This paper utilizes a content study to clarify the understanding of Filipino Christian on the doctrine of Trinity and incarnation, and it will clarify the Origin of Trinity, God one in three person, the three persons but same essence or nature, the relationship between God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, the essence of the Father is in the Son and Holy Spirit, God is not splitting into three parts, the divine persons do not exist side by side in the divine world, the Trinity no one is greater, less, separate nor subordinate one to the other, Jesus could not separate from the Father and Holy Spirit, Jesus as God the creator and it will explains how Jesus Christ became a man based on Filipino Christian understanding on this matter.The tendency of giving priority to discuss the understanding of Filipino Christians on the doctrine of the Trinity and incarnation is to clarify and trace the hidden and explore the reality of Trinity. To address this limitation, an analytical study is conceived to foreground the understanding of the Filipino Christian theologians on the doctrine of trinity and incarnation, as official religion by the government and Christian majority. The objectives of this study is to identify and trace the development of trinity, to understand and categorize of its reality, to summarize and synthesize the views of the Christian theologian, and to forward analytical framework of the doctrine of the trinity and incarnation. DiscourseAnalysis will use in this study in order to identify the elements of the trinity, conte xtualizing andexamining the factors that shaped trinity and incarnation, synthesizing and und erstanding/confirming/clarifying the reality of the trinity from the others, summarizing the views of the others, quoting/citing the statements of Christian theologians. At the end, the study singles out that the understanding of the Filipino Christians on the trinity and incarnation no dichotomy to disconnect its teaching to each other and no contradictory between them. The differences only rely upon to its expressions, explanation and terminologies utilized for the sake of understanding, confirming and clarifying.


A microscopic theory is presented for the giant amplification from microcavities in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime, providing excellent agreement with recent angle-resolved pump-probe experiments. The analytical and numerical solutions give insight into the physics of the polariton parametric amplifier. The coherent gain, due to polariton four-wave-mixing, has a threshold dependence on the pump power and is spectrally blueshifted from the lower polariton energy. The gain shift does not depend on the power, but on the unperturbed polariton linewidth.


Since the classic theory of Opie 5 postulating the reflux of bile into the pancreatic duct by virtue of a common channel, various therapeutic agents have been evaluated in both clinical trials and experimental animals. Recent studies 7-10 have demonstrated that death in canine experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced by injection of bile into pancreatic ducts can largely be prevented by use of certain antibiotics. Thus, a prerequisite in the evaluation of beneficial effects of therapeutic agents in lowering the mortality rates in acute canine pancreatitis is the recognition and prevention of the susceptibility of dogs, under adverse conditions, to fulminating infections. Hara and associates 3 have described a method of producing a sterile yet highly lethal form of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in dogs. In 1954, Starr, 11 in reviewing the modern approach to treatment of pancreatitis, recommended the use of 3-5 gm. of propylthiouracil. No comments were made on its


The authors describe a three-dimensional opto-electronic neural system that uses a hybrid silicon VLSI-based opto-electronic integrated circuit (OEIC) technology to implement the neurons and their associated synapses and fixed, free-space optical diffractive elements to interconnect the neurons. The architecture provides full connectivity between neurons, flexible functionality of neurons and synapses, accurate electronic fan-in, and biologically inspired dendritic-type fan-in processing. The system requirements for neural network implementations are addressed. The architecture is described, and the technological feasibility of the system is discussed. Optimal data encoding methods are proposed. Low-area circuit designs with learning capabilities that achieve high linear dynamic range are presented.<<ETX>>


An essential feature of any successful organization is employees' satisfaction. One of the most important challenges facing managers is therefore the creation o f a context within which employee satisfaction is enhanced and sustained. This motivates employees to act effectively enabling the organization to achieve its vision, mission and goals. Therefore, the perception of an employee towards employment has a direct effect on the quality of the expected output. The objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting employees' satisfaction. Specifically, the study sought to establish whether job security, employee supervisor relationship, opportunity for advancement and the working conditions affected the level of job satisfaction among the employees at the City Council of Nairobi. The study gathered descriptive data using a questionnaire from employees who had worked at the council for more than three years. The study revealed that staff at the City Council Nairobi felt secure about employment. In addition the study found that employees' relationship with the supervisors and the working conditions at the council contributed to a positive level of satisfaction. The study also found that promotions were not done in a fair manner and factors such as tribalism determined an individual's chances o f being promoted. The study concluded that overall job security affected employee satisfaction to a great extent. The study deduced that organization structure at the CCN influenced allocation of tasks, facilitated the flow of work, coordination of objectives, linked individuals to activities and gave individuals authority to perform tasks. The study also concluded that the supervisors clearly communicated what was expected and employees were satisfied with their understanding of how targets were linked to the Council's goals. Supervisors encouraged high achievement by reducing the fear of failure and provided continuous feedback to help employees achieve. The study recommended that there should be clear communication of what is expected of employees with provisions for continuous feedback to help them achieve the objectives of their jobs. Staff promotions should be done in a fair and equitable manner as this will enhance morale at the Council. Other approaches to solving the problem of employee satisfaction would involve employee remunerations; for example special duty allowances, better pay and staff motivation.


Multi-Method Analysis (MMA) can be understood as an interdisciplinary approach to the triangulation of research results or deepening of knowledge gained as a result of classical hypotheses testing by means of statistical analysis. In this case, the synergy effect obtained by using MMA as a combination of the quantitative (survey research) and qualitative (In-Depth Interviews – IDI) analysis is presented. To achieve the empirical bases of the study, a theoretical model is used as a marketing management example. The model refers to firm performance as a result of customer lifetime value management. The essence of the case study is to present the whole research to illustrate the researcher's way of thinking from conceptual model development through quantitative hypothesis testing and qualitative explanation. The research was conducted from 2012 – 2013 in the insurance industry in Poland.


BACKGROUND
One of the most significant ways to avoid medication errors is to study the errors that have occurred in other institutions and to use the information to prevent similar accidents at other practice sites.

CASE REPORT
We report a cyclosporine overdose that was caused, in part, by misinterpretation of the medication order of a transplanted patient. In transplantation regimen, a 15 mg BID dose of cyclosporine was supposed to be given as part of the immunosuppressive therapy. Unfortunately the patient received a total of 1500 mg but survived the overdose.

CONCLUSIONS
This case should be considered in the development of strategies to prevent unfavorable outcomes resulting from such errors.


This theory-practice PhD project combines multi-sited curatorial and anthropological research in selected north-eastern and eastern borderland sites of India. The borderland is a choice for this research due to its manifoldness. Borders, though manmade and historical, often produce ambiguous lines of divide that are amenable to myths and memories, and related animosities and allegiances in a variety of configurations. The abstract borderland is potentially capable of creating different subject positions like citizens, denizens and non-citizens.

This is the project of a curator-participant who works in alternating nuanced roles as participant observer, complicit observer, ethnographer and the critical entity to tease out the different aspects of the borderland from complex anthropological interactions. The research process involves three phases in each site. The first two are the study of the territorial issues via theoretical grounding and fieldwork. These lead to the curatorial intervention in the form of workshops that emerge as knowledge producing situations.

The idea is to work with a curatorial strategy that emphasises the processual and is interactive and collaborative, with a view to exploring the shared body of knowledge generated at the workshop mise-en-scenes. Hence, the workshops are conceived as interactive and participatory, involving theatre and cartographic activities among others. Also, the ideas, images and concepts culled from hybrid sources during all the phases of research are juxtaposed here to create fields of multiple inflections, bringing different spaces and times together without merging under a singular discipline. The workshops are, thus, events poised at multi-disciplinary crossroads, where the knowledge of the border experiences maximum density.

The project is aimed at studying the relational features of the selected sites; examining the emergence and nature of communities, the role of outsidedness in the implicated cultures and the different temporal registers encountered in the anthropological probing into the physical and metaphorical borderland(s) in their micro-social aspects.


Iris Recognition is a highly efficient biometric identification system with great possibilities for future in the security systems area.Its robustness and unobtrusiveness, as opposed tomost of the currently deployed systems, make it a good candidate to replace most of thesecurity systems around. By making use of the distinctiveness of iris patterns, iris recognition systems obtain a unique mapping for each person. Identification of this person is possible by applying appropriate matching algorithm.In this paper, Daugman's Rubber Sheet model is employed for irisnormalization and unwrapping, descriptive statistical analysis of different feature detection operators is performed, features extracted is encoded using Haar wavelets and for classification hammingdistance as a matching algorithm is used. The system was tested on the UBIRIS database. The edge detection algorithm, Canny, is found to be the best one to extract most of the iris texture. The success rate of feature detection using canny is 81%, False Accept Rate is 9% and False Reject Rate is 10%.


Eustasy, tectonics, and climate contributed to a remarkable Miocene-Pliocene regional unconformity in the Beaufort-Mackenzie area of Arctic Canada. The unconformity extends from beneath deep basin turbidites on the conti- nental rise, upslope across an erosional paleocontinental shelf, onto the cratonic margin as a regional paleosurface (pe - neplain) in the Mackenzie Delta area, and into pediment surfaces cut into the orogenic highlands of the Richardson Mountains. The unconformity was initiated by shelf exposure during latest Messinian or earliest Pliocene eustatic lowstand and was accentuated by tectonic uplift from the culmination of a major Late Miocene compressional pulse on the basin margin. Palynomorph, benthic foraminiferal, strontium isotopic, paleomagnetic, and radiometric data docu - ment the climatic and chronological events surrounding the unconformity. A widespread hardground (K-59 limestone) occurs at the unconformity and caps the Late Miocene Akpak Sequence. The hardground yields the benthic foraminifera Cibicides grossus, a regional marker in the Arctic Pliocene, and the bryozoan Adeonella sp. aff. A. polystomella, previously known from temperate North Atlantic environments. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr data and new biostratigra- phic data indicate that the C. grossus Zone in the Beaufort-Mackenzie area may be younger than previously estimated, ranging into the earliest Pleistocene. Late Miocene regional uplift across the cratonic margin, coupled with eustatic lowstand followed by Early Pliocene tectonic quiescence and dry cool climatic conditions, combined to produce wide- spread erosion (pediments and peneplanation). Rapid erosion contributed to the >4 km-thick, Pliocene-Pleistocene Iperk Sequence and a 23-fold increase in sedimentation rates relative to the Early and Middle Miocene.


We welcome the opportunity to further clarify aspects of our paper and challenge key elements of Owen's discussion and the inferences he makes regarding the rigour our interpretations and those of previous workers on the origin of the Silverpit structure. We deal with each of his comments in the order that he raises them.

Owen refers to the interpretation of the Silverpit structure as an impact crater as a 'speculative hypothesis'. This is consistent with an earlier statement he has made: 'This feature, termed the Silverpit Crater, has earlier been interpreted as a meteor impact structure (Stewart & Allen 2002), without a shred of scientific justification' (Thomson et al . 2005). The inference that the hypothesis lacks any observational basis disregards a wealth of 3D seismic analysis by Stewart & Allen (2002, 2005). The statement is at best disingenuous, as Owen chooses to ignore the thorough work of earlier workers. Although all the observations for and against a impact origin are based upon 3D seismic data and there are as yet no other independent supportive lines of evidence we would highlight the vast body of work on impact cratering and the numerous impact craters on planetary bodies that have been identified purely from their surface morphology (Melosh 1989); in other words, the absence of shocked quartz and other impact criteria does not invalidate the impact crater interpretation. We have been very careful to term the Silverpit structure a 'probable impact crater' and will continue to do so until such unequivocal evidence is discovered.

In our paper we identify a key reflection that we term CF …


This article contains a synthesis of academic intervention studies conducted between 1970 and 2012 with adolescents who were incarcerated in residential juvenile correctional facilities. Literacy, mathematics, written expression, and multicomponent interventions were included if they measured effects on at least one academic outcome measure. Of the 16 studies synthesized, 7 studies employed an experimental or quasi-experimental design, 4 used a single-case design, and 5 used a single-group design. Because the results are restricted due to methodological limitations and a general lack of research in this area, we discuss the existing gaps in the literature and explore initial findings using these 16 studies. Results suggest the potential of implementing explicit, targeted, academic interventions that have previously shown promise with adolescents in the general school setting (e.g., peer-mediated instruction). Implications and guidance for future research regarding effective delivery of evidence-based practices for adolescents in the incarcerated setting are discussed.


Micrometeorites are one of the most common types of extraterrestrial material that fall to the Earth, beside meteorites and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). All of these materials are known to contain presolar grains that, when studied in the laboratory, provide information about the origin of the solar system and help to constrain models of nucleosynthesis in stars. Recent studies of micrometeorites revealed the presence of a group of particles with very high C contents. These ultra-carbonaceous Antarctic micrometeorites (UCAMMs) are fine-grained, fluffy particles dominated by highly disordered carbonaceous matter. The presence of H and N isotopic anomalies, abundant presolar grains, and other minerals suggest similarities to IDPs. The presence of these ultra-carbonaceous particles led us to question if similar particles may be present in the NASA interplanetary dust collection. These particles undergo preliminary SEM-EDX analysis after being collected in the upper-stratosphere to separate IDPs from terrestrial contaminants. Some of the particles classified as terrestrial contaminants have spectra suggesting that they are dominated by low atomic number (low-Z) elements that are typically not detectable by EDX analysis. Although classified as terrestrial contaminants, some of these particles may in fact be extraterrestrial 'low-Z' IDPs with high C contents, similar to UCAMMs. In this study, we examined a number of low-Z particles to investigate this possibility. Using more sensitive EDX equipment, Raman analysis, and NanoSIMS isotopic imaging we showed that it is unlikely any of these low-Z particles contain presolar material, making it unclear that these particles have an extraterrestrial origin.


Abstract G. Douglas Young, the founder of the American Institute of Holy Land Studies (now Jerusalem University College), is a largely forgotten figure in the history of Christian Zionism. Born into a fundamentalist household, Young developed an intense identification with Jews and support for the state of Israel from an early age. By 1957, when he founded his Institute, Young developed a worldview that merged numerous strands of evangelical thinking—dispensationalism, neo-evangelicalism, and his own ideas about Jewish-Christian relations—into a distinctive understanding of Israel. Young's influence in American evangelicalism reached a climax in the years 1967–1971. This period, and Young's activism therein, represents a distinct phase in the evolution of Jewish-evangelical relations and evangelical Christian Zionism. Young's engagement with the Israeli state prefigured the Christian Zionists of the 1980s. This article examines Young's distinctive theology and politics and situates them in intellectual and international contexts. It argues that Young sought to place Christian Zionism at the center of American evangelicalism after 1967 and that his effort was only partially successful. While Young spoke to thousands of evangelicals, trained hundreds of students, and sat on boards and committees to broaden the appeal of Christian Zionism, he also met stiff resistance by some members of the American evangelical establishment. The Jerusalem Conference on Biblical Prophecy, which saw Young collide with Carl F. H. Henry, a leading American evangelical, illustrates the limits of Young's efforts. Ultimately, a look at Young reframes the rise of Christian Zionism among American evangelicals and situates activism in Israel as central to the development of Jewish-evangelical relations in the twentieth century.


Portfolio optimization is one of the problems most frequently encountered by financial practitioners. The main goal of this paper is to fill a gap in the literature by providing a well-documented, step-by-step open-source implementation of Critical Line Algorithm (CLA) in scientific language. The code is implemented as a Python class object, which allows it to be imported like any other Python module, and integrated seamlessly with pre-existing code. We discuss the logic behind CLA following the algorithm's decision flow. In addition, we developed several utilities that support finding answers to recurrent practical problems. We believe this publication will offer a better alternative to financial practitioners, many of whom are currently relying on generic-purpose optimizers which often deliver suboptimal solutions. The source code discussed in this paper can be downloaded at the authors' websites (see Appendix).


The low carbon steel, SM490 was austenized at different temperatures followed by quenching into water to obtain martensite microstructures with different grain sizes. Then specimens were heated up to 600°C followed by warm-compression at έ=1.7x10-3 s-1 (strain rate) to investigate the dynamic recrystallization behavior. The influence of pre-tempering before compression was also investigated. The microstructure observations were performed with FE-SEM and orientation imaging analysis with EBSD. It is confirmed that the dynamic recrystallization occurred in the tempered martensite as well as the as-quenched marteniste, resulting in fine grained ferrite microstructure with about 2μm. The dynamic recrystallization grain size is hardly dependent on the block size of initial martensite.


Whereas Richard Swinburne has tried to make a case for the rationality of Christian revelation, this article argues for the rationality of early Christian discourse. Early Christian texts display a type of "formal" rationality that is not an attribute of Christian revelation, intending authors, or historical contexts, but rather is a property of the discursive series to which they belong. Early Christian texts could come into existence only by achieving a relational coexistence with other, previously existing, non-Christian texts within a shared associative discursive series. Such an addition of a Christian text to a discursive series was always governed by the shared "rules" of coherence of the series itself. As a starting point for elucidating these "rules" of coherence, this article examines the structures of social grouping, social interaction, and social values as they were reproduced in the linguistic categories of Hellenistic Greek. This article further argues that the emergence of biblical texts within their respective discursive series occurred according to two strategies, synchronic and diachronic emergence. Synchronic emergence involves the addition of texts to a discursive series in such a way that the "rules" of the series are instantiated without significant alteration. In contrast, the term diachronic emergence designates the addition of texts to a series whereby the "rules" are instantiated in a novel or unexpected manner. In both cases, the emergence of early Christian texts is a function of formal rational processes.


Recently, a new breed of mobile virtual reality (dubbed as "EasyVR" in this work), has appeared in the form of conveniently clipping on a non-isolating magnifying lenses on the smartphone, still offering a reasonable level of immersion to using the isolated headset. Furthermore, such a form factor allows the fingers to touch the screen and select objects quite accurately, despite the finger(s) being seen unfocused over the lenses. Many navigation techniques have existed for both casual smartphone 3D applications using the touchscreen and immersive VR environments using the various controllers/sensors. However, no research has focused on the proper navigation interaction technique for a platform like EasyVR which necessitates the use of the touchscreen while holding the display device to the head and looking through the magnifying lenses. To design and propose the most fitting navigation method(s) with EasyVR, we mixed and matched the conventional touchscreen based and headset oriented navigation methods to come up with six viable navigation techniques—more specifically for selecting the travel direction and invoking the movement itself—including the use of head-rotation, on-screen keypads/buttons, one-touch teleport, drag-to-target, and finger gestures. These methods were experimentally compared for their basic usability and the level of immersion in navigating in 3D space with six degrees of freedom. The results provide a valuable guideline for designing/choosing the proper navigation method under different navigational needs of the given VR application.


This dissertation focuses on clustering and hybrid routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). Specifically, we study two different network-layer virtual infrastructures proposed for MANET: the explicit cluster infrastructure and the implicit zone infrastructure. In the first part of the dissertation, we propose a novel clustering scheme based on a number of properties of diameter-2 graphs to provide a general-purpose virtual infrastructure for MANET. Compared to virtual infrastructures with central nodes, our virtual infrastructure is more symmetric and stable, but still light-weight. In our clustering scheme, cluster initialization naturally blends into cluster maintenance, showing the unity between these two operations. We call our algorithm tree-based since cluster merge and split operations are performed based on a spanning tree maintained at some specific nodes. Extensive simulation results have shown the effectiveness of our clustering scheme when compared to other schemes proposed in the literature. In the second part of the dissertation, we propose TZRP (Two-Zone Routing Protocol) as a hybrid routing framework that can balance the tradeoffs between pure proactive, fuzzy proactive, and reactive routing approaches more effectively in a wide range of network conditions. In TZRP, each node maintains two zones: a Crisp Zone for proactive routing and efficient bordercasting, and a Fuzzy Zone for heuristic routing using imprecise locality information. The perimeter of the Crisp Zone is the boundary between pure proactive routing and fuzzy proactive routing, and the perimeter of the Fuzzy Zone is the boundary between proactive routing and reactive routing. By adjusting the sizes of these two zones, a reduced total routing control overhead can be achieved.


The objectives of this study were to describe the morphological alterations of the pulmonary microvasculature in anesthetized dogs infused intravenously with alpha-thrombin (111-233 NIH U/kg) and to measure the protein reflection coefficient (sigma d), an index of pulmonary vascular permeability to proteins. Quantitative electron microscopy of lung biopsies from a group of four dogs showed an increase in the volume density of the alveolar interstitium and an increase in intravascular fibrin at 30 min after the thrombin infusion. The pulmonary microvascular endothelium was often swollen, blistered, highly vacuolized, or rarefied when close to or in contact with fibrin but appeared normal when not closely associated with fibrin. Fibrin-endothelial interactions often included projections of endothelium surrounding fibrin, the presence of fibrin within endothelial cells, 10- to 15-nm bridges connecting fibrin and endothelium, and disruption of the endothelial plasmalemma in contact with fibrin. Alveolar epithelial cells were unaffected by the thrombin infusion. Pulmonary lymph was collected from an afferent lymphatic to the left tracheobronchial lymph node in a second group of five dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium intravenously. Thrombin increased pulmonary lymph flow by sevenfold and also increased the extravascular lung water-to-bloodless dry lung weight ratio. Left atrial pressure was elevated after thrombin infusion until a filtration-independent state was approached for the calculation of sigma d. Thrombin decreased sigma d from a normal value of 0.62 +/- 0.02 to 0.53 +/- 0.02. Thus thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation in dogs produced focal disruptions of the microvascular endothelium associated with intravascular fibrin and increased the pulmonary vascular permeability to proteins.


*In this work, undoped and Mg doped (at the Mg percentages of 1, 3 and 5) copper oxide films were deposited at the substrate temperature of 300±5 °C by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique, and the effect of Mg incorporation on the optical, structural and electrical properties was presented. Optical properties of the films were analyzed by transmission, linear absorption coefficient and reflection spectra, and the optical method was used to determine the band gaps of the films. The film structures were studied by X-ray diffraction, and the texture coefficient (P), the grain size (D), and macrostrain ( ) for preferential orientations were calculated. The electrical conductivities were calculated with two-probe technique. Consequently, it was determined that Mg incorporation has a strong effect on the optical and especially structural properties of the copper oxide films.


One of the most challenging problems in kernel online learning is to bound the model size. Budgeted kernel online learning addresses this issue by bounding the model size to a predefined budget. However, determining an appropriate value for such predefined budget is arduous. In this paper, we propose the Nonparametric Budgeted Stochastic Gradient Descent that allows the model size to automatically grow with data in a principled way. We provide theoretical analysis to show that our framework is guaranteed to converge for a large collection of loss functions (e.g. Hinge, Logistic, L2, L1, and ε-insensitive) which enables the proposed algorithm to perform both classification and regression tasks without hurting the ideal convergence rate O ( 1 T ) of the standard Stochastic Gradient Descent. We validate our algorithm on the real-world datasets to consolidate the theoretical claims.


Postmitochondrial supernatant, cytosol, and microsomes were exposed to near-ultraviolet light and assayed for incorporation of (3H)leucine. The results indicate that near-ultraviolet light decreased the incorporation of radioactivity into the aminoacyl-tRNA fraction and into proteins. This effect depended on the wavelength of irradiation and the concentration of exposed protein. Tryptophan and epinephrine potentiated the effect of near-ultraviolet light, but catalase prevented this effect. Hydrogen peroxide decreased protein synthesis when it was added to unirradiated postmitochondrial supernatant. The results suggest that near-ultraviolet light would decrease protein synthesis by generating hydrogen peroxide from tryptophan and epinephrine.


Catecholamine stimulation increases the heart rate and the force of cardiac contraction. Cardiac output then increases, with a decrease occurring in total peripheral resistance due to smooth muscle dilation in the vascular beds of the muscle and heart, though there is constriction of the skin and viscera; this leads to a net decrease in total peripheral resistance. Consequently, systolic pressure rises and diastolic pressure falls. The net effect is to increase myocardial oxygen demand. Smoking stimulates catecholamine secretion and may therefore be expected to have detrimental effects in patients with angina. In a double-blind study of ten patients with stable angina pectoris treated with nifedipine, propranolol, and atenolol, smoking was found to have direct and adverse effects on the heart and to interfere with the efficacy of all three antianginal drugs, but with that of nifedipine the most. Differences between the two beta blockers may be related, at least in part, to the known different metabolic pathways of these drugs.


The first objective of this paper is to review and characterize the published research in refereed journals pertaining to the nutritional practices used to grow vegetable transplants. The second objective is to note those studies that indicated a direct relationship between transplant nutritional practices and field performance. The third objective is to suggest some approaches that are needed in future vegetable transplant nutrition research. Even after review of the plethora of available information in journals, it is not possible to summarize the one best way to grow any vegetable transplant simply because of many interacting and confounding factors that moderate the effects of nutritional treatments. It is, however, important to recognize that all these confounding factors must be considered when developing guidelines for producing transplants. After thorough review of this information, it is concluded that transplant nutrition generally has a long term effect on influencing yield potential. Therefore, derivation of a nutritional regime to grow transplants needs to be carefully planned. It is hoped that the information that follows can be used to help guide this process.


Abstract. The Budyko framework posits that a catchment's long-term mean evapotranspiration ( E ) is primarily governed by the availabilities of water and energy, represented by long-term mean precipitation ( P ) and potential evapotranspiration ( E0 ), respectively. This assertion is supported by the distinctive clustering pattern that catchments take in Budyko space. Several semi-empirical, non-parametric curves have been shown to generally represent this clustering pattern but cannot explain deviations from the central tendency. Parametric Budyko equations attempt to generalize the non-parametric framework, through the introduction of a catchment-specific parameter (n or w). Prevailing interpretations of Budyko curves suggest that the explicit functional forms represent trajectories through Budyko space for individual catchments undergoing changes in aridity index, ( E0 / P ), while n and w values represent catchment biophysical features; however, neither of these interpretations arise from the derivation of the Budyko equations. In this study, we re-examine, reinterpret, and test these two key components of the current Budyko framework both theoretically and empirically. In our theoretical test, we use a biophysical model for E to demonstrate that n and w values can change without invoking changes in landscape biophysical features and that catchments are not required to follow Budyko curve trajectories. Our empirical test uses data from 728 reference catchments in the United Kingdom and United States to illustrate that catchments rarely follow Budyko curve trajectories and that n and w are not transferable between catchments or across time for individual catchments. This non-transferability implies n and w are proxy variables for E / P , rendering the parametric Budyko equations under-determined and lacking of predictive ability. Finally, we show that the parametric Budyko equations are non-unique, suggesting their physical interpretations are unfounded. Overall, we conclude that, while the shape of Budyko curves generally captures the global behavior of multiple catchments, their specific functional forms are arbitrary and not reflective of the dynamic behavior of individual catchments.


We study the dynamics of long-wavelength fluctuations in one-dimensional (1D) many-particle systems as described by self-consistent mode-coupling theory. The corresponding non-linear integro-differential equations for the relevant correlators are solved analytically and checked numerically. In particular, we find that the memory functions exhibit a power-law decay accompanied by relatively fast oscillations. Furthermore, the scaling behaviour and, correspondingly, the universality class depend on the order of the leading non-linear term. In the cubic case, both viscosity and thermal conductivity diverge in the thermodynamic limit. In the quartic case, a faster decay of the memory functions leads to a finite viscosity, while the thermal conductivity exhibits an even faster divergence. Finally, our analysis puts on a firmer basis the previously conjectured connection between anomalous heat conductivity and anomalous diffusion.


This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus amarus extracts on Staphylococcus aureus,  Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans . These effects were compared with those of ampicillin, gentamicin and pefloxacin. Phytochemical  analysis showed that the plant contained flavonoids, steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, benzenoids, saponins and lipids. This plant was found to have remarkable inhibitory effects on the growth of all the  organisms tested; S. aureus was the most susceptible (MIC 20ug/ml) while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and C. albicans were the least susceptible (MIC 30ug/ml). The organisms were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, the inhibition was almost directly proportional to the extract concentration. The aqueous extract had no significant increase inhibitory effects compared to the ethanol extract (p > 0.05). The standard antibiotics had no greater inhibitory effects on the test organisms in relation to the plant extracts (p>0.05). The in vitro analysis revealed that Phyllanthus amarus possesses an antimicrobial activity comparable with those of standard antibiotic discs. Further works is recommended to determine its suitability in chemotherapy. Keywords : Inhibitory effects, Phyllanthus amarus extract, Pathogenic microorganisms.


In the UK, the length of a goods carrying vehicle is limited to a maximum of 16.5 m for a standard articulated vehicle and 18.75 m for a draw-bar combination. This research has investigated the environmental, economic and practical impacts of expanding the volumetric carry capacity by increasing maximum length of vehicles to 25.25 m, while maintaining the maximum gross weight at the current UK limit of 44 tonne. The scope is limited to the consideration of 25.25 m vehicle variants that are currently in use in the Netherlands. The investigation was based on a variety of techniques that included bench research and case study modelling. It concludes that, although the picture is complex and there are a number of operational issues to be addressed, the introduction of high-capacity vehicles (HCVs) to the UK would yield valuable environmental and financial benefits at vehicle and operator level, provided that vehicle utilisation levels do not deteriorate as compared with current fleet. At the national level, financial benefits would be partially offset by infrastructure costs and there is some risk of environmental benefits being partially eroded by modal shift – but on both measures a net benefit is highly likely to remain. In addition, provided that appropriate risk control measures are adopted, use of HCVs is highly unlikely to have an adverse impact on road safety.


Restorying Indigenous–Settler Relations in Canada: Taking a Decolonial Turn Toward a Settler Theology of Liberation This dissertation explores some theological implications of restorying relations between settler and Indigenous peoples in Canada. In response to the call of the Seven Fires Prophecy, this work proposes that it is imperative that settler people seek and cultivate a new way to be in relationship with Indigenous peoples. Part of the aim of restorying is to overcome the social, cultural, political, and ecclesial erasure of Indigenous peoples. I construct a hybrid concept of settler coloniality to explore the logics of elimination and assimilation. I apply this methodological lens to key moments in modern Canadian hi/story, and the development of the All Native Circle Conference in The United Church of Canada. Employing autoethnographic tools, my research develops a transdisciplinary theological approach that is liberationist and seeks healing of wounded relations in Canada. The theological decolonial turn emerges out of the experience of a United Church community's efforts toward right relations with Indigenous peoples on unceded Algonquin land. I weave together this community's experience with key themes of Indigenous theologies and peace-building theory to construct a settler approach to decolonial healing. This liberationist theological approach points to an embodied metanoia, or transformation, of settler peoples. Such transformation can be experienced in relational spaces that risk both sides of story-telling: speaking or voice-ing and listening or hearing. The resurgence of oral traditions of Indigenous peoples create unsettling vibrations in the intimate aural spaces where settlers witness to and engage in a transformative decolonial healing praxis with Indigenous peoples.


A novel angle comparator has been built and tested at INRIM. The device is based on a double air bearing structure embedding a continuously rotating encoder, which is read by two heads: one fixed to the base of the comparator and a second fixed to the upper moving part of the comparator. The phase measurement between the two heads' signals is proportional to the relative angle suspended between them (and, therefore, the angle between the base and the upper, movable part of the comparator). The advantage of this solution is to reduce the encoder graduation errors and to cancel the cyclic errors due to the interpolation of the encoder lines. By using only two pairs of reading heads, we have achieved an intrinsic accuracy of  ±0.04″ (rectangular distribution) that can be reduced through self-calibration. The residual cyclic errors have shown to be less than 0.01″ peak-to-peak. The random fluctuations are less than 0.01″ rms on a 100 s time interval. A further advantage of the rotating encoder is the intrinsic knowledge of the absolute position without the need of a zeroing procedure. Construction details of the rotating encoder angle comparator (REAC), characterization tests, and examples of practical use are given.


Abstract North America, prairie and savanna remnants suffer from increased habitat degradation and structural changes (e.g., woody encroachment). Plant populations in remnant habitats may be threatened over time as a result of this degradation. Past studies have explored plant responses to such changes by focusing primarily on vegetative characteristics rather than reproductive ones. Our research uses a rare Midwestern endemic, Synthyris bullii, to determine if the morphology of reproductive structures is associated with habitat quality. Study populations were visited and categorized according to the level of observed woody encroachment: shaded, semishaded, and open. From each population, 20 individuals were selected to measure inflorescence size (i.e., inflorescence height and flower number) and flower size (e.g., lengths of petals, stamens, carpels). Data were explored by canonical discriminant analysis to determine if traits were associated with particular habitat types and then analyzed by MANOVA and univariate ANOVAs to determine differences in traits among habitats. Results showed that floral morphometrics differed in open and shaded habitats, though semishaded habitats did not generally differ from the other two categories. Specifically, shaded habitats produced smaller inflorescences (e.g., fewer flowers) with larger flowers (e.g., increased lengths of petals and carpels), while the inverse pattern was observed in open habitats. Although we initially predicted consistent reductions in size across reproductive traits, we found instead inverse size patterns at the inflorescence level versus the flower level in different habitats. Our study highlights the impact of habitat changes that could ultimately affect the reproductive success of S. bullii and contribute to its decline.


The aim of this study was to document the first genetic information based on partial sequences of the ORF1b gene of nine Turkish (TR) equine arteritis virus (EAV) strains obtained from horses showing signs of respiratory tract disease. Partial sequencing of the PCR products based on ORF1b gene using EAV specific primer pairs followed amplification and purification was performed and was compared to European and American viruses recoded in GenBank to phylogenic analysis. The TR virus strains were found closely related to the strains that originated in North America and exhibited marked sequence heterogeneity from European strains and additionally the TR strains were relatively homogeneous and were placed in a separate cluster. This study documents for the first time the genetic of EAV genotypes in Turkey and will provide valuable insight for future studies on the molecular epidemiology of EAV.


Introduction: As a working definition, marriages contracted between persons genetically related as second cousins or closer (F ≥ 0.0156) are categorized as consanguineous. The ability to evaluate the incidence and types of consanguineous marriage in specific communities, regions or nations has become increasingly vital in terms of genetic education and genetic counseling programmes, and in assessing genetic association and genetic linkage studies.

Objectives : Using the website www.consang.net as starting-point, the aim was to create a user-friendly, interactive public database on the global prevalence of consanguineous marriage and its clinical, genetic and demographic outcomes.

Methods: A publicly accessible web application was constructed using data from www.consang.net with the open-source cakePHP framework (cakePHP.org) and Google Map Application Programming Interface (API) (maps.google.com).

Results: The resulting database provides an interactive and readily updatable global catalogue of consanguineous marriage, with precise geographical mapping of published studies. The visual display capacity has revealed important sampling and analysis patterns not previously resolved, in particular the unrepresentative regional clustering of data within specific countries.

Conclusion: Since its inception www.consang.net has proved to be a popular, frequently accessed website for both health professionals and the general public. The new Consang-Google Map will enable researchers to assess consanguineous marriage and its health outcomes with greater ease, clarity, and detail. It will also help in the planning and focus of future health-based studies on communities and areas for which current information is inadequate.


The zine publication documents "Art Pluriverse", an annual community science series initiated by the Biennale of Western Balkans in 2020 as part of its year-round programme, in connection with the History of Art Laboratory, School of Fine Arts, University of Ioannina in Greece. Art Pluriverse aims to uplift intangible cultural heritage through community science, by engaging communities and the public in co-creative research in close collaboration with artists and researchers. Drawing on art, intangible cultural heritage and open knowledge, the programme foregrounds communities that safeguard local practices, by documenting their artistic heritage and traditional knowledge through open, educative and participatory methods. The collaborative process leads to the co-creation of research-based art and the development of digital community archives based on open-access principles, envisioning an Art Pluriverse for collectively experiencing and sharing tradition anew.


A fundamental principle guiding the publication of scientific results is that the data supporting any scholarly work must be made fully available to the research community in a form that allows the basic conclusions to be evaluated independently. In the context of molecular biology, this has typically meant that authors of papers describing a newly sequenced genome, gene, or protein must deposit the primary data into a permanent, public data repository such as the sequence databases maintained by the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Similarly, we, the members of the Microarray Gene Expression Data (MGED) Society (http://www.mged.org), believe that all scholarly scientific journals should now require the submission of microarray data to public repositories as part of the process of publication. While some journals have already made this a condition of acceptance, we feel that submission requirements should be applied consistently and that journals recognize ArrayExpress (Brazma et al. 2003), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO; Edgar et al. 2002), and the Center for Information Biology gene Expression Database (CIBEX; Ikeo et al. 2003) as acceptable public repositories. To this end, the members of the MGED Society propose the following as a new paradigm for the publication of microarray-based studies:


Graphene nanoribbon crossbars exhibit negative differential resistance. This nonlinear current-voltage response can be exploited in a nanomesh geometry for high-density logic or memory. A 2xN crossbar array can store 3N states. Proof-of-principle of a high functional density architecture exploiting the non-linear dynamics of graphene nanoribbon crossbars in a nanomesh geometry is demonstrated.


SIR,-Drs J B and E T Macdonald (20 August, p 483) have shown a highly significant correlation between the ingestion of barbiturate hypnotics and nocturnal fractures of the femur. It is curious that none of the patients sustaining fractures in the afternoon were on barbiturates; it would be expected that fractures would occur with an equal incidence in patients on barbiturates and those on non-barbiturate hypnotics if neither drug affected the likelihood of fractures occurring at this time. Either barbiturates protect against afternoon fractures (which seems unlikely) or other hypnotics predispose to fractures occurring in the morning and afternoon. Unfortunately there is no comparison of the temporal incidence of fractures in patients not taking hypnotics (a reflection, perhaps, of the overuse of these drugs in the elderly), so that neither intriguing possibility can be explored. It would also be interesting to know if there was a significant correlation between non-barbiturate hypnotic use and frequent falls, as there was with barbiturate use. There is a high incidence of osteomalacia in elderly patients with fractures of the femur'; and osteomalacia is a recognised complication of the chronic ingestion of long-acting anticonvulsant barbiturates2 (for example, phenobarbitone), which reduce the level of circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferolP by inducing hepatic microsomal enzymes. This effect is likely to be of particular significance in the elderly, whose nutritional status with respect to vitamin D may already be less than ideal. That this may occur with other barbiturates (those with shorter plasma half lives, used as hypnotics) is suggested by the results of a recent survey in which patients taking these drugs were found to have lower serum calcium concentrations than controls.4 Though there was no significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity in these patients and only 26 4% of the patients with fractures in the Macdonalds' survey were taking barbiturates in comparison with from 41 % to 51 00 of newly referred outpatients (the increase between 1973 and 1976 is itself a worrying trend), the possibility of an increased incidence of osteomalacia is another reason for not prescribing barbiturate hypnotics in the elderly.


Many helminths, including Brugia malayi, are able to establish long-lived infections in immunocompetent hosts. Growing evidence suggests that the immune system's failure to eliminate parasites is at least partially due to the effects of regulatory T cells (Tregs). To test whether parasites may directly stimulate host regulatory activity, we infected mice with two key stages of B. malayi. Both mosquito-borne infective larvae and mature adults i.p. introduced were found to preferentially expand the proportion of CD25+Foxp3+ cells within the CD4+ T cell population. The induction of Foxp3 was accompanied by raised CD25, CD103, and CTLA-4 expression, and was shown to be an active process, which accompanied the introduction of live, but not dead parasites. CTLA-4 expression was also markedly higher on Foxp3− cells, suggesting anergized effector populations. Peritoneal lavage CD4+CD25+ cells from infected mice showed similar suppressive activity in vitro to normal splenic "natural" Tregs. Both B. malayi larvae and adults were also able to induce Foxp3 expression in adoptively transferred DO11.10 T cells, demonstrating that filarial infection can influence the development of T cells specific to a third party Ag. In addition, we showed that induction was intact in IL-4R-deficient animals, in the absence of a Th2 or alternatively activated macrophage response. We conclude that filarial infections significantly skew the balance of the host immune system toward Treg expansion and activation, in a manner dependent on live parasites but independent of a concomitant Th2 response.


Numerous ground improvement technologies have been in use for many years on land based projects with various applications. These techniques have provided alternatives that are frequently more affordable and require shorter construction periods than deep foundations. Implementation of these methods in the sea and marine environments is more challenging as specialised equipment is usually either only appropriate for land based projects or have low efficiency and production capability at sea. However, requirement of seabed treatment and improving the characteristics of marine foundations has necessitated the introduction of soil improvement technologies to offshore projects. Some of the ground improvement techniques that have especially evolved to satisfy the requirements of offshore and seabed ground improvement are dynamic compaction, vibro compaction, dynamic replacement, and stone columns. The first two techniques are used for the treatment of granular seabed while the latter two technologies are most appropriate for improving silty and clayey marine foundations. In this paper initially marine and offshore ground improvement techniques with a focus on the mentioned above methods will be discussed. Two case studies of ground improvement for the treatment of soft clays in record water depths will also be introduced. In the first case offshore dynamic replacement was carried out in Southeast Asia at a location where seabed was approximately 30 m below sea level. In the second project stone columns were installed beneath the quay wall and breakwater of the first and second phases of Port of Patras (Greece). The sea depth was up to approximately 40 m and the columns were as long as 20 m.


This paper presents, as an extension of the authors' recent work, an exact solution to diffraction of a skew incident plane electromagnetic wave by a wedge with axially anisotropic impedance faces. Applying the Sommerfeld‐Malyuzhinets technique to the boundary‐value problem yields a coupled system of difference equations for the spectra; on elimination, a functional difference (FD) equation of higher order for one spectrum arises; after simplification in terms of a generalized Malyuzhinets function and accounting for the Meixner's edge condition as well as the poles and residues of the spectrum in the basic strip of the complex plane, the FD equation is converted, via the so‐called S integrals, to an integral equivalent; for points on the imaginary axis which belong to the basic strip the integral equivalent becomes a Fredholm equation of the second kind with a nonsingular, wave number–free and exponentially decreasing kernel; solving this integral equation by the quadrature method the spectrum can be determined by integral extrapolation and by analytical continuation; a first‐order uniform asymptotic solution follows from evaluating the Sommerfeld integrals with the saddle‐point method. Comparison with available exact solutions in several special cases shows that this approach leads to a fast and accurate solution of the problem under study.


A data set comprising 110 spreading rates, 78 transform fault azimuths, and 142 earthquake slip vectors has been inverted to yield a new instantaneous plate motion model, designated Relative Motion 2 (RM2). The model represents a considerable improvement over our previous estimate, RM1 [Minster et al., 1974]. The mean averaging interval for the spreading rate data has been reduced to less than 3 m.y. A detailed comparison of RM2 with angular velocity vectors which best fit the data along individual plate boundaries indicates that RM2 performs close to optimally in most regions, with several notable exceptions. The model systematically misfits data along the India-Antarctica and Pacific-India plate boundaries. We hypothesize that these discrepancies are manifestations of internal deformation within the Indian plate; the data are compatible with northwest-southeast compression across the Ninetyeast Ridge at a rate of about 1 cm/yr. RM2 also fails to satisfy the east-west trending transform fault azimuths observed in the FrenchAmerican Mid-Ocean Undersea Study area, which is shown to be a consequence of closure constraints about the Azores triple junction. Slow movement between North and South America is required by the data set, although the angular velocity vector describing this motion remains poorly constrained. The existence of a Bering plate, postulated in our previous study, is not necessary if we accept the proposal of Engdahl and others that the Aleutian slip vector data are biased by slab effects. Absolute motion models are derived from several kinematical hypotheses and compared with the data from hot spot traces younger than 10 m.y. Although some of the models are inconsistent with the Wilson-Morgan hypothesis, the overall resolving power of the hot spot data is poor, and the directions of absolute motion for the several slower-moving plates are not usefully constrained.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the efficacy and safety of nonopioid adjunctive analgesics for patients in the ICU. Data Sources: We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science. Study Selection: Two independent reviewers screened citations. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials comparing efficacy and safety of an adjuvant-plus-opioid regimen to opioids alone in adult ICU patients. Data Extraction: We conducted duplicate screening of citations and data abstraction. Data Synthesis: Of 10,949 initial citations, we identified 34 eligible trials. These trials examined acetaminophen, carbamazepine, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, gabapentin, ketamine, magnesium sulfate, nefopam, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (including diclofenac, indomethacin, and ketoprofen), pregabalin, and tramadol as adjunctive analgesics. Use of any adjuvant in addition to an opioid as compared to an opioid alone led to reductions in patient-reported pain scores at 24 hours (standard mean difference, –0.88; 95% CI, –1.29 to –0.47; low certainty) and decreased opioid consumption (in oral morphine equivalents over 24 hr; mean difference, 25.89 mg less; 95% CI, 19.97–31.81 mg less; low certainty). In terms of individual medications, reductions in opioid use were demonstrated with acetaminophen (mean difference, 36.17 mg less; 95% CI, 7.86–64.47 mg less; low certainty), carbamazepine (mean difference, 54.69 mg less; 95% CI, 40.39–to 68.99 mg less; moderate certainty), dexmedetomidine (mean difference, 10.21 mg less; 95% CI, 1.06–19.37 mg less; low certainty), ketamine (mean difference, 36.81 mg less; 95% CI, 27.32–46.30 mg less; low certainty), nefopam (mean difference, 70.89 mg less; 95% CI, 64.46–77.32 mg less; low certainty), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (mean difference, 11.07 mg less; 95% CI, 2.7–19.44 mg less; low certainty), and tramadol (mean difference, 22.14 mg less; 95% CI, 6.67–37.61 mg less; moderate certainty). Conclusions: Clinicians should consider using adjunct agents to limit opioid exposure and improve pain scores in critically ill patients.


Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical fruit characterized by a rapid pericarp browning and dehydration during postharvest, resulting in an accelerated shelf life and in a loss of consumer appreciation and consequently of its market value. The aim of our study was to assess litchi fruit chemical-physical and sensory quality changes during postharvest and shelf life using rapid refrigeration (RR) and active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Litchi fruits were picked at commercial harvest and were divided in 4 groups: not treated fruit (CTR); rapid refrigerated fruit (RRF); modified atmosphere packed fruit (MAP); hydrogen peroxide treated and modified atmosphere packed fruit (MAP+). CTR and RRF fruit were packed in microperforated plastic bag whereas MAP and MAP+ fruit were packed in unperforated high-density polyethylene package in which a gas mixture (60 kPa N2, 30% CO2 and 10 kPa O2) was flushed and then the bag was hermetically sealed. RRF, fruit were submitted to cooling in order to rapidly reduce their temperature using a blast cabinet which allows to reach 4° C in 15 minutes in three different steps. Finally, all the treated fruit were submitted to cold storage (5°C) for 12 days. Chemical-physical and sensory characteristics were analyzed after 4, 8 and 12 days of cold storage and their shelf life was monitored after 2 and 4 days at 20° C. Generally, the fruit submitted to RRF treatment presents a more intense red color in particular referring to L parameter and the best chemical-physical characteristics. Moreover, RRF fruit revealed having more consistency, juicy flesh, fruity flavour and exotic flavour after 4 days and of fruity odor and exotic odor after 8 days of cold storage. After 12 days, MAP and MAP+ showed a sensory decay. Finally, RRF technique, by rapid refrigeration, permits to prolong fruit color and taste during cold storage and consequent shelf life.


Phospho-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter expressed in many organs (ex: kidney, lung, liver and spleen) and in hormone producing or responsive tissues (ex: adrenal cortex, testis and placenta). It is involved in many important physiological functions. Among them the major one is extrusion of xenobiotics in order to detoxify the cells. This property of P-gp is associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) for many pathological conditions. While the experimental determination of three-dimensional structure is not yet successful, the transmembrane (TM) 5, 6, 11 and 12 are sensitive to mutations and contain substrate binding sites. Designing of potential and selective inhibitors of P-gp is still hampered by a lack of information upon the three dimensional structure of P-gp. The design of P-gp inhibitors was traditionally driven by quantitative structure activity relationship studies, which is complicated by factors such as different types of assays, multiple drug binding sites and diverse chemical structures. Clearly a conclusive and predictive SAR does not seem to be practical, despite progress in the last few years towards more specific SAR suggesting well defined structural features responsible for activity. Advances made recently in solving the crystal structure of prokaryotic ATP binding cassette proteins (ABC) transporters, Ec-MsbA, Vc-MsbA and BtuCD yielded suitable templates for construction of homology models of P-gp. Few molecular dynamics (MD) simulations aimed at elucidating the functional dynamics of ABC transporters have provided useful insights to their mechanism and structure. The present review aims at the general overview of importance, expression, structure, organization and drug binding sites of P-gp. This review also highlights recent developments in the homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations of P-gp and progress in QSAR, pharmacophore modeling of P-gp modulators.


Bob Dylan and Leonard Cohen are widely acknowledged as the great pop poets of the 1960s, transforming the popular song into a medium for questionng the personal, social, and political norms of their times. They emerged at a time when the music industry was transforming the revolutionary sound of black music into something bland, homogenous, and fit for mass consumption. For many members of their generation, Dylan and Cohen were able to articulate what they were feeling and could not express: anti-establishement anger, angst, and despondency.

Dylan and Cohen is a fascinating political, psychological and artistic profile of these two iconic writers and performers. With reference to both biographical details and lyrics. David Boucher explores their similarities and differences, tracing the development of religious political, and social themes in their work and the ways in which those ideas engaged a new audience.

A must-read for all serious fans of either Dylan or Cohen, this book will also engage anyone interested in the North America of the 1960s, or more generally in the relationship between music, identity and politics.


Abstract We study the joint degree counts in linear preferential attachment random graphs and find a simple representation for the limit distribution in infinite sequence space. We show weak convergence with respect to the p-norm topology for appropriate p and also provide optimal rates of convergence of the finite-dimensional distributions. The results hold for models with any general initial seed graph and any fixed number of initial outgoing edges per vertex; we generate nontree graphs using both a lumping and a sequential rule. Convergence of the order statistics and optimal rates of convergence to the maximum of the degrees is also established.


Despite recent progress in reinforcement learning (RL) from raw pixel data, sample inefficiency continues to present a substantial obstacle. Prior works have attempted to address this challenge by creating self-supervised auxiliary tasks, aiming to enrich the agent's learned representations with control-relevant information for future state prediction. However, these objectives are often insufficient to learn representations that can represent the optimal policy or value function, and they often consider tasks with small, abstract discrete action spaces and thus overlook the importance of action representation learning in continuous control. In this paper, we introduce TACO: Temporal Action-driven Contrastive Learning, a simple yet powerful temporal contrastive learning approach that facilitates the concurrent acquisition of latent state and action representations for agents. TACO simultaneously learns a state and an action representation by optimizing the mutual information between representations of current states paired with action sequences and representations of the corresponding future states. Theoretically, TACO can be shown to learn state and action representations that encompass sufficient information for control, thereby improving sample efficiency. For online RL, TACO achieves 40% performance boost after one million environment interaction steps on average across nine challenging visual continuous control tasks from Deepmind Control Suite. In addition, we show that TACO can also serve as a plug-and-play module adding to existing offline visual RL methods to establish the new state-of-the-art performance for offline visual RL across offline datasets with varying quality.


ABSTRACT
In the United States, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake among eligible cisgender women has been slow, despite the availability of oral PrEP since 2012. Although women make up nearly 20% of those living with HIV, there are currently few PrEP uptake interventions for cisgender women at elevated risk for acquiring HIV. Here we describe the process used to design and pre-pilot test Just4Us, a theory-based behavioral intervention to promote PrEP initiation and adherence among PrEP-eligible cisgender women. This work was part of a multiphase study conducted in New York City and Philadelphia, two locations with HIV rates higher than the national average. The counselor-navigator component of the intervention was designed to be delivered in a 60- to 90-min in-person session in the community, followed by several phone calls to support linkage to care. An automated text messaging program was also designed for adherence support. Just4Us addressed personal and structural barriers to PrEP uptake using an empowerment framework by building on women's insights and resources to overcome barriers along the PrEP cascade. Usability pre-pilot testing results were favorable and provided valuable feedback used to refine the intervention.


A benchmark study (1) has shown selective laser sintering to be the equal of or to have accuracy advantages over other processes for creating parts of size over 10 mm. Experience is needed to achieve best accuracies, as with other processes. This paper is (for us) a first step in understanding the relation between sintering parameters, part size and acuracy. Work at the University of Texas at Austin (2-4) has established that the sintering of polycarbonate can be understood in terms of a rate model driven by viscous and surface tension effects. Material properties are such that a sharp boundary exists between sintered and unsintered material. When full density is not achieved in a part, density within a single layer varies from fully sintered to totally unsintered; measured part density is thus a mean of widely varying values. Published work (3-4) uses a onedimensional non-steady state heat flow model to calculate the temperature profile and densification beneath the surface and concentrates on the effects on this of material properties varying with temperature and during sintering. In this paper, these variations are ignored but a three dimensional non-steady heat flow is used to enable edge effects to be estimated. Density gradients at edges are assumed to be responsible for variations of accuracy with sintering parameters, part size, part shape and orientation.


Dream research occupies a unique position in on the one hand providing direct access to unconscious material, and on the other having clear cut psycho biological concomitants, which can be measured and analysed. This handbook consists of review articles by a variety of specialists in the field. It examines dream theory from a historical psychodynamic and psycho biological perspective. Nearly half the book is devoted to psychoanalytic theories of dreams, but the psychobiological research data is well summarized. The section on the effect of drugs on sleep patterns is compulsory reading particularly in view of the extravagant claims being made by drug companies concerning the ability of their products to induce †̃¿ normal' sleep. Three chapters are devoted to recent extensions in dream theory such as children's dreams, the use of dreams in experiential groups and, for those who have a taste for it, the role of extra sensory communication in dreams. This book is a clear and comprehensive summary of current knowledge.


Abstract The pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) and the capital-labour hypothesis (KLH) state that the relative level of a country's environmental regulations and capital and labour endowments determines its comparative advantage respectively. Since these hypotheses lead to conflicting predictions as to whether the North or the South will specialise in pollution-intensive production, this paper examines whether changes in trade and specialisation patterns allow us to distinguish between pollution haven and factor endowment effects. We employ a methodology that enables us to present North-South trade patterns over time and to identify those periods when trade patterns were consistent with either the PHH and/or the KLH as a foundation for undertaking more detailed econometric studies.


Reasoning about object-oriented programs is difficult since such programs usually involve aliasing, and it is not easy to identify the ways objects can relate to each other and thus to confine a program's heap. In this paper, we address this problem in the context of a relationship-based programming language. In relationship-based programming languages, relationships are first-class citizens and allow a precise description of inter-object relationships. Relationships enforce a modularization discipline that is closer to the natural modularity inherent to many problem domains and that yields, as a result, program heaps that are DAGs. We further describe a mechanism, member interposition, that leverages the new modularization discipline and supports encapsulation of fields of shared objects. We have implemented the described modularization discipline and the mechanism of member interposition in the context of Rumer, a relationship-based programming language with support for contract specifications. We discuss the implications of member interposition for the modular verification of object invariants with an example. Relationships and interposed members provide an alternative to ownership type systems.


Background: Risk factor surveillance is a con nuous data collec on, analysis, and  dissemina  on  ac  vity.  Informa on technology plays an important role in building the surveillance system and a big data approach has become a hot topic. Big data analy cs are the advanced methods to derive insight and knowledge from the big data of high volume, speed and variety, such as text mining, natural language processing, and ar ficial intelligence. They can handle a large amount of untradi onal and unstructured data and thus provide innova ve ways for conduc ng the risk factor surveillance. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the possible applica on of current big data analy  cs in the risk factor surveillance.


Cholestasis is a frequent clinical syndrome, which is caused by a dysfunction in bile formation of the hepatocyte or from obstruction of the biliary tract. This is associated with inflammation of the liver tissue, resulting in severe liver injury. In this inflammatory process, leukocyte recruitment has emerged as a key feature. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to analyze the detailed mechanisms behind intrahepatic leukocyte accumulation and its regulation in the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated or obstructive cholestasis and their impact on hepatocellular function and damage. For this purpose, cholestatic conditions were induced in C57BL/6 mice in the weIl established experimental models of LPS sepsis and obstructive cholestasis foIlowing bile duct ligation. Analyses included intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology, ELISA, RT-PCR, flow cytometry, determination of bilirubin and liver enzyme levels as well as measurement of bile flow and secretion. In doing so, it was found that P-selectin-mediated recruitment of leukocytes, but not the local production of pro-inflammatory mediators, is the primary cause of sepsis-associated cholestasis. Moreover, obstructive cholestasis is associated with P-selectin-mediated intrahepatic platelet accumulation, which crucially contributes to leukocyte recruitment and liver in jury. Besides, LFA-l mediates firm leukocyte adhesion in the liver microcirculation during obstructive cholestasis. Finally, inhibition of rhokinase attenuates cholestasis-induced CXC chemokine formation, leukocyte recruitment and hepatocellular damage in the liver. Thus, the results of this thesis clearly demonstrate that leukocyte recruitment in the liver plays a key role in the pathophysiology of cholestasis. Accordingly, it may be concluded that targeting leukocyte recruitment may be an effective strategy to preserve bile flow under septic conditions and to reduce cholestasis-induced liver injury. (Less)


One of the most fundamental correlations between the properties of galaxies in the local Universe is the so-called morphology-density relation (Dressler 1980). A plethora of studies utilizing multi-wavelength tracers of activity have shown that late type star forming galaxies favour low density regions in the local Universe (e.g. G´omez et al. 2003). In particular, the cores of massive galaxy clusters are galaxy graveyards full of massive spheroids that are dominated by old stellar populations. A variety of physical processes might be effective in suppressing star formation and affecting the morphology of cluster and group galaxies. Broadly speaking, these can be grouped in two big families: (i) interactions with other cluster members and/or with the cluster gravitational potential and (ii) interactions with the hot gas that permeates massive galaxy systems. Galaxy groups are the most common galaxy environment in our Universe, bridging the gap between the low density field and the crowded galaxy clusters. Indeed, as many as 50%-70% of galaxies reside in galaxy groups in the nearby Universe (Huchra & Geller 1982; Eke et al. 2004), while only a few percent are contained in the denser cluster cores. In addition, in the current bottom-up paradigm of structure formation, galaxy groups are the building blocks of more massive systems: they merge to form clusters. As structures grow, galaxies join more and more massive systems, spending most of their life in galaxy groups before entering the cluster environment. Thus, it is plausible to ask if group-related processes may drive the observed relations between galaxy properties and their environment.

To shed light on this topic we have built the largest X-ray selected samples of galaxy groups with secure spectroscopic identification on the major blank field surveys. For this purpose, we combine deep X-ray Chandra and XMM data of the four major blank fields (All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS), the COSMOS field, the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (ECDFS), and the Chandra Deep Field North (CDFN) ). The group catalog in each field is created by associating any X-ray extended emission to a galaxy overdensity in the 3D space. This is feasible given the extremely rich spectroscopic coverage of these fields. Our identification method and the dynamical analysis used to identify the galaxy group members and to estimate the group velocity dispersion is extensively tested on the AEGIS field and with mock catalogs extracted from the Millennium Simulation (Springel et al. 2005). The effect of dynamical complexity, substructure, shape of X-ray emission, different radial and redshift cuts have been explored on the LX −sigma relation. We also discover a high redshift group at z~1.54 in the AEGIS field. This detection illustrates that mega-second Chandra exposures are required for detecting such objects in the volume of deep fields. We provide an accurate measure of the Star Formation Rate (SFR) of galaxies by using the deepest available Herschel PACS and Spitzer MIPS data available for the considered fields. We also provide a well-calibrated estimate of the SFR derived by using the SED fitting technique for undetected sources in mid- and far-infrared observations.

Using this unique sample, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the dependence of the total SFR , total stellar masses and halo occupation distribution (HOD) of massive galaxies (M*>10^10 M_sun) on the halo mass of the groups with rigorous consideration of uncertainties. We observe a clear evolution in the level of star formation (SF) activity in galaxy groups. Indeed, the total star formation activity in high redshift
(0.5<z<1.1) groups is higher with respect to the low redshift (0.15<z<0.5) sample at any mass by almost 0.8 ± 0.1 dex. A milder difference (0.35 ± 0.1 dex) is observed between the [0.15-0.5] redshift bin and the groups at z < 0.085. This evolution seems to be much faster than the one observed in the whole galaxy population dominated by lower mass halos. This would imply that the level of SF activity is declining more rapidly since z~1.1 in the more massive halos than in the more common lower mass halos, confirming a "halo downsizing" effect as discussed already in Popesso et al. (2012). The HOD and the total
stellar mass-M200 relation are consistent with a linear relation in any redshift bin in the M_200 range considered in our analysis. We do not observe any evolution in the HOD since z~1.1. Similarly we do not observe evolution in the relation between the total stellar mass of the groups and the total mass, in agreement with the results of Giodini et al (2012). The picture emerging from our findings is that massive groups at M_200~10^13−14 M_sun have already accreted the same amount of mass and have the same number of galaxies as the low redshift counterpart, as predicted by Stewart et al. (2008). This implies that the most evident evolution of the galaxy population of the most massive systems acts in terms of quenching their galaxy star formation activity. The analysis of the evolution of the fraction of SF galaxies as a function of halo mass or velocity dispersion show that high mass systems seem to be already evolved at z~1 by showing a fraction of star forming galaxies consistent with the low redshift counterpart at z < 0.085. Given the almost linear relation between the total SFR and M_200 in the high-z sample, this implies that most of the contribution to the total SFR of the most massive systems (M_200~ 10^14 M_sun) is given by few highly star forming galaxies, while in lower mass systems (M_200~10^13 M_sun) is given by many galaxies of average activity. This would be an additional sign of a faster evolution in the more massive systems in terms of star formation activity with respect to lower mass groups. Thus, it would confirm the "halo downsizing" effect. The comparison of our results with the prediction of the Millennium Simulation semi-analytical model confirms the known problem of the models. We confirm the strong bias due to the "satellite overquenching" problem in suppressing significantly the SF activity of group galaxies (more than an order of magnitude) at any redshift with respect to observations. The HOD predicted by the simulations is remarkably in agreement with the observations. But due to the low SF activity of galaxies in massive halos, the models predict also a lower total stellar mass in groups with respect to the observed one at any redshift.

In order to compare the SF activity level of galaxies in different environment, we also define a sample of field galaxies and "filament-like" galaxies. This is done by using the galaxy density field to find isolated galaxies (field) and galaxies in high density region but not associated to any group or more generically to an X-ray extended emission. These two classes of environment in addition to the galaxy group sample are used to study the location of galaxies in SFR-mass plane since z~1.1 as a function of the environment. Indeed, several studies have already shown there is a tight correlation between the SFR and the stellar masses of the bulk of the star forming galaxy population at least over the past 10 Gyr. Quiescent galaxies are mainly located under this main sequence (MS) and in a more scattered cloud. Our analysis shows that the Main Sequence of star forming galaxies in the two redshift bins considered (0.15 10^10.4−10.6 M_sun). Above this limit, the galaxy SFR has a very weak dependence on the stellar mass. This flattening, to different extent, is present in all environments. At low redshift, group galaxies tend to deviate more from the mean MS towards the region of quiescence
with respect to isolated and filament-like galaxies. This environment dependent location of low redshift group galaxies with respect to the mean MS causes the increase of the dispersion of the distribution of galaxies around the MS as a function of the stellar mass. At high redshift we do not find significant evidence for a differential location of galaxies with respect to the MS as a function of the environment. Indeed, in this case we do not observe a significant increase of the dispersion of the distribution of galaxies around the MS as a function of the stellar mass. We do not find evidence for a differential distribution in the morphological type of MS galaxies in different environments. Instead, we observe a much stronger dependence of the mean S´ersic index on the stellar mass. These results suggest that star formation quenching in group galaxies is not due to galaxy structural
transformations. It also suggests that while morphology of MS galaxies is more stellar mass dependent, star formation quenching is mostly environment dependent. We conclude that the membership to a massive halo is a key ingredient in the galaxy evolution and that this acts in terms of star formation quenching in group sized halos.


Recent developments in antibody-based immunotherapy, especially targeting immune checkpoints, have revolutionized cancer treatment. Immune checkpoints are inhibitory pathways responsible for dampening the immune response in order to ensure self-tolerance under physiological conditions. In cancer cells, however, immune checkpoints are often utilized as a mechanism to escape the immune system. Numerous studies have demonstrated that blocking immune checkpoints restores potent anti-tumor immune responses and ultimately leads to the elimination of cancer cells. Accordingly, several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting immune checkpoint receptors are currently in the market.
The CD47-SIRPα myeloid-specific immune checkpoint controls the immune response by negatively regulating phagocytosis. SIRPα, expressed on phagocytic cells, triggers a negative signal upon binding to CD47, ubiquitously expressed on healthy cells and overexpressed on several cancer types. Hence, the blockade of the CD47-SIRPα signaling pathway constitutes a promising approach to mediate phagocytosis of tumor cells. This blockade, however, may also induce unwanted toxicity to healthy cells, which also express CD47. In order to reduce systemic toxicity while promoting the elimination of tumor cells, the blockade of the CD47-SIRPα immune checkpoint should be restricted to cancer cells.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a severe hematological cancer with a five year survival rate of 25%. Furthermore, while immunotherapies are already in clinical use for other hematological diseases, chemotherapy remains the first-line treatment for AML. This indicates an urgent need for the development of new and effective approaches that offer a better prognosis to AML patients. In order to provide a novel therapeutic strategy, we generated local inhibitory checkpoint molecules, which are antibody derivatives that deliver the benefits of blocking the CD47-SIRPα immune checkpoint to AML cells. The disruption of the myeloid-specific immune checkpoint is achieved by the endogenous SIRPα domain, which is genetically fused to an antibody fragment targeting the AML antigen CD33. Since the physiologically low affinity of SIRPα to CD47 prevents it from targeting CD47 by itself, the binding of the local inhibitory checkpoint molecules is dictated by the high affinity CD33-binding domain. Consequently, the anti-tumor effects of these molecules are confined to CD33-expressing AML cells.
In order to investigate the best strategy to block the CD47-SIRPα immune checkpoint on AML cells, three different local inhibitory checkpoint molecules were created: local inhibitory checkpoint mAbs (licMABs), single-arm licMABs (licMABssingle) and local inhibitory checkpoint antibody derivatives (liCADs). All three formats bind CD33 with high affinity, disrupt the CD47-SIRPα axis by the endogenous SIRPα domain and activate immune effector cells. They diverge, however, in the binding valency to CD33 and the immune effector cell-activating domain. LicMABs target CD33 with both antibody arms, while licMABssingle and liCADs target CD33 monovalently. Moreover, licMABs and licMABssingle activate effector cells by an IgG1 Fc domain and liCADs contain a single chain variable fragment (scFv) activating uniquely CD16. The in vitro evaluation of these molecules confirmed the preferential binding to CD33-expressing cells even in the presence of a large antigen sink created by CD47 expressed on healthy cells. In addition, all local inhibitory checkpoint molecules induced Natural Killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis of AML cells and licMABs and licMABssingle, but not liCADs, enhanced phagocytosis of AML cell lines and primary, patient-derived AML cells. Importantly, we determined that the expression levels of CD47 on primary AML cells influence the outcome of licMAB-mediated phagocytosis.
In summary, this work establishes licMABs as a promising strategy to block the CD47-SIRPα immune checkpoint on high CD47-expressing AML cells. Furthermore, the marginal binding of these molecules to CD47 on healthy cells ensures a highly specific immune response and lowers the risk of unwanted side effects.


Rat kidney contains six forms of renin, which are in different proportion from those found in plasma. We tested the hypothesis that differential removal and production of the forms might explain the differences between stored and circulating renins. In one group of rats, the six forms of renin were measured in plasma, 10 min after hemorrhage, or after aortic constriction. Plasma was run on an isoelectric focusing gel, and the six peaks of renin activity were expressed either as angiotensin I per hour per milliliter or as a percentage of the total plasma renin concentration. After hemorrhage or aortic constriction, the concentration of each form was significantly increased; the profile of circulating renin was significantly modified, showing an increase in proportion of form 2 and a decrease of forms 4, 5, and 6. In a second group, the disappearance of each form was measured 0 to 100 min after nephrectomy and fitted a two-exponential decay curve. Interpreted as a two-pool system with degradation from pool 1, the degradation rate decreased progressively, going from form 1 to 6. In a third group, arterial and renal venous blood were collected. The profile of secreted renin was calculated from the arterial venous difference. This profile fitted the prediction of the two-compartment model. Our data support the hypothesis that the proportion of each circulating renin form is the result of a balance between the rate of production of renin of constant composition and the degradation of the six forms at different rates.


Delattre's famous discussion on the French intonation patterns (1966) still remains a reference work and is taken up in various papers (e.g. Autesserre & Di Cristo 1972, Di Cristo 2004, 2010, Martin 1987, 2009, Portes et al. 2007, Rossi 1999, Romeas 1992). We report here relevant observations for studying minor continuation (mC) and major continuation (MC) in French, in Delattre's terms. These observations were obtained in an ongoing project about non-conclusive prosodic patterns in French and in English. We specifically discuss slope variations in semitones concerning two kinds of non-conclusive configurations, at the syntactic and discourse levels respectively: (i) the final segment of a subject NP in an assertive sentence, followed (CIA) or not (CIS) by another sentence; (ii) the final segment of A, in a two clause utterance AB, where A and B are assertive clauses connected by an discourse relation, marked (CAO) or not (CAP) with a conjunction.


This paper proposes that the psychological and behavioral effects of terrorist threat can be understood as a collective communication process that occurs between terrorists and their potential victims. Based on classic communication theory, terrorists are regarded as the senders of a specific collective message (such as 'stop oppressing our culture'); a terrorist incident as the collective message itself (through its performance, modality and targets); and the potential victims as its collective receivers (who interpret the intention of the attack as a function of their pre-existing attributes, such as traits or salient social identities). The perception of terrorism as a dynamic and interactive process between collective senders, messages and receivers opens new theoretical perspectives regarding whether (a) terrorism can be successful in reaching its collective aim; (b) if it is interpreted as rational or irrational; and (c) how to counteract the vicious, cyclical relationship between terrorism and counter-terrorism. Previous findings on the psychology of terrorism can be organized within this theoretical framework, and the psychological impact of varying attributes of the perpetrators (senders), incident (message), and the reactions of the potential victims (receivers) systematically investigated. A series of self-conducted studies are also reviewed and found to provide direct support for the collective communication model of terrorism.


Previously we have developed a transgenic zebrafish line (LiPan) with liver-specific red fluorescent protein (DsRed) expression under the fabp10a promoter. Since red fluorescence in the liver greatly facilitates the observation of liver in live LiPan fry, we envision that the LiPan zebrafish may provide a useful tool in analyses of hepatotoxicity based on changes of liver red fluorescence intensity and size. In this study, we first tested four well-established hepatotoxins (acetaminophen, aspirin, isoniazid and phenylbutazone) in LiPan fry and demonstrated that these hepatotoxins could significantly reduce both liver red fluorescence and liver size in a dosage-dependent manner, thus the two measurable parameters could be used as indicators of hepatotoxicity. We then tested the LiPan fry with nine other chemicals including environmental toxicants and human drugs. Three (mefenamic acid, lindane, and arsenate) behave like hepatotoxins in reduction of liver red fluorescence, while three others (17β-estradiol, TCDD [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin] and NDMA [N-nitrosodimethylamine]) caused increase of liver red fluorescence and the liver size. Ethanol and two other chemicals, amoxicillin (antibiotics) and chlorphenamine (pain killer) did not resulted in significant changes of liver red fluorescence and liver size. By quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we found that the changes of red fluorescence intensity caused by different chemicals correlated to the changes of endogenous fabp10a RNA expression, indicating that the measured hepatotoxicity was related to fatty acid transportation and metabolism. Finally we tested a mixture of four hepatotoxins and observed a significant reduction of red fluorescence in the liver at concentrations below the lowest effective concentrations of individual hepatotoxins, suggesting that the transgenic zebrafish assay is capable of reporting compound hepatotoxicity effect from chemical mixtures. Thus, the LiPan transgenic fry provide a rapid and convenient in vivo hepatotoxicity assay that should be applicable to high-throughput hepatotoxicity test in drug screening as well as in biomonitoring environmental toxicants.


I. Introduction. The area described in this paper is situated in North-West Radnorshire. The village of Abbey-Cwmhir, which is about 5 miles north-east of Rhayader, is in the centre of the district. The southern boundary is about a mile and a half south of Nantmel, and runs approximately parallel to the main road from Rhayader to Pen-y-bont. The northern and eastern margins are defined by a conspicuous range of hills, which are made up of Wenlock shales and grits; namely, Yr Allt, Cefn Du, Ysgwd Ffordd, and Beddugre Hill, etc. The adjacent ground on the west was described by Dr. Herbert Lap worth in 1900. About 30 square miles have been investigated, and mapped on the scale of 6 inches to the mile. The area is included in the 1-inch Ordnance Survey Maps, Sheets 70 & 80 (coloured edition), and in the Geological Survey Maps, Old Series, Sheets 56 N.W. & N.E. The district forms part of a dissected plateau, which attains an altitude of about 1500 feet, but Camlo Hill (1670 feet) stands up above the general level of the plateau, and is the highest point in the area. In this plateau, the streams are deeply trenched, and some of the valley-slopes are steep, particularly in the northern part of the region. The rivers belong to the drainage-system of the Ithon, which joins the Wye about a mile and a quarter south of Newbridge. The principal stream in this district is the Clywedog Brook, with its tributaries (Pandy Brook,


The Mount Wrightson Formation in the Santa Rita Mountains south of Tucson, Arizona, is a homoclinally dipping section of Lower Jurassic volcanic, subvolcanic hypabyssal, and lesser sedimentary rocks that is 4.5 km thick and crops out over a strike length of 25 km. The nature and distribution of volcanic lithofacies in the Mount Wrightson Formation are interpreted to record the evolution of a multi-vent volcanic complex that formed within a subsiding cratonal intra-arc graben. These lithofacies are grouped into the following facies assemblages: (1) the near-vent facies assemblage, consisting of silicic to intermediate hypabyssal intrusive bodies and peperites and dacite lava flows; (2) the proximal facies assemblage, containing intermediate lava flows, ignimbrites, and debris-flow deposits; (3) the medial facies assemblage, comprising ignimbrites, debris-flow deposits, and reworked pyroclastic deposits; and (4) the distal facies assemblage, including nonwelded ignimbrites and fluvial deposits. These facies assemblages are characteristic of stratovolcano complexes; in the Mount Wrightson Formation, however, the paucity of debris-flow deposits and the burial of near-vent facies assemblages by ignimbrites suggest that the formation was deposited in a low-relief multi-vent complex with no high-standing central edifice. Some of the thickest, most densely welded ignimbrites in the Mount Wrightson Formation probably represent outflow from a more distant calders or calderas within the intro-arc graben, rather than being products of volcanism within the multi-vent complex. Intro-arc subsidence resulted in a complex juxtaposition of vent, proximal, medial, and distal facies as vent areas were repeatedly buried by debris derived from adjacent vents in the multi-vent complex and, to a lesser extent, by debris from calderas outside the complex. This subsidence resulted in accumulation and preservation of a thick section of terrestrial volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The Mount Wrightson complex evolved from predominantly effusive (lower member) to predominantly explosive (middle member), followed by waning volcanism (upper member). Rapid intra-arc subsidence resulted in burial of vent areas by craton-derived eolian quartz arenites correlative with either the Wingate or Navajo Sandstones on the Colorado Plateau; this was particularly important as volcanism waned.