BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Hereditary protein S (PS) deficiency is a rare autosomal disorder of the coagulation pathway associated with familial thrombophilia.

DESIGN AND METHODS
We investigated a young propositus with recurrent deep vein thrombosis, a positive family history for thrombotic episodes, and low plasma concentrations of free, but not total PS antigen (12% and 70%, respectively).

RESULTS
Sequence analysis of the PS gene showed a heterozygous G-to-A mutation at the first nucleotide of intron N. The patient's father, who had suffered from deep vein thrombosis and had reduced total and free PS antigen (59% and 28%, respectively) was a heterozygote. The G-to-A change predicts the disappearance of a donor splice site. After transfection with a construct, containing either the wild-type or the mutated sequence, cells with the mutant construct showed an aberrant mRNA, consistent with exclusion of exon 14, but not the expected mRNA. Sequencing of the abnormal mRNA showed the complete absence of exon 14. Exclusion of exon 14 predicts the deletion of the amino acid sequence from residue 508 to residue 582, and the shift of the reading frame of the following 8 amino acids with a premature stop codon within exon 15 at position 591. Thus, the truncated PS gene product would not contain the terminal portion of the sex hormone binding globulin-like domain.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
We have identified a mutation in a highly conserved intronic region of PS gene. The mutation affects in vitro mRNA processing and efficiency of normal splicing.


The difficulties associated with attempts to strike balance between the interacting and permeable
boundaries of work and family roles require understanding of the complexities of both spheres. The nature
of family and work structures in Nigeria makes coping with work and family roles a challenging one
especially for women. The study specifically examined the determinants .of work-family balance
experience among women in the banking sector. It investigated the features of work schedules of women
in the banking sector that enable them cope or unable to cope with multitask banking and home;front
activities. A review of literature was carried out while the study was anchored on two theoretical theories
of social exchange and role theory. The research employed both qualitative and quantitative research
techniques. Samples were drawn randomly among the women employees of purposively selected banks
within Lagos metropolis and Ogun State, Nigeria. Only 730 respondents were successfully covered. In
addition, 30 key informants who were principal official in selected banks and family heads were
interviewed. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested for the study. The first hypothesis revealed that
age of the respondents, children ever born (parity), marital status, staff category and religion are significant
determinants of work-family balance. Women with children in parity ratio of 1-2,3-4 and 5 and above are
1.654, 1.455 and 1.235 times more likely to be unable to balance work-family roles compared to those with
zero parity (i.e. the reference category). The third hypothesis estimated significant influence of work status
on the work-family balance; this is statistically significant at p-values of 0.005, 0.003, and 0.01 for senior
staff, supervisors and junior staff respectively. The study concludes that if work demands become heavy,
marital roles cannot be shelved or neglected and tension between the two boundaries will req"uire a
compromise. In this instance, women will prefer to stake the job rather than losing their families. The
study suggests effective policy intervention from organisation and effective family support from the familybase
to reduce the complexities of balancing work and family demands


A practical information theoretic framework is developed for studying the optimal tradeoff between location update and paging costs in cellular networks. The framework envisions the quantization of location information into a registration area (RA) level granularity, followed by the use of an entropy-coding technique to decrease the location update rate. The rate distortion theory of the lossy quantization is identified as an appropriate measure for capturing the optimal tradeoff between a mobile's update rate and its location uncertainty. Based on LZ-78 compression, two different RA-level location update algorithms (RA-LeZi and LeZi-RA) have been developed, both of which asymptotically approach this rate-distortion bound. By allowing for quantization loss in the mobile node's movement pattern, this framework can reduce the overall update cost below the entropy bound associated with the original loss-less LeZi-update mobility management algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate a sharp decrease (/spl sim/ 50%) in the update cost, at the expense of a minor (/spl sim/ 25%) increase in the overall location management costs. The key essence of this framework lies in its practical applicability, because today's wireless networks already track the mobile user at an RA-level granularity.


Abstract Breath of Light is an immersive breath-responsive installation aiming to reclaim the connective act of sharing breath in public spaces. During the exhibition at the 13th Shanghai Biennale in March 2021, the lead author interviewed and observed participants to better understand their experience. A follow-up interview conducted in January 2023 illustrated the work's long-term effect on participants. This technological mediation of breathing explores its transformative potential to revive connective connotations of shared breathing and cultivate interoceptive awareness, reflection, and interhuman connection during the pandemic and beyond with the use of breathing interaction, metaphors, symbols, and ambiguous instructions.


Optimal tasks allocation is one of the most important problems in multiprocessing. Optimal assignment of tasks to a multiprocessor is an NP-hard problem in general cases, and precedence task graph makes it more complex. Many factors affect optimal tasks allocation. One of them is cache reload time in multiprocessor systems. These problems exist in real-time systems, too. Due to high sensitivity of 'time' in real-time systems, scheduling with respect to time constraints becomes very important. This paper proposes a suboptimal scheduler for hard realtime heterogeneous multiprocessor systems considering time constraints and cache reload time simultaneously, using multiobjective genetic algorithm. In addition, it tries to propose a generalized method for real-time multiobjective scheduling in multiprocessor systems using genetic algorithms.


Dynamic equations of viscoelastic bodies with fractional constitutive are derived base on the principle of virtual work and the theory of continuum mechanics. The three-dimensional fractional derivative viscoelastic constitutive model is implemented into the flexible multibody system (FMBS), using the 3D solid element based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), which can exactly describe the geometric nonlinearities due to large rotation and large deformation. The BDF time integration scheme in conjunction with the Grünwald approximation of fractional derivative and the Newton-Raphson algorithm are used to solve the equations of motion. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the use of the modeling procedure presented in this investigation and the effects of parameters in the fractional derivative model.


The ileocecal area is a relatively short segment of the gastrointestinal tract but may be affected by pathologic conditions that are either common throughout the gastrointestinal system or exclusive to this area. These conditions include benign and malignant tumors, inflammatory processes (appendicitis, diverticulitis, epiploic appendagitis, Crohn disease), infectious diseases, and miscellaneous conditions (cecal ischemia, typhlitis, cecal volvulus, duplication cyst). The various components of the ileocecal area (cecum, appendix, ileocecal valve, terminal ileum) are close to one another, so that these conditions may involve more than one anatomic structure, thereby creating a diagnostic dilemma. The evaluation of various parameters (eg, stratified enhancement pattern of the thickened bowel wall, degree of thickening, extent and location of bowel wall involvement, degree of fat stranding relative to the degree of wall thickening) and associated findings (lymph nodes, mesenteric stranding, abscess and sinus tracts, fatty proliferation, solid organ abnormalities) will help narrow the differential diagnosis. Multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) is considered the best imaging examination for the evaluation of the ileocecal area. Consequently, the radiologist should be familiar with the multi-detector row CT features of the spectrum of diseases affecting this area to help ensure correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment.


Changes in fatty acids were studied during maturation of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds cultivated in the North-Eastern region of Tunisia (Menzel Temim). The fruits matured in 49 Days after flowering (DAF). The first results show a rapid oil accumulation started in newly formed fruits (8.2%) and continued until their full maturity (16.9%). During fruit maturation, fatty acid profiles varied significantly among the three stages of maturity. Fruits development resulted mainly in an increase of petroselinic acid and a decrease of palmitic acid (C16:0). At full maturity, the main fatty acids were petroselinic acid (55.9%), followed by palmitic (23.82%), linoleic (12.40%) and pamitoleic (2.12%) acids. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increased significantly; however, saturated fatty acids decreased during ripening of cumin seed. Results of this study indicate that the variation in the fatty acid composition of cumin seeds during maturation may be useful in understanding the source of nutritionally and industrially important fatty acids in this fruit. Cumin seed is potentially an important source of petroselinic acid which has numerous industrial applications.


Shell thickness in mollusks is generally considered adaptive because of their effects on fitness. However, little is known about the genetic basis of shell thickness. This is important, because the response to selection and the subsequent adaptive microevolution of a trait, such as thickness is only possible when that trait exhibits additive genetic variation. Here, we estimated the narrow-sense heritability (h: ratio between additive genetic variance and phenotypic variance) for the traits 'shell thickness' and 'shell length growth' in a 34-month-old cohort of the mussel Mytilus chilensis obtained by using a half-full sib design and grown in the field. Also, phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated between both traits. We found that h showed significant values for shell thickness (0.294 0.194) and length (0.731 0.379). The phenotypic correlation between both traits was positive and significant; however, the genetic correlation between these traits was not. These results suggest both traits can evolve adaptively by selection, but because these traits did not show genetic correlation, it is possible that selection pressure affecting one trait may not affect the other.


The offering of Bachelor of Laws in Colegio de San Juan de LetranCalamba is in accordance with Commission on Higher Education's call of expanding school programs and to the LetranCalamba's mission of total human development and better quality of life for individuals and to its vision of becoming a university. The project is feasible based on information gathered from the survey. The total project cost is Php550,000 which includes Php 10,000 for pre-operating cost and 10.01% contingency cost. The investment for the proposed project would be provided by the institution. The tuition fee would be Php955 per unit on a cash basis and Php1,002.75 per unit on installment basis. The curriculum of the course would be based on consultation with the law professors. This project has an average return of investment in terms of accounting income of 10.43% every year and a payback period of 0.33 years.


This special issue of The Assembly contains a collection of scholarly articles focused on the phenomena of place and displacement as they occur in and near public education. These articles contribute to the growing field of community-based education research by instigating thought, discourse, and action that deepens the relationships between community members and researchers in the face of social, political, and economic disruption. Each of the articles published in this special issue demonstrates some of what is possible when researchers situate their inquiry in local communities, focus on outcomes and implications of community displacement, and take on community experiences and questions in order to collaborate on the development and design of collaborative, community-based research.


The English Lowlands is a relatively dry, densely populated region in the south-east of the UK in which water is used intensively. Consequently, parts of the region are water-stressed and face growing water resource pressures. The region is heavily dependent on groundwater and particularly vulnerable to long, multi-annual droughts primarily associated with dry winters. Despite this vulnerability, the atmospheric drivers of multi-annual droughts in the region are poorly understood, an obstacle to developing appropriate drought management strategies, including monitoring and early warning systems. To advance our understanding, we assess known key climate drivers in the winter half-year (October–March) and their likely relationships with multi-annual droughts in the region. We characterise historic multi-annual drought episodes back to 1910 for the English Lowlands using various meteorological and hydrological data sets. Multi-annual droughts are identified using a gridded precipitation series for the entire region, and refined using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) and Standardized Groundwater level Index (SGI) applied to regional-scale river flow and groundwater time series. We explore linkages between a range of potential climatic driving factors and precipitation, river flow and groundwater level indicators in the English Lowlands for the winter half-year. The drivers or forcings include El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic tripole sea surface temperature (SST) pattern, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), solar and volcanic forcing and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). As expected, no single driver convincingly explains the occurrence of any multi-annual drought in the historical record. However, we demonstrate, for the first time, an association between La Nina episodes and winter rainfall deficits in some major multi-annual drought episodes in the English Lowlands. We also show significant (albeit relatively weak) links between ENSO and drought indicators applied to river flow and groundwater levels. We also show that some of the other drivers listed above are likely to influence English Lowlands rainfall. We conclude by signposting a direction for this future research effort.


We describe two oesophago-pleural fistulas arriving respectively 40 months and 15 years after pneumonectomia, and two oesophago-bronchial fistulas due to perforated oesophageal diverticula. We evaluate diagnostic methods and discuss etiology of these oesophageal fistulas. Pleural fistulas treatment associate thoracic drainage, direct surgical treatment of the fistula with primary suturing of oesophagus. For oesophago-bronchial fistula treatment, we have made pneumonectomia one time and primary bronchial suturing another. In these two cases, oesophagus was only sutured without pleural or muscular flap. Transient alimentary gastrostomy was made. No fistula recidive of postoperative complication occurred. There is no operative mortality.


Implementing robotic grasp on the Baxter robot without using the default parallel gripper but instead a three fingered underactuated hand. The problem has been solved by using a parallel gripper planner instead of reinventing the wheel for the end-effector in use. This choice allowed to obtain satisfactory results with less design effort and a faster implementation, since it is easier to take advantage of previous works. On the other hand, this approach sacrifice optimality of the grasp, but since the hand is underactuated is not suitable to emulate the human behavior. Moreover, also the handover problem was tackled. We not only wanted to achieve a smooth handover but also pay care to object's safety during the task. In this case we used an optical sensor from a mouse to monitor the object acceleration during the handover. The acceleration feedback is used to re-establish the grasp in those cases where the object was falling too fast.


Anisotropy of mechanical properties, fatigue and fracture resistance of precipitation hardened CuCrZr alloy ultrafine (UFG) grained by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is in focus of the present communication. Fracture toughness was estimated in terms of J-integral and the fatigue crack growth rate was quantified. It was found that although the estimated JIC-value appeared lower than that reported in the literature for a reference alloy, the ductility, fracture and crack growth resistance remained satisfactory after ECAP while the tensile strength and fatigue limit improved considerably. The stable crack growth rate did not differ very much for ECAP and reference conventional CuCrZr and no remarkable anisotropy in the stable crack growth was noticed.


The SAR images are perturbed by a multiplicative noise called speckle, due to the coherent nature of the scattering phenomenon. The use of speckle reduction filters is necessary to optimize the images exploitation procedures. This paper presents a new speckle reduction method in the wavelets domain using a novel Bayesian-based algorithm, which tends to reduce the speckle, preserving the structural features (like the discontinuities) and textural information of the scene and a new discrete wavelet transform called Diversity Enhanced Discrete Wavelet Transform, DEDWT. The entire class of diversity improved wavelet transforms is characterized and is proved that the averager optimizes synthesis step for the minimization of the mean square approximation error. A blind speckle-suppression method that performs a non-linear operation on the data, based on a new bishrink filter variant is obtained. Finally, some simulation examples prove the performance of the proposed denoising method. This performance is compared with the results obtained applying state-of-the-art speckle reduction techniques


The complex AC impedance Z of superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ triangular networks exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field was measured with a two-coil mutual inductance technique. At temperatures close to the transition temperature, both the imaginary and the real parts of Z as a function of the magnetic field show oscillations resulting from flux quantization in the unit cell of the network. The limited number of oscillations observed is probably an indication of the reduction of the superconducting phase coherence by disorder and inhomogeneities in the network.


This project presents the enhancement of voltage stability using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded leading to voltage instability. Under heavy loaded conditions there may be insufficient reactive power causing the voltages to drop. This drop may lead to drops in voltage at various buses. The result would be the occurrence of voltage collapse which leads to total blackout of the whole system. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers have been mainly used for solving various power system stability control problems. In this project, a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is used to investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode. The transient mode is created by LLLG fault. The PI controller is used to tune the circuit and to provide the zero signal error. Simulations have been done in MATLAB/Simulink environment.


Measurements of seismo-acoustic events by collocated seismic and infrasound arrays allow for studying the two wavefields that were produced by the same event. However, some of the scientific and technical constraints on the building of the two technologies are different and may be contradicting. For the case of a new station, an optimal design that will satisfy the constraints of the two technologies can be found. However, in the case of upgrading an existing array by adding the complementing technology, the situation is different. The site location, the array configuration and physical constraints are fixed and may not be optimal for the complementing technology, which may lead to rejection of the upgrade. The International Monitoring System (IMS) for the verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) includes 37 seismic arrays and 51 infrasound arrays. Although the CTBT verification regime is fixed in the treaty, an upgrade of the existing arrays by adding more technologies is possible.The Mount Meron seismic array (MMAI), which is part of the IMS, is composed of 16 sites. Microbarometers were installed at five MMAI sites to form the Mount Meron infrasound array. Due to regulation and physical constraints, it was not possible to relocate the sites nor to install analogue noise reduction filters (i.e. a pipe array). In this study, it is demonstrated that the installation of the MMAI infrasound array is beneficial despite the non-optimal conditions. It is shown that the noise levels of the individual array sites are between the high and median global noise levels. However, we claim that the more indicative measures are the noise levels of the beams of interest, as demonstrated by analysing the microbaroms originated from the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, the ability to detect events relevant to the CTBT is demonstrated by analysing man-made events during 2011 from the Libya region.


We study pairs of symmetries of a Riemann surface of genus g 2, whose product has ordern > 2, assuming that one of them is fixed point free. We start our considerations by giving some bounds for the number of ovals of a symmetry with fixed points and showing their attainment, later we take into account the number of points fixed by the product of the symmetries and we study some f its properties. Finally we deal the problem of finding the maximal possible po wer of 2 which can be realized as the order of their product.


Folklore has, until very recently, been at the fringes of archaeological research. Post-processual archaeology has promoted plurality in interpretation, however, and archaeology more widely is required to make itself relevant to contemporary society; so, contemporary folkloric practices vis-à-vis archaeological remains are once again receiving attention. In this paper we examine contemporary Pagan understandings of and engagements with 'sacred sites' in England. Specifically, we explore how Pagan meanings are inscribed and constituted, how they draw on 'traditional' understandings of sites and landscapes, and instances in which they challenge or reify the 'preservation ethic' of heritage management. From active interactions with sites, such as votive offerings and instances of fire and graffiti damage, to unconventional (contrasted with academic) interpretations of sites involving wights and spirit beings, Neolithic shamans, or goddesses, there are diverse areas of contest. We argue archaeology must not reject Pagan and other folklores as 'fringe', but, in an era of community archaeology, transparency and collaboration, respond to them, preferably dialogically.


The microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of novel peripherally 2aminothiophenol substituted metallophthalocyanines (M: Ni(II), Zn(II)) have been reported for the first time in this study. All the new compounds were characterized by a combination of FT-IR, HNMR, C-NMR, and UV/vis spectroscopy techniques. The crystal structure of compound (1) was also determined by the single crystal diffraction technique. Aggregation properties of metallophthalocyanines were investigated at different concentrations in DMSO.


Sixty years of coherent versus non-coherent tradeoff as well as the twenty years of coherent versus non-coherent tradeoff in Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems are surveyed. Furthermore, the advantages of adaptivity are discussed. More explicitly, in order to support the diverse communication requirements of different applications in a unified platform, the 5G New Radio (NR) offers unprecendented adaptivity, abeit at the cost of a substantial amount of signalling overhead that consumes both power and the valuable spectral resources. Striking a beneficial coherent versus non-coherent tradeoff is capable of reducing the pilot overheads of channel estimation, whilst relying on low-complexity detectors, especially in high-mobility scenarios. Furthermore, since energy-efficiency is of salient importance both in the operational and future networks, following the powerful Index Modulation (IM) pholosophy, we conceive a holistic adaptive pholosophy striking the most appropriate coherent/non-coherent, single-/multiple-antenna and diversity/multiplexing tradeoffs, where the number of RF chains, the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of signal transmission and the maximum amount of interference tolerated by signal detection are all taken into account. We demonstrate that this intelligent tripple-fold adaptivity offers significant benefits in next-generation applications of mmWave and Terahertz solutions, in space-air-ground integrated networks, in full-duplex techniques and in other sophisticated channel coding assisted system designs, where powerful machine learning algorithms are expected to make autonomous decisions concerning the best mode of operation with minimal human intervention.


We analyze how entrepreneurial firms choose between two funding institution: banks, which monitor less intensively and face liquidity demands from their own investors, and venture capitalists, who can monitor more intensively but face a higher cost of capital because of the liquidity constraints that they impose on their own investors. Because the firm's manager prefers continuing the firm over liquidating it and aggressive (risky) continuation strategies over conservative (safe) continuation strategies, the institution must monitor the firm and exercise some control over its decisions. Bank finance takes the form of debt, whereas venture capital finance often resembles convertible debt. Venture capital finance is optimal only when the aggressive continuation strategy is not too profitable, ex ante; the uncertainty associated with the risky continuation strategy (strategic uncertainty) is high; and the firm's cash flow distribution is highly risky and positively skewed, with low probability of success, low liquidation value, and high returns if successful. A decrease in venture capitalists' cost of capital encourages firms to switch from safe strategies and bank finance to riskier strategies and venture capital finance, increasing the average risk of firms in the economy.


The chapter discusses morphological and syntactic change against the backdrop of different theoretical (formal versus functional/usage-based) and methodological approaches (introspection versus corpus data). Specifically, it addresses the question whether grammatical change happens suddenly in a catastrophic resetting of parameters or whether change happens in a more piecemeal, incremental fashion. The case studies that are used to illustrate syntactic demise, innovation, and grammatical revival come from the area of mood (an inflectional category) and modality, notably the grammaticalization of modal verbs. Semi-modals such as (had) better are discussed as examples of constructionalization. Taken together, grammatical changes in mood and modality are ideally suited to exemplify more long-term typological developments in English from a synthetic to a largely analytic language.


Stephan Palos is a Hungary-born Buddhist now living in a Tibetan monastery exile in Switzerland. The book, originally published in Hungarian in 1963, was written in two parts. Part 1 deals with the general principles and philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine. It begins with a succinct account of the historic development of Chinese medical thoughts, including an impressive listing of ancient medical classics. This short, promising beginning is followed by rather disappointing chapters delving into the principles of Yin and Yang, the five elements, the influence of climate and phases of the moon, in a vain attempt of systematization and rationalization. It should be pointed out that there was never any clear formulation of these principles in any of the traditional Chinese medical classics. The interpretation of these texts, because of the inherent difficulty of the language, is relatively vague, going largely on tradition. The result of attempting to explain,


Where the genesis of "disease" owes much to causes that are social and economic in nature, epidemiology holds unrealized potential as a tool of social criticism. A particularly interesting example is provided by suicide and suicide research. Methodological difficulties are explored in detail, major findings reviewed, and the dominant interpretations of such findings criticized. Research has consistently pointed to the risks of marginal or minority status, unemployment, weak community supports, situational crises, and the pressures people are subjected to during periods of economic depression. It is argued that the sociostructural implications of such research have been systematically ignored, attention being devoted instead to more efficient management of the suicidal individual—this in spite of the lack of success of suicide prevention centers. Initial steps toward an alternative framework are outlined, with emphasis laid on the need to disaggregate the suicide act. It is further suggested that self-destruction is a far commoner—indeed, integral—part of our social environment than the bare rack of suicide statistics would suggest.


Reiter's syndrome is a systemic disorder characterized by ocular conjunctivitis or uveitis, reactive arthritis, and urethritis manifestations. The exact cause of reactive arthritis is unknown. It occurs most commonly in men before the age of 40. It may follow an infection with Chlamydia, Campylobacter, Salmonella or Yersinia. Certain genes may make you more prone to the syndrome. The diagnosis is based on symptoms. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and treat any underlying infection. Reactive arthritis may go away in 3 - 4 months, but symptoms may return over a period of several years in up to a half of those affected. The condition may become chronic. Preventing sexually transmitted diseases and gastrointestinal infection may help prevent this disease. Wash your hands and surface areas thoroughly before and after preparing food.


SIR,-Dextran 40 has been used to improve the maternal circulation through the placenta in an endeavour to relieve foetal distress during labour,' and this raises the question of whether the dextran crosses the placental barrier and reaches the foetus. Serum albumin has a molecular weight of 69,000 and all the molecules are of this molecular weight. Dextran 40 has a weight average molecular weight of 40,000 and a number average of about 25,000; it thus contains a very wide range of molecular weights. Some of this dextran crosses most of the permeability barriers in the body, so there was reason to suppose it might cross the placental barrier. Samples of maternal and cord blood in three cases were taken at birth, which was within four hours of the mother receiving 400-500 ml. Dextran 40 in 30-40 minutes. Concentrations of 0.76, 0.75, and 0.5 g. dextran/100 ml. were found in maternal serum, and in each case no dextran could be detected in serum from the cord blood. Determinations were made using the anthrone method as described by Davies, Ricketts, and Williams.2 According to Bangham,' who worked with proteins labelled with radioactive iodine isotopes in monkeys, there is specific transmission of gamma-globulin across the placenta and albumin is transmitted some 10 to 20 times less easily; other globulins scarcely cross the placental barrier at all. The radius of a sphere equivalent to the albumin molecule is about 36 A, which is within the range of molecular radii present in Dextran 40. Despite the presence of some molecules comparable in size with albumin, dextran apparently does not cross the placental barrier. This finding implies a temporary osmotic effect tending to withdraw water from the foetus, but so far as can be ascertained this has not proved detrimental. Some of the proteins of the amniotic fluid have been shown4 to be derived from and return to the maternal circulation, and it is possible that dextran may reach the amniotic fluid in this way.-We are, etc.,


Abstract. Global positioning system scintillation and total electron content (TEC) data have been collected by ten specialized GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitors (GISTMs) of the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN). The phase scintillation index σΦ is obtained from the phase of the L1 signal sampled at 50 Hz. Maps of phase scintillation occurrence as a function of the altitude-adjusted corrected geomagnetic (AACGM) latitude and magnetic local time (MLT) are computed for the period from 2008 to 2013. Enhanced phase scintillation is collocated with regions that are known as ionospheric signatures of the coupling between the solar wind and magnetosphere. The phase scintillation mainly occurs on the dayside in the cusp where ionospheric irregularities convect at high speed, in the nightside auroral oval where energetic particle precipitation causes field-aligned irregularities with steep electron density gradients and in the polar cap where electron density patches that are formed from a tongue of ionization. Dependences of scintillation occurrence on season, solar and geomagnetic activity, and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation are investigated. The auroral phase scintillation shows semiannual variation with equinoctial maxima known to be associated with auroras, while in the cusp and polar cap the scintillation occurrence is highest in the autumn and winter months and lowest in summer. With rising solar and geomagnetic activity from the solar minimum to solar maximum, yearly maps of mean phase scintillation occurrence show gradual increase and expansion of enhanced scintillation regions both poleward and equatorward from the statistical auroral oval. The dependence of scintillation occurrence on the IMF orientation is dominated by increased scintillation in the cusp, expanded auroral oval and at subauroral latitudes for strongly southward IMF. In the polar cap, the IMF BY polarity controls dawn–dusk asymmetries in scintillation occurrence collocated with a tongue of ionization for southward IMF and with sun-aligned arcs for northward IMF. In investigating the shape of scintillation-causing irregularities, the distributions of scintillation occurrence as a function of "off-meridian" and "off-shell" angles that are computed for the receiver–satellite ray at the ionospheric pierce point are found to suggest predominantly field-aligned irregularities in the auroral oval and L-shell-aligned irregularities in the cusp.


Context: The usage of cellular devices has been advanced in recent years and expected to increase rapidly in the coming years. Thanks to rapid development of technologies which is making us comfortable in the field of communications. The rapid development in technology is causing many serious hazards to the environment and also the mobile operators are facing problems with increasing energy costs and regulatory pressures to reduce carbon footprint to operate Green networks. Objectives: This research provides a study on the problems pertaining to energy efficiency and remedies to overcome issues in decreasing energy efficiency of networks, this research also concentrates on various approaches for energy efficiency in base stations, the goal is to identify the best technologies that best suits the base station platform in terms of energy efficiency. Methods: Two different methods are carried out throughout our research • Literature Review In this literature review problems pertaining to energy efficiency of base stations are studied and reported, there by different technologies which helps to increase energy efficiency of base stations are analysed and best technologies are reported. • Experimentation This section describes the concept of cognitive radio. It helps in energy efficiency in a cognitive network through analysis of two routing protocols AODV and OLSR using NS2 simulator. Results: • From the literature review we look at the energy consumptions issues of base stations (RQ1). • For RQ2, the remedies to reduce energy consumption are studied and the best suitable technologies for energy efficiency are suggested. • For answering RQ3, experimentation is carried out concentrating on achieving energy efficiency through cognitive radio network. Conclusions: Thus, Problems pertaining to energy efficiency of base stations are studied, and best technologies to reduce energy consumption of base stations are reported. Comparison of two routing protocols OLSR and AODV under cognitive radio is also studied proposing the best routing protocol.


As community technology and community-building initiatives move toward greater synergy, there is a great deal to be learned regarding how they can be mutually supportive, rather than mutually exclusive. This article sheds light on the possibilities inhered at this nexus. The project that constitutes the basis for this paper is the Camfield Estates–MIT Creating Community Connections Project, an ongoing effort at Camfield Estates, a predominantly African-American, low- to moderate-income housing development. As part of this project, we worked with residents to establish a technological infrastructure by offering every family a new computer, software, high-speed Internet connection, comprehensive courses, and a web-based community-building system, the Creating Community Connections (C3) System, that I codesigned with residents. This article presents an overview of the Camfield Estates–MIT project, theoretical framework developed in relation to this work, research design and methodology, project methodology and timeline, and early results. It concludes with a set of recommendations for the community technology and community-building movements.


Background: The prevalence of asthma and allergies has risen in recent decades, especially among children in the western world. The increasing prevalence of allergies in children might be related to diet. A study was undertaken to assess the association between dietary patterns, asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in schoolchildren in France. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in six cities of France using ISAAC protocol. Parental questionnaires were used to collect information on allergic diseases and diet with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Data from 7 432 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 9-11 years old were analyzed. The mean intakes of 13 main food items were calculated and used to establish four dietary patterns by principal component analysis. Results: Soft drinks was positively associated with atopic wheeze [OR = 1.61, 95% CI [1.01 -2.58]] for those drinking 3–6 times per week (compared with never drink) and current eczema (OR = 1.63, 95%CI [1.12 -2.37]) for those drinking less than once per week. Intake of fresh fruit juice and citrus fruits were protective factors for lifetime asthma (OR = 0.71, 95%CI [0.54 -0.94]) for those drinking fresh fruit juice 1–2 times per week, and for those eating citrus fruits 3-6 times per week as well as for intake of fresh fish (OR= 0.74, 95%CI [0.56-0.96]. The frequent consumption of fresh fruit juice (p = 0.006), raw vegetables (p = 0.019), red meat (p = 0.008), white fish (p = 0.003), breaded fish (p= 0.015) and dairy products (p = 0.000) were positively associated with atopic wheeze. Conclusion: Consumption of fruits, vegetables and fish may provide some protective effect against allergies.


The economic decision to develop a new field depends heavily on the reservoir quality which, in turn, is based on two factors: the storage capacity and the flow capacity of the reservoir. The former is controlled by the porosity and hydrocarbon saturation and the latter is control by the permeability. This crucial information are computed using sets of logging measurement which is often supported by routine and advanced core analysis data. The process of comparing the log based interpretation with the core results can be time consuming and costly. New developments in logging technology especially in geochemical and dielectric logging are aiming to improve the log derived interpretation and reduce the uncertainties of the evaluation. This paper presents a case study where the integration of the advanced and standard logging tool is used to reveal the true potential of a gas reservoir. For Chevron in Western Australia the standard formation evaluation is usually based on spectral gamma ray, resistivity, density, neutron, sonic and magnetic resonance logs. This logging suite has been proven successful in determining the reservoir quality in clean gas sand reservoirs. However in new frontier fields the uncertainty becomes larger due to complex mineralogy, the choice of saturation equation, unknown formation salinity and the paucity of SCAL data. In this case study, the standard logging suites does provide a reasonable result, however, the introduction of the geochemical log reveals the existence of iron-rich heavy minerals, which suggests a higher calculated porosity after mineralogy correction. The dielectric log being sensitivity to water permittivity was used to measure the irreducible water volume independent of the inputs needed by a typical conventional water saturation method. In oil base mud environments, the dielectric log can measure the irreducible water in the reservoir as it is not displaced by the oil base filtrate. This advanced formation evaluation shows an increase of 22% gas in place in a particular compartment. A continuous permeability measurement can usually be inferred by the magnetic resonance log based on the free fluid and bound fluid ratio using the Timur-Coates equation. The bound fluid volume is determined by using a typical T2, 33 ms cutoff. However, the paramagnetic minerals in the formation are known to cause alteration in magnetic resonance relaxation time. In this example, the paramagnetic minerals caused a faster transverse relaxation time, hence a higher bound fluid will be computed if the T2 cutoff is not adjusted. This phenomenon has been a difficult challenge to solve in our industry. A new approach to compute the permeability was tried in this study where the irreducible water computed from the dielectric log was used as the bound fluid. The free fluid was computed by subtracting the total porosity with the dielectric irreducible water. The Timur-Coates permeability using these inputs is more consistent with offset data and confirmed by the mobilities from the formation pressure testing tool. The new approach reveals an almost 300% increase of flow capacity compared to conventional methods in the studied section.


Reticular chemistry of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) deals with the linking of discrete organic molecular building units into extended structures adopting various topologies by strong covalent bonds. The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of COF chemistry in terms of both structural diversity and applications. From the structural perspective, irrespective of our subject of concern with regard to COFs, it is inevitable to take into account the structural aspects of COFs in all dimensions from 1D ribbons to 3D frameworks, for which understanding the concepts of reticular chemistry, based mainly on 'reticular design', will seemingly lead to unlimited ways of exploring the exquisiteness of this advanced class of porous, extended, and crystalline materials. A comprehensive discussion and understanding of reticular design, therefore, is of paramount importance so that everyone willing to research on COFs can interpret well and chemically correlate the geometrical structures of this subset of reticular materials and their practical applications. This article lies at the heart of using the conceptual basis of reticular chemistry for designing, modeling, and determination of novel infinite and crystalline structures. Especially, the structure determinations are described by means of chronological advances of discoveries and development of COFs whereby their crystal structures are elucidated by modeling through the topological approach, 3D electron diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and powder X-ray diffraction techniques.


Visual place recognition is the task of finding same places in a set of database images for a given set of query images. This task becomes particularly challenging if the environmental condition changes between database and query, for example from day to night. In this paper, we build upon our recent work on graph optimization for place recognition, where a graph was used to model additional structural knowledge like sequences. A subsequent non-linear least squares optimization (NLSQ) improved the place recognition performance. While this approach achieves very high performance, it is quite slow and memory inefficient. This paper addresses the long runtime and the high memory usage in order to obtain the same or better place recognition performance faster on larger problems. We propose a novel graph optimization procedure that is based on Iterated Conditional Modes (ICM). In addition, we investigate a new cost function for an edge in the graph. Our novel ICMbased approach achieves 9.1msec maximum runtime per query, which is 260× faster than the minimum runtime with NLSQ. Moreover, with ICM we can optimize problems that are not feasible with NLSQ on a full graph due to memory limitations. To demonstrate the superior performance of our ICM-based method, we provide extensive experimental evaluations with the essence of 987 precision-recall curves: Our proposed ICM-based method is compared to the NLSQ-based method as well as to six sequence-based approaches from the literature on 21 sequence combinations from five datasets with four different image descriptors. Our experiments show that our ICM-based method with sequence-exploitation not only improves the NLSQbased performance by 10% on average while being 385× faster and using more than 60× less memory. It also significantly outperforms all six sequence-based methods from the literature by at least 32% on average with the NetVLAD descriptor while using comparable runtime and memory. Code is available online.


This paper focuses on application of graphdiyne (GDY) in both energy storage and conversion fields, including the most recent theoretical and experimental progress. The unique three-dimensional pore structure formed by stacking of the GDY layer, make it possess the natural advantage which can be applied to lithium storage and hydrogen storage. Because of its lithium storage ability, GDY can be used in energy storage devices, such as lithium ion batteries and lithium ion capacitors. While with the hydrogen storage property, GDY can be used as a hydrogen storage material in fuel cells. By doping method, the performance of GDY for lithium and hydrogen storage can be further improved. Owing to acetylene units composed of sp hybridized carbon atoms and benzene rings composed of sp(2) hybridized carbon atoms, GDY possesses multiple conjugated electronic structures. Thus, its band gap can be regulated through many ways accompanied with existence of Dirac cones. This property means that GDY can not only be used as a high-activity non-metal catalyst in place of noble metal catalysts in photocatalysis, but it also plays a promotional role in the hole transport layer and electron transport layer of solar cells. All of the reported results including theoretical and experimental data reviewed here, show the great potential of GDY in energy field applications.


The authors present algorithms for the automatic detection of oil spills in SAR images. The developed framework consists of first detecting dark spots in the image, then computing a set of features for each dark spot, before the spot is classified as either an oil slick or a "lookalike" (other oceanographic phenomena which resemble oil slicks). The classification rule is constructed by combining statistical modeling with a rule-based approach. Prior knowledge about the higher probability for the presence of oil slicks around ships and oil platforms is incorporated into the model. In addition, knowledge about the external conditions like wind level and slick surroundings are taken into account. The presented algorithms are tested on 84 SAR images. The algorithm can discriminate between oil slicks and lookalikes with high accuracy, 94% of the oil slicks and 99% of the lookalikes were correctly classified.


Profound agriculture practices may emerge a numerous problem like reduction in soil fertility, erosion, ground water contamination which has direct impact on the soil health. To evaluate soil quality, it is essential to learn all potential changes in soil biological properties. Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalyst in life processes, likewise in soil they are essential to play prospective role in maintaining soil health and to ass's soil quality. There are substantial enzymes in the soil environment, such as oxidoreductases, hydrolyses, isomerases, lyases and ligases. All of these enzymes play crucial role in several soil biological activities and maintaining soil health. In the group of all enzymes in soil environment, dehydrogenase is a most important enzyme belonging to the group of oxidoreductases that oxidizes a substrate by reducing an electron acceptor. Determination of dehydogenase enzyme activity in the soil samples gives us large amount of information about biological characteristic of soil which is essential for maintaining soil fertility as well as soil health. The main intendment of this review paper to define the role of intracellular enzyme dehydrogenase in soil environment as well as different methodology to estimate this enzyme activity in soil. Paper also illustrate that dehydogenases enzyme activity serves as microbial indicator and measure of total microbial activity to asses soil health and is


Violence is considered a public health problem in the United States, yet little is known about the benefit of using a combined epidemiology and criminology (EpiCrim) approach to focus on urban youth gun violence. The purpose of this general qualitative study was to determine in what ways Akers and Lanier's EpiCrim approach, in tandem with Benet's polarities of democracy approach, is explanatory of gun homicides by youth in U.S. urban areas and if the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System adequately addresses gun abatement measures. I collected data through semi-structured interviews with 16 criminal justice practitioners and medical professionals with experience relative to juvenile justice policies pertaining to gun violence. After inductively coding the interview data, I performed a thematic analysis procedure. The findings indicate that EpiCrim provides a platform to focus research efforts on complex issues that are drivers for behavioral risk factors associated with youth gun violence in urban areas. EpiCrim research can provide data that help identify the root cause of youth gun violence in urban areas, and the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System does not fully address gun abatement measures.


Abstract Seven transects of the narrowly-constricted mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A., were made using an acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensor during the period 16–21 September 1996. Data were acquired while participating in the Chesapeake Bay Plume Outfall Experiment (COPE I). Seven CTD stations per transect were conducted across the 17 km wide mouth along with continuous high-resolution ADCP coverage. Although discontinuous, the transect data covered nearly all phases of a generic tidal current cycle. The ratio of water level anomaly to average depth was O(10 −3 ) during the transects with atmospheric pressure and wind accounting for most of the anomaly. Freshwater discharge from the Bay was above normal during this period. The resultant flow structure obtained from the ADCP is much more complete than was previously possible with point measurements. Analysis in all tidal phases revealed near-isothermal conditions with horizontal and vertical temperature differences across the mouth rarely exceeding 1·0 °C in any tidal phase, higher surface salinity to the north coupled with higher subsurface salinity in the Chesapeake Channel and unidirectional flow from surface to depth. Horizontal and vertical current gradients were found to be quite strong, O(10 −3 ) s −1 and O(10 −2 ) s −1 respectively. A consistent feature found on nearly every ADCP transect was a subsurface flood current core and a surface ebb current core, both on the right side of the main channel in the direction of flow.


We present static measurements of the domain structure and dynamic results on domain wall motion and local susceptibility obtained by spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. The topography and the magnetic structure of the sample are recorded simultaneously with down to 10 nm resolution. With this technique, domain wall movement on Co ~0001! is studiedin situ. In some cases, the magnetization of the sample is locally influenced by the stray field of the tip. Measuring higher harmonics in the tunneling current allows one to quantify this influence and measure magnetic susceptibilities on similar scales. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. @S0021-8979 ~00!19908-6#


This paper explored the use of video technology as an aid to student engagement in physical education. Working in a comprehensive high school in Australia with disaffected students, the study used the New South Wales Quality Teaching Program as a basis for assessing the effectiveness of video technology in enhancing students' engagement in Physical Education lessons aimed at facilitating deeper understanding of throwing and catching. The results highlighted the effectiveness of video technology in enhancing engagement and subsequently suggest that such a degree of commitment helped students to develop understanding beyond technical replication and towards rational and reasoned student investigations around their learning. Additionally, it helped students to feel less marginalised and enabled them to be more engaged in their learning.


This paper proposes a new and more efficient solution to the problem of determining optimal form-closure constraints of polygonal objects using four contacts. New grasp parameters are determined based only on the directions of the applied forces, which are then used to determine the optimal grasp. Given a set of contact edges, using an analytical procedure a solution that is either the optimal one or is very close to it is obtained (only in this second case an iterative procedure is needed to find a root of a nonlinear equation). This procedure is used for an efficient determination of the optimal grasp on the whole object. The algorithms have been implemented and numerical examples are shown.


I. Introduction Like all other Canadian legislation, in order to be valid law, the provisions of Bill C-13, An act respecting assisted human reproduction, (1) must be consistent with the terms of Canada's Constitution, and, in particular, must not unjustifiably infringe upon the individual rights and freedoms set out in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. (2) With this fundamental legal principle in mind, this paper will focus on one of the many questions which may arise regarding the constitutionality of the bill: namely, does the prohibition of Non-Reproductive Human Cloning (3) unjustifiably violate freedom of expression? (4) The primary purpose of this paper is not to resolve this question but rather is to identify the main issues and concerns which are implicated by this query and to thereby determine whether a reasonable constitutional challenge could be mounted against the NRHC Ban on the basis of s. 2(b) of the Charter. II. The Process of Charter Analysis The structure of the Charter requires a court to undertake a two step analysis whenever legislation is challenged on the basis of an alleged Charter breach. The first step is to determine if the law in question violates a substantive Charter right. If a Charter right is not infringed, the legislation is constitutionally valid. If a Charter right is infringed, however, the court moves on to the second step of the analysis, which is to determine whether the violation is "reasonably and demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society" pursuant to s. 1 of the Charter. (5) Applying this two-step analysis to the question of whether the NRHC Ban unjustifiably violates freedom of expression, a court would have to determine: * Whether the NRHC Ban infringes on freedom of expression, and, if so, * Whether the NRHC Ban is a reasonable and demonstrably justified limit on freedom of expression. III. Does the NRHC Ban In fringe Freedom of Expression? (6) Section 2(b) of the Charter guarantees to every individual the right to freedom of expression. (7) In defining this right, the Supreme Court of Canada has held that the right is violated by any law whose purpose or effect is to restrict expression. Thus, in order to determine whether a given law violates a complainant's right to freedom of expression, a court must first find that the complainant's activity constitutes expression and second that the law in question, either by its purpose or by its effect, restricts that expression. (8) Does NRHC Constitute Expression? To date, the Supreme Court of Canada has not ruled on whether NRHC or any other form of scientific or medical research constitutes "expression" under s. 2(b) of the Charter. (9) In general terms, however, the Supreme Court has defined "expression" to include any activity which "conveys or attempts to convey meaning" and which is "non-violent." (10) The Court has taken this broad, content-neutral approach to the s. 2(b) right because of the Court's understanding that freedom of expression is constitutionally protected for the purpose of allowing people to seek and attain truth, to participate in "social and political decision-making", and to pursue "individual self-fulfilment and human flourishing."" As long as communicative activity relates to one of these underlying principles, the Supreme Court has held that even expression of little moral value, such as hate propaganda (12) and pornography (13), is protected under s. 2(b). Given these broad, content-neutral parameters for freedom of expression, it appears that NRHC would fall within s. 2(b)'s protection unless: * NRHC is an non-communicative activity; or * NRHC is an activity which is violent. According to the s. 2(b) test established by the Supreme Court of Canada, the moral worth or value of NRHC or the content of any messages conveyed by NRHC should not be a consideration in determining whether the NRHC Ban infringes on freedom of expression. …


It may not go down in history as the 'miracle of London' but the 2012 Paralympic Games truly brought about changes in attitudes towards people with disabilities that will be enduring. Going into the Games there were doubters, 'do not carers' and people ignorant to the achievements of Paralympians. The Olympic Games was an unqualified success but how would the nation and people around the world respond to the Paralympic Games?

The day after Sarah Storey won Great Britain's (GB) first gold medal she came into the GB Medical Centre to sign our medal board (figures 1⇓–3). The front pages of the national newspapers were covered with her picture and the story of her gold medal performance. We knew that something had changed. Being a home games, there was certainly a greater media interest for ParalympicsGB going into the Games, but we were unprepared for …


In the years 1962/64 our museum purchased from Mr. Otto Epping, now of Pittsburgh, U.S.A., a collection of 700 bird-specimens from southern Mexico (mainly from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca, a few specimens from Puebla). As our museum was poorly provided with material from Mexico, this was a very welcome addition to our collections. Mexico being now ornithologically well-known, there would be little point in giving a complete list of the species received, but there are a few rare and little-known species included and some others are of faunistic interest as they extend the ranges as hitherto known of the species or subspecies they belong to. In the present paper, the species which for the reasons given above appear to be of interest are listed, and when the occasion demands discussed. The localities where Mr. Epping collected are indicated on the accompanying map (fig. 1). Measurements are in millimetres. Of the numbers, the one before the stripe is the collectors number, the one behind the stripe is the number under which the specimen is registered in our collection. My work on this collection was much facilitated by the "Distributional Check-List of the Birds of Mexico" (see references under Friedmann and Miller); when in the text reference is made to "the Check-List", this work is meant. Podiceps nigricollis californicus Heermann (5, Temascal, Oaxaca, 19.XII.1962, gonads 5X3 (442/34429). Wing 132, entire culmen 28^, exposed culmen 22^4; light moult of body feathers on the back; stomach empty. Apparently not previously recorded from Oaxaca, though known from Vera Cruz. Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus)


Abstract The main concern of this paper was to identify the homogeneity between the micro- and macro-level of social market economy. It shows the transfer of the normative main idea of the social market economy to concepts of leadership ethics with which it is compatible concerning the basic ideas. They will be identified as leadership models of the social market economy and therefore differentiated from those that contradict these ideas. To this end, an attempt will first be made to recall the normative foundations of the social market economy. Leadership will be henceforth identified as an application area of this value basis on the microlevel. Subsequently, the systematic approach will be traced for a transfer from the macro-level to the microlevel.


An individual's motivations and emotions support the success of any enterprise. Increased motivation doubled by balanced emotions is the basic premises of any type of performance. Athletic competitions develop the opportunities for moral conduct, strengthen the character and bring benefits both personally and emotionally. Encouragement and praise when successful or the effort made when not successful develops in athletes a feeling of valorisation and appreciation for one's own person. Team sports have a higher impact on self-esteem compared to individual sports because they develop the feeling of belonging and of mutual support; team games are favourable for social bonding. This paper emphasise the importance of team games in raising self-esteem in athletes. The study is a comparative one and it focused on BUASVMT students that practice successfully team games and BUASVMT students that attend only physical training classes stipulated by the curricula. After applying the Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and after talking to the students and systematically observing them, we could see that, besides obvious physical health benefits, there was also an improvement of their general psychic comfort and, in some cases, even an improvement of their school record. It is thus proven that students that are actively involved in team games have a higher self-esteem than the others do.


Jerusalem artichoke (JA) is an important source of inulin, a dietary fiber with many health benefits. To investigate the potential of JA on antioxidant activity of coffee, JA coffee was made by adding roasted JA tuber to Vietnamese coffee at a ratio 1:1 (w/w). The TPC increased by 13.6% in JA-coffee affecting higher antioxidant activity by 48.0% and 26.9% in ORAC and DPPH assays, respectively. Additionally, JA improved such coffee characteristics as flavor and foam. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that the majority of inulin contents were DP 3 and DP 4. Furthermore, a food-grade microemulsion system which was composed of grape seed oil, soya lecithin, ethanol, and water was developed and applied to phenolic compounds extracted from spent coffee. Finally, the uniformity of microemulsions was improved by the LiposoFast which confirmed by Cryo-SEM.


The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of nutrient removal process by addition of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as external carbon sources, and how a model can be applied to a pilot test system to simulate the system. The results showed that: the effect of nutrients removal can be substantially increased with the addition of VFAs: before the addition of VFAs, the removal rate of TN and TP are 22% and 26% respectively; after the addition of VFAs, removal rates of TN and TP achieved 74% and 80% respectively. From an error analysis between simulated value and experimental value on the condition of external carbon addition, the average relative errors of CODcr, TN, NH3-N and NO3-N are 9.5%,23.4%,36% and 22% respectively, which illuminated the correctness of the model; optimum working conditions of the system established by the model are: internal reflux ratio is 200%,external reflux ratio is 75%,sludge retention time is 10d.


This report is a compilation of available data on Quaternary faults in Arizona as of the summer of 1998. These data were compiled as part of a effort to compile data and map information on Quaternary faults throughout the world, which is being overseen by Michael Machette of the U.S. Geological Survey. Michael Machette, Richard Dart, and Kathleen Haller provided substantial technical assistance in the preparation of these data, and the fault data forms were reviewed and edited by Michael Machette. As part of this effort, fault traces were entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS) database by the USGS. Map traces were plotted on 1:250,000-scale topographic base maps, and were digitized by Richard Dart and Lee-Ann Bradley of the USGS. They generated the 1:750,000-scale fault map that accompanies this database. neotectonic structures in Arizona. The first and most comprehensive of these is the state-wide compilation of neotectonic faults by Menges and Pearthree (1983), which was done primarily by Chris Menges. I also utilized the later state-wide compilation of young faults by Euge and others (1992). Regional compilations of the Douglas and Silver City 1:250,000-scale quadrangles in southeastern Arizona by Machette and others (1986) and the Flagstaff area by Pearthree and others (1996) provided most of the data for these areas. I also utilized indexes of geologic mapping in Arizona (Scarborough and Coney, 1982; Harris and others, 1994) and the geologic bibliography for the state (Trapp, 1996) developed by the Arizona Geological Survey. The data structure is set up to provide systematic information on each fault zone. Each fault has been assigned a number as part of the world-wide fault data set; faults are identified by number on the accompanying map. Fault names are based on published maps or reports. In cases where different names have been used for the fault, the alternative names are listed within the database. All of the faults are listed by name and number in the table on the following page. This table indicates where the data summary for each fault can be found, as well as the age of youngest activity and fault slip rate category. The individual fault data sheets include information on map and data sources, fault location, geologic setting of the fault, the geomorphic expression of the fault, recency of fault movement, fault slip rate(s), and fault zone length and orientation. Fault locations are rated good if they were originally mapped at 1:62,500 scale or larger, moderate if they were mapped at 1:130,000 scale or larger, or poor if there is substantial uncertainty in their location because of weak surface expression. Faults were grouped into slip rate categories of <0.02 mm/yr, < 0.2 mm/yr, and <1 mm/yr. Reported lengths are for the whole fault zone, not cumulative length of each individual fault in the zone, and orientations are averages for the fault zone. A composite list of references is at the end of this report. These fault data can be readily updated. Any feedback or any further data regarding individual faults is welcome, and more faults can be added as they are identified. (122 pages)


Brandy de Jerez is aged in American oak casks according to the traditional dynamic system (Soleras y Criaderas) and sometimes additionally by the static system (Anadas). The experimental arrangement used here for the analytical monitoring of brandy aging consisted of 15 casks, 12 of which were set up for aging by the dynamic system, which is well established in the denomination of origin area, whereas the other 3 contained the same brandy but aged according to the static system. This paper studies the kinetics of sugar extraction from oak wood to distillate, as well as the possible correlations between the sugar contents in brandy and its age or the commercial type it belongs to (Solera, Solera Reserva, or Solera Gran Reserva). High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection was used as the analytical tool to measure the concentrations of glucose, fructose, arabinose, galactose, and xylose, the presence of which in brandy has previously been described.


BACKGROUND Hemodynamic, hemorheologic, and metabolic changes are main determinants in the genesis of ischemic leg ulcers. Because prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil) could successfully counteract these changes, it has been intravenously used in the treatment of this disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of alprostadil in the treatment of ischemic ulcers and to compare subcutaneous with intravenous administration. METHODS Eighty patients were enrolled. Twenty-five were treated by injecting low doses of alprostadil around ischemic ulcers of the leg and saline solution intravenously and 25 were treated with intravenous alprostadil and local injections of saline solution; the control group was composed of 30 patients who received saline solution around the ulcers and intravenously. RESULTS All patients showed a statistically significant improvement in ulcer diameter, pain, and transcutaneous oxygen pressure compared to the control group. No relevant differences in the clinical outcome in the two treated groups were found, but patients treated with subcutaneous alprostadil experienced no side effects and showed higher values of transcutaneous oxygen pressure. CONCLUSIONS Both intravenous and local subcutaneous alprostadil are useful in the treatment of ischemic leg ulcers, but subcutaneous administration is less expensive and easier to perform.


The spectral analysis method was applied experimentally to extract the spectral indices, measure and analyze the spectral characteristics and their difference of the mixture which are composed in soil in Central Shaanxi Plain and the diesel and motor oil respectively, aiming to provide solutions to practical difficulties in detecting, analyzing the spectral characteristics and difference between the soil leaking with equal content diesel and motor oil and predicting the leaking content of diesel in the soil. The spectral response curves of the soil leaking with different oil respectively and the soil leaking with diesel with different content were collected. Then the spectral prediction model for the leaking content of diesel in the soil was built based on the reflectance characteristics. The coefficient of the detection (R2) was introduced to evaluate the stability of the built model,and the parameter root mean squared error (RMSE) was introduced to estimate the precision and the predictability of the model built in this work. It is demonstrated that : (1) The reflectance of soil leaking with diesel is less than that of the equal content motor oil. And there is a double absorption trough of the reflectance curve of both soil leaking with diesel and motor oil at 1 740 and 2 328 nm. The spectral absorption indices and absorption depth of the soil leaking with diesel keep less than the equal content motor oil. (2) The built spectral prediction model for the leaking content of diesel in the soil demonstrates good stability with the coefficient of determination at R2=0.854, and performs favorable predictability (Root-Mean-Square Error, RMSE=0.016), which can benefit the effective prediction and quick estimation methods of the leaking content of diesel in the soil, enrich and progress the experimental method and theoretical research work of spectral prediction on soil leaking oil content and promote the application of remote sensing in safety production and environmental protection.


7.1 Introduction The Poincare sphere representation was conceived by the French physicist Henri Poincare in 1892. It is a simple and extremely useful geometrical representation of various polarization states and their evolution through a birefringent medium. We will see that this representation makes the formulation as well as the explanation of a difficult problem very easy due to the graphical depiction of the
actions of the polarizers and birefringent media involved. According to this representation, one represents various polarization states, polarizers, and birefringent media by specific points on the surface of a sphere (unit radius) in terms of the longitude and latitude, as discussed in the following section. 7.2 Various Polarization States The most general polarization state is an elliptically polarized state, which is described by the following three parameters: (i) The orientation θ of the major axis of the polarization ellipse, which is measured with respect to some fixed direction. Let us select this direction as the horizontal direction (x axis) in the (x-y) plane, transverse to the direction of propagation, taken as the z axis (see Fig. 7.1). (ii) The ellipticity of the ellipse representing the SOP, which is measured in terms of an angle e = tan-1(b/a), where b and a represent the semi-minor and semi-major axess, respectively. Obviously, a and b are both positive quantities, and a ≥ b; thus 0 ≤ e ≤ π/4. (iii) The sense of rotation of the electric field with time is specified by assigning a positive or negative sign to e; the positive sign is for right rotations, and the negative sign for left rotations. Here, the right/left rotations are the clockwise/counterclockwise rotations, as seen by an observer looking into the source of the light.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE
Spiritual well-being has been associated with better quality of life outcomes in caregivers, but the associations among the care recipient's functional status, the caregiver's spiritual well-being, and the caregiver's health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is unknown. Research Method/Design: The study examined the Spiritual Well-Being Scale in caregivers of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI; n = 335). Participants completed measures from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, the Quality of Life in Caregivers of TBI, and the Caregiver Appraisal Scale. The Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 (MPAI-4) measured care recipient's functional status. The association between religious well-being and existential well-being and HRQOL were examined with Pearson correlation coefficients. Multiple linear regressions examined the interaction between caregiver well-being and care recipient functional status on HRQOL outcomes accounting for demographic variables.

RESULTS
Less favorable caregiver HRQOL was associated with military affiliation, male status, spousal caregiver relationship, and White race. MPAI-4 was moderately associated with all HRQOL subdomains. For spiritual well-being, existential well-being was moderately correlated with 9 of 16 HRQOL subdomains in comparison to religious well-being that demonstrated small correlations with 3 of 16 subdomains. MPAI-4 had negative effects on HRQOL regardless of spiritual well-being with higher existential well-being reducing the negative impact of the care recipient's functional impairment on HRQOL for significant HRQOL interactions.

CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS
Interventions that encourage development and maintenance of life purpose and meaning in caregivers of persons with TBI, and less so, spirituality, might have beneficial effects on HRQOL when the person with injury has more functional limitations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).


A 79-year-old woman consulted a plastic surgeon, because since 3 years she had a large wound at the base of her left index finger. Histology of a skin biopsy showed cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the extension of the defect, amputation of the index finger with a split-skin-graft was performed.


ABSTRACT Although civil construction causes serious environmental impacts, it has significant social and economic importance. Its sustainable development is one of the challenges that need to be overcome in order to avoid irreversible environmental damage to fu-ture generations. Thus, sustainability should be inserted into the whole life cycle of a building, especially during the construction stage, by managing sustainable projects at construction sites. Using this setting, this descriptive and qualitative study aims at identifying the perceptions about sustainable practice during the construction stage. It presents methodology based on interviews and personal observations at construc-tion sites in Brazil, using nine case studies in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil. The results from the analyzed construction sites show that sustainable practices are incipient and still unsatisfactory. However, this study also shows that the scenario has changed because of requirements from an increasingly more demanding society which is aware of the environmental impacts caused by this activity.


BACKGROUND
In Europe, increases in HCV infection have been observed over the last two decades in MSM, making them a key population for recently acquired HCV. Alternative combinations of direct-acting antiviral agents against early HCV infection need to be assessed.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
In this pilot trial, MSM with recently acquired genotype 1 or 4 HCV infection were prospectively included and received 8 weeks of oral grazoprevir 100 mg and elbasvir 50 mg in a fixed-dose combination administered once daily. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response evaluated 12 weeks after the end of treatment (EOT) (SVR12). Secondary endpoints were the virological characterization of failures, the quality of life before, during and after treatment and the rate of reinfection.

RESULTS
In a 15 month period, 30 patients were enrolled, all of whom were MSM. Of the 29 patients completing follow-up, 28 (96%, 95% CI = 82%-99%) achieved SVR12. One patient interrupted follow-up (suicide) but had undetectable plasma HCV RNA at EOT. One patient with suboptimal adherence confirmed by plasma drug monitoring relapsed and developed NS3, NS5A and NS5B resistance-associated substitutions (V36M, M28V and S556G). The most common adverse events related to study drug were diarrhoea (n = 4, 13%), insomnia (n = 2, 7%) and fatigue (n = 2, 7%), although no patient discontinued treatment. No HIV RNA breakthrough was reported in the 28 patients with HIV coinfection. At Week 48, reinfection was diagnosed in three patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data support the use of grazoprevir/elbasvir for immediate treatment against HCV in order to reduce HCV transmission in MSM.


Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common complex autoimmune disorder which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. While multiple factors that influence susceptibility to and outcome of disease have been identified there is still a large proportion of missing heritability and limited understanding of disease pathogenesis. In recent years, biologic drug therapies have advanced treatment of RA; however good disease control is achieved in just 30% of patients, making identification of predictors of treatment response important. One area of research which is yet to be explored in relation to treatment response, and requires further evaluation in RA susceptibility, is epigenetics. Epigenetics is the study of modifications of the DNA which can influence gene expression but do not alter genetic sequence, and the most commonly studied epigenetic phenomenon, to date, is DNA methylation.Objectives: To identify DNA methylation signatures predictive of treatment response to anti-TNF biologics, to explore the role of DNA methylation in RA susceptibility using disease discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins, and to assess the effect of cryopreservation of cells on DNA methylation.Methods: Genome-wide DNA methylation levels were measured using the HumanMethylation450 BeadChip in pre-treatment whole blood DNA samples from individuals who had extremely good or extremely poor response to the anti-TNF therapies, etanercept and adalimumab, and in MZ twins discordant for RA (n=79 pairs). I also compared genome-wide methylation in cells which had been cryopreserved with fresh cells, to investigate if this technique is suitable for epigenetic investigations.Results: I identified four methylation sites which were significantly related to response to etanercept at a false discovery rate of 5%, the most significantly differentially methylated of which maps to the LRPAP1 gene (p=1.46E-8). Indeed, four other sites at the same locus also showed evidence for differential methylation indicating that this represents a differentially methylated region. No sites were significantly associated with response to adalimumab after correction for multiple testing. I identified subtle differences in DNA methylation between RA discordant twins. Although these were not statistically significant following adjustment for cell composition, one of the most differentially methylated positions mapped to the ZNF74 gene (p=4.97E-6), and replicated a methylation difference identified in the largest previous epigenome-wide association study of RA cases and unrelated healthy controls. I found that cryopreservation of cells does not significantly alter the methylome, an important observation that will impact upon design of future studies.Conclusions: In the largest studies of DNA methylation in RA treatment response and RA discordant MZ twins to date, I identified significant differential methylation in etanercept response, but not adalimumab response, and found small differences in methylation in RA discordant MZ twins. I also concluded that cryopreservation does not significantly alter the methylome.


The chapter discusses typical features of innovation activity in peripheral regions; regions located outside daily commuting distance from large cities. Such regions exhibit different place-specific conditions to those found in dynamic core regions, which cause peripherally located firms to innovate in certain ways. Many peripheral regions are characterized by organizationally thin regional innovation systems and bonding social capital. These are features that stimulate incremental innovations based on experience-based knowledge, which is typical of the Doing-Using-Interacting (DUI) innovation mode. Characteristics such as many DUI innovations, little local knowledge flow, low related variety of knowledge and technology and high levels of bonding social capital may result in peripheral regions becoming trapped in path extension: firms and industries strengthen their existing activity through incremental innovation, while the development of new activities through radical innovations is difficult to achieve. Firms in peripheral regions, in particular, need to source extra-regional knowledge in order to achieve more radical innovation activity. Reliance on extra-regional knowledge sources also points to the fact that external investments and policy initiatives are especially important for industrial development in peripheral regions. Firms in peripheral regions, however, need to develop organizational learning strategies in order to be able to exploit external knowledge from distant sources in their internal innovation processes.


Introduction Cluster randomised trials (CRTs) randomise participants in groups, rather than as individuals, and are key tools used to assess interventions in health research where treatment contamination is likely or if individual randomisation is not feasible. Missing outcome data can reduce power in trials, including in CRTs, and is a potential source of bias. The current review focuses on evaluating methods used in statistical analysis and handling of missing data with respect to the primary outcome in CRTs. Methods and analysis We will search for CRTs published between August 2013 and July 2014 using PubMed, Web of Science and PsycINFO. We will identify relevant studies by screening titles and abstracts, and examining full-text articles based on our predefined study inclusion criteria. 86 studies will be randomly chosen to be included in our review. Two independent reviewers will collect data from each study using a standardised, prepiloted data extraction template. Our findings will be summarised and presented using descriptive statistics. Ethics and dissemination This methodological systematic review does not need ethical approval because there are no data used in our study that are linked to individual patient data. After completion of this systematic review, data will be immediately analysed, and findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentation.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
 The greatest aphasia recovery after stroke occurs in the first 3 months, and the degree of recovery is fairly predictable by initial severity. Degree of recovery of after 3 months is highly variable. We sought to determine factors (age, education, time post onset (TPO), infarct volume, medications) that influence language recovery after 3 months.

 METHODS:
 We tested 45 chronic, left-hemisphere stroke patients (mean age 54.9 years; education of 14.7 years; TPO 35.4 months; volume of lesion of 126 cc) on the WAB. Comprehension, repetition, and naming summary scores and total of these scores were used as outcome variables. "Spontaneous speech" scores were omitted because of lower reliably in scoring. Infarct volume was measured on MRI FLAIR sequences. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to identify predictors of recovery.

 RESULTS:
 WAB total score beyond 3 months was independently predicted only by education (for model including education, age, TPO, infarct volume: r
 2
 = 0.32; p=0.004). Repetition was also predicted only by education (p=0.007). However, naming was also predicted by age (p=.003). For those not on antidepressants, naming was significantly influenced by age, education, TPO, and volume of lesion, independently of each other (r
 2
 for this model = 0.66; p<0.0001). For those on antidepressants, naming was predicted only by education (p=0.03). There were no differences between patients who had never taken antidepressants and those currently taking antidepressants in age, education, TPO, volume of lesion, total WAB score (mean 23.7 vs 28.3), comprehension (8.3/10 vs. 9.9/10), or naming (7.5/10 vs. 8.8/10), but patients who had never taken anti-depressants tended to have lower repetition scores (mean 8.1/10 vs. 9.6/10; p=0.05).

 CONCLUSION:
 Education may provide a "cognitive reserve" for stroke patients; higher education is robustly associated with better recovery of language scores, even after controlling for age, lesion volume, and TPO. Younger age, longer TPO, and small infarcts are all independently associated with better recovery of naming. Anti-depressants may be associated with better short-term memory and concentration, and therefore associated with a tendency for better recovery of repetition.


A cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) found in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans inhibits the eukaryotic cell cycle, which may contribute to the pathogenic potential of the bacterium. The presence of the cdtABC genes and CDT activity were examined in 40 clinical isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans from Brazil, Kenya, Japan and Sweden. Thirty-nine of 40 cell lysates caused distension of Chinese hamster ovary cells. At least one of the cdt genes was detected in all strains examined. The three cdt genes were detected, by PCR, in 34 DNA samples. DNA from one strain from Kenya did not yield amplicons of the cdtA and cdtB genes and did not express toxic activity. Restriction analysis was performed on every amplicon obtained. PCR-RFLP patterns revealed that the three cdt genes were conserved. These data provided evidence that the cdt genes are found and expressed in the majority of the A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates. Although a quantitative difference in cytotoxicity was observed, indicating variation in expression of CDT among strains, no clear relationship between CDT activity and periodontal status was found.


The features of hemifacial microsomia with unilateral condylar hypoplasia in a 9-year-old female patient were analysed in a multidisciplinary fashion. Cephalometric roentgenograms revealed malformation of the mandible, with the right condylar process being smaller than the left. In addition, the right maxillary alveolar process was underdeveloped. Closed view radiography with oblique lateral transcranial projection (by modified Schüller's method) of the temporomandibular joint revealed an anterior dislocation of the condyle on the unaffected side. Computed tomography (CT) of the masticatory muscles demonstrated that the medial pterygoid muscle on the affected side, unlike the other muscles, was larger than that on the unaffected side. The surface electromyographic activities of the temporal and masseter muscles and reduction of the maximum bite force on the affected side during clenching corresponded with the CT findings. The hypertrophy of the medial pterygoid muscle on the affected side was considered likely to be a compensatory adjustment to keep the mandible centred. A three-dimensional study of the movement of the mandible revealed that the condyle on the affected side moved vertically and that the rotational centre was located antero-inferior to the condylar process during maximum jaw opening and closing movements. These findings suggested lack of articular guidance. Moreover, the unaffected condylar process showed considerable backward movement during retrusion and ipsilateral excursion of the mandible. The mandibular head on the unaffected side showed obvious protraction during all jaw movements, which might have induced the overgrowth of the condylar head on the unaffected side in this growing child.


This study examines how media representations of Palestinian–Israelis differ between broadcast media outlets and their social networking sites, using the "capabilities approach" as the theoretical framework. The study presents a quantitative content analysis comparison of the frequency and context of appearances of Palestinian–Israeli interviewees on all news and current affairs programs broadcast on the five major Israeli broadcast networks over twelve months, as well as the simultaneous appearances of the interviewees on the programs' Facebook and Twitter accounts. The results suggest that social networking sites of broadcast media are more enabling of capabilities for Palestinian–Israelis relative to the broadcast media themselves. Thus, with changing consumption patterns and technological developments, this analysis points to the importance of examining social networks in addition to traditional broadcast platforms, for a more comprehensive understanding of which capabilities are enabled through traditional mass media as they expand their reach to new technologies.


It is generally thought that the anticancer efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) relies on their internalization by cancer cells. However, recent work on an ADC that targets fibronectin in the tumor microenvironment suggests this may not be necessary. The alternatively spliced extra domains A and B (EDA and EDB) of fibronectin offer appealing targets for ADC development, because the antigen is strongly expressed in many solid human tumors and nearly undetectable in normal tissues except for the female reproductive system. In this study, we describe the properties of a set of ADCs based on an antibody targeting the alternatively spliced EDA of fibronectin coupled to one of a set of potent cytotoxic drugs (DM1 or one of two duocarmycin derivatives). The DM1 conjugate SIP(F8)-SS-DM1 mediated potent antitumor activity in mice bearing DM1-sensitive F9 tumors but not DM1-insensitive CT26 tumors. Quantitative biodistribution studies and microscopic analyses confirmed a preferential accumulation of SIP(F8)-SS-DM1 in the subendothelial extracellular matrix of tumors, similar to the pattern observed for unmodified antibody. Notably, we found that treatments were well tolerated at efficacious doses that were fully curative and compatible with pharmaceutical development. Our findings offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for curative ADC targeting the tumor microenvironment that do not rely upon antigen internalization.


NURUL ANWAR-1410130107.An Analysis of Conversational Maxim in the Script of the
Movie "How to Train Your Dragon 2"
Communication needs to be delivered smoothly to make it understandable. Violation
in the process of giving information through conversations can be dangerous, it makes the
information is not fully nor wrongly received. A communication which fulfil the
conversational maxims is a good quality of communication. The speaker speaks directly with
a right amount of information, truthful, in order, and exactly what he means. (Zhou, 2009:42).
This research aims to find out: 1) the types of conversational maxims used in the
script of "How to Train Your Dragon 2", 2) the factors influences the types of conversational
maxims used in the script of "How to Train Your Dragon 2", and 3) The occurrence of the
violation of conversational maxims in the script of "How to Train Your Dragon 2".
The researcher uses qualitative study method. This research was conducted to find out
the maxims issue in "How to Train Your Dragon 2" movie's script using documents analysis.
The researcher investigated the type of the maxims, the factors influence the types of maxims
used, and the violation of the maxims. It employed conversational maxims which were
proposed by Grice in 1975 as its framework.
The techniques of collecting data collected from the script of How to Train Your
Dragon 2 movie script. The techniques of data collection are downloading, synchronizing,
underlining, rewriting, and coding data.
The results of research show that types of conversational maxims in the text is
dominated by maxim of relation, the types of the maxims which are used by the speakers are
all depend on their will to cooperate, their purpose, and the context of conversation, and the
most violated maxim is the maxim of quantity. The maxim of quantity was violated in 40%
of all the violation data.
Key words: Pragmatics, Communication, Conversational Maxims, Movie in Learning, Script.


More than 42 million individuals in the United States are estimated to be current smokers,1 and smoking remains highly prevalent2 and the leading cause of preventable deaths globally.1 Tobacco smoking rates among women vary globally2 but are estimated to be approximately 15% to 16% in the United States.1 Despite the well-publicized health effects of smoking during pregnancy on both the mother and the fetus, almost 11% of US women reported smoking through the final trimester of pregnancy, and of those who quit smoking during pregnancy, approximately 44% relapsed within 6 months of delivery of their infant.1,3


OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and associated risk factors among inmates in three major prison settings of Eastern Ethiopia.

DESIGN
Between July and November, 2008, 371 prisoners with a history of cough of ≥ 2 weeks were screened for PTB using direct smear microscopy and culture. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS
Of 371 PTB suspects identified by active screening, 33 (8.9%) were confirmed as smear- or culture-positive PTB. Together with the 11 PTB patients already on treatment, the point prevalence of PTB was 1913 per 100,000 (95%CI 1410-2580), about seven times higher than that of the general population. Eleven newly diagnosed PTB patients were sharing a cell with known TB patients. Factors significantly associated with PTB were young age (15-44 years of age) (OR 3.73), urban residence (OR 3.59), having a cough >4 weeks (OR 3.15), and sharing a cell with a TB patient (OR 3.39) or a prisoner with chronic cough (OR 4.5).

CONCLUSIONS
The study documented a high prevalence of PTB among Ethiopian prisoners. Socio-demographic and TB management factors were identified to be underlying causes of the high transmission rate and the acquisition of new cases. Active surveillance of TB and implementing prevention and control guidelines are imperative.