A side-chain engineering study has been performed with isoindigo-based conjugated polymers to modulate their physical and electronic properties through the incorporation of urea functionalities. Easily accessible and versatile, the incorporation of urea moieties in the side chains of conjugated polymers enables the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains, resulting in a significant effect on the solid-state morphology and electronic properties. Incorporation of 0 to 20 mol% of urea-containing side chains was achieved, and the resulting materials were characterized by several techniques. Moreover, a comparison was also performed with similar polymers incorporating 0 to 20 mol% of dodecyl linear side chains. The organic field-effect transistors fabricated from the new materials showed that, at low content of urea moieties, the formation of hydrogen bonds did not allow for a significant improvement of the charge carrier mobility. However, devices made from the polymer with 20 mol% urea moieties showed an enhanced average charge mobility (0.032 cm2 V−1 s−1), in contrast to the polymer with 20 mol% dodecyl side chains (0.0073 cm2 V−1 s−1). The results obtained from the investigation of urea-containing isoindigo-based polymers confirm that the incorporation of urea moieties in polyisoindigos is a promising strategy to control the nanoscale morphology, solubility and polarity of conjugated polymers without reducing their performance in organic field-effect transistors.


Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory artery disease responsible for about 50% of deaths in the western world, mainly due to heart disease and stroke. Brain abnormalities that can be seen in patients with arterial disease (atherosclerosis) are heterogeneous and are the result of different underlying etiologies. The three main groups of brain abnormality etiologies are neurodegenerative disease, large vessel disease and small vessel disease.

The main neuroimaging feature of neurodegenerative disease are localized (hippocampal, temporal, frontal and parietal) and global atrophy while large vessel disease (LVD) leads to cortical infarcts. Neuroimaging features of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) include: recent small subcortical infarcts, lacunar infarcts, white matter hyperintensities (WMH), dilated perivascular spaces, cerebral microbleeds and possibly even brain atrophy. CSVD results from a complex mix of genetic and cardiovascular risk factors. There are several types of CSVD based on etiology (most common are arteriolosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy and genetic SVD). These different types of CSVD may lead to different manifestations of imaging features of CSVD.

In this thesis we investigated two novel approaches to the analysis of imaging features in patients with arterial disease. In the first chapter, we hypothesized that the shape of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) may be indicative of the underlying etiology. We assessed possible shape descriptors to study the shape of WMH lesions and to provide additional information of the WMH. We identified eccentricity, fractal dimension, convexity and solidity as plausible shape descriptors. In the second chapter, we hypothesized that different underlying etiologies may lead to different imaging manifestations. We used cluster analysis to combine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features to identify different imaging phenotypes. We identified three distinct groups with different WMH severities and cardiovascular risk factors. These three groups were divided further revealing seven distinct brain imaging patterns. Three of these patterns are associated with localized arterial disease, two patterns may be caused by different types of SVD and one pattern shows signs of LVD. The final group does not show signs of LVD or SVD and might have a neurodegenerative etiology.


Abstract Most of the economic analyses of the overseas Chinese network focus on trade and investment flows at the country level. In this paper, we analyze the effects of the ethnic Chinese network at the firm level. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we find that ethnic Chinese FDI firms in China in fact underperform nonethnic Chinese FDI firms. We also find that the performance of ethnic Chinese firms deteriorates over time. We present evidence consistent with the hypothesis that ethnic Chinese firms underinvest in those firm attributes that may contribute to long-term performance, such as human capital and technology. Our findings raise both empirical and normative implications of ethnic ties.


PURPOSE
This study was conducted to analyze and clarify the concept of the effective breastfeeding.

METHODS
This study used Walker and Avant's process of concept analysis.

RESULTS
Effective breastfeeding is how to give infant adequate milk, which fulfills needs of mother and infant, from her breast so that they can be satisfied with the process and results. It included the effective breastfeeding properties as follows: feeding behaviors (positioning, latch on, and suckling), transferring a breast milk to an infant, mother-infant interaction, and satisfying their desires (satisfaction, comfort, mother's self-confidence, infant's adequate weight gain and defecation, adequate breastfeeding interval). The antecedent of effective breastfeeding were anatomical and functional normal breast, breastfeeding knowledge and steady-state of mother, and feeding desire, rooting reflex and normal oral cavity of infant. The consequences of effective breastfeeding were exclusive breastfeeding, infant and maternal health and wellbeing, and achievement of mother and infant attachment.

CONCLUSION
The meaning of effective breastfeeding defined in this study will contribute to develop the effectiveness breastfeeding assessment tool and the nursing intervention for ineffective breastfeeding.


Elected on a platform of withdrawal from Iraq after the 3/11 train bombings, Spanish socialists sought early on to embark on an antiterrorist policy of negotiation and dialogue with disgruntled Arab and Basque communities. The socialists' early efforts at achieving a historic accord with the Basque separatist organization ETA and its willingness to accommodate and integrate North African diaspora communities have floundered. Faced with repeated terrorist attacks and plots, the socialists have reversed course and have moved decisively toward a more draconian law enforcement model in their prosecution of Basque and Islamist militants.


For over twenty years, flower-visitation networks have been used to assess the effects of
pollinator decline, linked to habitat loss, climate change and invasive species, on entire
communities. However, most rely on flower visit frequency as a proxy for pollination; very
few sample pollen from flower visitor's bodies or from stigmas and so do not include a
quantitative measure of pollination success. Here, I add pollinator effectiveness (as single visit
pollen deposition) into a traditional flower visitation network, creating a pollinator importance
network that better evaluates the flower visitor community from the plant's perspective. Given
recent interest in pollination in urban areas, I use an urban garden habitat, and compare
visitation, pollen transport and pollinator importance networks, giving several novel
conclusions.
Firstly, although there are similarities in the structure of my networks, interactions were
most specialised in the pollinator importance network, with pollen transport proving to be a
better proxy for pollinator importance than visitation alone. Secondly, the specialisation of
individual plants and the role of individual flower visitors varied between the networks,
suggesting that community-level patterns in simple visitation networks can mask important
individual differences. Thirdly, the correlation between flower visit frequency and pollinator
importance largely depends on bees, and may not hold in plant-pollinator communities that are
not bee-dominated. Fourthly, heterospecific pollen deposition was relatively low, despite the
unusually diverse plant community of a garden. Finally, bees (particularly Bombus and non-eusocial halictids) carried the largest pollen loads and were the most effective at depositing
pollen on to the stigma during a single visit in this garden habitat.
The implications of this thesis highlight the strengths and limitations of each network for
future studies, and raise important questions for the future of urban pollination studies.


The subject of this work is thermal comfort in complex non-uniform environments with special regard to aircraft cabins. Under non-uniform conditions, it is difficult to define an acceptable or comfortable range by using only the whole body thermal sensation vote. In complex thermal environments, large thermal differences exist around the occupants. This means that standard comfort models, which consider the human body as one compartment fail in the case of non-uniform environments. Clear evaluations are only possible by considering local effects. The 33 node comfort model (33 NCM) developed for this study relates local thermal sensation and comfort in a psychological model to skin temperatures, which are defined by a physiological model. 16 single body parts are resolved with a subdivision into a core and a skin layer. The local thermal sensation and comfort of the single body parts is transformed into an overall thermal sensation and comfort vote. Since the integrated models for the physiological and psychological part are based on a limited range of experiments with only partly known boundary conditions and the effects of intraand inter-individual differences, the whole model is calibrated with self-obtained experimental data generated in an automated optimization process. As a result, the optimized set of design parameters is limited to the field of application. The used experimental data reflect the thermal sensation and comfort votes of sitting passengers in an aircraft cabin with a mixing or displacement ventilation system. The universal validity of the underlying model makes it possible, however, to transfer the whole process to any other indoor environment. The book begins with an introduction into the fundamental principles of human physiology and goes on to derive the body's reactions in terms of thermal sensation and comfort from human physiology and the definition of the human body state. Chapter four presents the various aspects of thermal modelling and developed models. The development of the 33 NCM is based on experiments (chapter five) and numerical flow simulations (chapter six) to collect further information on the environmental conditions. The underlying mathematical models for the 33 NCM are explained in chapter seven. Chapter eight defines the optimization process used for calibrating the model. In addition to tests using the author's own experimental data, the model is validated using data from previous research (chapter nine). Chapter ten demonstrates the application of the 33 NCM as a stand-alone model or in a coupled mode with numerical flow simulations.


Performance test of test blanket modules in the fusion environment using the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is one of the most important mile-stone for the development of the breeding blanket of the fusion power plant. In the design of test blanket modules in the ITER, it is very important to show that test modules do not cause additional safety concern to the ITER. This work has been performed for the evaluation of the preliminary safety of the test blanket module of a water cooled solid blanket, which is the primary candidate of the breeding blanket in Japan currently. Major issues of the evaluation were, establishment of post-accident cooling in the test blanket module, hydrogen gas generation by Be/steam reaction, and pressure increase and spilled water amount by the event of coolant leakage. The analyses results showed that, suppression tank system is necessary to accommodate the over-pressure by the coolant water after pipe break in the box of the test module. Coolant water pipe break of the first wall of the test blanket module will result relatively small impact to the ITER safety because of the small inventory of the coolant water of the test module and large volume of the vacuum vessel of the ITER. However, it was clarified that the water cooled blanket with beryllium pebble as the multiplier will have the potential hazard of the hydrogen formation. Further investigation to maintain the safety on this aspect is required.


Widespread disgruntlement over allegations that candidates nominated by communities had been irregularly removed by the ANC led to a promise by President Jacob Zuma that any candidates found to have been nominated in an improper way would be removed after the May polls. This was seen as a desperate attempt to stop aggrieved communities from boycotting the local government elections.


Recent dynamic damage studies on depleted uranium samples have revealed mixed mode failure mechanisms leading to incipient cracking as well as ductile failure processes. Results show that delamination of inclusions upon compression may provide nucleation sites for damage initiation in the form of crack tip production. However, under tension the material propagates cracks in a mixed shear localization and mode-I ductile tearing and cracking. Cracks tips appear to link up through regions of severe, shear dominated plastic flow. Shock recovery experiments were conducted on a 50 mm single stage light gas gun. Serial metallographic sectioning was conducted on the recovered samples to characterize the bulk response of the sample. Experiments show delaminated inclusions due to uniaxial compression without damage propagation. Further results show the propagation of the damage through tensile loading to the incipient state, illustrating ductile processes coupled with mixed mode-I tensile ductile tearing, shear localization, and mode-I cracking in depleted uranium.


The objective of this study was to find out how language is spoken in a particular region; in particular, it was to investigate aspects of Canadian Raising in Fredericton, New Brunswick. The study was limited to instances of /au/ as produced by informants differing in age, education and sex. These factors were examined to determine their possible influence on variation in this diphthong.


It has been proposed in literature that a quantum computer can be made utilizing the electronic states of electrons bound to the surface of liquid helium. One can model a single electron on the surface as a 1d hydrogenic atom, providing a set of quantum electronic states which are easily tunable, with an untuned energy gap of 0.488\,meV (120 GHz) between the ground state and the first excited state, and it is these two energy levels that are proposed as the 0 and 1 state of a qubit. To that end, three microfabricated devices are needed: a low temperature electron source of low energy electrons, a detector capable of detecting single electrons, and a microstructure capable of trapping and Stark shifting the energy levels of individual electrons in proximity close enough to perform multiple qubit operations. This dissertation contains a description of the devices microfabricated for these purposes. An electron source based on porous silicon was fabricated, tested, and proven to provide low energy electrons. Other more conventional techniques based on a thoriated tungsten filament were also explored. For electron detection, we have fabricated a transition edge superconducting microbolometer. Tests have shown it is capable of detecting a few eV of energy. For the microstructure, we fabricated a series of columns 200 nm in diameter, 1.5[mu]m in height, separated by 500 nm. For later tests, a microelectrode exposed through a 10[mu]m diameter hole in a ground plane was used. Initial experiments describing bolometer designs and electron confinement are discussed, as well as proposed microfabrication redesign to continue this work. Numerical time series computations of both single (NOT, PHASE) and two qubit (SWAP, [square root]SWAP, CNOT) gates are also presented


Background The medical burden in mood disorders is high; various factors are thought to drive this pattern. Little research has examined the role of childhood maltreatment and its effects on medical morbidity in adulthood among people with unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Aims This is the first study to explore the association between childhood maltreatment and medical morbidity in bipolar disorder and in unipolar depression, and examine whether the impact of abuse and neglect are distinct or combined. Method The participants consisted of 354 psychiatrically healthy controls, 248 participants with recurrent unipolar depression and 72 with bipolar disorder. Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and received a validated medical history interview. Results Any type of childhood maltreatment, child abuse and child neglect were significantly associated with the medical burden in bipolar disorder, but not unipolar depression or for controls. These associations worked in a dose–response fashion where participants with bipolar disorder with a history of two or more types of childhood maltreatment had the highest odds of having a medical illness relative to those without such history or those who reported one form. No such significant dose–response patterns were detected for participants with unipolar depression or controls. Conclusions These findings suggest that childhood maltreatment may play a stronger role in the development of medical illnesses in individuals with bipolar disorder relative to those with unipolar depression. Individuals who had been maltreated with a mood disorder, especially bipolar disorder may benefit most from prevention and intervention efforts surrounding physical health. Declaration of interest None.


Abstract. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are important tools for modelling impacts of global change on ecosystem services. However, most models do not take full account of human land management and land use and land cover changes (LULCCs). We integrated croplands and pasture and their management and natural vegetation recovery and succession following cropland abandonment into the LPJ-GUESS DGVM. The revised model was applied to Africa as a case study to investigate the implications of accounting for land use on net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) and the skill of the model in describing agricultural production and reproducing trends and patterns in vegetation structure and function. The seasonality of modelled monthly fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) was shown to agree well with satellite-inferred normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). In regions with a large proportion of cropland, the managed land addition improved the FPAR vs. NDVI fit significantly. Modelled 1991–1995 average yields for the seven most important African crops, representing potential optimal yields limited only by climate forcings, were generally higher than reported FAO yields by a factor of 2–6, similar to previous yield gap estimates. Modelled inter-annual yield variations during 1971–2005 generally agreed well with FAO statistics, especially in regions with pronounced climate seasonality. Modelled land–atmosphere carbon fluxes for Africa associated with land use change (0.07 PgC yr−1 release to the atmosphere for the 1980s) agreed well with previous estimates. Cropland management options (residue removal, grass as cover crop) were shown to be important to the land–atmosphere carbon flux for the 20th century.


When we look at a complete ball, only the front half of it is directly visible. Hence, a semi-spherical shell producing the same retinal image is easily mistaken for a complete ball. Given that the backside of a ball (or a corresponding semi-sphere) is hidden from direct view, it appears tempting to conceive of this kind of mistake as a rather mundane failure of cognitive guesswork. A more counter-intuitive hypothesis, however, which can be traced back to Michotte's early work on amodal completion is that the semi-spherical shell is completed into a full ball by processes of a genuinely perceptual nature. Here, we present an illusion of bodily self-awareness that lends strong support to the latter hypothesis. When a semi-spherical shell is put on the observer's own finger and viewed from above, the shell looks like a complete ball despite the availability of conflicting proprioceptive information from the finger in the shell. Instead, the finger is felt to be shortened, as if to make space for the illusory volume of the amodally completed ball. We quantified this illusion by asking observers to point to the felt location of their fingertip while balancing a semi-spherical shell on top of it. We found that the illusory shortening of the finger increases linearly with the radius of the shell, as would be expected if the illusory finger shortening depends on the amount of space necessary for amodal volume completion of the semi-sphere. On average, our measurements indicate that the illusory shortening of the finger corresponds to about 23 percent of the diameter of the shell, irrespective of its absolute size. These results provide strong evidence for the idea that our experience of the hidden backsides of objects is shaped by genuinely perceptual processes. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


In recent years, Opuntia cactus cultivation has been seriously threatened by the appearance of Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) in Morocco, and four species with eight cactus pear varieties have been identified by research as resistant to this cochineal, these varieties are already registered in the official catalog of species and varieties in Morocco. A morphological and phenological characterization using twenty morphological attributes of these eight varieties: Karama, Ghalia, Belara, Marjana, Cherratia, Angad, and Melk Zhar were performed. The principal component analysis allowed distinguishing five groups according to the studied characteristics. Aakria with the smallest bright red fruit and very small cladodes (15.8/7.7 cm), Belara with the highest number of cladodes per plant (101.2), large cladodes (36.4/25.8 cm) and very sweet large yellow-green fruit, Marjana with very thick cladodes (2.3 cm) and large and very sweet fruit. The group of varieties (Melk Zhar, Angad and Cherratia) is characterized by wide and thorny cladodes, the longest thorns and fruits of large size (202.5- 276.7 g). The group containing the varieties (Karama and Ghalia) is characterized by large cladodes (33.4-36.0/16.4-25.6 cm) and medium size fruits (98.5-115.6 g). Also, the periods of vegetative and floral budding, and flowering were the longest for Aakria and the shortest for Marjana. The period of fruit development was the longest for Aakria and the shortest for Marjana. In conclusion, these morphological and phenological variations among the eight cactus pear varieties identified as resistant to D. opuntiae in Morocco could be the subject of breeding programs.


Oil and gas (O&G) explorations are moving into deeper zones of earth, causing serious safety concerns. Hence, sensing of critical multiple parameters like high pressure, high temperature (HPHT), chemicals, etc., are required at longer distances. Traditional electrical sensors operate less effectively under these extreme environmental conditions and are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Compared to electrical sensors, fibre optic sensors offer several advantages like immunity to EMI, electrical isolation, ability to operate in harsh environmental conditions and freedom from corrosion. Existing fibre optical sensors in the O&G industry, based on step index single mode fibres (SMF), offer limited performance, as they operate within a narrow wavelength window. A novel multimodal sensor configuration, based on photonic crystal fibre (PCF) and utilising a multiwavelength approach, is proposed for the first time for O&G applications. This thesis reports computational and experimental investigations into the new multimodal sensing methodology, integrating both optical phase-change and spectral-change based approaches, needed for multi-parameter sensing. It includes investigations to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by enhancing the signal intensity attained through structural, material and positional optimisations of the sensors. Waveguide related, computational investigations on PCF were carried out on different fibre optic core-cladding structures, material infiltrations and material doping to improve the signal intensity from the multimodal sensors for better SNR. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations indicated that structural and material modifications of the PCF have significant effects on light propagation characteristics. The propagation characteristics of the PCF were improved by modifying the geometrical parameters, and microstructuring the fibre core and cladding. Studies carried out on liquid crystal PCF (LCPCF) identified its enhanced mode confinement characteristics and wavelength tenability features (from visible to near infrared), which can be utilised for multi-wavelength applications. Enhancing core refractive index of the PCF improved the electric field confinements and thereby the signal intensity. Doping rare earth elements into the PCF core increases its refractive index and also provides additional spectroscopic features (photoluminescence and Raman), leading to a scope for multi-point, multimodal sensors. Investigations were carried out on PCF-FBG (Fibre Bragg grating) hybrid configuration, analysing their capabilities for optical phase-change based, multipoint, multi-parameter sensing. Computational investigations were carried out using MATLAB software, to study the effect of various fibre grating parameters. These studies helped in improving understanding of the FBG reflectivity-bandwidth characteristics, for tuning the number of sensors that can be accommodated within the same sensing fibre and enhancing the reflected signal for improved SNR. A new approach of FBG sensor positioning has been experimentally evaluated, to improve its strain sensitivity for structural health monitoring (SHM) of O&G structures. Further, experimental investigations were carried out on FBGs for sensing multiple parameters like temperature, strain (both tensile and compressive) and acoustic signals. Various spectroscopic investigations were carried out to identify the scope of rare earth doping within the PCF for photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy based multimodal sensors. Rare earth doped glasses (Tb, Dy, Yb, Er, Ce and Ho) were developed using melt-quench approach and excitation- photoluminescence emission studies were carried out. The studies identified that photoluminescence signal intensity increases with rare earth concentration up to an optimum value and it can be further improved by tuning the excitation source characteristics. Photoluminescence based temperature studies were carried out using the rare earth doped glasses to identify their suitability for O&G high temperature conditions. Raman spectroscopic investigations were carried out on rare earth (Tb) doped glasses, developed using both melt-quench and sol-gel based approaches. Effect of 785 nm laser excitation on Raman signatures and suitability of rare earth doped materials for fibre-based Raman distributed temperature sensing (DTS) were also studied. Finally, a novel multimodal fibre optic sensor configuration is proposed for the O&G applications, consisting of rare earth doped photonic crystal fibre integrating Bragg gratings and operating in multiple wavelength regimes in a multiplexed fashion. The integrated sensor combination is expected to overcome the limitations of existing sensors with regards to SNR, sensing range and multimodal sensing capability.


Ecological engineering has recently emerged as a paradigm for considering pest management approaches that are based on cultural practices and informed by ecological knowledge rather than on high technology approaches such as synthetic pesticides and genetically engineered crops (Gurr et al. 2004a). This article provides a brief summary of ecological engineering for arthropod pest management and contrasts it with its controversial cousin, genetic engineering. The development of ecological engineering is explored, ranging from a simple first approximation that diversity is beneficial, to contemporary understanding that diversity can have adverse effects on pest management. This requires that the functional mechanisms that lead components of biodiversity to suppress pest activity are better understood and exploited. Pest suppression via ecological engineering is placed in the broader context of 'ecosystem services' provided by farmland biodiversity including nitrogen fixation and the conservation of pollinator species and wildlife.


Prior research has studied the effectiveness of parallel projects in the research and development stages. However, it has ignored predevelopment, which R&D intensive firms generally distinguish as a separate stage lodged between research and development. Predevelopment focuses on activities and decisions to select, from a subset of related technologies, the best option for a product application. Parallel projects are often a means of speeding up this process by actively pursuing learning spillovers. This paper develops assumptions about learning potential and then uses a real option model to test the trade-off between the higher costs and benefits of this parallel project approach. We compare outcomes for predevelopment using the same approach under research and development conditions, respectively. The results reveal that, when moving from research to development, the effectiveness of pursuing competing technologies in parallel projects first increases and then decreases, with a maximum positive result in predevelopment. The results also show that learning spillovers can compensate for the higher investment costs. Data from an empirical case support our findings.


Heterotrimeric G protein signaling specificity has been attributed to select combinations of Gα, β, and γ subunits, their interactions with other signaling proteins, and their localization in the cell. With few exceptions, the G protein subunit combinations that exist in vivo and the significance of these specific combinations are largely unknown. We have begun to approach these problems in HeLa cells by: 1) determining the concentrations of Gα and Gβ subunits; 2) examining receptor-dependent activities of two effector systems (adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase Cβ); and 3) systematically silencing each of the Gα and Gβ subunits by using small interfering RNA while quantifying resultant changes in effector function and the concentrations of other relevant proteins in the network. HeLa cells express equimolar amounts of total Gα and Gβ subunits. The most prevalent Gα proteins were one member of each Gα subfamily (Gαs, Gαi3, Gα11, and Gα13). We substantially abrogated expression of most of the Gα and Gβ proteins expressed in these cells, singly and some in combinations. As expected, agonist-dependent activation of adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase Cβ was specifically eliminated following the silencing of Gαs or Gαq/11, respectively. We also confirmed that Gβ subunits are necessary for stable accumulation of Gα proteins in vivo. Gβ subunits demonstrated little isoform specificity for receptor-dependent modulation of effector activity. We observed compensatory changes in G protein accumulation following silencing of individual genes, as well as an apparent reciprocal relationship between the expression of certain Gαq and Gαi subfamily members. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the adaptability and remarkable resilience of G protein signaling networks.


Purpose

This study aims to investigate the challenges of developing information literacy (IL) competencies and approaches to overcome the challenges among library and information science (LIS) students in Iran.

Design/methodology/approach

Taking an exploratory approach, the study used semi-structured interviews to gather the data. Using the 2000 ACRL standards as a framework, the fieldwork questions were designed around the five areas of IL competencies. A total of 15 academics teaching 18 different LIS courses from six universities were interviewed. They were asked the challenges they faced in teaching these competencies and the approaches they took or suggested in overcoming the challenge(s). A thematic approach was used to analyze the data.

Findings

Some of the challenges for students mentioned by the interviewees were ambiguity about the discipline, inability to match subject relevance with appropriate sources of information and lack of familiarity with databases.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited to LIS academics; studying students' reflections can bring broader perspectives to IL education in LIS programs. Owing to the nature of the design of this study, which is a single case study, the teaching experiences of IL are limited to the ones which emerged and were addressed in the context of the case. Although the case selection was made in a way that can be representative of the "general" in the "particular" bounded system of the case (Stake, 1998), studying more cases could certainly have brought broader perspectives to IL which could have been to wider contexts.

Originality/value

The results of this study contribute to our understanding of challenges in teaching IL in the LIS discipline, an area that has not been researched directly. This contributes to IL teaching in disciplinary areas and it brings new perspectives to the elements of IL teaching which emerged from the experiences of people who are directly experienced in the context of the discipline.


increased levels in cases of peripheral arthritis relative to axial forms 14 . By contrast, other authors have found increased ESR and CRP values only in peripheral forms of AS 15,16 . Our results reveal that alpha-acid glycoprotein concentration might be an additional, very useful disease activity marker because of its good correlation with NP, PP, physician assessment, ESR val- ues, and CRP serum levels.


Graphical Abstract Abstract The variety of configurations for vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) make the development of universal scaling relationships for even basic performance parameters difficult. Rotor geometry changes can be characterized using the concept of solidity, defined as the ratio of solid rotor area to the swept area. However, few studies have explored the effect of this parameter at full-scale conditions due to the challenge of matching both the non-dimensional rotational rate (or tip speed ratio) and scale (or Reynolds number) in conventional wind tunnels. In this study, experiments were conducted on a VAWT model using a specialized compressed-air wind tunnel where the density can be increased to over 200 times atmospheric air. The number of blades on the model was altered to explore how solidity affects performance while keeping other geometric parameters, such as the ratio of blade chord to rotor radius, the same. These data were collected at conditions relevant to the field-scale VAWT but in the controlled environment of the lab. For the three highest solidity rotors (using the most blades), performance was found to depend similarly on the Reynolds number, despite changes in rotational effects. This result has direct implications for the modelling and design of high-solidity field-scale VAWTs.


The main theoretical and philosophical framework for this paper are Louis Althusser's writings on ideology, and ideological state apparatuses, as well as Rastko Močnik's writings on ideology and on the nation as the zero institution. This theoretical framework is crucial for deconstructing some basic tenants in writing on the religious sculpture in Roman Dalmatia, and the implicit theoretical constructs that govern the possibilities of thought on this particular subject. This paper demonstrates how the ideological construct of nation that ensures the reproduction of relations of production of modern societies is often implicitly or explicitly projected into the past, as trans-historical construct, thus soliciting anachronistic interpretations of the material remains of past societies. This paper uses the interpretation of religious sculpture in Roman Dalmatia as a case study to stress the importance of the critique of ideology in the art history. The religious sculpture in Roman Dalmatia has been researched almost exclusively through the search for the presumed elements of Illyrian religion in visual representations; the formulation of the research hypothesis was firmly rooted into the idea of nation as zero institution, which served as the default framework for various interpretations. In this paper I try to offer some alternative interpretations, intending not to give definite answers, but to open new spaces for research.


&NA; The genetic basis of variation in drug response was investigated in individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that exhibited different susceptibility to two antifungal agents: benomyl and ketoconazole. Following dose‐response screening of 25 strains, 4 were selected on the basis of resistance or sensitivity relative to the standard laboratory strain BY. UWOPS87‐2421 and L‐1374 were respectively resistant and sensitive to benomyl; DBVPG6044 and Y12 were respectively resistant and sensitive to ketoconazole. We used advanced intercross lines and next generation sequencing‐bulk segregant analysis to characterise the quantitative trait loci (QTL) underpinning drug responses after drug selection. Drug response was controlled by multiple QTL, ranging from a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 60 loci, almost all of which were not the primary drug target. For each drug, the resistant and the sensitive strain exhibited a number of shared loci, but also had strain‐specific QTL. In our analysis, it was possible to estimate genetic effect of QTL, and a number of those shared between resistant and sensitive strains exhibited variable effect on the response phenotype. Thus, drug responses arise as a result of different genetic architectures, depending on the genetic background of the individual strain in question. Graphical Abstract Figure. Using yeast strains as a genetic model for human individuals, it was discovered that drug response is controlled by multiple genes, almost all outside the primary target of the drug. Figure. No caption abailable.


We present a mid-infrared spectroscopic data cube of the central part of 30 Doradus, observed with Spitzer's Infrared Spectrograph and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer/spectral energy distribution mode. Aromatic dust emission features and emission lines from molecular and atomic hydrogen are detected but they are not particularly strong. The dominant spectral features are emission lines from moderately ionized species of argon, neon, and sulfur, which are used to determine the physical conditions in the ionized gas. The ionized gas excitation shows strong variations on parsec scales, some of which can plausibly be associated with individual hot stars. We fit the ionic line strengths with photoionization and shock models, and find that photoionization dominates in the region. The ionization parameter U traces the rim of the central bubble, as well as highlighting isolated sources of ionization, and at least one quiescent clump. The hardness of the ionizing radiation field Trad reveals several "hot spots" that are either the result of individual very hot stars or trace the propagation of the diffuse ionizing field through the surrounding neutral cloud. Consistent with other measurements of giant H ii regions, log(U) ranges between −3 and −0.75, and Trad between 30,000 and 85,000 K.


Canada faces many challenges in the Arctic. Climate change has opened up the North, and long-dormant boundary disputes in the region have resurfaced, as governments have taken up the rhetoric of defending their sovereignty. As the Arctic nations have been eager to lay claim to the resources that will become available as the ice melts away and the region becomes more accessible, they have increased their military capabilities in the region in an effort to show that they are serious in defending their territory. In addition to government posturing in the Arctic, the receding ice has opened up northern waterways to increasing maritime traffic. In particular, the fabled Northwest Passage has become more accessible during the summer months, and the number of vessels operating in the region is expected to increase in the years ahead, though treacherous conditions through the Passage mean that the extent to which the region will become a shipping corridor is uncertain. Although Canada claims the Northwest Passage as internal waters, the international community, and the United States in particular, disagrees with Canada's claim, and sees the Passage as an international strait open to nearly-unrestricted movement. This paper will first look at Canada's military presence in the Arctic. It compares Canada's efforts to those of the other Arctic nations, and examines the possibility of combat in the region. The paper then analyses the most likely challenges that the Canadian military will face in the Arctic, and determines whether the military is capable of meeting those challenges. The paper will then focus on the effects of an increase in traffic through Canadian Arctic waters. Andrew Merritt 2 4479068 In particular, it will examine the Northwest Passage, and concludes with a recommendation on how Canada should handle the disagreement over its status. Andrew Merritt 3 4479068


The concept of sediment waves is reviewed and clarifications are proposed for nomenclature concerning vertical channel responses to large fluvial sediment fluxes over a period of a decade or longer. Gilbert's (1917) original sediment waves are re-evaluated at their type locale and used to develop a consistent set of definitions. A 'sediment wave' represents a transient sediment flux that includes but is not necessarily identical to a 'channel bed wave' that represents the rise and fall of the bed in response to sedimentation. A large-scale sediment wave results when a major sedimentdelivery event generates an aggradation–degradation episode (ADE). It may leave a legacy of sediment deposited on valley bottoms. Gilbert's classic sediment-wave model was empirically based on changes in bed elevations but was described as a sediment flux. He described downstream translation of an attenuating symmetrical wave although it was too large and disjointed to have a coherent waveform. Rapid return of bed elevations to pre-sedimentation levels in Gilbert's wave should not be mistaken for exhaustion of sediment. The common concept of a symmetrical sediment wave representing the time series of sediment loads is not accurate for large-scale sedimentation events that store and slowly release sediment on floodplains. Large sediment waves composed of relatively fine material and limited bed armoring tend to be right-skewed owing to rapid vertical readjustments relative to lateral recruitment of stored sediment. A revised right-skewed conceptual model of large sediment and bed waves is presented that fits modern observations and incorporates stochastic elements of flood events. Large sediment waves may be linked to legacy sediment; that is large repositories of anthropogenic alluvium stored on valley bottom floodplains, wetlands, mill ponds, and reservoirs. This illustrates the ubiquity and importance of secular sediment waves to river management.


Excerpt] My remarks today relate to the "Financing of American Higher Education Institutions in the 21st Century". Although the discussion has some implications for the ability of students and their families to finance college educations, my focus is on institutions of higher education, not on students. I will begin by discussing the growing resource imbalance that is emerging between public and private institutions and then the growing inequality of resources across institutions that is occurring within each of the public and private sectors. As I do this, I will illustrate the implications of some of these changes for the patterns of faculty compensation and faculty turnover that we observe across academic institutions. I will then turn to a discussion of the growing importance of scientific research to universities and the growing costs that universities are incurring for this research. The enormous costs of scientific research are increasingly being born by the institutions themselves and institutions need to understand who actually bears the burden of these costs. Institutions increasingly are hoping that they will generate revenue to support their research enterprise through the commercialization of their faculty members' research findings, but I shall show that currently very few institutions are generating substantial funding from their commercialization activities. Finally, if time permits, I will conclude with some speculations about the directions in which our American higher education system will evolve over the next few decades and what some of the major financial issues facing academic institutions will prove to be. Much of my discussion draws on research that I have been conducting jointly with a wonderful group of undergraduate and graduate students associated with the Cornell Higher Education Research Institute and my great debt to them for help in preparing these remarks will be obvious to you.


A high temperature flow through a gas-turbine produces a high rate of turbulent heat transfer between the fluid flow field and the turbine components. The heat transfer process through rotor disks causes thermal stress due to the thermal gradient as well as the centrifugal force causes mechanical stresses; thus an accurate analysis for the evaluation of thermal behavior is needed. This paper presents a numerical study of thermal flow analysis in a two-stage turbine in order to better understand the detailed flow and heat transfer mechanisms through the cavity and the rotating rotor-disks. The numerical computations were performed to predict thermal fields throughout the rotating disks. The method used in this paper is the 'segregation' method which requires a much smaller number of grids than actually employed in the computations. The results are presented for temperature distributions through the disk and the velocity fields which illustrate the interaction between the cooling air flow and gas flow created by the disk rotation. The temperature distribution in the disks shows a reasonable trend. The numerical method developed in this study shows that it can be easily adapted for similar computations for air cooling flow patterns through any rotating blade disks in a gas turbine.Copyright © 1992 by ASME


Chemical reactions performed under microwave irradiation often demonstrate high reaction rates, high selectivity, and low reaction temperatures, which allows for more compact reactors and more energy-efficient processes than used in conventional heating methods. In this study, we discovered a new chemical reaction and proposed a new material synthesis method, performed using a solid-state microwave source with an oscillator and a single-mode cavity. We developed a microwave heating thermogravimetry apparatus to confirm that microwave irradiation reduced the temperature of the reduction process. Next, we applied this apparatus to the reduction process of copper oxide with carbon as the reducing agent and compared microwave heating with conventional heating. We demonstrated that the reduction temperature of microwave heating was 192 °C in a magnetic (H) field and 265 °C in an electric (E) field, which were lower than those of conventional heating. For microwave heating in the E-field, plasma strongly affected the reaction process, leading to a reduction in the reaction temperature. For microwave heating in the H-field, localized heating occurred and the average reaction temperature was lower. Using the obtained results, an applicator suitable for these modes can be designed, enabling a reduction process with an additional energy-saving effect.


Abstract The comparison of intensity assessments based on macroseismic data and Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEE) is presented. Specific problems faced when assessing intensities using different types of scales are discussed. Two case studies of recent earthquakes with magnitudes MS=7.4 (Altai, 2003, and Neftegorsk, 1995) are used to illustrate the applicability of the INQUA EEE scale. The Altai earthquake was accompanied by surface faulting of c. 70 km length and up to 2 m of horizontal and 70 cm of vertical offset; secondary EEE were observed over 3000 km2. The dominant type of surface faulting during the Neftegorsk earthquake was strike-slip. The length of surface faulting was up to 46 km, maximum horizontal offset was 8.1 m, and average offset coherent with seismic moment was 3.9 m; secondary EEE were observed occasionally at considerable distance from the epicentre on wet seashore sands. Application of the INQUA scale shows the epicentral intensity of the Altai earthquake to be X degrees. Most consistent with all types of data (rupture length, maximum and average offsets) intensity assessment for the Neftegorsk earthquake which is within the X–XI degree range. Taking into account environmental effects in intensity scales is an essential requirement: it follows from the complex nature of an earthquake impact, which spans a very broad frequency range, including static deformations. The case studies illustrate that the intensity assessment of an earthquake, based only on damage to buildings, will be essentially incomplete.


Ultrasound (US) imaging is a well-recognised technique for studying in vivo characteristics of a range of biological tissues due to its portability, low cost and ease of use; with recent technological advances that increased the range of choices regarding acquisition and analysis of ultrasound data available for studying dynamic behaviour of different tissues. This thesis focuses on the development and validation of methods to exploit the capabilities of ultrasound technology to investigate dynamic properties of skeletal muscles in vivo exclusively using ultrasound data. The overarching aim was to evaluate the influence of US data properties and the potential of inference algorithms for prediction of net ankle joint torques.
A fully synchronised experimental setup was designed and implemented enabling collection of US, Electromyography (EMG) and dynamometer data from the Gastrocnemius medialis muscle and ankle joint of healthy adult volunteers. Participants performed three increasing complexity muscle movement tasks: passive joint rotations, isometric and isotonic contractions. Two frame rates (32 and 1000 fps) and two data precisions (8 and 16-bits) were obtained enabling analysis of the impact of US data temporal resolution and precision on joint torque predictions. Predictions of net joint torque were calculated using five data inference algorithms ranging from simple regression through to Artificial Neural Networks.
Results indicated that accurate predictions of net joint torque can be obtained from the analysis of ultrasound data of one muscle. Significantly improved predictions were observed using the faster frame rate during active tasks, with 16-bit data precision and ANN further improving results in isotonic movements. The speed of muscle activation and complexity of fluctuations of the resulting net joint torques were key factors underpinning the prediction errors recorded. The properties of collected US data in combination with the movement tasks to be assessed should therefore be a key consideration in the development of experimental protocols for in vivo assessment of skeletal muscles.


Interspecific hybrid cottons (Gossypium hirsutum L. x G. barbadense L.) have great both yield and quality potential. This study was conducted to determine potential yields and quality characteristics of hybrid cotton varieties in southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The experiment was set out a completely randomized block design with four replications during 2003 and 2004 at University of Dicle, Faculty of Agriculture Experimental Field. Seven interspecific hybrid cotton varieties (48-08, Sevilla, Europe, Ica, Etna, 14-08 and Acalpi) which were obtained from Israel, and commonly grown varieties in this region, non-hybrid cotton varieties, GW Teks and DP-Opal were used as the materials of the study. Difference among the cultivars was significant for all traits except sympodial branch. Maximum number of boll and lint yield was 20.18 n plant(-1) and 1685.8 kg ha(-1) from interspecific hybrid cotton Ica, while interspecific hybrid cotton Europe recorded the lowest number of boll and lint yield. Interspecific hybrid cotton varieties showed higher value for fibre length, fibre fineness and fibre strength than non-hybrid cotton varieties. The longest fibres were obtained from Acalpi and Etna (34.08 and 33.88 mm), while non-hybrid varieties, DP-Opal and GW-Teks, had the lowest fibre length, 28.50 and 30.03 mm, respectively. The finest fibres obtained from Ica and 48-08 (3.42 and 3.45 mic.), the strongest fibres from Etna and Acalpi (40.07 and 40.23 g tex(-1)), and most elongation fibres from Acalpi (8.00%) and Sevilla (7.45%). Lint yield correlated positive and significant with fiber length.


Pericarditis, usually viral in origin, is an infrequent cause of chest pain. Pericarditis due to drug allergy is even less frequent and is thus rarely considered in the differential diagnosis. A case is reported of a woman who presented with severe chest pain, caused by minocycline induced pericarditis. Such allergy may be more common than reported. It is suggested that drug induced pericarditis should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute chest pain.


ABSTRACT SecB is a cytosolic chaperone which facilitates the transport of a subset of proteins, including membrane proteins such as PhoE and LamB and some periplasmic proteins such as maltose-binding protein, inEscherichia coli. However, not all proteins require SecB for transport, and proteins such as ribose-binding protein are exported efficiently even in SecB-null strains. The characteristics which confer SecB dependence on some proteins but not others have not been defined. To determine the sequence characteristics that are responsible for the SecB requirement, we have inserted a systematic series of short, polymeric sequences into the SecB-independent protein alkaline phosphatase (PhoA). The extent to which these simple sequences convert alkaline phosphatase into a SecB-requiring protein was evaluated in vivo. Using this approach we have examined the roles of the polarity and charge of the sequence, as well as its location within the mature region, in conferring SecB dependence. We find that an insert with as few as 10 residues, of which 3 are basic, confers SecB dependence and that the mutant protein is efficiently exported in the presence of SecB. Remarkably, the basic motifs caused the protein to be translocated in a strict membrane potential-dependent fashion, indicating that the membrane potential is not a barrier to, but rather a requirement for, translocation of the motif. The alkaline phosphatase mutants most sensitive to the loss of SecB are those most sensitive to inhibition of SecA via azide treatment, consistent with the necessity for formation of a preprotein-SecB-SecA complex. Furthermore, the impact of the basic motif depends on location within the mature protein and parallels the accessibility of the location to the secretion apparatus.


This paper traces the changing relationship between family, water, and fish through the lives of five generations of Indigenous women. We reveal the ways that Indigenous women's connections have transformed and persisted despite generations of omissions and erasures. We juxtapose interviews, academic research, and the settler colonial archive with the lived experiences and histories that exceed it. Weaving together what we know of the lives of Rosemary's great great grandmother Sar-Augh-Ta-Naogh (Sophie) and great grandmother Tlahoholt (Emma) with stories of water and fish from their territories, we ask how settler colonial commissions, archives, and urban policies have sought, and failed, to control and erase Indigenous women's relationships to water, land, and family. Crucially, this article draws on stories that have been passed down to Rosemary and knowledge that she has accumulated through her lifetime working as a commercial fisherman. These stories about water and where people were from, why they left, or why they never went back—and how they continue to be connected to each other while being disconnected from place—are at the center of this article. Re-presencing Indigenous women and these connections raises essential questions about Indigenous resurgence in a context of settler colonial control, scarcity, and disappearance, emphasizing the importance of ancestral reconnection to Indigenous futurities.


Expert bodies have long advised that use of hypnotic drugs should be limited to short courses for acutely distressed patients and should generally be avoided in elderly people.1–3 Despite this, more than 10 million prescriptions for hypnotics continue to be dispensed each year in England alone, mostly for benzodiazepines and drugs with similar actions such as zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone (so called 'Z-drugs').4 Around 80% of all such prescriptions are for people aged 65 years or over,5 and many patients remain on the drugs for months or years.6 Such prescribing carries many potential hazards for patients, including risk of dependence, accidents and other adverse effects on health.7 Here we review how the risks from hypnotic drugs can be minimised.


The number of people worldwide with type 2 diabetes is expected to double by 2030.1 In the United States, diabetes affects ~ 26 million people of all ages, about one-fourth of whom are not yet diagnosed.2 Despite the availability of a wide range of pharmacological treatments and the best efforts of diabetes educators and other health care professionals, good control of diabetes and its comorbidities remains elusive for much of the population, as evidenced by rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that are two to four times higher than those of people who do not have diabetes.2

Although dietary habits and body weight play undisputed roles in type 2 diabetes, the question of what eating pattern best addresses glycemia, cardiovascular risk factors, and weight control remains controversial. The uniform, calorie-controlled diabetic diet plans of the past have been replaced by individualized meal-planning approaches, and in more recent years, nutrition guidance has focused on carbohydrate counting and minimizing saturated and trans fats. With the release of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans3 came praise for plant-based eating patterns, which have been extensively studied for weight management and disease prevention and treatment.

Individuals following a plant-based eating pattern typically consume fewer calories and less fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol and have lower BMIs than nonvegetarians. They also consume more fiber, potassium, and vitamin C. In prospective studies of adults, compared to nonvegetarian eating patterns, vegetarian eating patterns have been associated with lower prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes,4 cardiovascular disease (CVD),5 hypertension,6 and obesity7,8 and reduced medical care usage.9 Both the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) now include well-planned, plant-based eating patterns (vegetarian and vegan) as a meal-planning option in …


Author(s): Mathew, Paul; WALLACE, Nancy; Issler, Paulo | Abstract: Prior studies have shown that energy use is related to commercial mortgage defaults. This report presents the results of a new and tractable methodology to estimate the association between energy use and mortgage pricing sensitivity - specically the origination contract rate and points - of oce and multifamily mortgages. Source Energy Use Intensity (Source EUI) is our key energy eciency measure of interest due to its increasing availability through local energy eciency benchmarking programs and the potential ease of its construction from the utility bills of commercial buildings. Based upon an empirical model of mortgage default transitions for a sample of 610 securitized office and multifamily mortgages from Trepp, we simulate the loan-by-loan mortgage prices using a four factor dynamic model with: i) a measure of Source EUI that is scaled to the the net operating income of the property, called Scaled Source EUI, ii) the Electricity Price Gap, the cumulative dierence between expected and actual realized electricity prices, iii) loan-to-value ratio, and iv) the 10-year LIBOR rate. We find a statistically signicant positive association between mortgage default and Scaled Source EUI and a statistically signicant and negative association between the Scaled Source EUI of buildings and the simulated market prices of the mortgages written on those buildings. We then derive two sensitivity measures with respect to changes in Scaled Source EUI: i) the sensitivity of mortgage points to a 1% change in Scaled Source EUI; ii) the sensitivity of the mortgage coupon to a 1% change in Scaled Source EUI. We nd that sensitivity of mortgage points to 1% shocks to Scaled Source EUI is 7.71 and 4.0 basis points respectively for oce and multifamily loans. We nd that the sensitivities of mortgage coupons to 1% shocks to Scaled Source EUI is 2.10 and 0.84 basis points respectively for office and multifamily loans.


This paper proposes a new controller for power regulation in dual active bridge (DAB) DC−DC converter based on a new scheme that tracks minimum RMS current to ensure minimum losses. The proposed controller is based on an implementation of perturb and observe (P&O) tracking method that enables minimum current point tracking (MCPT) at any desired level of active power transfer and DC voltage ratio. The P&O is embedded in a closed loop control scheme which simultaneously regulates active power in DAB converter. The nonlinear I-V characteristic of DAB presents the basis for this proposed controller and the rationale of using P&O algorithm. The proposed controller does not require complex non-linear converter modelling and is not circuit parameter dependent. Design procedure of the proposed controller is presented, and extensive simulation is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink to validate effectiveness of the proposed MCPT closed loop controller. An experimental prototype also substantiates the results achieved.


The Southern Ocean exerts a strong influence on global biogeochemical cycles and air‐sea gas fluxes. Significant progress has been made towards understanding the general patterns of circulation and biological productivity in this region, but the small‐scale dynamics of surface water gases remain poorly resolved. Here we present new data documenting unprecedented spatial and temporal variability of Southern Ocean biogenic gases during the spring phytoplankton bloom. Using real‐time underway mass spectrometry, we observed significant changes in surface water O2/Ar, pCO2, and dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations over time scales of days to weeks and sub‐km spatial scales. Our results demonstrate a tight coupling between physical and biological processes controlling Southern Ocean gas distributions, and highlight the distinct biogeochemical dynamics governing gas cycling in open water and ice‐covered regions.


Due to the quick evolution of manufacturing processes, the demand for more flexible automation systems is on the rise. To answer these requirements, distributed motion control architecture based on intelligent drives tends more and more to replace the traditional solutions. This paper presents the control of an articulated arm robot with three degrees of freedom. The essential part of the robotic arm is a programmable microcontroller based system capable of driving basically three stepper motors design to form an anthropomorphic structure. This paper explains the method of interfacing the robotic arm stepper motors with the programmed Atmega16 microcontroller which is used to control the robot operations. C programming language is employed here in programming the microcontroller.


In order to help evaluate the trends in the NO3‐N concentration in groundwater with a view to preventing further degradation in water quality in the future, a distributed groundwater quality model was constructed for the Nasunogahara basin. The best fit for the groundwater table elevations by the flow component of the model was achieved with average mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 0·92 m for the calibration period and 0·83 m for the validation period. Moreover, the best fit for the NO3‐N concentration by the water quality component was achieved with average mean relative errors (MREs) of 29·8% for the calibration period and 30·3% for the validation period. After developing a robust model, various change scenarios were tested; specifically, the effects of effluent load control and a decrease in paddy field area on the NO3‐N concentration in groundwater were predicted. The most intensively farmed area contributed about 40% of the total effluent load because of livestock farming in the basin. When the effluent load from this area was decreased by 50%, the average NO3‐N concentrations at sites S1, S2 and S3 were reduced by about 15%; however, the average concentrations at S4 and S5 were reduced by only 1%. Furthermore, when the total effluent load from the concentrated livestock area was removed completely, the average groundwater NO3‐N concentrations at S1, S2 and S3 were reduced by about 30% as compared with the original calculated results. In contrast, decreasing the area of the paddy fields in the basin did not greatly influence the groundwater NO3‐N concentration. In the case of a 70% reduction in paddy field area, average NO3‐N concentrations increased by about 7% at S1, S2 and S3. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Lignin is considered the second most abundant organic natural compound in the world. It is a complex, amorphous highly crosslinked polyphenolic. In fact, the lignin structure is composed of aromatic and aliphatic chains in which lignin may act to protect the rubber chain against oxidation attacks thereby increasing aging resistance. In this research, the effect of lignin as silica substitution of 10 and 15 phr on processability and aging resistance on tire compounds were studied. Tire compounds were prepared by mixing while vulcanized rubbers were made by vulcanization process. The compounds were characterized using Rheometer to determine processability, i.e.viscosity, scorch time, and cure rate. The vulcanized compounds then formed into a tensile test samples and tested under fresh conditions and under aging conditions. The aging condition was applied by heating the vulcanized rubbers at temperature 100 °C for 24 hours. Compound with lignin substitution on silica decreased the viscosity thereby increased processability by 13,2% as compared to the standard compound without lignin modification. In addition, the vulcanisate with lignin substitution on silica also increased the aging resistance by 5,9% as compared to standard compound. The results showed that lignin have a potential to be used as a filler in tire compound forimproving processability and aging resistance.


Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some of us with communicable disease have not any symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and movableness of the bowels. communicable disease is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months. Acute communicable disease can resolve on its own, create chronic communicable disease, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure. Chronic communicable disease would possibly create scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and malignant neoplastic disease. Hepatitis is most caused by the viruses' hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. different causes embrace serious alcohol use, positive medications, toxins, different infections, reaction diseases, and nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH). hepatitis A and E unit principally unfold by contaminated food and water. hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted but could also be passed from mother to baby throughout physiological state or childbearing and unfold through infected blood. Hepatitis C is sometimes unfolded through infected blood like would possibly occur throughout needle sharing by vessel drug users. communicable disease D can exclusively infect of us already infected with hepatitis B. infectious hepatitis, B, and D unit preventable with protection. Medications may even be accustomed
treat chronic infectious disease. Antiviral medications unit counselled altogether with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their period. there is no specific treatment for NASH; however, physical activity, a healthy diet, and weight loss unit counselled. reaction communicable disease may even be treated with medications to suppress the system. A liver transplant may even be Associate in Nursing selection in every acute and chronic liver failure. Hepatitis features a broad spectrum of shows that vary from a whole lack of symptoms to severe liver failure. The acute type of infectious disease, usually caused by infection, is characterised by constitutional symptoms that are generally self-limiting. Chronic infectious disease presents equally however will manifest signs and symptoms specific to liver pathology with long-standing inflammation and injury to the organ.


ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria fix and bind sediments and generate versicolored, laminated patterns in quartz sand flats. They are developed in the lower supratidal zone (between mean high water and mean high water springs). The cyanobacteria mats protect the sediments from erosion and desiccation and provide food for marine and terrestrial invertebrates. Burrowing and grazing polychaetes, amphipods, and gastropods are present as well as a diverse meiofauna. The bioturbation structures are described. At some places the population density of the macrofauna averages 20,000 individuals per m2. Typical are smooth surfaces and erosional pockets with rippled sand. The deposits consist of laminated sand in which organic-rich mat generations are intercalated. The sediment is medium to fine-grained sand. The development of versicolored systems by interaction of migrating cyanobacteria and episodic low-rate sedimentation was studied in the laboratory. The depositional record reveals characteristics from both, the terrestrial and the marine surrounding. There are bioturbation structures from marine and terrestrial burrowing animals, hard skeletal parts from shelled marine organisms and plant roots of halophytes. Fenestrae produced by burrowing beetles are observed. The described mats characterize the type of quartz sandy potential stromatolites.


The objective of this work was to present an updated checklist of the currently known fishes in the Paranagua Estuarine Complex (PEC) and provides comments on conservation status for the treated species. We used a large dataset derived from a pool of studies which have been conducted within there along the last 30 years. Each study was based on monthly samplings and conducted in several estuarine habitat; thus, the pool covers practically all estuarine habitats and takes into account the seasonal cycle in the system. The PEC ichthyofauna represents a mixture between that fauna typical from the tropical Brazilian coast and that with affinities of temperate Argentinean and Uruguayan zones. The PEC harbors a rich fish fauna of 213 species, inserted in the families that are common along the Brazilian coast. Only a minor part (8%) of the PEC fish fauna was evaluated as regards the conservation status, mostly because of the lack of basic biological and ecological information for most species. Despite part of the among-estuaries differences are due to different and incomplete sampling efforts, the richness in the PEC is surprisingly higher than other systems in Brazil and around world, which emphasize the importance of the region for global biodiversity conservation.


Wetlands started to gain attention when the scientific community began investigating these resources in the eighties. Water, wildlife, and vegetation attracted most of the interest and funding, whereas soils were relegated from research efforts. Despite this situation, US researchers started developing a specific terminology and methodologies for hydric soils in order to unveil a new soil class that could offer great agricultural and environmental opportunities. In Spain, similar studies are practically nonexistent, and so we carried out a study of wetland soils examining 19 profiles and 133 pits in the Albufera of Valencia, a marsh area cultivated with rice. The aim of this paper was to define the morphology and physicochemical properties of these hydric soils in order to classify them and to correlate those properties with three topographic variables: distance to the sea, distance to the lagoon and height above the sea level. The soils showed an alluvial character with moderate carbonate content and a high variation in organic matter content due to the management of paddy fields. The proximity to the sea and the different intrusion processes revealed salinity as the most important factor in these soils, which were classified as Entisols and Aridisols.


The United States would concentrate on its Asia Pivot in the years ahead. It would focus on traditional allies such as Japan, South Korea, and ASEAN partners. By and large, the United States has a comfortable relationship with Oceanic nations. Under US Asia Pivot, the US relations with China have been characterised by cooperation, competition and confrontation. Pakistan has good understanding of the whole region since the time of the Cold War. This, however, does not mean that Pakistan fits into the US Asia Pivot policy. There are constraints. Pakistan has been the cornerstone of China's policy in South Asia. Although Pakistan greatly appreciates Japan's economic support to Pakistan, it is wary of Pakistan's decisive tilt towards China. To recalibrate Pakistan's Vision East Asia, Pakistan needs to strengthen its trade and investment relations with Japan, South Korea and ASEAN. Pakistan's policy is not meant to counter-balance India's Act East policy, but to focus on its bilateral and multilateral relations in the region.


The role of communication in coastal management is well demonstrated in this book. The main objectives are: (i) to identify and assess the overall communication requirements of coastal areas in terms of: fishing industry needs, economic needs, educational needs, health needs, social/personal needs, entertainment needs, safety needs, and other needs of fisher folk; (ii) to provide social inputs for intervention of satellite communication to fulfil the overall communication needs of coastal areas; and (iii) to suggest the overall communication strategy for fishing growth and coastal development. The media habits of fisher folk with regard to newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet, besides communication habits such as use of landline telephone, mobile phone and wireless were studied, and their relative and cumulative effectiveness found.


This paper analyzes the performance of the adaptive modulation system over Nakagami-m fading channels, which utilizes four modulation modes. The optimization criterion of the setting of the modulation switching levels is to maintain the target BER which is desired by many data services. Under this condition, the performance analysis of the throughput and the transmission outage probability of the adaptive modulation system are presented. We do so by adopting the numerical analysis methods. Finally, the simulation results show that the adaptive modulation system can theoretically achieve good performance with high throughput and low transmission outage probability.


: On the basis of studying protein metabolism in 89 patients with suppurative lactation mastitis it was shown that the concentration of total protein in blood serum did not depend on the degree of the clinical course of the disease, the substantial changes in protein fractions being in direct relation to the degree of the clinical severity of the disease.


The primary objective of this study was to collect descriptive data on the mobility characteristics and activity levels of manual wheelchair users in two different environments: at the National Veterans Wheelchair Games (NVWG) and in the subjects' residential setting. This was accomplished using a custom data logging device. A secondary objective was to identify demographic factors that might influence the mobility characteristics and activity levels of the wheelchair users in their home environment. Thirty nine subjects were recruited to participate in this study over a two year period. A data logging device was instrumented on each subject's wheelchair for a total of six days at the NVWG and an additional one or two weeks in the home environment, depending on year of enrollment. The participants were also asked to complete a brief demographic survey. It was found that subjects traveled significantly (P=0.000) further and were active for significantly (P=0.000) more hours during an average day at the NVWG compared to their residential setting. The subjects traveled on average 6566.84 ± 3203.90 meters and were active for an average 12.00 ± 3.56 hours per day at the NVWG. In their home environment, subjects traveled an average distance of 1994.09 ± 1851.20 meters and were active for 7.13 ± 4.85 hours per day. When comparing the speed traveled in the two environments, no significant differences were found. It was found that the activity levels of the subjects at the NVWG were significantly greater when compared to their home environment. Analysis of demographic factors revealed that subjects who used a wheelchair for more years were found to travel significantly further and accumulate more minutes of movement per day. Also, employment was found to be a demographic factor that influenced wheelchair usage in the home environment. The findings of this study provide a more objective measure of wheelchair usage patterns in two real world environments: one that facilitates participation in activities and one that contains barriers that the subjects need to overcome. The results also indicate that there are demographic factors that influence wheelchair usage patterns in the residential setting.


In these proceedings, we discuss the parallax and proper motion measurements towards 43 high-mass star
forming regions in the Scutum spiral arm. These observations were conducted with the Very Long Baseline Array within
the framework of the Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy (BeSSeL) survey. The pitch angle of the spiral arm was found to be
18.6$^{\circ}$ $\pm$ 2.9$^{\circ}$, which is much larger than in other spiral arms.
In this arm, many sources have large peculiar motions, especially a group between $l$=29$^{\circ}$
and 32$^{\circ}$ which shows ordered motion > 25 km s$^{-1}$ towards the Galactic Center.


We study wage adjustment during the recent crisis in regulated and unregulated labor markets in Italy. Using a unique dataset on immigrant workers, we show that before the crisis wages in the formal and informal sectors moved in parallel (with a 15 percent premium in the formal labor market). During the crisis, however, formal wages did not adjust down while wages in the unregulated informal labor market fell so that by 2013 the gap had grown to 32 percent. The difference was particularly salient for workers in "simple" occupations where there is high substitutability between immigrant and native workers. Calibrating a simple model of spillovers between formal and informal markets, we find that less than 10 percent of workers who lost a formal job during the crisis move to the informal sector. We also find that if the formal sector wages were fully flexible, the decline in formal employment would be in the range of 1.5-4.5 percent - much lower than 16 percent decline that we observe in the data.


This paper investigates asset-liability management problems in a continuous-time economy. When the financial market consists of cointegrated risky assets, institutional investors attempt to make profit from the cointegration feature on the one hand, while on the other hand they need to maintain a stable surplus level, that is, the company's wealth less its liability. Challenges occur when the liability is random and cannot be fully financed or hedged through the financial market. For mean–variance investors, an additional concern is the rational time-consistency issue, which ensures that a decision made in the future will not be restricted by the current surplus level. By putting all these factors together, this paper derives a closed-form feedback equilibrium control for time-consistent mean–variance asset-liability management problems with cointegrated risky assets. The solution is built upon the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman framework addressing time inconsistency.
doi: 10.1017/S1446181120000164


It is the thesis of this Article that the cases on which the Minnesota Supreme Court in Lefthand relied and the policy concerns that motivated the court suggest that the rule of Lefthand should apply to any suspect who has asserted her right to counsel, regardless of whether that suspect is in custody, formally charged, or formally represented by counsel. If the court's ruling in Lefthand is carried to its logical scope, law enforcement officers and prosecutors in Minnesota may find that very early in the criminal justice process they are precluded from obtaining waivers of the right to counsel from suspects in order to obtain a statement, unless the suspect's attorney is present or has been notified prior to any interrogation. This Article first briefly reviews the current law regarding right to counsel under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution. It demonstrates that in the factual setting of the Lefthand case and similar cases, these federal rights are not violated when the police obtain a waiver of the right to counsel from the suspect without counsel being present or having been notified, and subsequent statements are admissible under federal law. This Article then examines the right to counsel provided suspects under Minnesota state law. In particular, the Article focuses on the Lefthand case and the cases to which the Lefthand court referred as giving "notice of our 'strong[] disapprov[al]' of the practice engaged in by the government. The Article argues that these cases, especially when read in the context of the Minnesota Supreme Court's history of "jealously guard[ing]" the right to counsel, require the court to apply the right recognized in Lefthand to all suspects who have asserted their right to counsel, regardless of whether they are within the narrow fact situation at issue in Lefthand.s As demonstrated below, such a rule is necessary to protect adequately the right to counsel so highly valued by the Minnesota Supreme Court.


The dynamics of fluids in which the constituent particles carry nonabelian charges can be described succinctly in terms of group-valued variables via a generalization of the co-adjoint orbit action for particles. This formalism, which is particularly suitable for incorporating anomalies, has previously been used for the chiral magnetic and chiral vorticity effects. Here we consider the similar effect for the isospin which corresponds to an angular asymmetry for neutral pions.


Conditional neural text generation models generate high-quality outputs, but often concentrate around a mode when what we really want is a diverse set of options. We present a search algorithm to construct lattices encoding a massive number of generation options. First, we restructure decoding as a best-first search, which explores the space differently than beam search and improves efficiency by avoiding pruning paths. Second, we revisit the idea of hypothesis recombination: we can identify pairs of similar generation candidates during search and merge them as an approximation. On both summarization and machine translation, we show that our algorithm encodes thousands of diverse options that remain grammatical and high-quality into one lattice. This algorithm provides a foundation for building downstream generation applications on top of massive-scale diverse outputs.


Reading refers to the ability to read and understand the written text. Reading is one way to find
information. The use of Numbered Heads Together (NHT) model offered the students to work in groups and help them out to improve their reading comprehension. This research was done through cycle model and the data of the research were taken from the result of observation and
reading test. After having two cycles of the implementation, it showed that there was an
improvement. The students" active participation increased from 60,86% to 73.91% while the result of students reading test increased from 60,86% of the students to 73.91% or 17 students. Based on this result, it can be concluded that the use of NHT could improve the eighth year
students" reading comprehension.


We report the crystal structure of the yeast protein Hpa2 in complex with acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) at 2.4 A resolution and without cofactor at 2.9 A resolution. Hpa2 is a member of the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily, a family of enzymes with diverse substrates including histones, other proteins, arylalkylamines and aminoglycosides. In vitro, Hpa2 is able to acetylate specific lysine residues of histones H3 and H4 with a preference for Lys14 of histone H3. Hpa2 forms a stable dimer in solution and forms a tetramer upon binding AcCoA. The crystal structure reveals that the Hpa2 tetramer is stabilized by base-pair interactions between the adenine moieties of the bound AcCoA molecules. These base-pairs represent a novel method of stabilizing an oligomeric protein structure. Comparison of the structure of Hpa2 with those of other GNAT superfamily members illustrates a remarkably conserved fold of the catalytic domain of the GNAT family even though members of this family share low levels of sequence homology. This comparison has allowed us to better define the borders of the four sequence motifs that characterize the GNAT family, including a motif that is not discernable in histone acetyltransferases by sequence comparison alone. We discuss implications of the Hpa2 structure for the catalytic mechanism of the GNAT enzymes and the opportunity for multiple histone tail modification created by the tetrameric Hpa2 structure.


Brain–computer interface (BCI)-guided robot-assisted training strategy has been increasingly applied to stroke rehabilitation, while few studies have investigated the neuroplasticity change and functional reorganization after intervention from multimodality neuroimaging perspective. The present study aims to investigate the hemodynamic and electrophysical changes induced by BCI training using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) respectively, as well as the relationship between the neurological changes and motor function improvement. Fourteen chronic stroke subjects received 20 sessions of BCI-guided robot hand training. Simultaneous EEG and fMRI data were acquired before and immediately after the intervention. Seed-based functional connectivity for resting-state fMRI data and effective connectivity analysis for EEG were processed to reveal the neuroplasticity changes and interaction between different brain regions. Moreover, the relationship among motor function improvement, hemodynamic changes, and electrophysical changes derived from the two neuroimaging modalities was also investigated. This work suggested that (a) significant motor function improvement could be obtained after BCI training therapy, (b) training effect significantly correlated with functional connectivity change between ipsilesional M1 (iM1) and contralesional Brodmann area 6 (including premotor area (cPMA) and supplementary motor area (SMA)) derived from fMRI, (c) training effect significantly correlated with information flow change from cPMA to iM1 and strongly correlated with information flow change from SMA to iM1 derived from EEG, and (d) consistency of fMRI and EEG results illustrated by the correlation between functional connectivity change and information flow change. Our study showed changes in the brain after the BCI training therapy from chronic stroke survivors and provided a better understanding of neural mechanisms, especially the interaction among motor-related brain regions during stroke recovery. Besides, our finding demonstrated the feasibility and consistency of combining multiple neuroimaging modalities to investigate the neuroplasticity change.


Stewart Cole and colleagues determined the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), in 1998 [1]. This was a landmark achievement that heralded a new age in TB drug discovery. With the genome sequence in hand, drug discoverers suddenly had thousands of new potential targets to explore. But the excitement has since faded [2]. It is unquestioned that genomics has transformed our understanding of the biology of this pathogen. However, the expectation that the Mtb genome sequence would rapidly lead to new therapeutic interventions remains unfulfilled [3]. One of the (many) reasons for this unrealized potential is that our tools to systematically interrogate the Mtb genome and its drug targets—so-called functional genomics—have been limited. In this Pearl, I argue that the recent development of robust CRISPR-based genetics in Mtb [4] overcomes many prior limitations and holds the potential to close the gap between genomics and TB drug discovery.


INTRODUCTION A single user activity, such as planning a conference trip, typically involves multiple actions. Although these actions may involve several applications, the central point of coordination for any particular activity is usually email. Previous work on email activity management has focused on clustering emails by activity. Dredze et al. [3] accomplished this by combining supervised classifiers based on document similarity, authors and recipients, and thread information. In this paper, we take a different approach and present an unsupervised framework for email activity clustering. We use the same information sources as Dredze et al.—namely, document similarity, message recipients and authors, and thread information—but combine them to form an unsupervised, non-parametric Bayesian user model. This approach enables email activities to be inferred without any user input. Inferring activities from a user's mailbox adapts the model to that user. We next describe the statistical machinery that forms the basis of our user model, and explain how several email properties may be incorporated into the model. We evaluate this approach using the same data as Dredze et al., showing that our model does well at clustering emails by activity.


OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity and bullying both are pervasive public health problems. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between childhood obesity and being bullied in third, fifth, and sixth grades while testing for potential confounding and moderation. METHODS: A total of 821 children who were participating in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (50% male, 81% white, 17% obese, 15% overweight in third grade) were studied. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relationship between child weight status and the odds of being bullied as reported by child, mother, and teacher, accounting for repeated measures and adjusting for grade level in school, child gender, child race, family income-to-needs ratio, school racial and socioeconomic composition, and mother- and teacher-reported child social skills and child academic achievement. RESULTS: In sixth grade, 33.9%, 44.5%, and 24.9% of the children were reported to be bullied per teacher-, mother-, and self-report, respectively. There was a significant independent association between being obese and being bullied (odds ratio: 1.63 [95% confidence interval: 1.18–2.25]). The relationship between being obese and being bullied was attenuated but not eliminated by all covariates except gender. The relationship was not moderated by any of the covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Children who are obese are more likely to be bullied, regardless of a number of potential sociodemographic, social, and academic confounders. No protective factors were identified. Effective interventions to reduce bullying of obese children need to be identified.


Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common malignancy of the thyroid gland. It typically spreads via lymphatic extension. The rate of regional PTC metastasis to the neck is relatively high, while metastases outside the deep cervical chain are rare. Distant metastases are found in only 1% of patients with PTC at the time of surgery; the two most common sites are the lung and bone. We report 4 cases of PTC metastasis to unusual sites: (1) the occipital skull and internal jugular vein, (2) the parapharyngeal space, (3) the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and (4) the right atrium of the heart. It has been well documented that aggressive distant metastasis is a characteristic of PTC, and it is known to be an indicator of a poor prognosis. Some of our patients' sites of metastatic disease have not been previously reported. Patients in this series exhibited aggressive histologic findings, including columnar cell and follicular variants of papillary disease. In addition, all 4 patients demonstrated "PET-avid" disease with decreased iodine avidity.


Trust is easier to destroy than create, hence, trust in overly applied automation may erode following accidents. This paper looks at the crash of a revolutionary supersonic fighter that resulted from over-reliance on protection technology. The protection system has been automated to the extent that it was impossible for the pilot to regain control and convince the system that there was a problem. Complete trust in the safety of the system has thus been translated into a new kind of computer-assisted error, where in the interest of safety the only possible exit strategy is outlawed by the system leading to the potential (or in this case, the actual) destruction of the system it was meant to protect. Overall, trust appears to be an emergent function that takes in safety issues affecting the entire system as well as the relationship between the product, client and developer and the trade-offs that underpin decisions. Operators, working as part of a system, abrogate some of their responsibility by implicitly or explicitly passing on control to computerised systems. While operators function on as an integral part of systems, their trust in the ability and safety of the system plays a key role in the ensuing success or failure.


: We studied the electric brain activity during wakefulness in 20 Brazilian people through digital EEG and spectral analysis in order to propose a standardization for Brazilian adult population. All this group is healthy with laboratory examinations and mini-mental state (scores higher than 27) evaluation normal. After Fourier fast transformation (FFT) calculation, we found a histogram display with monomodal distribution, with higher values in alpha band. Analyzing the average of these results, different standards from the analogical traditional EEG were found, as the distribution of alpha band and delta activity behavior. The beta 2 and beta 3 behavior showed a diffuse distribution, that is not the usual. By the other hand, other findings are congruent to the analogical EEG as the alpha posterior predominance and the bigger presence of theta activity at the central regions.


Effect of pH value and dispersant of polyethylene imine (PEI) on dispersion of nano TiN in ethanol liquid was investigated by sedimentation volume and viscosity, surface electric characteristic of particles was measured by Zeta potential. Results showed that pH value and PEI concentration had an important effect on dispersion of nano TiN. Excellent dispersibility was obtained through adjusting PEI amount and pH value. It was found that PEI was an efficient dispersant for nano TiN to disperse in ethanol liquid. The dispersibility follows by electrostatic and space steric stability mechanism.


Clastic sedimentary and low-grade metasedimentary rocks preserve populations of detrital zircons because of the unreactive nature of this mineral. However, evidence of new zircon growth has been found within highly heterogeneous populations of zircon from several greenschist facies slates from the Scottish Highlands. Small (<10 μm), anhedral, unzoned zircons and discrete overgrowths on rounded detrital grains are very common. These new fine-grained zircons have crystallized at temperatures below 350 °C and have been observed only in polished thin sections; they are absent from conventional mineral separates. Typical separation techniques create severe biases in the heavy-mineral populations of metasedimentary rocks, and recognition of the growth of zircon in such conditions may allow isotopic dating of low-temperature events.