of solvents is attributed to the fact that the (CH2)5 group contributes more electrons to the C=O group than does the (CH2)4 group. Consequently, the carbonyl group for cyclohexanone is more basic than the carbonyl group for cyclopentanone. Thus, there is a larger solute/solvent interaction in the case of cyclohexanone than in the case of cyclopentanone. The solvent acceptor numbers do not correlate well with the vC=O frequencies for either cyclohexanone or cyclopentanone (ACFFR).


Socio-spatial diversity of Marseille at the turn of the 21st century In recent years, cities have significantly changed due to globalisation processes that influence also social aspects of their functioning. Hence, immigrant inflows are observed, social segregation and polarisation significantly increase, and city space is transformed by gentrification processes. Social conflicts seem to be an integral part of the functioning of contemporary cities, what can be seen on the example of French cities. The aim of the article is to show socio-spatial diversity of Marseille, the second largest city of France, with the largest port serving as an economic and immigrant gateway to the country, and as a consequence, making the city prone to socio-spatial restructuring. The study involves the analysis of the demographic and socio-economic diversity of the city's ZUS (zones urbaines sensibles) - districts delimitated by local councils as objectives of urban policy due to social problems concentrated there. They are concentrated in the 'triangle of poverty' of Marseille. The districts highly populated by immigrants represent at the same time the highest level of deprivation. This residential segregation involves mainly Maghrebians. These foreigners overrepresented in the lowest social classes and in the poorest districts are an ethnoclass prone to ghettoisation. However, in contrast to other French cities, social conflicts that burst into riots of the banlieue were almost absent in Marseille in 2005. The reasons for this are the historically determined central location of the deprived districts and failure of the gentrification process, and the policy of local authorities.


The earliest refrigerants used were R40, R764, R717, R290 and R600a but these had drawbacks of flammability, toxicity, unpleasant smell as well as a challenge of leakage through the shaft seals of compressors. In 1931, these were replaced by CFCs and HCFCs due to safety and reliabilty concerns. However in 1986, CFCs and HCFCs were confirmed to have an ozone depleting effect and their use discouraged under the Montreal Protocol. Manufacturers responded to this call by introducing HFCs with no ozone depleting effect. Today, there is immense pressure to shift to natural refrigerants after the discovery that emission of these substances to the atmosphere contributes to atleast 20% of the greenhouse gas emissions.The use of synthetic refrigerants has led to the breakdown of strastospheric ozone molecules and emission of greenhouse gases to the atmoshere causing global warming and global climate change. Today, there is increasing pressure from legislators, business partners and consumers to seek for new methods to achieve cooling that does not depend on global warming working fluids. Therefore, companies are tasked to rethink established solutions and implement environmentally friendly yet economically sensible technologies to seize their individual eco-advantage. For that matter, the use of refrigerants free of ozone depleting and global warming characteristics in Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration continues to take a central role in measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.This study aimed at investigating the application of environmentally friendly solutions in refrigeration applications of Uganda with major emphasis on natural refrigerants. This was accomplished by ascertaining the current status of refrigeration in the country as well as computer simulation modelling of the available systems and comparison of the results with those of recommended systems. A field study was carried out to assess the current status of refrigeration in the country i.e refrigerants used and the type of systems currently in use. It was found that synthetic refrigerants predominate and the systems currently installed are single stage, vapor compression.Operating parameters of these systems were then measured and models of these systems developed using EES software and their efficiencies determined. Furthermore, models were developed and proposed for each sector using an appropriate natural refrigerant and efficiencies determined. Comparisons were then made with installed systems and it was found that natural refrigerants offer a promising solution in the refrigeration applications of Uganda and should be adopted for energy, safety and environmental issues. However, for this transition to be realized, there is need to create awareness in industry as well as the government taking the lead in the development of a phase out plan with support from industry and research institutions.


The Emotional Dysregulation Scale-Short Form (EDS-S) may have potential for assessing emotional dysregulation (ED) both in general clinical mental health environments and in specialised work settings. Before it can be used fairly and appropriately, evidence of its validity in the local South African (SA) context is required. This study thus explored its psychometric characteristics among local working adult samples by pursuing three specific objectives, namely, to investigate its structural validity, its construct validity, and issues around practical use (e.g. priming bias and ability to predict performance). Data were collected across four samples that comprised general workers and specialised naval personnel (total N = 1374), who also completed measures of clinical mental health and other adjustment difficulties. Statistical analysis included examination of socio-demographic effects, internal consistencies, confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance, and associations with measures of mental health and adjustment difficulties (including binomial logistic regressions and receiver operating/operator characteristics curve analyses). This study reported evidence of structural and criterion validity, with significant associations to measures of mental health and adjustment difficulties, for the 12-item EDS-S in non-clinical samples of SA workers. The study further provided preliminary support for its predictive utility in specialised work environments. Preliminary evidence of validity of the EDS-S in SA worker samples with sufficient English proficiency was demonstrated.Contribution: There is some support for the use of the EDS-S in clinical research and applied practise. However, caution must be observed for possible effects of language proficiency and further research into the role of language is required.


Summary form only given. The behavior of electrodes operated with alternating currents in ceramic metal halide lamps containing Hg+NaTlDy-iodide has been investigated experimentally. Transparent YAG lamp tubes have been used to perform phase resolved measurements of the electrode temperature and Dy-densities in dependence on the cold-spot temperature of the salt filling. The electrode temperature is measured by pyrometry along its axis executed with a spectrograph. It is used to determine the power loss of the electrode. The Dy-density in front of the electrode is measured spectroscopically using absolute Dy-line intensities and taking into account the plasma temperature, which is deduced from Hg-line measurements assuming LTE. It was found that a doping of a mercury lamp with Dy-iodide generates a so called "gas-phase emitter effect" for direct current operation, which reduces the effective work function and thereby lowers the power losses of the cathode even in combination with NaI and TlI salt fillings. Recently it was shown that the emitter effect of Dy is in part diminished for switched-DC operation with f>10 Hz in NaTlDy-lamps. It is caused by a cathaphoretic accumulation of Na which hampers the Dy-emitter as well as by the long time constants for the formation of a Dy-monolayer which is required for the emitter effect. While operating lamps with different salt mixtures and changing the Dy-particle densities by influencing externally the cold-spot temperature, apparently a different type of arc attachment on the electrode, a so called "emitter-spot", was observed. It is less constricted than the well known spot, which is mainly defined by the electrode-geometry and current density. The emitter spot is induced by high densities of the Dy-emitter which forms a localized monolayer on the electrode surface. The formation and the effect of this emitter-spot will be further investigated for dysprosium and also for other rare earth elements.


The development of an optical skin-tissue phantom can be useful in accelerating and optimizing the diagnosis of suspected lesions of the skin tissue. In fact, benign melanocytic lesions are different, in terms of diffuse reflectance, from that of melanoma. Diffuse reflectance of skin pigmented lesions depends on the amount and distribution of the absorbing/diffusing cromophores, mainly haemoglobin and melanin, embedded in the skin layers. In an attempt to correlate the thickness to the dangerousness of the lesion, phantoms able to simulate the diffuse reflectance of some lesions with different thickness have been developed and used to validate an inhouse developed survey instrument potentially useful to the dermatologist to evaluate the dangerousness of a pigmented skin tissue lesion. The basic material for lesions and skin-like phantoms is a poly(vinyl alcohol) - PVA transparent hydrogel in which appropriate amounts of optical scatterers have been added extraneously at the time of formation, to achieve the tunability of optical properties. Liquid India ink has been used to simulate the melanin and all the other cromophores. Slabs were prepared to mimic lesions with different thicknesses. The optical properties of tissue phantoms have been determined in the visible and near-infrared spectral range by using a conveniently purpose-modified digital camera.


There is a good deal of information concerning nonspecific mesenteric lymphadenitis in this book, but it is difficult to acquire. This is not so much because of the language, which will often appear somewhat strange to American readers (as an example, "ganglion" is not applied to masses or groups of lymph nodes in this country), but rather to the disorganized and repetitive nature of the material. Statements are made in an isolated fashion, and references (all cited by name in the text and without number in the list of references) often are given out of chronological order. The habit of listing bits of information as single sentences begun with a hyphen, a style employed frequently (pp 63, 80, 106, 119, and many others) gives the impression of transcription of lecture notes rather than an attempt at integrated writing. The information is repeated under different headings, which tends to confuse and


On the night of April 20, 2017, there was a heavy rain in Longyan City, accompanied by strong convective weather such as strong lightning, short-term heavy precipitation, and 6 - 8 thunderstorms. The three-hour rain intensity and the six-hour rain intensity of Shanghang Tongxian Township and Nanyang Town were once in a century. Through the use of radar, radar wind profile and lightning locator data, the process can be divided into two phases: The first stage is the strong precipitation stage of Changting Datong Town during the 20 - 22 periods on the 20th. The process is accompanied by short-term heavy precipitation (59.7 mm/h), strong lightning activity, and 6 - 8 thunderstorm gales. It is a convective cold cloud dominated precipitation. The second stage is the strong precipitation stage of Shanghang Tongxian Township on the 21st, 02 - 04, and the short-term strong precipitation intensity reaches 75.7 mm/h, but the lightning and wind activity are weak, which is the convective warm cloud-oriented precipitation. There are significant differences in the strong convective weather between the two phases in the same background. The analysis shows that the strong echo of the first stage radar (above 60 dBz) is block-shaped southward, the speed of movement is fast, the height of the echo top is high, and the rear nascent monomer forms a train effect. In the second stage, the southwest-northeast-oriented convective zone moves to the northeast direction, forming the train effect of the echo zone. The center intensity is above 50 dBz, the echo top height is low, and the precipitation center moves slowly. This caused a large amount of accumulated rainfall. In this paper, the radar data is used to analyze the heavy rainfall process on the west coast of the straits, which has certain indication significance for the predictability of strong convective weather.


Gives an analysis of and recommendations for the future of the Internet. We need a fully developed Internet to give us competition, deregulation, economic growth, social change, high productivity and new, record sales of hardware and software. The author wants to see the Internet grow everywhere in the USA, with access for poor and rich, seniors and children, English and non-English speakers alike. He also wants to see the Internet provide a key answer to the problem of competition in the local telephone markets.