We report on thermo- and light-regulated formation and disintegration of double hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBC) micelles associated with tunable fluorescence emissions by employing two types of DHBCs covalently labeled with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor and acceptor moieties, respectively, within the light and temperature dually responsive block. Both DHBCs are molecularly soluble at room temperature in their aqueous mixture, whereas, upon heating to above the critical micellization temperature (CMT, ~31 °C), they coassemble into mixed micelles possessing hydrophilic coronas and mixed cores containing FRET donors and acceptors. Accordingly, the closer spatial proximity between the FRET pair (NBDAE and RhBEA moieties) within micellar cores leads to substantially enhanced FRET efficiency, compared to that in the non-aggregated unimer state. Moreover, upon UV irradiation, the light-reactive moieties undergo light-cleavage reaction and transform into negatively charged carboxylate residues, leading to elevated CMT (∼46 °C). Thus, thermo-induced mixed micelles in the intermediate temperature range (31 °C < T < 46 °C) undergo light-triggered disintegration into unimers, accompanied with the decrease of FRET efficiency. Overall, the coassembly and disassembly occurring in the mixed DHBC solution can be dually regulated by temperature and UV irradiation, and most importantly, these processes can be facilely monitored via changes in FRET efficiency and distinct emission colors.


A 12 month cross-sectional study was carried out at Lafenwa Abattoir Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria from July, 2011 to June, 2012. This was to determine the prevalence and economic loss of bovine tuberculosis in this abattoir. A total of 928 cases of bovine tuberculosis out of 52,273 cattle slaughtered during this period were condemned, representing a total prevalence of 1.78% (95% CI: 1.31- 2.14%). Typical tuberculous lesions were found in the Lung, Liver and Spleen, higher rate of organ condemnation was observed in the lung followed by liver and spleen. There was statistically significant difference in rate of organ condemnation (P<0.05). The monthly prevalence and sequence plot revealed an epidemic tendency for bovine tuberculosis during this period and there was statistically significant difference between prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and seasonal occurrence. An estimated total loss of N1.2 million (US$7,367) due to bovine tuberculosis was observed in this abattoir for the year. It was concluded that bovine tuberculosis is prevalent with epidemic tendency in cattle destined for human consumption, also with attending serious public health implications and huge loss to both the butchers and national economy. Keywords : Bovine tuberculosis, Prevalence, Economic loss, Lafenwa abattoir


Flexible Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have a strong oncoming consumer market demand for use in wearable electronic devices, flexible smart electronics, roll-up displays, electronic shelf labels, active radio-frequency identification tags, and implantable medical devices. This market demand necessitates research and development of flexible LIBs in order to fulfill the power requirements of these next-generation devices. In this study, the performance of semi solid anode for flexible Lithiumion battery was investigated through a mathematical model in order to reduce the number of experiments and to achieve the desired energy capacity of the battery. This model is a multiphysics three-dimensional heterogeneous model where all necessary transport phenomena including the charge and mass transfer and electrochemical reactions are considered at continuum mechanics level. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to solve governing equations numerically using a finite element method. This model is for a half-cell simulation, and by using experimental results obtained in the lab. The maximum specific discharge capacity of the simulation Graphite/Li half-cell and LCO/Li reached up to 248(mAh/g) and 128(mAh/g), respectively, compared to the values received in the experimental test of ∼240 (mAh/g) for Graphite/Li and 120 (mAh/g) for LCO/Li. Overall, the simulation results were in acceptable agreement with those of the experiment. Parametric study was also performed to study the effect of adjustable parameters on the performance of both half cells. The difference in the discharge capacity was observed showing higher values at higher cell temperature and lower c-rate.


The purpose of this study was to identify the influence on appearance management behaviors and valuation of appearanc to the college women`s appearance. The participant was 272 college women`s from North Gyeongsang provinces. Datas were collected by a self questionnaire from March 19, 2010 to April 23, 2010 and analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 win program. The fit indices of modified model were χ 2=31.914(p<.032), χ 2/df=1.680, RMR=.030, GFI=.976, AGFI=.932, NFI=.859, IFI=.938, CFI=.929, RMSEA=.050 and showed high compatibility with the empiricial data. In the final model, The result show that the college women`s appearance management behaviors were management via cosmetic surgery, cosmetic care, hair care, skin care, body care, in order. The importance of appearance was 2.99/(5.00), and satisfaction of appearance was 2.73/(5.00). The most important factors were skin care and body care in self satisfaction of appearance.


To identify chromosomal regions that may include the loci of abnormally expressed cellular genes and may be specifically altered depending on the histological subtype of the tumor, we studied primary cervical carcinoma using CGH and HPV genotyping. Eighty-seven percent of the primary tumors were positive for DNA of a "high-risk" HPV type (e.g., 16 or 18). In the cervical carcinomas, without reference to histologic subtype, overrepresentation of chromosome 3q was the most consistent chromosomal aberration with underrepresentation of chromosome 3p also a frequent finding. Chromosome arms 1q, 5p, 20q, and Xq were overrepresented in many tumors and 3p loss and 5p, 8q, and 16q gain were only associated with squamous cell carcinoma in this series.


How much redistribution policies can account for long-run changes in inequality? To answer this question, we quantify the extent of redistribution over time by the percentage reduction from pretax to post-tax inequalities, and decompose the changes in post-tax inequalities into different redistributive policies and changes in pretax inequalities. To estimate these redistributive statistics, we construct homogenous annual series of post-tax national income for France over the 1900-2018 period, and compare them with those recently constructed for the U.S. We obtain three major findings. First, redistribution has increased in both countries over the period, earlier in the U.S., later in France, to reach similar levels today. Second, the substantial long-run decline in post-tax inequality in France over the 1900-2018 period is due mostly to the fall in pretax inequality (accounting for three quarters of the total decline), and to a lesser extent to the direct redistributive role of taxes, transfers and other public spending (about one quarter). Third, the reason why overall inequality is much smaller in France than in the U.S. is entirely due to differences in pretax inequality. These findings suggest that policy discussions on inequality should, in the future, pay more attention to policies affecting pretax inequality and should not focus exclusively on "redistribution".


Communication equipment for use by divers involves problem areas that are normally not considered as part of the design engineer's interest. Because all equipment carried by the diver must be considered in the context of his life support system, design engi- neering is critically affected by the diver's psychological attitude, his physiological limitations in stress situations, and the compatibility of peripheral equipment with the basic life support system. This paper deals with some of the major problems indigenous to each of these areas, the effect on system design and the solutions used in each area in the design of a 42 kHz amplitude-modulated, wireless diver com- munication unit. Having attained an acceptable design, evidenced by several hundred working units in the field, the author discusses some of the pressing needs for diver communication today. IKTRODUCTXON


On April 2014, 6 months old male Brown bear cub that found in the Saray district of Van province was brought into Directorship of Wild Animal Protection of University of Yuzuncu Yil. Despite all the intervation, bear cub, very poor condition in clinically, dead after two days. In postmortem patological and parasitological examination were detecded severe hemorrhagic enteritis and many hookworms with white colour and approximately 1 cm diameter in surface of the small intestine. In stereo microscopic examinations, it was concluded that this worms are Uncinaria spp. This case report represents the first time Uncinaria spp. have been reported in Brown bear in Turkey.


With the continued scaling of chip manufacturing technologies, the significance of process variation in performance of the systems is increasing. Specifically, process variation results in growing voltage and frequency overhead margins required to ensure error free operation of circuits. However, the traditional practice of over-designing the systems to cover process variation is no longer an efficient design methodology in an age with high demands for processing power and limited energy supplies. In this dissertation, a novel analytical model is proposed to predict the required margin accurately in the early stages of design space exploration. The model can be used to optimize the system overhead in error free calculations or to release the bound by full correctness in error tolerant parts of systems and optimize the energy vs. performance trade-off. Additionally, this model also considers the statistics of the inputs of the circuit as compared to other existing efforts enabling it to achieve close predictions of full circuit simulation results in a short time. This model is finally used in an adaptive carry select/ripple carry adder configuration to demonstrate the potential achievable power savings.Growing variation in newer technology nodes is not always a negative side effect. The increased inherent randomness in the process manufacturing technology can be utilized to develop unique physically unclonable functions (PUFs). These functions are irreproducible hardware-based authenticating systems, which do not require memory-based storage. A low overhead delay-based PUF using the variation of the silicon manufacturing is also proposed in the second part of this work. The proposed PUF uses a simple and efficient structure to convert the randomness of the manufacturing process into random responses to fixed challenges in identically designed circuits.


In May 2012, the collaboration of Hana Bank, top financial service company, and SK Planet, top telecommunication service provider, introduced a new credit card that was filled with all-in-one benefits into the market. Leveraging strong infrastructure of two companies, each top in its own industries, the awareness and preference of 'Club SK Card' brand rapidly increased to about 25% in less than one year. Moreover, this new card was enthroned in the most sold credit card of year 2012, accounting for a market share of 7.2% in the credit card market and more than 80% in the mobile credit card market. To make these results possible, 'Club SK Card' marketing team developed an effective marketing communication strategy which followed the 6M model. The mission of the marketing communication strategy was simple and clear. It was to deliver the card`s inherent strengths on consumer benefits that come from the support of subsidiary and affiliated companies of SK Planet. According to OK Cashbag data, the marketing communication team selected the appropriate target consumers and approached them directly, inducing actual purchase behavior. The target consumers received straightforward messages about 'Club SK Card' and were led to join in the new membership at their most frequently visited supermarket or franchise restaurant. The straightforward communication message embedded in an eye-catching commercial ad with a hook song accompanied with a dance was delivered via public media. The ad became so popular that many other television programs quoted or made parodies of the ad. Courtesy of the commercial ad, the brand name disseminated rapidly and widely among the public. In October 2012, an ingenious planning and persistent implementation of the communication strategy results 'Club SK Card' to be ranked top in brand awareness as well as advertising preference tests.


A survey was performed of U.K. lower-limb reconstruction services and the protocol for management of free flaps to the lower limb in the first postoperative week. The postoperative period is of vital importance in these patients due to the complex nature of microsurgical tissue transfer. A range of answers were received in response to the questions regarding protocols, with no overall consensus on the postoperative plan for these patients. Patients are being managed differently in different units across the United Kingdom. A protocol that has been used successfully by the senior author is described, and we encourage others without a protocol to adopt this one.


There is a global trend of deploying distributed grid scale storages in power systems for specific applications like, renewable integration, peak load management, congestion management, etc. Due to high capital investment, return on investment (ROI) for grid scale storage for any specific application is not lucrative enough for investors. However, if these storages are used across multiple applications, ROI could be more attractive than expected. In this paper, we focus on exploring the ROI when storage devices are used for applications such as transmission and distribution (T&D) system upgrade deferral and mitigation of renewable energy curtailment. We formulate an optimization problem to trade off the economic advantage of using storage devices versus its loss of life. While the formulation is generic and can handle any kind of storage, we focus on battery storage. We use detailed formulations to estimate loss of battery life to estimate capital expenditure (capex) on battery storage, on a per-day basis.


Whole-Brain Neuronal Activity Displays Crackling Noise Dynamics Ponce-Alvarez A, Jouary A, Privat M, Deco G, Sumbre G. Neuron. 2018;100(6):1446-1459.e6. Previous studies suggest that the brain operates at a critical point in which phases of order and disorder coexist, producing emergent patterned dynamics at all scales and optimizing several brain functions. Here, we combined light-sheet microscopy with GCaMP zebrafish larvae to study whole-brain dynamics in vivo at near single-cell resolution. We show that spontaneous activity propagates in the brain's 3-dimensional space, generating scale-invariant neuronal avalanches with time courses and recurrence times that exhibit statistical self-similarity at different magnitude, temporal, and frequency scales. This suggests that the nervous system operates close to a nonequilibrium phase transition, where a large repertoire of spatial, temporal, and interactive modes can be supported. Finally, we show that gap junctions contribute to the maintenance of criticality and that, during interactions with the environment (sensory inputs and self-generated behaviors), the system is transiently displaced to a more ordered regime, conceivably to limit the potential sensory representations and motor outcomes.


Over the last 25 years, researchers have developed exogenously expressed, genetically engineered, semi-synthetic, and entirely synthetic ion channels. These structures have sufficient fidelity to serve as unique tools that can reveal information about living organisms. One of the most exciting success stories is optogenetics: the use of light-gated channels to trigger action potentials in specific neurons combined with studies of the response from networks of cells or entire live animals. Despite this breakthrough, the use of molecularly engineered ion channels for studies of biological systems is still in its infancy. Historically, researchers studied ion channels in the context of their own function in single cells or in multicellular signaling and regulation. Only recently have researchers considered ion channels and pore-forming peptides as responsive tools to report on the chemical and physical changes produced by other biochemical processes and reactions. This emerging class of molecular probes has a number of useful characteristics. For instance, these structures can greatly amplify the signal of chemical changes: the binding of one molecule to a ligand-gated ion channel can result in flux of millions of ions across a cell membrane. In addition, gating occurs on sub-microsecond time scales, resulting in fast response times. Moreover, the signal is complementary to existing techniques because the output is ionic current rather than fluorescence or radioactivity. And finally, ion channels are also localized at the membrane of cells where essential processes such as signaling and regulation take place. This Account highlights examples, mostly from our own work, of uses of ion channels and pore-forming peptides such as gramicidin in chemical biology. We discuss various strategies for preparing synthetically tailored ion channels that range from de novo designed synthetic molecules to genetically engineered or simply exogenously expressed or reconstituted wild-type channels. Next we consider aspects of experimental design by comparing various membrane environments or systems that make it possible to quantify the response of ion channels to biochemical processes of interest. We present applications of ion channels to answer questions in chemical biology, and propose potential future developments and applications of these single molecule probes. Finally we discuss the hurdles that impede the routine use of ion channel probes in biochemistry and cell biology laboratories and developments and strategies that could overcome these problems. Optogenetics has facilitated breakthroughs in neuroscience, and these results give a dramatic idea of what may lie ahead for designed ion channels as a functional class of molecular probes. If researchers can improve molecular engineering to increase ion channel versatility and can overcome the barriers to collaborating across disciplines, we conclude that these structures could have tremendous potential as novel tools for chemical biology studies.


Background Persistent tenosynovitis and degenerative tendinitis is associated with pain and can lead to dysfunction and tendon damage. While tenosynovitis is a common finding in rheumatoid arthritis, data on tendon involvement in hand osteoarthritis (HOA) is clearly limited. The clinical assessment of tendons is difficult and not fully standardized, but muculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) has been used successfully in inflammatory rheumatic disease as a sensitive method to detect tenosynovitis, tendon damage and osteophytes. Objectives To characterize tendon involvement in hand osteoarthritis and compare ultrasound with clinical assessment. Methods In this cross-sectional observational study 34 patients with HOA underwent MSUS and clinical examination on the same day. Each flexor and extensor tendon of the hand was scored independently for tenosynovitis and tendon damage (presence/absence) respectively by an expert in MSUS, blinded to the results of the clinical examination. Additionally, osteophytes in the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers were assessed. Clinical assessment of tendons for tendon involvement included volar or dorsal pain, crepitus and swelling involving the hand, wrist or forearm during active movement of the tendon against resistance according to the Birmingham consensus criteria, by assessors who were blinded to the results of the MSUS. Conventional radiographs (CR) of the hands were also acquired and evaluated by the Interphalangeal Osteoarthritis Radiographic Simplified score. Results The majority of patients (30/34, 88.2%) were female, with a mean age of 69.5±8.5 years and a median of 10 (9–22.5) years disease duration. Clinical examination revealed tendon involvement in 21 (61.8%) patients with a median of 3 (range 1–14) affected tendons. In MSUS tenosynovitis was detected in 17/33 patients (51.5%) with a median of 1 (1–4) tendon involved. Tendon damage was found in 8/33 patients (24.2%) with a median of 2 (1–11) tendons involved. A total of 20/33 (60.6%) patients exhibited sonographic signs of tendon involvement (tenosynovitis/tendon damage) with a median of 2 (1–12) involved tendons. Tendon damage was found more often on the right hand (p<0.05) while tenosynovitis did not significantly differ. Similarly, no significant difference between male and female patients was found. The extensor digitorum and the extensor carpi ulnaris tendons were the most commonly affected tendons under US. Tenosynovitis was found to be more prevalent among extensor tendons (p<0.001), while tendon damage was demonstrated at a higher frequency in flexor tendons (p<0.05) (Fig. 1). The agreement between MSUS and clinical examination was moderate on the patient level and poor on the level of individual tendons. Osteophytes were found in 96.8% patients using MSUS and in 100% of patients assessed using CR. Osteophytes detected on MSUS or CR showed good agreement (p=0.01, Cronbach's Alpha=0.66). Conclusions The findings of our study reveal a high prevalence of tendon involvement in patients with hand OA. Sensitivity of MSUS in detecting tendon involvement coupled with the lack of agreement between clinical examination and MSUS on the level of individual tendons may suggest that while clinical examination is able to identify patients with overall tendon involvement, it does not allow the specific identification of involved tendons. Disclosure of Interest None declared


This work deals with the covalent coupling of azide-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles as a reactive core and amino-terminated PAMAM dendrons as a reactive shell. The nanoassemblies thereby obtained could be modified after the dendronization step by grafting an alkynyl Bodipy dye on the unreacted azide moieties. Only a few steps are required to attain nanoassemblies that could mimic dendrimers of high generation with sizes of nano-objects beyond those of dendrimers. The structure of the nanoassemblies are composed of a polystyrene core, an inner shell including the Bodipy dyes along with the internal branches of the PAMAM, and the terminal amino groups from the outer shell. The dendritic shell acts as a protective layer that prevents NP from aggregation in a surfactant free aqueous solution. The nano-objects display absorption and emission maxima above 500 nm with brightness that are the same order of magnitude than Qdots. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 115–126


Age and growth of two marine protunid crabs, Portunus (Portunus) sanguinolentus and P. (P.) pelagicus was investigated based on the data collected from the commercial catches landed at Mangalore, Malpe and Karwar, three major fish landing centres in Karnataka state, along the southwest coast of India during 1992-'94. The size frequency analysis indicated that the growth rate was high and more or less uniform in juveniles, while the adults showed relatively low rate of growth and marked variation in males and females. In P. (P.) sanguinolentus , the mean monthly growth rates were 10.3 m and 8.8 mm and attained a carapace width of 124.1 and 112.5 mm by males and females respectively on completion of one year. In P. (P.) pelagicus, the average growth rates were 11.0 and 9.6 mm and attained a size of 145.2 and 132.5 mm by males and females respectively, at the end of one year. The von Bertalanffy's growth parameters, L_, K and to were 195 mm, 0.99 yr1 and -0.0132 yr for males and 188 mm, 0.82 yr1 and -0.0975 yr for females. In P. (P.) pelagicus , the growth parameters were 211 mm,. 1.14 yr 1 and -0.0194 yr for males and 204 mm, 0.97 yr1 and -0.0691 yr for females.


The vapor phase methanol process, introduced by ICI technology in 1966, and the liquid phase methanol synthesis process (LPMeOHtm) introduced first by ChemSystems, Inc. (now Nexant) in 1975, are seen as the 2 big research/technology advances in the conventional methanol synthesis technology. The success of these 2 processes, both from a scientific and commercial standpoint, primarily is driven by the very superior, almost anomalous, performance of the proprietary Cu/ZnO/Al2O3ICI technical catalyst, and it's very unique microstructural features, often termed as a "microcrystalline sponge". The LPMeOHtm process overcomes some of the glaring drawbacks associated with the vapor phase process, viz., highly exothermal nature of methanol synthesis reactions, presence of local reactor hot spots which presents possibility of thermal runaways, and low per-pass CO/H2 conversions.


Potential for generation of meteotsunami waves via open ocean resonance has been documented for the shallow northern Adriatic, based on a set of barotropic numerical modeling experiments. Model simulations were forced by a bell-shaped traveling atmospheric (air pressure, wind) disturbance, with shape and propagation parameters chosen in accordance with measurements done during several observed northern Adriatic meteotsunamis. Air pressure disturbances were found to generate much larger meteotsunami waves than wind disturbances, with wind disturbances having a limited influence in the very coastal and shallow areas only. Numerical simulations reveal that the most important factor for generation of large meteotsunami waves is matching between the speed of the atmospheric disturbance and the speed of long-ocean waves. Already a small (∼10%) deviation from resonant conditions stops the wave growth and dramatically decreases height of predicted waves. A train of atmospheric disturbances can significantly increase maximum wave heights at selected locations at which multiple reflections and superimpositions of meteotsunami waves occur. Sensitivity of model simulations to resonant conditions and limited cross-propagation width of atmospheric disturbance explain the localization of destructive meteotsunami waves in a limited area during destructive historic events. Mapping of maximum predicted wave heights indicates places with large meteotsunami hazard potential, matching the locations where real events were observed, and may be a useful tool for assessing vulnerability and risks in coastal areas during extreme sea level events.


The aim of the paper is to present possible using of monitoring systems associated with photovoltaic systems (PV) in point of its integration with electrical power system (EPS). Presented investigations is a case study of 15 kW Scientific Photovoltaic System. The paper contains a description of applied control and monitoring systems including monitoring of PV panels parameters, weather condition, PV DC/AC inverters as well as special monitoring systems dedicated to power quality (PQ) and shape of voltage and current. The aim of the paper is to exhibit a possibility to combine different monitoring systems of the PV in order to improve evaluation of integration of PV with EPS. Presented example contains selected elements of power quality assessment, power and energy production, weather conditions for selected period of PV system working time.


The question of how to deal with professional degrees upon marital breakdown is an interesting one, yet there is a relative paucity of Canadian cases on the subject. In the United States, where the issue has been considered much more frequently, there are conflicting opinions as to the proper approach. Often, degrees acquired during marriage are not explicitly dealt with on their own; they are used as factors to be considered in awarding maintenance payments or an unequal division of other marital assets. Rarely has it been argued that the value of the degrees themselves be divided as part of the matrimonial property; rarer still has such an argument met with much success. Courts have focused on the question of whether degrees can be considered property and rejected the claim on that basis. Underlying these decisions is a concern for where a division of a degree as property might lead. This paper addresses these policy concerns and examines arguments in favour of dividing degrees acquired during the marriage as matrimonial property. Given the limitations of using existing matrimonial property legislation to do this, it is suggested that this is most effectively accomplished through a remedial constructive trust. These principles will then be applied to an analysis of the Ontario Court of Appeal's recent decision in Caratun v. Caratun.


The American colonialist had a stereotype image of the Filipinos, an image that may have been largely fostered by Dean C. Worcester's book, The Philippine Islands and their People. Worcester, an academic from the University of Michigan, first came to the Philippines in 1887 as a member of a scientific expedition. He pictured the Filipinos then as a people who behaved like children, lazy, of low intellectual capacity and morality, and with such character that they deserved to be colonized and placed under the supervision of a more progressive Western culture. He wrote that they were very superstitious and fatalistic and accepted disease and other forms of misfortune as God's will. They were not particularly inclined to adopting measures to avoid disease or to improve their unfortunate conditions. They would accept the simple explanation that the highly contagious disease, cholera, was brought by a black dog that caused an epidemic outbreak whenever it roamed the city streets. Like Worcester, the American media, including The Manila Times, blamed the outbreak of epidemics on the poor Filipinos for their unsanitary habits and surroundings, their lack of education, and their belief in superstitions. The newspaper had then recommended that during a cholera outbreak, Filipino servants should not stay in the same quarters as their American employers and that a massive campaign be waged urging the natives to clean their nipa shacks and dirty surroundings to save Manila and the Americans living in the city. Victor Heiser, who belonged to the same "imperialist" school of thought as Worcester, believed that the future of public health in the Philippines depended on the territory's ability to attract a big number of American investors who would do business in the Philippines. As a doctor, he was excited by the prospect of using the Philippines as a big laboratory where they would be privileged to conduct their experiments. Obviously, he lived in an era when the informed consent of the subject population was not an ethical prerequisite in conducting experiments involving human subjects. In his autobiography, he admitted that the Americans had mixed motivations, combining their personal and noble interests in supporting the health program. He believed that as long as the "Orientals" (referring to the Filipinos) remained in poor health, the Americans in the Philippines would continue to be exposed to the threat of tropical diseases. He was of the opinion that, from an economic perspective, the health of workers should first be addressed to prevent American businesses from incurring unnecessary losses. This view represented the thinking of most American colonialists then who addressed the health and sanitation concerns in the Philippines with zeal and vigor for their own survival and preservation. This paper analyzes the status of the Philippines in terms of health and sanitation during the American period. It discusses the involvement of American Officials in health as well as their health initiatives against infectious diseases. It is followed by a description of the health and scientific infrastructure that the Americans established in the Philippines, including Filipinization of the Health Professions (specifically medicine, dentistry and nursing). It also presented some Filipino reactions to American Health Initiatives, primarily how Filipinos initially resented the dictatorial means used to implement those programs. According to the study, Filipinos complained about American lack of culture sensitivity. At the end of the paper, it is stated that at some point, Victor Heiser eventually recognized the value of making necessary adjustments to Filipino culture. He realized that "the sanitary regeneration of the Philippines had to be brought about, not in spite of the Filipino, but with his assistance. He also began to understand the strong familial ties binding the Filipino families.


The Gospel of Buddha was first published in 1894. It soon became a worldwide bestseller, completely eclipsing the one previous attempt to popularize Buddhism in the West, Sir Edwin Arnold's The Light of Asia. Carus collected accounts of the life and teaching of the Buddha from many sources and fashioned a coherent and gripping narative which would be understood by Americans as very much like a Christian "gospel." The Gospel of Buddha was quickly translated into Japanese and other Eastern languages, and was taken up by teachers in the Buddhist world.This Gospel tells the story of the Prince Siddhattha, raised by his parents to be ignorant of all evil and suffering, and then was traumatically confronted by the spectacle of old age, sickness, and death. Giving up his family and his kingdom to seek Enlightenment, Siddhattha became a holy man, asking questions of religious authorities and practicing abstention. Then he found Enlightenment and became the Buddha when he understood the Four Noble Truths, and became a travelling preacher, spreading the word of the new religion, based on freedom from suffering by renunciation of the ego.


The thermally static and dynamic performance of an ultrasonic density probe for liquids is investigated in the density range of 750 to 1300 kg/m/sup 3/ at temperature ranging from 0 to 40/spl deg/C. The single transducer probe uses a pulse echo technique to obtain the characteristic acoustic impedance of the liquid and, subsequently, the speed of sound through the liquid to obtain the density of the liquid. Variations in the initial sound amplitude are addressed by the design of a layered two material probe. It is shown that it is possible to obtain an accuracy of 0.4% in the experiments carried out. For changing temperature, the probe exhibits large errors because of problems in estimating the temperatures in certain regions of the probe.


In traditional vehicles, a great amount of energy is dissipated by braking. In electric vehicles (EVs), however, electric motors can be controlled to operate as generators to convert kinetic and potential energy of vehicles into electrical energy and store it in batteries. In this paper, the relationship between regenerative braking factor and battery final SOC is derived and the final SOC from the relationship is compared to that from simulation. Two types of braking algorithms are introduced and applied to an EV, and the final SOC derived from simulation is compared to that derived from the relationship.


An assault on privity has swept through much of tort law in the United States, freeing plaintiffs to press charges of negligence against even those with whom they have never had contractual relations. With the exception of scattered pockets of resistance, this movement has revolutionized the field of legal malpractice. Following California's lead, many state courts no longer consider lack of privity a bar to a party who has suffered the effects of an attorney's malpractice.1 At the same time, these courts have almost universally resisted another policy that would also free more parties to press legal malpractice claims: allowing the clients of negligent attorneys to assign their claims to third parties.2 Here, too, California courts lead the way. Courts have lowered the privity bar in order to open new routes to the litigation of legal malpractice claims. In particular, courts have relaxed privity requirements in order to advance three


Over the last 20 years, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) has contributed in the development of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for multiphase flows. In the CFD department, a lot of efforts have been performed to provide CFD as a reliable simulation tool for the design, optimization and safety analyses of medium and large scale applications. The tool is expected to contribute in the improvement of the efficient use of energy and resources as well as safety operation. Most of the research activities are related to gas-liquid flows covering dispersed flows, stratified flows and mixture or transition flows. The development is carried out using Euler-Euler two or multi fluid model as the basis. The paper discussed some characteristics of the CFD model development in HZDR started with "simple", reliable experimental data for validation and stepwise and continuous improvement. The examples of each characteristic were given. The discussions covered three CFD modeling frames which had been developed in HZDR; they were iMUSIG for dispersed flows, AIAD for stratified flows and GENTOP concept for mixture or transitional flows.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of piperine on permeation of repaglinide (RGE) across rat epidermis. In addition, the role of chitosan (CTN) and its combination with piperine was investigated for exploring the possibility of further enhancing the permeation of RGE. The permeation of RGE across excised rat epidermis was, respectively, ~4-fold, ~5-fold and ~6- fold higher when piperine (0.008% w/v), CTN (1% w/v), or piperine – CTN mixture was used as donor vehicle as compared to propylene glycol: ethanol (PG: EtOH) (7:3) mixture. The merger of T2 and T3 (lipid-specific) and obliteration of T4 (protein-specific) endothermic transitions in the thermograms of excised rat epidermis suggested overwhelming influence of these treatments on skin lipids and proteins. Further, the observed increase in intercellular space, disordering of lipid structure and corneocyte detachment indicated considerable effect on the ultrastructure of rat epidermis. The enhancement in permeation of RGE across rat epidermis excised after various treatments for different periods was correlated with the transepidermal water loss of similarly treated viable rat skin. The treatment of HaCaT cell line with piperine influenced the TJ plaque protein zonula occludens (ZO-1) as evidenced by reduced immunofluorescence of anti-TJP1 (ZO-1) antibody in confocal laser scanning microscopic studies. Treatment of HaCaT cells with CTN decreased the intensity of fluorescence on the cell walls only marginally. However, remarkable decrease in the immunofluorescence of anti-TJP1 (ZO-1) antibody was observed after treatment of HaCaT cells with mixture of piperine and CTN. The systemic delivery of RGE in rats was enhanced by 8-fold and 9.5-fold from transdermal formulations containing, respectively, piperine (0.008 % w/v) or piperine (0.008 % w/v)–CTN (1% w/v) mixture as enhancer. Overall, the observations suggested overwhelming influence of piperine and CTN on ZO-1 protein to be responsible for enhancing the percutaneous permeation of RGE.


A disposable absorbent article including a wetness sensation member and visible highlighting indicating the presence of the wetness sensation member to facilitate an opportunity for the toilet training of the wearer. The wetness sensation member includes a permeable layer and a flow control layer. Urine deposited on the wetness sensation member can penetrate through the permeable body-facing layer in a z direction away from the wearer to the flow control layer. The flow control layer retards the passage of the urine through the wetness sensation member in the z direction while supporting the movement of the urine in an x-y plane to increase the wetted area contacting the wearer's skin and thereby enhance the wearer's awareness that urination has occurred. The visible highlighting is visible when viewing a body-facing surface of the article and may be associatively correlated with an externally visible marking and/or with the concept of toilet training.


Study region: The ungauged, agriculturally dominated La Vi River Basin, Vietnam. Study focus: Groundwater abstraction for food and industrial production is increasing globally, putting pressure on groundwater resources and associated ecosystems. In many countries, monitoring of abstraction is poorly organised, resulting in a paucity of data, particularly in developing regions. Therefore, alternative approaches to estimate groundwater withdrawals are necessary. In this study, two soft-data approaches for indirect catchment-scale groundwater abstraction estimation are developed using: (1) local knowledge through a qualitative field survey of groundwater level fluctuations and groundwater withdrawals, and (2) land use data combined with local knowledge on cropping and irrigation practices. New hydrological insights for the region: The approaches are tested and applied for the La Vi River Basin, for the 2016 dry season. Total dry season estimated abstractions of 31.07 × 106 m3 and 36.19 × 106 m3 resulted from the two approaches. The advantage of the second approach is the spatial distribution of the estimated groundwater abstraction, aligning highly intensive abstractions with intensive agricultural areas. Despite high uncertainty in both estimates, this quantitative estimate gives valuable information for water managers, and the relatively good agreement between the methods provides trust in the estimates. The approaches are cost-effective and computationally simple solutions for estimating groundwater abstraction in data-poor regions.


Abstract Prominent tuberculosis (TB) actors are invoking solidarity to motivate and justify collective action to address TB, including through intensified development and implementation (D&I) of technologies such as drugs and diagnostics. We characterize the ethical challenges associated with D&I of new TB technologies by drawing on stakeholder perspectives from 23 key informant interviews and we articulate the ethical implications of solidarity for TB technology D&I. The fundamental ethical issue facing TB technological D&I is a failure within and beyond the TB community to stand in solidarity with persons with TB in addressing the complex sociopolitical contexts of technological D&I. The failure in solidarity relates to two further ethical challenges raised by respondents: skewed power dynamics that hinder D&I and uncertainties around weighing risks and benefits associated with new technologies. Respondents identified advocacy and participatory research practices as necessary to address such challenges and to motivate sustained collective action to accelerate toward TB elimination. We present the first empirical examination of bioethical accounts of solidarity in public and global health. Our study suggests that solidarity allows us better to understand and address the ethical challenges that arrest the D&I of new TB technologies. Solidarity lends credence to policies and practices that address the relational nature of illness and health through collective action.


While the StandardModel (SM) predicts a branching ratio of the Higgs boson decaying to invisible particles of O(0.001), the current measurement of the Higgs boson coupling to other SM particles allows for up to 30% of the Higgs bosonwidth to originate from decays beyond the SM (BSM). The small SM-allowed rate of Higgs boson decays to invisible particles can be enhanced if the Higgs boson decays into a pair of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which may explain the nature of dark matter. The Vector Boson Fusion (VBF) production mechanism of the Higgs boson provides a distinctive signature with two forward jets that are largely separated in pseudorapidity leading to a large invariant mass that can be used to target events with invisible Higgs decays, where particles invisible to the detector are a source of missing transverse energy. The most recent results using the ATLAS detectors at the LHC of VBF-produced Higgs bosons decaying invisibly are presented, utilizing the full Run-2 dataset of 139 fb−1 of 13 TeV center-of-mass proton–proton collisions. Further interpretations set limits on the VBF production of other heavy scalars, and the WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering cross-section.


An orientation to selected resources in Andover-Harvard Theological Library and in online resources licensed by the Harvard Library for the study of the Bible


AbstractOne-dimensional diffusion problems in bounded porous media characterized by the presence of nonlocal interactions are investigated by assuming a Darcy's constitutive equation of convolution integral type. A power law attenuation function is implemented: Analogies and differences of the flow-rate-pressure law with respect to other nonlocal and fractal models are outlined. By means of the continuity relationship, the fractional diffusion equation is then derived. It involves spatial Riemann-Liouville derivatives with a noninteger order consisting of between 1 and 2. The solution is obtained numerically using fractional finite differences, and results are presented in both the transient and the steady-state regimes. Eventually, the physical meaning of fractional operators is discussed and potential applications of the analysis are suggested.


&NA; This mini‐review provides a perspective of traditional, emerging and future applications of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and how genome editing tools can be used to overcome current challenges in all these applications. It also describes available tools and how these can be further developed, and takes current legislation into account. Genome editing tools are necessary for the construction of strains for new applications and products, but can also play a crucial role in traditional ones, such as food and probiotics, as a research tool for gaining mechanistic insights and discovering new properties. Traditionally, recombinant DNA techniques for LAB have strongly focused on being food‐grade, but they lack speed and the number of genetically tractable strains is still rather limited. Further tool development will enable rapid construction of multiple mutants or mutant libraries on a genomic level in a wide variety of LAB strains. We also propose an iterative Design‐Build‐Test‐Learn workflow cycle for LAB cell factory development based on systems biology, with 'cell factory' expanding beyond its traditional meaning of production strains and making use of genome editing tools to advance LAB understanding, applications and strain development.


Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic used for cancer chemotherapy. The utility of doxorubicin is limited by its inability to kill all of the cells within a tumor and by resistant cells emerging from the treated population. We have screened for genes that regulate doxorubicin susceptibility in highly tumorigenic breast cancer cells by cDNA microarray and RNA interference (RNAi) analysis, and we have identified genes associated with both proliferation and cell cycle arrest after doxorubicin treatment. We confirmed that MDA-MB-231 cells treated with doxorubicin induce the expression of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding 2 (Id2), activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3), and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase 55-kDa regulatory subunit p55PIK. These genes were induced at different times and with varying specificities to different chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition to being induced at the transcriptional level, the CAII and clusterin proteins were elevated after doxorubicin treatment. CAII, Id2, p55PIK, and clusterin were not altered by doxorubicin in MCF-7 cells, a weakly tumorigenic cell line used in previous studies of doxorubicin-regulated gene expression. By inhibiting gene expression using RNAi, we found that CAII and clusterin increase cell survival after doxorubicin treatment, whereas Id2 increases susceptibility to doxorubicin. Our results support a model in which highly tumorigenic breast cancer cells induce a transcriptional response to doxorubicin that is distinct from less malignant cells. The induced genes regulate drug susceptibility positively and negatively and may be novel targets for therapeutic intervention.


Abstract Previously published models of gravity anomalies across the Highland Boundary Fault in western Scotland interpret this structure as a high-angle reverse fault. These gravity anomalies have been re-interpreted in the light of more extensive gravity data now available, and new density data from the Highland Border Complex. The new data suggest that earlier interpretations have overestimated the fault anomaly and used over-simplified density models. New gravity models of the Highland Boundary Fault Zone are presented which show that the interface between the Dalradian and Highland Border Complex dips to the northwest at an angle of about 20°. We interpret the contact between these two formations as a thrust fault. The interface between the Highland Border Complex and the Lower Old Red Sandstone is shown to be vertical as suggested by surface geology, with the latter rocks a few hundred metres thick.


The psychosocial experiences of foreign/native primary care patients with/without pain were examined. The study comprised 328 foreign patients and 794 native patients who completed various scales (e.g. burnout). The design was cross-sectional and data were collected over 15 consecutive days at 20 randomly selected primary care centres. Pain patients were faring worse than pain-free patients concerning demographics/finances, depression, burnout and job demands/control/strain. Foreign pain patients had the worst situation of all patients. Foreign background was a risk factor for depression and burnout. Foreign pain patients also had a more severe clinical situation (e.g. disability) than native pain patients and being a foreign pain patient was associated with a higher risk of disability/the diagnosis of multiple pain. However, foreign background was not a pain risk factor. Female gender was a risk factor for pain and for complex/constant pain/disability. Variables such as sick leave were also important. The authors confirmed previous research and may have provided new insights into the experiences of foreign/native primary care patients with/without pain. However, further research appears necessary, not the least concerning the role of burnout as an antecedent to pain and the role of ethnicity.


When people with otherwise manageable lives encounter a legal problem, they often do not know where to turn for help. Financial barriers to dispute resolutions can seem insurmountable and the whole process of resolving a legal controversy can be bewildering and overwhelming. Now imagine the difficulties a homeless person must face if confronted with a legal problem. Fortunately, the Arizona State University College of Law Homeless Legal Assistance Project (the "Homeless Project") operates a legal clinic every Thursday night at a Phoenix shelter. In the true spirit of professionalism, the Homeless Project's volunteer law students and attorneys are committed to providing legal counsel to the poor. The legal services that the Homeless Project provides range from straightforward legal research to representation in litigation. Volunteer attorneys are given a chance to use their talents to help those who could not otherwise afford legal aid. For volunteer students, the Homeless Project is a training ground that helps students develop the fundamental counseling and problem-solving skills that lie at the heart of a legal practice. From its onset, the Homeless Project has been administered by students at Arizona State University College of Law. The law students have made the Homeless Project the largest service of its kind in the nation.


We investigate the accuracy and the computational efficiency of the numerical schemes for evaluating fluid forces in Cartesian grid systems. A comparison is made between two different types of schemes, namely, polygon-based methods and mesh-based methods, which differ in the discretization of the surface of the object. The present assessment is intended to investigate the effects of the Reynolds number, the object motion, and the complexity of the object surface. The results show that the mesh-based methods work as well as the polygon-based methods, even if the object surface is discretized in a staircase manner. In addition, the results also show that the accuracy of the mesh-based methods is strongly dependent on the evaluation of shear stresses, and thus they must be evaluated by using a reliable method, such as the ghost-cell or ghost-fluid method.


This thesis describes the perparations of series of derivatives of tungsten (VI) fluorides, and experimental techniques, used to investigate their physical and chemical properties, particularly 19F n.m.r spectroscopy and 18F tracer techniques. The substituents X of the series WF6- nXn which are investigated are -NMe2,-Net2, -OC6F5,-OC(O)R (where R=Me or CF3) , CN,NCO and Cl. They were chosen to develop different aspects of the chemistry of W(Vl), in particular to investigate the effects of ligands of different electronic and steric properties on the reactivities and stereochemistry of the compounds. Dialkyl amino derivatives of tungsten hexafluoride of the type WF6-n (NR2)n (R=Me,n=1 ;R=Et,n=1, 2 and 4) are obtained from the stoichiometric reactions of tungsten hexafluoride with dialkylamino trimethylsilanes. Attempts to prepare WF3(NEt2)3 by this method were unsuccessful and led to the formation of WF4(NEt2)2 or a mixture of unidentified species. The physical properties of WF5NR2 and WF4. (NEt2)2 are consistent with their being associated but WF2(NEt2)4 appears to be monomeric. Substitution of the fluoride by chloride, rather than W-N bond cleavage, occurs in reactions of WF5NEt2 with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. Analyses of the compounds obtained from the reactions of WF5NEt2 with Me3SiCl are consistent with the presence of more than one species, which are not completely characterized. WF5NEt2 reacts with (MeO)2S-O giving WF4(NEt2) (OS(O)OMe] which slowly decomposes to WF4(OMe)(NEt2). The n.m.r spectra of the products from the reactions of WF5MEt2 with trimethylmethoxysilene are consistent with the presence of more than one species. WF(OMe)2(NEt2)3 and WFCl2(NEt2)3 are obtained from the reactions of WF2(NEt2)4 with Me3SiOMe and Me3SiCl respectively. The reactions of tungsten hexafluorido with tris(dimethylamino) phosphine and trimethylsilyl imidazole are also described. Tungsten hexafluoride undergoes aminolysis with diethylamine, which has been followed by conductometric titrations in acetone solution, WF5OC6F5 and MoF5OC6F5 are prepared from the reaction of WF6 with Me3SiOC6F5(1 : 1 mole ratio). The molecular weight determinations and 19F n. m. r spectrum of WF5OC6F5 are consistent with its monomeric nature. The difference in the ortho and para fluorine chemical shifts of pentafluorophenyl group in WF5OC6F5 is smallest among the pentafluorophenyl derivatives, which suggests that -OWF5 is an pi electron acceptor group. The colour of both WF5OC6F5 and MoF5OC6F5 is ascribed to intramolecular charge transfer from the pentafluorophenyl ring to the non bonding orbitals of tungsten. The 19F n.m.r spectrum of the product obtained from the reaction of WF6 (1 mole) with Me3SiOC6F5 (2 moles) is consistent with a mixture including WF5OC6F5 and WF4(OC6F5)2. Carboxylato tungsten (VI) fluorides cannot be isolated from the reactions of WF6 with Me3SiOC(O)R, where R=CH3,CF3,C3F7. Tungsten hexafluoride undergoes substitution reaction with Me3SiX(X= CN or NCO), but the products are not completely charactrized. A fluorine-18 tracer technique has been developed to study the exchange reactions of WF6-nXn (where X=NEt2,0Me,OPh, OC6F5;n=1-4) with Me3SiF. The rate of exchange depends on the nature and number of substituents, concentrations, stoichiometry of the reactants and the reaction conditions. The mechanism of the exchange reactions can be related to the mechanism of substitution reactions.


A series of in vitro studies was conducted to determine the effects of adding a commercial enzyme product on the hydrolysis and fermentation of cellulose, xylan, and a mixture (1:1 wt/wt) of both. The enzyme product (Liquicell 2500, Specialty Enzymes and Biochemicals, Fresno, CA) was derived from Trichoderma reesei and contained mainly xylanase and cellulase activities. Addition of enzyme (0.5, 2.55 and 5.1 microL/g of DM) in the absence of ruminal fluid increased (P < 0.001) the release of reducing sugars from xylan and the mixture after 20 h of incubation at 20 degrees C. Incubations with ruminal fluid showed that enzyme (0.5 and 2.55 microL/g of DM) increased (P < 0.05) the initial (up to 6 h) xylanase, endoglucanase, and beta-D-glucosidase activities in the liquid fraction by an average of 85%. Xylanase and endoglucanase activities in the solid fraction also were increased (P < 0.05) by enzyme addition, indicating an increase in fibrolytic activity due to ruminal microbes. Gas production over 96 h of incubation was determined using a gas pressure measurement technique. Incremental levels of enzyme increased (P < 0.05) the rate of gas production of all substrates, suggesting that fermentation of cellulose and xylan was enzyme-limited. However, adding the enzyme at levels higher than 2.55 microL/g of DM failed to further increase the rate of gas production, indicating that the maximal level of stimulation was already achieved at lower enzyme concentrations. It was concluded that enzymes enhanced the fermentation of cellulose and xylan by a combination of pre- and postincubation effects (i.e., an increase in the release of reducing sugars during the pretreatment phase and an increase in the hydrolytic activity of the liquid and solid fractions of the ruminal fluid), which was reflected in a higher rate of fermentation.


Summary Component rig tests suggest that ANS triboconditioning brings significant improvements in the tribological properties of camshafts, cylinder liners, and rocker arm shafts. Extreme-pressure mechanical treatment of the component surface in combination with a tribochemical deposition of a low-friction antiwear film based on tungsten disulfide allows one to produce, in a single finishing operation, a smoother surface with a significantly reduced coefficient of boundary friction and improved wear-resistance and load-carrying capacity. The treatment proved to be especially efficient for reducing friction and wear in lubricated contacts under high tribological stress.


Abstract: The adult male of dracunculoid nematode Ichthyofilaria argentinensis Incorvaia, 1999 (Guyanemidae) is described for the first time based on specimens found in the swimbladder of its type host, Merluccius hubbsi Marini (Merlucciidae), caught off the coast of Buenos Aires, Argentina (western Atlantic Ocean). In addition, the males of Ichthyofilaria bergensis (Wülker, 1930) Køie, 1993 are redescribed from specimens collected from the body cavity and visceral surface of Molva macrophthalma (Rafinesque) (Lotidae) caught in the western Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Sardinia. Light and scanning electron microscopy examinations revealed some new morphological features for the genus, such as a pair of deirids located near the end of muscular oesophagus, the body wall conspicuously twisted immediately anterior to the cloaca, the presence of a copulatory plate, one pair of adcloacal papillae and a pair of phasmids situated on the posterior half of the tail. On the basis of this material, the generic diagnosis of Ichthyofilaria is modified to include some of these newly observed features, as well as to indicate the absence of spicules. The diagnosis of Guyanemidae is extended to include that a copulatory plate and/or two spicules may be present as characteristics for this family.


The threat of terrorism and rise of extremist movements across the globe pose some of the greatest challenges the world currently faces. While there have been serious conceptual and methodological problems within the psychological study of terrorism, the nascent field has advanced, and the evidence, theories and models have developed in their sophistication. The current article explores the role of social or collective identity in instigating, propagating and diminishing engagement in violent extremism. Specifically examining how when a fundamental need to belong is challenged through threats and uncertainty this can lead to the people joining entitative groups which can fuse personal and social identities. These identities can be further amplified through ingroup and outgroup processes leading to involvement in violent extremism. The paper also explores how identity can mediate the stress of this extremist lifestyle and sustain engagement in violence. In order to illustrate these processes, the article draws on interviews with Northern Irish paramilitaries. Finally, the paper explores the role of identity in moderating violent extremism, and provides suggestions of approaches to promote desistence from violent extremism.


Each year approximately 1 in 4 healthy older adults aged 65+ years and 1 in 2 aged 80+ years living in the community will fall. Fall-related injuries are the leading cause of death and disability and cost the United States approximately $31 billion annually. Currently, no repository of scene data exists that informs prevention programs regarding circumstances that contribute to older adult falls. This was a multicenter (4 sites: Kansas, Maryland, Oregon, and Texas) pilot study consisting of interviews of older (55+ years) patients who had been admitted to a trauma center with fall-related injuries. Questions included information regarding environment, behaviors, injuries, and demographics. Additional information was abstracted from patient medical record: comorbidities, medications, and discharge information. Data are presented descriptively. Forty-nine patients were interviewed: average age was 78 years; White (93.9%); female (53.1%); and most (63.3%) had fallen before. The most commonly reported fall factors and injuries included those occurring at home without agency services (65.0%), on hard flooring (51.1%), with laced shoes (44.2%), and with walkers (36.7%) and contained contusion/open wound of head (61.2%). Survey time was anecdotally estimated at 10–15 min. Preliminary data suggest that prevention efforts should emphasize on educating older adults to focus on ambulation, body position, and use of assistive devices in their daily activities. The development of a systematic and organized registry that documents scene data would inform public health agencies to develop fall prevention programs that promote older adult safety. Furthermore, it would provide a large sample size to test factor associations with injury severity.


An emerging field of research in Japanese linguistics examines the association between types of characters portrayed and their spoken language features in fiction, popular culture (e.g., manga [comic books] and anime [animated cartoons]), and beyond (the Internet). Sets of spoken language features (vocabulary and grammar) and phonetic characteristics (intonation and accent patterns) psychologically associated with particular character types are termed "role language" (yakuwarigo) in Author 2 (2003). This study seeks to introduce non-Japanese readers to the expanding research on role language in Japanese. It gives an overview of this new field, drawing on key literature (Author 2, 2003, 2008b) and related research on literature, popular culture, and Internet resources in Japanese and other languages. Through an examination of role language and its origins in Japanese, it will be shown that role language is used to characterise minor characters in a story in order to highlight the main characters, which require more elaborate rendering. Analyses of some established character types are also discussed and crosslinguistic studies of role language in Japanese and other languages are reviewed. Similarities and differences across languages are noted, as well as possible problems role language poses for learners of Japanese.


Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has successfully been applied to many optimization problems. One particularly interesting aspect of these algorithms is to study the communication behavior of the particles. Often, a neighborhood topology is defined a priori and used throughout the optimization run. However, the cost of communication between particles has not been analyzed up to now. In this paper, we will propose a novel algorithm called DAPSO (distributed archives PSO) that makes use of stationary archives to establish indirect communication architecture in the swarms. Moreover, we provide analytical results of the required communication energy in such a scenario. This might be especially important in robot swarms and sensor networks. The applicability of our new methodology will be shown on some selected test cases.


The problem of large-scale online matrix completion is addressed via a Bayesian approach. The proposed method learns a factor analysis (FA) model for large matrices, based on a small number of observed matrix elements, and leverages the statistical model to actively select which new matrix entries/observations would be most informative if they could be acquired, to improve the model; the model inference and active learning are performed in an online setting. In the context of online learning, a greedy, fast and provably near-optimal algorithm is employed to sequentially maximize the mutual information between past and future observations, taking advantage of submodularity properties. Additionally, a simpler procedure, which directly uses the posterior parameters learned by the Bayesian approach, is shown to achieve slightly lower estimation quality, with far less computational effort. Inference is performed using a computationally efficient online variational Bayes (VB) procedure. Competitive results are obtained in a very large collaborative filtering problem, namely the Yahoo! Music ratings dataset.


This work discusses the degradations caused by high-energy neutrons in advanced MOSFETs and compares them with damages created by γ-rays reviewing the original researches performed in our laboratory during last years [1-6]. Fully–depleted (FD) Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) MOSFETs and Multiple-Gate (MuG) FETs with different geometries (notably gate lengths down to 50 nm) have been considered. The impact of radiation on device behavior has been addressed through the variation of threshold voltage (VT), subthreshold slope (S), transconductance maximum (Gmmax) and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL). First, it is shown that degradations caused by high-energy neutrons in FD SOI and MuG MOSFETs are largely similar to that caused by γ-rays with similar doses [1,3]. Second, it is revealed that, contrarily to their generally-believed immunity to irradiation [7, 8], very short-channel MuGFETs with thin gate oxide can become extremely sensitive to the total dose effect [2,3]. The possible reason is proposed. Third, a comparative investigation of high-energy neutrons effects on strained and non-strained devices demonstrates a clear difference in their response to high-energy neutrons exposure [6]. Finally, based on simulations and modeling of partially –depleted (PD) SOI CMOS D Flip-Flop, we show how radiation-induced oxide charge and interface states build-up can affect well-known tolerance of SOI devices to transient effects [4,5].


Trials were conducted in the summer growing season of 2012-2014 in tomato fields in the region of Plovdiv (Bulgaria). The sex pheromone, produced by the females of T. absoluta – a mixture of (3E,8Z, 11Z)3,8,1 l-tetradecatrienyl acetate and (3E,8Z)-3,8-tetradecadienyl acetate in ratio 90:10 was used in several comercially available pheromone lures. A comparison was made between three lures of Russel IPM (Tuta absoluta 500 loaded with 0,5 mg synthetic sex pheromone, Tuta absoluta-Optima – with 0,8 mg and TUA100N – with 3 mg), Pherodis Tuta absoluta – with 0,8 mg (Koppert) and Tuta absoluta pheromone (BioBest) – with 0,5 mg. The lures were mounted on delta traps, spaced at relatively equal distance between each other at 60 cm height in open-field tomato crops. The trap density was 1 per 0.05-0.1 ha. No correlation was found between the number of trapped moths and the damage on leaves and fruits. Even with catches of more than 400 moths per week/trap the level of damage on leaves and fruits did not reach 8%. All the tested lure formulations adequately represented the dynamics of the population density of the males but exhibited different attractiveness to the moths. Overall for the years of the trials, the most attractive was the formulation of Tuta absoluta-Optima, followed by Pherodis Tuta absoluta, but during the cooler summer of 2014, the lures of Pherodis Tuta absoluta (Koppert) and Tuta absoluta pheromone (BioBest) were more attractive.


We present a guardian-based approach to detecting 'babbling idiots', faulty nodes which erroneously consume extra resource in an event triggered system. In general, one cannot detect all babbling idiots, but the maximum effect of undetected faults is bounded and small, and therefore can be taken into account in worst case response time analysis to guarantee that a babbling idiot cannot cause a timing failure elsewhere in the system. The approach is applied specifically to the CAN protocol to protect against faulty nodes transmitting message frames too often. We show that the overhead of including the effect of undetected frames into the worst case response time analysis is small enough to be of practical value.


Purpose Oral thrush by Candida species is a common ailment of individuals suffering from HIV infection. These species show a high resistance to antifungal drugs used for the treatment. Hence our study was conducted to determine the aetiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida isolates causing oral thrush in HIV patients. Materials and Methods: Isolation of Candida species was attempted from 60 cases of oral thrush in HIV infected patients at the Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Isolates were identified to species level based on chlamydospore formation; ability to form germ tube; assimilation/fermentation of carbohydrates; production of urease enzyme; formation of pellicle/surface film on Sabouraud's dextrose broth; growth on Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar (SDA) with cycloheximide and growth on SDA at 370C and 450C. Antifungal drug susceptibility testing was done by macro broth dilution test using azole group such as fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole. Results 56 Candida species were isolated of which C.albicans was the predominant isolate (84%), followed by C.tropicalis (8%), C.glabrata (3.5%), C.parapsilosis and C.kefyr (1.8% each). Most isolates (53) showed significantly higher resistance to fluconazole than the standard pathogenic control strain C.albicans NCPF 3153A. 31 isolates (66%) of C.albicans had Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values 8 times that of control for ketoconazole. 23 isolates had MIC for itraconazole of 0.5 µg/ml which was only twice as high as that of control (0.125 µg/ml), all others having comparatively equivalent MIC to itraconazole. Conclusion Our study indicates that although C.albicans is the predominant species, there are other species prevalent and causing infection in our HIV infected population. MIC's of our Candida isolates to commonly used antifungals such as fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole were significantly higher than the control strain used in the study. Our study indicated that itraconazole was the most effective among the azole group of drugs.


Dear Sir, We would like to draw the attention of readers to four references on the weathering of Dartmoor granite and erosion surfaces in South Devon. We have just found in a South African publication an interesting paper by Duncan & Dunne (1967) which deals largely with residual soils on the Dartmoor granite. Three papers (Orme 1964; Waters 1964; Brunsden 1964) from the book 'Dartmoor Essays' are particularly relevant to understanding the geomorphological and weathering history of the Dartmoor region. We apologize to the authors for not having found these references and included them in our own work.


Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are important effectors of antiviral immunity, and they induce target cell death either by secretion of cytoplasmic granules containing perforin and granzymes or by signaling through the Fas cell surface antigen. Although it is not known whether the granule-mediated and Fas-mediated cytolytic mechanisms share common components, proteinase activity has been implicated as an important feature of both pathways. The orthopoxviruses cowpox virus and rabbitpox virus each encode three members of the serpin family of proteinase inhibitors, designated SPI-1, SPI-2, and SPI-3. Of these, SPI-2 (also referred to as cytokine response modifier A in cowpox virus) has been shown to inhibit the proteolytic activity of both members of the interleukin 1 beta converting enzyme family and granzyme B. We report here that cells infected with cowpox or rabbitpox viruses exhibit resistance to cytolysis by either cytolytic mechanism. Whereas mutation of the cytokine response modifier A/SPI-2 gene was necessary to relieve inhibition of Fasmediated cytolysis, in some cell types mutation of SPI-1, in addition to cytokine response modifier A/SPI-2, was necessary to completely abrogate inhibition. In contrast, viral inhibition of granule-mediated killing was unaffected by mutation of cytokine response modifier A/SPI-2 alone, and it was relieved only when both the cytokine response modifier A/SPI-2 and SPI-1 genes were inactivated. These results suggest that an interleukin 1 beta converting enzyme-like enzymatic activity is involved in both killing mechanisms and indicate that two viral proteins, SPI-1 and cytokine response modifier A/SPI-2, are necessary to inhibit both cytolysis pathways.


Although next-generation sequencing technologies have accelerated the discovery of novel gene-to-disease associations, many patients with suspected Mendelian diseases still leave the clinic without a genetic diagnosis. An estimated one third of these patients will have disorders caused by mutations impacting splicing. RNA-sequencing has been shown to be a promising diagnostic tool, however few methods have been developed to integrate RNA-sequencing data into the diagnostic pipeline. Here, we introduce dasper, an R/Bioconductor package that improves upon existing tools for detecting aberrant splicing by using machine learning to incorporate disruptions in exon-exon junction counts as well as coverage. dasper is designed for diagnostics, providing a rank-based report of how aberrant each splicing event looks, as well as including visualization functionality to facilitate interpretation. We validate dasper using 16 patient-derived fibroblast cell lines harbouring pathogenic variants known to impact splicing. We find that dasper is able to detect pathogenic splicing events with greater accuracy than existing LeafCutterMD or z-score approaches. Furthermore, by only applying a broad OMIM gene filter (without any variant-level filters), dasper is able to detect pathogenic splicing events within the top 10 most aberrant identified for each patient. Since using publicly available control data minimises costs associated with incorporating RNA-sequencing into diagnostic pipelines, we also investigate the use of 504 GTEx fibroblast samples as controls. We find that dasper leverages publicly available data effectively, ranking pathogenic splicing events in the top 25. Thus, we believe dasper can increase diagnostic yield for a pathogenic splicing variants and enable the efficient implementation of RNA-sequencing for diagnostics in clinical laboratories.


A diesel fuel and air diffusion flame burner system has been designed for laboratory simulation of diesel exhaust gas. The system consists of mass flow controllers and a fuel pump, and employs several unique design and construction features. It produces particulate emissions with size, number distribution, and morphology similar to diesel exhaust. At the same time, it generates NOx emissions and HC similar to diesel. The system has been applied to test plasma discharges. Different design discharge devices have been tested, with results indicating the importance of testing devices with soot and moisture. Both packed bed reactor and flat plate dielectric barrier discharge systems remove some soot from the gas, but the designs tested are susceptible to soot fouling and related electrical failures. The burner is simple and stable, and is suitable for development and aging of plasma and catalysts systems in the laboratory environment.


As of yet, relatively little information exists regarding gender differences in attitudes toward the environment. This is particularly the case when countries besides the United States and Canada are considered. Further-more, the information available has proved to be inclusive, with some studies indicating that men are more concerned about the environment than women, others indicating that women are more concerned but only in relation to a narrow range of risk-related environmental issues, and still others finding no significant differences. Using nationally representative survey data from the United States, Great Britain, Norway, the Netherlands, West Germany, East Germany, and Japan, this study investigates gender differences in levels of scientific knowledge and its consequences for attitudes toward general environmental issues. The results suggest that although men and women do differ in terms of their knowledge of scientific matters, this has little or no effect on their attitudes toward the environment. Across a majority of nations, women are not more concerned about environmental issues than men and this lack of relationship holds whether or not differences in levels of scientific knowledge are controlled for in the analysis.


This work reviews the research concerning public perception of air pollution that has been published during the last two decades. Its goal is to identify research paradigms under which these studies were conducted in order to show how they positioned in either paradigm, as well as the distinct philosophical, theoretical, and methodological techniques of each paradigm and, therefore, its differences with the rest. The authors seek to demonstrate that the selection of a paradigm position entails the use of certain analytical and methodological approaches, including the researcher's practices and the outcomes. To this purpose, this work assumes that nowadays there are four main paradigms in social research: positivist, post-positivist, critical theory and constructivist. The first part of the paper outlines the philosophical origins and assumptions underlying the paradigms of research. In the second, empirical studies are discussed that illustrate how it is conceived and apprehended the perception of air pollution according to the research paradigm assumption. The third part presents some relevant findings.


High-risk human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) and HPV-18 are associated with the majority of human cervical carcinomas, and two viral genes, HPV E6 and E7, are commonly found to be expressed in these cancers. The presence of HPV-16 E7 is sufficient to induce epidermal hyperplasia and epithelial tumors in transgenic mice. In this study, we have performed experiments in transgenic mice to determine which domains of E7 contribute to these in vivo properties. The human keratin 14 promoter was used to direct expression of mutant E7 genes to stratified squamous epithelia in mice. The E7 mutants chosen had either an in-frame deletion in the conserved region 2 (CR2) domain, which is required for binding of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) and pRb-like proteins, or an in-frame deletion in the E7 CR1 domain. The CR1 domain contributes to cellular transformation at a level other than pRb binding. Four lines of animals transgenic for an HPV-16 E7 harboring a CR1 deletion and five lines harboring a CR2 deletion were generated and were observed for overt and histological phenotypes. A detailed time course analysis was performed to monitor acute effects of wild-type versus mutant E7 on the epidermis, a site of high-level expression. In the transgenic mice with the wild-type E7 gene, age-dependent expression of HPV-16 E7 correlated with the severity of epidermal hyperplasia. Similar age-dependent patterns of expression of the mutant E7 genes failed to result in any phenotypes. In addition, the transgenic mice with a mutant E7 gene did not develop tumors. These experiments indicate that binding and inactivation of pRb and pRb-like proteins through the CR2 domain of E7 are necessary for induction of epidermal hyperplasia and carcinogenesis in mouse skin and also suggest a role for the CR1 domain in the induction of these phenotypes through as-yet-uncharacterized mechanisms.


In recent years, ldquobag-of-wordsrdquo models, which treat an image as a collection of unordered visual words, have been widely applied in the multimedia and computer vision fields. However, their ignorance of the spatial structure among visual words makes them indiscriminative for objects with similar word frequencies but different word spatial distributions. In this paper, we propose a visual language modeling method (VLM), which incorporates the spatial context of the local appearance features into the statistical language model. To represent the object categories, models with different orders of statistical dependencies have been exploited. In addition, the multilayer extension to the VLM makes it more resistant to scale variations of objects. The model is effective and applicable to large scale image categorization. We train scale invariant visual language models based on the images which are grouped by Flickr tags, and use these models for object categorization. Experimental results show they achieve better performance than single layer visual language models and ldquobag-of-wordsrdquo models. They also achieve comparable performance with 2-D MHMM and SVM-based methods, while costing much less computational time.


The bearing capacity of the foundation is reduced in combination with horizontal loads and moments, and can be further reduced when torsion moment is applied. Therefore, torsion moment must be taken into account when calculating the loading capacity. This is particularly relevant for offshore foundations (underwater structures), since torsion is often of considerable size. The aim of this thesis is to make a numerical study of a rectangular mudmat foundation subjected to vertical loading, horizontal loading and torsion moment. The numerical calculations were mainly calculated by the finite element program PLAXIS 3D. Meanwhile, hand calculations of bearing capacities with Janbu and Davis & Booker methods are also carried out for comparison. The numerical studies were limited to undrained loading condition, where the undrained shear strength increases linearly with depth for a rectangular mudmat foundation; a) with outer skirts only b) with both outer and inner skirts Vertical and horizontal bearing capacities of mudmat foundation from finite element program PLAXIS 3D correspond well with the hand calculation results by Janbu method. However, the vertical bearing capacities from PLAXIS 3D are slightly higher than Janbu method, with a differencial value of 460kN(Model 1) and 80 kN(Model 2), corresponding to a differencial of 6% and 1%, respectively. It may have several explanations: ? The results of finite element programs is dependent on network element and element type. Theoretically, the analyses of model with more fine meshes and smaller average element size would generate more accurate results. ? PLAXIS 3D bulids a real 3-dimensional model, taking into consideration the 3D effections. However, Janbu method is based on the plane strain. However, torsional bearing capacity from PLAXIS 3D is almost twice the value determined from hand calculations, which may because of the conservative calculation method or some possible parametrical errors in PLAXIS 3D. By intergrating the FEM analyses package PLAXIS 3D with the Swipe test procedure of loading, the failure envelopes of mudmat foundation and approximating expressions are investigated. Through numerical computations and comparative analyses based on FEM, the two-dimensional failure envelopes of mudmat foundation are established by using proposed method to evaluate the stability of foundation under combined loadings. These results could be utilized to provide vital reference for the design and construction of mudmat foundation.


Evolution by natural selection is driven by the continuous generation of adaptive mutations. We measured the genomic mutation rate that generates beneficial mutations and their effects on fitness in Escherichia coli under conditions in which the effect of competition between lineages carrying different beneficial mutations is minimized. We found a rate on the order of 10–5 per genome per generation, which is 1000 times as high as previous estimates, and a mean selective advantage of 1%. Such a high rate of adaptive evolution has implications for the evolution of antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity.


Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with the development of a variety of malignancies, including Hodgkin lymphoma. One of the few viral transcripts expressed in EBV-positive Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of Hodgkin lymphoma is latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A). This viral protein blocks B-cell receptor (BCR)-signaling in vitro. Furthermore, expression of LMP2A in developing B cells in vivo induces a global down-regulation of genes necessary for proper B-cell development. In this study we have analyzed gene transcription in primary B cells from LMP2A transgenic mice, LMP2A-expressing human B-cell lines, and LMP2A-positive and -negative EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). We demonstrate that LMP2A increases the expression of genes associated with cell cycle induction and inhibition of apoptosis, alters the expression of genes involved in DNA and RNA metabolism, and decreases the expression of B-cell-specific factors and genes associated with immunity. Furthermore, many alterations in gene expression induced by LMP2A are similar to those recently described in HRS cells of Hodgkin lymphoma and activated, proliferating germinal center centroblasts/centrocytes. These correlations suggest that LMP2A expression in EBV-infected B cells may lead to the induction and maintenance of an activated, proliferative state that could ultimately result in the development of Hodgkin lymphoma.


UNLABELLED
The lymphocyte subsets, activation marker expression and activity of ConA-treated lymphocytes have been studied in 58 patients with a history of unexplainable pregnancy loss (UPL) and 22 normal pregnant women (control) in 4-7 weeks of pregnancy. The increase of CD16/56+ cell level and CD4+/ CD8+ ratio and decrease of CD19+ cell level have been found in peripheral blood of UPL patients in comparison with control. The expression of HLA-DR was upregulated on CD3+ and CD8+ cells and the expression of CD25 was downregulated on CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD16/56+ cells in UPL women. According to correlation analysis results, low expression of CD25 was related to a low expression of CD8 on NK, high expression of CD45RA on CD4+ helper cells, high expression of HLA-DR on CD8+ cytotoxic cells. High frequency of ConA-induced activation, low frequency of ConA-induced suppression and low suppressive activity of ConA-induced lymphocyte were found in UPL patients compared to control.

CONCLUSION
women with UPL have disorders in feto-maternal recognition in early pregnancy that led to a development of the inadequate immune response to fetus realized as a defect of NK activation, deficiency of T-cytotoxic cell limitation and memory helper cell generation, downregulation of TR cells and suppressor function.


During the past few decades there has been a significantly increasing trend in germ cell tumours all over the world, particularly in countries with Caucasian populations. The changes in incidence have occurred so fast that only environmental factors can explain this development. This review focuses on the hypothesis that testicular germ cell cancer, which originates from germ cell neoplasia in situ, is of foetal origin and associated with other male reproductive problems through a testicular dysgenesis syndrome, also including foetal origin of impaired spermatogenesis, hypospadias and cryptorchidism. There is little doubt that environmental factors associated with modern lifestyles have - in a broad sense - had an adverse influence on male reproductive health. The hypothesis that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals plays a fundamental role in this trend is plausible. This is based on evidence from animal studies that demonstrate adverse reproductive effects caused by a number of endocrine-disrupting chemicals to which humans are exposed as part of our modern lifestyle.


The basis of this paper is that we have prioritised the city centre and its planning sometimes to the impoverishment of the suburbs or outlying areas, despite the fact that most of us live there. Away from the headline projects at the citys core with its appropriation of architecture to the experience economy and the interests of tourism and retail, there is evidence of creativity and innovation in outlying neighbourhoods, estates and suburbs. Using an expanded range of references from urbanism to service design, cultural studies and environmental writing, Glasgow is taken as a case in point because its large-scale post-industrial regeneration through the use of architecture to brand cultural festivals and centres, is perceived to have overshadowed interesting projects at the periphery. A number of case-studies from different suburban contexts are deployed to illuminate key developments, especially in relation to co-design and changes in consumption and to offer exemplars. These are used to indicate the need for more suburban studies " for Suburbanomics.


The experiment was implemented at farmer's house and Bathan areas of Shahjadpur Upazila in Sirajganj and Bera Upazila under Pabna districts of Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to know the incidence of repeat breeding (RB), physiology of different follicles and deformity of ovary and uterus in Holstein Frisian (HF) cows. Forty (40) RB HF cows (>50% HF Genetic) were selected on the basis of age and parity. Pyometra, endo-metra, cervicitis, Salpingitis and tumor like growth etc. in uterine wall were observed. Luteal and follicular cyst was also identified. Number of growing follicle appeared ultrasonically, size of Graafian follicle, breed, cow's body size, and inheritance level and parity, nutritional factors and days calving to first service were recorded properly. All collected data were statistically analyzed by the SPSS soft-ware program using completely randomized design (CRD). Results revealed that, significantly (P<0.05) highest Body Condition Score (BCS) was 3.47±0.05 observed in the cows of group-D whose age were more than 8 years of old compared to others group (table 1). In-case of average daily milk yield and remained dry condition differences were highly significant (P<0.001). Maximum milk yield (20.41±0.82 l/day) was observed in group-C compared to others group but minimum dry condition remaining period was observed in group-A than others. Days of heat showed number of AI service were non-significant (P>0.05) in the whole experiment (table-1). The percentage of infection (Pyometra, Endometra) in the uterine wall differed non-significantly (P>0.05) among all the groups and minimum occurrence were observed in group-A (figure 1). Highest percent of cyst observed in the right ovary than left of the cows of group-D compared to others group but the differences were non-significant (P>0.05).Comparatively higher percentage (58.82±12.30) of follicles observed in left ovary of group-D than right ovary of others group (table 3). Non-significantly (P>0.05) the highest average number (2.40±0.44) of follicles was observed in left ovary of the group-C than the cows of others group. Though the follicle size in the end of luteal phase differed non-significantly (P>0.05) but comparatively larger (14.90±1.54mm) follicle in diameter were observed in group-C, than the follicles of others groups.
Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 95-104


Depression will be the second most common threat to health by the end of the next decade. The incidence of depression in primary care is already high. This has serious implications for the types of services available, the range of personnel who deliver them and the extent to which patients are helped by the treatments provided. Research reveals that approximately two-thirds of patients with depression are treated with medication, although it is not known how effective medication is in the long term. It would appear that the relationship between the patient and prescriber is a highly significant factor in determining whether or not patients adhere to treatment regimens and to what extent they improve. This study used a qualitative approach to identify how patients treated with medication for their depression perceived the relationship with their prescribing clinician, what kinds of information and advice they received and what they wanted. Several aspects of the helpful relationship are identified, such as the characteristics and behaviour of the clinician, as well as the way in which information is imparted. The frequency of monitoring consultations and patients' perceptions of their importance were also examined. The issue of stigma, particularly self-stigma and what can be done to prevent it, is discussed. The paper concludes with suggestions for improving the quality of primary care for patients' prescribed medication for depression, and especially for making maximum use of the initial consultation. The main implication for mental health nurses is that central to all interventions for depression is the primacy of the relationship, without which, clients' belief in treatment is diminished.


NVIDIA has been making steady progress in increasing the compute performance of its GPUs, resulting in order of magnitude compute throughput improvements over the years. With several models of GPUs coexisting in many deployments, the traditional accounting method of treating all GPUs as being equal is not reflecting compute output anymore. Moreover, for applications that require significant CPU-based compute to complement the GPU-based compute, it is becoming harder and harder to make full use of the newer GPUs, requiring sharing of those GPUs between multiple applications in order to maximize the achievable science output. This further reduces the value of whole-GPU accounting, especially when the sharing is done at the infrastructure level. We thus argue that GPU accounting for throughput-oriented infrastructures should be expressed in GPU core hours, much like it is normally done for the CPUs. While GPU core compute throughput does change between GPU generations, the variability is similar to what we expect to see among CPU cores. To validate our position, we present an extensive set of run time measurements of two IceCube photon propagation workflows on 14 GPU models, using both on-prem and Cloud resources. The measurements also outline the influence of GPU sharing at both HTCondor and Kubernetes infrastructure level.


Black ash (Fraxinus nigra), green ash (F. pennsylvanica), and white ash (F. americana) are the three most abundant ash species in the northeastern USA. We compared emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), adult performance and preference among seedlings of the three ash species, and then related performance and preference to foliage nutritional quality and defensive compounds. Longevity of EAB adults reared on green and white ash was found to be greater than on black ash. EAB adult females also seemed to show feeding preference among the three species of ash trees because the total foliage area consumption was greater on green ash and white ash compared to black ash in dual-choice tests; however, the total mass of foliage consumed did not differ. The foliage of all ash species was high in nitrogen and in most macro- and micro-nutrients studied. The patterns of EAB performance and preference did not correspond to any of the individual chemical compounds tested (nitrogen, proteins, most macro- and micro-nutrients, or putative defensive compounds of ash seedlings). Nevertheless, greater longevity of EAB adults on green and white ash compared to black ash was probably related to unbalanced nutrients (total nitrogen/total non-structural carbohydrate ratio) of black ash. Putative defensive compounds (i.e., phenolics and protease inhibitors) did not contribute to EAB longevity in this study, probably because (1) EAB adults were able to excrete most of these compounds and (2) their effects were alleviated by high nitrogen levels. More research is needed to elucidate the interactions of nitrogen and carbohydrate levels, and the interactions of nutrient balance and defensive plant allelochemicals on EAB performance and preference.


This paper deals with an intelligent image processing method for the video surveillance systems. We propose a technology detecting and tracking multiple moving objects, which can be applied to consumer electronics such as home and business surveillance systems consisting of an internet protocol (IP) camera and a network video recorder (NVR). A real-time surveillance system needs to detect moving objects robustly against noises and environment. So the proposed method uses the red-green-blue (RGB) color background modeling with a sensitivity parameter to extract moving regions, the morphology to eliminate noises, and the blob-labeling to group moving objects. To track moving objects fast, the proposed method predicts the velocity and the direction of the groups formed by moving objects. Finally, the experiments show that the proposed method has the robustness against the environmental influences and the speed, which are suitable for the real- time surveillance system.