The present study was undertaken (1) to characterize the FA composition particularly on the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (2) to investigate of physicochemical properties of Anatolian water buffalo milk, and from six different provinces in Turkey. The fat amount in water buffalo milk samples were in the range of 5.97±0.30% to 9.19±0.57% and the mean fat was 6.96±0.25%. The main individual FA in water buffalo milk were in the order 16:0, 18:1 cis-9, 14:0, and 18:0. The CLA, bovinic acid (cis-9, trans-11), represented 1.09±0.06 in water buffalo milk. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were the potent fraction in water buffalo milk fat (70.63±0.7); MUFA and PUFA were 29.37±0.7 and 0.2±0.03, respectively. The data exhibit statistically differences (P≤0.05) in the proportions of individual FA were detected among different provinces in Turkey. Anatolian water buffalos were poor in terms polyunsaturated FA compared to other water buffalos from different countries. Therefore, these results may provide useful information about the nutrient composition of buffalo milk and further studies are warranted to improve the technological and nutritional characteristics of Anatolian buffalo milk.


A chromosomal translocation, t(4;11)-(q21;q23), is associated with an aggressive mixed-lineage leukemia. A yeast artificial chromosome was used to clone the chromosomal breakpoint of this translocation in the RS4;11 cell line. The breakpoint sequences revealed an inverted repeat bordered by a consensus site for topoisomerase II binding and cleavage as well as chi-like elements. The der(11) chromosome encodes a fusion RNA and predicted chimeric protein between the 11q23 gene MLL and a 4q21 gene designated AF4. The sequence of the complete open reading frame for this fusion transcript reveals the MLL protein to have homology with DNA methyltransferase, the Drosophila trithorax gene product, and the "AT-hook" motif of high-mobility-group proteins. An alternative splice that deletes the AT-hook region of MLL was identified. AF4 is a serine- and proline-rich putative transcription factor with a glutamine-rich carboxyl terminus. The composition of the complete MLL-AF4 fusion product argues that it may act through either a gain-of-function or a dominant negative mechanism in leukemogenesis.


Purpose – This paper applies Ahlbrecht and Weber risk asymmetries approach to foundations of Open Science concept. The aim of this study is answering the questions: What are the risk asymmetries in the Open Science evolution process? What are directions of change in Open Science concept?
Design/Methodology/approach – The paper is prepared in the historical - empirical mainstream. Methodology used in this research was the critical analysis of the state of knowledge based on literature review.
Findings – Part I of this paper discusses the framework of the concept of Open Science in research policy. Part II concludes with a brief overview of Open Science concept in university technology transfer process and highlights the risk asymmetries. There were identified three risk asymmetries: in the area of assessment of the quality of the research results, "rapid mode" of increasing of research results in science, intellectual property fraud risk for university. The analysis was made with consideration of two coexisting systems - one still based on OS (OSS – Open Science System) and the other characterized by legal norms (intellectual property rights) of research (IPRS – Intellectual Property Rights System). In one system (OS) appears freedom to "openness" and in the other system (IPRS) there is obligatory in the evaluation of scientific achievements measured as citation in the top journals or obtained patents.
Originality/value – The purpose of the study was completed. Open Science considerations were in the context of unprecedented literature. In the study there were used assumptions of Akerlof theory of information asymmetry and Ahlbrecht Weber risk asymmetries, that is as follows: Short-term Long-term asymmetry, Certainty-Risk asymmetry, Gain-Loss asymmetry. There were also proposed Public – Private risks asymmetry.


In the new information environment, individuals can be exposed to different scientists who disseminate information on scientific topics which may or may not be in the scientist's area of expertise. The current study investigates people's ability to evaluate finer, but critical, distinctions in expertise. We use eye movements and self-report measures to determine the extent to which individuals retrieve, from their memories, professional facts about scientists that signal their area of expertise. Our results suggest that individuals can discern expert from nonexpert scientist sources but self-report measures may not accurately reflect this phenomenon, thus highlighting the value of a converging methods approach. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.


Context. G39-27/289 is a common proper-motion pair formed by a white dwarf (WD0433+270) and a main-sequence star (BD+26 730) that apparently has been classified as a member of the Hyades open cluster. Previous studies of the white dwarf component yielded a cooling time of ∼4 Gyr. Although it has not been pointed out before explicitly, this result is 6 times greater than the age of the Hyades cluster, giving rise to an apparent conflict between the physics of white dwarfs and cluster main-sequence fitting. Aims. We investigate whether this system belongs to the Hyades cluster and, accordingly, give a plausible explanation for the nature of the white dwarf member. Methods. We have performed and analyzed spectroscopic observations to better characterize these objects, and used their kinematic properties to evaluate their membership in the Hyades. Then, different mass-radius relations and cooling sequences for different core compositions (He, C/O, O/Ne and Fe) were employed to infer the mass and cooling time of the white dwarf. Results. From kinematic and chemical composition considerations, we believe that the system was a former member of the Hyades cluster and therefore has an evolutionary link with it. However, the evidence is not conclusive. With regards to the nature of the white dwarf component, we find that two core compositions - C/O and Fe - are compatible with the observed effective temperature and radius. These compositions yield very different cooling times of ∼4 Gyr and ∼ 1 Gyr, respectively. Conclusions. We distinguish two possible scenarios. If the pair does not belong to the Hyades cluster but only to the Hyades stream, this would indicate that such a stream contains rather old objects and is definitely not coeval with the cluster. This has interesting consequences for Galactic dynamics. However, our favored scenario is that of a white dwarf with a rather exotic Fe core, having a cooling time compatible with the Hyades age. This is a tantalizing result that would have implications for the thermonuclear explosion of white dwarfs and explosion theories of degenerate nuclei.


RAGE products are licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"). See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0


Over the years, there has been much interest in modelling processes. Processes include those associated with the development of software and those business processes that make use of software systems. Recent research in Systems Engineering for Business Process Change highlights the importance of modelling business processes in order to evolve and maintain the legacy systems that support those processes. Business processes are typically described with static (diagrammatic) models. This paper illustrates how quantitative techniques can facilitate analysis of such models. This is illustrated with reference to the process modelling notation Role Activity Diagrams (RADs). An example process, taken from an investigation of the bidding process of a large telecommunications systems supplier, is used to show how a quantitative approach can be used to highlight features in RADs that are useful to the process modeller. We show how simple measures reveal high levels of role coupling and discrepancies between different perspectives. Since the models are non-trivial — there are 101 roles and almost 300 activities — we argue that quantitative analysis can be a useful adjunct for the modeller.


Silica aerogel is a porous insulating material that is transport to solar radiation. To understand its insulating performance in a window system, it is necessary to first study component heat transfer paths. Aerogel's absorption coefficient, a measure of the attenuation of radiation heat transfer, was determined over the spectral range 1-200 ..mu..m. Although radiation heat transfer is negligible over much of this region, there is a transmission window between 3-6 ..mu..m. At ambient temperatures, for aerogel thicknesses of 0.5-5.0 cm, radiation heat transfer through an unmodified aerogel window is less than 15% of the total heat flux. For evacuated or high-temperature furnace windows, this contribution can be over 50%. Thermal radiative transfer can be somewhat decreased by allowing the aerogel to absorb moisture, but solar transmission and optical clarity are sacrificed. Absorption of water vapor over time causes irreversible structural changes that increase scattering in the solar spectrum. Aerogel's thermal performance can be improved by replacing the pore gas with one of lower conductivity or by evacuating the aerogel to pressure below 0.1 atm. A hypothetical evacuated aerogel window has a calcuated U-Value of approx. =0.5 W/m/sup 2/-K for a gap spacing of 12.5 mm, which is four times bettermore » than currently available low-emissivity gas-filled units of similar size. 8 refs., 9 figs.« less


ABRAMS, M. D. AND S. E. JOHNSON (School of Forest Resources, Forest Resources Building, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802). Long-term impacts of deer exclosures on mixed-oak forest composition at the Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania, USA. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 139: 167– 180. 2012.—Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman (white-tailed deer) populations at Valley Forge National Historical Park in southeastern Pennsylvania have ranged from 70 to 93 deer per square km over the last decade. In 2010, we surveyed 30 fenced (to exclude deer) and unfenced paired plots established in 1992 to evaluate differences in woody and herbaceous vegetation. In addition, a broader collection and analysis of overstory and understory vegetation data were conducted in the two dry Quercus spp. forests and one mesic Liriodendron tulipifera L. forest that contain the fenced and unfenced plots. The understory of the Liriodendron stand had 72% cover of Microstegium vimineum, (Trin.) A. Camus, an exotic grass. Across all three stands, sapling and seedling densities were low to moderate (500 and 10,000 stems ha, respectively) and were primarily shade tolerant Acer rubrum L. and Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. The numbers of Quercus seedlings and saplings were low to nonexistent in all stands. Similarly, the unfenced plots had low densities of seedlings and saplings, especially Quercus. The 18 year-old fenced plots contained 33,133 seedlings ha, but lacked tree saplings. The fenced seedlings were dominated by A. rubrum, Sassafras albidum, (Nutt.) Nees, N. sylvatica and Fraxinus americana L. in two of the stands and Quercus montana L. in one of the Quercus stands. Shrub cover averaged 51% in the fenced plots (mainly Lindera, Viburnum, Ligustrum and Lonicera) and 5% in the unfenced plots. Moreover, Microstegium cover was very low in all fenced plots, possibly due to the high shrub cover. Fenced plots also had higher plant species diversity (Shannon Index and richness). The results of this study suggest that the long-term exclusion of O. virginianus resulted in increased tree seedling number, shrub cover and diversity, and low Microstegium cover, but was inconsistent in stimulating Quercus regeneration and sapling recruitment.


Abstract Background: To explore the relationships between serum procalcitonin (PCT) level, severity and different stresses of non-septic critically ill patients. Materials and Methods: Patients were divided into traumatic stress, stroke-induced stress and non-infectious inflammatory stress groups. According to 28-day prognosis, they were divided into survival and death groups. The factors affecting prognosis were studied by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: PCT level was significantly positively correlated with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores (P=0.001). The PCT level and abnormality rate of the traumatic stress group significantly exceeded those of other groups (P---lt---0.05). The APACHE II score, SOFA score and 28-day mortality rate of traumatic stress and stroke-induced stress groups significantly exceeded those of the non-infectious inflammatory stress group (P---lt---0.05). The PCT level, APACHE II score and SOFA score of the death group significantly surpassed those of the survival group (P---lt---0.05). With rising PCT level, APACHE II score, SOFA score and 28-day mortality rate all increased, with significant intergroup differences (P---lt---0.01). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that serum PCT level, APACHE II score and SOFA score were independent risk factors for prognosis. The area under ROC curve for prognosis evaluated by PCT level was 0.797 (95%CI = 0.710~0.878, P=0.000). At a 4.3 μg/L cut-off, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting 28-day mortality were 87.4% and 78.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The serum PCT level of non-septic critically ill patient was positively correlated with severity, which was more likely elevated by traumatic stress than other stresses.


Relatively little is known about how concepts of human values and value interact during the construction design process. Whilst researchers of value management have expounded in this context upon the complexity of the design process, problem-solving and sense-making, little is said about the alignment and reconciliation of multiple-stakeholder values and value judgements. An abductive reasoning and a grounded theory approach was adopted that iterated between literature and empirical observation to obtain new insights. The initial phase created a values and value framework and Value in Design (VALiD) approach through seven unstructured interviews, a design workshop, four Schwartz Values Surveys (with 545 participants) and 55 semi-structured interviews. The values and value parts were then separately implemented, developed and validated through action research on five live education capital projects, involving over 250 participants. Subsequently, a middle-range theory of values and value is proposed through theoretical triangulation. This draws on seven related theories to provide greater explanatory pluralism, uncover hidden phenomena and enable convergence. The research findings are significant in focusing soft value management on underlying stakeholder values and subjective value judgements. A more nuanced and intertwined relationship between stakeholder values, attitudes, behaviours and qualities during the design process is offered that promotes compromise and sense-making.


The present account of the distribution and ecology of tsetse-flies (Glossina) in Liberia is based primarily on observations made from December, 1943, to August, 1944, for the American Foundation for Tropical Medicine, Inc. I have included some information obtained on an earlier brief stay in the same territory, from July to November, 1926, as a member of the Harvard African Expedition under the leadership of Dr. (now Colonel) Richard P. Strong.
It seems essential to introduce the discussion of the Liberian tsetses with a concise description of environmental conditions. Of the twenty-one species of Glossina generally recognized at present, only four are efficient vectors of human trypanosomiasis, while the others are negligible, not being positively known to transmit the disease. The occurrence, abundance and habits of each species are closely correlated with the outside factors, or the environment, particularly as they concern the spread of the disease.


This paper describes the isolation of mutants resistant to colicins of group B (i.e., colicins B, D, G, H, Ia, Ib, M, Q, S1, and V). The 145 mutants studied in detail can be divided into nine phentopyic classes, based on their colicin-resistance patterns. They include the previously isolated tonA, tonB exbB and cir mutants. Each of the different phenotypic classes of mutants has been partially characterized, and some approximately mapped. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed substantial changes in the composition of the outer membrane proteins of exbB and tonB mutants.


This paper investigates the relationship between supply chain strategy and TQM practices. We empirically test the relationships among strategic quality planning, supplier based relationships, product design, product innovation, dependable deliveries, and value to customer quality. The findings suggest that the success of some TQM practices, as reflected in the value-to-customer are influenced by supply chain principles such as developing appropriate supplier relationships. In addition, the present study verifies positive linkages between certain TQM practices like product design and innovation, and value to customers. Structural equation modeling is used for finding and testing relationships between the various constructs.


This introduction to the Thematic Collection on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) tracks the evolution of CSR research published in the Journal of Management Studies from 2006 until 2021. Alongside the mainstreaming of CSR within management studies, CSR research in JMS has progressed from a business-centric to a society-centric focus. The business-centric focus centres on the financial implications of CSR on business firms, and advocates CSR to the extent that it leads to improved financial performance or some other competitive advantage for the firm. The society-centric focus asks broader questions about the appropriate role and location of business in society and its political and institutional contexts, and it reflects a wider set of variables of interest beyond firm financial performance. Understanding this evolution is crucial because it helps to elucidate where CSR research is headed and how the role of business in society is conceptualised. Based on these developments, I outline three emergent avenues for future research: the reintegration of governments as important actors shaping CSR, the need to reorient the dependent variables used in CSR research toward tangible social and ecological outcomes, and the importance of CSR research tackling interrelated societal crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the climate crisis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)


In Christianity evangelization entails bringing the Good News of Jesus
Christ into all the strata of humanity from within and making it new.
Evangelization efforts in Nigeria have been going on for more than a century.
Indeed it has made a noticeable inroad of growth. The evidence is seen.
Thunderous sounds are heard from all corners of villages and cities, of
Christian church activities; series of strategies are explored by multitude of
Christian denominations aimed at "packaging and selling out" one's denomination
to attract more adherents; imposing and well architectural-designed
structures of Christian places of worship are seen in many cities. Yet in the
same society, all forms of atrocities and abominations of man's inhumanity to
man, lack of basic Christian virtues of honesty, justice, and respect for
sacredness of human life are witnessed. In the light of the foregoing, this
paper seeks both to presume the general shallowness of Christian faith in
Nigeria and to blame it to flaw in the understanding of the Bible as a
Christian text. It critically analyzes the three Christian concepts: Bible
interpretation, evangelization and faith, exposing their interrelatedness and
the challenges posed by such reality to an authentic Christian living.


A detection method for organophosphorus pesticides using electrochemical sensor based on enzyme inhibition has been developed. Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) was selected to quantify the pesticides concentration in water samples due to its activity was non-competitively inhibited in the presence of pesticides. To detect parathion and dichlorvos, optimized analytical conditions were that the substrate concentration was 3mmol/L, enzyme solution concentration was 18g/L and reaction time was 20min. Under the optimized detection conditons, a detection limit of 1.2ng/mL and 0.004ng/mL for parathion and dichlorvos was obtained, respectively. The approach was rapid, simple, accurate and of high sensitivity when compared with immunoassays or chromatographic methods.


Portraying the man behind the myth, A True Republican goes beyond the famous "ride" to explore Paul Revere's larger role in the American Revolution, the evolution of his political thought, and his transformation from Revolutionary artisan to entrepreneur in the early republic. Jayne E. Triber's insightful reading of both primary and secondary sources - including government documents, Masonic records, and Revere's personal and business papers - illuminates the social, cultural, and economic factors that shaped Revere's Revolutionary activities as well as his ardent interpretation of republicanism. Through the lens of one man's life, Triber explores the meaning and attraction of republicanism for artisans, the social structure of Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary America, the importance of Freemasonry, and the development of political parties in the newly formed republic.


Bipolar depression remains a major unresolved challenge for psychiatric therapeutics. It is associated with significant disability and mortality and represents the major proportion of the approximately half of follow-up time spent in morbid states despite use of available treatments. Evidence regarding effectiveness of standard treatments, particularly with antidepressants, remains limited and inconsistent. We reviewed available clinical and research literature concerning treatment with antidepressants in bipolar depression and its comparison with unipolar depression. Research evidence concerning efficacy and safety of commonly used antidepressant treatments for acute bipolar depression is very limited. Nevertheless, an updated meta-analysis indicated that overall efficacy was significantly greater with antidepressants than with placebo-treatment and not less than was found in trials for unipolar major depression. Moreover, risks of non-spontaneous mood-switching specifically associated with antidepressant treatment are less than appears to be widely believed. The findings encourage additional efforts to test antidepressants adequately in bipolar depression, and to consider options for depression in types I vs. II bipolar disorder, depression with subsyndromal hypomania and optimal treatment of mixed agitated-dysphoric states--both short- and long-term. Many therapeutic trials considered were small, varied in design, often involved co-treatments, or lacked adequate controls.


Middle Eastern expert and media commentator Gerges takes us into the mindset of the jihadi, or holy warrior, that lies behind so many front-page headlines yet remains nearly impenetrable. Even before the 9/11 attacks, Gerges had gone in search of those whose lives were devoted to this crusade of hatred, first against their own secular governments, then against the West and the United States in particular. He talked extensively with Kamal al-Said Habib, a founder of the Jihadist Movement. Using Habib's life story, as well as the stories of dozens of other Islamic fundamentalists, Gerges's book puts a human face to events in the Middle East over the last thirty years, from the civil war in Lebanon to the war in Iraq and the terrorist attacks in London. Behind the jihadism of Habib and others, a battle is being waged for the soul of Islam itself.


Objectives: This study provides prevalence and persistence rates of suicidal ideation and self-harm, and examines how child maltreatment types, mental health symptoms, and age 4 suicidal ideation and self-harm are associated with each suicidal outcome among 6-year-old children. Methods: Participants were 1,090 caregivers assessed when their children were 4 and 6 years old from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Data were collected from the Child Behavior Checklist, Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales, and Child Protective Services. Results: Persistence rates within each suicidal outcome were high. Failure to provide -a physical neglect subtype- was the only maltreatment type that independently predicted self-harm. Depressive/anxious symptoms and age 4 suicidal ideation were independently associated with age 6 suicidal ideation, whereas attention problems and age 4 self-harm predicted age 6 self-harm. Conclusion: Our findings align with the consensus emerging from adolescent studies that risk factors associate differentially with suicidal ideation and self-harm.


Aspects of the publicly acknowledged assessment of risk in siting-decisions in Scotland for potentially hazardous North Sea gas processing-installations are considered. Safety issues were of concern to the respective local authority councils and planning departments, the Health and Safety Executive, the developers seeking planning permission, and, in various instances, port authorities, Secretaries of State, and public-interest groups. The assessment of potential risk to the public by each of these main agencies is analysed and evaluated, illustrating key features from a decade which has seen significant changes in the art of risk assessment in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the world, and related, though rather more modest, changes in practice.


Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological conditions, with the potential to generate significant morbidity, impaired quality of life, socioeconomic decline, and high health care costs. Self-management is essential for patients who live with a chronic disease. In addition to standard therapeutic options, patients are also urged to engage in epilepsy self-management which is best achieved by delivering educational intervention to enhance their self-management skills. A good self-management enhances self-efficacy and improves overall quality of life. The purpose of the current review was to identify the evidence on the efficacy of educational intervention in enhancing person's ability to manage their epilepsy to improve their quality of life. Various online databases were searched to obtain the literature using appropriate search terms/keywords. Only Randomized controlled studies were included in the review because of their high evidence level and to avoid subject to bias. Databases searched were ScienceDirect, Wiley online library, and Google Scholar. A total of 41 articles with full texts were reviewed, out of which 7 articles met the criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed by using the Jadad scoring system. The outcome measurement of self-management, self-efficacy, drug adherence, quality of life was observed among patients with epilepsy (PWE) and found effective after delivering educational intervention. In the entire studies, the control group received routine care. This systematic review of randomized controlled trial studies emphasized the positive impact of educational interventions for patients diagnosed with epilepsy concerning various outcome measures. Hence, It was concluded that the planned educational intervention empower PWE to engage in good self-management practices and it enhances their self-efficacy, quality of life by improving their sleep quality, decreasing stress, concern, and fears related to epilepsy.


In this paper, we examine the effect of migrants' remittances on poverty and inequality. The survey data were collected in Morocco, in the rural areas of the region Souss-Massa-Draa. By applying an original approach, we estimate the counterfactual income of remittance-recipient households corresponding to a hypothetical value of its average income calculated for a scenario without remittances; this is then compared with its current income. We find that the poverty rate and the vulnerability of non-poor households are significantly dropped due to remittances. Our findings also suggest that remittance inflows have increased income inequality compared to the no-migration counterfactual situation.


Abstract Context In rural southeastern Ohio, the prevalence of diabetes is 19.9%, nearly double the national average of 10.5%. Despite the high rate of diabetes, its impact on the region is understudied; one such understudied topic is psychosocial difficulties. People with diabetes experience disproportionately higher rates of major depressive disorder (MDD), clinically significant depressive symptoms, and diabetes distress. Diabetes distress refers to the negative emotional experience of living with diabetes. It reflects an individual's worries, concerns, and fears about living a chronic and progressive disease. Objectives To assess the prevalence of diabetes distress as well as comorbid, clinically significant depressive symptoms and diabetes distress among patients in southeastern Ohio; and to assess impact of depressive symptoms and diabetes distress on A1C levels, diabetes self care behaviors, and diabetes quality of life (DQOL). Methods In this cross sectional survey study, individuals aged 18 years and older, diagnosed with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 (T2D) diabetes, who were able to read and speak English, and living in southeastern Ohio were invited to participate. Participants completed the Diabetes Distress Scale for T2D or T1D, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Self Care Inventory-Revised, and the DQOL Scale as part of the study survey. Participants completed the survey via an online questionnaire service or mailed packets. Chi square tests determined the comorbidity of clinically significant depressive symptoms and high diabetes distress levels by type of diabetes. Multiple regression models examined the relationships among clinically significant depressive symptoms, diabetes distress scores, A1C levels, self care behaviors, and DQOL scores. Statistical significance was defined as a p<0.05. Results A total of 325 adults participated (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age, 41.6 ± 19.2 years; 131 (40.7%) with T1D; 194 (59.7%) with T2D; mean ± SD A1C, 7.5 ± 1.6%; mean ± SD duration, 12.4 ± 9.6 years). Of the 325 participants, 70 (21.5%) indicated clinically significant depressive symptoms, with 29 (22.3%) T1D participants and 41 (21.0%) T2D participants reporting clinically significant depressive symptoms. A total of 92 (28.3%) participants reported high diabetes distress (39 (30.5%) T1D participants and 53 (27.5%) T2D participants). Forty-eight participants (15.0%) screened positive for both clinically significant depressive symptoms and high diabetes distress. Regression models showed that higher diabetes distress scores were associated with fewer self care behaviors (T1D, b=−0.268, p=0.030; T2D, b=−0.312, p<0.001) and lower DQOL (T1D, b=0.726, p<0.001; T2D, b=0.501, p<0.001). Further, more depressive symptoms were associated with lower DQOL in participants with T2D (b=0.363, p<0.001). Higher diabetes distress scores were not associated with higher A1C levels in participants with T1D or T2D; however, increased depressive symptoms were associated with higher A1C levels in participants with T2D (b=0.390, p<0.001). Conclusions Findings showed that adults in southeastern Ohio experienced high levels of diabetes distress and co-occurring clinically significant depressive symptoms that were within range of data from previous studies. These findings highlight the importance of routine screening for both clinically significant depressive symptoms and diabetes distress. Future longitudinal research is needed to confirm these findings and examine the evolution of these relationships over time.


Sustainability in the automotive sector and appropriate end-of-life (EOL) management options for car tyres are important and constitute global issues. There is currently an oversupply of EOL tyres and the potential of circular economy (CE) tyres and for bio-based (BB) tyres warrants further investigation. Likewise, BB and CE tyres might be an interesting approach to improve the overall sustainability of the tyre life cycle. Research on drivers for the acceptance of CE and BB tyres is currently missing. In 1989, a socio-economy model was created to understand the acceptance of various products. This model is still popular in many areas but does not address sustainability questions of the 21st century appropriately. This article aims to provide a better understanding of the factors which drive acceptance of sustainable tyres. It presents an acceptance model and related influence factors in three areas: variables related to the consumers, perceived product characteristics and stimulating moderator variables. The third aspect refers in particular to labels and certification influencing consumer views on existing product characteristics. This article ends by discussing how availability of such labels could be promoted through eco-labelling of tyres and related standardization, addressing the industry and policy makers to make the automotive sector more sustainable.


Have macroeconomic forecasts grown more or less accurate over time? This paper assembles, examines, and interprets evidence bearing on this question. Contrary to some critics, there are no indications that U.S. forecasts have grown systematically worse, that is, less accurate, more biased, or both. Neither do any definite trends in a positive direction emerge from comparisons of annual and quarterly multiperiod forecasts and time-series projections for the principal aggregative variables. The argument is developed and to some extent documented that major failures of forecasting are related to the incidence of slowdowns and contractions in general economic activity. Not only the forecasts of real GNP growth and unemployment but also those of nominal GNP growth and inflation often go seriously wrong when such setbacks occur. Forecasters tend to rely heavily on the persistence of trends in spending, output, and the price level. More attention to data and techniques that are sensitive to business cycle movements and turning points could help improve their record.


Lactones are almost ubiquitously employed in 193 nm resists to increase the polarity of hydrophobic alicyclic polymers. What else do lactones do in 193 nm resists? We studied the behavior of methacrylate (MA) resists consisting of different protecting groups, hexafluoroalcohols, and norbornane lactone methacrylate (NLM, 2-oxo-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.04,8]nonan-5-yl methacrylate). When the protecting group is large [ethylcyclooctyl (ECO) and methyladamantyl (MAd)], thinning of the resist film that occurs in highly exposed areas upon postexposure bake (PEB) is significantly smaller than what is expected from the polymer composition. When the concentration of isopropylhexafluoroalcohol methacrylate (iPrHFAMA) is increased in the ECOMA-NLM polymer, the thinning increases and reaches 100% of theory and the ECOMA-norbornenehexafluoroalcohol methacrylate (NBHFAMA) resist loses quantitative thickness in highly-exposed areas upon PEB at 90 °C. This indicates that small lactones which are more basic than esters can trap deprotection fragments especially when the protecting group is large. Such entrapment was detected by IR spectroscopy and also observed at temperatures as high as 200 °C in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Incorporation of lactone appears to decrease the bake temperature sensitivity and the sensitivity of the resist perhaps due to trapping of photochemically generated acids by basic lactone. The lactone ring can be hydrolyzed during aqueous base development but does not seem to affect the dissolution rate, indicating that hydrolysis occurs in aqueous base solution after dissolution. Poly(methacrylic acid-NLM) dissolves as fast as poly(methacrylic acid) in 0.26 N tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) aqueous solution. While exposed P(ECOMA47-NLM53) resist dissolves in 0.26 N developer at about the same rate as authentically prepared poly(methacrylic acid47-NLM53), the dissolution rate of highly-exposed P(MAdMA44-NLM56) resist is much slower, indicating that the deprotection fragment from the former does not interfere with the development but that from the latter does. When the NLM concentration is increased to 75 %, highly exposed P(ECOMA-NLM) resist dissolves slowly at ca. 600 A/sec and swells significantly, indicating that NLM can be a dissolution inhibitor and swelling enhancer when its concentration is high. Low activation energy protecting groups such as ethylcyclooctyl allows imaging at temperatures as low as 60 °C. However, the temperature dependence of the dose to clear is very large and the chemical contrast is quite small in the low temperature range. Thus, for PEB temperature stability and contrast enhancement, baking 20-30 °C above the lowest practical temperature is recommended.


Abstract The great outer-rise earthquake ( M w 8.3) occurred near the Sunda trench, Indonesia, on 19 August 1977. The earthquake has been previously studied using seismological data. The earthquake generated a large tsunami that caused severe damage in Sumbawa and Sumba Islands in Indonesia. The tsunami was also observed at tide gauges in Australia. We numerically computed a far-field tsunami, and we compared the observed tsunami waveforms on three tide gauges with the computed waveforms. We also numerically computed the tsunami inundation and compared the observed tsunami run-up of 8 m and tsunami inundation distance of 500 m in Lunyuk on Sumbawa Island with the computed ones. To explain the observed tsunami waveforms, tsunami run-up, and tsunami inundation distance, the slip amount is found to be 3 m on the assumed fault model (with a fault length of 200 km and fault width of 70 km). The rigidity is assumed to range between 6.0 and 6.8×10 10 N m -2 , and the range of the total seismic moment is calculated to be between 2.5 and 2.9×10 21 N m ( M w 8.2), which is similar to those estimated by the previous seismological studies. Additionally, we calculated the ratio between the observed tsunami run-up and the computed maximum tsunami height along the coastline of Lunyuk. This ratio, called the amplification factor, may possibly be used to roughly estimate the tsunami run-up from a tsunami numerical calculation result on a coarse grid system.


The inductive noise (i.e., /spl Delta/I noise, simultaneous switching noise, or ground bounce) developed between the ground plane in the chip and the ground plane in the printed wiring board (PWB) seriously limits the number of on-chip drivers or bits that can be switched simultaneously in the same direction. This is especially the case for the ubiquitous complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, which now forms the basis of VLSI. This paper presents a new electrical model for computing inductive noise associated with CMOS technology. The model is especially useful for computing inductive noise during chip-to-chip communication when n CMOS drivers are switched in the same direction at an arbitrary, monotonic set of times {t/sub 1/=0, t/sub 2/, t/sub 3/, /spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/, t/sub n/} to form controlled skewing sequences.


Many tropical fruits such as the Brazilian purple-fruited pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) are not well known or widely produced outside of their countries of origin. The reasons many of these minor fruit crops do not become more widely available are complex. However, many of the reasons revolve around a lack of research into appropriate horticultural practices such as propagation, nutrition, pest and disease management, and proper harvesting, handling and processing. Another major missing component is cultivar improvement. The purple-fruited pitanga has several named selections available in Brazil, Israel and the USA, but difficulties with clonal propagation have severely limited their availability. Breeding trials using the purple-fruited pitanga 'Zill Dark' were initiated in Florida and seedling fields were planted out for further evaluation in both Florida and Hawai'i where the crop is already known. Additionally, twenty veneer-grafted 'Zill Dark' pitanga were also planted in the Hawaiian field to provide production data and to serve as comparisons to the seedlings. Scionwood was all obtained from the same 'Zill Dark' plant and seedling rootstocks were all grown from seed produced by the same plant that provided the scionwood, as there are no clonal rootstocks available for pitanga. In 2013, five years after the planting of the veneer-grafted 'Zill Dark' pitanga, collection of flowering and fruit production data from both the grafted trees of 'Zill Dark' and the seedlings was initiated. As a rule, clonally propagated fruit trees of the same cultivar that are the same age, planted in the same field and fertilized, irrigated and pruned in the same manner are expected to produce similar fruiting and flowering results. However, in the Hawaiian field there were statistically significant differences in both times of flowering and ripening of fruit among the 'Zill Dark' clones. Why these clonally propagated fruit trees do not have well-synchronized production schedules is unclear; possible causes for this dissimilarity are examined.


Because of the enormous potential to guarantee road safety and improve driving experience, social Internet of Vehicle (SIoV) is becoming a hot research topic in both academic and industrial circles. As the ever-increasing variety, quantity, and intelligence of on-board equipment, along with the ever-growing demand for service quality of automobiles, the way to provide users with a range of security-related and user-oriented vehicular applications has become significant. This paper concentrates on the design of a service access system in SIoVs, which focuses on a reliability assurance strategy and quality optimization method. First, in lieu of the instability of vehicular devices, a dynamic access service evaluation scheme is investigated, which explores the potential relevance of vehicles by constructing their social relationships. Next, this work studies a trajectory-based interaction time prediction algorithm to cope with an unstable network topology and high rate of disconnection in SIoVs. At last, a cooperative quality-aware system model is proposed for service access in SIoVs. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.


Reid Fontaine draws two conclusions regarding the partial defense to murder of reasonable provocation-one regarding its substantive content, the other regarding its formal classification…. I agree with both of Fontaine's two conclusions, and, indeed, I have previously written to that effect. Unfortunately, while I agree with Fontaine's conclusions, I do not think he adequately supports them.


The creep experiments are performed under the various stresses at 595°C, 610°C, 640°C and 670°C for P92 steel which broadly used in USC plant pipeline. The specimens are taken from the extrados part of a new manufactured main steam elbow. A series of integrated creep curves are obtained, and the maximal test time last over 13000h. The relationship between the minimum creep rate and stress at different temperatures is explained by Norton formula. Both the 105 h creep rupture strength and stress of 1% creep strain in 105h of P92 steel at the four above temperatures are extrapolated with a list by using the Monkman-Grant formula, which are consistent with the reference experiment data at 600°C and 650°C. Meanwhile, damage during the creep process is discussed applying Norton creep damage formula and θ function method.


Objective: To quantify the loss of pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of autopsy-confirmed Parkinson disease (PD) and incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD) vs age-matched controls (C). Methods: Unbiased stereology methods were used to rigorously count number and measure volumes of nigral pigmented neurons in PD, ILBD, and C brains. The obtained stereologic results were correlated with Lewy body (LB), amyloid plaque (AP), neurofibrillary tangle (NFT), and vascular pathology loads assessed in nigral and extranigral regions of each PD, ILBD, and C brain. The stereologic measurements were also correlated to predeath motor and cognitive scores as available for each participant. Results: A marked nigral neuronal loss (NNL) in PD (−82%) and ILBD (−40%) compared to C (p < 0.0001) was found. While there was significant correlation between NNL and LB in some cortical areas of PD (i.e., olfactory bulb), there were no correlations between NNL and LB, AP, or NFT loads or cerebral infarct volumes in any other examined regions for PD and ILBD brains. Conclusions: Using unbiased stereology methods, we show that there is a significant loss and absence of hypertrophic changes in nigral pigmented neurons of ILBD in comparison to C brains. Intriguingly, no significant correlations were found between NNL and LB loads in the SN of both PD and ILBD brains. These autopsy-verified stereologically based findings are novel and support ILBD as a pathologic condition. These results suggest possible new and alternative pathophysiologic hypotheses on the actual relationship between NNL and LB pathology.


To the Editor. —There has been considerable interest in the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in the study of endogenous depression, or the melancholia variant thereof. 1 Approximately 40% to 60% of patients with depression fail to lower plasma cortisol levels to 5.0 μs/DL 8, 16, or 24 hours after a 1.0-mg dose of dexamethasone. 1-3 This has been taken as evidence of limbic system hyperfunction in them and has led to the suggestion that the DST should be used to validate clinical diagnosis and clarify nosological issues in depression. 1-3 Dexamethasone also normally suppresses levels of plasma prolactin in man and rats. 4,5 Evidence indicates that this effect is mainly at the pituitary level, 6,7 although the possibility that central mechanisms may also participate in the suppression by corticosteroids of prolactin secretions has not been ruled out. 8 We hypothesized that depressed patients whose systems fail to suppress cortisol after receiving dexamethasone would also not show lower levels of plasma prolactin after receiving dexamethasone


ABSTRACT This paper analyzes frontier dynamics of land dispossessions in Ethiopia's pastoral lowland regions. Through a case study of two sedentarization schemes in South Omo Valley, we illustrate how politics of coercive sedentarization are legitimated in the 'civilizing' impetus of 'improvement schemes' for 'backward' pastoralists. We study sedentarization schemes that are implemented to evict pastoralist communities from grazing land to be appropriated by corporate investors. It is argued that frontier imaginations of pastoral lowlands legitimate coercive practices of 'emptying' the lowlands for investments. 'Improvement schemes' enroll private investors and enterprises affiliated with Ethiopia's ruling party in the politics of 'thickening' state presence in the pastoral frontier. Agricultural extension packages serve to expand state control over sedentarized pastoralists and make lowland resources more extractable, for investors and for the ruling regime.


ABSTRACT The aims of this paper are to reflect upon the experiences of researchers involved in a cross-national qualitative study with stakeholders in three European countries (Italy, Poland and UK), within the context of the FOCUS project on frailty management and optimisation (see http://focus-aha.eu/en/home). Six researchers' reflections were gathered using open-ended questions. Responses were thematically analysed. We report on our team diversity including cultural differences in epistemological stances and describe how working remotely challenged clear communication. We comment on linguistic issues, our data collection approaches and methods of analysis. However, we also reflect upon the ability of such projects to build knowledge, generate capacity and promote the value of qualitative research in healthcare across Europe. Finally, we advocate an approach to cross-national research that is as much about building a cohesive knowledge exchange network as it is about understanding the lives, perspectives and experiences of our stakeholders.


Tom reacts to Peter Catt's article entitled "Assessing the Cost of Forecast Error; A Practical Example." (Published in Issue 7 of Foresight) NOTE: This is one of 3 commentaries on Catt's article. Copyright International Institute of Forecasters, 2007


This paper explores the use of a new pedagogy, the rock art stability index (RASI), to engender deeper understanding of weathering science concepts by students. Owing to its dynamic nature, RASI represents a quintessential actor network for weathering science, because it links task in the landscape with an active material practice and an alternative materialistic world-view recently called for in positivistic science, to create place. Using concept maps as an assessment tool, 571 college undergraduate students and 13 junior high school integrated science students (ages 12—13) were evaluated for increased learning potential between pre- and post-field experiences. Further, this article demonstrates that when students use RASI to learn the fundamental complex science of weathering they make in-depth connections between weathering form and process not achieved through traditional, positivistic weathering pedagogy. We argue that RASI draws upon inherent actor networks which allow students to link weathering form and process to an animate conceptualization of landscape. Conceptualizing landscape as sentient actor networks removes weathering science disciplinary connections and their inherent pedagogic practices. Our focus in this paper is not to challenge weathering ontology and epistemology, but rather to argue that there is a need for a pedagogical paradigm shift in weathering science.


Purpose: In a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) "window of opportunity" clinical trial, we reported that trametinib reduced MEK-Erk1/2 activation and resulted in tumor responses in a subset of patients. Here, we investigated resistance to trametinib and molecular correlates in HNSCC cell lines and patient samples. Experimental Design: HNSCC cell lines were treated with trametinib to generate resistant lines. Candidate bypass pathways were assessed using immunoblotting, CRISPR knockout, and survival assays. Effectiveness of combined trametinib and verteporfin targeting was evaluated. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from responder patients were treated with trametinib and resistant tumors were analyzed. Window trial clinical samples were subjected to whole-exome and RNA sequencing. Results: HNSCC cell lines developed resistance (CAL27-TR and HSC3-TR) after prolonged trametinib exposure. Downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway were activated in CAL27-TR and HSC3-TR, and combined trametinib and verteporfin treatment resulted in synergistic treatment response. We defined the Hippo pathway effector Yap1 as an induced survival pathway promoting resistance to trametinib in HSC3-TR. Yap1 was necessary for HSC3-TR trametinib resistance, and constitutively active Yap1 was sufficient to confer resistance in parental HSC3. Analysis of trametinib neoadjuvant trial patient tumors indicated canonical MEK-Erk1/2 pathway activating mutations were infrequent, and Yap1 activity increased following trametinib treatment. Trametinib treatment of a PDX from a responder patient resulted in evolution of resistance with increased Yap1 expression and activity. Conclusions: These studies identify a Yap1-dependent resistance to trametinib therapy in HNSCCs. Combined Yap1 and MEK targeting may represent a strategy to enhance HNSCC response.


The concept of Farmers Producers Organizations (FPOs) has been embraced to solve the problems faced by majority of small and marginal farmers of the country, through collectivizing themselves as business performing organizations across various stages of agriculture related supply and value chain activities. From 2002 onwards, such organizations were promoted by various development departments, by making them to register under Companies Act. Through a research study, the best practices of such FPOs were documented during 2016-2020. These FPOs started serving the broadbased needs of their producer members such as input supply, output procurement, custom hiring facilitation and overall technological backstopping. But performance of many of these organizations were not so successful on a long run due to many emerging challenges. Through focus group discussions and telephonic survey with the offi ce bearers of the FPOs, some of the emerging challenges of the FPOs were delineated such as failure to strike business partnership with input companies, failure to initiate market tie-up with big companies, managing operational costs during the initial years, non-adoption of innovative marketing strategies, lack of experience in branding and profi t making business process, lack of adequate technical manpower, failure to arrange credit and crop insurance facilities for the producer members etc. This paper discusses about such emerging challenges and derive implicative strategies to be recommended for practicing towards eff ective management of FPOs.


: The article is devoted to the process of formation and development of CW destruction management system and medical support of professional activities of personnel. Founders of Medical department of the Federal Directorate for Safe Storage and Destruction of Chemical Weapons are presented. Main principles and ways of working of medical department in specific conditions are covered.


At Doppler Global Velocimetry (DGV) the frequency of the Doppler shifted light scattered from the fluid has to be determined to obtain the velocity field. Standard DGV is based on the principle of transforming the Doppler shifted frequency into variations of grey levels by means of an Iodine cell, the transmittance of which is frequency dependent. Standard DGV configurations require a second reference camera to monitor the flow field.
The major problems of the Standard DGV technique at present are limitations of the velocity resolution at low flow velocities and the influence of multi–particle scattering on the results of the velocity measurements. This paper will discuss different solutions to overcome these problems.
First, a method of optical discrimination of the Doppler frequency shift has been realized in an optical Doppler processor (ODP) with coherent feedback. This processor is used as a converter frequency ==> intensity. One implementation of the Optical Doppler Processor consists of a semi–confocal interferometer as wide–band spatial frequency filter with resonant transfer function. The slope of its resonance transfer function is used as frequency discrimination curve. The ODP is included in a feed back loop with the laser. In the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Gottingen joint experiments on visualization and measurement of velocity fields in gas jets from a test nozzle in the regime of low velocities of a few meters/second have been made utilizing the ODP. A method to eliminate the influence of multi–particle scattering on the result of the measurement of velocity fields based on linear operations with frequency–demodulated images of the flow, formed in various areas of the angular spectrum of the scattered light, is proposed. The registration of the image can be made by only one CCD camera without the need of a second camera for a reference image. Eliminating the influence of multi–particle scattering is subject of an application for an European patent.


This paper examines the French agricultural modernization process based on the evaluation of economists, social and political scientists, involving especially the debate of the contemporary social science and rural economics. The objective is to understand its dynamics by the relationship between different areas of knowledge, aiming at setting up an interpretative model to analyse the specific Brazilian agricultural modernization process. The rural area has not been transformed uniquely on economic grounds, by adopting innovations and new market approaches, but there was also a set up of new political and social identities on rural areas.


Summary: Fuzzy logic based methods together with the techniques from Artificial Intelligence have gained importance. Data mining techniques like clustering techniques, Association rules together with fuzzy logic to model the fuzzy association rules are being used for classifying data. These together with the techniques of genetic algorithms like genetic programming are producing better results. The present paper proposes a model for intrusion detection systems for anomaly detection based on fuzzy association rules which use genetic programming. The model is implemented and tested on sample data with 40 variables and the results are documented in the paper. As the model includes the LGP,MEP and GEP where the three collectively tries to detect the intrusion to a great extent.


In Italy, regions are at the centre of the system providing long-term care services, which typically include residential services, formal home care and monetary benefits. The regions define their own policies for the provision of care, ranging from needs assessment and monitoring tools to the accreditation of service providers. Quality assurance policies are primarily directed at residential services and formal home care, but as this research report highlights, there are many differences across regions.


Immunological modifications in guinea pigs injected with homologous lymph node extracts. In studies carried out in patients with lymphomas an accentuation of the B2M-globulin line was observed; occasionally paraproteins and isoantibodies were detected. For this reason the authors decided to find out whether the injection of homologous lymph node extracts in guinea pigs would produce serum, immunological and histological modifications comparable to the ones observed in the human being. A total of 100 guinea pigs were divided into 4 groups. Group 1, 50 untrated control animals; Group 2, 10 animals injected with complete Freunds adjuvant every 10 days, for 3 times, and sacrificed 7 days after the last injection; Group 3, 10 animals injected with the antigen prepared with the lymph nodes from normal guinea pigs, in the same way as the preceding group; Group 4, 30 animals injected with the same antigens emulsionated with the adjuvant, again by the same method as the 2 preceding groups. The antigen was prepared with the lymph nodes from normal guinea pigs. The cells were "ultrasonicated" and lyophilized; the lipids were extracted with chloroform. The extract thus obtained contained an average of 2 mg/ml of total proteins. A microimmunoelectrophoretic study (MIE) against rabbit immuno serum for guinea pigs anti-serum proteins, showed that it was contaminated with various serum proteins (fig. 1, A). In the 3 injected groups, most of the guinea pigs showed a 10% decrease in serum protein (Table). Using MIE there was a re-enforcement of the B2M-globulin precipitation line (IgM), in all the animals of groups 2 and 4, as compared to the groups 1 and 3 (Table and figure 1. B and C). Using microdiffusion in agar, the serum of 6% of the guinea pigs of group 4 gave precipitation lines with the homologous antigen (Table, figure 1, D). Using passive hemagglutination, between 30 and 40% of the serum of the animals of all 4 groups gave positive results with the same antigen, with a low titer (1/40). Using complement fixation, positive results were obtained with the lymph node antigen in 10% and 20% of the animals of groups 3 and 4 respectively: from 25 to 50% fixation with a titer of 1/10 (Table). Using immunofluorescence, positive images in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes (from improntas of normal guinea pigs lymph nodes) were obtained only in the labeled gamma-globulin (IgG) of the animals of group 4 (Table and figure 2, C). Histological study of the lymph nodes of guinea pigs from groups 2 and 4 showed hyperplasia of the reticular tissue with apparent decrease in the size of the follicles. In some of the lymph nodes of the animals of group 4, giant cells were observed (Fig. 2, B), pironinophilic. In the group 3 hypertrophy of the lymphoid follicles was observed (fig. 2, A). Non-specific modifications of the serum proteins, similar to the ones observed in patients with lymphomas were detected in some of the animals belonging to groups 2 and 3 in a greater number of animals in group 4. Circulating isoantibodies could be compared to those detected in 2 cases of lymphosarcoma. In spite of definite histological alterations of the lymphatic organs, these cannot be compared with the alterations detected in the human being.


The steady-state fluorescence technique was used to examine the healing and interdiffusion of polymer molecules as a function of solid content during annealing of latex films above the glass transition (Tg). Films were prepared from a mixture of naphthalene (N)- and pyrene (P)-labeled poly(methy methacrylate) (PMMA) latex particles. Above Tg, interdiffusion of polymer chains was observed by detecting the steady-state energy transfer from excited naphthalene to pyrene molecules. Various latex films with different latex content were used to measure the critical occupation percent for the reliable steady-state fluorescence measurements. Diffusion activation energies in these latex films were measured and found to be around 30 kcal/mol, which was attributed to the backbone motion of PMMA chains. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


This study attempts a new conceptualization of communication "sources" by proposing a typology of sources that would apply not only to traditional media but also to new online media. Ontological rationale for the distinctions in the typology is supplemented by psychological evidence via an experiment that investigated the effects of different types of source attributions upon receivers' perception of online news content. Participants (N = 48) in a 4-condition, between-participants experiment read 6 identical news stories each through an online service. Participants were told that the stories were selected by 1 of 4 sources: news editors, the computer terminal on which they were accessing the stories, other audience members (or users) of the online news service, or (using a pseudo-selection task) the individual user (self). After reading each online news story, all participants filled out a paperand-pencil questionnaire indicating their perceptions of the story they had just read. In confirmation of the distinctions made in the typology, attribution of identical content to 4 different types of online sources was associated with significant variation in news story perception. Theoretical implications of the results as well as the typology are discussed.


Activation of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor trkA and tissue acidosis are critically linked to inflammation-associated nociceptor sensitization. This study explored how increased acidity is linked to sensory neuron sensitization to NGF. Adult Wistar rat primary sensory neurons grown at physiological pH 7.4, then either kept at pH 7.4 or challenged for 30 min in pH 6.5 medium, provided a model of acidosis. Nonpermeabilizing trkA immunofluorescence revealed a significant increase in trkA mobilization to the plasma membrane from intracellular stores in response to proton challenge. This was confirmed using a surface protein biotinylation assay and Brefeldin A disruption of the rough endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-trans-Golgi network. Mobilization of trkA to the membrane at pH 6.5 was abolished in neurons treated with the acid-sensitive ion channel blocker, amiloride. While elevated levels of NGF-independent trkA phosphorylation occurred at pH 6.5 alone, the level of activation was significantly increased in response to NGF challenge. Exposure of sensory neurons to pH 6.5 medium also resulted in strong calcium (Ca2+) transients that were reversible upon reintroduction to physiological pH. The pH 6.5-induced mobilization of trkA to the membrane was Ca2+ dependent, as BAPTA-AM Ca2+ chelation abrogated the response. Interestingly, KCl-induced depolarization was sufficient to induce mobilization of trkA to the cell surface at pH 7.4, but did not augment the response to pH 6.5. In conclusion, increased mobilization of trkA to neuronal membranes in response to either acidosis or neuronal depolarization provides two novel mechanisms by which sensory neurons can rapidly sensitize to NGF and has important implications for inflammatory pain states.


Objective This project aims to: (1) describe the frequency of news coverage in mass media related to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) draft or final guidance; (2) analyse the types of evidence and sources of information that was quoted in the news; (3) compare whether the patterns of coverage differ between media. Design A survey of news articles related to decisions made by NICE's Health Technology Appraisal committees was conducted. Relevant news articles were retrieved from websites of major UK news media. Inclusion criteria were: (1) news articles related to specific NICE decision(s); (2) articles were written by a reporter/writer/editor of the news media. Articles that mentioned NICE for other reasons, columns and readers' letters were excluded. Setting Major UK news media, including national newspapers and news channels. Samples News articles published during 2007–2008 in 13 different sources of media including tabloids (Daily Express, Daily Mail, News of the World, The Mirror, The Sun), broadsheets (Independent, Guardian, The Telegraph, The Times) and news channels (BBC, ITN, Sky News and Reuters). Main outcome measure The following data were collected by one author and checked by another: nature of guidance (disease area; positive or negative recommendation), use of generic or brand name and source/type of evidence that was quoted. Descriptive statistics were compiled and comparisons between types/sources of news media were made using χ2 test. Results 329 articles were included. BBC, Daily Mail and The Telegraph published more than 50 articles related to health technology appraisal whereas ITN and News of the World published less than 10 articles during the 2-year period assessed. Two-thirds (220/329) of the articles were related to negative recommendations. There was significant difference in the proportion of articles relating to negative recommendations between individual sources of media (p=0.001) but not between types of media (p=0.286). Cancer (33%), neurology–mainly Alzheimer's disease (22%), ophthalmology (13%) and rheumatology (10%) were most frequently covered areas. 58% (192/329) of the articles quoted only brand names without mentioning generic names of the drugs. Approximately 50% of articles included statements of effectiveness without referring to the source of evidence and another 40% did not describe clinical effectiveness. 24% of articles did not mention drug costs or cost-effectiveness. Conclusion NICE decisions on new drugs, particularly negative recommendations, attracted significant media attention but the coverage and contents varied substantially between individual sources.


Public speaking is a widely requested professional skill, and at the same time an activity that causes one of the most common adult phobias (Miller and Stone, 2009). It is also known that the study of stress under laboratory conditions, as it is most commonly done, may provide only limited ecological validity (Wilhelm and Grossman, 2010). Previously, we introduced an inter-disciplinary methodology to enable collecting a large amount of recordings under consistent conditions (Aguiar et al., 2013). This paper introduces the VOCE corpus of speech annotated with stress indicators under naturalistic public speaking (PS) settings, and makes it available at http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~voce/articles.html. The novelty of this corpus is that the recordings are carried out in objectively stressful PS situations, as recommended in (Zanstra and Johnston, 2011). The current database contains a total of 38 recordings, 13 of which contain full psychologic and physiologic annotation. We show that the collected recordings validate the assumptions of the methodology, namely that participants experience stress during the PS events. We describe the various metrics that can be used for physiologic and psychologic annotation, and we characterise the sample collected so far, providing evidence that demographics do not affect the relevant psychologic or physiologic annotation. The collection activities are on-going, and we expect to increase the number of complete recordings in the corpus to 30 by June 2014.


This paper presents an algorithm for learning the switching policy and the boundaries conditions between primitive controllers that maximize the translational movements of a complex locomoting system. The algorithm learns an optimal action for each boundary condition instead of one for each discretized state-action pair of the system, as is typically done in machine learning. The system is modeled as a hybrid system because it contains both discrete and continuous dynamics. With this hybridification of the system and with this abstraction of learning boundary-action pairs, the "curse of dimensionality" is mitigated. The effectiveness of this learning algorithm is demonstrated on both a simulated system and on a physical robotic system. In both cases, the algorithm is able to learn the hybrid control strategy that maximizes the forward translational movement of the system without the need for human involvement.


Abstract The article suggests an approach to studying Mongolian translations of Buddhist texts in the seventeenth century based on a hypothesis that emerged as a result of a comparative study of eight different Mongolian translations of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā sūtra. The comparative analysis was carried out in the light of canon studies, with a special regard to the way Buddhist sacred scriptures (in particular, texts from the bKa' 'gyur) were handled in seventeenth century Mongolia. The evolution of the manifestations of canonicity in Mongolian Buddhist text culture is described as a shift in attitude towards Tibetan source texts.


Parathyroid hormone is the most important calcium regulating hormone, especially in the process of aging. As a compensation for progressive calcium deficiency in aging, PTH secretion progressively rises. Heterogeneity of PTH in peripheral blood indicates the importance of understanding the degradation mechanism throughout the life cycle of the hormone. In addition to cathepsin B and D which degrades PTH in the liver, kidney and parathyroid gland, a new neutral PTH ase was found in the cytosolic fraction of rat kidney cells. PTH responsive bone and kidney cell lines, UMR-106 and OK cells, were found to degrade PTH by a chymotrypsin-like enzyme on the plasma membrane through a receptor mediated mechanism. This process was inhibited by cyclic AMP-A-kinase system and augmented by C-kinase system, suggesting an intimate relationship between PTH action and degradation and also a new physiological significance of PTH degradation.


Introduction The NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) commenced in England in August 2006. Patients are offered colonoscopy if they have a positive FOB test. If a patient is found to have 3 to 4 small (<10 mm) adenomas or 1 to 2 adenomas of which at least one is 10 mm or greater in size, they are defined as being at 'intermediate risk' of having advanced adenomas or cancer in the future.1 Such patients are offered a surveillance colonoscopy three years after their screening colonoscopy.2 Methods The aim of the study was to assess the findings at, and hence appropriateness of 3-year surveillance colonoscopy for intermediate risk patients. Data regarding each patient entering the screening programme is contemporaneously recorded on the National BCSP database. The database was interrogated for individuals who underwent screening colonoscopy between August 2006 and September 2007 and who were classified as intermediate risk. Details of the endoscopic and histological findings at 3-year surveillance colonoscopy were ascertained. Findings at surveillance colonoscopy were classified according to the BSG Adenoma surveillance guidelines. Patients with incomplete datasets were excluded. Results 352 patients underwent 3-year surveillance colonoscopy. This accounts for 10.3% of all patients undergoing screening colonoscopy in that time period. The mean age of patients was 67.1 years. 243/352 (69.0%) were male. At 3-year surveillance, 13 patients (3.7%) were categorized as high risk, 42 (11.9%) intermediate risk, 86 (24.4%) low risk and 202 (57.3%) had normal colonoscopies (i.e., no adenomas detected). No cancers were detected. 9 (2.6%) had incomplete data. Conclusion Approximately 40% of intermediate risk patients had one or more adenomas detected. A small proportion of individuals undergoing 3-year surveillance colonoscopy have multiple or large adenomas. In this group, no surveillance cancers were detected. Although the number of individuals in this study is relatively small, these data suggest that the 3-year interval for surveillance may be unnecessary for many intermediate risk individuals. Further work on larger datasets may help identify individuals at high risk of having advanced adenoma at surveillance. This may allow the criteria for determining surveillance interval to be refined.


We commend an idea of photography as dark medium, negative mediation, and, in this sense, never early, never late: 'To talk about the medium's past or future…makes no sense, since these categories belong to the linear timescale of Enlightenment. But we're talking endarkenment here; unshaped plasma in which pixels drift, collide and separate in pre-historic or pre-figurative frenzy; noxious fluid mulch where pasts, futures and presents, all composted, lurk as potentiality and immanence – that is, as fiction' (Tom McCarthy). A second photography, a paraphotography, lies alongside or interstitially within the history of photography. The Society (represented on this occasion by Drs. Coley and Lockwood), proposes a fabulatory exploration inspired by Brian Catling's The Vorrh, in which early photographer Eadweard Muybridge lives a secret life in pursuit of the 'real burn of art'. In Catling's fiction, Muybridge's near-fatal stagecoach accident activates in him a vital mythopoetic power by which he reinvents himself as the Titan, Helios, commanding the force of the Sun. It is a matter of finding a 'causeway around picture', of magnifying an 'atmosphere', cutting light to coalesce movement. The optico-affective capacities here imagined speak to a specification of seeing as exceeding the actual. Muybridge spins light as a form of affective hack, an optical exploit accessing the unliveable void of the Seer, the Idiot perched on the precipice of infinity just as Muybridge gazes down into Yosemite Valley from the perilous brink. Paraphotography is this spinning-voiding. The Titan's studies in motion are barbarous evocations of forces which side-step the rational and the conscious. The numbered gridding of humans and animals, frozen in time and space, gives way to a more subtle web, spun to detain and harness forces more profound, more mutative and acrobatical than the arithmetic powers of mere calculation and accumulation. Muybridge's legacy is an exploded view of the world. It is an illustration of components, a fabulation of celebrity, an authentic grimoire designed to conjure time and space, to tip them off their rails and catch and ride them as they propel all things into unknown infinity. This is a Book of Vectors that gives the world a different origin and a different cause. Behind the sensory affordances made possible by industrialized nature, industrialized time and space, is another realm, born of another nature, time and space in triplicate. Here are inconspicuous powers brewing in the spaces between the things ordinarily seen.


Abstract. The traditional approach to simulations of alpine glacier mass balance (MB) has been one-way, or offline, thus precluding feedbacks from changing glacier surface conditions on the atmospheric forcing. In addition, alpine glaciers have been only simply, if at all, represented in atmospheric models to date. Here, we extend a recently presented, novel technique for simulating glacier–atmosphere interactions without the need for statistical downscaling, through the use of a coupled high-resolution mesoscale atmospheric and physically-based climatic mass balance (CMB) modelling system that includes glacier CMB feedbacks to the atmosphere. We compare the model results over the Karakoram region of the northwestern Himalaya with remote sensing data for the ablation season of 2004 as well as with in situ glaciological and meteorological measurements from the Baltoro glacier. We find that interactive coupling has a localized but appreciable impact on the near-surface meteorological forcing data and that incorporation of CMB processes improves the simulation of variables such as land surface temperature and snow albedo. Furthermore, including feedbacks from the glacier model has a non-negligible effect on simulated CMB, reducing modelled ablation, on average, by 0.1 m w.e. (−6.0%) to a total of −1.5 m w.e. between 25 June–31 August 2004. The interactively coupled model shows promise as a new, multi-scale tool for explicitly resolving atmospheric-CMB processes of mountain glaciers at the basin scale.


The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN has the highest energy and luminosity in the world. Radiation hardness is then a critical requirement for the inner tracker design. The inner tracker is important for identifying heavy quarks using high spatial precision detectors. Silicon detectors are now the primary technology for this application.3D silicon sensors use a novel technology with penetrating electrodes and have excellent radiation hardness by design. It overcomes the signal loss with a low operation voltage by reducing the collection length compared to the current planar technology used in the ATLAS pixel detector.The ATLAS insertable B-layer (IBL) is an upgrade to improve tracking resolution of the inner tracker and will be installed in 2013. It will be composed of 75\% planar sensors and 25\% 3D sensors in the large-$\eta$ region. It is important to simulate the IBL tracking performance and to have a valid model for 3D sensors.This thesis investigated the experimental data for heavily irradiated planar strip sensors and 3D sensors to develop a device simulator, in which impact ionisation has to be included. The modelling has found that the radiation induced effective doping concentration has two linear regimes with a smaller growth rate at high fluences. This shows the possibility to operate silicon sensors with a higher irradiation level. %Avalanche effects have to be included in the device simulation.The signal efficiency of each pixel is the basis to simulate the whole IBL response. A model and a code were developed to calculate the induced signal from electron-hole pairs generated by the traversing charge particles. This results in a 2D efficiency map used as an input of the 3D digitiser for the Geant4 simulation. This map was adopted by the IBL software team for the whole tracker simulation and has been validated by the test beam data.


Free patient mobility among autonomous providers has been often considered an effective stimulus for enhancing healthcare. However, some jurisdictions may underperform due to the existence of economies of scale and spatial spillovers. Where regions assume the costs of providing care to residents, this could challenge the sustainability of regional budgets in a decentralised National Health Service (NHS) and put at risk universalism and equity of health care. We use a ten years (2001-2010) panel of Italian data on hospital discharges to assess the determinants of inter-regional mobility and to distinguish between factors related with policies pursued by the regional health authorities from extra-regional (neighbouring regions or national-level) factors. Data on hospital discharges are merged with a set of variables on salient features of hospital care services in each Regional Health System (RHS) and with information on demographic and economic characteristics of Italian regions. We analyse bilateral Origin-to-Destination (OD) flows between any two regions by means of a gravity regression model that includes a rich set of push and pull factors. Compared to previous studies, mainly performed on cross-section samples, the longitudinal dimension of the data enables us to estimate a nonlinear conditionally correlated random effects dynamic model that accounts for region-pair-specific unobservable heterogeneity. Moreover, we address the issue of cross-regional dependence arising from the existence of regional spillovers by applying recent advances in spatial econometrics (Elhorst, 2014; Vega and Elhorst, 2015). The model is estimated for total inter-regional patient flows and for specific types of hospital admission, namely surgery, medicine and cancers. Finally, the estimation results are used to analyse specific what-if scenarios relevant to the health authorities for the national and sub-national management of services. Our main results suggest that, beside regional population and income, local supply factors such as hospital capacity and technology endowment, clinical specialization and performance indicators are important drivers of patient mobility. Moreover, geography matters and spatial proximity plays a relevant role in reinforcing inter-regional mobility patterns. Our econometric analysis has also detected a mildly explosive dynamics in inter-regional patient mobility over time. This result, coupled with the significant role played by factors not directly controlled by regional policy-makers and RHS managers (e.g. population, GDP per capita and spatial spillovers), might induce a polarisation between the group of the richest, most populated and best performing regions, which are increasingly capable of attracting more patients, and the group of the weakest regions, with growing patient outflows and severe financial and organizational problems. These considerations call for a thorough assessment of the long-run sustainability of the current decentralised NHS. RHS budget autonomy could not be entirely consistent with free patient choice. This opens a more general discussion on whether and to what extent the health financing system would require the introduction of appropriate equalising compensation schemes aimed at neutralising the financial consequences of mobility and, eventually, at guaranteeing universalism and equity in healthcare.


The current law of retroactivity in the Appointments Clause context is confused, resulting in significant practical consequences, such as when courts unnecessarily invalidate prior administrative decisions after judicially removing an unconstitutionality, even where the prior statutory misrepresentation had no apparent effect on the invalidated actions. The Supreme Court has recently been active in the Appointments Clause area without discussing the attendant retroactivity issues, which lower courts are confronting with increased frequency. This article reviews the doctrine of retroactivity and appointments, discusses the relevant academic literature, and proposes a coherent framework for courts to use when faced with these important questions.

This article also describes how a misunderstanding of the law of retroactivity and appointments in the Federal Circuit's recent Arthrex decision has led to dozens of wasteful and unnecessary remands for rehearing before the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and discusses how similar issues with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau may play out in light of the Supreme Court's recent decision in Seila Law.


In cognitive radio (CR), spectrum sensing plays a fundamental and critical role. This paper deals with the issue of spectrum sensing in a distributed CR network, and proposes a novel relay based cooperative spectrum sensing method, which makes one secondary user (SU) with higher signal-to-noise ratio spend part of its sensing time acting as the relay node. Different from conventional relay based methods, this method does not require idle SUs, and thereby is able to work well even when all SUs in the network sense and access the licensed spectrum band simultaneously. Moreover, via maximizing the agility of the entire CR network, its relay policy is optimized. Simulation results are provided to verify the optimal relay policy as well as its agility again.


This research focused on analyzing the behavior of the hourly average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in relation to vehicular traffic, as well as the effect of relative humidity on these concentrations. Measurements of hourly particulate matter concentrations were recorded by the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru (SENAMHI) at five surface air quality stations. The profiles of PM10 concentrations are related to traffic behavior, showing high levels of concentrations at peak hours, while the PM2.5 profiles are flatter and better related to traffic in February (summer). The decrease in relative humidity between 80 to 65% in the mornings has a greater effect on the increase in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in February than in July (winter), and the increase in relative humidity between 65 to 80 % in the afternoon, it has a greater effect on the decrease in the concentration of PM2.5 in February than in July. The air quality in the north (PPD and CRB stations) and east (SJL station) of the Metropolitan Area of Lima (MAL) are the most polluted. The factors that relate PM10 concentrations with the Peruvian standard in February at these stations were 2.79, 1.78 and 1.26, and in July 2.74, 1.28 and 1.36 respectively. The highest and lowest variability of PM10 and PM2.5 in February and July occurred in the northern area (PPD and SMP stations).


Purpose: Alterations in the RAS-RAF-MAP2K (MEK)-MAPK signaling pathway are major drivers in colorectal carcinogenesis. In colorectal cancer, BRAF mutation is associated with microsatellite instability (MSI), and typically predicts inferior prognosis. We examined the effect of BRAF mutation on survival and treatment efficacy in patients with stage III colon cancer. Methods: We assessed status of BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) mutation and MSI in 506 stage III colon cancer patients enrolled in a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial [5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FU/LV) vs. irinotecan (CPT11), FU and LV (IFL); CALGB 89803]. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the prognostic role of BRAF mutation, adjusting for clinical features, adjuvant chemotherapy arm, and MSI status. Results: Compared with 431 BRAF wild-type patients, 75 BRAF-mutated patients experienced significantly worse overall survival [OS; log-rank P = 0.015; multivariate HR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.05–2.63]. By assessing combined status of BRAF and MSI, it seemed that BRAF-mutated MSS (microsatellite stable) tumor was an unfavorable subtype, whereas BRAF wild-type MSI-high tumor was a favorable subtype, and BRAF-mutated MSI-high tumor and BRAF wild-type MSS tumor were intermediate subtypes. Among patients with BRAF-mutated tumors, a nonsignificant trend toward improved OS was observed for IFL versus FU/LV arm (multivariate HR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.25–1.10). Among patients with BRAF wild-type cancer, IFL conferred no suggestion of benefit beyond FU/LV alone (multivariate HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.72–1.46). Conclusions: BRAF mutation is associated with inferior survival in stage III colon cancer. Additional studies are necessary to assess whether there is any predictive role of BRAF mutation for irinotecan-based therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 18(3); 890–900. ©2011 AACR.


This proj~ct is a Social Studies 30 Topic A teaching unit to be used in French Immersion and francophone schools. It comprises a teaching guide, a series of transparencies and a student'S booklet of readings. Topic A of Social Studies 30 inquires into contemporary political and economic systems including liberal democracies, authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, and capitalist, socialist and communist economic systems. During the course of the unit, students should acquire a knowledge of the principal characteristics, challenges and modifications of each political and economic system. The unit also attempts to develop creative and critical thinking skills and calls on students to develop the ability to take and defend a pOSition based on their knowledge of both theory and practice. This teaching unit is divided into four modules, namely, 1) values and fundamental principles 2) Political systems 3) Economic systems 4) Present and future mutations Each module conSists of three parts: a pedagogical guide setting out a step-by-step procedure for the teacher to follow: a set of transparencies which help the teacher organize the information schematically and a student's reading book which contains readings designed to supplement the texts identified as basic resources. The sources of the readings range from newspaper and periodical articles to official publications and excerpts from texts and other works. The teacher's guide explains the philosophy which undergirds the various activities proposed as well as furnishes blue~prints for each lesson. There is an attempt to keep the lessons provocative and participatory in order to facilitate retention by the students and to foster dialogue and critical thought. AS the preface points out, the author takes full responsibility for the contents of both the teacher's guide and the student'S reading booklet. The latter instrument contains a number of articles taken from other sources including books, periodicals and newspapers. Those not in French were translated by Nicole Kunzle. The author, however, in addition to writing all articles not attributed to another source, edited all translations and thereby takes responsibility for their accuracy.


We present a gradient-tree-boosting-based structured learning model for jointly disambiguating named entities in a document. Gradient tree boosting is a widely used machine learning algorithm that underlies many top-performing natural language processing systems. Surprisingly, most works limit the use of gradient tree boosting as a tool for regular classification or regression problems, despite the structured nature of language. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first one that employs the structured gradient tree boosting (SGTB) algorithm for collective entity disambiguation. By defining global features over previous disambiguation decisions and jointly modeling them with local features, our system is able to produce globally optimized entity assignments for mentions in a document. Exact inference is prohibitively expensive for our globally normalized model. To solve this problem, we propose Bidirectional Beam Search with Gold path (BiBSG), an approximate inference algorithm that is a variant of the standard beam search algorithm. BiBSG makes use of global information from both past and future to perform better local search. Experiments on standard benchmark datasets show that SGTB significantly improves upon published results. Specifically, SGTB outperforms the previous state-of-the-art neural system by near 1% absolute accuracy on the popular AIDA-CoNLL dataset.


Previous research has shown that people wish a premium to be placed on the prevention of certain types of deaths as they perceive those deaths as 'worse' than others. The research reported in this paper is an attempt to quantify such a 'bad death' premium via a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The four underlying attributes included were: the age of the victim, who was most to blame for the death, the severity of the victim's pain and suffering in the period leading up to death, and the duration of the victim's pain and suffering in the period leading up to death. In addition, a fifth attribute - number of deaths - was included in order to provide a quantitative scale against which to measure the "bad death premium". The results show that each of the 4 underlying attributes did matter to respondents in determining whether deaths were worse than others, but also uncovered marked insensitivity to variations in the number of those deaths. The implication of our findings for the use of quantitative variables in DCEs is discussed.


Breast cancer survivors face many challenges stemming from both their disease and its treatment. In December 2015, the American Cancer Society and the American Society of Clinical Oncology released collaborative evidence-based breast cancer survivorship care guidelines for female breast cancer survivors and their primary care providers. This article discusses these recommendations for surveillance, screening, and management of both long-term and late effects of breast cancer and treatment.
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BACKGROUND
In infants with a family history of atopy, food allergen avoidance has been advocated as means of preventing the development of atopic disease, when breast-feeding is not possible or supplemental feeding is needed. Most infant formulas are based on cow's milk protein. Alternative choices include soya based and hydrolysed cows milk formulas.

OBJECTIVES
To estimate the effect of dietary avoidance of cow's milk protein on the development of asthma or wheeze in children.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane database for eligible trials until February 2002. We obtained the full text papers of all abstracts identified as RCTs and two reviewers independently reviewed them.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials involving children with a family history of atopy in at least one first degree relative, if feeding with cow's milk based standard formula was compared to dietary avoidance of cow's milk protein, using soya or other hypoallergenic formula during the initial four months of life or longer.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers extracted data independently. A priori defined subgroups were the types of hypoallergenic artificial feed and dietary restrictions on mother and/or child's diet.

MAIN RESULTS
Six trials used hydrolysed formula for at least four months, in addition to dietary restrictions and in some cases dust-mite reduction measures. The risk of infants experiencing asthma or wheeze during the first year of life was reduced compared to standard cow's milk based formula (Relative Risk 0.40, 95% Confidence Intervals 0.19 to 0.85). Feeding soya-based formula as opposed to standard cow's milk formula did not reduce the risk of having asthma or wheeze at any age.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Breast-milk should remain the feed of choice for all babies. In infants with at least one first degree relative with atopy, hydrolysed formula for a minimum of four months combined with dietary restrictions and environment measures may reduce the risk of developing asthma or wheeze in the first year of life. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that soya-based milk formula has any benefit.


Abstract In The Book on Adler and "Does a Human Being Have the Right to Let Himself Be Put to Death for the Truth," Kierkegaard relies on logical reasoning and grammatical analysis in order to arrive at categorical normative conclusions against the use of religious belief and authority as a justification for ethical action. These arguments demonstrate that some types of moral knowledge can be arrived at through reason/logic, despite Kierkegaard's efforts to separate the spheres of logic and existence. Kierkegaard thereby offers a strong critique of both moral exceptionalism and an ethics of conviction, a critique which—as the paper argues—is not incompatible with his existential and Christian ethics.


In this work the fracture process of steel honeycomb sandwich beams has been investigate by situ acoustic emission(AE) technique. Pre-cracks were made both for L-direction and W-direction specimens subjected to out-plane three-points bending loads. Damage initiation sites were observed in the vicinity of the crack tip. A series of curves among the AE counts, AE hits, AE amplitude, AE energy and loading time were obtained. Damage characteristics were discussed based on the above parameters. The results indicate AE characteristic parameters can reflect the damage and failure process of specimens. A good agreement was found between the experimental and analytical results.


The article explores the evolution of German memory culture since Reunification by examining the commemorations of the events of 1989-90. The 9th November, when the Berlin wall fell, was not made into the national day of reunified Germany since the date also commemorates Kristallnacht of 1938. Yet, the "party of freedom" celebrated on 9th November 2009 revealed some significant changes in German memory culture. Without omitting the events of 1938, the fall of the Berlin wall was clearly at the heart of this celebration, therefore reflecting the quest for positive identification with German history. This urge to promote a new founding myth of the first successful German revolution on the one hand and a long German democratic tradition on the other, is also perceptible on the official national day. The latter, however, is widely criticised and reveals competing interpretations of the events of 1989-90 from a political and East-and West-German perspectives alike.