In the Dallas quadrangle, the Eagle Ford shale and Austin chalk, both Upper Cretaceous, are concealed over about 30% of the area by alluvial deposits of the Trinity River. The late Cenozoic history of the area has been one of progressive uplift with alternate episodes of channeling and fillin.l!' along the Trinity and its tributaries. As a result, three and possibly four ancient floodplains now stand as terraces bordering the bottom-lands. The names and respective heights of these terraces above the Trinity River flood plain are as follows: Marsalis, 110 feet; Love Field, 70 feet; Travis School, 60 feet; and Union Terminal, 35 feet. The Marsalis, Love Field, and Union Terminal terraces are well defined benches, but the Travis School terrace is poorly developed, and consequently, its relative age has not been satisfactorily determined. In this connection there are three possible alterna-tives. It may be merely a dissected portion of the Love Field terrace. Or it may represent a distinct terrace intermediate in age between the Love Field and Union Terminal. Finally it may be an alluvial fan of Turtle and adjacent creeks, possibly built out upon the Union Terminal level. Of these three possibilities, the first seems the most probable.


Abstract Polymer-based organic solar cells are of great interest as they can be produced with low-cost techniques and also have many interesting features such as flexibility, graded transparency, easy integration, and lightness. However, conventional wide bandgap polymers used for the light-absorbing layer significantly affect the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells because they collect sunlight in a given spectrum range and due to their limited stability. Therefore, in this study, polymers with different bandgaps were used, which could allow for the production of more stable and efficient organic solar cells: P3HT as the wide bandgap polymer, and PTB7 and PCDTBT as low bandgap polymers. These polymers with different bandgaps were combined with PCBM to obtain increased efficiency and optimum photoactive layer in the organic solar cell. The obtained devices were characterized by measuring optical, photoelectrical, and morphological properties. Solar cells using the PTB7 and PCDTBT polymers had more rough surfaces than the reference cell using P3HT. The use of low-bandgap polymers improved Isc significantly, and when combined with P3HT, a higher Voc was obtained.


This paper is about the study on signal processing of electrocardiogram (ECG) using basic functions extracted by independent component analysis (ICA). The study assumed ECG signals were mixed signals that combined various source signals linearly and used 12 channel signals at sampling rate of 600Hz. Using Independent Component Analysis (ICA), basis functions were extracted that could isolate and detect source signals of ECG signals QRS complex, P wave, T wave and so on. By applying extracted basis functions to normal and abnormal waveforms, it provided the feature points necessary for diagnosis and separating normal and abnormal signals. It not only showed the method to resolve the problem that signals with specific frequencies were hardly isolated in the ECG signal processing using a wavelet transformation technique, but also indicated ICA could be a useful technique in the ECG signal analysis.


It's time to follow three new golden rules Matching the right risks with the right remedies and the right owners Corporate environmental liabilities in the United States now stand at more than $250 billion. Many remain hidden on balance sheets, only to emerge as surprising and painful charges against earnings. Despite the scale of the problem, most corporations do not manage the environment as an integral part of their everyday activities. Because of legal and technical complexities and the emotional and public relations baggage associated with environmental matters, basic business principles are rarely applied to environmental risks. Instead, the facile mantra of "zero risk, zero violations" echoes in corporate boardrooms across the land. As a result, environmental liabilities are managed piecemeal by lawyers and engineers who lack the training, tools, and incentives to tackle them systematically. This need not be the case. The solutions to risk management issues are multiplying, permitting unprecedented discretion, flexibility, and effectiveness in the management of risk. The benefits of using the new tools and taking a systematic approach to managing environmental risk are huge. A typical oil or chemical company can avoid creating new liabilities and see its current ones fall by 20 to 40 percent. We believe them are three basic rules for developing integrated environmental risk management: * Rule 1: Focus on risk, not liability (invest in the right risk) * Rule 2: Choose your weapons carefully (invest in the right remedy) * Rule 3: Don't keep it all to yourself (find the right owner). Let's consider how these three rules operate in a hypothetical case: the Goodoil company. Goodoil is active in oil exploration, refining, and distribution. Its pipeline division has a portfolio of over 100 remediation sites, ranging from simple storage tank leaks to potentially disastrous large spills into high-flow aquifers. In response to recent legal action, top management has issued a call for a comprehensive assessment of liabilities and an action plan for wiping out existing liabilities and moving toward a "zero spill" operating environment. Rule 1: Focus on risk, not liability Influenced by lawyers and engineers, many companies focus their efforts on those sites with the greatest liabilities. As we will see, this doesn't make much sense. Such sites are often the poorest candidates for investigation and investment. A better approach is to target risk, not liability, and to look at two criteria: the possibility that a liability might escalate in scope and cost, and the availability of efficient solutions. Goodoil would do better, for instance, to spend its resources on a $500,000 problem that is rapidly worsening - because physical contamination is spreading, legal standards are becoming stricter, or lawsuits are being filed - than on a $10,000,000 site that is essentially stable. Segmenting Goodoil's environmental portfolio in line with Exhibit 1 yields the following hierarchy of sites: Immediate remediation (act while you study). Goodoil's portfolio includes several sites that qualify for immediate remediation: the potential for cost escalation is high and efficient solutions are available. Consider a site where two pumps are leaking small amounts of refined gasoline close to waterways and community wells. The damage could be considerable, but the solution is straightforward: build berms around the pumps, and excavate as necessary. In a handful of urban sites, the cost of immediate remediation is dwarfed by the benefits, setting the stage for an accelerated remediation approach. Many companies fail to act on cases like this because no regulatory or shareholder pressure is being brought to bear, and budgets have little room for discretionary expenditure. Yet these are the only sites that must be dealt with immediately; money spent here is earned back many times oven To characterize sites in this way can steer regulators away from mandating endless remediation of sites that pose no change in health risk, and toward the far more productive reduction of genuine risk. …


The antioxidant properties of glutathione (GSH) and their relevance to oxidative stress induced pathological states such as Alzheimer's disease is well-established. The utility of GSH itself as a pharmacotherapeutic agent for such disorders is limited because of the former's lability to breakdown through amide cleavage by the ubiquitous enzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT). In the present study, a GSH analogue, Ψ-GSH, where the γ-glutamylcysteine amide linkage is replaced with a ureide linkage, was synthesized. Ψ-GSH was found to be stable toward γ-GT mediated breakdown. Ψ-GSH fulfilled four cardinal properties of GSH, namely, traversing across the blood brain barrier (BBB) via the GSH active uptake machinery, replacing GSH in the glyoxalase-I mediated detoxification of methylglyoxal, protecting cells against chemical oxidative insult, and finally lowering the cytotoxicity of amyloid-β peptide. These results validate Ψ-GSH as a viable metabolically stable replacement for GSH and establish it as a potential preclinical candidate for treatment of oxidative stress mediated pathology.


This paper aims at studying the band gap phenomena of three-dimensional phononic crystals using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and a PC cluster system. In the paper, Bloch's theorem is applied to the wave equation and to the boundary conditions of the periodic structure. We calculate the variations of displacements and take discrete Fourier transform to acquire the resonances of the structures. Then, the dispersion relations of the bulk acoustic wave can be obtained and the band gaps are predicted accordingly. On the other hand, because of larger data calculation in three-dimensional phononic crystals, we introduce the PC cluster system and parallel FDTD programs written with respect to the architecture of a PC cluster system. Finally, we discuss the numerical calculation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional phononic crystals consisting of steel/epoxy and draw conclusions regarding the band gap phenomena between these phononic crystals.


Since year 2017, radio telescopes of Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre (VIRAC)
are used to study intra-day and inter-day variability of various types of active galactic nuclei
(AGN). These studies are based on a generalization of the results of a 40-year monitoring of
extragalactic radio sources flux conducted by Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory in the
USA using wavelet and Fourier analysis performed at Odessa Observatory of the Radio
Astronomy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Ukraine. On this basis, a
catalogue for the properties of the variability of extragalactic radio sources was created. The
extension of the temporal spectrum of flux changes to inter-diurnal and diurnal scales is carried
out with the help of VIRAC radio telescopes RT-32 and RT-16 respectively with 32- and 16-meter
antennas. The intra-day variability of the calibration source 3C295 (Type 2 Seyfert Galaxy) is
detected and preliminary results presented in the paper for discussion. Several other radio sources
(3C 273, 3C 454.3, OJ 287, BL Lac) are suspected to have variability of such type and are
scheduled for monitoring observations as well. The paper discusses possibility of observing these
promising objects during VLBI sessions by EVN and parallel long-term total flux monitoring with
VIRAC antennas. The temporal changes in flux linked with VLBI maps opens opportunity to
determine the nature of the physical processes that form fast flux changes of various types of
active galactic nuclei.


In this work we study the dynamics of double subduction systems with opposite polarity in adjacent segments. A combined approach of numerical and analog experiments allows us to compare results and exploit the strengths of both methodologies. High‐resolution numerical experiments complement laboratory results by providing quantities difficult to measure in the laboratory such as stress state, flow patterns, and energy dissipation. Results show strong asymmetries in the mantle flow that produce in turn asymmetries in the trench and in the downgoing slab deformation. The mantle flow pattern varies with time; the toroidal cells between the plates evolve until merging into one unique cell when the trenches align. In that moment the maximum upward flow is observed close to the trenches. The interaction between the mantle flow produced by each subducting plate makes the rollback processes slower than in a single subduction case. This is consistent with the observed energy dissipation rate that is smaller in the double subduction system than in two single subductions. Moreover, we provide a detailed analysis on the setup and boundary conditions required to numerically reproduce the analog experiments. Boundary conditions at the bottom of the domain are crucial to reproduce their analog counterparts. Numerical results are compared to natural examples of multi‐slab subduction systems in terms of upper mantle seismic anisotropy, relative trench retreat velocities, and composition of subduction‐related magmatism.


The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between psychological capital, psychological well-being and job satisfaction of teachers. The research is a descriptive study in relational screening model. The research model includes three variables; one independent variable (psychological capital) and other two dependent variables (job satisfaction and psychological well-being). In the structural model, job satisfaction variable may also be expressed as mediator variable. The study population consists of 12714 teachers working in official secondary schools in seven central districts in Ankara Province in 2017-2018 academic year. Sample of the population is selected by multi-stage sampling method. Stratified sampling method is used in the first stage and simple random sampling method is used in the second stage. Sample size is calculated as at least 384 teachers. In the research, Psychological Capital Scale developed by Luthans, Youssef & Avolio (2007b); Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire developed by Weiss, Dawis, Lofquist & England (1967) and Psychological Well-Being Scale developed by Ryff (1989) were used as data collection tools. Scales which are pre-implemented within the scope of the research yielded valid and reliable results. Data analysis was done with SPSS 23.0 and LISREL 8.87 statistics software packages. According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that teachers' psychological capital perception was "good" and their job satisfaction and psychological well-being are "high". According to the results of the analysis by means of structural equality modelling, it was determined that teachers' psychological capital perception affects their job satisfaction and psychological well-being levels positively and predicts them significantly; and it was also determined that job satisfaction has a partial mediator role in the relationship between teachers' psychological capital perception and their psychological well-being.


Open crop residue burning is one of the major sources of air pollutants including the precursors of photooxidants like ozone and secondary organic aerosol. We made measurements of trace gases including nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) in a rural area in central East China in June 2010. During the campaign, we identified six biomass burning events in total through the simultaneous enhancement of carbon monoxide and acetonitrile. Four cases represented fresh plumes (<2 h after emission), and two cases represented aged plumes (>3 h after emission), as determined by photochemical age. While we were not able to quantify formic acid, we identified an enhancement of major oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) as well as low molecular alkanes and alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons in these plumes. The observed normalized excess mixing ratios (NEMRs) of OVOCs and alkenes showed dependence on air mass age, even in fresh smoke plumes, supporting the view that these species are rapidly produced and destructed, respectively, during plume evolution. Based on the NEMR data in the fresh plumes, we calculated the emission factors (EFs) of individual NMVOC. The comparison to previous reports suggests that the EFs of formaldehyde and acetic acid have been overestimated, while those of alkenes have been underestimated. Finally, we suggest that open burning of wheat residue in China releases about 0.34 Tg NMVOCs annually. If we applied the same EFs to all crops, the annual NMVOC emissions would be 2.33 Tg. The EFs of speciated NMVOCs can be used to improve the existing inventories.


Utricularia is a genus of carnivorous plants that capture a wide range of aquatic organisms. Most of these plants grow in environments with nutrients deficiency and have the ability to change the conditions of their microenvironment. The aim of this research was to study the selectivity in the zooplankton capture by Utricularia foliosa in the Cienaga de Paredes. Our study was undertaken between February and November, 2014. We tried to determine if there is selection in the plant's food resources by the Czekanowski's index, and the selection degree by the Savage and Ivlev's indexes. Additionally, we studied the possible relationship between the patterns of zooplankton capture and selection, with physicochemical variables in the swamp. The Czekanowski's index showed a food selection in plant resources throughout the flood pulse, with values between 0.28 and 0.41. We also found a significant positive selection with Savage's index for Lecane sp., Alona sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., and Bosmina sp. (p < 0.05); similar results were obtained with Ivlev's index. The intensity in the selection of each captured genus varied significantly between hydrological periods and between high and low water levels in the swamp. It was possible to identify some changes in the ammonia and nitrate concentration and some variability in the electric conductivity of the swamp, which influenced the captures made by U. foliosa. This is the first paper that allows an approach to understand the selection of food resources for the species, using a selectivity index, and one of the few for the genus.


In today's Information Age, we work under the constant drive to be more productive. Unsurprisingly, we progress towards being an AI-augmented workforce where we are augmented by AI assistants and collaborate with each other (and their AI assistants) at scale. In the context of humans, a human language suffices to describe and orchestrate our intents (and corresponding actions) with others. This, however, is clearly insufficient in the context of humans and machines. To achieve this, communication across a network of different humans and machines is crucial. With this objective, our research scope covers and presents a type theoretic framework and language built upon type theory (a branch of symbolic logic in mathematics), to enable the collaboration within a network of humans and AI assistants. While the idea of human-machine or human-computer collaboration is not new, to the best of our knowledge, we are one of the first to propose the use of type theory to orchestrate and describe human-machine collaboration. In our proposed work, we define a fundamental set of type theoretic rules and abstract functions Group and Assign to achieve the type theoretic description, composition and orchestration of intents and implementations for an AI-augmented workforce.


This paper is a contribution to the debate in England about the new Coalition Government's plans to encourage interested parties to set up so-called Free Schools. In developing this policy, the new Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, has said he was influenced by the introduction of Charter Schools in the USA and Free Schools in Sweden. This paper argues that, in order to understand how free schools in Sweden operate, it is paramount to see them in the context of the Swedish school system of which they are an integral part. The paper presents findings from research on the performance of Swedish free schools and discusses the evolution of Swedish educational policy leading up to their establishment.


$t$-core partitions have played important roles in the theory of partitions and related areas. In this survey, we briefly summarize interesting and important results on $t$-cores from classical results like how to obtain a generating function to recent results like simultaneous cores. Since there have been numerous studies on $t$-cores, it is infeasible to survey all the interesting results. Thus, we mainly focus on the roles of $t$-cores in number theoretic aspects of partition theory. This includes the modularity of $t$-core partition generating functions, the existence of $t$-core partitions, asymptotic formulas and arithmetic properties of $t$-core partitions, and combinatorial and number theoretic aspects of simultaneous core partitions. We also explain some applications of $t$-core partitions, which include relations between core partitions and self-conjugate core partitions, a $t$-core crank explaining Ramanujan's partition congruences, and relations with class numbers.


Time and again, disasters bring forth various challenges concerning risk communication, disaster-resilient infrastructure, last-mile delivery, disaster reporting, etc. These challenges often highlight the existing gap between research and academicians, and the policymakers and practitioners. Secondly, it brings forth the lack of adequate collaboration among experts and practitioners of different fields. Most of these challenges require innovative and low-cost solutions catering to local and contextualized problems, and calls for a multi- and transdisciplinary approach and collaboration.
With this vision, amidst the current pandemic of COVID-19, Resilience Innovation Knowledge Academy (RIKA) India, Indo-Japan Laboratory (Keio University, Japan) and four partnering universities have launched the Social Innovation Online Hackathon (SIOH) 2020. SIOH aims to provide a unique virtual platform to student innovators and mission-driven entrepreneurs from different fields like architecture, engineering, disaster management, etc., to collaborate and develop innovative solutions for tackling the pandemic and future disasters.
The paper aims to introduce SIOH and its four-step process as a tool of multi-disciplinary collaboration to promote innovation for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Besides the critical outcomes of the SIOH, the paper seeks to flag some indirect positive impacts of such an exercise. Among others, these include, firstly, the introduction of the field of DRR to academicians and practitioners of other sectors, thereby paving the way for its mainstreaming in other sectors. Secondly, such an exercise involving young students envisages to invoke a spirit of inquiry and innovation, which is crucial for bringing social change. Thirdly, it highlights the critical role of proper sectoral mentorship in handholding the young innovators in their journey of building resilient societies.


In the area of digital commerce and the Internet, the article looks at security as a risk management proposition. The core theme of risk management is to forego perfection and instead make tradeoffs (potentially messy), in pursuit of goal states. Security is not an end but a means, not a product but a process. The question is only what tradeoffs to make.


Fruit quality traits are the result of genetic, agronomic and environmental factors that, alone or in combination, modulate metabolic processes during both pre- and post-harvest phases and affect fruit development and ripening processes. Productivity, size and organoleptic quality should be the main quality criteria adopted by fruit growers: in this context, harvesting time is crucial. Too early harvested fruit may be stored for a long time but their flavour quality is low, whereas late harvested fruit are of better quality but do not withstand long storage periods and theirs shelf-life is reduced. This is particularly true for peaches and nectarines characterized by a quick ripening evolution and a reduced aptitude to prolonged storage: this induces growers to anticipate harvesting and represents the main constraints for supplying high-quality standard level peaches to the consumers. Elucidating mechanisms and basic processes characterizing ripening and responsible for the evolution of quality parameters is the prerequisite to develop strategies aimed to produce high-quality fruit and to maintain these standards throughout the postharvest chain. In climacteric fruit, including peaches, ethylene is a key factor in coordinating and regulating the evolution of several processes characterizing the ripening syndrome. Thus, studying aspects related to ethylene action has been a challenge during the last few decades. Improvements of the basic knowledge of ethylene physiology also came from the identification of specific inhibitors of its biosynthesis and/or action, and from the use of mutants. The development of highthroughput molecular tools (i.e. microarray) and functional genomics approaches represent a great opportunity for a better understanding of the ripening process and the basic mechanisms governing quality-related metabolisms in fruit. Considering peach, the first step toward a functional approach is represented by the development of an Expressed Sequences Tag (ESTs) repertoire, that, together with other ESTs isolated by other units and available in public databases, allowed to select 4806 oligos, corresponding to an equal number of genes expressed in peach fruit, and construct the first peach microarray (?PEACH 1.0). ?PEACH 1.0 has been used to study the effects of exogenous ethylene on different peach genotypes, a "melting flesh" cv and two ripening mutants, Slow Ripening (SR) and Stony Hard (SH). Microarray analysis revealed marked differences in transcript profiling possibly related to the nature of mutation and differences in ethylene physiology. SH fruit has also been used for expression analyses of two elements involved in the ethylene signalling pathway. Besides mutants, specific inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and/or action represent invaluable tools for elucidating the ethylene role in the ripening process. One of the most powerful inhibitor of ethylene function is 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) that is practically used on different fruit species, but not on peaches, to prolong shelf-life. Using ?PEACH 1.0, a large-scale analysis of transcriptome has been performed on nectarine fruit treated with 1-MCP in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the limited effect of the inhibitor on this climacteric fruit species. At the end of the treatment (24h) and 48h hours later, a number of genes involved in quality-related ripening processes (such as softening, sugar metabolism and colour development) appeared to be deeply modified in their expression. Changes in the expression profile of Transcription Factors related to ethylene and auxin action confirmed the importance of "cross-talk" between the two hormones in the modulation of the ripening process in peach. In the context of a functional genomics, three different genes (two from peach and one from tomato), identified following transcriptomics approaches, have been used for transgenic experiments in tomato plants.


Location based services are widely used to access location information such as nearest ATMs and hospitals. These services are accessed by sending location queries containing user's current location to the Location based service(LBS) server. LBS server can retrieve the the current location of user from this query and misuse it, threatening his privacy. In security critical application like defense, protecting location privacy of authorized users is a critical issue. This paper describes the design and implementation of a solution to this privacy problem, which provides location privacy to authorized users and preserve confidentiality of data in LBS server. Our solution is a two stage approach, where first stage is based on Oblivious transfer and second stage is based on Private information Retrieval. Here the whole service area is divided into cells and location information of each cell is stored in the server in encrypted form. The user who wants to retrieve location information will create a clocking region(a subset of service area), containing his current location and generate a query embedding it. Server can only identify the user is somewhere in this clocking region, so user's security can be improved by increasing the size of the clocking region. Even if the server sends the location information of all the cells in the clocking region, user can decrypt service information only for the user's exact location, so confidentiality of server data will be preserved.


Business Intelligence solutions are key to enable industrial organisations (either manufacturing or construction) to remain competitive in the market. These solutions are achieved through analysis of data which is collected, retrieved and re-used for prediction and classification purposes. However many sources of industrial data are not being fully utilised to improve the business processes of the associated industry. It is generally left to the decision makers or managers within a company to take effective decisions based on the information available throughout product design and manufacture or from the operation of business or production processes. Substantial efforts and energy are required in terms of time and money to identify and exploit the appropriate information that is available from the data. Data Mining techniques have long been applied mainly to numerical forms of data available from various data sources but their applications to analyse semi-structured or unstructured databases are still limited to a few specific domains. The applications of these techniques in combination with Text Mining methods based on statistical, natural language processing and visualisation techniques could give beneficial results. Text Mining methods mainly deal with document clustering, text summarisation and classification and mainly rely on methods and techniques available in the area of Information Retrieval (IR). These help to uncover the hidden information in text documents at an initial level. This paper investigates applications of Text Mining in terms of Textual Data Mining (TDM) methods which share techniques from IR and data mining. These techniques may be implemented to analyse textual databases in general but they are demonstrated here using examples of Post Project Reviews (PPR) from the construction industry as a case study. The research is focused on finding key single or multiple term phrases for classifying the documents into two classes i.e. good information and bad information documents to help decision makers or project managers to identify key issues discussed in PPRs which can be used as a guide for future project management process.


A prototype solution for continuously determining the current level of danger in traffic at different locations has been developed, based on event detection on a stream of Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) data. Detection of abrupt braking events from Cooperative awareness messages (CAMs) was chosen in order to provide a proof-of-concept of the solution, and an algorithm for the detection of such events has been constructed. Datasets were generated in real-life traffic in order to tune and evaluate the algorithm. This shows potential, but the algorithm suffers from a lack of larger volumes of data that is needed in order to train it for higher accuracy. Abrupt braking events are combined with pre-detected Decentralized environmental notification message (DENM) events through a system of relative weighting based on a measure of event severity. The spatial and temporal characteristics of traffic events have been modeled mathematically, providing a way to express their effect dynamically on a map in real-time. The full solution has been implemented in Python, as a series of modules that effectively divide the full problem into intuitive subtasks that can be developed and tested independently. The solution regularly outputs a list of dangerous locations and their calculated level of danger, which can be used as an input to other systems. Additionally, a way to visualize the incoming data, important intermediary results and the final output has been implemented, which, among other things, allows a human operator a clear view of the current level of danger in traffic at all times.


When Escherichia coli cells are transferred from 30 degrees C to 42 degrees C, transcription from specific promoters recognized by RNA polymerase containing sigma 32 (the rpoH gene product) is transiently activated, resulting in induction of heat shock proteins. Transcription from heat shock promoters is activated by an increased cellular concentration of sigma 32 due to enhanced synthesis and stabilization. We have constructed and examined the expression of mutant derivatives (deletions and base substitutions) of rpoH-lacZ gene fusion. Synthesis of a sigma 32-beta-galactosidase fusion protein was found to be regulated at the translational level involving two distinct 5'-proximal rpoH coding regions. A small region immediately downstream of the initiation codon is required for potentially high-level expression, whereas a much larger internal region is required for thermal regulation--namely, repression at low temperature or nonstress conditions. The two mRNA regions act as positive and negative cis elements, respectively, in controlling rpoH translation. We propose that an interplay between these RNA regions involving secondary structure formation is important in regulating translation initiation and that transient disruption of secondary structure represents a primary step of the heat shock response.


This article explores the role of inflation expectations in the conduct of monetary policy. It reviews the various measures of inflation expectations used by central banks, including surveys and market-based indicators, and considers their advantages and disadvantages. It examines the critical role of inflation expectations in the framework that central banks use to understand, forecast, and control inflation. It also looks at their role as an indicator of central bank credibility. The behaviour of inflation expectations over the past two years is analyzed and policy conclusions are offered.


In the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States of America and the British colonies of settlement in Australia shared the experience of gold rushes and the arrival of large numbers of immigrants including the Chinese. In both countries, the long-term impact of European imperialist expansion from the sixteenth century and the Anglo-Saxon dominance of the nineteenth-century world was inseparable from a wealth of explanatory theories about ethnicity in which culture, religion, and race contributed to a major (if unsubstantiated) corpus of evidence shared by the Anglo-Americans. The discovery of gold in 1847 in California (Gum San, Chin Shan—Gold Mountain) was followed by the 1854 gold rush to Victoria, Australia (Dai Gum San, Hsin Chin Shan—New Gold Mountain). The similarity of names indicates how close the connection was in Chinese minds at the time. This paper discusses one little-known aspect of the triangular relationship between China, America, and Australia during the second half of the nineteenth century—attempts by Protestant Christians to evangelize the Chinese immigrants. Hannis, Grant, "A Comparative Analysis of Nineteenth-Century Californian and New Zealand Newspaper Representations of Chinese Gold Miners,: pp 248-273 in Journal of American-East Asian Relations, Vol 18, (2011).


Background: Screening for cervical cancer improves outcome. This comes at an economic price which some may not be able to afford. Objective: To evaluate the influence of user fees on the utilization of cervical cancer screening services in Port Harcourt. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study of clients presenting for cervical cancer screening. Data on the number, socio-demographic characteristics, distance from screening center following 1 month of free cancer screening and 7 months of user fee introduction, was collated and analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Results are presented in percentages, tables and charts with test of significance set at P < 0.05. Results: Of the 167 women who presented for cervical cancer screening during the study period, the mean age was 42.08 ± 8.9 years and range was 20–70 years. The average parity of patients was 2.83 ± 2.24. Clients' utilization of cervical cancer screening facilities was negatively affected by the introduction of user fees P < 0.001). There is no association between the distance of patients' home from the hospital and the utilization of facility (X2 = 0.24, P = 0.887). There was sustained decrease in number of clients with the introduction of fees. Conclusion: The introduction of user fees had a negative impact on the utilization of cervical cancer screening facilities. Eradicating user fee and improving the socioeconomic status of patients may improve the utilization of screening services.


We consider the problem of rover relocalization in the context of the notional Mars Sample Return campaign. In this campaign, a rover (R1) needs to be capable of autonomously navigating and localizing itself within an area of approximately ${50} \times {50}\,{\rm m}$ using reference images collected years earlier by another rover (R0). We propose a visual localizer that exhibits robustness to the relatively barren terrain that we expect to find in relevant areas, and to large lighting and viewpoint differences between R0 and R1. The localizer synthesizes partial renderings of a mesh built from reference R0 images and matches those to R1 images. We evaluate our method on a dataset totaling 2160 images covering the range of expected environmental conditions (terrain, lighting, approach angle). Experimental results show the effectiveness of our approach. This work informs the Mars Sample Return campaign on the choice of a site where Perseverance (R0) will place a set of sample tubes for future retrieval by another rover (R1).


Since the Virgo cluster is the closest galaxy cluster in the northern hemisphere, galaxy interactions can be observed in it at kiloparsec resolution. The spiral galaxy NGC 4388 underwent a ram-pressure stripping event ∼200 Myr ago caused by its highly eccentric orbit within the Virgo cluster. This galaxy fulfills all diagnostic criteria for having undergone active ram-pressure stripping in the recent past: it has a strongly truncated HI and Hα disk, an asymmetric ridge of polarized radio continuum emission, extended extraplanar gas toward the opposite side of the ridge of polarized radio continuum emission, and has undergone a recent (a few hundred million years ago) quenching of its star formation activity in the outer, gas-free galactic disk. We made dynamical simulations of the ram-pressure stripping event to investigate the influence of galactic structure on the observed properties of NGC 4388. The combination of a deep optical spectrum of the outer gas-free region of the galactic disk together with deep HI, Hα, far-ultraviolet, and polarized radio continuum data allows us to constrain numerical simulations to derive the temporal ram-pressure profile, the three-dimensional velocity vector of the galaxy, and the time since peak ram pressure with a high level of confidence. From the simulations, an angle between the ram-pressure wind and the galactic disk of 30° is derived. The galaxy underwent peak ram pressure ∼240 Myr ago. The observed asymmetries in the disk of NGC 4388 are not caused by the present action of ram pressure, but by the resettling of gas that has been pushed out of the galactic disk during the ram-pressure stripping event. For the detailed reproduction of multi-wavelength observations of a spiral galaxy that undergoes or underwent a ram-pressure stripping event, galactic structure, such as spiral arms for example, must be taken into account.


This paper investigates how individual perceptions and attitudes about an organization influence multitasking behaviors in the workplace. While we know that individuals' behaviors are influenced by the characteristics of their organizations (e.g., ICTs, physical layout), we still do not know much about how the way individuals interpret their organization influences their multitasking behaviors. We first hypothesize that individual perceptions of organizational preferences for multitasking (i.e. organizational polychronicity) have impacts on actually enacted multitasking behaviors. We also hypothesize that the attachment to the organization (i.e. organizational identification) moderates the above relationship. We conducted a mixed method study in two knowledge intensive organizations and collected data through a survey, diaries, and semi-structured interviews. Our findings support the first hypothesis but not the moderating role of organizational identification. However, this latter seems to be directly related on how much a person is willing to work on different activities, but not on how much she interrupts others or accepts being interrupted. Further, our study suggests that not only the organizational context should be investigated in the study of multitasking behaviors, but also the larger work context, including the individuals' professional communities.


Wavelets are functions that are useful for representing signals and approximating other functions. Wavelets sets are defined in terms of Fourier transforms of certain wavelet functions. In this paper, we provide an introduction to wavelets and wavelets sets, examine the preexisting literature on the subject, and investigate an algorithm for creating wavelet sets. This algorithm creates single wavelets, which can be used to create bases for L2(Rn) through dilation and translation. We investigate the convergence properties of the algorithm, and implement the algorithm in Matlab.


With population genetic evidence of recombination ongoing in the natural Aspergillus fumigatus population and a sexual cycle demonstrated in the laboratory the question remained what the natural niche for A. fumigatus sex is. Composting plant-waste material is a known substrate of A. fumigatus to thrive and withstand temperatures even up to 70°C. Previous studies have shown indirect evidence for sexual reproduction in these heaps but never directly demonstrated the sexual structures due to technical limitations. Here, we show that flower bulb waste material from stockpiles undergoing composting can provide the conditions for sexual reproduction. Direct detection of ascospore structures was shown in agricultural flower bulb waste material by using a grid-based detection assay. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ascospores can germinate after exposure to 70°C for up to several days in contrast to asexual conidia that are unable to survive a two-hour heat shock. This indicates a sufficient time frame for ascospores to survive and escape composting stockpiles. Finally, sexual crosses with cleistothecium and viable ascospore formation could successfully be performed on flower bulb waste material. Recombination of A. fumigatus can now be explained by active sexual reproduction in nature as we show in this study that flower bulb waste material provides an environmental niche for sex.


This review covers the flavan-3-ols (catechins), flavan-4-ols/flavan-3,4-diols (leucoanthocyanidins), A-type proanthocyanidins, B-type proanthocyanidins including the procyanidins, prodelphinidins, propelargonidins, proteracacinidins, promelacacinidins, procassinidins, probutinidins, and non-proanthocyanidins with flavan-3-ol constituent units. Newly isolated proanthocyanidins, structure elucidation, syntheses, HPLC/MS analysis, NMR/ conformational analysis, and the effects of proanthocyanidins on human nutrition and health are reported. The literature from January 1999 to December 2001 is reviewed, and 130 references are cited.


In dystrophin‐deficient fibers of mdx mice and in Duchenne dystrophy, the lack of dystrophin leads to sarcolemma breakdown and muscle degeneration. We verified that cromolyn, a mast‐cell stabilizer agent, stabilized dystrophic muscle fibers using Evans blue dye as a marker of sarcolemma leakiness. Mdx mice (n = 8; 14 days of age) received daily intraperitoneal injections of cromolyn (50 mg/kg body weight) for 15 days. Untreated mdx mice (n = 8) were injected with saline. Cryostat cross‐sections of the sternomastoid, tibialis anterior, and diaphragm muscles were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Cromolyn dramatically reduced Evans blue dye–positive fibers in all muscles (P < 0.05; Student's t‐test) and led to a significant increase in the percentage of fibers with peripheral nuclei. This study supports the protective effects of cromolyn in dystrophic muscles and further indicates its action against muscle fiber leakiness in muscles that are differently affected by the lack of dystrophin. Muscle Nerve, 2007


This essay begins with a review of several different approaches to the problem of
divine action in the world, in light of the findings of science. Specifically, the speculation
of Arthur Peacocke, John Polkinghorne and Nancey Murphy are elucidated and critiqued.
Finding that Murphy, in founding her metaphysics on ontological reductionism,
engenders theological reductionism, the author draws some conclusions are as to elements
of a theologically attractive position.


Network modeling is a critical component for building self-driving Software-Defined Networks, particularly to find optimal routing schemes that meet the goals set by administrators. However, existing modeling techniques do not meet the requirements to provide accurate estimations of relevant performance metrics such as delay and jitter. In this paper we propose a novel Graph Neural Network (GNN) model able to understand the complex relationship between topology, routing and input traffic to produce accurate estimates of the per-source/destination pair mean delay and jitter. GNN are tailored to learn and model information structured as graphs and as a result, our model is able to generalize over arbitrary topologies, routing schemes and variable traffic intensity. In the paper we show that our model provides accurate estimates of delay and jitter (worst case R2 = 0.86) when testing against topologies, routing and traffic not seen during training. In addition, we present the potential of the model for network operation by presenting several use-cases that show its effective use in per-source/destination pair delay/jitter routing optimization and its generalization capabilities by reasoning in topologies and routing schemes not seen during training.


Automechanics are among the job professionals in proximity to diesel and gasoline exhaust whose components are known to be toxic. This raises serious public health concern. This study is a population-based-cross-sectional survey, set up to investigate the risk of cardiovascular and hepatic injury incurred by people engaged in work as mechanics. For information on the year of experience, socio demography, nutrition and lifestyle, structured questionnaires were administered. Ninety-one out of 186 mechanics drawn from 671 mechanic workshops along with 91 control subjects were analyzed. Venous blood was taken for determination of concentrations of lipids, transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activity. The body mass index, coronary and artherogenic risk index and blood pressure were also determined. Student's t-test for unpaired samples was used to analyze all data. As such, Pvalues of <0.05 were accepted as significant. The mechanics' total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, were not different from that of the control subjects. The triglyceride level, artherogenic and coronary risk index of the mechanics was higher than that of the control subjects. However, the enzymes' activity was not different for the mechanics and the control subjects, and the blood pressure of the mechanics was also not different from that of the control subjects. Our result does not suggest a greater risk of hepatic and cardiovascular diseases in the mechanics, but the observed increase in artherogenic and coronary risk index is, however, of interest.


Abstract: Contrasting ecological conditions may affect the distribution, abundance and impact of parasites and predators throughout the ranges of hosts and prey. Such patterns are evident on the archipelagos of Hawaii and the Galapagos, which vary in their distribution and abundance of avian parasites within and across islands. Previous research has documented higher intensity of parasitic fly larvae (Philornis downsi) in nests of Darwin's finches on elevated islands of the Galapagos. Here we examine P. downsi intensity and predation in 71 nests of Darwin's small ground finch (Geospiza fuliginosa) on Floreana Island. We found significant differences in parasite intensity, nest predation and clutch size between the lowland (0–100 m) and highland (300–400 m) habitats. Lowland finch nests had few P. downsi parasites (mean of 8 per nest), high nest predation (44% of nests) and large clutch size (3.4). Highland finch nests showed the opposite pattern, with many P. downsi parasites (40 per nest), low nest predation (17%) and small clutch size (2.5). This study suggests that the impacts of an introduced parasite are limited by its niche requirements and resource availability within and across islands. Our findings also imply that the vulnerability of bird populations to introduced parasites and predators is linked with variation in life history strategies across habitats.


The Canadian Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model is a framework for an optimal training, competition and recovery schedule for each stage of athletic development. In line with the LTAD, provincial sporting organizations are mandated to create their own sport-specific model, describing athletes' developmental trajectories. Inherent within LTAD models is the transition from diversification, where there is a focus in a number of different sports, to specialization, where there is year round commitment to a single sport. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the public messaging for specialization and diversification within LTAD models of provincial sporting organizations. A document analysis was conducted of public LTAD frameworks among five different provincial sporting organizations (Ice Hockey, Soccer, Swimming, Alpine, and Gymnastics) in British Columbia, Canada. The documents were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results showed the emergence of two major themes: (a) the promotion of diversification for youth athletes before the age of 15; and (b) an emphasis on large time commitments to the respective sport by the age of 9. While these findings demonstrate an emphasis in public messaging on the promotion of diversification in early sport development, the frameworks also highlight the need for a large time commitment to a respective sport starting at very young ages. This messaging is conflicting in nature as an emphasis on large sport-specific time demands may serve as a barrier for young children and youth to diversify and participate in multiple sports and/or physical activities.Acknowledgments: Funding is provided by a University of British Columbia Graduate Fellowship to the first author.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of compounds obtained from the plant Leucaena leucocephala in human chronic myelogenous leukaemia, prostate, liver, tongue, lung, melanoma, gastric and colon adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines. The data from the chemical analyses has identified 14 compounds belonging to prenols, sterol, flavonoids, coumarins and triterpene derivatives. The IC50 values of pheophorbide a methyl ester, pyropheophorbide and pheophytin-a are 2.6, 3.69 and 1.89 μM in AGS cell line. Pheophorbide a methyl ester, pyropheophorbide and pheophytin-a also displayed anti-migration and anti-invasion activity in AGS cell line. These results indicated that investigation on the anti-proliferation, anti-migration and anti-invasion effects of components from Leucaena leucocephala.


Ever since it was first aired in September 1999 in the Netherlands, the Big Brother television show became the world's most famous and most widely-held reality show franchise with up to 400 broadcast seasons in more than 70 countries. Since strong competition emerged in the meantime in the form of many other reality shows, owners of the Big Brother franchise are constantly trying to 'refresh' the concept in various ways to maintain its popularity and ratings. Thus, several production companies and commercial televisions from the former Yugoslavia region, all of them license owners authorised to produce the show, decided to organise an international or, more accurately, regional Big Brother show from September to December 2015. The producers gathered a total of 19 contestants from five countries with similar spoken languages – Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia – almost half of whom were somewhat bizarre members of socially sensitive, so-called marginal groups of citizens (a homeless person, a prostitute, a transgender person, a Roma family and others), which caused strong and divisive public reactions in the mentioned countries. The authors conducted an analysis of the content of the show broadcast over a period of one month in order to find out whether and to what extent these members of marginal societal groups were used to promote and increase viewer ratings of the show. At the same time, they followed the viewer ratings and, to a lesser extent, the public opinion on the show in Croatia. In the theoretical part, briefly, terms such as "marginal groups of citizens", "celebrity culture", "spectacularization of society and media" and "reality show" and the concept of television and its convergence with new, digital media formats have been elaborated. The objectives of the research were to determine whether the show's license owners succeeded in their somewhat controversial approach to halt the trend of decreasing viewer ratings, and whether the concept of Big Brother and reality shows in general have been somewhat 'worn out', at least in South East Europe.


A worldwide network of receivers tracking the transmissions of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites represents a new source of ionospheric data that is globally distributed and continuously available. We describe a technique for retrieving the global distribution of vertical total electron content (TEC) from GPS‐based measurements. The approach is based on interpolating TEC within triangular tiles that tessellate the ionosphere modeled as a thin spherical shell. The high spatial resolution of pixel‐based methods, where widely separated regions can be retrieved independently of each other, is combined with the efficient retrieval of gradients characteristic of polynomial fitting. TEC predictions from climatological models are incorporated as simulated data to bridge significant gaps between measurements. Time sequences of global TEC maps are formed by incrementally updating the most recent retrieval with the newest data as it becomes available. This Kalman filtering approach smooths the maps in time, and provides time‐resolved covariance information, useful for mapping the formal error of each global TEC retrieval. Preliminary comparisons with independent vertical TEC data, available from the TOPEX dual‐frequency altimeter, suggest that the maps can accurately reproduce spatial and temporal ionospheric variations over latitudes ranging from equatorial to about ±65°.


As part of a global drive to produce renewable electricity, devices are being designed to harness energy from the waves and tidal currents. Physical scale model testing is an important part of the development process for this and other technologies. The FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility at The University of Edinburgh is designed to conduct these tests. Here it is possible to produce multi-directional waves combined with currents in the circular tank, re-creating the complexity of the ocean. The research was driven by commercial requirements of the facility, aiming to highlight what can be learnt from testing at scale with complex conditions in a controlled environment. To enable this, it was first necessary to extend the characterisation of this new facility. Wave generation and reflections were assessed in a previous project. In this work, flow measurements taken throughout the test volume of the tank, allowed spatial and temporal variations in the currents to be determined. Waves and currents interact in a complex manner, compounded by the method of reproducing them in a tank. The influence of currents on waves in the basin was assessed. This included cases with an oblique angle between them, on which little has been published. The other part of the project addressed issues to be considered when testing in a combined wave-current basin such as FloWave. • At many sites of interest for offshore renewable energy, waves are influenced by water depth. Implications of not scaling depth consistently were considered, and design diagrams produced to facilitate understanding and quantification of potential errors. • At FloWave, waves are generated in still water around the outside of the tank. A process was therefore developed and verified to produce the desired combined conditions in the central test area following their interaction with the current. • There is a wealth of published guidance on tank testing, for ships, offshore structures, and more recently renewable energy. This has been reviewed and suggestions offered to augment this by including testing in the more advanced conditions possible in a facility like FloWave. • Tools and guidance have been developed to highlight many of the issues to be considered by clients prior to testing at FloWave. This aims to facilitate planning of a test programme by highlighting potential knowledge gaps and recording decisions made. Flowcharts have been produced to represent this graphically, with a corresponding checklist of questions for clients, which have been trialled in a pilot study. Outputs from this research are being used to help deliver both academic and commercial client tests at FloWave. The test area in currents was shown to be >50m2 with <10% variation in flow, and the combined wave-current conditions possible have been explored. Results that are important when designing client test plans.


Adult children living with their parents represent an increasingly common social phenomenon in the Unites States that challenges the boundaries of both the family and formal property rights. What is the legal status of adult children living with their parents? Do parents have any additional duties when they rescind permission for their child to live with them? Property and family scholars have not addressed this important issue. This article fills the void. Instead of treating people who live together as strangers, owing no legal obligations to one another, I argue that under certain conditions living with others creates a property community in the home. I call this community "home sharing". Thinking of living with others as a property community allows us to legally recognize the deep commitment between people who share a home. I urge scholars to reconsider the rule that allows an owner to unilaterally revoke permission to live in the home and argue that eviction law should stipulate additional responsibilities when the owner seeks to evict a cohabitee. I do not claim that the child should continue to live at home, but argue for remedies that recognize the child's voice, e.g., a duty to explain and justify the decision, to listen to the child's arguments, and the determination of a cooling-off period.


Jungian interpretation of the Kalevala, focusing on the character of Väinämöinen and his role as Shaman. Part 1 gives an introduction to the Kalevala and to shamanism, then analyzes the creation myth in the Kalevala. Part 2 analyzes Väinämöinen's transformation of the land, the felling of the oak, the confrontation with Joukahainen, and the death of Aino. The third part discusses Väinämöinen's "second encounter with the anima figure in the being of Louki's daughter." The conclusion is a Jungian analysis of Väinämöinen's "night-sea journey" to the Abode of the Dead; his journey within the body of the giant Antero Vipunen; and his fashioning of an "instrument of eternal joy," the kantele.


The Isparta Angle has played a critical role in the development of concepts concerning the tectonic evolution of the Mesozoic–Tertiary Neotethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Following early regional studies, mainly by the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA), during the 1960s and 1970s, a French team mapped the area and confirmed a regional tectonostratigraphy of three great allochthonous systems of mainly Mesozoic–Early Tertiary age, termed the Antalya, Lycian and Hoyran‐Beyşehir‐Hadım nappes. During the 1970s and 1980s a British group studied the Neotethyan evolution of what they termed the Antalya Complex, utilizing knowledge of plate tectonic processes. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s MTA systematically remapped the area at 1:25 000 scale. The root zone of the Antalya allochthon was either a southerly Neotethys, within and to the south of the Isparta Angle, or a northerly Neotethys, many hundreds of kilometres to the north. The southerly origin is nowadays favoured but some questions remain. Attention focused in the 1990s until present to the post‐collisional, neotectonic evolution of the Isparta Angle and its links with the neighbouring Mediterranean Sea. Here, we trace the development of research and the ongoing debates concerning alternative tectonic concepts used to explain the evolution of the Isparta Angle from Mesozoic to Recent time. We conclude by outlining several tectonic models for the evolution of the Antalya allochthon within a southerly Neotethys that require to be tested by future field studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Combined non-linear imaging techniques were used to deeply image human ex-vivo fresh biopsies of bladder as well as to discriminate between healthy bladder mucosa and carcinoma in situ. Morphological examination by two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation has shown a good agreement with corresponding common routine histology performed on the same samples. Tumor cells appeared slightly different in shape and with a smaller cellular-to-nuclear dimension ratio with respect to corresponding normal cells. Further differences between the two tissue types were found in both spectral emission and fluorescence lifetime distribution by performing temporal- and spectral- resolved analysis of fluorescence. This method may represent a promising tool to be used in a multi-photon endoscope, in a confocal endoscope or in a spectroscopic probe for in-vivo optical diagnosis of bladder cancer.


Summary
An endogenous RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been demonstrated in broccoli necrotic yellows virus (BNYV) particles. The enzyme requires a temperature of 26 °C, a pH value of 7.5, 0.5% NP40 and 4 mm-Mg2+ for maximum synthesis of RNA; Mn2+ inhibited the activity. Addition of EDTA to the reaction mixture did not stimulate the activity in the presence of higher amounts of Mg2+. The in vitro transcription products of BNYV hybridized to the virus genome, but not to that of lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV). The transcriptase activity was abolished by centrifugation on a glycerol gradient after treating the virus with NP40 in a high salt solution; combining the pellet and the upper part of the gradient restored the activity. Cross-complementation of BNYV and LNYV transcription could not be obtained by heterologous combination of the pellet and supernatant fractions of the two viruses.


The occurrence of various forms of severe neurologic events has been increasingly reported in acute myocardial infarction patients receiving thrombolytic therapy. Strokes have long been known to complicate acute myocardial infarction. The recent attention on severe neurologic events has focused primarily on probable cerebral bleeds. The various forms of severe neurologic events that clinicians are confronted with have unique features and characteristics that will be delineated. The incidence of these events and patient risk factors for cerebral ischemia and cerebral hemorrhage will be outlined. Guidelines that should be adopted to minimize the chance of a patient's suffering a severe neurologic event while at the same time maximizing the number of patients who receive this lifesaving therapy are summarized.


In this paper, we develop a reduced-order modeling technique, which is based on a low-frequency expansion of the electromagnetic field. The expansion can be written in terms of the pseudoinverse of a so-called system matrix. This pseudoinverse is given explicitly, and it is shown that it satisfies a reciprocity relation. Moreover, we show that computing matrix-vector products with this pseudoinverse essentially amounts to repeatedly solving Poisson's equation. The latter two properties allow us to efficiently compute reduced-order models via a Lanczos-type algorithm. The proposed method is illustrated by a number of numerical examples.


Conventional diamond cutting of ferrous materials is rarely economical due to the rapid tool wears which result from diffusion and graphitization of the tools. Conventional machining of hard-brittle materials like silicon and germanium results in surface and subsurface damage due to their brittle fracture. Although ductile mode machining (DMM) concept can be used to have a flawless machining on these materials but the mirror surfaces can only be realized on expensive ultraprecision machine tools because the critical depth of cut must be on the order of 1μm or less. Furthermore, there is a need to eliminate or reduce the use of cutting fluids during machining due to their attendant ecological hazards. However, grinding is one of the most difficult processes with regard to eliminating cutting fluids. Vibration assisted machining (VAM) can be used to minimize the problems enumerated above. VAM combines precision machining with small-amplitude tool vibration to improve the fabrication process. It has been applied to a number of processes ranging from turning, drilling to grinding. Therefore, this paper discusses DMM, the general overview of VAM, the basic kinematics of one-dimensional VAM; the advantages derived from using VAM and the ability of VAM to machine brittle materials in the ductile regime at increased depth of cut are described. Finally, the research directions in VAM are outlined.


Introduction: The treatment of complex prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) with aortic root abscess remains a surgical challenge. Several studies support the use of biological tissues to minimize the risk of recurrent infection. We present our initial surgical experience with the use of an aortic xenograft conduit for aortic valve and root replacement. Methods: Between October 2013 and August 2015, 15 xenograft bioconduits were implanted for complex PVE with abscess (13.3% female). In 6 patients, concomitant procedures were performed: coronary bypass (n=1), mitral valve replacement (n=5) and tricuspid annuloplasty (n=1). The mean age at operation was 60.3±15.5 years. The mean Logistic European system for cardiac operating risk evaluation (EuroSCORE) was 46.6±23.6. The median follow-up time was 607±328 days (range: 172-1074 days). Results: There were two in-hospital deaths (14.3% mortality), two strokes (14.3%) and seven patients required permanent pacemaker insertion for conduction abnormalities (46.7%). The mean length of hospital stay was 26 days. At pre-discharge echocardiography, the conduit mean gradient was 9.3±3.3mmHg and there was either none (n=6), trace (n=6) or mild aortic insufficiency (n=1). There was no incidence of mid-term death, prosthesis-related complications or recurrent endocarditis. Conclusions: Xenograft bioconduits may be safe and effective for aortic valve and root replacement for complex PVE with aortic root abscess. Although excess early mortality reflects the complexity of the patient population, there was good valve hemodynamics, with no incidence of recurrent endocarditis or prosthesis failure in the mid-term. Our data support the continued use and evaluation of this biological prosthesis in this high-risk patient cohort.


This work proposes a real-time electricity bill for quantifying the energy used in domestic facilities in Mexico. This bill is a low-cost tool that takes advantage of the IoT technology for generating an easy reading real-time bill allowing the customers to constantly review and administrate their energy consumption. Using low-cost sensors and the electronic board Particle® Photon, an energy meter is proposed. The presented prototype is extremely compact and satisfies safety measures to be used by anyone in a domestic installation. The measurement data is displayed and processed in real-time, and an appropriate algorithm determines the accumulated kWh. The energy consumed is displayed using an Html interface of easy interpretation for the customers, given recommendations about their consumption habits and some alarms in case of abnormal or high consumption. As a reinforcement measure for avoiding large consumption bills, the system is programmed to send messages to the user, remembering if the estimated consumption is large.


Pelagic fishes were counted around four fish aggregation devices (FADs) moored between 3 and 10km offshore on the continental shelf off Sydney, Australia. Visual counts were made at FADs on 81 days periodically from April 1999 to April 2002. Surface water temperature and current speed were also measured at the FADs. Assemblages of fishes at FADs followed a seasonal pattern, however, biological and physical variables influenced seasonal structure greatly. Abundances at FADs were greatest in spring due to the appearance of large schools (100s to 1000s) of juvenile Trachurus sp. In contrast, diversity was far greater in summer and autumn, principally due to the appearance of schools (10s to 100s) of juvenile Coryphaena hippurus (Coryphaenidae), and other warm water species from January to May when water temperatures were >20° C. Short-term variability differed among species; C. hippurus fluctuated greatly among counts separated by 2-3 days, while Seriola lalandi (Carangidae) and Alutera monoceros (Monacanthidae) abundances were more stable, indicating greater residence times at FADs for these two species. Marked differences in fish assemblages occurred between times when predators were present and absent, with few small fishes being observed when piscivorous predators occurred at FADs, regardless of season. Furthermore, abundances of C. hippurus and A. monoceros were correlated with current speed, with greatest abundances observed when currents were strong and weak, respectively. The results indicated that much of the temporal variability in fish assemblages at moored FADs could be explained by biological and physical factors.


We aimed to develop a more accurate transpiration model for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants to optimize irrigation and nutrient usage in soilless greenhouse cultivation. Accurate modeling of transpiration in greenhouse-grown cucumbers is crucial for effective cultivation practices. Existing models have limitations that hinder their applicability. Therefore, this research focused on refining the modeling approach to address these limitations. To achieve this, a comprehensive methodology was employed. The actual transpiration rates of three cucumber plants were measured using a load cell, enabling crop fresh weight changes to be calculated. The transpiration model was developed by making specific corrections to the formula derived from the Penman-Monteith equation. In addition, the study investigated the relationship between transpiration rate and solar radiation (Rad) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), identifying a nonlinear association between these variables. The transpiration model was adjusted to account for these nonlinear relationships and compensate for Rad and VPD. Comparative analysis between the actual and estimated transpiration rates demonstrated that the developed cucumber transpiration model reduced overestimation by 23.69%. Furthermore, the model exhibited higher coefficients of determination and root mean square error (RMSE) values than existing models, suggesting its superior accuracy in predicting transpiration rates. Implementing the transpiration model-based irrigation method demonstrated the potential for ∼21% nutrient savings compared with conventional irrigation practices. This finding highlights the practical applications of the developed model—accounting for a nonlinearity of Rad and VPD—in optimizing irrigation practices for greenhouse cucumber cultivation.


Peptide-based compounds including heteroatom-containing, three-membered rings efficiently and selectively inhibit specific activities of N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolases. The activities of those Ntn having multiple activities can be differentially inhibited by the compounds described. For example, the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome may be selectively inhibited with the inventive compounds. The peptide-based compounds include at least three peptide units, an epoxide or aziridine, and functionalization at the N-terminus. Among other therapeutic utilities, the peptide-based compounds are expected to display anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of cell proliferation.


Research on personality and political preferences generally assumes unidirectional causal influence of the former on the latter. However, there are reasons to believe that citizens might adopt what they perceive as politically congruent psychological attributes, or at least be motivated to view themselves as having these attributes. We test this hypothesis in a series of studies. Results of preregistered panel analyses in three countries suggest reciprocal causal influences between self-reported personality traits and political preferences. In two two-wave survey experiments, a subtle political prime at the beginning of a survey resulted in self-reported personality traits that were more aligned with political preferences gauged in a previous assessment. We discuss how concurrent assessment within the context of a political survey might overestimate the causal influence of personality traits on political preferences, and how political polarization might be exacerbated by political opponents adopting different personality characteristics or self-perceptions thereof.


The effect of residual stresses on the fatigue behavior as well as the dimensional stability of high precision part is very important. Machining operation consists generally multi-step operations from roughing to finishing. It is therefore critical to predict residual stresses under such configuration. In this paper, an analytical algorithm is proposed to predict the final residual stresses induced by a multi-step machining operation capturing the change of stress state of the workpiece as well as material hardening behavior during the multi-step orthogonal cutting. The model predictions were compared to other work's finite element method (FEM) predictions.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


ABSTRACT Regional Autonomy are right, authority and duty of region to arranges and manages itself based on valid regulation. The region should do all of things that  they got,, the destination is for making government serving be nearer with publics, publics can control every fund of Regional Income easier.. besides that,, it can create healthy competition inter-Regional and push innovation. In implementation,, Ketapang Regency,, one of West Kalimantan Province is a part of Autonom Region as instruction of law No. 25 / 1956 about The Formation Regional Autonomy West Kalimantan Province, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan, the result is unoptimal. One of The Reason is the Regency is not making his Regional Fund and Cost maximal yet. so that,, the writer to critise about THE Fund and Cost of Ketapanag Regency before and after Autonomy happen. So,, the writer gives the title of this assignment with "The Analysis of Regional Fund and Cost in Ketapang Regency before and After Autonomy Happen". The formulation of problem that I can analyse is Do regional autonomy can give effect of Regional Fund and Cost in Ketapang Regency?. The purpose of this research is to know and to analyse the condition of Regional Fund and Cost before anad after autonomy happen. The result of this research expected can give benefit for Regional Government as input and judgment to determine financial regional policy that related to Regional Fund and Cost and as reference for the next researcher. This research use Descriptive metode and Time Series Data (1998-2013), the source is secondary data from The Official of Regional Fund in Ketapang Regency. The analyse instrument of this research are decentralitation level of fiscal, the analyse of effectivity and Paired Sample T-Test. The conclution is the level of Fiscal Decentralitation before and after regional autonomy in Ketapang Regency is low. The contribution of Regional Fund after regional autonomy higher than before regional autonomy. It cause the differences of number Regional Cost is higher than before Regional Autonomy and the effect of Regional Autonomy about Regional Fund and Cost in Ketapang Regency.


Amos H. Hawley received his AB degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1936, and his PhD from the University of Michigan in 1941. He taught at the University of Michigan from 1941 to 1966, serving as chair of the department from 1951 to 1961. During that period he also served at various times as demographic advisor to the government of the Philippines, the Netherland Antilles, Thailand, and Malaysia. From 1966 to 1976 he was a professor of sociology at the University of North Carolina, and Kenan Professor there from 1971 to 1976. Professor Hawley is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; he was president of the Population Association of America in 1971 and of the American Sociological Association in 1978. He holds a Litt. D. from the University of Cincinnati and has been the recipient of the Lynd Award from the Urban and Community Sociological Section of the ASA and of the Award for Human Ecology Contributions from Cornell University. Professor Hawley is the author of 150 papers and books.


Ammonia-oxidizing marine archaea (mAOA) have been divided into two groups based on ammonia monooxygenase subunit A gene (amoA) phylogeny and they link to preferred habitat (depth in the water column); one is the Shallow Marine Clade (SMC) and the other is the Deep Marine Clade (DMC). Several determinative factors have been proposed to account for their depth-dependent distributions, including light intensity, ammonia concentration, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Here, we report the change in abundance of SMC and DMC mAOA in response to nitrogen source and water temperature in a long-term incubation experiment using natural seawaters obtained from mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers. The abundance of each type of mAOA was determined by Q-PCR assay targeting amoA. We found that the abundance of SMC after 266 days of incubation increased at all three incubation temperatures (4, 10, 20°C), whereas the abundance of DMC was stable at low temperatures (4°C and sometimes 10°C) or decreased to below the detection limit at high temperatures (20°C and sometimes 10°C). The SMC abundance was higher in seawater cultures supplied with ammonium than in those supplied with nitrite, although DMC abundance was not responsive to ammonium concentration. These results imply that water temperature and ammonia concentration are significant factors in determining the vertical distribution of the SMC and DMC ecotypes of mAOA in the water column.


Background: Dietary components are known to affect chronic low-grade inflammation status. The dietary inflammatory index (DII®) was developed to measure the potential impact of a diet on an individual's inflammatory status, and it has been validated mainly in Western countries. Objective: This study aimed to examine the validity of the energy-adjusted DII (E-DIITM) using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentration in Japanese men and women. Methods: In total, 6,474 volunteers from a cancer-screening program (3,825 men and 2,649 women) completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and their hs-CRP concentrations were evaluated. E-DII scores were calculated on the basis of 30 food parameters derived from the FFQ. Higher E-DII scores reflect a greater pro-inflammatory potential of the diet. The associations between E-DII quartiles and hs-CRP concentration were assessed using regression models adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking status, and amount of physical activity. Results: Mean E-DII in men and women was + 0.62 ± 1.93 and −1.01 ± 2.25, respectively. The proportion of men and women who had hs-CRP concentration >3 mg/L was 4.7 and 3.1%, respectively. A significant positive association was observed between E-DII score and hs-CRP concentration in men; geometric mean of hs-CRP concentration in the lowest and highest E-DII quartiles was 0.56 mg/L and 0.67 mg/L (Ptrend < 0.01), respectively. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of having an elevated hs-CRP concentration (>3 mg/L) was 1.72 (1.10–2.67) in the highest E-DII quartile (Ptrend = 0.03) in men. However, no association was observed between E-DII score and hs-CRP concentration in women, except in those not taking prescription medications. Conclusions: DII was associated with inflammation status in Japanese men, but the association was limited in Japanese women.


A high repetition rate, MHz-class, high-brightness electron source is a key element in future high-repetition-rate x-ray free electron laser-based light sources. The VHF-gun, a novel low frequency radio-frequency gun, is the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) response to that need. The gun design is based on a normal conducting, single cell cavity resonating at 186 MHz in the VHF band and capable of continuous wave operation while still delivering the high accelerating fields at the cathode required for the high brightness performance. The VHF-gun was fabricated and successfully commissioned in the framework of the Advanced Photo-injector EXperiment, an injector built at LBNL to demonstrate the capability of the gun to deliver the required beam quality. The basis for the selection of the VHF-gun technology, novel design features, and fabrication techniques are described.


We develop a concept of weak identification in linear IV models in which the number of instruments can grow at the same rate or slower than the sample size. We propose a jackknifed version of the classical weak identification-robust Anderson-Rubin (AR) test statistic. Large-sample inference based on the jackknifed AR is valid under heteroscedasticity and weak identification. The feasible version of this statistic uses a novel variance estimator. The test has uniformly correct size and good power properties. We also develop a pre-test for weak identification that is related to the size property of a Wald test based on the Jackknife Instrumental Variable Estimator (JIVE). This new pre-test is valid under heteroscedasticity and with many instruments.


This paper has three goals. The first (and perhaps the most important one) is to provide a new compilation of data on ethnic, linguistic and religious composition at the sub-national level for a large number of countries. This data set allows us to measure segregation of different ethnic, religious and linguistic groups within the same country. The second goal is to correlate measures of segregation with measures of quality of the polity and policymaking. The third is to construct an instrument that helps to overcome the endogeneity problem due to the fact that groups move within country borders, partly in response to policies. Our results suggest that more segregated countries in terms of ethnicity and language, i.e., those where groups live more spatially separately, have a substantially lower quality of government. In contrast, there is no relationship between religious segregation and the government quality.


The authors report two patients with a rare complication of parent artery narrowing that occurred 3 and 6 months after aneurysm surgery. In both cases, the stenosed arteries had been wrapped around their entire circumferences with neurosurgical sponge (cotton linter) and coated with plastic adhesive (cyanoacrylate compounds) and the aneurysmal neck had been clipped. This reinforcement procedure was considered to have caused the unusual delayed arterial narrowing. The importance of avoiding circumferential parent artery wrapping with plastic-adhesive coating is emphasized.


Public information to financial markets often arrives through the disclosures of interested parties who have a material interest in the reactions of the market to the new information. When the strategic interaction between the sender and the receiver is formalized as a disclosure game with verifiable reports, market prices observed in equilibrium can be given a simple characterization that relies only on the fact value of the announcement. Also, this characterisation predicts that the return variance following a bed outcome is higher than it would have been if he outcome were good. When investors are risk averse, this leads to negative serial correlation of asset returns.


ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coliare common causes of gastroenteritis in humans. Infection with C. jejuni or C. coli is commonly acquired by eating undercooked chicken. The goal of this study was to develop specific detection assays for C. jejuni and C. coliisolates based on the cadF virulence gene and its product. The cadF gene from C. jejuni and C. coli encodes a 37-kDa outer membrane protein that promotes the binding of these pathogens to intestinal epithelial cells. A fragment of approximately 400 bp was amplified from 38 of 40 (95%) C. jejuni isolates and 5 of 6 (83.3%) C. coli isolates with primers designed to amplify an internal fragment of thecadF gene. PCR was then used to amplifyCampylobacter DNA from store-bought chickens. A 400-bp band was amplified from 26 of the 27 chicken carcasses tested by the PCR-based assay. The CadF protein was detected in every C. jejuni and C. coli isolate tested, as judged by immunoblot analysis with a rabbit anti-C. jejuni 37-kDa serum. In addition, methanol-fixed samples of whole-cell C. jejuni and C. coli were detected with the rabbit anti-37-kDa serum by using an indirect-immunofluorescence microscopy assay. These findings indicate that the cadF gene and its product are conserved among C. jejuni and C. coli isolates and that a PCR assay based on the cadFgene may be useful for the detection of Campylobacterorganisms in food products.


Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the USA. Up to 60% of patients do not fully recover despite intensive physical therapy treatment. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-R) have been shown to play a role in synaptic plasticity when activated. D-Cycloserine promotes NMDA receptor function by binding to receptors with unoccupied glycine sites. These receptors are involved in learning and memory. We hypothesized that D-cycloserine, when combined with robotic-assisted physiotherapy (RAP), would result in greater gains compared with placebo + RAP in stroke survivors. Participants (n = 14) were randomized to D-cycloserine plus RAP or placebo plus RAP. Functional, cognitive, and quality-of-life measures were used to assess recovery. There was significant improvement in grip strength of the affected hand within both groups from baseline to 3 weeks (95% confidence interval for mean change, 3.95 ± 2.96 to 4.90 ± 3.56 N for D-cycloserine and 5.72 ± 3.98 to 8.44 ± 4.90 N for control). SIS mood domain showed improvement for both groups (95% confidence interval for mean change, 72.6 ± 16.3 to 82.9 ± 10.9 for D-cycloserine and 82.9 ± 13.5 to 90.3 ± 9.9 for control). This preliminary study does not provide evidence that D-cycloserine can provide greater gains in learning compared with placebo for stroke survivors.


Within every functional healthcare system, access to quality and affordable essential medicine stands out as one of the building blocks. However, its significance has been underrated due to poor advocacy and research. The implication is that access to quality and affordable essential medicines remains a challenge to many people in low / middle income countries and could create difficulty in the attempt to reform healthcare systems and save lives if not given ample attention. This paper presents a critical discussion of the Nigerian health system with special focus on access to essential medicines as a component of the Nigerian healthcare system by drawing upon primary data, using qualitative research method. Keywords: Access to medicines, Essential medicines, Healthcare, Public health facilities, Counterfeit medicines, Traditional medicines, Health systems, Systems theory


We present concluding results from our study for zero-temperature phase structure of the massive Thirring model in 1+1 dimensions with staggered regularisation. Employing the method of matrix product states, several quantities, including two types of correlators, are investigated, leading to numerical evidence of a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition. Exploratory results for real-time dynamics pertaining to this transition, obtained using the approaches of variational uniform matrix product state and time-dependent variational principle, are also discussed.


Abstract. An online atlas of the Coral Triangle region of the Indo Pacific biogeographic realm was developed. This online atlas consists of the three interlinked digital maps: (1) Biodiversity Features; (2) Areas of Importance for Biodiversity Conservation; (3) Recommended Priorities for Marine Protected Area (MPA) Network Expansion (www.marine.auckland.ac.nz/CTMAPS). The first map, Biodiversity Features, provides comprehensive data on the region's marine protected areas and biodiversity features, threats and environmental characteristics. The second provides spatial information on areas of high biodiversity conservation values, while the third map shows priority areas for expanding the current Coral Triangle MPA network. This digital map provides the most comprehensive biodiversity datasets yet assembled for the region. The datasets were retrieved and generated systematically from various open-access sources. To engage a wider audience and to raise participation in biodiversity conservation, the maps were designed as an interactive and online atlas. This digital map presents representative information to promote a better understanding of the key marine and coastal biodiversity characteristics of the region and enables the application of marine biodiversity informatics to support marine ecosystem-based management in the Coral Triangle region.


BACKGROUND
The brain is one of the main target organs affected by hypertension. Impaired cerebral oxygenation during exercise is an indicator of cerebral dysfunction. We aimed to investigate whether cerebral oxygenation during exercise correlates with subclinical markers of early target organ damage in a population of middle-aged, newly diagnosed hypertensive and healthy individuals.

METHODS
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) was measured using ultrasound, arterial stiffness was estimated measuring the augmentation index and pulse wave velocity, and retinal vessel diameter was assessed via the central retinal-arteriolar and vein equivalent and retinal-arteriovenous ratio. Participants (n=93) performed a three-minute isometric handgrip exercise. Cerebral prefrontal oxygenation was measured continuously using near infrared spectroscopy. The average exercise responses in oxygenated-hemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxygenated-hemoglobin (HHb), and total-hemoglobin (tHb) were assessed. Univariate analyses were performed; partial correlation was used to account for traditional cardiovascular risk factors to identify independent associations between cerebral oxygenation indices and early markers of target organ damage.

RESULTS
Mean-cIMT was negatively correlated with the average exercise response in cerebral oxygenation (rhoO2Hb=-0.348, pO2Hb=0.001; rhotHb=-0.253, pthb=0.02). Augmentation index was negatively correlated with cerebral-oxygenation during exercise (rhoO2Hb=-0.374, p<0.001; rhotHb=-0.332, p=0.02), whereas no significant correlation was observed between pulse wave velocity and cerebral-oxygenation indices. In the adjusted analysis, cerebral-oxygenation was correlated with central retinal arteriolar diameter (CRAE r=0.233, p=0.043).

CONCLUSIONS
Our novel findings suggest that indices of lower cerebral-oxygenation during a submaximal physical task are associated with markers of early, subclinical target organ damage, namely increased cIMT, arterial stiffness, and arteriolar retinal narrowing in newly diagnosed, untreated, hypertensive individuals.


Mechanical vibrations are typically undesired in imaging systems, as they cause noise and hinder system performance. Here, we propose to use vibrations in order to improve the sensitivity of a scanning probe system. We model the spectral and spatial structures of the response to an induced vibration and test our calculation on magnetic objects using a scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscope. In our experiments, we show that imaging the response to vibrations enhances the sensitivity of our sensor, as we detect signals that would otherwise be below the sensor's low frequency noise limit. Our results open the door to an effective way of improving the performance of many imaging systems.Mechanical vibrations are typically undesired in imaging systems, as they cause noise and hinder system performance. Here, we propose to use vibrations in order to improve the sensitivity of a scanning probe system. We model the spectral and spatial structures of the response to an induced vibration and test our calculation on magnetic objects using a scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscope. In our experiments, we show that imaging the response to vibrations enhances the sensitivity of our sensor, as we detect signals that would otherwise be below the sensor's low frequency noise limit. Our results open the door to an effective way of improving the performance of many imaging systems.


BS4 enzyme that is produced from solid substrate fermentation (SSF) on coconut cake with Eupenicillium javanicum BS4 in tray bioreactor has been applied as a feed additive. It increases the nutritional value of animal feedstuff. The BS4 production on SSF may be influenced by the better aeration through the perforated trays or by the thinner substrate. The aim of this research is to optimize the production of BS4 with different substrate thicknesses and types of trays. The trial was carried out using a factorial randomized design (2x2x3) with 6 replicates. The first factor was the type of trays: i.e., non-perforated and perforated tray. The second factor was the thickness of the substrate: i.e., 1.5 and 3.0 cm, while the third factor was the duration of fermentation: i.e. 5, and 7 days. The variables observed were moisture content, dry matter loss (DML), mannanase and saccharification activities, soluble protein content, their specific activities, and yield. Statistical analysis showed no interactions between the three factors, but there were interactions between types of trays and substrate thicknesses, as well as type of trays and incubation times on the mannanase activity and yield of mannanase. The results showed that DML was observed on day 7 were around 31.43- 36.89. The highest mannanase activity was observed on the non-perforated tray with 3 cm thickness on day 7. The saccharification activity towards palm kernel meal was better in the non-perforated tray on day 7 but not influenced by The yield value of mannanase and saccharification activities on a non-perforated tray with 3.0 cm thickness on day 7 was also the highest. Based on energy efficiency and the cost of production, it can be concluded that the optimum condition to produce the BS4 enzyme was observed in the non-perforated tray with 3 cm thickness and fermented for 7 days.