Social Banking: Promise, Performance and Potential provides an overview of the Indian banking scenario from both a historical and a theoretical perspective. It discusses the development of Social Banking, its working and its relevance for the present and the future. The book presents the contribution of banking institutions in promoting savings and investments and extending the reach of banking services. The author argues the case for large-scale Social Banking and microfinance for the alleviation of poverty. She also provides an extensive analysis of the remarkable traits that have made Social Banking a success in India and enabled the Indian banking system to reach millions of low-income savers and borrowers. It clearly demonstrates the tremendous potential embedded in well-designed institutional interventions.


Over the last century, Australia's climate has warmed by 1°C, and few regions have been unaffected (CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology, 2018). Hotter average temperatures, hotter summers, longer heatwaves, more frequent bushfires and changes to rainfall intensity and seasonality have already had impacts across the
country, and these trends are expected to continue. Rapid and ongoing climate change has the potential to affect all aspects of the wine industry, including vineyard performance, pest and disease incidence, wine quality and market competitiveness. In recognition of these challenges, Wine Australia funded a collaborative research project to consider the impact of climate variability and longer-term trends in climate on the wine industry.
Australia's wine future (2016 - 2019) was a collaborative research project that brought together researchers from a range of disciplines, including climate scientists, viticulturalists and adaptation specialists. The project was led by the Antarctic Climate Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC, University of Tasmania) in partnership with the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), the Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research and the Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA).
The Australian wine sector is likely to face challenges as the climate continues to warm, but, in general, grape growers are experienced in responding to short-term climate surprises. In the short- to medium-term, adaptation approaches may be learnt from the regions that are currently experiencing the climate conditions that Australia is predicted to see in the future. Fine-scaled climate information tailored for particular sector applications is vital for identifying such adaptation needs.
Australia's wine future generated the finest available climate projections for South-eastern Australia and provided detailed information about how the climate may change in the near, mid and long-term time horizons. In addition to providing climate information, the project focused on how climate information can be used to inform adaptation decisions and identify lessons that might be transferable across regions already managing a range of climate challenges.
The main legacy of the project is this atlas of climate information for all Australian wine regions, providing information to grape growers and wine makers about climate trends for the near, mid- and long-term horizons. The atlas showcases the most up-to-date climate information at the finest resolution available in Australia, based on the CSIRO's Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM). Viticultural indices are presented that describe temperature, heat accumulation, heatwaves, rainfall, and moisture indices. Future trends in mean climate conditions, variability and extremes are visualised with reference to the current and historical climate. High resolution maps and time series for each region are presented to show the projected change in climate indices over time, highlighting the variability within and across the wine regions of Australia. The new atlas will help to answer the question { What will my region's climate look like in the future? This is essential knowledge for making good management decisions and supporting strategic decisions over the longer term such as changing varieties or vineyard sites both within and between regions. The atlas is an important resource that will help the wine industry understand how climate change could affect grape yield, profitability and wine styles across Australia into the future.


The Hanford Seismic Assessment Program (HSAP) provides an uninterrupted collection of high-quality raw and processed seismic data from the Hanford Seismic Network for the U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors. The HSAP is responsible for locating and identifying sources of seismic activity and monitoring changes in the historical pattern of seismic activity at the Hanford Site. The data are compiled, archived, and published for use by the Hanford Site for waste management, natural phenomena hazards assessments, and engineering design and construction. In addition, the HSAP works with the Hanford Site Emergency Services Organization to provide assistance in the event of a significant earthquake on the Hanford Site. The Hanford Seismic Network and the Eastern Washington Regional Network consist of 44 individual sensor sites and 15 radio relay sites maintained by the Hanford Seismic Assessment Team. This includes three recently acquired Transportable Array stations located at Cold Creek, Didier Farms, and Phinney Hill. For the Hanford Seismic Network, ten local earthquakes were recorded during the first quarter of fiscal year 2009. All earthquakes were considered as "minor" with magnitudes (Mc) less than 1.0. Two earthquakes were located at shallow depths (less than 4 km), most likely in the Columbia River basalts; five earthquakes at intermediate depths (between 4 and 9 km), most likely in the sub-basalt sediments); and three earthquakes were located at depths greater than 9 km, within the basement. Geographically, four earthquakes occurred in known swarm areas and six earthquakes were classified as random events.


Banks and other financial institutions have evolved along with e-commerce by enabling unfamiliar parties to transact around the globe with little to no risk. This service does not come without a price. Bitcoin was established as a more efficient way to securely transact online, removing the need for third-party financial institutions. The purpose of this Note is to highlight the potential of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange, making Internet transactions more flexible and affordable to all. The author analyzes Bitcoin's current price volatility, highlighting a trend of Bitcoin-backed investments, and argues against any government action in support of these purely speculative and short-sited investment schemes. This Note expounds upon the major obstacles facing Bitcoin's acceptance by mainstream commercial marketplaces. Most importantly, the author looks at future government intervention, and argues against any direct legislation on the Bitcoin system in order to allow for its growth and development.


1. Whole-cell recordings have been made from interneurons located in stratum pyramidale in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The responses of these interneurons to brief current pulses were recorded; the neurons were filled with biocytin and their morphology was reconstructed. 2. The interneurons were identified as basket cells on the basis of the regional distribution of their axon collateral network and their location in stratum pyramidale. 3. A compartmental model of the reconstructed neuron was made, and the specific membrane resistivity (Rm), specific cytoplasmic resistivity (Ri), and somatic shunt leakage resistance (Rs) determined by adjusting these parameters until an optimal fit was obtained between the compartmental model's current pulse response and the recorded current pulse response of the neuron. 4. This procedure was successful for six neurons, giving Rm from 7 to 66 k omega cm2, Ri from 52 to 484 omega cm, and Rs from 84 M omega to infinity. The specific membrane capacitance was assumed to be 1 microF/cm2. The electrotonic length of the apical dendrites was 1.06 +/- 0.4, and for the basal dendrites it was 0.51 +/- 0.26 (mean +/- SD). 5. Although the total surface area of the interneurons and the physical length of their dendrites was much smaller than for CA1 pyramidal neurons, their electrotonic profiles were similar. Neurons with small physical profiles cannot be assumed to be more electrotonically compact than larger neurons, especially if the dendrites of the smaller neurons have a proportional reduction in diameter. 6. Two neurons did not require a somatic leakage conductance in their electrical representation. This suggests that when a somatic leakage conductance is required, it is an artifact resulting from electrode damage, rather than a requirement caused by a lower resistivity of the somatic membrane compared with the dendritic membrane. 7. Simulations of synaptic currents evoked in the dendrites of these interneurons while the soma is voltage clamped indicate large errors will occur in the time course measurements and amplitude of these currents. Also the ratio of N-methyl-D-aspartate:alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (NMDA:AMPA) currents at these synapses calculated from currents recorded at the soma will be in error because of the differential attenuation of the faster AMPA currents compared with the NMDA currents.


Background: Many studies have shown how important psychological roles are when enhancing an athlete's ability to deal with match situations. Psychological changes when comparing namely the increase in the ability of athletes to accept stress (pressure), keep concentrating, have a mental toughness (mental toughness) so as to overcome heavier opposition (Hastria Effendi, 2016: 23). Disability sports problems are closely related to psychological problems and symptoms of their athletes. Maximum achievement can be achieved by an athlete who is truly ready to compete with all his abilities. The readiness in question is the physical and psychological aspects of the athlete concerned.The research purpose was determined the effect of emotional regulation activation on the disability athletes' performance in NPC of Surakarta City. Methods: The research type is quantitative research with analytic observational design through a cross-sectional approach. This research was conducted at NPC of Surakarta City. The research population was the Athletes of NPC of Surakarta City. The number of NPC athletes in the Surakarta city which became the researech population amounted to 160 athletes. The sampling technique was used random sampling. Collecting data techniques were used questionnaire, observation, and documentation. Result:  The hypothesis testing was used Product Moment Correlation techniques. Conclusion: The research result was showed that there was a close influence between the emotions regulation on the performance of the NPC Surakarta athletes ( tcount > ttable ( (8.685> 1.571 ) )


Objective: To compare five-year outcomes and changes over time of a client-centred activities of daily living (ADL) intervention versus usual ADL interventions for people with stroke and their significant others. Design: Five-year follow-up of a cluster-randomized controlled trial where a client-centred ADL intervention (n = 129) or usual ADL interventions (n = 151) were delivered to people with stroke. Setting: Multicentre study including 16 inpatient or home-based rehabilitation units. Participants: People with stroke and significant others. Intervention: The client-centred ADL intervention aimed at enabling agency in daily activities and participation in everyday life and at reducing caregiver burden. Main measures: For people with stroke, perceived participation (Stroke Impact Scale), independence in ADL, life satisfaction, and use of formal/informal care were measured. For significant others, caregiver burden, life satisfaction, and mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were assessed. Results: Five years post-intervention, data were collected from 145 people with stroke (intervention group: n = 71/control group: n = 74) and 75 significant others (intervention group: n = 36/control group: n = 39). For those with stroke, the Participation domain of the Stroke Impact Scale showed no group differences at year five (68.9 vs 75.4, P = 0.062) or in changes over time. At year five, the control group had better outcomes regarding Other help/supervision. Significant others in the control group were more likely to show signs of depression at year five (odds ratio = 22.3; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The client-centred ADL intervention appears to render similar long-term effects as usual ADL interventions for people with stroke, but for significant others signs of depression might be reduced.


Non-destructive testing ensures the structural integrity and reliability of composite structures produced in the aerospace industry. Conventionally adopted inspection techniques, such as water-coupled ultrasonic installations using a water jet, are not optimized for the complex geometries of newly emerging composite parts and are characterized by long inspection times and expensive equipment investments. A promising alternative is line scan thermography (LST), which can serve as a relatively quick, low-cost and efficient NDT method for curved monolithic and sandwich CFRP panels with a limited thickness. This paper describes the evaluation of an industrial prototype developed to perform LST inspections on a couple of reference aircraft parts embedded with artificial defects. Initial tests have shown that the complete LST inspection of surface areas up to 1.4 m2 takes around 15 min. In this way, the inspection time of a bottom panel and monolithic root fairing could be cut back by 80% and 70% respectively compared to conventional ultrasonic inspection methods. Inspection depths up to 6 CFRP plies, approximately 1.5 mm, were achieved for artificial defects as small as 4 mm in diameter (except for the inclusion defects 'separator film'and 'polyethylene'). Results are expected to improve even further once the inspection hardware has been made more manoeuvrable and the inspection parameters have been tuned to their optimal values.


Introduction: Maternal health has emerged as a global priority because of a great gap in the status of mothers' wellbeing between rich and the poor countries. Maternal mortality remains unacceptably high in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is unlikely to make much progress to reduce maternal mortality unless accelerated interventions are designed and implemented immediately.
Objective: To assess the prevalence and determinants of home birth practice among mothers who gave birth at home after ante natal care attendance with in the last two years before the study in Gozamin District, northwest Ethiopia, 2014.
Methods: Community-based cross sectional study design was carried out. A total of four hundred and ninety seven respondents participated in the study. Data entry was done using Epi data 3.1 and analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Binary logistic regression was done to see the impact of each factor on the pattern of home delivery.
Results: of the respondents, 374 (75.3%) gave birth at home. Respondents with educational status of unable to read and write were more likely to give birth at home compared to respondents with primary and above education [AOR = 6.91, 95% CI 1.99, 15.10]. Being farmer was also significantly associated with home delivery [AOR = 9.42 95% CI 3.29, 26.94].
Conclusion and recommendations: The prevalence of home birth after ante natal care attendance in Gozamin district was very high. Variables like mothers' decision making power within the house hold, husbands' preference where he want his wife to give birth, occupational educational status of study participants were found to be important predictors for home birth practice. The government of Ethiopia should strive to empower females and should also make the health facilities comfortable and give attention to cultural issues.


Objective
The regenerative potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells in the cartilage is relatively low because of the lack of innervation and vascularization. The increase in proinflammatory cytokines in cartilage damage can increase the expression of apoptotic and proinflammatory genes and the matrix degradation enzymes via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Previous evidence suggested that thymoquinone (TQ) suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated NF-κB activation in different cancer cell lines. The suppression of the NF-κB pathway increases chondrogenic differentiation by inhibiting osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. Therefore, the current descriptive study aimed at highlighting the role of thymoquinone on the differentiation of human MSCs (hMSCs) since it is predicted that agents with known anti-inflammatory properties such as TQ have the potential to alter the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Methods
In this study, the bioactive component thymoquinone, with its well-documented effects on the NF-κB signaling pathway, was used in hMSC differentiation assays. The effects of thymoquinone on hMSC differentiation and the relevant intracellular signaling pathways were determined using immunocytochemistry and western blotting for the first time. Changes in the phosphorylation status of some signaling components involved in NF-κB and mTOR signaling were also evaluated.

Results
The chondrogenic differentiation potential of hMSCs treated with TQ decreased, concomitant with the decrease in the activity of NF-κB signaling pathway components. Thymoquinone triggered the suppression of NF-κB signaling, which interfered with the chondrogenic potential of hMSC, as opposed to some previous findings in the literature.

Conclusions
The results of this study are of great importance for the optimization of directed differentiation of hMSCs and hMSC-mediated cellular therapies.


Many interesting problems in machine learning are being revisited with new deep learning tools. For graph-based semi-supervised learning, a recent important development is graph convolutional networks (GCNs), which nicely integrate local vertex features and graph topology in the convolutional layers. Although the GCN model compares favorably with other state-of-the-art methods, its mechanisms are not clear and it still requires considerable amount of labeled data for validation and model selection. In this paper, we develop deeper insights into the GCN model and address its fundamental limits. First, we show that the graph convolution of the GCN model is actually a special form of Laplacian smoothing, which is the key reason why GCNs work, but it also brings potential concerns of over-smoothing with many convolutional layers. Second, to overcome the limits of the GCN model with shallow architectures, we propose both co-training and self-training approaches to train GCNs. Our approaches significantly improve GCNs in learning with very few labels, and exempt them from requiring additional labels for validation. Extensive experiments on benchmarks have verified our theory and proposals.


It is the purpose of this study to design an artificial maintenance system of organ activity and investigate the influence of inactivity factors on kidney off-body. We have developed a microprocessor-based device to keep renal off-body and study its self-adapted regulation mechanism of life process in order to understand various biological functions and make both artificial utilization and clinical application of these functions. The device has an ideal temperature environment, ideal preservation solution and multiple parameter measurement. The system works on pulse perfusion in which the waveform simulates femoral arterial beat rhythmically and preservation based on real-time fast control with highly accurate temperature which could reduce and increase the temperature with high speed (1/spl deg/C/min) and constantly controls the temperature with high accuracy which is (at normal setting point /spl plusmn/0.5/spl deg/C) as well as real-time display parameters. We have worked on pigs and dogs kidneys and performed experimental transplantation. The requested temperature environment for different research conditions can be guaranteed with the system.


Multi-cluster with NAT (network address translation) is a kind of building cluster of clusters (CoCs) in parallel processing, we can easily combine two or more PC clusters which had setting on difference place to form a big one parallel system to reach the acceptable performance and resolving the issue of insufficient public IP address. In this paper, it includes three parts: First we construct a CoCs with four PC clusters which connected with NAT on difference place in LAN environment. Second, we build a monitor system in our system in order to control and observe this system in a convenient way; this monitor system also has a client with mobile availability for users without computers. Third, we evaluate the system performance with different MPI parallel programs for the analysis of different parallel models


The start–up team plays a key role in venture capitalists' evaluations of venture proposals. Our findings go beyond existing research, first by providing a detailed exploration of VCs' team evaluation criteria, and second by investigating the moderator variable of VC experience. Our results reveal utility trade–offs between team characteristics and thus provide answers to questions such as "What strength does it take to compensate for a weakness in characteristic A?" Moreover, our analysis reveals that novice VCs tend to focus on the qualifications of individual team members, while experienced VCs focus more on team cohesion. Data were obtained in a conjoint experiment with 51 professionals in VC firms and analyzed using discrete choice econometric models.


Background Early onset eczema is associated with food allergy, and allergic reactions to foods can cause acute exacerbations of eczema. Parents often pursue dietary restrictions as a way of managing eczema and seek allergy testing for their children to guide dietary management. However, it is unclear whether test-guided dietary management improves eczema symptoms, and whether the practice causes harm through reduced use of conventional eczema treatment or unnecessary dietary restrictions. The aim of the Trial of Eczema allergy Screening Tests Study is to determine the feasibility of conducting a trial comparing food allergy testing and dietary advice versus usual care, for the management of eczema in children. Methods and analysis Design: A single centre, two-group, individually randomised, feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) with economic scoping and a nested qualitative study. Setting: General Practioner (GP) surgeries in the west of England. Participants: children aged over 3 months and less than 5 years with mild to severe eczema. Interventions: allergy testing (structured allergy history and skin prick tests) or usual care. Sample size and outcome measures: we aim to recruit 80 participants and follow them up using 4-weekly questionnaires for 24 weeks. Nested qualitative study: We will conduct ~20 interviews with parents of participating children, 5–8 interviews with parents who decline or withdraw from the trial and ~10 interviews with participating GPs. Economic scoping: We will gather data on key costs and outcomes to assess the feasibility of carrying out a cost-effectiveness analysis in a future definitive trial. Ethics and dissemination The study has been reviewed by the Health Research Authority and given a favourable opinion by the NHS REC (West Midlands – South Birmingham Research Ethics Committee, Reference Number 18/WM/0124). Findings will be submitted for presentation at conferences and written up for publication in peer-reviewed journals, which may include mixed-method triangulation and integration of the quantitative and qualitative findings. Trial registration ISRCTN15397185; Pre-results.


Medical authorities around the world are increasingly focusing on the role of reflection in enabling doctors to mature as practitioners. Reflection has been recognised as an important competency in medical education, valuable for effective communication, good physician–patient relationships and accurate gathering of clinical information.1

Although different methods are used for teaching reflection, it remains a challenge for every medical educator. However, over the past 2 decades, the arts have been incorporated into medical humanities programs. For instance, paintings have served to enhance observational skills,2 improve diagnostic skills,3 increase attention span when listening to patients4 and deepen compassion for suffering.5

The standard Israeli medical school program consists of a traditional 6-year curriculum with an additional year of rotating internship. The program is usually composed of 3 years of basic sciences followed by 3 years of clinical clerkships. Internal medicine is a part of the clinical sciences curriculum in the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine in the Technion and is part of the 4th year course.

A 3-h workshop was designed to enhance students' reflective competence in the context of the physician–patient relationship. All 4th year medical students …


Introduction: Household air pollution (HAP) affects one half of the world population, comprises 90% of global particulate exposure, and is associated with mortality from respiratory infections. Particulates are known to alter cellular redox balance, including that of the alveolar macrophage (AM). We investigate redox balance as a mechanism to explain the link between particulate exposure and failure of innate immune function.

Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on healthy human volunteers in the UK (low HAP) and Malawi (high HAP). Antioxidant capacity was determined (concentrations of oxidised and reduced glutathione, and antioxidant capacities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase). AM function was assessed by capacity to phagocytose, and to produce oxidative burst and proteolysis activity within the phagosome using reporter-fluorophore coated silica beads. AM cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide and to respirable size wood smoke particles were measured before and after ex vivo treatment to reduce glutathione content. Personal exposure to particulates was estimated by the cytoplasmic content of black carbon within AM.

Results: AM glutathione was similar in UK and Malawi non-smokers (of which 4.3% was in oxidised form). One quarter of Malawians exhibited a high oxidised glutathione phenotype (8.6% of total). Malawians exhibited higher levels of extracellular glutathione, and intracellular malondialdehyde and particulate content than UK volunteers. Nrf2 levels in Malawian AM were proportional to levels of particulate matter. We demonstrated no association between particulate matter content and AM cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide or wood. Glutathione depletion did not consistently alter AM cytokine production.
In vivo particulate exposure correlates with reduced AM phagosomal oxidative capacity, and increased cellular Nrf-2 concentration, but phagocytosis and phagosomal proteolysis are unaffected.

Conclusion: Malawians have high levels of AM particulate exposure, as expected from HAP surveys. This is associated with evidence of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation), antioxidant upregulation (raised extracellular glutathione, intracellular Nrf2) and a specific defect in AM function (reduced oxidative burst).
Antibacterial function of the AM is key to preventing pulmonary infection: in a population subjected to high levels of household air pollution, particulate related defects in AM function could explain the high prevalence of infective respiratory illness.


Habitat boundaries in general and forest edges in particular belong to the central issues in ecology. Theories about community and environmental edge-responses are diverse, but there is a lack of sufficient supporting field evidence: no consensus exists about distinctness and diversity of edges, and the existence of edge-related species. Moreover, as most studies focus on man-made edges, natural forest edges are less understood. We studied xeric forest edges in a wooded-steppe area. Twelve forest patches were selected, and plots were set up within the edges, the forest interiors and the grasslands. Species composition, species richness and Shannon diversity were compared between the three habitat types as well as between differently oriented edges. We identified diagnostic species for all habitats. Local habitat preferences of the edge-related species were compared to their regional preferences. Environmental factors of the different habitats were assessed by using ecological indicator values. Forest edges differed both from forest interiors and grasslands, forming a narrow but distinct habitat type between them. Species composition of the edges was not simply a mixture of forest and grassland species, but there were several edge-related species, most of which are regionally regarded as typical of closed steppe grasslands. Neither shady conditions of the forests, nor dry conditions of the grasslands are tolerated by these species; this is why they are confined to edges. Species richness and Shannon-diversity were higher within edges than in either of the habitat interiors. Ecological indicator values suggested that light intensity and temperature were higher in the edges than in the forests, but were lower than in the grasslands. In contrast, soil moisture was lower in the edges than in the forests but was higher than in the grasslands. There were slight differences between differently exposed edges concerning species composition, species richness and Shannon diversity. We conclude that edges should be considered an integral part of wooded-steppes. Their high diversity may have nature conservation implications. Our study emphasizes that edge species may be confined to edges only locally, but may have a broader distributional range in other areas. These species may be referred to as local edge species. Our results also point out that the very same edge can be interactive and non-interactive at the same time, depending on the characteristics considered.


This is a social history of American craft."Choosing Craft" explores the history and practice of American craft through the words of influential artists whose lives, work, and ideas have shaped the field. Editors Vicki Halper and Diane Douglas construct an anecdotal narrative that examines the post - World War II development of modern craft, which came of age alongside modernist painting and sculpture and was greatly influenced by them as well as by traditional and industrial practices.The anthology is organized according to four activities that ground a professional life in craft - inspiration, training, economics, and philosophy. Halper and Douglas mined a wide variety of sources for their material, including artists' published writings, letters, journal entries, exhibition statements, lecture notes, and oral histories. The detailed record they amassed reveals craft's dynamic relationships with painting, sculpture, design, industry, folk and ethnic traditions, hobby craft, and political and social movements. Collectively, these reflections form a social history of craft." Choosing Craft" ultimately offers artists' writings and recollections as vital and vivid data that deserve widespread study as a primary resource for those interested in the American art form.


Multi-parametric investigation of composite poisoning at the level of specific cells, by using cellular and pour cytometry showing constructed tactics for example high-content screening, play key roles to find the poisoning and arrangement of components deepened on notice forms reversible and irreversible cellular disadvantage. To probe the effect of 1,2,4-triazole derivative cultured cellular model (liver carcinoma cell line) using HCS, this work was achieved. By an induction of apoptosis, with cells then was tested by Annexing V spotting and cell decrease as demonstrated .The products indicated that the derivative lead in the disturbance of membrane mitochondrial potential (MMP), cell tissue perviousness, nuclear abbreviation, shatter and freedom for cytochrome c of the mitochondrial addicted on cytosol. This finding suggests that derivative is a potential liver carcinoma inhibitor matched to doxorubicin as affirmative control. Also the data indicated that 1,2,4-triazole derivative possibly will have therapeutic importance in liver cancer treatment which value more development.


The fast development of network communication leads to the expansion of Information technology which in turn leads to the influence of access control system in IT sectors and banking sectors which sails in to the sea of Network security the most essential scenario in our daily life. So we are in a position to keep the company workers/customers knowledge base up-to-date on any new dangers that they should be cautious about. There are many technologies available to counteract intrusion, but currently no method is absolutely secured. The most dangerous frauds that causes in day to day banking activity is phishing, a criminal activity using social engineering techniques. Phishers attempt to fraudulently acquire sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. According to the latest research, 93 percent of phishing attack specifically involving attempts to rob customers of financial services companies. The aim of this paper is to discuss the various ways by which the phishing affects the internet banking and also discuss the implementation of safety security measures adopted by the users.


Nowadays there is an increasing trend of leveraging on external knowledge for innovation, which is termed as open innovation. While open innovation can help organizations obtain complementary knowledge from collaborators, it is likely to have inherent challenges in knowledge absorption. The differences of interorganizational knowledge can seriously inhibit the ability of the focal organization to innovate via external knowledge. While the concept of open innovation has attracted significant attention, there remains a paucity of research on how information technology (IT) can address the knowledge absorption challenges. Drawing on absorptive capacity and organizational learning literature, this study examines the effects of interorganizational knowledge distance on organizational open innovation performance and different influential roles of four IT-enabled knowledge capabilities. Our study contributes to existing research by focusing on the interplay of knowledge distance and IT-enabled knowledge capabilities. Results of the study will also have important managerial implications for open innovation practitioners.


Kernel processing increases starch digestibility in whole-plant corn silage (WPCS). Corn silage processing score (CSPS), the percentage of starch passing through a 4.75-mm sieve, is widely used to assess degree of kernel breakage in WPCS. However, the geometric mean particle size (GMPS) of the kernel-fraction that passes through the 4.75-mm sieve has not been well described. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate particle size distribution and digestibility of kernels cut in varied particle sizes; (2) to propose a method to measure GMPS in WPCS kernels; and (3) to evaluate the relationship between CSPS and GMPS of the kernel fraction in WPCS. Composite samples of unfermented, dried kernels from 110 corn hybrids commonly used for silage production were kept whole (WH) or manually cut in 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 pieces (2P, 4P, 8P, 16P, 32P, and 64P, respectively). Dry sieving to determine GMPS, surface area, and particle size distribution using 9 sieves with nominal square apertures of 9.50, 6.70, 4.75, 3.35, 2.36, 1.70, 1.18, and 0.59 mm and pan, as well as ruminal in situ dry matter (DM) digestibilities were performed for each kernel particle number treatment. Incubation times were 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. The ruminal in situ DM disappearance of unfermented kernels increased with the reduction in particle size of corn kernels. Kernels kept whole had the lowest ruminal DM disappearance for all time points with maximum DM disappearance of 6.9% at 24 h and the greatest disappearance was observed for 64P, followed by 32P and 16P. Samples of WPCS (n=80) from 3 studies representing varied theoretical length of cut settings and processor types and settings were also evaluated. Each WPCS sample was divided in 2 and then dried at 60 °C for 48 h. The CSPS was determined in duplicate on 1 of the split samples, whereas on the other split sample the kernel and stover fractions were separated using a hydrodynamic separation procedure. After separation, the kernel fraction was redried at 60°C for 48 h in a forced-air oven and dry sieved to determine GMPS and surface area. Linear relationships between CSPS from WPCS (n=80) and kernel fraction GMPS, surface area, and proportion passing through the 4.75-mm screen were poor. Strong quadratic relationships between proportion of kernel fraction passing through the 4.75-mm screen and kernel fraction GMPS and surface area were observed. These findings suggest that hydrodynamic separation and dry sieving of the kernel fraction may provide a better assessment of kernel breakage in WPCS than CSPS.


Introduction Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological manifestation of decompensated liver disease which develops in approximately 50% of patients with cirrhosis. The current diagnostic challenge presented by Hepatic encephalopathy is the detection of minimal HE, as opposed to the more clinically apparent overt HE. Rifaximin, licensed for overt HE, is an effective therapy for these patients, but earlier identification and treatment of HE could prevent liver disease progression and hospitalisation. We conducted a pilot study to analyse the breath samples of patients with different HE grades, alongside the breath of healthy controls, using a portable type electronic nose (uvFAIMS). Method 42 patients were enrolled; 22 with HE and 20 healthy controls. Breath samples were captured at the bedside using a Warwick designed breath capture device. The samples were then analysed using an ultra violet FAIMS machine. This uses ultra violet light to energise electrons rather than ionising radiation in the traditional FAIMS devices. West Haven criteria were applied and MELD scores calculated. Data was analysed using a previously developed pipeline based on a 2D wavelet transform and threshold, removing background noise. Sensitivity, specificity, and Area Under Receiver Operator Curve (AUROC) were calculated in 10-fold cross validation and reported using sparse logistic regression. Results 12 patients had minimal HE and 10 had covert/overt HE. Classification of HE vs controls showed a sensitivity of 0.88 (0.73 – 0.95) and specificity of 0.68 (0.51 – 0.81), AUROC 0.84 (0.75–0.93). Minimal HE was distinguished from covert/overt HE with a sensitivity of 0.79 (0.49 – 0.95) and specificity of 0.50 (0.37 – 0.63), AUROC 0.71 (0.57–0.84). There was no statistically significant differences between differing HE grades; AUROC 0.61 (0.43 – 0.79). Conclusion This pilot study has confirmed the potential of detection and diagnosis of HE via breath analysis identification of VOCs signatures. Importantly this was performed utilising a non-invasive, portable bedside device and holds potential for future early diagnosis of minimal or covert HE. Disclosure of interest None Declared.


Within the context of the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars 2020 mission a pulsed diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) UV laser has been developed. Over a period of more than 12 years several design studies and qualification campaigns have been performed as well as different lab setups and prototype model have been built. The laser design has undergone various iterations and adaptions to changing performance requirements. All these efforts finally led to the flight model design of the first 266 nm laser for a space application. The compact but powerful UV laser, emitting 1.5 ns short pulses with an energy tunable between 13 μJ and 130 μJ, is used as an excitation source within the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) instrument onboard the ExoMars rover. A combination of a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer is employed to seek for signs of past or present life on Mars. Two different modes of operation allow a detailed analysis of the molecular, primarily organic, composition of samples acquired by the drill unit of the rover [1]. Irradiation of these samples with intense UV pulses enables efficient laser desorption of their constituents into the gas phase. The produced ions are then sorted according to their mass-to-charge ratio by the mass spectrometer and analysed regarding any biosignatures.


n ATM network design, self-healing is the ability of the network to continue to provide service in the event of failures, and this compromises both planning and operational aspects. The planning aspect involves optimal/near-optimal network design problems while the operational aspect deals with the implementation of protection schemes using restoration mechanisms, for allocating spare capacity to the network to be used in case of a failure event. This project investigates the survivability (i.e. restoration ratio) - here defined by means of the aggregate restoration ratio - in existing ATM networks based on various spare capacity distribution schemes, with the goal to (1) compare the network survivability for link and path restorations, and (2) determine the effects of various traffic and design related patterns on the restoration ratio.


: The growth of bone marrow transplants under the renal capsule is stimulated in the mice irradiated at a dose of 700 r. The size of transplants increases, primarily, at the expense of hemopoietic tissue. The osteogenic potencies of stromal elements remain at a high enough level as well. Some features which characterize the decrease of viability of hemopoietic cells may be due to incomplete restoration of the system of sinusoidal capillaries.


The Lyssavirus genus, a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, consists of seven established related viruses (genotypes 1-7). Rabies cases in Eurasia are principally attributed to three of these genotypes, namely genotype 1 (RABV, classical rabies) and to a lesser extent genotypes 5 and 6 (European bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2). In addition, four newly identified divergent lyssaviruses have been isolated from insectivorous bats. The molecular diversity of classical rabies viruses (genotype 1, RABV) has been studied at the global level and reference has been made to the existence of a number of European strains in a range of mammalian species. It is accepted that these viruses cluster within a 'Cosmopolitan Lineage' having ancestral roots in Europe in the 17th century before its widespread dispersal to Asia, Africa and the Americas as a result of European exploration and colonization.


This paper presents the refinement, validation, and operationalization of Plausible Profiles (Psqr) corrosion assessment model that TC Energy (TCE) published in IPC 2018.
 Metal-loss corrosion continues to be a major integrity threat to oil and gas pipelines. Inline inspection (ILI) based corrosion management, where ILI measured anomalies are assessed and mitigated, has proven to be the best way to manage corrosion. The assessment model used to estimate the burst pressure of pipelines has the most significant impact on integrity decisions. These decisions include (1) which anomalies to excavate based on In-line inspection (ILI); (2) pressure reduction (i.e. derate) required to maintain safety until repairs are completed, and (3) repair decisions during the excavation. Consequently, TCE focused on improving the shape factor of the Modified B31G effective area technique and published an overview of the improvement in IPC 2018 paper titled "A More Accurate and Precise Method for Large Metal Loss Corrosion Assessment". From 2018 TCE refined the model using further testing, validation, internal review, and external review.
 In 2019, the model was reviewed by eight industry experts through Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) project "EC-2-9 Peer Review of the Plausible Profile (Psqr) Corrosion Assessment Model". The project outcome recommended Psqr as an improved corrosion assessment model. The comments and recommendations provided by the reviewers will be reported in IPC 2020 in a companion paper. Validation results show the Psqr model is safe, and more accurate and precise than RSTRENG. The resulting magnitude of reduction in unnecessary activities depends on the corrosion morphology.


We present a novel model based stereo system, which accurately extracts the 3D shape and pose of faces from multiple images taken simultaneously. Extracting the 3D shape from images is important in areas such as pose-invariant face recognition and image manipulation. The method is based on a 3D morphable face model learned from a database of facial scans. The use of a strong face prior allows us to extract high precision surfaces from stereo data of faces, where traditional correlation based stereo methods fail because of the mostly textureless input images. The method uses two or more uncalibrated images of arbitrary baseline, estimating calibration and shape simultaneously. Results using two and three input images are presented. We replace the lighting and albedo estimation of a monocular method with the use of stereo information, making the system more accurate and robust. We evaluate the method using ground truth data and the standard PIE image dataset. A comparison with the state of the art monocular system shows that the new method has a significantly higher accuracy.


Sterile neutrinos at the eV scale have long been studied in the context of anomalies in short baseline neutrino experiments. Their cosmology can be made compatible with our understanding of the early Universe provided the sterile neutrino sector enjoys a nontrivial dynamics with exotic interactions, possibly providing a link to the Dark Matter (DM) puzzle. Interactions between DM and neutrinos have also been proposed to address the long-standing "missing satellites" problem in the field of large scale structure formation. Motivated by these considerations, in this paper we discuss realistic scenarios with light steriles coupled to DM . We point out that within this framework active neutrinos acquire an effective coupling to DM that manifests itself as a new matter potential in the propagation within a medium of asymmetric DM . Assuming that at least a small fraction of asymmetric DM has been captured by the Sun, we show that a sizable region of the parameter space of these scenarios can be probed by solar neutrino experiments, especially in the regime of small couplings and light mediators where all other probes become inefficient. In the latter regime these scenarios behave as familiar 3+1 models in all channels except for solar data, where a Solar Dark MSW effect takes place. Solar Dark MSW is characterized by modifications of the most energetic 8B and CNO neutrinos, whereas the other fluxes remain largely unaffected.


The wind turbine dynamics codes YawDyn and ADAMS have been interfaced with the LIFE2 code for fatigue life estimation via a new interface program, Dyn2LIFE. This work is sponsored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) with the intent of making it straightforward and practical for wind turbine designers to determine those aspects of their design and wind environment that will cause the most fatigue damage. Several parameters suspected of affecting turbine fatigue life are investigated through a model of the NREL Phase III Combined Experiment Rotor. This study proved the Dyn2LIFE code useful in creating LIFE2 input from YawDyn and ADAMS output, and also revealed some areas of possible expansion and improvement. Results from this study of a steel blade root suggest changes affecting the normal operation of the turbine alter fatigue life more than rare, high load events. Understanding how the material fatigue characteristics affect lifetime estimates is discussed in terms of the S-N curve utilized in this study. This paper presents the first results from an ongoing project. In the future, the authors plan to analyze a variety of turbine configurations to help identify those variables which may have the greatest influence on fatigue life.


Commercialization of farm produce is a decision made at the household level. However, the decision is influenced by different socio-economic and institutional factors which in turn affect the level of commercialization. Therefore, cassava farmers in Taita-Taveta and Kilifi counties participate in the market at different commercialization levels due to their difference in market orientation. The Household Commercialization Index (HCI) was used to categorize cassava farmers into four different commercialization levels. This study has been informed by the decision theory which is concerned with the reasoning underlying an agent's choices in the presence of options. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires from a sample of 250 smallholder cassava farmers. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents and an Ordered Profit model was used to analyze the cassava commercialization levels. The results show that credit access, pest management, seed buying and area under cassava positively influence the level of commercialization while distance to the nearest market negatively influence the level of commercialization. Therefore, policy makers should initiate policies targeting the specified socio-economic factors in order to introduce incentives that will motivate smallholder cassava farmers to participate in cassava marketing at higher categories of commercialization level.

 Key words: Cassava, commercialization, farmers, market, Profit.


: The authors studied luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of rabbit peripheral blood leukocytes during the development of Arthus' phenomenon. Samples with a specific allergen were previously incubated. It was established that in this type of allergic reactions the intensity of leukocyte chemiluminescence was determined by the concentration of the allergen with which they were incubated. Small doses of the allergen stimulate and large doses inhibit it. The inhibition is linked with the direct effect of the allergen on the cells and is not attended with diminution of their viability.


Introduction: A poor treatment response in persons with tuberculosis (TB) and HIV infection can be related to low anti-TB drug concentrations, particularly if diarrhea and malabsorption are present. Although therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is not routinely recommended, growing bodies of literature suggest that TDM may be a useful tool to optimize therapy. Aims: We objected in this study to determine serum concentrations of anti-TB drugs and treatment outcomes in HIV/TB patients. Methods: Using HPLC method, serum concentrations of izoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), and pyrazinamide (PZA) were determined 3-5 days after receiving medications and treatment outcomes of the patients were evaluated. Results: Twenty two patients [median age: 35 years (rang 27-57 years), median CD4+ count: 16 cells/mm3 (range 5-444 cells/mm3)] were enrolled in the study. All patients had low or very low serum concentrations of INH and RIF, 2 h after drugs ingestion. Serum concentrations of PZA were in normal and low ranges in 5 (22.73%) and 17 (77.27%) of the patients respectively. Of 22 patients, 9 (41%) were considered cured. Five patients (22.7%) died during treatment (four of them had low or very low serum concentrations of three medications), three were lost to follow-up, three were still receiving therapy, and two had relapsed (one of them was infected with Mycobacterium Kansasii). Conclusions: Low and very low serum concentrations of INH, RIF, and PZA and poor treatment outcomes are common among our patient. Future study in a wider patient sample over a longer follow-up period are required to explore the association of between anti-TB drug concentrations and treatment outcomes.


OBJECTIVE
To deteremine the incidence, nature and management of extra-biliary complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study presents a retrospective analysis of extra-biliary complications occuring during 1046 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed from August 2003 to December 2006. The study population included all the patients with symptomatic gallstone disease in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed. The extra-biliary complications were divided into two distinct categories: (i) Procedure related and (ii) Access related.

RESULTS
The incidence of access-related complications was 3.77% and that of procedure-related complications was 6.02%. Port-site bleeding was troublesome at times and demanded a re-do laparoscopy or conversion. Small bowel laceration occurred in two patients where access was achieved by closed technique. Five cases of duodenal and two of colonic perforations were the major complications encountered during dissection in the area of Calot's triangle. In 21 (2%) patients the procedure was converted to open surgery due to different complications. Biliary complications occurred in 2.6% patients in the current series.

CONCLUSION
Major extra-biliary complications are as frequent as the biliary complications and can be life-threatening. An early diagnosis is critical to their management.


ABSTRACT A study of 221 midlife women, 35 to 65 years of age, was conducted to explore the relationships among transitions, subjective age, wellness, and life satisfaction for lesbian (n= 81), bisexual (n =14), and heterosexual women (n= 126). Although the sample of bisexual women was too small to permit valid statistical analyses for this group, it is noteworthy that experiencing physical signs of aging was the most frequently experienced transition by all groups. Entry into a committed relationship was the second most frequently experienced transition by the lesbian participants, and entry into perimenopause was the second most common for heterosexuals. Lesbians whose subjective age was less than or equal to their chronological age reported greater wellness, and total wellness was a significant predictor of their life satisfaction. These findings suggest that all women experience midlife as a time of change and development, and lesbian women face specific challenges that require coping to maintain a sense of well-being during the midlife years.


The addition of lithium carbonate to various antidepressant agents, including heterocyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, has been reported to rapidly effect an antidepressant response in otherwise treatment-unresponsive depressed patients. Fifteen depressed patients diagnosed by DSM-III criteria who had not responded to double-blind treatment with carbamazepine were treated with the blind addition of lithium to carbamazepine. Eight patients (53%) responded with a moderate to marked improvement. The time to onset of substantial clinical improvement was rapid; ie, the mean (+/- SD) was 4.1 +/- 2.4 days for lithium potentiation compared with 9.7 +/- 4.1 days in a separate group of depressed patients responding to lithium alone. Side effects during carbamazepine-lithium combination therapy were minimal. The mechanisms by which lithium appears to rapidly potentiate the effects of carbamazepine in treatment-resistant depression are discussed.


This study addresses the question of post-collisional magmatism and its production mechanisms, addressing especially the mantle processes involved. Numerical experiments are conducted to examine the effects of viscosity weakening by subduction related water content increase in the upper mantle and the resulting sub-lithospheric small-scale convection. The models presented incorporate parameterized and thermodynamic melting models, and take into account variable relationships between mantle water content, mantle strength, water extraction by partial melting and related depletion stiffening.

The results demonstrate the possible importance of so called "hydrous activation" of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary: The post-collisional loss of the lithospheric mantle can be initiated and augmented by the elevated upper mantle water contents that enhances the sub-lithospheric small-scale convection, increases heat flow into the lithosphere, and produces localized lithosphere thin- ning. The irregular spatial and temporal melting patterns and the mantle melt volumes correspond to typical post-collisional mantle-derived magmatism. The small-scale convection can be localized into an edge-driven convection by significant lithosphere thickness gradients, e.g. craton edges. This helps to understand the uplift and volcanism observed in intraplate orogenic settings and implies the importance of these processes at other locations of lithosphere thickness gradients, e.g. recent collision zones.

The lithospheric thinning produced by small-scale convection can initiate whole lithosphere mantle loss via positive feedback mechanisms: gradual thinning of the lithosphere causes partial melting in the lowermost crust, weakening the crust-mantle boundary and providing a detachment mechanism for the lithospheric mantle, leading to stronger lithosphere thinning and, finally, exposure of the lower crust to the hot asthenosphere.
Small-scale convection and processes related to or initiated by it offer new insight and future research possibilities in studies of continental collision magmatism.


The structure and dendritic connections of an identified crustacean motoneuron were analyzed by intracellular injection of dye. Some processes of the neuron end in the ganglionic neuropil, but most terminate on axons which pass through the ganglion in specific, identifiable tracts. The former processes are ipsilateral to the soma, while the latter, as well as their connections, display bilateral symmetry. Structural and functional evidence suggests that the demonstrated contacts are synaptic junctions, and that the approach can therefore be used to study patterns of synaptic organization in complex neural networks.


The discussion surrounding Richard Posner's self-published book, Reforming the Federal Judiciary, has centered on its descriptions of disputes with former colleagues, Posner's decision to publish internal court documents, and his frustration that the Seventh Circuit rejected his offer to "re-write all his circuit's staff attorneys' memos and draft opinions before they went to his fellow judges." But Reforming the Federal Judiciary also calls for transforming the Seventh Circuit's staff attorney program as a result of its author's concern for the downtrodden litigants whose fate the staff attorneys decide. Staff attorneys and the courts are not doing enough for the pro se, Posner contends, because decisions in pro se cases are incomprehensible to pro se litigants. Moreover, because judges have little interest in pro se cases, most staff attorney opinion drafts are rubber stamped by judges and receive little judicial scrutiny.This book review is focused on what Posner deemed the book's "most important theme" – "the need for better treatment by the federal courts of pro se litigants." It concludes that though Posner has identified unjustifiable structural inequality, his recommendations would not necessarily fix it. If pro se litigants deserve equal treatment, eliminating all staff attorney programs is a necessary step toward promoting procedural equality. This could be accomplished by assigning pro se cases directly to judges' chambers, making staff attorneys law clerks, and permitting the new law clerks to work directly with jurists like Richard Posner.


The paper examines the validity of the Law of One Price (LOP) in the international market for feed barley among selected Central European markets, namely the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. Monthly prices over the period June 1995 to December 2012 are used. Each country pair is tested for cointegration, and the hypothesis of LOP is tested in the Vector Error Correction model. The results show that the LOP holds for the majority of markets. Cointegration was confirmed among all pairs of countries except for pairs with Slovakia. For cointegrated country pairs, the LOP holds for 8 out of 10 pairs at a 5 % level of significance. Germany has a dominant position within the investigated international trade and determines the prices of other countries. Austria is the second most dominant market. Countries of the original Visegrad group, namely the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary, are characterized by simultaneous price relationships.


Abstract Callmander, M. W., A. P. Keim, S. Buerki & P. B. Phillipson (2015). The genus Pandanus Parkinson (Pandanaceae) on Halmahera Island (Moluccas, Indonesia) with descriptions of three new species and a key to the species on the island. Candollea 70: 179–195. In English, English abstract. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2015v702a2 Halmahera is the largest (c. 18,000 km2) island of the Moluccan archipelago, but naturalists have only sporadically visited Halmahera and it has remained very poorly explored botanically. However, an intensive botanical inventory project was undertaken between 2012 and 2014 in part of the island to inform flora biodiversity management for certain proposed mining activities. This effort has contributed over 3600 plant collections and nearly doubled the number of Pandanus Parkinson (Pandanaceae) specimens (bringing the total to 55) available for Halmahera. After careful examination of all available material and comparison with other material from the region, we are able to present the first overview of the genus for the island. We have identified ten species from the island of which three are new to science and not known elsewhere, while the other seven are all representatives of species already described from other localities. The new species are formally described here as Pandanus beguinii Callm. & A. P. Keim, Pandanus benstoneoides Callm., Buerki & Phillipson and Pandanus halmaherensis Callm. & A. P. Keim. The new species are provided with notes on their respective morphology and known distributional and ecological ranges, line drawings. Those three new species are assigned a preliminary status of Endangered following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. All ten species are illustrated with colour photographs and a key to the species is provided.


Primary closure of intraoral wounds can be done up to 24 hours after the injury. A mucosal seal decreases the possibility of infection and allows the wound to heal more rapidly and less painfully than a wound left open to heal by secondary intention. Defects of the lips must be closed with exact alignment of the vermilion-cutaneous margins. Nerve repairs must be done without tension at the repair site. Parotid duct repairs are mandatory to prevent cyst and fistula formation. Anterior permanent teeth may be replanted.


We present two new packet routing algorithms for parallel computers with torus interconnection networks of arbitrary size and dimension. Both algorithms use only minimal length paths, are fully adaptive in the sense that all minimal length paths may be used to avoid congestion, and are free of deadlock, livelock and starvation. Algorithm 1 requires only three central queues per routing node. It is the first known minimal length packet routing algorithm for torus networks which requires a constant number of queues per node, regardless of the size and dimension of the torus. In fact, the requirement of three queues per node is optimal, as no such algorithm is possible when all nodes have two or fewer queues. Algorithm 2 requires only that each node have two input buffers per edge. It is the first known minimal-fully-adaptive packet routing algorithm for torus networks which does not require central queues and which does not require any node to have more than two input or two output buffers per edge. Both algorithms are simple and appear to be well-suited to VLSI implementation. They can be used with either store-and-forward or virtual cut-through routing. >


In Feminist Queer Crip, Alison Kafer endeavours to re-politicise disability and its relations to gender and sexuality. This entails a thorough examination of the ways in which time can be or become 'crip' – a critical term for 'imagining bodies and desires otherwise' – with a focus on those bodies that won't grow, age, labour or reproduce according to normal standards of growth and productivity. Kafer also examines bodies that are visually reproduced, or omitted, to facilitate the production of a political agenda, and how the continual reproduction of the able-bodied norm may be challenged or undone. She writes with an acute awareness of intersectionality and her understanding of reproductive politics repeatedly challenges ableist notions of care, future, and productivity. She first identifies problems with the medical model of disability, which constructs a timeline that can only lead to cure or failure, and with the social model, which risks ignoring the lived realities of pain until 'cure becomes the future no self-respecting disability activist or scholar wants' (p. 7). Kafer then arrives at a political and relational stance, one which prioritises coalition over diagnosis and which recognises that disability 'does not occur in isolation' (p. 8). Her relational model takes into account partnerships with carers and attendants and assisting animals, and a focus on political allegiance allows room for Robert McRuer's theory of a 'non-disabled claim to crip': an expansive identity politics which extends beyond diagnostics and towards the deconstructive principle that everyone is, has or will be disabled, and so has a stake in dismantling the ablebodied ideal. The bounds of these relations move from the social to the temporal – Feminist Queer Crip suggests that disability occurs in time, or out of it, and is often marked by a rupture in the rhythm of ableist lifetimes.


A series of expert committee reports and legislative proposals suggest an emerging consensus in the medical research and public policy communities that compensation of donors of tissues for stem cell and other biomedical research should be prohibited. Professor Korobkin challenges this consensus by outlining, analyzing, and ultimately rejecting, the leading arguments in favor of no compensation rules: that compensation is coercive, that it inappropriately commodifies the human body, that it will reduce the opportunity for altruistic donations, and that it will increase the cost of important medical research. He then evaluates second-best alternatives to allowing cash compensation for tissues and concludes by comparing the issues raised by compensation for research tissues with those raised by compensation for transplant organs.


Abstract A laboratory experiment was performed to study the dynamically rich interaction of a turbulent open channel flow with a bed-mounted axial-flow hydrokinetic turbine. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter and a torque transducer were used to simultaneously measure at high temporal resolution the three velocity components of the flow at various locations upstream of the turbine and in the wake region and turbine power, respectively. Results show that for sufficiently low frequencies the instantaneous power generated by the turbine is modulated by the turbulent structure of the approach flow. The critical frequency above which the response of the turbine is decoupled from the turbulent flow structure is shown to vary linearly with the angular frequency of the rotor. The measurements elucidate the structure of the turbulent turbine wake, which is shown to persist for at least fifteen rotor diameters downstream of the rotor, and a new approach is proposed to quantify the wake recovery, based on the growth of the largest scale motions in the flow. Spectral analysis is employed to demonstrate the dominant effect of the tip vortices in the energy distribution in the near-wake region and uncover meandering motions.


Short Protocols in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery provides condensed descriptions of more than 350 methods compiled from the successful title Current Protocols in Pharmacology. The book is specifically designed to provide quick access to step-by-step instructions for the essential methods used in every major area of pharmaceutical research, and especially stresses drug discovery techniques. This volume is an authoritative and indispensable guide for all life scientists, researchers, and students at the graduate and advanced undergraduate level, doing research in academic, government, and pharma/biotech laboratories.


Abstract Aim This work aims to describe competence management in telemedicine from the perspective of health and social care frontline leaders. Background The increasing use of services in health and social care is a challenging aspect of modern telemedicine; it requires staff to develop relevant professional competence and good telemedicine practices. Methods The study was conducted using thematic interviews of frontline leaders from primary health care, specialized medical care and social care (n = 10) in the spring of 2021. The data were analysed by inductive content analysis. Results The following main categories were identified: Activities of frontline leaders while managing competence in telemedicine, promotion of community learning, competence management in determining telemedicine content, and recognizing health and social care professionals' competence in telemedicine. Conclusions Achieving the goals set for telemedicine requires ensuring that knowledge from leaders is widely disseminated and shared and that staff are adequately trained. The results can be utilized in the practical work of other telemedicine and in the development of their operations. Implications for Nursing Management Managing competence in telemedicine requires from the leaders an encouraging attitude and improved personal interactions in the work community.


For many developing nations, biogas has traditionally been used for household cooking and lighting. Methane (CH4) content in biogas has to be increased by removing incombustible carbon dioxide (CO2) and potentially corrosive constituents such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and moisture. This study set out to increase biogas from 55.8% CH4, 43% CO2, 0.85% oxygen (O2), 75.1 ppm H2S to >80% methane and non-traceable H2S without enhancing raw biogas pressure. By using a single scrubber column and varying water scrubbing system operating parameters of packing material type, packing depth, water and gas flow rates, appropriate parameters for achieving the above objective were determined. The experiments were carried out at an average digester pressure of 1.0589bar. Results show that packing a column with steel-wire mesh to a depth of 0.4m increases the volumetric percentage of CH4 in biogas to >80% for water to gas flow rate ratios 1.9 and above. Increasing the packed depth to 0.8m increases volumetric percentage of CH4 in biogas to 80% at a lower ratio of 0.7. This increase in packed depth resulted in an improvement from 1800 litres to 700 litres of water for every m3 of raw biogas upgraded. However, to achieve >80% CH4 in marble packed columns of similar depths, the water to gas flow rate ratio has to be raised above 2.5.


The skiing industry often represent the main contribution to mountain regions' economy, by providing several economic benefits and the improvement of services and infrastructure. Ski resorts also play a crucial role as an impacting factor, causing severe changes on Alpine landscape and ecosystems. In particular ski runs construction and operation have considerable impacts on alpine soils, influencing their chemical and physical properties which affecting the establishment and development of plant communities. The work provides a description of the changes in soil properties and the related effects on vegetation. It aims furthermore to investigate the recent best practices applied for a successful soil restoration after ski runs construction, which may contribute to a sustainable use of mountain soils and ecosystems. Based on the current regulatory framework, this review gives a global overview on how, in Europe and specifically in Italy, the sustainable use of soils is considered during the construction and management of ski runs. As the framework is still lacking of specific rules regarding soil protection and management on ski runs, the present work wishes to provide recommendations in order to fill this gap, favoring the effective application of best practices for soil protection during ski run construction and maintenance.


The challenges of climate variability faced by small-scale farmers in Kenya and most part of the world have always been daunting. Current and predicted cl imatic changes have already, and will in future exacerbate the extremes of variability and increase the pressures. In Kijabe, small-scale fanners depend on rain fed agriculture and over the years frequent crop failures and rain shortages have become common. Climate researchers and scientists predict increasingly dry conditions in much of Africa due to climate variability. Small-scale farmers' efforts to cope have shown both unfavourable and positive effects and hence the need to be explored. This study will therefore determine the small-scale farmers' adaptation strategies to climate variability, in Kijabe, Kiambu County of Kenya. The objectives of the study will include, to evaluate trends in rainfall and temperature between 1982 and 2013, to assess how these trends have affected the farmers' perception in climate variability and to explore small-scale farmers' adaptation strategies and how socio-economic factors influence their adoption in Kijabe. Mixed method approach will be adopted in addressing the objectives of the study. The study will employ simple random and purposive sampling techiniques. Questionnaires, interviews, field observations and review of documents techniques and tools will be employed to generate relevant data: Qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques will be adopted and results presented using frequency tables, bar graphs and pie charts. T-test and chi-square will be used to test the hypotheses of the study. It is anticipated that the study will provide information to that could help the farmers to adopt the best adaptation practices that would lead to sustainable crop production. It is also expected to provide the policy makers and agricultural extension officers with information which could enable them to formulate appropriate agricultural policies and frameworks that will effectively deal with the impacts of climate variability on future agriculture thus promoting sustainable agricultural production in the country. Finally, the study will contribute to existing body of knowledge on climate variability adaptation strategies and helps to generate ideas for further research.


Many companies have made significant investments in socially responsible production practices for their products. Environmentally safe cleaning products, fair trade coffee, and sustainable seafood are just a few examples. In this paper, we conduct a meta-analysis of over 80 published and unpublished research papers across a large number of product categories to better understand differences in willingness to pay (WTP) for socially responsible products. In particular, we are interested in whether the beneficiary of the social responsibility program—humans, animals, or the environment—affects WTP. We use two dependent variables: the percentage premium people are willing to pay and the proportion of respondents who are willing to pay a positive premium. We find that the mean percentage premium is 16.8 percent and that, on average, 60 percent of respondents are willing to pay a positive premium. Importantly, across both dependent measures, we find that WTP is greater for products where the socially responsible element benefits humans (e.g., labor practices) compared to those that benefit the environment. Implications for retailers, manufacturers, and future research are discussed.


Stereological and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of quartz-water and plagioclase feldspar–water interactions have been combined with 18O/17O and 17O/16O measurements of the associated isotope exchange, in an attempt to develop an understanding of mineral-water interactions at elevated temperatures and pressures. The quartz-water exchange (T = 250 to 600 °C; Ph2o = 1 to 22 kbar) is dominated by an "Ostwald ripening" recrystallization mechanism, in which reprecipitated quartz develops as faceted overgrowths on original grains that have been rounded by initial solution processes. Correspondingly, there is a linear decrease in specific surface area (S) as a function of fractional extent of exchange (f). The unrecrystallized quartz cores exchange through diffusional mechanisms that also become dominant in later stages when recrystallization becomes retarded and increasingly ineffective as a mechanism of isotopic exchange. This transition from solution-precipitation to diffusional mechanisms accounts for a "plateau" pressure effect on exchange rate, observed in later stages of exchange. Substantial recrystallization does not occur in feldspar-water exchange at 500 and 600 °C, Ph2o = 2 to 15 kbar; the feldspar grains rapidly degrade into smaller fragments and become incoherently coated by a small amount of fine precipitated crystals. Subsequently, isotopic exchange occurs without further textural change and at constant S. These observations, the preservation of Al/Si order in albite throughout exchange, the high calculated values of oxygen-diffusion coefficients and possible dependence of these coefficients on (Ph2o)½ indicate inhibition of feldspar recrystallization and are consistent with diffusional mechanisms for penetration of water into the feldspar and exchange with shared oxygen atoms in alumino-silica tetrahedra. Equilibrium 18O/16O fractionation factors for both quartz-water and albite-water agree well with those measured previously in this laboratory.


A physically meaningful technique to determine the effective depth to the water table, as a measure of the initial storage capacity of a basin is developed. The estimation of the initial storage capacity prior to a given flood event is essential to obtain useful results from storm runoff prediction models based on saturation excess overland flow. It is shown how this effective depth to the water table can be related to streamflow measurements at the outlet of the basin. The analysis is based on Boussinesq's standard hydraulic groundwater theory. The main feature of the present formulation is that it allows the estimation of catchment-scale parameters, namely the aquifer hydraulic conductivity and the average depth to the impervious layer. The estimation of these parameters is based on a drought flow analysis which is consistent with the hydraulic groundwater theory used to develop the described technique. This hydraulic theory is found to be applicable for a catchment under humid temperate climatic conditions, namely the Zwalm catchment situated in East-Flanders, Belgium. The results of the proposed analysis are used to estimate the initial conditions in a partial area runoff generation model. It is shown that accurate estimates of total runoff volume are obtained without further calibration of the model.


Part I of this Comment provides a background on the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act ('AETA') from its origins in the bioresearch industry to its adoption as law. Part II compares the crimes of militant animal protectionists with those of militant abortion opponents. Part III then compares AETA and the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act ("FACE"), analyzing AETA's constitutionality using as a model decisions upholding FACE. Part III concludes that AETA does not violate the First Amendment. Part IV argues that since AETA is likely to withstand First Amendment scrutiny, the law legitimizes an inconsistent use of the terrorism label that will hinder protected protest activity. Finally, Part V suggests reasons that this chilling effect is not benign, including societal consequences of constraining protest and economic consequences for protested enterprises.


Cultural journalism is a subfield of journalism that encompasses what is known as arts journalism. While arts journalism is characterized by reviews, critique, news, and essays about the arts and popular culture, cultural journalism has a broader take on culture, including lifestyle issues, societal debate, and reflective ethical discussion by cultural personas or expressed in a literary style. Both arts and cultural journalists see their work as "journalism with a difference," evoking different perspectives and worldviews from those dominating mainstream news reporting. At the same time, cultural journalism shares with journalism issues like boundary work, genre blurring, digitalization, globalization, professionalization, and "the crisis of journalism." There are three main ways cultural journalism has been studied: one research strand defines cultural journalism as material produced by the cultural desks or material that is explicitly labelled cultural journalism; another defines it as journalism about culture, regardless of how it is labelled or produced; and a third strand includes only arts journalism, examining journalistic content on the fine arts and popular culture. Studies from all of these approaches are included in this article due to the effort to include a wide variety of countries at different time periods and an effort to track joint defining features and developments in cultural journalism. The emphasis is on the Nordic context, where the term "cultural journalism" is well established and where research is relatively comprehensive. The research is divided into three themes: the cultural public sphere and the contribution to democracy; cultural journalism's professionalism and the challenges of digitalization; and transnational and global aspects of cultural journalism, including tendencies such as cultural homogenization and hybridization.
 International research on cultural journalism as a subfield has been complicated by its varying designations (arts journalism, feuilleton, journalism about culture, entertainment), and its numerous aesthetic forms, disciplines, or types of culture, all of which are changing over time. Despite these issues, research points in the same direction: the amount of cultural journalism is increasing, and the boundaries against other types of journalism are becoming more porous. There is also a decline in editorial autonomy. In common with journalism, there is an increase in generalists working with culture and greater central managerial control in new multiplatform media organizations. The research points to an increase in a more transnationally oriented cultural journalism, mainly through a larger share of cultural news and popular culture—while its core, review and critique, has changed in character, or arguably lost ground. The increasing "newsification" of cultural journalism should prompt future research on whether the "watchdog" role vis-à-vis the cultural industries is growing. New forms of art and culture are beginning to get coverage, but also, in some cases, the intermixing of "lifestyle" with cultural journalism. The commercialization and celebrity aspects of this are clear, but new digital platforms have also enabled new voices and different formats of cultural journalism and a wider dissemination and intensity in cultural debates, all of which emphasize its democratic potential. New research on this subject appears to focus on the longitudinal changes in cultural journalism, the implications of digitalization and globalization, and cultural journalism in broadcasting.


Sprengel deformity (SD), undescended scapula or high scapula is the most common congenital abnormality of the shoulder girdle. The aim of this article is to review the literature for updates on the surgical management of SD. The etiological theories of SD remain to be based on a developmental arrest of the intrauterine normal descent of the scapula. The deformity often coexists with other syndromes and medical conditions including Klippel-Feil syndrome, scoliosis, and rib abnormalities. The imaging evaluation is based on chest X-ray, CT with 3-D reconstruction and MRI to determine the deformity and its association with omovertebral bone. The plan for treatment is judged by the Cavendish classification of clinical cosmetic appearance, as well as shoulder functional impairment. Mild cases need no surgical intervention, however, there are several surgical procedures preserved for moderate to severe cases with near similar postoperative outcomes. The commonly performed procedures include Green's and Woodward procedures with further modifications to enhance the early mobilization and to reduce the associated brachial plexus injury. The use of minimally invasive techniques for SD is limited but it may take its place in the future.


High-speed unmanned ground vehicles evolving on natural terrains can exhibit a significant slip and skid. An estimation of both friction and traction forces can allow to achieve a better control. In order to implement a control architecture based on the vehicle dynamic model and the wheel-soil interaction model, the knowledge of the wheels slip rate is required. The wheel angular velocities can be precisely measured. But the true measurement of the ground speed of the vehicle is much more challenging. A low-cost Doppler radar is used, in conjunction with an accelerometer, to obtain the ground speed. Thus, the knowledge of the slip rate allows us to setup an in situ procedure for the estimation of soil parameters that is based on the measurement of the motors torques. A wheel slippage controller has also been implemented, which is a first step toward high-level dynamic control.


The economic crisis that led to recession in the UK in 2008–9 impacted in multiple ways on work and economic life. This article examines changes to the work-time of employees. The UK stood out for its recessionary expansion of work-time underemployment. Working in a job that provides 'too few' hours can have serious ramifications for the economic livelihood of workers. Working-class workers are central here. Drawing on analysis of large-scale survey data, the article identifies that workers in lower level occupations experienced the most substantial post-recessionary growth in the proportions working 'too few' hours. Did these work-time changes narrow or widen class inequalities in feelings of financial hardship? The article concludes that although middle-class workers also saw their financial positions damaged, this so-called 'first middle-class recession' did not erode class inequalities in financial hardship among UK workers.


Corals form the physical structure of coral reefs, one of the most ecologically and economically important ecosystems in the world. The abundant and broadly distributed Caribbean coral Montastraea cavernosa forms a symbiosis with intracellular nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in some, but not all colonies, which make up approximately 30% of the population and display a characteristic orange fluorescence. Diverse and functionally important microbial communities of dinoflagellates, bacteria, Archaea, viruses, fungi, and other organisms are also associated with corals and together with the host compose what is termed the coral holobiont. Whether the cyanobacteria are mutualists, commensals, or parasites, and their effects on the coral holobiont, are unknown. The influence of the cyanobacteria on the microbial ecology of M. cavernosa and overall holobiont fitness were investigated using sequencing of ribosomal RNA PCR amplicons, metatranscriptomic sequencing of rRNA and mRNA from the holobiont, and experimental tests of various fitness metrics. The cyanobacterial symbionts appear to be diverse, but many are Pleurocapsa-like and related to nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial symbionts of diatoms. Their presence does not affect the taxonomic composition of the diverse coral-associated prokaryotic community, but such communities do exhibit significant geographic differences. Metatranscriptomic analysis of mRNA indicates that coral-associated prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria, are transcriptionally active, although few transcripts related to nitrogen fixation were recovered. There were no significant fitness differences between colonies with and without cyanobacteria for any of the metrics tested, including coral growth, response to thermal stress, and the ability to deter predators and produce cyanobacterial toxins. Genotyping of coral hosts revealed that colonies with and without cyanobacteria form two genetically distinct populations at small spatial scales, providing evidence for selection. The cyanobacteria do not appear to be parasitic to the coral host, but any potential benefits they may convey remain unknown. Analysis of metatranscriptomic data to investigate differences in the functional activity of coral hosts and associated microbial communities is ongoing.


Armutlu Peninsula is in the Marmara Region of Turkey, located at the western end of the 1999 Kocaeli rupture. Armutlu peninsula is believed to be adjacent to the Intra-Pontide Suture Zone, or even to be a part of it. This zone has a key role for the understanding of the neo-tectonic features of this region and the interactions between high seismicity with high thermal activity and neo-tectonic faults that have originated through the ongoing movement of the two branches north and south of Armutlu. A horst and graben structure appears in this region, whereby the Armutlu Peninsula represents a horst between two branches of the North Anatolian Fault System, which results in a complex dextral zone. To understand the relationships among the micro-earthquake activity, the hydrothermal activity, and the tectonic structure of the region, the Armutlu Network (ARNET) was installed. ARNET aims to monitor the chronological evolution of the seismicity, and to investigate the deformation of the Armutlu Peninsula, and possible interactions between seismic waves and pore-pressure variations in the geothermal systems. The Armutlu–Yalova–Gemlik region has a very complicated tectonic structure, and it has scattered micro-earthquake activity. The upper part of the crust includes a low-velocity zone that conforms to present tectonic activity and the brittle deformed metamorphic rocks. Recent seismic activity has been confined to Gemlik Bay, and the Yalova–Termal region. Therefore, special attention is needed to monitor the seismic activity in these regions, to understand the likely and forthcoming larger event(s) in the Marmara Region. We believe that this region will have an important role in our understanding of the formation of the next larger earthquake at the western extension of the North Anatolian Fault system.


Double patterning lithography (DPL) provides an attractive alternative or a supplementary method to enable the 32nm and 22nm process nodes, relative to costlier technology options such as high refractive index materials, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), or e-beam lithography. DPL implements patterns on a single layer using either additional masks (e.g., double exposure or double patterning) or many additional processing steps (e.g., spacer double patterning). Overlay between the two layers introduces additional variability in both front-end-of-line (FEOL) and back-end-of-line (BEOL) by means of coupling capacitance variation. FEOL variability can be incorporated into standard characterization. However, the impacts of overlay in BEOL require new circuit analysis techniques. Furthermore, such techniques can guide technology developers toward DPL technology options that will have least variability impact on circuit performance. Today, the industry is nearing a critical juncture for choosing among various DPL technology options and process control capabilities. Accordingly, a rigorous, efficient framework is needed for variational performance analyses at chip level, and across many DPL technology options. Once a DPL method is chosen, a chip-level framework similar to what we present here will be required for circuit analysis and optimization. In this paper, we first analyze mechanisms of space and linewidth variation arising from overlay in various double patterning lithography options. We then develop a foundation of both TCAD-based and chiplevel methods, along with an effective design of experiments, to assess electrical impacts of BEOL variations. We conclude with an assessment of relative viabilities of DPL technology options under a range of process control scenarios.


XPA is a unique and essential protein required for the nucleotide excision DNA repair pathway and represents a therapeutic target in oncology. Herein, we are the first to develop novel inhibitors of the XPA-DNA interaction through structure-guided drug design efforts. Ester derivatives of the compounds 1 (X80), 22, and 24 displayed excellent inhibitory activity (IC50 of 0.82 ± 0.18 μM and 1.3 ± 0.22 μM, respectively) but poor solubility. We have synthesized novel amide derivatives that retain potency and have much improved solubility. Furthermore, compound 1 analogs exhibited good specificity for XPA over RPA (replication protein A), another DNA-binding protein that participates in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. Importantly, there were no significant interactions observed by the X80 class of compounds directly with DNA. Molecular docking studies revealed a mechanistic model for the interaction, and these studies could serve as the basis for continued analysis of structure-activity relationships and drug development efforts of this novel target.


Although vincristine sulfate is indicated for IV use only, it has been inadvertently administered intrathecally. Accidental vincristine administration via the spinal route (intrathecally via a lumbar puncture or intraventricularly via an Ommaya reservoir) causes rapid sensory and motor dysfunction, usually followed by encephalopathy, coma, and death (Schulmeister, 2004). Autopsy findings include grossly edematous and congested brain and spinal cord tissue, with axonal degeneration and myelin loss of the spinal nerves (Kwack et al., 1999; Williams et al., 1983).


We investigate how the outbreak of epidemics can affect host governments' targeting of refugees and violation of their physical integrity rights. We argue that governments target repression against refugees for two reasons. First, refugees are easily scapegoated for the arrival of epidemics at a time when governments are looking to shift the blame for their own poor performance. Second, crises provide circumstances for governments to engage in opportunistic repression to further their goal of coercing existing refugees to depart and deterring new refugees from arriving. Drawing upon a global dataset of countries for the years 1996 to 2015, we demonstrate that epidemic outbreaks do indeed increase the likelihood and scale of government repression targeting refugee populations. These effects are especially pronounced in countries with higher proportions of refugees hosted and in less democratic countries. Identification of this potential for government repression of refugees during epidemics is important in light of the grave scale of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest the international community should be vigilant for signs of governments' mistreatment of vulnerable refugee populations to shift focus away from their own poor handling of crises such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and opportunistically advance their goal of reducing the numbers of refugees hosted locally.


This article proposes a focus on some of the arguments in the field—what is "arts behind bars"? What are some of the intentions, and why would people do it? It also signals the range of practices that are to be found—from the development of needlework in male prisons through to participatory arts projects with young people in prisons to collaborative stage shows. Artists working in criminal justice have a wide range of intentions. For a few, there might be a frisson of the danger and caged energy behind bars that is stimulating to creativity and could add something to their own creative process. The model of art for prisoners—professional artists staging a show or doing an unplugged music event in a prison—can raise the profile of prisons and punishment. However, there are a great number of projects that move towards forms of art created with and by prisoners, thereby aligning them with a long history of social and participatory arts. Theoretically, then, the arts behind bars are informed by critical pedagogies as much as the specific disciplinary approaches. This model seeks to build critical consciousness and confidence in mastery as well as induction into the discipline of learning any skill for the purposes of liberating through knowledge. In arts behind bars, the knowledge base might include literacy outcomes, but the learning is often communal, and about creative self-expression. The practitioners of arts behind bars have two driving intentions. Either they seek to engage more people with their art form and are willing to work in a range of contexts, or they are committed to social justice and hope to use the art form towards additional aims of generating understanding and redressing some of the inequalities experienced by prisoners. It is necessary to consider what new perspectives are offered to the subject of arts in criminal justice by thinking about how wider resources, culture, and artistic paradigms affect perceptions of the value of interventions. This highlights the need for awareness of those artists who choose to work in prisons of the moral and ethical questions raised by bringing art to the system.