Objective: The present study sought to examine the utility of a self-report tool that was designed as a partial substitute for a face-to-face cognitive interview for critical incidents involving night vision goggles (NVGs). Background: The use of NVGs remains problematic within the military environment, as these devices have been identified as a factor in a significant proportion of aircraft accidents and incidents. The self-report tool was structured to identify some of the cognitive features of human performance that were associated with critical incidents involving NVGs. The tool incorporated a number of different levels of analysis, ranging from specific behavioral responses to broader cognitive constructs. Method: Reports were received from 30 active pilots within the Australian Army using the NVG Critical Incident Assessment Tool (NVGCIAT). Results: The results revealed a correspondence between specific types of NVG-related errors and elements of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). In addition, uncertainty emerged as a significant factor associated with the critical incidents that were recalled by operators. Conclusion: These results were broadly consistent with previous research and provide some support for the utility of subjective assessment tools as a means of extracting critical incident-related data when face-to-face cognitive interviews are not possible. Application: In some circumstances, the NVGCIAT might be regarded as a substitute cognitive interview protocol with some level of diagnosticity.


Large design and manufacturing projects are conducted in elaborate settings. Interdepen- dent specialists work together, building complex systems. A substantial part of their daily work concerns the coordination of distributed work. This paper reports from a field study at Foss Electric, a Danish manufacturing company, where the development of an instrument for testing the quality of raw milk was studied. Scheduled and informal project meetings together with paper-based coordination systems were the primary means of managing the complexity of coordinating work within the project. This paper investigates the origination, use, and function of these coordination mechanisms applying a Coordination Mechanism perspective (Schmidt and Simone, 1996). We argue that the complexity of coordinating distributed work in large design projects result in the adoption of coordination sys- tems. These systems formalize aspects of coordination work through artifacts, procedures for use and conventions.


This report is concerned with eye signs in four patients having pituitary tumors associated with Cushing's Syndrome. All four patients had objective evidence of visual pathway compression at some time during their clinical course; two of the four patients developed bilateral extraocular movement palsies as a consequence of pituitary apoplexy. One patient displayed a unilateral proptosis. The chronological interrelationship between visual and endocrinological manifestations of the pituitary tumors in these four cases was variable.


Agriculture wastes are considered a good starting point to discover for new drugs all over the world. In this context, Agriculture wastes contain millions of compounds to be screened to find bioactive compounds responsible for the activity to be used in drugs. Citrus agriculture is one of the most important commercial and industrial agricultural activities in the world. The peel waste of Citrus species is a rich source of bioactive compounds such as essential oils, flavones, polyphenols, and pigment. Citrus peel has been widely used in the medicine industry. The waste peel of citrus consider a rich source of pharmacologically active metabolites with antioxidant activities.


Background: Contour Profile Gel/MemoryShape breast implants consist of a textured silicone elastomer shell filled with silicone gel. The objective of this clinical study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of Contour Profile Gel/MemoryShape breast implants in women who were undergoing primary breast augmentation, primary breast reconstruction, or revision surgery (revision-augmentation or revision-reconstruction). Methods: This was a prospective, open-label, multicenter clinical study involving Contour Profile Gel/MemoryShape breast implants in 955 female subjects, including 572 primary augmentation, 124 revision-augmentation, 190 primary reconstruction, and 69 revision-reconstruction subjects. Safety was assessed based on the incidence, severity, and method of resolution of all complications. Endpoints were examined on both a per-subject and a per-implant basis. Results: For the primary augmentation, revision-augmentation, primary reconstruction, and revision-reconstruction cohorts, the Kaplan-Meier estimated 10-year cumulative incidence rates for the key complications at the subject level were as follows: Baker grade III/IV capsular contracture, 3.6 (primary augmentation), 15.5 (revision-augmentation), 14.3 (primary reconstruction), and 16.4 (revision-reconstruction) percent; infection, 0.7 (primary augmentation), 1.9 (revision-augmentation), 1.6 (primary reconstruction), and 2.9 (revision-reconstruction) percent; explantation with or without replacement, 9.2 (primary augmentation), 25.9 (revision-augmentation), 34.1 (primary reconstruction), and 49.0 (revision-reconstruction) percent; explantation with replacement with study device, 4.0 (primary augmentation), 10.8 (revision-augmentation), 16.7 (primary reconstruction), and 27.9 (revision-reconstruction) percent; and any reoperation, 22.3 (primary augmentation), 35.0 (revision-augmentation), 52.7 (primary reconstruction), and 59.7 (revision-reconstruction) percent. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that Contour Profile Gel/MemoryShape breast implants are safe and effective for primary and revision breast augmentation and reconstruction for women at least 22 years old.


Background: Carcinosarcomas of the gynecologic tract, also known as malignant mixed Müllerian tumors, are aggressive neoplasms with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Despite advances in adjuvant therapies in recent years, the prognosis of these tumors has not improved. In fact, there are currently no consensus guidelines for the treatment of these neoplasms and the search for targetable biomarkers has not been successful so far. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has emerged as a potential target for therapeutics in a number of malignant tumors, including melanoma, lung, and colorectal cancer. In normal conditions, PD-L1 is thought to promote immune homeostasis via a number of pathways, but mainly through downregulation of cytotoxic T cells. In some human neoplasms, however, overexpression of PD-L1 by tumor cells has been observed, which can modulate the immune system to allow cancer cells to evade host response. As this marker could potentially be a therapeutic target for these tumors, the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in a group of carcinosarcomas was evaluated in the present study. Material and Methods: Twenty-nine cases of gynecologic carcinosarcomas were analyzed, corresponding to tumors originating from the uterus (25), ovary (2), fallopian tube (1), and pelvic epithelium (1). Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 was performed on paraffin sections and the staining results were assessed semiquantitatively in both epithelial and mesenchymal components of each tumor. Results: Positive membranous staining for PD-L1 was detected in 25/29 tumors (86%). The epithelial components were strongly positive in 19/29 (65%) and weakly positive in 6/29 tumors (21%). The mesenchymal elements were strongly positive in 8/29 (27%) and weakly positive in 3/29 tumors (10%). With exception of 1, all tumors with positive sarcomatous components had staining of the carcinomatous element. Four tumors were negative for PD-L1 in both components. Conclusions: This study shows that PD-L1 is expressed by the majority of carcinosarcomas, predominantly in the epithelial components. This is particularly important as most locoregional recurrences and distant metastases are of epithelial origin. This finding may serve as a basis for possible therapeutic approaches using antibodies that have already shown significant value in a number of other malignant tumors.


Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the apolipoprotein composition of the three major lipoprotein classes in patients with metabolic syndrome to healthy controls. Methods Very low density (VLDL), intermediate/low density (IDL/LDL, hereafter LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL) fractions were isolated from plasma of 56 metabolic syndrome subjects and from 14 age-sex matched healthy volunteers. The apolipoprotein content of fractions was analyzed by one-dimensional (1D) gel electrophoresis with confirmation by a combination of mass spectrometry and biochemical assays. Results Metabolic syndrome patients differed from healthy controls in the following ways: (1) total plasma - apoA1 was lower, whereas apoB, apoC2, apoC3, and apoE were higher; (2) VLDL - apoB, apoC3, and apoE were increased; (3) LDL - apoC3 was increased, (4) HDL -associated constitutive serum amyloid A protein (SAA4) was reduced (p<0.05 vs. controls for all). In patients with metabolic syndrome, the most extensively glycosylated (di-sialylated) isoform of apoC3 was reduced in VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions by 17%, 30%, and 25%, respectively (p<0.01 vs. controls for all). Similarly, the glycosylated isoform of apoE was reduced in VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions by 15%, 26%, and 37% (p<0.01 vs. controls for all). Finally, glycosylated isoform of SAA4 in HDL fraction was 42% lower in patients with metabolic syndrome compared with controls (p<0.001). Conclusions Patients with metabolic syndrome displayed several changes in plasma apolipoprotein composition consistent with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels. Reduced glycosylation of apoC3, apoE and SAA4 are novel findings, the pathophysiological consequences of which remain to be determined.


OBJECTIVE
We examined whether personality traits, including optimism, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, negative emotional expressiveness, and hostility, were associated with risk of developing type 2 diabetes (hereafter diabetes) among postmenopausal women.

METHODS
A total of 139,924 postmenopausal women without diabetes at baseline (between 1993 and 1998) aged 50 to 79 years from the Women's Health Initiative were prospectively followed for a mean of 14 (range 0.1-23) years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess associations between personality traits and diabetes incidence adjusting for common demographic factors, health behaviors, and depressive symptoms. Personality traits were gathered at baseline using questionnaires. Diabetes during follow-up was assessed via self-report of physician-diagnosed treated diabetes.

RESULTS
There were 19,240 cases of diabetes during follow-up. Compared with women in the lowest quartile of optimism (least optimistic), women in the highest quartile (most optimistic) had 12% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84-0.92) lower risk of incident diabetes. Compared with women in the lowest quartile for negative emotional expressiveness or hostility, women in the highest quartile had 9% (HR, 1.09; 95% CI: 1.05-1.14) and 17% (HR, 1.17; 95% CI: 1.12-1.23) higher risk of diabetes, respectively. The association of hostility with risk of diabetes was stronger among nonobese than obese women.

CONCLUSIONS
Low optimism and high NEE and hostility were associated with increased risk of incident diabetes among postmenopausal women independent of major health behaviors and depressive symptoms. In addition to efforts to promote healthy behaviors, women's personality traits should be considered to guide clinical or programmatic intervention strategies in diabetes prevention.


This paper presents the mechanical behavior of advanced high strength steel, Dual Phase 1200 steel (DP1200) at high strain rates (250s-1 - 750s-1) under tensile loading. The mechanical behavior of materials depends on the loading rates. The accurate knowledge of the mechanical behavior of materials at high strain rates is essential in order to improve the safety against crash, impacts and blast loads. High strain rate experiments are performed on modified Hopkinson bar (MHB) apparatus; however, some quasi-static (0.001s-1) tests are also conducted on electromechanical universal testing machine at tensile loads. Based on the experimental results, the material parameters of the existing Cowper-Symonds and Johnson-Cook models are determined. These models fit the experimental data well and hence can be recommended for the numerical simulation of the problems involving this material at high strain rates.


In the last fifteen years Accident and Emergency (A & E) departments have become the default environment for service users seeking help during a mental health crisis. Simultaneously, the Police have reported concerns about the expectations placed on their officers in dealing with the rising numbers of people experiencing a mental health crisis. In 2014 the Home Office launched The Crisis Care Concordat requiring statutory and non-statutory organisations to make a commitment to work together to ensure a seamless pathway for anyone who experiences a mental health crisis, regardless of their first contact with services. To facilitate this many new initiatives were developed, Street Triage being one. This allows the police immediate access to a mental health professional when they find themselves attending an incident or event that has a mental health component. Whilst there is an emerging body of research focusing on the organisational and financial benefits to such services, there is limited research regarding the experience of the service user utilising such services. The aim of this study was to explore and understand the experiences of service users, who when experiencing a mental health crisis were treated by the Street Triage Service. Qualitative research, using a narrative approach was used to address this aim. Data were collected through one to one narrative interviews with three service users. Interview transcripts were initially analysed as individual stories, and then as a collective, recognising the nuances of each narrative and also exploring the cross commonalities. While each narrative had its own unique themes some, shared commonalities were also identified. These included; (1) Learning from their own experiences, (2) Perceiving and interacting with blue light services and (3) Interacting with the Street Triage team. Individuals who have experienced a mental health crisis and used the Street Triage service offer a wealth of knowledge that not only contributes to the emerging body of research in this area, but also enables the development of such services in better meeting the needs of those who may require such services in the future.


In addition to the two large clostridial cytotoxins (TcdA and TcdB) certain strains of Clostridium difficile produce an actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase, or binary toxin. PCR reactions were developed to detect genes encoding the enzymatic (cdtA) and binding (cdtB) components of the binary toxin and 170 representative strains were tested to assess the prevalence of the toxin. Positive PCR results (n=59) were confirmed by immunoblotting and ADP-ribosyltransferase assay. PCR ribotype and toxinotype (restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of genes for TcdA and TcdB) correlated with possession of binary toxin genes. All strains with cdtA and cdtB belonged to toxin-variable toxinotypes and five toxin-producing groups of strains have been described according to the presence or absence of TcdA, TcdB and binary toxin. Result indicate that ca. 6.4% of toxigenic isolates of C. difficile referred to the Anaerobe Reference Unit from UK hospitals have cdtA and cdtB genes.


We present JDLL, an agile Java library that offers a comprehensive toolset/API to unify the development of high-end applications of DL for bioimage analysis and to streamline their installation and maintenance. JDLL provides all the functions required to consume DL models seamlessly, without being burdened by the configuration of the Python-based DL frameworks, within Java bioimage informatics platforms. Moreover, it allows the deployment of pre-trained models in the Bioimage Model Zoo (BMZ) by shipping the logic to connect to the BMZ website, download and run a selected model inference.


This paper presents a discussion on several issues related to adaptive reclosers. It is shown, by using a realistic example, that adaptive reclosers should be installed in distribution systems with automatic switching capabilities in order to optimize their protective function. In particular, the case of primary circuits with automatic transfer systems is discussed. The conclusion is that the fuse-saving scheme normally implemented in primary-radial distribution systems can be automatically achieved for the different configurations of the primary circuit when adaptive reclosers are used. The paper also presents a brief discussion on the requirements that should be met by application programs for adaptive distribution protection.


Reliable fault-sense indicators: bruised steps, pluck steps, accretionary steps, stoss spalls, trail ridges, fault roche moutonnee, prod depressions and prod ridges establish the nature of motion on slickensided fracture planes in Titiwangsa granitoid along the Karak Highway. In certain instances subsidiary structures: en echelon tension gashes and drag features, and fault separations provide additional information on the sense of fault motion. Right lateral and left lateral fault motion took place most frequently along NNE-NE and along ENE E trending, steeply inclined to vertical fractures, respectively. This movement pattern is consistent with maximum horizontal compression within the 33° to 48° sector, which deviates about 20° from the direction of regional compression that affected Peninsular Malaysia, but is compatible with the vergence of the Genting Thrust Belt. Therefore, contemporarily of thrusting and lateral fault motion on these particular fractures is indicated. Among those studied, a comparatively small number of vertical fractures indicates lateral motion in response to compression that acted approximately perpendicular to that in the established sector. It appears that the NW-SE compression resulted from relaxation of the NE-SW maximum horizontal stress. Superimposed striations and other fault markings on a number of fracture planes represent isostatic adjustments through gravity faulting.


We study Chinese attitudes toward the United States, and secondarily toward Japan, Russia, and Vietnam, by analyzing social media discourse on the Chinese social media site, Weibo. We focus separately on a general analysis of attitudes and on Chinese responses to specific international events involving the United States. In general, we find that Chinese netizens are much more interested in US politics than US society. Their views of the United States are characterized by deep ambivalence; they have remarkably favorable attitudes toward many aspects of US influence, whether economic, political, intellectual, or cultural. Attitudes toward the United States become negative when the focus turns to US foreign policy – actions that Chinese netizens view as antithetical to Chinese interests. On the contrary, attitudes toward Japan, Russia, and Vietnam vary a great deal from one another. The contrast between these differentiated Chinese views toward the United States and other countries, on the one hand, and the predominant anti-Americanism in the Middle East, on the other, is striking.


The mass media impinge upon people's lives in two very important ways. Firstly, in providing the facilities with which people occupy a considerable amount of their non-work time they command an increasing proportion of discretionary spending. Average weekly household expenditure on the media and on leisure activities is higher than on clothing or on household durables, and, in 1971, over L3,000 million was spent on the media and leisure (not even including drink, travel or catering).l Secondly, the media are the major source of information about, and explanations of, social and political processes. The mass media therefore play a key role in determining the forms of consciousness and the modes of expression and action which are made available to people. Consequently, any adequate analysis of the distribution of power and of the process of legitimation must necessarily include an analysis of the mass media.


Much needless anxiety and misinformation about AIDS exists today. Many people are concerned that they can "catch" AIDS in the workplace through casual contact with co-workers. AIDS is hard to get. It is not spread by nonsexual, person-to-person contact among workers, clients, and consumers in offices, schools, factories, or other workplaces. Managers of corporations should institute AIDS policies, addressing discrimination, confidentiality, infection control, and education, before the first cases of the disease emerge in the organization. It is predicted that about 90 percent of HIV-positive individuals are presently in the labor force; every American employer will have to come in contact with HIV/AIDS-infected employees in the near future. Any attempt to communicate positive messages--and reduce fear and confusion--leads to a more productive work environment, less discrimination, and more sensitivity regarding AIDS issues.


Berlin has made the famous distinction between negative and positive liberty. For many liberals, negative liberty is modern individual liberty manifested in markets, while interference by the State is a form of positive liberty. Berlin was also repelled by Rousseau's concept of the general will, which he considered as a form of collectivist holism. The paper argues that this philosophy is a mistaken interpretation of Berlin's two concepts of liberty and of Rousseau's general will. In a simple model of individual and collective choice under conditions of bounded rationality, it is shown that positive and negative liberty are interdependent. The collective choices made under positive liberty can be modeled as the stochastic version of Rousseau's general will, provided that liberal democracy enables the conditions of free public deliberation. In that case, the individual freedom cherished by Berlin is compatible with positive liberty.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the adequacy of genetic risk assessment among primary care providers and to evaluate the efficacy of genetic counseling before "routine" genetic amniocentesis.

STUDY DESIGN
A retrospective cohort study was undertaken. Charts of 275 consecutive patients referred for genetic counseling and amniocentesis on the basis of advanced maternal age (AMA) were compared with charts of 103 consecutive patients referred for an abnormal maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) finding. Pedigree information obtained during counseling of these patients was compared with the family histories charted by the referring physician.

RESULTS
In 35.6% of pedigrees evaluated, a significant genetic risk was discovered during genetic consultation that had not been noted by the referring physician. Furthermore, 9.8% of AMA patients and 10.7% of patients with abnormal MSAFP results underwent additional genetic testing or screening on the basis of genetic counseling. Additional genetic testing of 0.8% of amniotic fluid specimens was done on the basis of the genetic risk assessment elicited during counseling. Although a significant difference in increased genetic risk was observed between the AMA and abnormal MSAFP groups (AMA 30.8% positive, MSAFP 48.5% positive; relative risk 0.81, confidence limit 0.70 to 0.93), no significant difference was observed between the two groups with regard to patient interventions (relative risk 0.97, confidence limit 0.79 to 1.21) or amniotic fluid testing (p = 0.57, not significant).

CONCLUSIONS
The data support the importance of genetic counseling before amniocentesis. Furthermore, the findings support the relevancy and usefulness of genetic counseling in more accurately ascertaining genetic risk and in maximizing the benefits of genetic evaluation of patients seemingly at low risk for other genetic diseases.


We study the ground state phase diagram of a frustrated spin tube in a strong external magnetic field. This model can be viewed as two coupled zigzag spin chains, or as a two-leg spin ladder with frustrating next-nearest-neighbor couplings along the legs, and its study is motivated by the physics of such materials as sulfolane-${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{BiCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{PO}}_{6}$. In magnetic fields right below the saturation, the system can be effectively represented as a dilute gas of two species of bosonic quasiparticles that correspond to magnons with inequivalent incommensurate momenta at two degenerate minima of the magnon dispersion. Using the method previously proposed and tested for frustrated spin chains, we calculate effective interactions in this two-component Bose gas. On this basis, we establish the phase diagram of nearly saturated frustrated spin tube, which is shown to include the two-component Luttinger liquid, two types of vector chiral phases, and phases whose physics is determined by the presence of bound magnons. We study the phase diagram of the model numerically by means of the density matrix renormalization group technique, and find a good agreement with our analytical predictions.


Abstract : This thesis explores new territory with the theoretical investigation of the use of FSS in HPM applications. Work was performed in a simulation environment where rectangular and ring-shaped FSS elements were evaluated. Incident electric field levels of 0.5MV/m were propagated toward the FSS in a plane wave that was perpendicular to the surface. Results show that the total electric field in the apertures of the FSS can reach more than 6MV/m. This necessitates the use of high strength dielectric materials surrounding the FSS to reduce the risk of electrical breakdown. It is shown that a dielectric of only 2.5mm thick on each side of the FSS eliminates the risk of breakdown.


Despite the fact that electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are rapidly growing in popularity and use worldwide, there is scarce scientific data on abuse liability among e-cigarette users, and about whether e-cigarette use is related to nicotine dependence or not. The aim of this study is to explore nicotine dependence levels in a sample of experienced e-cigarette users (n= 39) and to compare them with current tobacco cigarette smokers (n=42). We conducted several face-to-face interviews in order to assess sociodemographic and dependence related characteristics in both e-cigarette users and in smokers. Adapted versions of both the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and the nicotine dependence syndrome scale (NDSS) were used to analyze nicotine dependence in each of the groups. Biochemical markers of carbon monoxide and urinary cotinine analysis were also collected. Results showed that e-cigarette users scored lower than cigarette smokers in both FTND and all NDSS subscales. Our findings extend previous research on e-cigarette use and nicotine addiction and suggest that e-cigarette users are less dependent on nicotine than current tobacco cigarette smokers. Further prospective studies are needed to better ascertain their addictiveness potential, comparing those smokers who switched to e-cigarettes from smoking cigarettes, and those who had never been tobacco cigarette smokers.


In communication systems where users share common resources, selfish behavior usually results in suboptimal resource utilization. There have been extensive works that model communication systems with selfish users as one-shot games and propose incentive schemes to achieve Pareto-optimal outcomes. However, in many communication systems, due to strong negative externalities among users, the sets of feasible payoffs in one-shot games are nonconvex. Thus, it is possible to expand the set of feasible payoffs by having users choose different action profiles in an alternating manner. In this paper, we formulate a model of repeated games with intervention. First, by using repeated games we can convexify the set of feasible payoffs in one-shot games. Second, by using intervention in repeated games we can achieve a larger set of equilibrium payoffs and loosen requirements for users' patience to achieve a target payoff. We study the problem of maximizing a welfare function defined on users' payoffs. We characterize the limit set of equilibrium payoffs. Given the optimal equilibrium payoff, we derive the sufficient condition on the discount factor and the intervention capability to achieve it, and design corresponding equilibrium strategies. We illustrate our analytical results with power control and flow control.


Background Glasgow's population consists of a significant number of people of South Asian origin for whom many barriers exist to accessing services. Traditional hospice services have not always been seen as acceptable to this population. In order to improve access to palliative care services, a strategic and collaborative approach within Glasgow's minority ethnic communities was required. Methods A steering group was established, with representation from the multidisciplinary team, local ethnic communities and community healthcare partnerships. Awareness raising events were delivered across community groups, places of worship, cultural events, festivals, and local media. A nurse led drop-in service was implemented in a Sikh Gurdwara, Hindu Mandir, Islamic Mosque and an independent community centre. The drop-in service offered confidential consultation on issues relating to illness, treatments, referrals and support to both patients and families. Participant feedback was obtained. Ethnicity data was collected and analysed on new referrals to hospice services. Results Public engagement events within each of the identified religious communities attracted an audience of approximately 200 at each event. Volunteers from the minority ethnic population were recruited to support the promotion of the project in their local areas. Local minority ethnic community elders participated in the development of a translated information booklet. A small increase in referral rates from ethnic minority communities has been noted. The nurse led drop-in service has been well received with an average of four consultations per session. Conclusions Relationships with minority ethnic communities were strengthened raising awareness of palliative care services. Potential misconceptions and barriers were addressed. Educational initiatives have provided an understanding of cultural needs in order to provide culturally competent services.


ABSTRACT Shim, K.T.; Kim, K.H.; Kim, H.D.; and Kwak, K.S., 2020. Analysis on sediment transport system in the East coast of Korea. In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 643–648. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In an area comprising a long and a monotonous coastline such as that observed along the east coast of Korea, erosion and accretion can occur repeatedly due to seasonal influences; this leads to the formation of an equilibrium for the sediment budget. However, the construction of artificial structures has caused changes in the sediment budget, which has led to unidirectional sediment transport and excessive erosion and accretion. Recently, there has been an increase in the frequency of appearance of high wave groups that are observed for long periods due to a rise in the sea level and the emerging abnormal climate. This has caused large-scale morphological change and is the major factor that accelerates beach erosion. This study monitors a target area wherein a sediment transport was observed to actively occur; this was achieved by using a beach stabilization measure. The variations in the beach profile and the ratio of the sandy beach budget were predicted using the results obtained. In addition, the sediment transport system of the east coast of Korea was examined through comparison with empirical formulas by classifying the erosive and sedimentary beaches. This study also presents the indicators that will govern the topography of Korea in the future.


AIM: To evaluate rate of erosions and ulcers of the upper gastroduodenal tract (UGDT) in patients treated with selective cyclooxigenase inhibitors (C-NAID). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of esophagogastroduodenoscopies made in the Institute of Rheumatology in 2002-2004 was made for two groups. The study group received C-NAID (nimesulid, n = 330; meloxicam, n = 371; celecoxib, n = 66), the control group--diclofenak (n = 1935). The groups were matched by age, gender and concomitant therapy. Incidence of ulcers in the past was significantly higher in the study group. RESULTS: Occurrence of erosions and ulcers in the study and control groups was comparable: 22.4, 24.5, 21.2 and 27.6%, respectively. Multiple erosions (ME, n > 10) and ulcers significantly less frequently occurred in the study group: 8.8, 10.5, 10.6 and 14.6%, respectively (p < 0.05). Significant difference in occurrence of erosions and ulcers in UGDT for different C-NAID was not found. ME and ulcers in patients with ulcer anamnesis were recorded less frequently in intake of C-NAID than diclofenak (22.5 and 46.2%, resopectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Selective inhibitors of COG-2 are not safe enough in relation to gastrointestinal pathology, especially in patients with ulcer anamnesis. Nimesulid, meloxicam and celecoxibe were comparable in respect to detectability of gastrointestinal erosions and ulcers.


: A case of the rupture of a syphilitic aortic aneurysm into the esophagus in a woman aged 64 with cured breast cancer was observed. A clinical picture, autopsy and microscopy findings were described. The authors underlined the rarity of the case, difficulty of intravital and morphological diagnosis which could be attributed to syphilis pathomorphosis. Of great importance for diagnosis are a detailed life history, clinical symptoms, instrumental methods of investigation, especially in oncological practice where differential diagnosis with exophytic esophageal cancer seems difficult.


Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to determine non-invasively absolute concentrations of phosphorylated metabolites in the perfused rat liver. It has been shown that the NMR method does detect cytoplasmic ATP and ADP (ATP:ADP ratio of 15 +/- 3) with no contribution from mitochondrial adenine nucleotides. The concentration of ATP was 7.2 +/- 0.3 mM in the cytosol of well-oxygenated liver, after two hours of perfusion with a Krebs-Ringer buffer. Other phosphorylated metabolites were detected, mainly inorganic phosphate (1.1 mumol/g liver wet weight), phosphorylcholine (1.0 mumol/g wet weight), glycerophosphorylethanolamine (0.34 mumol/g wet weight) and glycerophosphorylcholine (0.30 mumol/g wet weight). The intracellular pH measured from the position of the Pi resonance has a value of 7.2 +/- 0.1. It is likely that the detectable Pi originates from the cytosolic compartment since a pH value of 7.4-7.6 would be expected for the mitochondrial matrix. Natural abundance carbon-13 NMR has also been used to follow the glycogen breakdown in situ by measuring the intensity of the glycogen C-1 resonance in the perfused liver spectrum as a function of the perfusion time. The glycogenolytic process has been studied as a function of the glucose content of the perfusate. Rate of glycogenolysis from 2.7 to 0.16 muEq glycosyl units g wet weight-1 min-1 were found when glucose concentration in the perfusate was varied from 0 to 50 mM. The fate of 90% enriched [2-13C] acetate has been studied in the perfused rat liver by 13C-NMR in order to investigate the mitochondrial metabolism and the interrelations between cytosolic and mitochondrial pools of metabolites. Some compounds of the intermediary metabolism where found to be extensively labelled, e.g. glutamate, glutamine, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Under our experimental conditions, labelling of glutamate reached a steady-state within 30 min after the onset of perfusion of 20 mM acetate. In addition, the observed incorporation of carbon-13 isotope into glutamine can be linked to the operation of the glutamate-glutamine antiporter and to the high activity of the cytosolic glutamate synthetase. The finding of both active glutaminase and glutamine synthetase activity in the same liver cells is an evidence of the existence of an active glutamine-glutamate futile cycle.


The control of the quality of the irradiation data is often a prerequisite to the further processing of the data. Though data are usually controlled by meteorological offices, the sources are so numerous that the user often faces time-series of measurements containing questionable values. As customers of radiation data, we established our own procedures to screen time-series of measurements. Since this problem of quality control is of concern to many researchers and engineers and since it is often a lengthy and tedious task, we decided to make this screening procedure available to everyone as a web service. This service is the purpose of this paper. The objective is not to perform a precise and fine control, an objective out of reach without details on the site and instruments, but to perform a likelihood control of the data and to check their plausibility. This is achieved by comparing observations with some expectations based upon the extraterrestrial irradiation and a simulation of the irradiation for clear skies. This service is available to everyone on the Web site www.helioclim.net. It offers a very convenient mean to check time-series of irradiation: data are input in a HTML page by a copy and paste procedure and the return is also a HTML page that can be analyzed in details for the data flagged as suspicious.


Rossiter, C. E. (1972).Brit. J. industr. Med.,29, 31-44. Relation between content and composition of coalworkers' lungs and radiological appearances. The relation between radiological category of simple pneumoconiosis and dust content of the lung has been studied on a mixed group of 221 miners, of whom 76 had progressive massive fibrosis radiologically. The average radiological scores based on 11 independent readings for the films showing simple pneumoconiosis only were related, by multiple regression, to the coal, mineral, quartz, and iron contents of the lungs. Three subgroups were found which showed differing relations. Films of poor technique tended to be read in the middle categories whatever the content of the lungs. The lungs of Scottish miners all contained soot, from working in naked light pits, and their radiological scores were much higher than expected from the lung dust contents. The few films showing nodular sized small opacities were also over-read, suggesting that nodularity may be some response to dust other than simple accumulation. There were 98 subjects in the resulting homogeneous group of cases with simple pneumoconiosis only. On a revised scale to correct for slight non-linearity, the regression coefficients of radiological score on the total mineral and coal contents of the lung were in the ratio of 3·8 to 1. The iron content did not add much to this regression relation even though by itself it correlated well with the amount of simple pneumoconiosis. Probably most of the variation of radiological appearance with iron reflects variation with coal and mineral. The mineral and quartz contents were highly correlated (r = 0·96), but relations including quartz were not as close fitting as those including mineral. There was a small, but significant, residual relation of radiological score to years in coalmining. The background categories of simple pneumoconiosis in the 76 radiographs showing some evidence of progressive massive fibrosis were generally read higher than expected from the relation to dust content derived from the simple pneumoconiosis cases only. This was most true for those showing most evidence of progressive massive fibrosis.


A family with hemiplegic migraine has been documented for a period of over forty years. From this study and the literature we conclude that (1) migraine is a cause of recurrent coma which may be associated with life-threatening cerebral hemisphere oedema; (2) hyperpyrexia with CSF pleocytosis occurs in hemiplegic migraine, which may thus simulate viral meningoencephalitis; and (3) cerebral angiography is hazardous in hemiplegic migraine and may exacerbate coma and cerebral oedema. In the family reported, cerebellar ataxia was present during recovery from attacks of hemiplegic migraine and affected patients ultimately suffered from persistent ataxia with radiological cerebellar atrophy. This syndrome thus constitutes a distinct form of late-onset autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia and also of familial periodic ataxia. The status of 'cerebellar migraine' is reviewed.


We studied four methods for handling incomplete categorical data in statistical modeling: (1) maximum likelihood estimation of the statistical model with incomplete data, (2) multiple imputation using a loglinear model, (3) multiple imputation using a latent class model, (4) and multivariate imputation by chained equations. Each method has advantages and disadvantages, and it is unknown which method should be recommended to practitioners. We reviewed the merits of each method and investigated their effect on the bias and stability of parameter estimates and bias of the standard errors. We found that multiple imputation using a latent class model with many latent classes was the most promising method for handling incomplete categorical data, especially when the number of variables used in the imputation model is large.


Two protein subunits (42,000 and 78,000 daltons) encoded by the fadAB genes form a multifunctional enzyme complex containing thiolase, 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, crotonase , epimerase, and isomerase activities (S. Pawar and H. Schulz, J. Biol. Chem. 256:3894-3899, 1981). In an attempt to characterize the structural organization and regulatory properties of these genes, a 5.2-kilobase pair fragment containing the fadAB genes has been isolated. Plasmids containing this fragment (i) complement mutations in the fadAB genes; (ii) overproduce by 10- to 50-fold thiolase, 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase and crotonase ; and (iii) specify a 42,000- and a 78,000-dalton protein. The fadA gene, which encodes the 42,000-dalton protein, has been localized within the original clone to a 3.3-kilobase pair fragment. Thiolase activity, which is encoded by the 42,000-dalton protein, was not observed in the absence of the 78,000-dalton protein, suggesting that an intact complex is required for function. Transposon Tn5 insertional mutagenesis of the cloned fadAB genes has demonstrated that both fadA and fadB are transcribed as a single transcriptional unit with the direction of transcription from fadA to fadB . The molecular cloning and characterization of the fadAB region confirm the original genetic contention that the genes encoding the proteins for the multifunctional complex form an operon.


The compound known as 5-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxy-propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-2 (1H)-quinolinone hydrochloride (carteolol hydrochloride, Endak, Endak mite) has been tested in extensive experimental pharmacological investigations both in vivo in various animal species and in appropriate in vitro systems. From the results it is clear that carteolol is a beta-adrenolytic agent with the following characteristics: 1. Carteolol exerts potent and long lasting blockade of adrenergic receptors, by oral or intravenous administration alike. 2. The effect comprises beta 1- and beta 2-receptors to an equal extent, and for this reason the drug produces haemodynamic changes and metabolic shifts in addition to cardiac effects. Carteolol can therefore be classified as a nonspecific beta-adrenergic blocker. 3. The drug displays a striking feeble local anaesthetic or nonspecific membrane-stabilizing action, probably owing to its pronounced hydrophilia. 4. There is evidence that carteolol has a relatively strong intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). This has been shown by appropriately planned investigations, and is also apparent after exceeding the doses or concentrations required for adrenolysis. 5. Carteolol causes dose-dependent changes in the electrophysiological parameters of cardiac function. In low doses or concentrations it slows heart rate and in higher doses it sometimes accelerates it. 6. Carteolol is converted - with species-specific differences - almost exclusively and to a relatively small extent into 8-hydroxycarteolol. This metabolite closely resembles the original substance and exceeds it only in ISA.


Abstract. Ozonolysis of monoterpenes is an important source of atmospheric biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA). While enhanced BSOA formation has been associated with sulfate-rich conditions, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this work, the interactions between SO2 and reactive intermediates from monoterpene ozonolysis were investigated under different humidity conditions (10 % vs. 50 %). Chamber experiments were conducted with ozonolysis of α-pinene or limonene in the presence of SO2. Limonene SOA formation was enhanced in the presence of SO2, while no significant changes in SOA yields were observed during α-pinene ozonolysis. Under dry conditions, SO2 primarily reacted with stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs) produced from ozonolysis, but at 50 % RH heterogeneous uptake of SO2 onto organic aerosol was found to be the dominant sink of SO2, likely owing to reactions between SO2 and organic peroxides. This SO2 loss mechanism to organic peroxides in SOA has not previously been identified in experimental chamber studies. Organosulfates were detected and identified using an electrospray ionization–ion mobility spectrometry–high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ESI-IMS-TOF) when SO2 was present in the experiments. Our results demonstrate the synergistic effects between BSOA formation and SO2 oxidation through sCI chemistry and SO2 uptake onto organic aerosol and illustrate the importance of considering the chemistry of organic and sulfur-containing compounds holistically to properly account for their reactive sinks.


We perform a theoretical study of the electron transport through a normal metal-topological insulator-normal metal (NM-TI-NM) system, where a ferromagnetic insulator (FI) layer is deposited on top of the TI. The spin conductance of the system is analyzed as a function of parameters such as the strength of exchange coupling between the surface states of the TI and the magnetic moments of the FI layer, as well as the dimension of the TI channel. We find that the strength of the spin conductance can be optimized by tuning the parameters.


For some time the question of geographic variation in the incidence of mastoiditis has been of interest and an attempt at an explanation has thus been undertaken. There is much literature regarding climate in general terms. The weather and season function together as the most important environmental factor from the time of birth to the time of death of an individual. Acute infections of the mastoid reach their peak in the spring following the cold weather, not in the summer, and do not again begin to rise until the fall, when changes, often sudden, are seen. Throughout the United States there is every variety of climate and of weather conditions. Too, one sees a great variety of peoples from every nation scattered throughout the country. These people and their respective living conditions as well as their racial immunity make them susceptible or resistant to different disease conditions. An organism virulent


These case studies from CIMA highlight the need to embed risk management within more easily understood behaviours, consistent with the overall organisational culture. In each case, some form of internal audit team provides either an oversight function or acts as an expert link in that feedback loop. Frontline staff, managers and specialists should be completely aligned on risk, in part just to ensure that there is a consistency of approach. They should understand instinctively that good performance includes good risk management. Tesco has continued to thrive during the recession and remains a robust and efficient group of businesses despite the emergence of potential threats around consumer spending and the supply chain. RBS, by contrast, has suffered catastrophic and very public failures of risk management despite a large in-house function and stiff regulation of risk controls. Birmingham City Council, like all local authorities, is adapting to more commercial modes of operation and is facing diverse threats and opportunities emerging as a result of social change. And DCMS, like many other public sector organisations, has to handle an incredibly complex network of delivery partners within the context of a relatively recent overhaul of central government risk management processes. Key Findings: •Risk management is no longer solely a financial discipline, nor is it simply a concern for the internal control function. •Where organisations retain a discrete risk management cadre – often specialists at monitoring and evaluating a range of risks – their success is dependent on embedding risk awareness in the wider culture of the enterprise. •Risk management is most successful when it is explicitly linked to operational performance. •Clear leadership, specific goals, excellent influencing skills and open-mindedness to potential threats and opportunities are essential for effective risk management. •Bureaucratic processes and systems can hamper good risk management – either as a result of a 'box-ticking mentality' or because managers and staff believe they do not need to consider risk themselves.


Abstract The up to 60 m thick Neurath Sand (Serravallian, late middle Miocene) is one of several marine sands in the Lower Rhine Basin which were deposited as a result of North Sea transgressive activity in Cenozoic times. The shallow-marine Neurath Sand is well exposed in the Garzweiler open-cast mine, which is located in the centre of the Lower Rhine Basin. Detailed examination of three sediment profiles extending from the underlying Frimmersdorf Seam via the Neurath Sand and through to the overlying Garzweiler Seam, integrating both sedimentological and palaeontological data, has enabled the depositional setting of the area to be reconstructed. Six subenvironments are recognised in the Neurath Sand, commencing with the upper shoreface (1) sediments characterised by glauconite-rich sands and an extensive biota (Ophiomorpha ichnosp.). These are associated with the silt-rich sands of a transitional subenvironment (2), containing Skolithos linearis, Planolites ichnosp. and Teichichnus ichnosp. These silt-rich sands grade up to the upper shoreface subenvironment (1), which is indicative of an initial regressive trend. The overlying intertidal deposits can be subdivided into a lower breaker zone (3), characterised by ridge-and-runnel systems, and the swash zone (4) where the surge and backwash of waves resulted in the deposition of high-energy laminites. The intertidal deposits were capped by aeolian backshore sediments (5). Extensive root traces present in this latter subenvironment reflect the development of the overlying peatland (i.e. Garzweiler Seam). Within the Garzweiler Seam, restricted sand lenses indicate a lagoonal or estuarine depositional environment (6). Regional correlation with adjacent wells establishes that shallow-marine conditions were widespread across the Lower Rhine Basin in middle Serravallian times. The shoreline profile, characterised by both tidal and wave activity and influenced by fluvial input from the adjacent Rhenish Massif, is indicative of the complexity of the coastal depositional setting within the Lower Rhine Basin.


The USDA Forest Service, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and the Hopi Tribe Office of Range Management have been working together on native plant restoration projects in northeastern Arizona. The aggressive exotic plants, Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L. [Elaeagnaceae]) and salt-cedar (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. [Tamaicaceae]), have invaded many wetland and riparian areas on the Hopi Reservation, excluding willows (Salix L.), cottonwoods (Populus L.), and other native plants. The tribe has been mechanically removing the invasives and has asked for help in propagating native species to plant in these project areas. Although much information is available on how to collect willows and cottonwoods and propagate them, some unique challenges exist on Hopi lands. Some species are common, while others are very rare and in some cases only a few individual plants exist. The scattered locations of streams, wetlands, and seeps must be considered during plant material collections to ensure that both genetic and sexual diversity are adequately represented. Another challenge is the determination of target plant stock types that are appropriate on the diverse hydrologic conditions on the various project sites. Collected plant materials were taken to the NRCS Plant Materials Center in Los Lunas, New Mexico, for both seed and vegetative propagation.


BACKGROUND
Postoperative transarterial chemoembolization (PA-TACE) is an effective adjuvant therapy for preventing early postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, many patients are insensitive to it. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the in-depth reasons for PA-TACE resistance and provide a reliable basis for selecting patients who will benefit the most from PA-TACE.  Methods:The unique gene expression profiles of primary tumors from PA-TACE-sensitive or -insensitive patients were analyzed using microarray data. Combined differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were used to screen for potential drivers of PA-TACE insensitivity. The expression of ALDOB was silenced or overexpressed in hepatoma cell lines, and changes in glycolytic activity, cycle, apoptosis, and malignant biological phenotypes were observed under normoxia and hypoxia. Finally, an animal model was constructed to verify the effects of ALDOB dysregulation on the tumorigenic ability of HCC cells in vivo.  Results:nhibition of ALDOB promoted the upregulation of Ki67 expression, and glycolytic activity was significantly enhanced. Moreover, the proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities were increased in HCC cells and even worse in hypoxia. This advantage of malignant behavior was also validated using in vivo models.  Conclusion: Downregulation of ALDOB may underlie the metabolic reprogramming observed in HCC by promoting the malignant behavior of HCC cells. Hypoxia and ALDOB downregulation acted additively, which was closely related to PA-TACE insensitivity. The use of ALDOB and Ki67 as a combined marker has the potential to identify the "PA-TACE beneficiary population"..


A supply chain is a worldwide network of suppliers, factories, warehouses, distribution centers and retailers through which raw materials are acquired, transformed and delivered to customers. Modern supply chain management is moving away from vertically integrated companies that control all aspects of production and distribution toward networks of independent suppliers and distributors. Nowadays, collaboration has become the cornerstone of high performance in supply chain management. A key step in this collaboration process is to share information among the supply chain partners. However, current supply chain collaboration mainly focuses on the collaboration between two companies in a supply chain instead of in the whole system due to the limitation of the current modeling method and capabilities of current information systems. The multi-agent approach is a promising modeling method that can be used to design and develop supply chain management system to facilitate supply chain system-wide collaborative management. The aim is to investigate information sharing as a basic supply chain collaboration strategy through the application of the multi-agent approach to model and simulate the supply chain. This research presents a proposed conceptual framework of multi-agent based collaborative supply chain management system. The framework consists of four types of agents that include function, communication, coordination, and monitoring agents. The proposed framework illustrates the application of multi-agent techniques to integrate disparate supply chain information systems, to facilitate information sharing in the supply network, to support collaborative supply chain planning and to coordinate problem solving. A multi-agent based supply chain prototype is developed to investigate the impacts of information sharing on supply chain performance. Four scenarios have been investigated to measure the performance of both the inventory cost and service levels. The simulation results show that information as a basic supply chain collaboration strategy can reduce the bullwhip effect and result in lower amounts of the inventory holding, but it leads to higher stock-outs.


In order to assess the possible effects of ascorbic acid on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels and plasma lipoprotein composition, nine hyperchohesterohemic subjects were treated with oral ascorbic acid (4 g/day) for 2 months. The data demonstrate: 1) no significant change in plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels; 2) no significant change in the cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations of the major lipoprotein classes; and 3) the unexpected appearance of extra pre-13 bands on lipoprotein electrophoresis by the end of the ascorbic acid treatment period. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28: 584-587, 1975.


ABSTRACT Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade C continues to dominate the pandemic, only two infectious clade C proviral DNA clones have been described (N. Mochizuki, N. Otsuka, K. Matsuo, T. Shiino, A. Kojima, T. Kurata, K. Sakai, N. Yamamoto, S. Isomura, T. N. Dhole, Y. Takebe, M. Matsuda, and M. Tatsumi, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 15:1321-1324, 1999; T. Ndung'u, B. Renjifo, and M. Essex, J. Virol. 75:4964-4972, 2001). We have generated an infectious molecular clone of a pediatric clade C strain, HIV1084i, which was isolated from a Zambian infant infected either intrapartum or through breastfeeding. HIV1084i is an R5, non-syncytium-inducing isolate that bears all known clade C signatures; gag, pol, and env consistently mapped within clade C. Interestingly, gag resembled Asian isolates, whereas pol and env resembled African isolates, indicating that HIV1084i probably arose from an intraclade recombination. As a recently transmitted clade C strain, HIV1084i will be a useful vaccine development tool.


The purpose of this study was to determine whether the conceptus directs the formation of a tight- and adherens-dependent permeability barrier formed by the primary decidual zone and normal progression of decidual cell differentiation during embryo implantation. Four artificial models of decidualization were used, some apparently more physiological than others. The results show that both the formation of the permeability barrier and decidual cell differentiation of three of the artificial models were quite different from that of pregnant uteri. One artificial model of decidualization, namely pseudopregnant animals receiving concanavalin A-coated Sepharose bead transfers on d 2.5 of pseudopregnancy, better recapitulated the decidual changes that occur in the pregnant uterus undergoing decidualization. This included the formation of a primary decidual zone-like permeability barrier and decidual growth. This model also exhibited similar temporal changes of the expression of genes involved in decidualization that are markers of decidual cell differentiation. Overall, the results of this study indicate that some models of inducing decidualization artificially produce responses that are more similar to those occurring in the pregnant uterus, whereas others are quite different. More importantly, the results suggest that concanavalin A-coated Sepharose beads can provide an equivalent stimulus as the trophectoderm to cause the formation of the primary decidual zone permeability barrier.


Michael O'Neill's Return of the Gift is a volume about what is given and what is lost. Writing unsentimentally and with insight about powerful subjects such as the death of his mother, caring for his father, and his own recent diagnosis of cancer, the poet speaks of and to his personal and historical life and also explores themes of elegy and friendship. Memories are woven vividly throughout a thematically varied yet coherent collection, in which a witty and moving pleasure in living and language is always to the fore.


Aim:  To identify food insecurity and examine its association with socio-demographic factors in a group of newly arrived refugees.

Methods:  Structured questionnaire based around the same question asked during the National Nutrition Survey (1995). The questionnaire was administered to a service-based sample of clients accessing early intervention services. Fifty-one individuals who were newly arrived refugees, resident in Australia for less than 12 months and who were receiving torture and trauma counselling.

Results:  Thirty-six individuals (71% of sample) reported running out of food. This percentage was much greater than the 5.2% recorded across all social and economic groups in the 1995 National Nutrition Survey. The most common reasons for running out of food were related to large household bills, late welfare payments, poor household skills, sending money 'home', transport issues and poor budgeting skills.

Conclusion:  Food insecurity in refugees in Perth, Western Australia is comparable to the rates of food insecurity found in this population in other parts of the developed world. There are, however, significant ramifications for the development of intervention strategies as well as policy implications. For refugees, focusing on community food security strategies will assist in building community capacity, facilitate the retention of cultural integrity, restore and maintain dignity, and will be instrumental in ensuring both short- and long-term health.


Article history: In recent time, herbal information and products have been used to treat different sicknesses and diseases such as arthritis, insomnia, ulcer, diabetes, cough, fever, constipation and cardiovascular problems . Several researches conducted have given birth to the use of different herbal products (such as rosemary Lavenders, sage, curry leaf' Tea bush, Bitter leaf, Thyme, garlic, ginger, Ginseng and Aloe Vera) for medicinal and culinary purposes. Due to the ever increasing importance of herbal research information, there is need for adequate and proper management of herbal research information. This article examines the need for information management in herbal research, characteristics of herbal research information as well as the nexus of trends of information management in herbal research. It discusses and identifies the roles of libraries in the management of herbal research information. The paper also identifies some emerging ICT tools used for information management in herbal research. It concludes that apart from helping to preserve valuable information on herbal medicinal research, proper management of herbal research information also help to preserve the indigenous knowledge of the people from being lost as a result of factors such as acculturation and biodiversity. The paper recommends that government and information agencies should draw up strategy for proper management of herbal research information as this will enhance access to quality herbal information.


The recent development of microsatellite markers for tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., may be valuable for genetic studies within the genus Nicotiana. The first objective was to evaluate transferability of 100 N. tabacum microsatellite primer combinations to 5 diploid species closely related to tobacco. The number of primer combinations that amplified scorable bands in these species ranged from 42 to 56. Additional objectives were to assess levels of genetic diversity amongst available accessions of diploid relatives closely related to tobacco (species of sections Sylvestres and Tomentosae), and to evaluate the efficacy of microsatellite markers for establishing species relationships in comparison with existing phylogenetic reconstructions. A subset of 46 primer combinations was therefore used to genotype 3 synthetic tobaccos and an expanded collection of 51 Nicotiana accessions representing 15 species. The average genetic similarity for 7 diverse accessions of tobacco was greater than the average similarity for N. otophora accessions, but lower than the average genetic similarities for N. sylvestris, N. tomentosa, N. kawakamii, and N. tomentosiformis accessions. A microsatellite-based phylogenetic tree was largely congruent with taxonomic representations based on morphological, cytological, and molecular observations. Results will be useful for selection of parents for creation of diploid mapping populations and for germplasm introgression activities.


The purpose of this article is to summarize the way young medical professionals view these modern biomedical procedures and their moral acceptability. Materials and methods: A survey, filled in online, analyzing items in four main areas: genetic techniques, cloning, stem cell research, and assisted reproduction. Results: Most subjects agreed that the right to the genetic material should be a fundamental human right and that genetic engineering should be used if it could lead to the elimination os severe genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and thalassemia. The least acceptance rate was obtained for techniques that would either change physical traits (like eye or hair color) or augment them. Most subjects agreed that the prenatal screening should be mandatory, and if the screening detects a severe congenital malformation the physician should recommend therapeutic abortion. Most subjects disagreed that cloning of any type, either therapeutic or reproductive, using human, animal, or vegetal genetic material. Most subjects agreed with the collection and storage of cord blood stem cells and the use of adult stem cells, and most of them disagreed with the creation of embryos specifically for obtaining stem cells. Conclusions: Even if the national legislation in this area is very scarce, the responses have usually identified the highly controversial techniques. If however the national legislation has elements similar to the items from the survey, they tended to take the respective items as morally acceptable without trying to analyze them critically.


A stationary phase for the separation of C60 and C70 was prepared by modifying zirconia-magnesia composites with 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol. The modified composite was characterized by using elemental analysis, diffused reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and specific surface area. The effects of the toluene content in toluene-cyclohexane mobile phase and the column temperature on the separation of C60 and C70 were examined. Meanwhile, the separation of fullerenes including 3% high fullerenes was investigated at the temperature of 348K using pure toluene as the mobile phase. The results showed that the stationary phase of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol-modified zirconia-magnesia composite exhibits advantage in the separation of C60 and C70, and strong temperature dependence. The retention times of C60 and C70 and their separation factor on the stationary phase increase with the increase of the column temperature. The stationary phase is a potential packing material for separation of fullerenes in preparative scale.


. This thesis explores the foundation and operation of the first hospital to be estabhshed and run by women doctors in Scotland, the Edinburgh Hospital for Women and Children (1885), and its sister Hospital, the Hospice (1899) (the Elsie Inglis Memorial Maternity Hospital). Its main concern is to consider the social and ~ult~ral. factors which shaped women doctors' professional interests at these InstItutIons. . . Chapt~r I outlines notions of feminine propriety which prevailed in the Victonan penod, and considers how middle-class women sought to subvert these restrictions and gain for themselves some sort of active role in public life. The foundation of the Edinburgh Hospital, and the Hospice, is considered within this context. The women who made up the Executive Committee of the Hospital are shown to have been part of a wider local and national feminist network, and this support undoubtedly contributed to the Hospitals' success. Chapter 2 looks at the significance for the medical women of the changing nature of medical knowledge in the late nineteenth century. In this period the discipline of physiology gradually shifted from a holistic conception of the body to a more organ centred, reductionist model. Women doctors argued that the older conception of physiology, which could also be understood as hygiene, was of great interest to female practitioners. Women doctors, they suggested, would be the most suitable ambassadors for the dissemination of knowledge of personal and domestic hygiene to women at large. As the dispensers of such knowledge, it was also suggested that women doctors would act as agents of morality with regard to health, cleanliness and moderation amongst this important constituency. Chapter 3 suggests that the actual practice of medicine at the Edinburgh Hospital for Women and Children reflected the same preoccupation with hygiene and the holistic conception of physiology that had been used in women's arguments to enter the medical profession in the 1870s. The theme of morality, specifically the morality implicit in the practice of medicine at the Edinburgh Hospital continues to be explored. Chapter 4 shifts the focus of attention to the recipients, rather than the providers, of medical care at the Edinburgh Hospital by considering the lower middle and working-class women who received medical treatment there. It explores the illnesses (and their causes) which these patients complained of, and explores the social role which the Hospital served in the community, from its foundation in 1885 to the end of the century. Chapter 5 is concerned with the medical women's work at the Hospice. It discusses the emergence of a distinct specialism, infant and maternal welfare, which occurred at this institution from 1905. The development of this specialism is linked to the limited opportunities which existed for medical women in the city, as well as to the moral role in medical practice which they had outlined for themselves in the previous century. Chapter 6 continues to explore these themes in relation to the development of the Edinburgh Hospital as a centre for the treatment of VD in the inter-war period. A growing pragmatism am~ngs~ the. medical women is o~serve~, and a shift in ~he moral tone of their work IS pIn-pOInted as they become IncreasIngly bound up WIth the propaganda campaigns of the NCCVD and the Public Health Department of Edinburgh Town Council.


Over the past six years since the change of political power (in February 2014) and the new leadership of the country proclaimed the course towards Euro-Atlantic integration,Ukrainehas gone through the next and the largest crisis in its post-Soviet history. This crisis was the result of not only negative global (slowdown in global economic growth, falling demand and prices for traditional Ukrainian exports), but also regional (rupture of trade and economic ties withRussia) factors amid loss of part of the territory and military operations in the east countries. Such serious external and internal shocks greatly affected to the Ukrainian economy, which at the same time withstood and largely adapted to sharply changing conditions. However, it is not necessary to talk about any significant development of the country, about its structural and technological modernization, increasing competitiveness in this period. To achieve this goal, the new authorities ofUkrainewill need to make a lot of efforts, achieve consolidation of the entire Ukrainian society on the country's strategic development, complete large-scale structural and institutional reforms, solve the Donbass problem and at least partially restore the destroyed humanitarian and economic ties withRussia.


Stock index research over long-term periods supports a U-shaped relationship of the total risk to the allocation to foreign stocks (adding foreign equities lowers risk at first then increases it). This study constructs mean–variance efficient frontiers using 28 country exchange-traded funds (ETFs) available to US investors over two periods: 1996–2018 (mostly developed countries) and 2010–2018 (many emerging markets) to determine the optimal global allocation. Over both periods, the US-only ETF had the highest Sharpe ratio. For 1996–2018, the empirical mean–variance "market" portfolio of 17 country ETFs had a 94.5% allocation to the United States, and the minimum-variance portfolio had 56.55% in the United States. Over the 2010–2018 period, the empirical tangent portfolio of 28 country ETFs had a 100% allocation to the United States, and the minimum-variance threshold for efficiency was 52.65%. For both periods, global portfolios based on gross domestic product or market capitalization weights were highly inefficient. Home-country bias may not be a bias at all. Perhaps investors just rationally maximize the return-to-risk trade-off. TOPICS: Wealth management, exchange-traded funds and applications, global markets Key Findings • The empirical "market portfolio" of 28 country ETFs over 2010–2018 shows a 100% allocation to the United States. • The empirical "market portfolio" of 17 country ETFs over 1996–2018 shows a 94.5% allocation to the United States. • Strong US home country bias mean-variance dominates cap- or GDP-weighting in building global index portfolios.


Objectives Recent studies have reported disproportionate weight gain associated with integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) initiation in antiretroviral therapy(ART)-naive people with HIV (PWH), particularly among black women. We investigated if HIV-positive AGEhIV participants with suppressed viremia switching to INSTI-containing ART experienced more weight gain compared to HIV-positive virally-suppressed non-switching and HIV-negative controls. Methods In the AGEhIV cohort, standardized weight measurements were performed biennially. Participants switching to INSTI-containing ART were 1:2:2 propensity score-matched with controls by age, gender, ethnicity and body mass index. Mean weight changes and proportions experiencing >5% or >10% weight gain were compared between study-groups using linear mixed-effects models and logistic regression, respectively. Results 121 INSTI-switching participants and 242 participants from each of the control groups were selected. Across groups, median age was 53–55 years, 83–91% were male and 88–93% white. Mean weight change after switch among INSTI-switching participants was +0.14 kg/year (95%CI -0.25, +0.54) and similar among HIV-positive [+0.13 kg/year (95%CI +0.07, +0.33; P = .9)] and HIV-negative [+0.18 kg/year (95%CI 0.00, +0.37; P = .9)] controls. Weight gain >5% occurred in 28 (23.1%) INSTI-switching, 38 HIV-positive (15.7%, P = .085) and 32 HIV-negative controls (13.2%, P = .018). Weight gain >10% was rare. Conclusions Switching to INSTI-containing ART in our cohort of predominantly white men on long-term ART was not associated with greater mean weight gain, but >5% weight gain was more common than in controls. These results suggest that not all, but only certain, PWH may be particularly prone to gain a clinically significant amount of weight as a result of switching to INSTI.


The magnetic properties in electrical steels are strongly dependent on the crystallographic texture as well as other microstructural features such as grain size. Both, texture and grain size, are determined by the thermo-mechanical history of the material. This work regards a set of different thermo-mechanical paths applied on two types of non-oriented electrical steels containing 2.4% and 3.0%Si, respectively. The evolution of grain size, microstructure morphology and texture throughout processing were studied in detail by optical microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD). The impact of the texture on the magnetic properties was evaluated. This was done by the calculation of the magnetic anisotropy energy and the A parameter, i.e. a parameter defined in scientific literature that describes the magnetic "quality" of the texture, which can be correlated with the magnetic properties of the materials. Finally, the influence of further laser cutting on the crystallographic texture will be examined as well.


A tubular technique for economical production of Nb3Sn material with large numbers of subelements is being explored by Supergenics I LLC and Hyper Tech Research Inc. The number of subelements was increased to 919 (744 subelements plus 175 Cu filaments) by increasing the size at which restacking is carried out. The product exhibited no fabrication problems and was drawn down and tested at a wire diameter of 0.42 mm, where the subelements are 10 μm in diameter. Recently we increased the subelement number to 1387 (1248 subelements plus 139 Cu filaments), which gives a subelement size of 12 μm in 0.7 mm diameter wires. Heat treatment (HT) of different subelement restacks has been investigated, and the best results of critical current and stability are presented. The strain tolerance of the strands with 192 and 744 subelements was also tested, and the strand with fine subelement size showed a high intrinsic irreversible strain limit.


The use of CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) for high precision minimum ionizing particle tracking has been proven to be a viable and powerful novel experimental technique. Possible applications will strongly depend on a successful implementation of on-chip hit recognition and sparsification schemes. For this aim, a 5 bit very low power and low level signal analog to digital converter (ADC) using a double sampling switched capacitor technique has been implemented in 0.35µm CMOS technology. A non-resetting sample and hold stage is integrated. This first stage compensates both the amplifier offset effect and the input common mode voltage fluctuations. The converter is composed of three successive 1.5 bit pipeline stages followed by a 2 bit flash stage. The prototype consists of 16 ADC double-channels; each one is sampling at 50 MS/s and dissipates only 1.38 mW at 2 V supply voltage. A bias pulsing stage is integrated in the circuit. Therefore, the analog part is switched OFF or ON in less than 1 µs. The size of the ADC is 80 µm × 1.4 mm. This corresponds to the pitch of 4 pixel columns in which each one is 20 µm wide and can be easily integrated in the MAPS.


Creating safe concurrent algorithms is challenging and error-prone. For this reason, a formal verification framework is necessary especially when those concurrent algorithms are used in safety-critical systems. The goal of this guide is to provide resources for beginners to get started in their journey of formal verification using the powerful tool Iris. The difference between this guide and many others is that it provides (i) an in-depth explanation of examples and tactics, (ii) an explicit discussion of separation logic, and (iii) a thorough coverage of Iris and Coq. References to other guides and to papers are included throughout to provide readers with resources through which to continue their learning.


A long-term study (1986–2002) of water-borne nutrient and suspended solids dynamics was undertaken on the lower Don River, which plays an extremely important role in the water supply of the Black Sea and Azov Sea basin. Suspended solids were greatest in spring and summer and were correlated to river discharge. Mean annual nitrogen concentrations increased from 1986 to 1995 and then decreased from 1996 to 2002. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus concentrations (both phosphates and total phosphorus) gradually increased throughout the study period changing the river from an oligotrophic to upper mesotrophic status. If this trend continues phytoplankton could become nitrogen-limited leading to the development of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial blooms. No obvious relation between fertiliser usage over the Rostovskaya Oblast and nutrient dynamic patterns was identified, probably because only 10% of the water in the river comes from this area. The reason for the unusual and contradictory nitrogen and phosphorus changes remain largely unknown for this regulated river.


We extend the theory of weak localization and conductance fluctuations in mesoscopic samples to more complex measurement-probe configurations using the network formalism of Dou\ifmmode \mbox{\c{c}}\else \c{c}\fi{}ot and Rammal. Large measurement probes reduce both the amplitude of the localization contribution and the characteristic field scale of the low-field magnetoresistance. We present a simple and physically intuitive picture to explain these results. Our calculations on the length dependence of the conductance fluctuations for wires with narrow measurement probes agree with previous theoretical work, but allow us to make predictions for samples with more complex probe geometries. Furthermore, the detailed shape of the field autocorrelation function is strongly dependent on the geometry of the probes, reminiscent of the weak-localization magnetoresistance. The results of our experiments on weak localization and conductance fluctuations in short Ag wires confirm many of these predictions. We also discuss the relevance of our calculations for the determination of important microscopic parameters such as the electron phase coherence length.


The EEG of occipital areas was recorded in adult healthy male subjects on presentation of haphazardly alternating intermittent light stimuli with frequencies varying from 15 to 5 Hz and from 15 to 25 Hz every 5 sec. Two groups were distinguished in respect to a greater or lesser domineering of the main frequency band of the range. Dynamic spectral analysis revealed obvious shifts of the EEG spectral composition in respect to the background under the effect of the stimulation, an enhancement of different bands of the range in light flickering, and the suppression of the EEG trace responses to the time in the EEG range coinciding in frequency with the frequency range of the photostimulation. The above changes were mainly characteristic of the 2nd group of subjects and mostly of the left hemisphere of the brain.


Tooling is an integral component to the traditional manufacturing cycle, despite the fact that it's both costly and time-consuming to produce. Additive manufacturing (AM) is currently considered viable in certain instances, often competing against subtractive manufacturing in the delivery of tools, on time, with the required quality. This paper considers the use of AM and computer numerical control (CNC) machining to manufacture an insert for the tooling of a vehicle headlight adjuster clip. The proposed methodology for manufacturing the insert is composed of two manufacturing techniques: AM using selective laser melting (SLM) technology and CNC milling. The tool material used to manufacture the inserts in both cases is Stainless Steel 316L, whilst the injected parts are manufactured in polypropylene. Performance tests were applied to each of the two inserts in the context of material chemical composition, microstructure, hardness, surface roughness, and dimensional accuracy. Furthermore, the injected parts produced were tested to determine dimensional accuracy, quality and functionality. Finally, it was concluded that both the SLM insert and CNC machined insert successfully produced functional parts. Moreover, the products from the SLM tool insert were more accurate dimensionally, but in terms of surface finish, the CNC product was perceived to be better quality.


Objectives To select interventions aimed at improving medication adherence in patients with multimorbidity by means of a standardised methodology. Methods A modified Delphi methodology was used to reach consensus. Interventions that had demonstrated their efficacy in improving medication adherence in patients with multimorbidity or in similar populations were identified from a literature search of several databases (PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Center for Reviews and Dissemination, and Web of Science). 11 experts in medication adherence and/or chronic disease scored the selected interventions for appropriateness according to three criteria: strength of the evidence that supported each intervention, usefulness in patients with multimorbidity, and feasibility of implementation in clinical practice. The final set of interventions was selected according to appropriateness and agreement based on the Delphi methodology. Results 566 articles were retrieved in the literature search. Nine systematic reviews were included. 33 interventions were initially selected for evaluation by the panellists. Consensus after two Delphi rounds was reached on 16 interventions. Five interventions were categorized as educational, six as behavioural and five were related to other aspects of interest. Conclusions The interventions selected following a comprehensive and standardized methodology, could be used to improve medication adherence in patients with multimorbidity.


Recurrent aspiration pneumonia is a potentially lethal problem, and its treatment is controversial. A variety of procedures have been advocated to prevent aspiration. These are reviewed briefly. We have been dissatisfied with established procedures because they usually require external approaches with considerable complexity and potential complications. Therefore, we attempted to obstruct the glottic airway by injecting both vocal cords with Teflon in a series of patients with recurrent aspiration pneumonia secondary to severe neurologic impairments. Since Teflon injection of the vocal cords bilaterally did not reliably prevent aspiration, we cannot recommend it for routine use in the treatment of chronic aspiration.


We define entropy weak solutions and establish well-posedness for the Cauchy problem for the formal equation ∂tu(t, x) + ∂x u 2 (t, x) = −λu(t, x) δ0(x), which can be seen as two Burgers equations coupled in a non-conservative way through the interface located at x = 0. This problem appears as an important auxiliary step in the theoretical and numerical study of the one-dimensional particle-in-fluid model developed by Lagoutière, Seguin and Takahashi [LST08]. The interpretation of the non-conservative product "u(t, x) δ0(x)" follows the analysis of [LST08]; we can describe the associated interface coupling in terms of one-sided traces on the interface. Well-posedness is established using the tools of the theory of conservation laws with discontinuous flux ([AKR11]). For proving existence and for practical computation of solutions, we construct a finite volume scheme, which turns out to be a well-balanced scheme and which allows a simple and efficient treatment of the interface coupling. Numerical illustrations are given.


The aim of this article is to explore the research findings that can inform the use of yoga for women with breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL). Women with this condition may need lifelong treatment and have to self-manage the affected area. A growing body of research has led to the development of guidelines for the inclusion of exercise as part of self-management. Supervised exercise monitored for its effects, using slow warm ups, cool downs and gradual progression, is known to improve both physical and mental wellbeing. Women are also exploring complementary and alternative therapies, such as yoga, as an adjunct to the mainstream management of lymphoedema. Research has demonstrated positive outcomes from yoga including physical benefits derived from slow breathing and gentle, progressive movement, and psychological benefits from relaxation and meditation. While there is some evidence of the benefit of yoga for lymphoedema of the lower limbs, additional research is required to establish the efficacy and safety of yoga as a viable option in the selfmanagement of BCRL. Subsequent to this, guidelines for practitioners and women can be established.


In this paper, we focus on the multi-object tracking (MOT) problem of automatic driving and robot navigation. Most existing MOT methods track multiple objects using a singular RGB camera, which are prone to camera field-of-view and suffer tracking failures in complex scenarios due to background clutters and poor light conditions. To meet these challenges, we propose a MultiModality PAnoramic multi-object Tracking framework (MMPAT), which takes both 2D panorama images and 3D point clouds as input and then infers target trajectories using the multimodality data. The proposed method contains four major modules, a panorama image detection module, a multimodality data fusion module, a data association module and a trajectory inference model. We evaluate the proposed method on the JRDB dataset, where the MMPAT achieves the top performance in both the detection and tracking tasks and significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a large margin (15.7 and 8.5 improvement in terms of AP and MOTA, respectively).


Flower number is the primary determinant of yield in pyrethrum ( Tanacetum cineariifolium ). Traditional estimates of flower numbers use physical harvesting of flowers, which is time consuming, destructive, and complicated.
 The precision of flower number estimates may be highly influenced by spatial heterogeneity of plant density and vigor. Here,
 we examined the potential for digital image analysis to enable rapid, nondestructive assessment of flower number. This technique
 involved removal of pixels with color profiles not typical of the disc florets of pyrethrum. Particle counting was then performed
 using defined size and shape parameters to estimate flower numbers. Estimates of flower number based on image analyses were
 correlated with physical harvests of flowers, with estimates representing about an average of 32% of total flower numbers
 present within a sampling unit. This relationship was consistent across all observed flower densities. Covariate analysis
 indicated that occurrences of crop lodging and over mature flower canopies had significant, detrimental effects on system
 predictions. Pyrethrum flowers were spatially aggregated within fields with the degree of aggregation greatest at the lowest
 flower densities. Based on modeled flower distributions, eight quadrats (0.49-m 2 sampling unit) were sufficient to achieve a cv of 0.1 in a 600-m 2 plot area in all but the lowest flower densities. The utility of this approach for biomass assessment in pyrethrum and other
 Compositae is discussed.


We consider the voting behavior of Supreme Court Justices, finding evidence of co-dependencies in their votes. Coincident with changes in the party imbalance of the Court over time, sharp discontinuities in these dependencies are evident. Overall, the patterns suggest a tradeoff between co-dependencies around political affiliations and individual ideologies, with more-equal party representation on the Court encouraging greater party awareness in Justice voting, and less-equal party representation allowing Justices across party lines but with similar ideologies to inform each other's votes.


Objective—Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to atherogenesis. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) reduces mitochondrial ROS generation and protects against the disease in animal models. A common −866G/A promoter polymorphism that has been associated with obesity and &bgr;-cell function may also affect UCP2 gene expression in cells of the arterial wall. Methods and Results—Genotype distributions of the −866G/A and of a 45nt-del/ins polymorphism in the 3′-untranslated region of the UCP2 gene were determined in 1334 participants of the Salzburg Atherosclerosis Prevention Program in Subjects at High Individual Risk (SAPHIR). We observed a modest association of the −866G/A promoter polymorphism and 2-loci haplotypes with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis in female study participants. Functional studies revealed increased expression of the −866G wild-type allele in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and differentiated THP-1 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies and antibody-interference assays performed with nuclear extracts of various cell lines showed binding of cell-type specific protein complexes to the region encompassing the −866 site and suggested involvement of hypoxia inducible factor 1&agr; in the regulation of UCP2 gene expression in endothelial cells and macrophages. Conclusions—Our results suggest a role of UCP2 in atherogenesis as originally proposed from studies in animal and cell culture models.


A 57-year-old man with lung cancer was reported. Primary tumor was located at left S1+2, and directly invaded to chest wall (from 1st. rib to 4th rib). Hypercalcemia and delirium were observed. Whole body examination showed that no distant metastasis except for nodal swelling of left axillary region. Left upper lobectomy combined with chest wall resection was performed. Hilar, mediastinal and axillary nodes were also dissected. Histological examination revealed that nodal involvement was not present at neither hilar or mediastinal region, but was present in axillary node. It was thought that lymphatic extension had occurred from trough chest wall to axillary nodes but not through mediastinal rout. So systematic dissection of locally invaded region as well as hilar and mediastinal region was recommended in each cases.


We revisit the notion of climate, along with its historical evolution, tracing the origin of the modern concerns about climate. The notion (and the scientific term) of climate was established during the Greek antiquity in a geographical context and it acquired its statistical content (average weather) in modern times after meteorological measurements had become common. Yet the modern definitions of climate are seriously affected by the wrong perception of the previous two centuries that climate should regularly be constant, unless an external agent acts upon it. Therefore, we attempt to give a more rigorous definition of climate, consistent with the modern body of stochastics. We illustrate the definition by real-world data, which also exemplify the large climatic variability. Given this variability, the term "climate change" turns out to be scientifically unjustified. Specifically, it is a pleonasm as climate, like weather, has been ever-changing. Indeed, a historical investigation reveals that the aim in using that term is not scientific but political. Within the political aims, water issues have been greatly promoted by projecting future catastrophes while reversing true roles and causality directions. For this reason, we provide arguments that water is the main element that drives climate, and not the opposite.


1. According to the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC), marine protected areas (MPA) should contribute to a good environmental status of the Europeans seas. Measures maintaining or restoring a favourable conservation status of protected species and habitats are mandatory according to the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC).
2. Identification of suitable sites for ecological restoration measures within MPAs is a crucial step towards successful conservation and sustainable MPA management. In terms of species restoration, it is important to restore the respective species with the best possible environment for growth, survival, fitness, and successful recruitment.
3. This study provides a comprehensive list of site-selection criteria for ecological species restoration. Three general categories were chosen: (1) ecological history: evidence for the historical distribution; (2) feasibility of restoration: regulating framework and logistics; and (3) environmental conditions: quality of abiotic and biotic factors. A total of 16 site-selection criteria were identified and applied to biogenic reef restoration, namely for reefs of the native European oyster Ostrea edulis, in the German Bight.
4. The Natura 2000 area Borkum Reef Ground was identified as a suitable site for oyster restoration. It is one of three MPAs in the German Exclusive Economic Zone of the North Sea, which have been declared as Nature Conservation Areas according to national legislation. The conservation objectives include maintenance or, if necessary, restoration of the habitat type 'reefs'. As a reef-building species, the European oyster O. edulis is of particular importance for this habitat type in terms of nature conservation.


The Omaha Tribe of Nebraska has borne more than its fair share of the burden created by the federal government's wildly vacillating Indian policy. Mark R. Scherer's "Imperfect Victories" provides a detailed examination of the Omahas' tenacious efforts to overcome the damaging effects of shifting directions in federal policy during the last fifty years. The Omahas' struggles are particularly significant because the tribe often bore the initial impact of experimental legislation that would later be implemented nationally. Scherer details the disastrous consequences of postwar federal legislation that transferred control over Indian affairs to state authorities as a precursor to the wholesale termination of Indian tribalism. The legislation brought jurisdictional turmoil to the Omaha reservation and placed the Omahas in chronic conflict with local law enforcement agencies. As the tribe fought to become the first Indian group in the nation to escape the effects of that law through retrocession, they waged equally notable struggles for the redress of past wrongs with the Indian Claims Commission and in the federal courts. Scherer demonstrates that the Omahas' successes in those campaigns have been at best imperfect victories, coming only after years of hardship and failing to eliminate many underlying tensions and problems. Mark R. Scherer is an adjunct instructor of history at the University of Nebraska, an instructor of law at the College of Saint Mary, and a practicing attorney.