Gender issue always become an interesting topic to be researched, especially when the gender issue itself is related to sustainable city issue. Sustainability of a city cannot be separated from gender role and contribution. The existence of gender often becoming influential group in city living environment. In one part of Malang City, at Kelurahan Purwantoro, initiating a Water Saving Movement or Gerakan Menabung Air (Gemar) at Kampung 3G (Glintung Go Green). The purpose of this research is to provide the relationship representation between gender and sustainable city program, especially in succeeding the activity at Kampung 3G (Glintung Go Green). This research using descriptive quantitative method, with questionnaire as the data gathering method in knowing the gender role and perception. This research also using SPSS to analyze the data. The result shows that there is a significant relation between gender and Kampung 3G sustainable city program, however the successes and development of the program did not affecting gender perception. It also shows that the successes of sustainable city program is not in line with the development of gender perception.


The annual breeding cycle of 'unimproved' breeds of domestic chicken, including the bantam, at temperate latitudes, is terminated by decreasing daylength in autumn and is initiated in late winter, while daylengths are still short. Observations on photoperiodic birds that terminate seasonal breeding by the development of long day photorefractoriness suggest that the photoinduced pattern of prolactin secretion is associated with the pattern of gonadal growth and regression. It was predicted that, if there is a causal relationship between photoinduced changes in prolactin secretion and gonadal function in birds then, in the bantam, the pattern of prolactin secretion observed after photostimulation would not be the same as in birds terminating breeding by the development of long day photorefractoriness. Experiments were carried out on surgically castrated bantams to avoid confounding the effects of photostimulation and the stimulatory actions of testicular hormones on prolactin secretion. Transfer of photosensitive castrated bantams from 8 to 14, 16, 18 or 20 h light/day initially stimulated prolactin release and, subsequently, after 20–30 days, concentrations of plasma prolactin progressively decreased. After 148 days of photostimulation, concentrations of plasma prolactin approached but were still higher than short day controls. Transfer of photosensitive castrated bantam cockerels from 8 to 12 h light/day stimulated a slower increase in plasma prolactin that subsequently remained higher than in other photostimulated groups. A further 4 h increase in photoperiod in the birds exposed for 148 days to 12 or 16 h light/day resulted, respectively, in a transitory increase and no increase in prolactin secretion. Recovery of photosensitivity for prolactin release was observed in the birds transferred to 18 or 20 h light/day for 148 days after treatment with 8 h light/day for 35 days. Attempts to obtain an independent hormonal correlate of the prolactin responses to photostimulation by measurement of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) were unsuccessful. The concentration of plasma LH in castrated bantams did not change in response to a change in photoperiod. These observations show that the photoinduced pattern of prolactin release in the bantam, a species which terminates seasonal breeding in response to decreasing daylength, is the same as that in birds which terminate seasonal breeding by the development of long day photorefractoriness. It is concluded that the photoinduced pattern of prolactin secretion in birds can be dissociated from the neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling the termination of seasonal breeding.


Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity was measured in the supernatant of rat aortic endothelial cell cultures to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of two proinflammatory mediators such as LPS and histamine, as well as beta-amyloid protein (fragment 1-28) on endothelial cells. In the same culture we also studied the influence of different sera from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or healthy elderly subjects. The results indicate that very low concentrations (1 microgram/ml) of beta-amyloid or histamine (1 microM) were able to produce cell damage after an incubation time of 4 h. Treatment with LPS induced cell damage at the highest concentration (2.5 micrograms/ml) after 24 h of incubation. When endothelial cells were treated with serum from AD and non-AD individuals, an inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation was observed only with activated AD serum. These results indicate that rat endothelial cell cultures represent an important model to study inflammatory mediators and to evaluate the therapeutic effect of antiinflammatory molecules in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.


The ascending aortic fold, a fibrofatty epicardial fold embracing the middle part of the human ascending aorta, was studied in 90 black South African hearts for structural variation. The fold was present in all specimens. It was oblique in 51 cases, horizontal in 17, vertical in 2, oval in 2, horizontal-oblique in 4, vertical-oblique in 6, vertical-horizontal in 3, vertical-horizontal-oblique in 1 and oval-oblique in 1. The oblique form corresponds to the 'classic' form described in the literature.


Compared to single-unit dosage forms, oral multiparticulate drug-delivery systems (e.g. pellets, granules) offer biopharmaceutical advantages in terms of a more even and predictable distribution and transportation in the gastrointestinal tract. There are different pelletization and granulation techniques available to prepare drug loaded spherical particles or granules. Extrusion Spheronization is one of them and utilized in formulation of beads and pellets. Limitations related to bioavailability and site specific drug delivery can be over come by this technique. Extrusion spheronization is widely applied method for the production of multiparticulates, like pellets and beads, for the oral controlled drug delivery system. Today this technology has gained attention because of its simple and fast processing. Extrusion spheronization is widely utilized in formulation of sustained release, controlled release delivery system. This article discusses about the extrusion spheronization process and its application in pharmaceutical industry as well as focuses on modified process called as melt extrusion process utilized for formulation of sustained release tablets, transdermal delivery system and transmucosal delivery system in pharmaceutical industry.


Here we review our recent experience addressing the issue of positive selection and transplantation of hematopoietic CD34+ cells to reduce neoplastic contamination in peripheral blood (PB) autografts from patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We evaluated PB samples from 30 pretreated MM patients following the administration of high dose cyclophosphamide (Cy; 7g/m2 or 4g/m2) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), for collection of circulating stem cells (PBSC) to support hematopoietic reconstitution following myeloablative radio-chemotherapy. Twenty six patients showed adequate mobilization of CD34+ progenitor cells and were submitted to PBSC collection. Circulating hematopoietic CD34+ cells were highly enriched by avidin-biotin immunoabsorption, cryopreserved, and used to reconstitute BM function after myeloablative therapy in 13 patients. The median purity of the enriched CD34+ cell population was 89.5% (range 51-94%) with a 75-fold increase compared to the pretreatment samples. The median overall recovery of CD34+ cells and CFU-GM was 58% (range 33-95%) and 45% (range 7-100%), respectively. Positive selection of CD34+ cells resulted in 2.5-3 log of plasma cells and CD19+ B-lineage cells depletion as determined by immunofluorescence studies, although DNA analysis of CDR III region of IgH gene demonstrated the persistence of minimal residual disease (MRD) in 5 out of 6 patient samples studied. Myeloma patients were reinfused with enriched CD34+ cells after myeloablative therapy consisting of total body irradiation (TBI, 1000 cGy) and high dose Melphalan (140 mg/m2) or Melphalan (200 mg/m2) alone. They received a median of 5 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg and showed a rapid reconstitution of hematopoiesis: the median time to 0.5 x 10(9) neutrophils, 20 and 50 x 10(9) platelets/L of PB was 10, 11 and 12 days, respectively. When we analyzed the immunological reconstitution of this group of patients, we observed a rapid and full recovery of total lymphocyte and NK cell count, although the absolute CD4+ cell count was lower than pretreatment level. These results, as well as other clinically significant parameters, did not significantly differ from those of patients (=13) receiving unmanipulated PBSC following the same pretransplant conditioning regimen. The results of this trial demonstrate that positive selection of CD34+ cells reduces the contamination of myeloma cells from the apheresis products up to 3 log and provides a cell suspension capable of restoring a normal hematopoiesis after a TBI-containing conditioning regimen. Based on this pilot trial, we have recently started a clinical study involving a double autotransplant, conditioned with melphalan (200 mg/m2) followed by melphalan (140 mg/m2) and busulphan (14 mg/kg), supported by the reinfusion of highly purified CD34+ cells.


The widely accepted models describing the emergence of domesticated grain crops from their wild type ancestors are mostly based upon selection (conscious or unconscious) of major features related either to seed dispersal (nonbrittle ear, indehiscent pod) or free germination (nondormant seeds, soft seed coat). Based on the breeding systems (self‐pollination) and dominance relations between the allelomorphs of seed dispersal mode and seed dormancy, it was postulated that establishment of the domesticated forms and replacement of the wild ancestral populations occurred in the Near East within a relatively short time. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), however, appears as an exception among all other "founder crops" of Old World agriculture because of its ancient conversion into a summer crop. The chickpea is also exceptional because its major domestication trait appears to be vernalization insensitivity rather than pod indehiscence or free germination. Moreover, the genetic basis of vernalization response in wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum Ladiz.) is polygenic, suggesting that a long domestication process was imperative due to the elusive phenotype of vernalization nonresponsiveness. There is also a gap in chickpea remains in the archaeological record between the Late Prepottery Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Contrary to the common view that Levantine summer cropping was introduced relatively late (Early Bronze Age), we argue for an earlier (Neolithic) Levantine origin of summer cropping because chickpea, when grown as a common winter crop, was vulnerable to the devastating pathogen Didymella rabiei, the causal agent of Ascochyta blight. The ancient (Neolithic) conversion of chickpea into a summer crop required seasonal differentiation of agronomic operation from the early phases of the Neolithic revolution. This topic is difficult to deal with, as direct data on seasonality in prehistoric Old World field crop husbandry are practically nonexistent. Consequently, this issue was hardly dealt with in the literature. Information on the seasonality of ancient (Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze Age, calibrated 11,500 to 4,500 years before present) Near Eastern agriculture may improve our understanding of the proficiency of early farmers. This in turn may provide a better insight into Neolithic agrotechniques and scheduling. It is difficult to fully understand chickpea domestication without a Neolithic seasonal differentiation of agronomic practice because the rapid establishment of the successful Near Eastern crop package which included wheats, barley, pea, lentil, vetches, and flax, would have preempted the later domestication of this rare wild legume.


Autocall products: a toxic best-seller.

Over the past twenty years, the autocall pay-off has been the most traded exotic equity product. Outstandingly popular, it is mainly sold to final customers in Europe and Asia trough notes: its average yearly volumes reaches 100 billion euros. Nevertheless, it is responsible for major losses suffered by banks' Exotic trading desks. Roughly, when the spot remains in a [80%,105%] area around the recall barrier, daily carry loss is worth 1 to 3 basis points (depending on the product complexity, as several variations exist).

Indeed, it shows a strong model-dependency due to the cancellation feature: when the spot moves, books need dynamic rehedging via vanilla options, forward contracts, correlation products. As such, it requires the use of a pricing model which correctly combines market data dynamics (volatility, repo, equity correlations, quanto drifts…) and spot dynamic, in order to price properly the cost of daily rehedging.

In practice, building a pricing model complex enough to calibrate the relevant covariances while remaining numerically stable and computationally reasonable has proved to be a very serious challenge. Not mentioning ultimately the need for comprehensive interpretations of outputs. Escaping this issue, we exhibit here, a convenient way to price and hedge autocalls toxic behaviors through an additional and corrective pay-off.

There are approximations throughout the building of such an approach that have been tested numerically and justified qualitatively. Nonetheless, this is cheaper in terms of model complexity and development, and it provides a comprehensive and efficient pricing scheme combined with a hedging strategy which tackles the issue of negative carries generated by an autocall replication strategy.


From January 1963 to December 1965 inclusive 192 men with duodenal ulcer were treated by elective truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty with one death. Ten subsequent deaths were due to causes unrelated to the ulcer or operation, and 17 patients became untraceable. The remaining 164 patients have been followed up for five to eight years. The late results have been compared with those obtained in a previous study of patients five to eight years after truncal vagotomy and gastroenterostomy, truncal vagotomy and antrectomy, and subtotal gastrectomy respectively for duodenal ulcer. Of the various postgastric operation syndromes early dumping, late dumping, bilious vomiting, and diarrhoea were all less frequent, but not significantly so, after vagotomy and pyloroplasty than after vagotomy and gastroenterostomy. Recurrent ulceration was commoner after vagotomy and pyloroplasty than after all the other operations, the incidence of proved and suspected recurrent ulcers being respectively 6·7 and 7·3% after vagotomy and pyloroplasty, but only 2·5 and 5·9% after vagotomy and gastroenterostomy, 0 and 5·2% after vagotomy and antrectomy, and 0·9 and 3·7% after subtotal gastrectomy. The differences between vagotomy and pyloroplasty and vagotomy and antrectomy or subtotal gastrectomy are statistically significant, but those between vagotomy and pyloroplasty and vagotomy and gastroenterostomy are not. Overall assessment (Visick grading) of the outcome gave poorer results after vagotomy and pyloroplasty than after any other operation, with 14% of category IV cases after vagotomy and pyloroplasty, 11% after vagotomy and gastroenterostomy, 8% after vagotomy and antrectomy, and 6% after subtotal gastrectomy—differences that are significant between vagotomy and pyloroplasty and vagotomy and antrectomy or subtotal gastrectomy but not between vagotomy and pyloroplasty and vagotomy and gastroenterostomy. In the light of these findings it is suggested that truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty has not lived up to expectations and its place as the currently most popular procedure in the elective surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer should be reconsidered.


Collection of surface and subsurface waters in small seasonal rivers is very crucial, particularly in dry seasons. In this study a kind of intakes introduced, the system acts as a river drainage network. In this study an experimental model of the subsurface intake was constructed and the effective parameters such as upstream discharge, installation depth, and drains interval were evaluated. The results showed that the water diversion mostly influenced by the upstream flow rate. The very small drain interval caused the discharge of each drain to be reduced. It was also revealed that the total drained discharge in the very transmitting media was mostly controlled with the number of drain and drain interval did have a marginal effect. Finally the regression equations were established to estimate the discharge of each drain based on dimensional analysis, which facilitate the design of this structure. Keyword: subsurface intake, porous media, drainage system, design criteria


Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG, Siglec-4) is a quantitatively minor membrane component expressed preferentially on the innermost myelin wrap, adjacent to the axon. It stabilizes myelin-axon interactions by binding to complementary ligands on the axolemma. MAG, a member of the Siglec family of sialic acid-binding lectins, binds specifically to gangliosides GD1a and GT1b, which are the major sialoglycoconjugates on mammalian axons. Mice with a disrupted Galgt1 gene lack UDP-GalNAc:GM3/GD3 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GM2/GD2 synthase) and fail to express complex brain gangliosides, including GD1a and GT1b, instead expressing a comparable amount of the simpler gangliosides GM3, GD3, and O-acetyl-GD3. Galgt1-null mice produce similar amounts of total myelin compared to wild-type mice, but as the mice age, they exhibit axon degeneration and dysmyelination with accompanying motor behavioral deficits. Here we report that Galgt1-null mice display progressive and selective loss of MAG from the brain. At 1.5 months of age, MAG expression was similar in Galgt1-null and wild-type mice. However, by 6 months of age MAG was decreased approximately 60% and at 12 months of age approximately 70% in Galgt1-null mice compared to wild-type littermates. Expression of the major myelin proteins (myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein) was not reduced in Galgt1-null mice compared to wild type. MAG mRNA expression was the same in 12-month-old Galgt1-null compared to wild-type mice, an age at which MAG protein expression was markedly reduced. We conclude that the maintenance of MAG protein levels depends on the presence of complex gangliosides, perhaps due to enhanced stability when MAG on myelin binds to its complementary ligands, GD1a and GT1b, on the apposing axon surface.


Several changes in consonant and vowel pronunciations in younger generations of native speakers of Received Pronunciation (RP) are currently the object of research interest. In order to further an empirically grounded description of changes in RP, the present study examines variation in weak vowels. Patterns of variation in word-final open weak syllables (happy, city) as well as in past and present/plural suffixes (waited, changes) are investigated acoustically in the interview speech of eight young (born in the late 1970s) speakers of modern RP. The data show variation in happy vowels for some speakers according to phonetic environment, a phenomenon which deserves further study. kit/schwa variation in the inflectional suffixes studied here shows a tendency to maintain kit-like values. Overall, the study indicates that acoustic analysis of such weak vowels can provide interesting data on variation.


Recommendation based on user preferences is a common task for e-commerce websites. New recommendation algorithms are often evaluated by offline comparison to baseline algorithms such as recommending random or the most popular items. Here, we investigate how these algorithms themselves perform and compare to the operational production system in large scale online experiments in a real-world application. Specifically, we focus on recommending travel destinations at Booking.com, a major online travel site, to users searching for their preferred vacation activities. To build ranking models we use multi-criteria rating data provided by previous users after their stay at a destination. We implement three methods and compare them to the current baseline in Booking.com: random, most popular, and Naive Bayes. Our general conclusion is that, in an online A/B test with live users, our Naive-Bayes based ranker increased user engagement significantly over the current online system.


In the database retrieval and nearest neighbor classification tasks, the two basic problems are to represent the query and database objects, and to learn the ranking scores of the database objects to the query. Many studies have been conducted for the representation learning and the ranking score learning problems, however, they are always learned independently from each other. In this paper, we argue that there are some inner relationships between the representation and ranking of database objects, and try to investigate their relationships by learning them in a unified way. To this end, we proposed the Unified framework for Representation and Ranking (UR2) of objects for the database retrieval and nearest neighbor classification tasks. The learning of representation parameter and the ranking scores are modeled within one single unified objective function. The objective function is optimized alternately with regarding to representation parameter and the ranking scores. Based on the optimization results; iterative algorithms are developed to learn the representation parameter and the ranking scores on a unified way. Moreover, with two different formulas of representation (feature selection and subspace learning), we give two versions of UR2. The proposed algorithms are tested on two challenging tasks - MRI image based brain tumor retrieval and nearest neighbor classification based protein identification. The experiments show the advantage of the proposed unified framework over the state-of-the-art independent representation and ranking methods.


In metal-insulator-silicon (MIS) structure, 100 Å Ta2O5 films are deposited on 1000 Å doped poly silicon as a bottom electrode layer, followed by 500 Å TiN metal as the top electrode [1]. The measured leakage currents as shown are either temperature dependent as the top electrode is negatively biased or temperature independent as the top electrode is positively biased. Therefore, the mechanism of current conduction is believed to be Fowler-Nordheim tunneling as the top electrode of the capacitor is positively biased. As for the top electrode is negatively biased, the temperature-dependent leakage currents satisfying reasonable arguments about dielectric constant suggest that the most probable conduction mechanism should be attributed to Poole-Frenkel emission.


We consider a repeated stochastic coordination game with imperfect public monitoring. In the game any pattern of coordinated play is a perfect Bayesian Nash equilibrium. Moreover, standard equilibrium selection argumentsneither have no bite or they select an equilibrium that is not observed in actual plays of the game. We give experimental evidence for a unique equilibrium selection and explain this very robust finding by equilibrium selection based on behavioral arguments, in particular focal point analysis,nprobability matching and over-confidence. Our results have interesting applicationsnin finance because the observed equilibrium exhibits momentum,nreversal and excess volatility. Moreover, the results may help to explain why technical analysis is a commonly observed investment style.


A correlation has been found between spatial organization of efferent projections of the striopallidum to the cortex and the thalamus and the nature of behavioural reactions. A relative homogeneity of cellular structure of the striopallidal nuclei and a wide overlap of their efferent connections in the cortex and the thalamus are one of the causes of the common character of striate influences on behaviour. Differences of spatial organization of striate projections may be connected with functional heterogeneity of striate structures.


Distributed systems and networks have been adopted by telecommunications, remote educations, businesses, armies and governments. A widely applied technique for distributed systems and networks is the single sign-on (SSO) which enables a user to use a unitary secure credential (or token) to access multiple computers and systems where he/she has access permissions. However, most existing SSO schemes have not been formally proved to satisfy credential privacy and soundness of credential based authentication. To overcome this drawback, we formalise the security model of single sign-on scheme with authenticated key exchange. Specially, we point out the difference between soundness and credential privacy, and define them together in one definition. Also, we propose a provably secure single sign-on authentication scheme, which satisfies soundness, preserves credential privacy, meets user anonymity, and supports session key exchange. The proposed scheme is very efficient so that it suits for mobile devices in distributed systems and networks.


Single-cell RNA-sequencing has been instrumental in uncovering cellular spatiotemporal context. This task is however challenging due to technical and biological noise, and as the cells simultaneously encode multiple, potentially cross-interfering, biological signals. Here we propose scPrisma, a spectral computational framework that utilizes topological priors to decouple, enhance, and filter different classes of biological processes in single-cell data, such as periodic and linear signals. We demonstrate scPrisma's use across diverse biological systems and tasks, including analysis and manipulation of the cell cycle in HeLa cells, circadian rhythm and spatial zonation in liver lobules, diurnal cycle in Chlamydomonas, and circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain. We further show how scPrisma can be used to distinguish mixed cellular populations by specific characteristics such as cell type, and uncover regulatory networks and cell-cell interactions specific to predefined biological signals, such as the circadian rhythm. We show scPrisma's flexibility in utilizing diverse prior knowledge, and inference of topologically-informative genes. scPrisma can be used both as a stand-alone workflow for signal analysis, and, as it does not embed the data to lower dimensions, as a prior step for downstream single-cell analysis.


Mean heat transfer coefficient hs around a single, horizontal pipe settled in a fast circulating fluidized bed was measured under various fluidizing condition. The heat transfer coefficient could be correlated well with the solid fraction in gas-solid mixture flow, being a function of solid circulating rate, gas velocity and riser position. The value of hs increased as the solid circulating rate became high. However, it was found that there was a critical solid fraction, ranged from 0.01 to 0.02, over which the increasing ratio dropped to a smaller one. This phenomenon was considered to be due to a characteristic change of the particle behavior around pipe.


On the one hand, nowadays, fake news articles are easily propagated through various online media platforms and have become a grand threat to the trustworthiness of information. On the other hand, our understanding of the language of fake news is still minimal. Incorporating hierarchical discourse-level structure of fake and real news articles is one crucial step toward a better understanding of how these articles are structured. Nevertheless, this has rarely been investigated in the fake news detection domain and faces tremendous challenges. First, existing methods for capturing discourse-level structure rely on annotated corpora which are not available for fake news datasets. Second, how to extract out useful information from such discovered structures is another challenge. To address these challenges, we propose Hierarchical Discourse-level Structure for Fake news detection. HDSF learns and constructs a discourse-level structure for fake/real news articles in an automated and data-driven manner. Moreover, we identify insightful structure-related properties, which can explain the discovered structures and boost our understating of fake news. Conducted experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Further structural analysis suggests that real and fake news present substantial differences in the hierarchical discourse-level structures.


In the current study, biodiesel production efficiency of C hlorella vulgaris, Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum and mixed algae culture was measured by transesterification process. Growth rate of algal species was measured on the basis of increase in their dry matter in various media. Protein, carbohydrates and lipids in all selected algae were measured on dry matter basis. Extracted oil was analyzed for water contents, iodine value, saponification value, acid number and fatty acid composition. Transesterification of algal oil was performed by using sodium methoxide as a catalyst. Yield of biodiesel from extracted oil was calculated for C. vulgaris (95%), R. hieroglyphicum (91%) and mixed algae culture (92%). Produced biodiesel was analyzed for kinematic viscosity (4.9, 5.0 and 4.7 mm2/s), flash point (160, 156 and 155°C), specific gravity (0.91, 0.914 and 0.912 g/ml), cetain number (51, 49 and 47 min), iodine value (47, 53 and 49 mg/g), acid number (0.49, 0.5 and 0.46 mg.KOH/g), carbon residue (0.01, 0.02 and 0.01 mass%), sulfated ash (0.007, 0.003 and 0.004 mass%), sulphur (0.013, 0.012 and 0.01 wt%) and water contents (15, 23 and 17 mg/kg) for C. vulgaris, R. hieroglyphicum and mixed algae culture, respectively. Properties of biodiesel were compared with ASTM standards and it was found with high quality biodiesel. Key words: Biodiesel, oil extraction, algae, transesterification.


Recent techniques of three‐dimensional (3D) imaging of potential field anomalies are effective in estimating the source position in the subsurface by exploiting both the differentiation of the field and the stability of the method. Such a processing is fast and especially suitable for detecting isolated and compact sources, as usually are those of archaeological interest. Among these methods we employed techniques that take advantage from innovative concepts like the multiscale transformation and the scaling function, going well beyond the standard procedures usually employed for data processing with archaeological purposes. We interpreted magnetic data acquired during two geophysical surveys carried out in 2008 and 2010 at Tell Barri, in north‐eastern Syria. Tell Barri is a relevant site for the history of North Mesopotamia. The earliest settlement dates back to the end of the fourth millennium bce whereas the site has been occupied – with no major breaks – until the fourteenth century ce. Based on the magnetic data interpretation, we have selected a test area as a target for an archeological excavation. The excavation found ancient structures closely matching the magnetic source revealed by the geophysical imaging. Since both the ground soil and the material of buried archaeological structures are representative of several ancient settlements in a much larger area (Upper Mesopotamia), we believe that such a geophysical approach could be successful in many archaeological sites scattered through this broad region.


Electric potential recorded at the scalp (EEG) is dominated by contributions from current dipoles set by active neurons in the cortex. Estimation of these currents, called 'inverse modeling', requires a 'forward' model, which gives the potential when the positions, sizes, and directions of the current dipoles are known. Different models of varying complexity and realism are used in the field. An important analytical example is the four-sphere model which assumes a four-layered spherical head where the layers represent brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), skull, and scalp, respectively. This model has been used extensively in the analysis of EEG recordings. Since it is analytical, it can also serve as a benchmark against which numerical schemes, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM), can be tested. While conceptually clear, the mathematical expression for the scalp potentials in the four-sphere model is quite cumbersome, and we observed the formulas presented in the literature to contain errors. We here derive and present the correct analytical formulas for future reference. They are compared with the results of FEM simulations of four-sphere model. We also provide scripts for computing EEG potentials in this model with the correct analytical formula and using FEM.


Indexing errors can be a cause of significant vibration and overloads in gear systems and already command much designer attention, especially in high speed gearing applications. Furthermore, the instantaneous tooth elastic deflections also contribute to vibration excitation and tooth profile modifications, usually employed to alleviate the ill effects of these errors, further perplex the modelling procedure. Current gear dynamical simulation models either do not consider indexing errors or do so in a simplified context.To address this problem, in this paper the exact geometry of tooth meshing is used as a starting point for a comprehensive dynamical modelling of gear systems, seamlessly incorporating the effect of pitch errors, tooth separation, DOF coupling, and profile modifications. The resulting model is fundamentally non-linear. A single stage spur gear reducer is then simulated dynamically using various scenarios of error distributions and profile modifications and the dynamical response is extracted. Analysis of the results suggests that there are optimal combinations profile modifications for a given maximum index error, which can reduce lateral force amplitude by 50% and load factor by almost 35%, however with larger modifications the benefit diminishes. It is shown that, when excessive modifications are applied, the dynamical responses of gears with different index error magnitudes converge.


The IBM z15 processor chip contains a new hardware component to perform DEFLATE compliant compression and decompression. The Integrated Accelerator for zEnterprise Data Compression is based on a high-frequency DEFLATE pipeline and includes a hardware generator for dynamic Huffman tables. Accessible as an architected instruction, this engine has been designed for straight forward exploitation by software and is easily available to any application in the problem state. A brand-new hardware/firmware integration model has been developed to provide this complex functionality without imposing restrictions on data patterns or data sizes and without impacting system responsiveness. This article describes the concept, implementation, and verification of DEFLATE compliant compression acceleration in z15 across both hardware and firmware. It illustrates various challenges that result from incorporating complex data-dependent and data-intense functionality like DEFLATE as an architected instruction and discusses how solutions in hardware/firmware codesign have been applied to overcome these challenges.


This note describes the designations for variants of the human complement component C2, which were approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS)


When negotiating investment treaties, states balance two goals: providing strong protections for investors (investor protection), which is thought to attract foreign direct investment, and maintaining the ability to regulate their economies (regulatory autonomy). In this article we argue that treaty content can tell us about the latent preferences that states have over the level of investor protection enshrined in BITs. We use an item response theory (IRT) model and a dataset of 1,144 treaties to estimate latent preferences on this scale for signatory countries. Our measure is of use to scholars interested in studying bilateral investment treaties, international law, and foreign direct investment, and our model is of use to anyone aiming to estimate latent preferences from jointly produced manifestations.


: Some Bacillus subtilis strains demonstrate a high degree of pHV14 and pP1251 plasmid integration into the chromosome (1.10(-1]. According to the data of genetical analysis the plasmids are integrated into several regions of the same chromosome. A significant plasmid amplification in the composition of chromosome is observed when breeding on an increasing chloramphenicol concentration (20-300 micrograms/ml). Both tandem repetitions and single plasmid DNA copies and their fragments are found in the bacterial chromosomal DNA.


Measurements of satellite drag obtained from the orbital decay of the Pioneer Venus orbiter on the nightside of Venus indicate an atomic oxygen atmosphere near 155 kilometers (an order of magnitude less dense than expected) with nighttime inferred exospheric temperatures averaging as low as 110 K. Densities at these altitudes decrease sharply from day to night, contrary to the predicted nighttime oxygen bulge. This decrease may be indicative of an unexpectedly weak transport across the evening terminator or a very strong heat sink at night that is possibly related to vertical eddy heat transport. Large periodic oscillations in density and inferred exospheric temperature are detected with a period of 5 to 6 days. We have subsequently discovered temperature variations of the same period in the stratosphere, which are tentatively interpreted as planetary-scale waves that may propagate upward producing the periodic variations in the thermosphere and exosphere. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the temperature oscillations associated with these waves apparently increases with altitude approximately as follows: 1 K (70 kilometers), 3 K (90 kilometers), 40 K (155 kilometers). Inferred nighttime exospheric temperatures are found to be asymmetric relative to midnight, minimizing on the morning side. The possibility of superrotation of the thermosphere, and exosphere is discussed.


Objective of the research is to establish an Information System (IS) Strategic Planning Method based on business value that produces a blue print for system, technology, and information management. Method of the research was conducted by library research which was an analysis based on the compilation of available methods and IS strategic planning tools. The analysis was conducted on comparation of activities, tools, and documents which are used in the information system strategic planning methods. It is concluded that: 1) A logical flow of IS strategic planning can be obtained by comparing and arranging activities based on some strategic planning methods; 2) The comparation and arrangement of some IS strategic planning methods reflect similarities and differences that should be compiled to establish a logical frame of bussines value based information system strategic planning; 3) This logical frame of BVP adopts UK Government CCTA – Guidelines on Strategic Planning for Information Systems in order to establish a more reliable and valid  IS strategic planning method.


Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) is a keystone species, ecologically and economically important in European forests since it supports many associated species, and also produces valuable timber. The transformation of continuous forests to smaller forest fragments influences how ash trees exchange genes, and reduced gene flow may lead to a decrease or a loss of diversity and increased inbreeding. The patterns of genetic diversity are also influenced by plantation programs. Planted forests are often based on seeds of non-local origin, and sometimes from seed sources with narrow genetic variation. Seed and pollen from such plantings will mix with that of local trees, and the combined influence of fragmentation and planting programmes will, over generations, influence the genetic resources of ash trees and most likely their ability to respond to new challenges including climate change, new pests and pathogens. In recent years, the emerging infectious pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, has caused severe ash dieback with high mortality throughout Europe. This may influence the genetic diversity of ash forests dramatically, because high mortality can create inbreeding and loss of diversity in the absence of effective gene flow, but also because the ability to resist the disease has been shown to be under strong genetic control. It is therefore important to understand how gene flow takes place across forests and landscapes in order to support sound management of endangered European ash trees and forests. The present thesis presents and discusses three studies that contribute new knowledge on how pollen and seeds are dispersed across forests and landscapes. The studies are based on field observations and DNA analyses using population genetics approaches.
Paper 1 addresses seed and pollen movement within – and into ‒ a small, native forest fragment surrounded by agricultural land at Rosenbeck, Germany. The ash trees in the small forest are of putative local origin, while roadside trees close to the forest were planted. Categorical and neighbourhood model approaches were applied to estimate gene flow patterns at the study site. Local meteorological data was used to evaluate the effect of wind on the dispersal patterns of seed and pollen. The results showed that the forest fragment has maintained a high level of genetic diversity. Long distance dispersal (LDD) events of both seed and pollen, and the influence of local wind conditions on the dispersal patterns, were documented. The majority of the seeds (55‒64 %) and seedlings (75‒98 %) sampled in the native forest patch had both parents among mature trees within the same patch, and pollen flow from the cultivated road side trees was very limited (2 %). However, a considerable amount of the seeds and seedlings (26‒45 %) must have been pollinated by trees located in more remote parts of the landscape, suggesting substantial pollen immigration into the study site. The results show that fragmented ash forests are likely to receive substantial gene flow through pollen, but also that trees located within a maximum of 100 m distance will most likely be able to mate. This finding is important for planning of gene conservation stands. Available wind data from weather stations in proximity can support in the planning process.
Paper 2 addresses the gene flow and reproductive success of ash forests based on a study site in Valby Hegn, Denmark. Compared to Rosenbeck, Valby Hegn represents a much larger forest complex, where single and planted compartments of ash trees are intermixed with mainly oak and beech trees. Unlike Rosenbeck, the ash trees in Valby Hegn were already severely influenced by ash dieback when the study was performed. The study site was further selected because it included a mature planting with trees from an old Danish-seed orchard ('FP202'). The setup of the FP202 planting made it possible to estimate seed and pollen flow from a planted seed source into surrounding older stands, which is of special interest, since it may provide a model for enriching existing ash forests with planted trees that are highly resistant to ash dieback. This is an option that can be considered to improve the fitness of future generations of existing native ash forests. The neighbourhood model was applied to estimate mating system parameters and genealogies, and to understand the relationship between individual reproductive success and the phenotypic traits including fruit set, flower intensity, size, and crown dieback (i.e. ash dieback symptoms). The results showed that a large amount of seeds (39 %) and pollen (31 %) were dispersed from the planted trees into the surrounding forest, although the frequency of the gametes from the planted trees decreased rapidly with increased distance. The mean seed and pollen dispersal distances were 67 m and 347 m, respectively. The findings suggest that seed dispersal beyond 100‒140 m is rare within a forest, but LDDs through pollen over hundreds (sometimes thousands of meters) must be expected, allowing trees that survive ash dieback to mate. Planted trees with high levels of ash dieback resistance are therefore likely to spread their genes into fairly large neighbourhoods as pollen donors, while seeds from enrichment plantings probably will be able to colonise areas with 0‒100 m from the plantings. A very interesting finding was that the seedlings randomly sampled in Valby Hegn predominantly originated from healthy parents. This was the case for both male and female parents. The findings suggest that enrichment plantings with seeds from tolerant ash genotypes can potentially improve the future health of the species in European forests affected by ash dieback.
Paper 3 directly addresses the effect of ash dieback susceptibility on male and female reproductive success. This study is based on a clonal field trial in Tuse Nӕs, Denmark, where the ash dieback susceptibility of 39 clones has already been studied for several years. Gender, seed productivity and paternity success of the 39 clones were estimated in order to test the hypothesis that the clones with the lowest levels of susceptibility had the highest levels of reproductive success. The results revealed that females with low levels of susceptibility produced more seeds compared to highly susceptible females. On the male side, the pattern was the same, although less clear. The male clone with the lowest level of susceptibility (Clone no. 18) was by far the most effective pollen donor. However, highly susceptible males also produced some offspring, showing that selection for lower levels of susceptibility is slower on the male side. The overall result is that healthy ash trees are likely to contribute more to the next generation due to sexual selection in favour of less susceptible individuals. This supports the observations from Valby Hegn (Paper 2 as discussed above), that healthy trees are likely to become overrepresented when founding the next generation ash trees at generation turnover. This is good news for European ash forests, although the future of ash forests remains uncertain, and is a still major concern.


Whatever may be the conceptions regarding the pathogenesis of rickets, they all concern themselves to some extent with the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium. In infantile rickets, the inorganic phosphorus of the blood is almost regularly diminished; whereas, in tetany—a disorder intimately associated with rickets—the calcium content is diminished. It is becoming increasingly evident that rickets occurs earlier in infancy than was formerly believed: that it is a disorder frequently present in the first half of the first year of life. In Schmorl's statistics, which are based on necropsy findings, 97 per cent, of the infants between the ages of 4 and 6 months showed histologic evidence of rickets. When the matter was viewed in this light, and the possibility that prenatal disturbances of metabolism may play a role in the etiology was considered, it seemed worth while to ascertain the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood of


Tactical urbanism initiatives working to combat the presence of vacant storefronts are not yet commonly found in Canadian cities. This paper reports on an interview study investigating the potential for tactical urbanism to enhance the vibrancy of commercial corridors in Toronto, Canada, and how such an initiative may affect a variety of potential stakeholders as well as its compatibility with municipal governance and planning practice. Results show popularity of concept amongst potential stakeholders, the need for changes to provincial legislation and the evolving role of the Toronto planning professional to tap into the experimental enthusiasm of local community players.

Key words: tactical urbanism; vacant storefronts; Toronto.


. Abstract The aim of the study presented here was to determine the influence of subcutaneously administered lysine-vasopressin (LVP, 1 U/kg, s.c.), chlorodiazepoxide (BDZ, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), and vehicle (veh, chlorobutanol + saline (0.85%) + Tween 80, 0.1 mL/100 g) administered through the peritoneum on anxiety-related-behavior using the Vogel conflict test, the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) and the marble-burying test. The results of the Vogel test referring to the number of shocks received by rats after administration of vehicle + BDZ was highly significant (p < 0.01), that is, the animals did not show any inhibition during the phase of shock. However, when LVP + BDZ were used the data obtained showed that there was a significant inhibition of BDZ action on the number of shocks received (p > 0.05). In the second phase of the test the veh + BDZ group received a significant number of shocks, benzodiazepine effect and the group receiving LVP + BDZ showed the same result as the vehicle + LVP group (p > 0.05). In the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the group of mice treated with veh + BDZ showed no significant change in their behavior, that is, number of entries and time spent on the open arm was not inhibited (p < 0.01). Already the veh + LVP group has shown inhibition in the number of entries and the time spent on the open arm (p > 0.05). The same result was obtained when the LVP + BDZ group was used in the EPM. In the marble-burying test, the number of marbles hidden was significantly higher in mice treated with the veh + BDZ (p < 0.01). The group treated with veh + LVP presented a small number of hidden spheres (p > 0.05). The data obtained in this study show that LVP in behavioral tests related to anxieties presents an inhibitory action on the BDZ, and the LVP alone does not present any significant effect when compared with the veh (p > 0.05). Veh is the shortened form of vehicle which is the chemical element (solvent) used for dilution of the compound test.


In this paper, thermal analysis of a thick isotropic rectangular plate is carried out using the hyperbolic shear deformation theory (HYSDT). The displacement field of the theory contains three variables. The hyperbolic sine and cosine functions are used in the displacement field in-terms of thickness coordinate to represent the effect of shear deformation. The most important feature of the theory is that, the transverse shear stresses can be obtained directly from the use of constitutive relations, hence the theory does not need shear correction factor. The theory accounts for parabolic distribution of transverse shear stresses across the thickness satisfying the stress free boundary conditions at top and bottom surfaces of the plate. Governing differential equations and boundary conditions of the theory are obtained using the principle of virtual work. The results obtained for bending analysis of isotropic plates subjected to uniformly distributed thermal load are compared with those obtained by other theories, to validate the accuracy of the presented theory.


In many organizations, performance measurement systems have not appreciably changed to reflect organizational and environmental changes. The objective of this article is to analyze the results of an inappropriate performance measurement system, define the characteristics required of a performance measurement system in a continuous improvement (CI) organization, and give some examples of more appropriate performance measures in a CI company.


We present a model for the dynamics of fluid vesicles in linear flow which consistently includes thermal fluctuations and nonlinear coupling between different modes. At the transition between tank treading and tumbling, we predict a trembling motion which is at odds with the known deterministic motions and for which thermal noise is strongly amplified. In particular, highly asymmetric shapes are observed even though the deterministic flow only allows for axisymmetric ones. Our results explain quantitatively recent experimental observations [Levant and Steinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 268103 (2012)].


The objectives of this participatory action research were to: identify the palliative care needs of PWAD and their carers in West Lothian; analyse two dementia care services as they develop practice in the assessment and management of distress for PWAD, and supporting carers; determine implications for practice development and service delivery.

Multiple data collection methods were used including; focus groups, interviews, participant observation, reflective accounts, case studies, documentation review, action learning and notes recorded from meetings with staff.

The first phase was a dementia palliative care needs assessment. Eight PWAD, 25 carers and 63 service providers participated in interviews and focus groups. Overall findings were that a palliative care approach provided a useful and appropriate framework to understand the needs of PWAD. Recognition of and support for family carers should take a high priority when considering a model for dementia palliative care.

More specific needs were identified, these included: the need to develop person centred approaches; enhance the management of pain and distress and enhance individual support for carers.

Two services participated in the action phase; a day centre and a hospital ward. Eleven people with a dementia, 28 carers and 86 service providers participated. Services focused on carer support or assessing pain / distress.

Carer support findings: implementing an assessment tool enhanced staffs understanding of carers needs; carers preferred flexible and individual support interventions; family carers experienced cumulative factors that restricted access to support.

Assessment of distress findings: assessing distress from the behaviour of PWAD was complex. The implementation of the Disability Distress Assessment Tool (DisDAT) identified new evidence that it provided a person centred assessment suitable for PWAD.

It was identified that the theoretical concept of relationship centred care, could provide a way of working, that complemented the adoption of a palliative care approach for PWAD, whilst enhancing carer support and assessment of distress practices.


With the goal of studying Natural Laminar Flow (NLF) wings for future 'green' transport aircraft, the aim of the European Research Project TELFONA is to develop and demonstrate the
possibility of testing full aircraft models at large Reynolds numbers in the cryogenic Wind Tunnel
ETW, with direct measurements of total drag. Two main steps were defined, first the design and test
of a 'calibration' model, to be followed by a realistic transport aircraft model. This paper is
dedicated to the first one, which was especially designed in order to allow a calibration of the Wind
Tunnel transition N-factors at large values of the chord Reynolds number typical of testing in ETW.
In order to do so, the wing shape was optimized so that TS and CF N-factors would show a
monotonous growth over the longest possible distance. Apart from classical aerodynamic forces,
two lines of pressure taps, as well as four patches of a two components cryogenic Temperature-
Sensitive Paint (cryoTSP), were installed on both sides of each wing. Model surface temperatures
were recorded by several CCD cameras as the intensity of light emission from the TSP, which has
to be excited by suitable light sources. After the tests, stability analysis was applied in order to
'calibrate' the various models currently used by research labs in Europe, involving a wide range of
approaches, including simplified database, local linear and non local linear stability approaches.
The paper will describe these different phases of the activities, from design, testing and numerical
validation, with a focus on the validation and calibration of transition prediction tools. Examples of
numerical results obtained by the project partners will be confronted to the experiments.


It is our great pleasure to dedicate this special issue of Journal of Plasma Physics to our dear friend and colleague Professor Padma Kant Shukla on the occasion of his 60th birthday on 7th July 2010. Padma is one of the most prominent and productive scientists in plasma physics and in neighboring fields, and has published more than 1300 papers in scientific journals. It has for some time been the aim of his friends to honor him on this occasion, and earlier this year we sent out invitations to distinguished scientists who have collaborated with Padma over the years. The response has been overwhelming, and we collected 43 manuscripts, covering a diverse range of topics in plasma physics, which are now published in this issue. We believe that these papers reflect some of the impact of Padma's research in plasma physics.


Experiments are reported on heat transfer and flow characteristics of two-component, two-phase flow in a flat microchannel with cross-section 0.1 × 30 mm. The channel is heated at nearly constant wall temperature on one side for a length of 30 mm. Water and FC-72 ® are the working fluids, and local temperature data and high-speed video of the two-phase flows are reported. Total mass flux ranges from 40 and 467 kg/m2 s, with mass fraction of FC-72 between 0.04 and 0.69. All flows are sub-cooled up to 32 °C below the saturation temperature of FC-72 and wall heat flux is controlled so that boiling of the FC-72 component occurs. The rate of FC-72 flow through the channel is unsteady due to conditions upstream of the microchannel, which cause temperature fluctuations in the channel. The components remain distinct within the microchannel, as predicted by the low Weber numbers of the flows, and the fraction of the channel cross-section occupied by FC-72 varies inversely with water flow rate. At high water flow rates waviness develops in the interface between the FC-72 and water streams and some droplets of FC-72 leave the main body of the flow. Under some conditions pressure drop oscillation in the boiling FC-72 stream is observed. Estimates of the average heat transfer coefficient are obtained based on average wall temperatures. Large mass fractions of FC-72 reduce overall heat transfer coefficients, indicating that only small mass fractions of FC-72 are needed to produce heat transfer enhancement. Upstream mixing of the two components is seen as key step in fluid management to assure improved heat transfer.© 2008 ASME


This paper fills a very important gap in the literature with a straightforward methodology that generalizes the classic Modigliani and Miller results and provides correct values for the expected return on equity and for the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). After some confusing debate in the literature, we show that these correct values make the three main project valuation approaches (WACC, flow to equity and adjusted present value) to perfectly match. Specifically, we show that the expected return on equity for finite horizon projects will be horizon dependent, which means that it will (sometimes drastically) change as the project life shortens even when all other variables remain constant (e.g., the leverage ratio). Obviously, this result will directly affect the WACC. Another interesting result is that the traditional textbook formula for the WACC is not always correct, even for perpetual projects.


Introduction: Though a large number of agents including chlorhexidine have been used for cavity disinfection during restorative
procedures, till date none has proved to be "ideal." Thus, there is a need for an alternative cavity disinfectant, which is safe, effective,
and economic. Herbal extracts of Aloe vera and propolis have shown the potential to be used as cavity disinfectants but not much
is known about them. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Aloe
vera and propolis against S. mutans and L. acidophilus, along with assessing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and
minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Materials and Methods: The study included three groups: 2% chlorhexidine solution
(group I), ethanolic extract of Aloe vera (group II), and ethanolic extract of propolis (group III). An MIC test was carried out using
tissue culture microplates and serial dilution technique and later to MBC, an aliquot of each incubated well with concentrations
higher than MIC was subcultured on brain heart infusion (BHI) medium. Antibacterial assay was carried out using agar disk diffusion
technique and zones of inhibition were determined. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for intergroup comparison
followed by post hoc Tukey's test for groupwise comparison. Results: Group II and Group III showed bacteriostatic effect but no
bactericidal effect against both S. mutans and L. acidophilus. There was a significant difference in the antibacterial activity against
both the tested microorganisms among all the groups, the highest being in group I followed by group II and group III. Conclusions:
Ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera and propolis are only bacteriostatic and their antibacterial efficacy is inferior to chlorhexidine against
both S. mutans and L. acidophilus.


This piece analyzes the institutional challenges and tensions generated by applying the privately produced International Financial Reporting Standards to the financial reporting practices of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), an inter-governmental organization, and specialized agency of the United Nations. The authors question whether the application of the Standards is carried out in the interest of the organization or whether it is rather a product of pressure, both external and internal, to adopt rules that reflect a particular understanding of what constitutes 'best practice'. The authors draw attention to the fact that best practices often become benchmarks for a wide range of institutions, notwithstanding fundamental institutional differences. They argue that the adoption of externally generated rules must be pursued in a systematically cautious, coordinated, and critical manner in order to avoid producing practices that run against the very grain of a public institution's constitution and mandate. They also argue that robust governance structures are necessary to avoid institutional digressions.


A method for structure determination of aliphatic alcohols within mixtures is described. It involves the use of a vapour phase dehydrogenation micro-reactor (Cu, 300°C) located between the chromatographic column and the mass spectrometer or between the injection port and the column. Since primary and secondary alcohols are converted into corresponding carbonyl compounds, they can be readily differentiated from tertiary alcohols and dialkyl ethers. An examination of the mass spectra of alcohols and carbonyl compounds permits the determination of molecular mass, the location of hydroxyl group and the determination of branching at the β-carbon atom.


The plastic deformation of two different rolled magnesium sheets (AZ31 and ZE10) under quasi-static tensile and compressive loading conditions at room temperature is studied. Beside glide by dislocation motion, deformation twinning leads to evolving flow stress asymmetry and evolving plastic anisotropy in these alloys. These mechanisms cause a significant change in the shape of the yield surface. A phenomenological plasticity model in which the primary deformation mechanisms, slip and (extension) twinning, are treated separately is developed here and incorporated in the finite element framework. Deformations caused by these mechanisms are modelled by a symmetric and an asymmetric plastic potential, respectively. The hardening functions are coupled to account for the latent hardening. The necessary input for model parameter calibration is provided by mechanical tests along different orientations of the rolled sheets. Tensile tests of flat notched samples and shear tests of sheets are furthermore incorporated in the parameter optimisation strategy, which is based on minimising the difference between experimental behaviour and FE result. The model accounts for the characteristic tension-compression asymmetry and the evolution of strain anisotropy. Both, the convex-up and the concave-down shaped stress-strain response are predicted. The method is further probed on the simulation of forming operations.


The classic proposal of intracellular K+ for extracellular H+ exchange as responsible for the hyperkalemia of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has been questioned because experimentally induced organic anion acidosis fails to produce hyperkalemia. It has been suggested, instead, that the elevated serum [K+] of DKA might be the result of the compromised renal function, secondary to volume depletion, that usually accompanies DKA. However, several metabolic derangements other than volume depletion and acidosis, which are known to alter potassium metabolism, also develop in DKA. This study of 142 admissions for DKA examines the possible role of alterations in plasma pH, bicarbonate, glucose (G), osmolality, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma anion gap (AG) on the levels of [K+]p on admission. Significant (p less than 0.01) correlations of [K+]p with each of these parameters were found that could individually account for 8 to 15 percent of the observed variance in the plasma potassium levels; however, the effects of some or all of these parameters on the [K+]p could be independent and therefore physiologically additive. Since the parameters under study are themselves interrelated, having statistically significant correlations with each other, their possible independent role on [K+]p was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. Only plasma pH, glucose and AG emerged as having a definite independent effect on [K+]p, with no independent role found for bicarbonate, BUN and osmolality. The equation that best describes [K+]p on admission for DKA was: [K+]p = 25.4 - 3.02 pH + 0.001 G + 0.028 AG, (r = 0.515). These results indicate that the endogenous ketoacidemia and hyperglycemia observed in DKA, which result primarily from insulin deficit, are the main determinants of increased [K+]p. Since exogenous ketoacidemia and hyperglycemia in the otherwise normal experimental animal do not increase [K+]p, it is postulated that insulin deficit itself may be the major initiating cause of the hyperkalemia that develops in DKA. Renal dysfunction by enhancing hyperglycemia and reducing potassium excretion also contributes to hyperkalemia.


Multifunctional therapeutic systems that can realize simultaneous tumor-targeting imaging and drug delivery are highly desired to improve the therapeutic efficacy of conventional chemotherapy. Herein, we described a novel nanoparticle system prepared by electrostatic and hydrophobic self-assembly of a cationic conjugated polymer, PFEP, and anionic hyaluronan (HA) conjugated with the model anticancer drug cisplatin (CDDP). PFEP exhibited high fluorescence quantum yield, good photostability and low cytotoxity to meet the essential requests for cell imaging. HA is a natural glycosaminoglycan that possesses high specific affinity for the CD44 receptor overexpressed on surfaces of various cancer cells. The 20.2% CDDP-loaded PFEP/HA–CDDP complex nanoparticles (PHCNPs) were observed to comprise a compact hydrophobic inner core and a hydrophilic HA shell, and exhibit smaller size and better dispersity in aqueous solution than HA–CDDP nanoparticles (HCNPs) with the same drug loading content. Moreover, the fluorescence of PHCNPs was almost quenched due to the increased torsional conformation and aggregation of PFEP in the compact inner core. After PHCNPs were taken up by the target cancer cells through the specific HA–CD44 binding, HA was hydrolyzed by overexpressed hyaluronidase (HAase) in the cancer cells, which destroyed the nanoparticles, resulting in fluorescence recovery from PFEP and the release of CDDP. In vitro drug release studies also confirmed the HAase-promoted sustained CDDP release of PHCNPs. Therefore, tumor-targeting drug release and distribution in cells can be monitored by the recovered fluorescence signals. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the PHCNPs showed evident selective cytotoxicity, thereby leading to reduced side effects in normal cells. Therefore, the studies of conjugated polymers in multifunctional therapeutic system may offer a promising approach for improving the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy.


"The role of climate scientists in the post-factual society," describes the authors' outreach efforts during the Poles to Paris campaign and their efforts to generate awareness about climate change leading up to the 21st COP in Paris. The authors' reflections on this experience and analysis of their social media posts are used to generate several recommendations for scientists on how outreach should be conducted and the role of scientists in society, particularly in the context of the polarized and politicized topic of climate change science. I commend the authors for undertaking such an ambitious outreach effort and for taking the time to assess and reflect on their efforts. I also commend the authors for using data albeit limited to further reflect on the effects of their efforts. Such commentaries are important for facilitating a broader discussion in the


A lexicon can be viewed as network of words connected by phonological similarity relations. In such a network model, words that sound similar are connected to be neighbours. The most often used criterion for defining neighbours is the one-phoneme difference rule (Luce & Pisoni, 1998), which states that any two words that only differ in one phoneme by addition, deletion or substitution are considered as phonological neighbours. Previous studies have shown that children's phonological neighbourhoods are structurally different than those calculated from the adult lexicon (Charles-Luce & Luce, 1990; Coady & Aslin, 2003, among others). However, we also know that by the time children fully acquire the language, their phonological neighbourhoods should be similar to those in the adult lexicon. Thus the question becomes how and when does the structural shift take place during language development. As far as we know, this issue hasn't really been addressed in the literature. The current study intends to fill in the gap by presenting a developmental analysis of the phonological neighbourhoods in two children's lexicon. The two children, Joel and Ruth, both in their second and third year of life during the study, were selected because their data presented interesting contrast in a previous study on grammar development. Our current results show that the structural properties of these two children's early phonological neighbourhoods are comparable to the findings in previous studies. More detailed network analyses suggest that they use different strategies for acquiring words in different stage. In the very early stage of acquisition, they tend to acquire words that are maximally different from each other but do not necessarily turn out to be structurally important later. Later, after their phonological neighbourhoods have reached a certain level of maturity, they tend to use a different strategy which prefers to acquire words that are structurally important first. UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2009)


Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is increasingly important since the emerging of electronic commerce in the past years. However, most of the current researches that deal with the decision-making problems of CRM system investments are from the perspective of the information technology adoption and organizational innovation. It is still very difficult for enterprises to measure the value of CRM systems and the subsequence decision-making on adoption priority of various CRM functions. Based on the Value-focused thinking and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) process, this paper developed a multi-layered transformation matrix, and proposed a measurement process that can be driven to a quantified value model. In order to verify the effectives and feasibility of the model, twelve CRM experts were interviewed including senior managers in leading management consulting companies, CRM system providers, and market researchers. Following the on-site interview, a questionnaire survey was conducted with 1000 firms in the list of the Common Wealth top 2000 firms of Taiwan. The analysis result based on 188 valid replies indicates that the outcome of the proposed value measure model has significant correlation with the investment intension of CRM systems.


We consider Gromov–Thurston examples of negatively curved n-manifolds which do not admit metrics of constant sectional curvature. We show that for each n ≥ 4 some of the Gromov–Thurston manifolds admit strictly convex real–projective structures.


Vanadate (0.1 mM) reduces tension of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers, shifts tension--pCa curve to lower pCa, increases the rate constant of delayed tension development and changes dependence of this rate constant on the level of Ca2+-activation. Vanadate influence stops the increase of the rate constant with the rise of Ca++-activated tension. Since actin-myosin-ADP complex is dissociated by vanadate, the muscle performance at low activation levels is supposed to be conditioned largely by the cross-bridges interacting with actin of the actin blocks switched on by myosin-ADP. Kinetics of such cross-bridges differs from that of the cross bridges interacting with actin activated by Ca++ binding to troponin C.


In both research and care, patients, caregivers, and researchers are facing a leap forward in the quantity of data that are available for analysis and interpretation, marking the daunting "big data era." In the biomedical field, this quantitative shift refers mostly to the -omics that permit measuring and analyzing biological features of the same type as a whole. Omics studies have greatly impacted transplantation research and highlighted their potential to better understand transplant outcomes. Some studies have emphasized the contribution of omics in developing personalized therapies to avoid graft loss. However, integrating omics data remains challenging in terms of analytical processes. These data come from multiple sources. Consequently, they may contain biases and systematic errors that can be mistaken for relevant biological information. Normalization methods and batch effects have been developed to tackle issues related to data quality and homogeneity. In addition, imputation methods handle data missingness. Importantly, the transplantation field represents a unique analytical context as the biological statistical unit is the donor–recipient pair, which brings additional complexity to the omics analyses. Strategies such as combined risk scores between 2 genomes taking into account genetic ancestry are emerging to better understand graft mechanisms and refine biological interpretations. The future omics will be based on integrative biology, considering the analysis of the system as a whole and no longer the study of a single characteristic. In this review, we summarize omics studies advances in transplantation and address the most challenging analytical issues regarding these approaches.


Research Findings: This study reports the results of a randomized trial of a parent engagement intervention (the Getting Ready intervention) on directly observed learning-related social behaviors of children from low-income families in the context of parent–child interactions. The study explored the moderating effect of parental depression on intervention outcomes. Participants were 204 children and their parents as well as 29 Head Start teachers. Semistructured parent–child interaction tasks were videotaped 2 times annually over the course of 2 academic years. Observational codes of child behaviors included agency, persistence, activity level, positive affect, distractibility, and verbalizations. Practice or Policy: When gender and disability concerns were controlled, those in the treatment condition experienced a significant decline in activity level relative to children in the control group. Furthermore, compared to children of nondepressed mothers and to control children, those in the experimental condition whose parent reported elevated levels of depression showed greater gains in positive affect and in verbalizations.


A better understanding of the influences of specific extracellular substrates, including proteins, glycosaminoglycans, and parenchymal cells, on the invasive behavior of glioma cells would potentially lead to novel forms of treatment aimed at confining the tumor. A monolayer, microliter scale assay was used to investigate how different substrates influenced glioma migration. Basal or unspecific movement (range, 10-260 microns/d) was determined by observing a panel of seven established human glioma cell lines. Migration rates two to five times higher than this basal activity were referred to as preferential and specific glioma migration; these rates generally occurred on merosin and tenascin. Collagen, fibronectin, or vitronectin were less supportive of migration. The glioma cells migrated on hyaluronic acid, but they did not migrate to the extent generally found on the extracellular matrix proteins. Glioma-derived extracellular matrix also served to promote cell migration. This finding implicates a role for either glioma remodeling or synthesis of a permissive environment for local dissemination that may be independent of the constitutive matrix proteins normally found in the brain. Although the glioma cells were able to migrate over monolayers of other glioma cells, they were unable to migrate over astrocytes and fibroblasts. Our findings indicate that the invasive behavior of glioma cells in situ is most likely a consequence of the interplay between the cells' manipulation of the environment and the constitutive ligands associated with specific regions or structures of the brain.


Multiple efforts have been made in recent years to introduce cash transfers augmented by livelihood support ('cash-plus') into protracted crisis contexts to support lives and livelihoods. Yet, little learning has been generated about how to design and implement these effectively and under what conditions. This brief summarises the state of the evidence and debate, gaps in the evidence, and directions for research that emerge from the thematic paper on cash-plus in protracted crises characterised by conflict and fragility. We identify distinct objectives and patterns of cash-plus provision across different conflict-social protection contexts. A dearth of evidence on impacts of these programmes remains. This has implications for future work in the area of cash assistance and livelihoods in protracted crisis settings. We identify a number of key questions to guide further research.


Sleep disorders are frequent processes, both as a symptom associated with other diseases and as independent disorders. However, only in the last 4 decades has Sleep medicine gained its position among the medical specialties. In fact, it was only in these years that significant advances were obtained in the study of the etiology and treatment of these disorders. Similarly, the different classifications have been evolving over the years. First, they were based upon the clinical symptom; later on, more emphasis was given to the diseases. Finally, in 2005, the new classification was once again based on the symptoms. More than 90 disorders are listed in this latest classification, and an attempt is made to include the symptoms and the diseases of sleep, as well as those in which sleep disorders are fundamental. It is essential to have a clear idea of this complete classification of sleep disorders in order to deal with these patients appropriately.


Four cases in lymphogranulomatosis and pregnancy are presented and compared to the opinions of other authors. Though a lot of questions are unknown yet, it seems that pregnancy doesn't have an unfavourable weight with lymphogranulomatosis.


INTRODUCTION
Orgasm is a sensation of intense pleasure creating an altered consciousness state accompanied by pelvic striated circumvaginal musculature and uterine/anal contractions and myotonia that resolves sexually-induced vasocongestion and induces well-being/contentment. In 1,749 randomly-sampled U.S. women, 24% reported an orgasmic dysfunction.

AIM
To provide recommendations/guidelines concerning state-of-the-art knowledge for management of orgasmic disorders in women.

METHODS
An International Consultation in collaboration with the major urology and sexual medicine associations assembled over 200 multidisciplinary experts from 60 countries into 17 committees. Committee members established specific objectives and scopes for various male and female sexual medicine topics. The recommendations concerning state-of-the-art knowledge in the respective sexual medicine topic represent the opinion of experts from five continents developed in a process over a 2-year period. Concerning the Disorders of Orgasm in Women Committee, there were four experts from two countries.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation and debate.

RESULTS
Female Orgasmic Disorder, the second most frequently reported women's sexual problem is considered to be the persistent or recurrent delay in, or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase that causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty (DSM-IV). Empirical treatment outcome research is available for cognitive behavioral and pharmacological approaches. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anorgasmia promotes attitude and sexually-relevant thought changes and anxiety reduction using behavioral exercises such as directed masturbation, sensate focus, and systematic desensitization treatments as well as sex education, communication skills training, and Kegel exercises. To date there are no pharmacological agents trials (i.e., bupropion, granisetron, and sildenafil) proven to be beneficial beyond placebo in enhancing orgasmic function in women diagnosed with Female Orgasmic Disorder.

CONCLUSIONS
More research is needed in understanding management of women with orgasmic dysfunction.


Most calculations of air shower development have been based on the Bethe-Heitler cross sections for bremsstrahlung and pair production. However, for energetic enough particles, a number of different external factors can reduce these cross sections drastically, slowing shower development and lengthening the showers. Four mechanisms that can suppress bremsstrahlung and pair production cross sections are discussed, and their effect on extremely high energy air showers considered. Besides lengthening the showers, these mechanisms greatly increase the importance of fluctuations in shower development, and can increase the angular spreading of showers.


Single-shot inspection at nanoscale resolution is a problematic challenge for providing on-line inspection of manufacturing techniques such as roll-to-roll processes where the measurand is constantly moving. An example of such a measurement challenge is defect detection on vapor barrier films formed by depositing an aluminum oxide layer several tens of nanometres thick on a flexible polymer substrate. Effective detection and characterisation of defects in this layer requires a single-shot approach with nanometre scale vertical resolution.
This paper describes a line-scanning interferometer where a short coherence light source having a 25 nm linewidth source is spatially dispersed across the measurand thus encoding spatial position along a profile by wavelength. Phase shift interferometry (PSI) can be used to decode phase and thus height information, but requires multiple image captures. In order to realise single-shot measurement which is more suitable for online applications, a Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) approach is necessary. This paper explores the implementation of the FTP approach and presents a comparison of the measurement capability of FTP with the previously reported PSI method.


In preparation for the laminar boundary layer stability analysis of the first 15 selected test runs of the ELFIN II HLF half wing test program in S1MA (Nov. 1996) the suction velocities have been assessed. They are based on the suction panel loss characteristics of the half wing as measured by DLR in October 1997 at DASA site Varel. The suction velocities are provided for the same chordwise positions as the surface pressures interpolated by BAe, which completes the input for the final boundary layer stability calculations.


During the past several decades, significant performance improvement of microprocessor chips has been obtained mainly by reduction of (transistor) device length scale. Beyond the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS)-defined 50 nm technology node, the parasitic effects associated with reduction of the feature size (e.g., increase in leakage current) begin to outweigh the favorable effects of increased functionality and speed. One promising route for continued performance improvement is to exploit low temperature operation of microprocessors (also referred to as the temperature scaling [1]). This calls for development of compact, inexpensive, and quiet refrigeration/cryogenics technology, which can be interfaced with electronic components. In this work, we consider thermally driven sorption-assisted refrigeration technology for sub-ambient cooling of high performance electronics. In the past, sorption-based cryocoolers have been successfully developed for cryogenic cooling of sensors in space applications, targeting very low (mW-level) cooling loads. These cryocoolers are quiet, vibration free, reliable since they have no moving parts at high pressure, and therefore offer significant advantages over mechanical refrigeration. In addition, there is no refrigerant-lubricant interaction in sorption-based cryocoolers, which can potentially degrade the evaporator performance. This paper presents a thermodynamics-based analytical framework for the design of sorption compressors for cryogenic cooling of electronics. A sample case study is also presented to illustrate the approach.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


ABSTRACT Little is known regarding the internal anatomy of thelodonts, with most of the available information coming from a single specimen, the holotype of Turinia pagei (Powrie). Previous descriptions have led to many partial, or conflicting interpretations. Herein, we describe fully the anatomy of T. pagei based on the holotype and additional material. T. pagei possessed a branchial system composed of eight pairs of gills, a buccal/nasohypophyseal region lined with minute denticles, comparable to buccopharyngeal denticles of sharks, and possessed a stomach which is preserved by sediment infill in the holotype specimen. Contrast between the petrological character of the gut infill and the sediment in which the animal is preserved suggests that the gut was infilled in vivo and that T. pagei was probably a deposit feeder. Phylogenetic analysis resolves T. pagei and the Galeaspida as sister-taxa, comprising a sister-group to the Osteostraci plus jawed vertebrates. In contrast to the view that has prevailed hitherto, thelodonts with a dorsoventrally compressed cross-sectional profile comprise a monophyletic group, of which T. pagei is the least derived member. The furcacaudiforms are resolved as an unnatural group, one taxon being the sister taxon to the 'conventional' thelodont clade, and the other, the sister taxon to this clade plus galeaspids, osteostracans and jawed vertebrates. The analysis agrees with the earlier view that thelodonts lack distinct synapomorphies, but we argue that distinct synapomorphies are not a requisite of monophyly.


Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by axonal lesions throughout the central nervous system, including the eye with changes in macular thickness and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) on histopathologic evaluation. Optical coherence tomography facilitates retina as a surrogate measure of neurodegenerative disease activity.
Aim: To evaluate macular thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with neurodegenerative diseases using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
Materials and Methods: An analytical observational case control study was carried out over a period of two years. Cases consisted of patients (n=20) with neurodegenerative disorders and controls were age and sex matched healthy individuals. RNFL thickness was measured using the SD OCT. The visual functions tested included the Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) and colour vision. Fundus examination was done to look for any gross retinal pathologies. All these tests were carried out for cases and controls once during the study. Statistical data analysis was performed by using Mann-Whitney U tests. SPSS for windows, version 17.0 was used to do the analysis. p-values smaller than 0.05 were considered significant.
Results: The study included 13 cases of central neurodegenerative diseases and 7 cases of peripheral neurodegenerative diseases. Mean duration of disease in cases was 37.85 months with 11 cases having more than 24 months duration and 9 cases having less than 24 months duration.
The mean right eye average (RNFL) thickness in cases was 87.05 μm and that of control was 87.40 μm (p=0.932). The mean left eye average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in cases was 86.47 μm and control was 89.26 μm (p=0.419).
The mean macular cube average thickness of right eye was 271.05 μm in cases and 270.85 μm in controls. The mean macular cube average thickness of left eye was 266.63 μm in cases and 269.42 μm in controls.
Conclusion: Retinal segmentation techniques extend the utility of OCT to neurodegenerative disorders, enabling the in vivo objective assessment of retinal neurons in addition to axonal integrity.


Objectives Despite the fact that research fraud and misconduct are under scrutiny in the field of orthopaedic research, little systematic work has been done to uncover and characterise the underlying reasons for academic retractions in this field. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of retractions and identify the reasons for retracted publications in the orthopaedic literature. Methods Two reviewers independently searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (1995 to current) using MeSH keyword headings and the 'retracted' filter. We also searched an independent website that reports and archives retracted scientific publications (www.retractionwatch.com). Two reviewers independently extracted data including reason for retraction, study type, journal impact factor, and country of origin. Results One hundred and ten retracted studies were included for data extraction. The retracted studies were published in journals with impact factors ranging from 0.000 (discontinued journals) to 13.262. In the 20-year search window, only 25 papers were retracted in the first ten years, with the remaining 85 papers retracted in the most recent decade. The most common reasons for retraction were fraudulent data (29), plagiarism (25) and duplicate publication (20). Retracted articles have been cited up to 165 times (median 6; interquartile range 2 to 19). Conclusion The rate of retractions in the orthopaedic literature is increasing, with the majority of retractions attributed to academic misconduct and fraud. Orthopaedic retractions originate from numerous journals and countries, indicating that misconduct issues are widespread. The results of this study highlight the need to address academic integrity when training the next generation of orthopaedic investigators. Cite this article: J. Yan, A. MacDonald, L-P. Baisi, N. Evaniew, M. Bhandari, M. Ghert. Retractions in orthopaedic research: A systematic review. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:263–268. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.56.BJR-2016-0047.


Power electronics products, to date, are essentially custom-designed and manufactured using non-standard parts. The products cycle times are long and manufacturing processes are labor-intensive, thus, resulting in poor reliability and high cost. The Center for Power Electronics Systems, established in 1998 as one of the National Science Foundation Engineering Research Centers, is charged in leading the nation in the development of an integrated power electronics system approach via integrated power electronics modules (IPEMs). A brief discussion of the center's research enterprise and strategic plan in addressing key technological areas and advancements needed to improve the characteristics of power electronics systems, such as increased levels of integration, standardization of parts and improved packaging techniques for enhanced thermal management and electrical performances. The technologies being developed for the realization of integrated systems include planar metallization to allow three-dimensional structural integration of power devices and control functions, integration of power passives, integration of RF and EMI filters, and integration of electrical/thermal design tools.


The newly emerging CD19-targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cells (CAR-T) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and achieved a functional cure in some patients. However, a majority of patients suffer relapse. A major pathway for tumor relapse is the loss of the target antigen, CD19, on the cancer cell surface, essentially making them invisible to the therapy. Consequently, new targets are required for the continued treatment of relapsed patients. Facing this dilemma, we hypothesized that a systematic search of the human genome may reveal more novel targets of DLBCL with characteristics similar to CD19. These include high expression in DLBCL and other B-cell tumors, but minimal expression in normal tissues. To test this hypothesis, we used several well-annotated public genomic and proteomic databases and carried out in-depth screening to pinpoint optimal new targets for DLBCL. Our study uncovered several new targets that have not been extensively pursued in the public domain, such as CD79A and TNFRSF13C. Based on our refined criteria for target evaluation, we finally concluded that CD79A represents the most ideal novel target for DLBCL and potentially other B-cell tumor types. This target should be explored as the antigen of next-generation CAR-T therapy that has the potential to save and extend the lives of patients.


Lymphocytes bearing T cell receptor (TcR) gamma/delta are increased in the jejunal mucosa of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and coeliac disease. In this study, we examined whether increased numbers of gamma/delta TcR positive lymphocytes occur in the oral mucosa of patients with DH. Oral and jejunal mucosal biopsies were taken from 13 newly diagnosed and 13 gluten free diet (GFD)-treated patients with DH. Monoclonal antibodies and avidin-biotin peroxidase method was used for staining, and TcR positive cells were counted from the buccal and jejunal epithelium. Very few gamma/delta TcR positive lymphocytes were seen in the buccal epithelium of untreated or GFD-treated DH patients (median 0.4 and 0.3 cells/mm2), whereas alpha/beta TcR positive lymphocytes were frequent in both groups of DH patients (154 and 250 cells/mm2) and healthy controls (135 cells/mm2). The numbers of gamma/delta TcR positive intraepithelial lymphocytes were significantly increased in the jejunum of both untreated (43 cells/mm) and GFD-treated (27 cells/mm) DH patients compared to control patients (2.2 cells/mm). The present study did not, therefore, disclose any evidence for active recruitment of gamma/delta TcR positive lymphocytes in the oral epithelium, but showed substantial amounts of intraepithelial alpha/beta TcR positive lymphocytes both in DH patients and healthy controls.


This small scale qualitative study interviewed 33 maintained school headteachers and academy principals to identify their attitude to and perceptions of effective school to school collaboration. The research has been informed by Hall and Oldroyd's (1992) model of the collaboration process and by Coleman's (2011) model of collaborative leadership. Evidence of the anticipated linear nature of Hall and Oldroyd's model was not found, rather there is evidence that frequently collaborations slip back to earlier more confrontational stages of development. Whilst this in some cases can derail the collaboration totally, in others it can galvanise the group into developing more effective partnership working than might otherwise have been the case. The study has been able to explore the various elements of Coleman's leadership model and contends that there needs to be an elasticity in the way in which the elements are utilised to maximise effectiveness. This has implications for future leadership development. As with all qualitative research, the findings have raised some interesting questions beyond the main focus of the study which need further exploration. One such question concerns the increasing political emphasis placed on the importance of academy chains and the implications of their role in the educational landscape. As chains take on many of what would have been Local Authority functions, will they become the new 'middle tier' of accountability superseding the Local Authority organisation? As the educational landscape in England continues to change, there remains a need for balanced, in-depth research into the impact and implications of the change.


Arrays of covalently immobilized and aligned graphene ribbons have been successfully prepared on silicon wafers. The effect of covalent modification on the electrical properties of the single-layer graphene was investigated. The effective electron field mobility of the constructed FETs, measured at 2700 cm2V(-1) s(-1), was higher than that for graphene film directly deposited on SiO2, possibly due to lower phonon scattering from the substrate surface, implying that the field effect mobilities may be enhanced with proper choice of substrates. The contact resistance between Cr electrodes and the single-layer graphene ribbon was determined to be 1.62 komega from the TLM structures.