Summary The arrival of a new year has brought with it an increased focus on Indonesia's 2014 legislative and presidential elections. While voters may be disillusioned with established political figures, a strong presidential candidate has yet to emerge. Many voters appear to yearn for an experienced and uncorrupt leader with new and proactive policies, which is why Jakarta's new governor, Joko Widodo, is being viewed as a potential candidate. The Constitutional Court has made two major, controversial rulings in recent months: the first concerned the upstream oil and gas regulator BPMigas, the second the international-standard pilot-project schools (Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional, RSBIs). The Court ruled both institutions unconstitutional and called for their immediate disbandment. In 2012, Indonesia's year-on-year economic growth slowed slightly, to a still healthy 6.2%, owing to continued weak global demand for its exports and a contraction in government expenditure. In contrast, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment were particularly strong, with respective increases of 25% and more than 142%. At 4.3%, inflation for the 2012 calendar year still remains well within the government's and Bank Indonesia's expectations. However, inflation expectations are high for 2013, owing to likely reforms to energy subsidies; the expected effect of bad weather on food prices; and increases in minimum wages, which attracted attention in 2012 because of their magnitude and their apparent disparity among regions. Concerns also exist that these rises in minimum wages will hamper Indonesia's international competitiveness and could discourage investment in labour-intensive industries. Minimum-wage policy is also controversial because of doubts about its relevance to the genuinely poor sections of society – those in informal employment or with primarily subsistence income, who constitute a large proportion of the population. Indonesia has experienced a steady increase in income inequality in the last decade, indicating that the benefits of strong economic growth have not been shared equally. Potential reasons for this increasing inequality relate to labour-market segmentation amid a growing middle class, weak institutional foundations, and commodity-driven growth. It appeared in 2012 that Indonesia has also been one of the world's poorest performers in HIV/AIDS prevention in recent years. While prevalence rates are low, the number of new HIV infections in 2011 was more than four times that of any other South Asian or Southeast Asian country, and the infection rate among the working-age population has risen by more than 25% since 2001. Infection rates among high-risk groups are also alarmingly high compared with those of other Southeast Asian countries. Targeted prevention, treatment and support programs among these groups are paramount.


Every person differs from every other person regarding their physical appearance, susceptibility to disease, response to medications, and so on. However, 99.9 percent of human DNA is the same. As such, differences in human genomes are very worthy of study. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are the simplest form and most common source of genetic polymorphism. SNPs have been used to successfully identify defective genes that cause Mendelian diseases. However, most common human diseases are complex and are caused by multiple SNPs. Each SNP explains only a small fraction of genetic causes. Experiments on individual SNPs may reveal their non-detectable effects on complex diseases. Pathogenesis is a complicated topic, and it is difficult to correctly predict multiple SNPs. As such, the analysis of SNP data is a critical task in the study of genetic diseases. In this paper, we divide the methods for genome-wide SNP data analysis into two categories: single-trait GenomeWide Association Studies (GWAS) in which pathology is mined from data of a single phenotype, and multiple-trait GWAS which identifies cross-phenotype associations. For single-trait GWAS, we review methods ranging from the simple to the complex, including TEAM, BOOST, AntEpiSeeker, SNPRuler, EDCF, HiSeeker, ORF, MLR-tagging, MSCD, and MIC. For multiple-trait GWAS, we describe methods in terms of their employed regression models, dimension-reduction methods, and meta-analysis methods. We also list the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Finally, we discuss the future directions of SNP data analysis for genome-wide association.


With the through application of information technology in international business and logistics, the society raises new demands to the international business professionals, which has directly leaded to a big change in college education system, especially for business schools. In this paper, based on analyzing the achievement made by the E-commerce and Logistics Laboratory of Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade, it will show that the framework of international business school experiment and teaching system reach two purposes. On the one hand, it conducts a series of simulations based on the combination with real practices according to increase the comprehensive-skillful experiment and training the students' major practical ability actively. On the other hand, its construction of the cross-disciplinary coordination and innovation correspond with the needs of improving comprehensive quality.


The assessment system for educators is a system used to assess the performance of the best educators. In general, the performance assessment of educators is carried out annually with the aim of improving and improving their performance. The results of this performance become a decision-making tool such as promotion, dismissal, transfer, intensive giving or providing feedback for the educators. However, the number of educators who will be selected is the driving force for assessing the performance of the educators, because it is expected that an automation process uses technology to launch these educators. The purpose of this study was to apply the VIKOR method in assessing the performance of educators. The method used is the VIKOR method, the basic concept of VIKOR is to find the weighted sum of the performance appraisals for each alternative on all attributes. The VIKOR method can help decision making to shape values into the best alternative. The assessment in the research that has been carried out using 4 (four) assessments are: Pedagogic, Personality, Social and Professional with criteria for each competency using the VIKOR method. In this study, testing was carried out on 10 data for educators.


The Heterogeneous Information Network (HIN) formalism is very flexible and enables complex recommendations models. We evaluate the effect of different parts of a HIN on the accuracy and the diversity of recommendations, then investigate if these effects are only due to the semantic content encoded in the network. We use recently-proposed diversity measures which are based on the network structure and better suited to the HIN formalism. Finally, we randomly shuffle the edges of some parts of the HIN, to empty the network from its semantic content, while leaving its structure relatively unaffected. We show that the semantic content encoded in the network data has a limited importance for the performance of a recommender system and that structure is crucial.


The problem of schedule delay commonly occurs in construction projects. The quality of delay analysis depends on the availability of schedule-related information and delay evidence. More information used in delay analysis usually produces more accurate and fair analytical results. How to use innovative techniques to improve the quality of schedule delay analysis results have received much attention recently. As Building Information Modeling (BIM) technique has been quickly developed, using BIM and 4D simulation techniques have been proposed and implemented. Obvious benefits have been achieved especially in identifying and solving construction consequence problems in advance of construction. This study preforms an intensive literature review to discuss the problems encountered in schedule delay analysis and the possibility of using BIM as a tool in developing a BIM-based approach for schedule delay analysis. This study believes that most of the identified problems can be dealt with by BIM technique. Research results could be a fundamental of developing new approaches for resolving schedule delay disputes.


This rough guide provides Prof. Milbank's answers to questions from Sven Grosse for a conference, in German, held in Basel, Switzerland in 2017. This written interview will be published in German, but Prof. Milbank has kindly offered Acta Theologica the exclusive publication of this interview in English. It should be read along with the interview with Profs Milbank and Ward published in this Supplementum of Acta Theologica.What follows is not an ordinary academic paper. Instead, it is a polemical summary designed to give a general idea of Radical Orthodoxy (RO) in terms of its origins, main ideas, milieu and general cultural "feel". If a great deal is mentioned about past thinkers and genealogies of the modern, it is not because RO thinkers suppose that this is at the heart of the modern, but rather because rival, liberal theological outlooks often, in part, depend, either openly or covertly, on stories about the past and the readings of some crucial thinkers. "Telling a different story" is then crucial to any genuinely subversive theological proposal. The majority of the stories I shall tell are based on scholarly research on RO, much thereof generally accepted by experts, if not always well disseminated. It is rather my "take" on these stories and their historical and contemporary implications that are most debatable and controversial.


This thesis aims at modeling the separated liquid-liquid flows with application for flushing. In the beginning, there will be a short review of the governing equations and the fundamental concepts used in this thesis. Two models are introduced and developed based on two previous PhD dissertations from NTNU(Trygve Wangensteen and Tor Kindsbekken Kjeldby). The properties of the fluids in these models are based on Oil, Exxsol D80, mu_o=1.79 [cP] and tapped water, mu_w=1.11 [cP]. These models will be numerically developed for both dynamic and stationary flows. The numerical scheme used for these models is explicit. A complete explanation about discretization is given in chapter 4. After developing the dynamic and stationary solutions for both models, there will be two major case studies. The first one is to understand when the dynamic and stationary solutions depart from one another as the mixture velocity varies between low velocities to high velocities. It turns out that The solutions look quite similar until the mixture velocity reaches the value of around U_M=1 [m/s]. Then the solutions become more and more different especially at the oil front. The second case study is about keeping the mixture velocity constant and varying the pipe angle. The pipe angle variation range lies between -2.5 and +5 degrees. For negative inclinations, the dynamic and stationary solutions agree quite well. However when the positive slope is put to the test and gravity is acting against the flow, the dynamic and stationary solutions differ more.\\ Finally there will be a discussion on where this different behavior stems from. The two fluid model introduced at the beginning of this report is studied closely, term by term. These terms represent the frictional forces that balance the pressure gradient in the pipe. These forces are plotted for four different cases with mixture velocities varying from U_M=0.25 [m/s] to U_M=5 [m/s]. These figures reveal which forces dominate the solution for relatively low and high mixture velocities. The dominating forces are the ones that balance the pressure gradient. It turns out that the level gradient is quite significant and a dominant term in almost all cases. However as the mixture velocity increases, the acceleration terms grow to the same order of magnitude as the level gradient. But for the most part, the spatial and the temporal acceleration act symmetrically, and in effect cancel each other out. There will be a thorough discussion about this in the final chapter.


First came the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire following World War I; then, in the 1950s and '60s, the Nasser-inspired wave of Arab nationalism and socialism. The Arab world's third great political cataclysm of the past 100 years—the 2011 uprisings—has also brought permanent changes, but not as its activists had hoped.Their consequences have differed greatly from area to area, splintering the Arab region into four different worlds. The Levant states have disintegrated, possibly irreversibly. The Gulf monarchies have embarked on far-reaching plans of economic and social change to stave off discontent. Egypt has retreated into military authoritarianism and a war on Islamists, threatening its future stability. Only the Maghreb countries, which have started integrating Islamists into their political systems, offer some hope for progress toward democracy. Marina and David Ottaway have brought together fifty years of experience observing the Arab world, and a wealth of first-hand information gathered from living and travelling extensively in the region. A Tale of Four Worlds is an indispensable analysis of the profound upheavals that have shaken—and continue to transform—Arab and global politics.


By numerically solving Maxwell's equation with boundary conditions, we have demonstrated the optical Zitterbewegung effect by means of electromagnetic pulses propagating through a negative-zero-positive index metamaterial (NZPIM). We find that a finite pulse with frequencies near the Dirac point of the NZPIM diffuses and oscillates, and its output pulse from the finite NZPIM slab becomes an oscillating pulse with a characteristic frequency independent of the slab thickness. We further find that the oscillating properties of the optical Zitterbewegung effect are strongly dependent on the pulse parameters: such as pulse duration and pulse transverse spatial width. The physical nature of such oscillation effects is due to the interference between the upper and lower high-transmittance passbands at both sides of the Dirac point of the NZPIM slab, which is similar to the Zitterbewegung of electron wave packets.


Working memory (WM) is a cognitive system that strongly relates to a person's ability to reason with novel information and direct attention to goal-relevant information. Due to the central role that WM plays in general cognition, it has become the focus of a rapidly growing training literature that seeks to affect broad cognitive change through prolonged training on WM tasks. Recent work has suggested that the effects of WM training extend to general fluid intelligence, attentional control, and reductions in symptoms of ADHD. We present a theoretically motivated perspective of WM and subsequently review the WM training literature in light of several concerns. These include (a) the tendency for researchers to define change to abilities using single tasks, (b) inconsistent use of valid WM tasks, (c) no-contact control groups, and (d) subjective measurement of change. The literature review highlights several findings that warrant further research but ultimately concludes that there is a need to directly demonstrate that WM capacity increases in response to training. Specifically, we argue that transfer of training to WM must be demonstrated using a wider variety of tasks, thus eliminating the possibility that results can be explained by task specific learning. Additionally, we express concern that many of the most promising results (e.g., increased intelligence) cannot be readily attributed to changes in WM capacity. Thus, a critical goal for future research is to uncover the mechanisms that lead to transfer of training.


Abstract:
The flexible regulation of feeding behaviour and nutrient metabolism is a prerequisite for consumers to grow and survive under variable food conditions. Thus, it is essential to understand the ecological trade-offs that restrict regulatory mechanisms in consumers to evaluate the consequences of nutrient limitations for trophic interactions.
Here, we assessed behavioural and physiological adjustments to nutrient deficiencies in copepods and examined whether energy limitation, food digestibility or co-limitation with a second nutrient restricted compensatory mechanisms.
A combination of 13C-labelling and compound-specific stable isotope measurements revealed that copepods compensated nitrogen deficiencies by raising retention efficiencies of amino acids (AA). The costs of higher retention efficiencies were reflected in the doubling of structural fatty acids (FA), probably required for morphological adaptations of the gut. A depletion of highly unsaturated FA in storage lipids and their selective retention suggested that these FA became co-limiting and restricted a further increase in AA retention efficiencies.
Copepods feeding on phosphorus-limited algae showed a marked increase in ingestion rates but were not fully able to compensate dietary deficiencies. The increase in ingestion rates was thereby not restricted by higher foraging costs because energy storage in copepods increased. Instead, thicker cell walls of nutrient-limited algae indicated that algal digestion resistance restricted the extent of surplus feeding.
The strongly nutrient-specific response of copepods had large implications for recycling rates, growth efficiencies and the potential top-down control at the plant–animal interface. Compensatory mechanisms to mitigate nutrient deficiencies are therefore an essential aspect of trophic interactions and have the potential to alter the structure of food web.


Dynamic Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) is a powerful algorithm capable of rendering photo-realistic novel view images from a monocular RGB video of a dynamic scene. Although it warps moving points across frames from the observation spaces to a common canonical space for rendering, dynamic NeRF does not model the change of the reflected color during the warping. As a result, this approach often fails drastically on challenging specular objects in motion. We address this limitation by reformulating the neural radiance field function to be conditioned on surface position and orientation in the observation space. This allows the specular surface at different poses to keep the different reflected colors when mapped to the common canonical space. Additionally, we add the mask of moving objects to guide the deformation field. As the specular surface changes color during motion, the mask mitigates the problem of failure to find temporal correspondences with only RGB supervision. We evaluate our model based on the novel view synthesis quality with a self-collected dataset of different moving specular objects in realistic environments. The experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly improves the reconstruction quality of moving specular objects from monocular RGB videos compared to the existing NeRF models. Our code and data are available at the project website11https://github.com/JokerYan/NeRF-DS.


A proof by mathematical induction demonstrates that a general theorem is necessarily true for all natural numbers. It has been suggested that some theorems may also be proven by a 'visual proof by induction' (Brown, 2010), despite the fact that the image only displays particular cases of the general theorem. In this study we examine the nature of the conclusions drawn from a visual proof by induction. We find that, while most university-educated viewers demonstrate a willingness to generalize the statement to nearby cases not depicted in the image, only viewers who have been trained in formal proof strategies show significantly higher resistance to the suggestion of large-magnitude counterexamples to the theorem. We conclude that for most university-educated adults without proof-training the image serves as the basis of a standard inductive generalization and does not provide the degree of certainty required for mathematical proof.


Dorothy Owen at Lincoln - an appreciation, Joan Varley Dorothy Owen at Lambeth - an appreciation, David Chambers Dorothy Owen in Cambridge - an appreciation, English episcopal acta of the 12th and 13th centuries, C.N.L. Brooke the prior and convent of Ely and their management of their manor of Lakenheath in the 14th century, Mark Bailey Canon law and litigation - the century before Gratian, Martin Brett bodies in medieval Northampton - Legatine intervention in the 12th century, M.J. Franklin John of Oxford, diplomat and bishop, Christopher Harper-Bill Bishop Sutton's Chantry, Rosalind Hill Bishop Nykke's last visitation, 1532, Ralph Houlbrooke informing the archdeacon on ecclesiastical matters in 12th century England, Brian Kemp the Cambridge Canon Law Faculty - sermons and addresses, F. Donald Logan church courts and criminous clerks in the later Middle Ages, A.K. McHardy the church in the 1279 hundred rolls, Sandra Raban the "Officialis" of the Bishop in 12th- and 13th-century England - problems of terminology, David M. Smith malicious indictment of clergy in the 15th century, R.L. Storey parochialism and particularism the dispute over the status of Ditchford Friary, Warwickshire, in the early 15th century, R.N. Swanson boundaries and margins - Barnet, Finchley and Totteridge, Pamela Taylor collective indulgences from Rome and Avignon in English collections, P.N.R. Zutshi bibliography of the writings of Dorothy Mary Owen, Arthur Owen.


The effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on renal handling of sodium, calcium, and phosphate were studied in dogs employing the recollection micropuncture technique. Subthreshold sustained hyperglycemia resulted in an isonatric inhibition of proximal tubular sodium, fluid, calcium, and phosphate reabsorption by 8-14%. Fractional excretion of sodium and phosphate, however, fell (P is less than 0.01) indicating that the increased delivery of these ions was reabsorbed in portions of the nephron distal to the site of puncture and in addition net sodium and phosphate transport was enhanced resulting in a significant antinatriuresis and antiphosphaturia. The creation of a steady state plateau of hyperinsulinemia while maintaining the blood glucose concentration of euglycemic levels mimicked the effects of hyperglycemia on proximal tubular transport and fractional excretion of sodium and calcium. Tubular fluid to plasma insulin ratio fell, similar to the hyperglycemic studies. These results suggest that the effects of hyperglycemia on renal handling of sodium and calcium may be mediated through changes in plasma insulin concentration. In contrast to hyperglycemia, however, hyperinsulinemia cuased a significant fall in tubular fluid to plasma phosphate ratio with enhanced proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption (P is less than 0.02). This occurred concomitantly with a significant inhibition of proximal tubular sodium transport. These data indicate that insulin has a direct effect on proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption, and this effect of insulin is masked by the presence of increased amounts of unreabsorbed glucose in the tubule that ensues when hyperinsulinemia occurs secondary to hyperglycemia. Fractional excretion of phosphate fell significantly during insulin infusion but unlike the hyperglycemic studies, the fall in phosphate excretion could be entirely accounted for by enhanced proximal reabsorption.


PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of application of thermoplastic poly-L lactic acid (PLLA) membranes for guided bone regeneration in rabbit parietal bone.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
PLLA membranes with a molecular weight of 100,000 (PLLA-100,000) and a molecular weight of 380,000 (PLLA-380,000) were dissolved in chloroform to prepare concentrations of 8% by weight and 4% by weight, respectively. The compression strength, temperature, and time to prepare each formulation were measured. Moreover, the pH was noted and cytotoxicity of the membrane was determined by monotetrazolium assay. In vivo experiments were performed to measure the volume of newly formed bone tissue in hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections 4 and 12 weeks after implantation.

RESULTS
The membrane prepared from PLLA-380,000 showed excellent thermoplasticity at 75°C to 80°C and the compressive strength was equal to that of titanium mesh, in contrast to that of PLLA-100,000 and poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid). There was a significant change in the pH of an aqueous solution in which the PLLA-380,000 membrane was placed, but there was no cytotoxic activity. The membrane made of PLLA-380,000 induced new bone formation in a dome shape without any membrane deformation.

CONCLUSION
Thermoplastic PLLA membrane shows promise for guided bone regeneration in vertical bone augmentation.


Design of experiments (DoE) are used in various contexts such as optimization or uncertainty quantification when relying on a time-consuming numerical simulator. It aims to select a limited number of points at which evaluating the simulator provides maximal knowledge on the simulator outputs of interest. One motivating application is the optimal design of turbine blades in an helicopter engine, which takes as inputs mixed continuous and binary variables. This paper proposes two new approaches for space-filling design over the mixed continuous and discrete space. Numerical results for three different types of DoE problems (mixed integers, mixed binaries with cyclic symmetry, and time series) are presented. The obtained results illustrate the good performance of the proposed methods and the wide range of applications they can address.


A survey conducted between June 2000 and May 2002 on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa, recorded filamentous green algae of the order Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) and their plant hosts. Putative pathogenicity of the parasitic genus Cephaleuros and its lichenized state, Strigula, was also investigated. Three genera and nine species were identified: Cephaleuros (five spp.), Phycopeltis (two spp.), and Stomatochroon (two spp.). A widely distributed species of Trentepohlia was not classified. These algae occurred on 146 plant species and cultivars in 101 genera and 48 families; 90% of the hosts were dicotyledonous plants. Cephaleuros spp. have aroused worldwide curiosity, confusion, and concern for over a century. Their hyphaelike filaments, sporangiophores, and associated plant damage have led unsuspecting plant pathologists to misidentify them as fungi, and some phycologists question their parasitic ability. Of the five species of Cephaleuros identified, C. virescens was the most prevalent, followed by C. parasiticus. Leaf tissue beneath thalli of Cephaleuros spp. on 124 different hosts was dissected with a scalpel and depth of necrosis evaluated using a fourpoint scale. No injury was observed beneath thalli on 6% of the hosts, but fullthickness necrosis occurred on leaves of 43% of hosts. Tissue damage beneath nonlichenized Cephaleuros thalli was equal to or greater than damage beneath lichenized thalli (Strigula elegans). In spite of moderate to severe leaf necrosis caused by Cephaleuros spp., damage was usually confined to older leaves near the base of plants. Unhealthy, crowded, poorly maintained plants tended to have the highest percentage of leaf surface area affected by Trentepohliales. Parasitic algae currently are not a problem in American Samoa because few crops are affected and premature leaf abscission or stem dieback rarely occur.


Benchmarks play an important role in assessing performance as a part of the investment process. Modern portfolio theory suggests that the benchmark of the true market portfolio on the efficient frontier is unknown. However, the S&P 500 Index is often used as a proxy for the U.S. domestic equity market portfolio. In this study, the authors examine the efficiency of the S&P 500.The results imply that more efficient subsets of the S&P 500 are easily constructed by randomly selecting stocks across industry sectors within the S&P 500. The implications of the study suggest portfolios consisting of fewer stocks equally weighted across industries are more efficient than the S&P 500 Index.


In this study the effects of feeding sugar beet bulb to kids as grain replacement were determined. Twenty four goat kids were used each in a 4x2x3 arrangement. Sugar beet bulb replaced sorghum grain in experimental diets at 0, 11, 22 and 33%. Goat kids total weight gains were, 4.91, 4.81, 4.48 and 2.48 for group A (control), B, C and D respectively. Daily feed intake was 0.37, 0.39, 0.39 and 0.30 kg for groups A, B, C and D respectively. Groups A and B had the best feed conversion ratios 6.40 and 6.89 respectively. Treatment effect was not significant (p>0.05) in absolute slaughter values except for feet weight. Warm carcass weight was superior in group A (8.43±0.64), this group recorded the highest values for most of the slaughter components except head, spleen and tail. Groups C and D were lowest in most slaughter values. Treatment effect was not significant (p>0.05) in dressing-out percentages on empty body basis which were 51.77, 51.36, 51.38 and 43.27 for groups A, B, C and D respectively. Treatment effect was not significant (p>0.05) in average weights of carcass cuts and their percentages out of the warm carcass, except plate , brisket and fore shank in the absolute values and brisket and fore shank in the percentage expressions. In meat quality attributes, goat kids recorded ranges of tenderness 73.3-100%, flavor 66.4-100%, color 53.30 -100% and juiciness 33.4-93.30%.


AIM
To evaluate the effect of the application of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF)-Endoret to the remaining intact bundle in partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears.

METHODS
A retrospective review of the rate of return to play in football players treated with the application of PRGF-Endoret in the remaining intact bundle in partial ACL injuries that underwent surgery for knee instability. Patients with knee instability requiring revision surgery for remnant ACL were selected. PRGF was applied in the wider part of posterolateral bundle and the time it took patients to return to their full sporting activities at the same level before the injury was evaluated.

RESULTS
A total of 19 patients were reviewed. Three had a Tegner activity level of 10 and the remaining 16 level 9. The time between the injury and the time of surgery was 5.78 wk (SD 1.57). In total, 81.75% (16/19) returned to the same pre-injury level of sport activity (Tegner 9-10). 17 males and 2 females were treated. The rate of associated injury was 68.42% meniscal lesions and 26.31% cartilage lesions. The KT-1000 values were normalized in all operated cases. One patient was not able to return to sport due to the extent of their cartilage lesions. The 15 patients with Tegner activity level 9 returned to play at an average of 16.20 wk (SD 1.44) while the 3 patients with Tegner activity level 10 did so in 12.33 wk (SD 1.11).

CONCLUSION
With one remaining intact bundle the application of PRGF-Endoret in instability cases due to partial ACL tear showed high return to sport rates at pre- injury level in professional football players.


Study presented in this paper is focused on comparison and statistical assessment of differences between the selected Level 2 products of the satellite mission Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Global monthly gravity field models in terms of spherical harmonic coefficients produced by three institutes of GRACE Science Data System are compared with the partially independent MASCON global gravity field model. Detailed comparison and statistical analysis of differences is performed in 5 selected river basins: Amazon, Congo, Danube, Yenisei and Lena. For each spherical harmonic solution, 8 different filtrations available at International Center for Global Gravity Field Models (ICGEM) are tested over the time span from April 2002 to July 2016. Fischer test at two significance levels 10% and 5% has been performed in order to qualify the statistical significance between the particular solutions.


"Internet arguments" are refer to users exchanging heated comments online. However, argumentation can also be beneficial for exchanging ideas on a topic with conflicting information. This is the situation with what Horst Rittel refers to as "wicked problem," whereby solutions to problems are complex due toconflicting information. To assist discourse surrounding wicked problems, scholars created Computer Supported Argument Visualizations (CSAV). This exploratory pilot gathered user insight on when people prefer argumentation tools by asking participants to debate the complexities of Climate Change online. The results in this pilot study suggests that CSAVs for more formal argumentation might assist science journalism students with developing more informed opinions on the subject of Climate Change.


"Central and local government in power(im)balance". Already from the title of this dissertation can two important points be made. The first is that the dissertation is about the relationship between central and local government, more specifically in Sweden today. The second point is that this relationship is seen from a balance of power perspective, where the relative power of the actors is an empirical question rather than derived from a given hierarchical structure. Such a perspective is based on analysing the actors as interdependent. The central government can thus be dependent on the local government, as well as the other way around, and this interdependence can vary over time and between policy areas. This perspective differs from that of most studies, which often see the relationship either in terms of steering (that local governments are executing centrally determined policies) or local self-government (that the Swedish local governments has a constitutionally protected right to handle their own affairs within certain legal limits). I argue that both these perspectives take a hierarchical point of departure and are, to a large degree, static in their approaches, which means that they risk not discovering, or have problem explaining, changes in the relation between central and local government. To view the relationship between central and local government as interdependence leads to a focus on the resources that the actors possess. For public organisations the most relevant resources are: authority-related resources, financial resources, political resources, informational resources, and organisational resources. The central government has a power advantage concerning authority and financial and political resources while local governments generally have an advantage in terms of informational and organisational resources. The policy area chosen is Swedish refugee policy. The basic paradox within this area is that the central government grants the refugees asylum but cannot give them a place to live without the permission of the local government. This permission is accomplished through voluntary agreements signed between the National Integration Office and the local governments. It is then the local governments that integrate the refugees to Swedish society by providing housing, education, healthcare and so on while the central government is giving the local government a grant to cover the expenses. The central government has lacked political, informational and authority-related resources. The resource used to compensate for this has been the financial resource. By economic incentives the central government has encouraged local governments to increase their refugee reception. This has been the central government's universal weapon and has been used to reduce its vulnerability as well as its sensitivity. For local governments, authority-related and financial resources have been lacking. The resource that the local governments have had, all the way through the time period studied here, is the organisational resource. This is something that the central government simply cannot provide and this is why there is a relationship of interdependence – just as only the central government has authority in its power base, the local level is the only one with organisational resources.


This paper reports a new seismotectonic zoning map for Iran, which is developed based on the latest data on active tectonic, topography, magnetic intensity and seismicity catalogue. In this paper, we aim to provide a useful basis for further studies on seismic hazard analysis. To specify different seismic sources, two different active fault maps (Hessami, 2003 and Berberian, 1976) are used. The topography map is from National Cartographic Center of Iran, and the magnetic intensity map is developed by Geological Survey of Iran in 1998. The seismicity data which is used in this study is from a new updated earthquake catalogue for Iran. The report of earthquakes corresponding to a region limited by latitudes 23°W–42°E and longitudes 42°–65°N have been collected. The active fault traces and magnetic intensity data have significant role in defining the intersections and final boundaries of some zones. New map divides Iran into 29 zones with different seismotectonic characteristics. Following removal of foreshocks and aftershocks, based on the method described by Gardner and Knopoff, 1974, the completeness of catalogue in each zone is determined.


The HIV dementia scale (HDS) previously has been shown to be sensitive in identifying persons with HIV-associated dementia (HAD). We aimed to develop a simpler version of the HDS--the Modified HDS (M-HDS)--which would be appropriate for use by nonneurologists. We sought to determine whether the M-HDS and the widely used Grooved Pegboard (GP) were comparable in identifying and staging the severity of dementia in HIV-seropositive persons. Data from 455 HIV-seropositive persons were analyzed, and patients were separated into 2 groups: demented (n = 144) and nondemented (n = 311), where the diagnosis was established by a single neurologist. Of the 144 with HAD, 13 had severe dementia, 55 had moderate dementia, 51 had mild dementia, and 25 had minor cognitive/motor disorder. We assessed the relationship between dementia severity and score on the M-HDS and GP (nondominant hand). Results showed both the M-HDS (z = -4.32; P < .05) and the GP nondominant (z = -4.08; P < .05) differentiated demented from nondemented persons. Furthermore, the M-HDS (z = -2.95; P < .05) and GP nondominant (z = -2.68; P < .05) discriminated equally well the stages of dementia severity. A cutoff score of 7.5 on the M-HDS maximized its sensitivity (70%) and specificity (71%). The M-HDS and the GP (nondominant) were found to be equally sensitive and specific in categorizing and staging HAD. However, the M-HDS requires no equipment and is simpler to administer; so it may be more useful for screening by nonneurologists.


At present, C 0 2 and atomic iodine are the only two lasers with demonstrated properties that make them candidates for a repetitivelypulsed laser fusion system. However, there are uncertainties for each of these lasers which must be evaluated to project large system performance. At Sandia, we are conducting experiments to evaluate properties oftheatomiciodine laser pertinent to its possible use in a laser fusion system. The results presented below were obtained from the SAIL-1 facility, which consists of an actively modelocked oscillator, a 1-cm diameter x 1Wcm long preamplifier and a 7.5cm diameter x 3 5 k m long final amplifier.' The subnanosecond atomic iodine oscillator developed by Jones et al.' has been modified to produce pulses with more reliable beam quality. This is accomplished by pumping faster and allowing the oscillator to gain-switch 6 psec after flash initiation. Therefore lasing occurs before the onset of the gas dynamic disturbance which occurs in the lasing volume at 10 psec after flash initiation. The beam profile was photographed 20 m from the oscillator and is nearly Gaussian with no hot spots. Also, data from a shearing plate interferometer indicate that here is no detectable  phase  distortion across the wave front and that the oscillator output is nominally diffraction limited. The reproducibility of the SAIL-I oscillator (an important  consideration for laser fusion) is good, approximately & 10% in amplitude and pulse width. Temporal pulse distortion can occur in an iodine laser amplifier because of gain saturation and/or insufficient bandwidth for short pulse amplification. Data were obtained which demonstrate the range of pulse distortion versus bandwidth in an unsaturated amplifier. Working with sufficient bandwidth to give true pulse amplification, the pulse distortion due to gain saturation was characterized. In both cases, the data were used to check a computer code which models pulse propagation in an iodine amplifier. Good beam  quality and focusability are essential for laser fasion. In an iodine amplifier. the beam quality can be affected by gas dynamic disturbances or  anomalous dispersion in a saturated amplifier. Using a shear plate interferometer amplified pulses from the preamplifier were found to have < 1/2 wave phase distortion. Calculations indicate that this amount of phase distortion will not affect the focusability. In addition, data were obtained with the  shearing  plate interferometer for a saturated beam in the large amplifier. Also, the beam profile of the output from the large amplifier  was photographed at various degrees of focus.


For the response acquisition of the structure section measuring points, the method of identifying the structural stiffness parameters is developed by using the extended Kalman filter. The state equation of structural system parameter is a nonlinear equation. Dispersing the structural dynamic equation by using Newmark- method, the state transition matrix of discrete state equation is deduced and the solution of discrete state equation is simplified. The numerical simulation shows that the error of structural recognition doesnot exceed 5% when the noise level is 3%. It meets the requirements of the error limit of the engineering structure, which indicates that the derivation described in this paper has the robustness for the structural stiffness recognition. Shear structure parameter identification examples illustrate its applicability, and the method can also be used to identify physical parameters of large structure.


Read-eval-print-loops (REPLs) allow programmers to test out snippets of code, explore APIs, or even incrementally construct code, and get immediate feedback on their actions. However, even though many languages provide a REPL, the relation between the language as is and what is accepted at the REPL prompt is not always well-defined. Furthermore, implementing a REPL for new languages, such as DSLs, may incur significant language engineering cost. In this paper we survey the domain of REPLs and investigate the (formal) principles underlying REPLs. We identify and define the class of sequential languages, which admit a sound REPL implementation based on a definitional interpreter, and present design guidelines for extending existing language implementations to support REPL-style interfaces (including computational notebooks). The obtained REPLs can then be generically turned into an exploring interpreter, to allow exploration of the user's interaction. The approach is illustrated using three case studies, based on MiniJava, QL (a DSL for questionnaires), and eFLINT (a DSL for normative rules). We expect sequential languages, and the consequent design principles, to be stepping stones towards a better understanding of the essence of REPLs.


In this paper, a generalized fast computational algorithm for the n-dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) of length N=2/sup m/ (m/spl ges/2) is presented. The developed algorithm is proved and its efficiency is evaluated theoretically. The theoretical results show that compared with the conventional method of computing the one-dimensional along n directions, the number of multiplications needed by our algorithm is only 1/n of that required by the conventional method; for the total number of additions, the latter is a bit more when N/spl les/8 and much fewer when N/spl ges/16 than the former. To validate the proposed algorithm, we take the case when n=3 as an example and apply it to motion-picture coding. The results show that our method is superior to MPEG-2 in speed and coding performance. The algorithm is clearly described and it is easy to make a computer program for implementation.


Microvascular cell fate decisions are hallmarks of the microvascular cell response to injury and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of retinal disease. Abnormalities in retinal blood flow play a critical role in remodeling of the retinal vasculature by altering microvascular endothelial and pericyte cell fate (proliferation, apoptosis and migration). Retinal blood flow is controlled locally by vasodilators such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin and the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 , with considerable evidence linking retinal pathologies such as Normal Tension Glaucoma and Diabetic Retinopathy to altered retinal blood flow Shear stress has previously been shown to modulate EC production of these vasoactive agents in macrovascular cells. Therefore, using a perfused transcapillary coculture of bovine microvascular retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) and bovine retinal pericytes (BRPs), we examined the acute and chronic effect of pulsatile flow on the release of these vasoactive mediators and their subsequent role in modulating retinal vascular cell fate.

Acute exposure to pulsatile flow increased BREC NO, PGI2 & ET-1 formation and release Similarly, chronic exposure to pulsatile flow enhanced NO and PGI2 release while concomitantly inhibiting ET-1 in these cells In parallel studies, there was an increase in BRP apoptosis following exposure to high pulsatile flow, whereas BREC apoptosis decreased. Furthermore, the pulsatile flow-induced increases in BRP apoptosis is dependent on increased PGI2 , whereas both ET-1 and NO mediate the protective effect of increased flow on BRECs survival.

Notch receptor-hgand interactions and the Hedgehog signalling pathway have been strongly implicated in vascular morphogenesis and remodelling of the embryonic vasculature, with Hedgehog acting upstream of Notch signalling during development. We therefore tested the hypothesis that Hedgehog (Hh) and Notch pathway interact to promote changes in vascular cell fate in BRECs and BRPs in vitro in response to changes in pulsatile flow.


This document provides the specification of the Process Interchange Format (PIF) version 1.2. The goal of this work is to develop an interchange format to help automatically exchange process descriptions among a wide variety of business process modelling and support systems such as workflow software, flow charting tools, planners, process simulation systems and process repositories. Instead of having to write ad hoc translators for each pair of such systems each system will only need to have a single translator for converting process descriptions in that system into and out of the common PIF format. Then any system will be able to automatically exchange basic process descriptions with any other system. This document describes the PIF-CORE 1.2, i.e. the core set of object types (such as activities, agents and prerequisite relations) that can be used to describe the basic elements of any process. The document also describes a framework for extending the core set of object types to include additional information needed in specific applications. These extended descriptions are exchanged in such a way that the common elements are interpretable by any PIF translator, and the additional elements are interpretable by any translator that knows about the extensions. The PIF format was developed by a working group including representatives from several universities and companies, and has been used for experimental automatic translations among systems developed independently at three of these sites. This document is being distributed in the hopes that other groups will comment upon the interchange format proposed here, and that this format (or future versions of it) may be useful to other groups as well. The PIF Document 1.0 was released in December 1994, and the current document reports the revised PIF that incorporate the feedback received since then.


The survival probability of adult Scops Owls was studied in NW Italy, near the northern limits of the European breeding range. The species reappeared in the study area at the beginning of this century, after more than 30 years of absence as a breeding bird. Scops Owls were captured at a bird-ringing station that operated continuously from 1990, and apart from three sporadic captures in the nineties, regular presence was detected only from 2002. Survival estimates were based on 190 captures of adult birds obtained in twelve years (2003–2014). After allowing for the presence of transients, the model with constant survival and constant recapture probabilities suggested an adult apparent survival probability of 0.58 ± 0.07 (SE), with no sex differences. This is the first Scops Owl survival estimate, and it puts the species within the lower range of owl survival estimates, as partially expected by its small size and its migratory habits.


Ensuring the early detection of important social network users is a challenging task. Some peer ranking services are now well established, such as PeerIndex, Klout, or Kred. Their function is to rank users according to their influence. This notion of influence is however abstract, and the algorithms achieving this ranking are opaque. Following the rising demand for a more transparent web, we explore the problem of gaining knowledge by reverse engineering such peer ranking services, with regards to the social network topology they get as an input. Since these services exploit the online activity of users (and therefore their connectivity in social networks), we provide a precise evaluation of how topological metrics of the social network impact the final user ranking. Our approach is the following: we first model the ranking service as a black-box with which we interact by creating user profiles and by performing operations on them. Through those profiles, we trigger some slight topological modifications. By monitoring the impact of these modifications on the rankings of those profiles, we infer the weight of each topological metric in the black-box, thus reversing the service influence cookbook.


In this study, a linked simulation–optimization approach is proposed for optimal dewatering system design for an excavation site. In the simulation part of the proposed approach, an analytical groundwater flow model is used to simulate the flow process in the subsurface. This model is then integrated with two different optimization models where differential evolution (DE) and harmony search (HS) optimization algorithms are used. The objectives of both models are to determine the best dewatering system configuration by considering locations and pumping rates as decision variables. During the search process, the constraints related to drawdown and well locations are included in the optimization by using the penalty function approach. The performance of DE- and HS-based solution approaches is evaluated on a hypothetical excavation site for different well numbers. Identified results indicated that the DE-based solution approach provides slightly better results than those obtained by using the HS-based solution approach.


Vector control plays a crucial role in the stages of malaria control and elimination. Currently, it mainly relies on the chemical control methods for adult mosquitoes in malaria endemic areas, however, it is undergoing the serious threat by insecticide resistance. In recent years, the transgenic technologies of malaria vectors have made a great progress in the laboratory. This paper reviews the challenges of the traditional methods and the rapid developed genetic modified technology in the application of vector control.


As the exploitation of hydrocarbon moves towards deeper waters, the global dynamic response of a floating production system needs to be predicted with coupled analysis methods to ensure accuracy and reliability. Two types of coupling can be identified: one is between the floating platform and the mooring lines/risers, while the other is between the mean offset, the wave frequency and the low frequency motions of the system. At present, it is unfeasible to employ fully coupled time domain analysis on a routine basis due to prohibitive computational time. This has spurred the development of more efficient methods that account for the various couplings, including frequency domain approaches. It is paramount for the complex coupling mechanisms to be well understood before appropriate simplifications and assumptions can be made. In this paper, a simplified two degree-of-freedom system representing the surge motion of a vessel and the fundamental vibration mode of the lines is examined which captures the important underlying physics. Within this framework, the frequency domain equations are rigorously formulated, and the nonlinearities in the restoring forces and drag are stochastically linearized. The model allows key coupling effects to be identified: among other things, the equations demonstrate how the wave frequency dynamics of the mooring lines are coupled to the low frequency motions of the vessel. Subsequently, the effects of making certain simplifications are investigated through a series of frequency domain spectral analyses, and comparisons are made to simulations in the time domain. The work highlights the effect of certain common approximations, and recommendations are made regarding the development of efficient modeling techniques.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


Shipwrecks are an integral part of our maritime archaeological landscape and are associated with diverse societal and cultural interests, yielding significant management challenges. Coupled hydrodynamic and geomorphological processes significantly impact the effective in situ preservation of these fragile sites. In this study, we assess sediment budget change and hydrodynamic triggers at metal‐hulled shipwrecks lost between 1875 and 1918, all located in the tidally dominated Irish Sea at depths between 26 and 84 m. This is conducted using time‐lapse, multibeam echosounder surveys at multiannual, annual, and weekly time steps, supported by sediment grain‐size analysis, modeled ocean currents, and shallow seismic data. Results indicate significant changes at all time steps for sites located in sand‐dominated environments, whereas the seabed around shipwrecks settled in multimodal sediments shows virtually no change outside of measurement errors (±30 cm). Variability in geomorphic change is attributed to local environmental factors, including bed shear stress, sediment supply, and spatial barriers to scour. We demonstrate that individual wrecks in similar shelf sea regions can be in very different equilibrium states, which has critical implications for the in situ management of underwater cultural heritage.


People of diverse backgrounds - most notably, diverse ethnic, racial and religious backgrounds - increasingly live in close proximity to one another. The trajectory is inexorable, and has many benefits. However, it also has had significant costs, including violent conflict between people with different identities, especially ethnic and religious identities. One important way to deal with this conflict starts with the recognition that people have multiple dimensions to their identities - in Amartya Sen's words, people's identities are 'inescapably plural'. A person's identities may change over time: various contexts, and stages of life, make different dimensions of identity more salient. Society can aim to strengthen alternative identity dimensions that would substitute for and weaken ethnic, religious, and other identity dimensions that may lead to conflict and violence, instead of complementing and strengthening them. We argue that the nonprofit sector is well situated to help in this endeavor. Nonprofit organizations may provide suitable circumstances for the encouragement of single alternative identity dimensions, such as musical and sports identities, or for the development of a set of complementary dimensions of identity that do not involve ethnicity and religion. Such organizations would engage in the provision of relational goods, thus playing on the nonprofit sector's relative advantage. The paper makes a concrete proposal for a community center model that could contribute to the reduction of negative effects of identity. Copyright © 2008 The Authors Journal compilation © CIRIEC 2008.


Spontaneous trait inferences have been the focus of impression formation research for nearly a century. Spontaneous trait inferences impact the judgments and decisions we make about these objects and people particularly when the group membership of that object or person is meaningful to us, such as their race/ethnicity. Research on extralist cues has suggested the spontaneous trait interferences act via the encoding specificity principle: only items stored can be retrieved, and the effectiveness of retrieval depends on the contextual information that is stored with the word in episode memory. Other research suggests that stereotypes may disrupt the spontaneous inferences process. However, no research has been conducted to investigate the degree to which racial stereotypes may impact the spontaneous trait-inferencing process based on face-type. This present research presented participants with a variety of behavioral sentences paired with photographs of people. Participants then saw a trait probe word that was related to the behavior sentence. The behavior sentences varied in the degree to which they may be considered stereotypical of African American individuals. The faces presented also varied in the degree to which they will be considered prototypical of an African American face. I expected that the degree to which a face is considered to be prototypical of race would influence the stereotypical associations that were activated. I expected that the activation of stereotypical knowledge would impact the speed at which people responded to the trait probe word. However, the results suggest that all African American faces, regardless of face-type, were categorized similarly and elicited similar inferencing responses. Implications from this present research could suggest that no matter how representative a face may be of a racial category, if that face is categorized within a particular race, there may similar consequences in the initial impression formation stages for all faces. Implications from the research will aid in the development of bias prevention by illustrating the ways in which people encode information about others and their behaviors. INDEX WORDS: Inferencing, Face-type, Stereotypes Copyright by Alesha Bond 2022 Spontaneous trait inferences: Faces, races, and the inferences we encode because of them


Marriage patterns are undergoing discernible change throughout the world, including in several East and South East Asian countries. In India, certain shifts have been observed in the age at marriage. This paper attempts to examine the scenario of delayed marriage in India using data from different rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS). Keeping in view the limitations of census data and age at marriage as an indicator of timing of marriage, the paper also attempts to explore the impact of select predictors on the likelihood of getting married for females in the age groups 20-24 years and 25-29 years. The findings indicate that the reasons underlying delayed marriage with respect to the 20-24 years age group and the 25-29 years age group differ. Multivariate analysis clearly shows that once education is controlled, along with cultural factors, the apparent difference observed in women from Northern India belonging to the age group 20-24 years compared to women from other regions of India in the same age group vanishes. The conventional argument that the cultural milieu of each state decides the timing of marriage may become more prominent, perhaps for women belonging to the age group 25-29 years.


When the programme was first conceived, the intention was that track 2 would contain the technical papers, while track 1 would contain those on the socio-economic issues. In the event, more socio-economic than technical papers were submitted, so track 2 contained papers that were not so technical as well as the intended technical ones. This chapter comments on the Monday evening semi-formal session first, before moving on to the sessions in track 2.


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This report analyses agricultural transformations, livelihoods and rural-city connections in Sub-Saharan Africa with the aim to identify key policy areas for regional development. The report draws on the results from comparative empirical studies in various dynamic rural regions characterized by small-holder farming in Cameroon, Ghana and Tanzania. These rural areas include the Noun (dominant crop: rice) and Bamboutos (horticulture) regions in Cameroon; the Ahanta (rubber) and Kwaebibirem (oil palm) regions in Ghana; and the Njombe area (Irish potatoes), the Lindi area (sesame) and the Northern corridor (tomatoes) in Tanzania. These regions have been selected for their high degrees of rural dynamism and their transformatory potential for rural development in relation with urbanization and globalization. All research sites are dynamic rural regions in which transformation processes are guiding the everyday life of rural households. The regions are very diverse in their geographical settings, in the processes driving transformation, and with respect to the social and economic challenges and opportunities. However, notwithstanding that contextual variety, the results from the comparative study point to some pertinent policy messages for addressing the key challenges of rural and regional development, taking advantage of the rural-urban nexus. The report highlights the main findings on agricultural transformation and rural-urban linkages – which refer to multifaceted flows of people, goods, labour and capital – and the way these linkages critically influence the livelihoods of the rural households under study. These flows have been stimulated by many different forces, including decreasing costs of transportation and communication, exemplified by mobile phones, motorcycles and trucks allowing a broader range of actors to participate in the market exchange and to facilitate market information from towns and cities to villages. In turn, this has led to rapid changes in land-use due to a quicker response to changing market signals by smallholders. At the same time, the rural areas under study have become an important destination for labour migration and non-farm activities such as trade, construction work or other skilled work; especially in emerging urban centres operating as centres for market exchange and offering service facilities. Additionally, new flows of capital are triggered by urban-based and other non-local citizens who invest in land because they anticipate that production of the dominant crop becomes highly profitable. This results in private accumulation of land – partly facilitated by increasing formalization and titling of traditional tenure systems. Departing from the general findings from the comparative studies in the three countries, a generic framework for regional development prioritization is presented that serves as a platform for proposing more specific policy recommendations. 4 Key messages for policy strategies can be summarized as follows: (1) Policies should foster further commercialization and transformation of agricultural production by promoting the cultivation of dominant crops with strong linkages in the regional economies because of their high incremental potential for spin-off activities. Ongoing facilitation of the regional collection and distribution functions and the improvement of transport systems are also of vital importance to stimulate commercialization of agricultural production and further socio-economic changes within dynamic rural areas. (2) More flexible land tenure options will help to increase agricultural production and productivity, and provide additional incomes for farmers with urgent financial needs. Policies should facilitate a greater level of transparency in land transactions and land markets contributing to the bargaining power of landowners from different socioeconomic strata. (3) Policies should seek to reduce frictions to labour movements. The agricultural (seasonal) labour force may be supported by facilitating easier access to flexible labour markets, housing facilities and other logistic needs. Rural towns and service centres are the logical places for such enabling policies. Also, off-season labour opportunities should be improved in order to keep the pool of mobile labour force – in particular youngsters – within the area by ensuring transparent and decent working conditions. (4) Regional development policies should include the construction and upgrading of social, economic and spatial infrastructure. Such improvements facilitate intra-regional household mobility and engender livelihood diversification, which in turn contributes to the expansion of rural economies. Diversification of the regional economy and the development of rural service centres will also prevent the outflow of human capital, in particular of the young and enterprising parts of the rural population. (5) Local governments should promote and facilitate the collective use of remittances, e.g. by engaging migrant associations and community development committees in locally embedded action planning projects. Governments should create appropriate institutional environments in order to ensure that co-development projects are community driven, locally owned, and beneficial to all stakeholders. (6) Regional development policies should include the facilitation and expansion of ICT development, in order to decrease the great disparity of access to ICTs and to stimulate productive use of ICTs. Planners should recognize that mobile phones and banking services contribute to local economic development by boosting the business environment and networking possibilities. Fostering ICT consolidation also is essential for capacity development and the connectivity between villages and nearby urban settlements as well as with larger towns within and beyond national borders.


ABSTRACT Horizontal nuclear proliferation presents what is sometimes referred to as the "Nth country problem," or identifying which state could be next to acquire nuclear weapons. Nuclear fuel cycle technologies can contribute to both nuclear power generation and weapons development. Consequently, observers often view civilian nuclear programs with suspicion even as research on nuclear latency and the technological inputs of proliferation has added nuance to these discussions. To contribute to this debate, I put forth a simple theoretical proposition: En route to developing a civilian nuclear infrastructure and mastering the fuel cycle, states pass through a proliferation "danger zone." States with fuel cycle capabilities below a certain threshold will likely be unable to proliferate. States that pass through the "danger zone" without proliferating will be unlikely to do so in the future. I support this proposition by introducing preliminary analysis from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle (NFC) Index, a new heuristic tool to complement political assessments of the connection between civilian nuclear energy development and nuclear weapons proliferation. I conclude with policy implications for contemporary Iran, Saudi Arabia, Japan, and South Korea. Taken together, this article calls for increased policymaker interaction with historical cases and more sophisticated academic engagement with the nuclear fuel cycle.


Xanthophylls in light harvesting complexes perform a number of functions ranging from structural support to light-harvesting and photoprotection. In the major light harvesting complex of photosystem II in plants (LHCII), the innermost xanthophyll binding pockets are occupied by lutein molecules. The conservation of these sites within the LHC protein family suggests their importance in LHCII functionality. In the present work, we induced the photoprotective switch in LHCII isolated from the Arabidopsis mutant npq1lut2, where the lutein molecules are exchanged with violaxanthin. Despite the differences in the energetics of the pigments and the impairment of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in vivo, we show that isolated complexes containing violaxanthin are still able to induce the quenching switch to a similar extent to wild type LHCII monomers. Moreover, the same spectroscopic changes take place, which suggest the involvement of the terminal emitter site (L1) in energy dissipation in both complexes. These results indicate the robust nature of the L1 xanthophyll binding domain in LHCII, where protein structural cues are the major determinant of the function of the bound carotenoid.


The field of BioInformatics has become a major venue for the development and application of computational ontologies. Ranging from controlled vocabularies to annotation of experimental data to reasoning tasks, BioOntologies are advancing to form a comprehensive knowledge foundation in this field. With the Glycomics Ontology (GlycO), we are aiming at providing both a sufficiently large knowledge base and a schema that allows classification of and reasoning about the concepts we expect to encounter in the glycoproteomics field. The schema exploits the expressiveness of OWL-DL to place restrictions on relationships, thus making it suitable to be used as a means to classify new instance data. On the instance level, the knowledge is modularized to address granularity issues regularly found in ontology design. Larger structures are semantically composed from smaller canonical building blocks. The information needed to populate the knowledge base is automatically extracted from several partially overlapping sources. In order to avoid multiple entries, transformation and disambiguation techniques are applied. An intelligent search is then used to identify the individual building blocks that model the larger chemical structures. To ensure ontological soundness, GlycO has been annotated with OntoClean properties and evaluated with respect to those. In order to facilitate its use in conjunction with other biomedical Ontologies, GlycO has been checked for NCBO compliance and has been submitted to the OBO website.


The rhythms of human bodies are profoundly implicated with the time regimes that are dominant in different societies. This article seeks to explicate the relations between the temporal dispositions of one aspect of the body, its defecatory capacities, and the chronological and spatial categorizations of modernity. This latter configuration is understood variously as being characterized by: the social relations of the `civilizing process' (Elias); capitalist economic relations (Marx); instrumental rationality (Adorno and Horkheimer); and patriarchy (feminism). Focusing on each of these aspects of the modern allows us to chart historically the rise of a series of temporal regulations over acts of defecation. However, following the position of Sigmund Freud, we trace out one of the key dilemmas of modernity: while the times when defecation occurs have come under increasing levels of guidance and administration, the human body and its faecal capacities still continue to some degree to operate according to rhythms other than those imposed upon them, thus occasionally effecting a disorderly `return of the repressed' in the realm of systematized time.


The chromosome number in 174 zygotes on the stage of the 1st cleavage division was counted. In 113 zygotes (64.94%) euploidy (metaphase with 42 chromosomes) and in 57 zygotes (32.77%) aneuploidy was found. Frequencies of spontaneous chromosomal aberration were 14.93%. 33 zygotes were hypoploid, 6 (3.44%)--hyperploid (with 43 and 46 chromosomes), and 3 (5.76%)--polyploid, 4 zygotes (2.29%) had structural anomalies of chromosomes. Hypoploidy may be often due to artifacts. Superovulation induced by gonadotrophin results in an increased polyspermia.


Irradiation of the head and neck with 800 r induced pituitary tumors in twenty of 27 female W/Fu rats (74 per cent). Three of these primary tumors were transplanted. The anatomic findings in the tumor-bearing rats indicated that these were mammosomatotropic. In addition, three mammary tumors, one osteogenic sarcoma, and one sebaceous gland carcinoma occurred in the irradiated area and none elsewhere. Mammotropic honnone(s) greatly enhanced the induction of mammary tumors by ionizing radiation. Two mammary tumors occurred in 22 rats given, whole-body, 200 or 400 r x-rays alone (9 per cent) and thirteen in seventeen irradiated rats (76 per cent) that also received a mammotropic tumor graft 2 weeks earlier. In the former group the two tumors were benign; in the latter, benign and malignant tumors occurred in about equal number. Mammotropic graft alone failed to produce tumors in nine rats (and earlier in much larger series). In mice, doses larger than 550 r administered over head and neck failed to increase the induction rate of pituitary tumors, whereas oophorectomy with adrenalectomy markedly reduced and estrogen treatment appeared to enhance the pituitary tumor formation. Head and neck x-radiation produced thyrotropic pituitary and thyroid tumors in female LA mice in larger numbers than hitherto observed in normal and total-body x-rayed mice of this strain. Radiation-induced pituitary tumors caused mammo-somatotropic effects similar to those observed in animals bearing estrogen-induced or spontaneous pituitary tu mors. Attention is called to the puzzling phenomenon that in animals bearing such tumors (MtT)1 both thymus and adrenals are enlarged and data (of others) suggest that these tumor cells may also secrete some corticotropin (AtH).


We present the content deformation field CoDeF as a new type of video representation, which consists of a canonical content field aggregating the static contents in the entire video and a temporal deformation field recording the transformations from the canonical image (i.e., rendered from the canonical content field) to each individual frame along the time axis.Given a target video, these two fields are jointly optimized to reconstruct it through a carefully tailored rendering pipeline.We advisedly introduce some regularizations into the optimization process, urging the canonical content field to inherit semantics (e.g., the object shape) from the video.With such a design, CoDeF naturally supports lifting image algorithms for video processing, in the sense that one can apply an image algorithm to the canonical image and effortlessly propagate the outcomes to the entire video with the aid of the temporal deformation field.We experimentally show that CoDeF is able to lift image-to-image translation to video-to-video translation and lift keypoint detection to keypoint tracking without any training.More importantly, thanks to our lifting strategy that deploys the algorithms on only one image, we achieve superior cross-frame consistency in processed videos compared to existing video-to-video translation approaches, and even manage to track non-rigid objects like water and smog.Project page can be found at https://qiuyu96.github.io/CoDeF/.


The proliferation of smart devices, digital media, and network technologies has led to everyday people experiencing everyday things increasingly on and through the screen. In fact, much of the world has become so saturated by digital mediations that many individuals have adopted digitally inflected sensibilities. This gestures not simply toward posthumanism, but more fundamentally toward an altogether post-digital condition—one in which the boundaries between the "real" and the "digital" have become blurred and technology has fundamentally reconfigured how we make sense of the world.Post-Digital Rhetoric and the New Aesthetic takes stock of these reconfigurations and their implications for rhetorical studies by taking up the New Aesthetic—a movement introduced by artist/digital futurist James Bridle that was meant to capture something of a digital way of seeing by identifying aesthetic values that could not exist without computational and digital technologies. Bringing together work in rhetoric, art, and digital media studies, Hodgson treats the New Aesthetic as a rhetorical ecology rather than simply an aesthetic movement, allowing him to provide operative guides for the knowing, doing, and making of rhetoric in a post-digital culture.


Fragments of the recently cloned human gene for the beta subunit of nerve growth factor (beta-NGF) were used as hybridization probes in analyzing two sets of rodent-human somatic cell hybrids for the presence of human beta-NGF sequences. Results from the first set of hybrids assigned the human beta-NGF gene to chromosome 1 and ruled out the presence of sequences of comparable homology on any other chromosome. With the second set of hybrids, which contained seven different, but overlapping, regions of chromosome 1, the NGF locus was mapped to band 1p22.


The geodynamic setting along the SW Gondwana margin during its early breakup (Triassic) remains poorly understood. Recent models calling for an uninterrupted subduction since Late Palaeozoic only slightly consider the geotectonic significance of coeval basins. The Domeyko Basin initiated as a rift basin during the Triassic being filled by sedimentary and volcanic deposits. Stratigraphic, sedimentological, and geochronological analyses are presented in order to determine the tectonostratigraphic evolution of this basin and to propose a tectonic model suitable for other SW Gondwana‐margin rift basins. The Domeyko Basin recorded two synrift stages. The Synrift I (~240–225 Ma) initiated the Sierra Exploradora sub‐basin, whereas the Synrift II (~217–200 Ma) reactivated this sub‐basin and originated small depocentres grouped in the Sierra de Varas sub‐basin. During the rift evolution, the sedimentary systems developed were largely controlled by the interplay between tectonics and volcanism through the accommodation/sediment supply ratio (A/S). High‐volcaniclastic depocentres record a net dominance of the syn‐eruptive period lacking rift‐climax sequences, whereas low‐volcaniclastic depocentres of the Sierra de Varas sub‐basin developed a complete rift cycle during the Synrift II stage. The architecture of the Domeyko Basin suggests a transtensional kinematic where N‐S master faults interacted with ~NW‐SE basement structures producing highly asymmetric releasing bends. We suggest that the early Domeyko Basin was a continental subduction‐related rift basin likely developed under an oblique convergence in a back‐arc setting. Subduction would have acted as a primary driving mechanism for the extension along the Gondwanan margin, unlike inland rift basins. Slab‐induced dynamic can strongly influence the tectonostratigraphic evolution of subduction‐related rift basins through controls in the localization and style of magmatism and faulting, settling the interplay between tectonics, volcanism, and sedimentation during the rifting.


The prevention of any type of cyber attack is indispensable because a single attack may break the security of computer and network systems. The hindrance of such attacks is entirely dependent on their detection. The detection is a major part of any security tool such as Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Intrusion Prevention System (IPS), Adaptive Security Alliance (ASA), check points and firewalls. Consequently, in this paper, we are contemplating the feasibility of an approach to probing attacks that are the basis of others attacks in computer network systems. Our approach adopts a supervised neural network phenomenon that is majorly used for detecting security attacks. The proposed system takes into account Multiple Layered Perceptron (MLP) architecture and resilient backpropagation for its training and testing. The system uses sampled data from Kddcup99 dataset, an attack database that is a standard for evaluating the security detection mechanisms. The developed system is applied to different probing attacks. Furthermore, its performance is compared to other neural networks' approaches and the results indicate that our approach is more precise and accurate in case of false positive, false negative and detection rate.


INTRODUCTION
The CanMEDS framework describes seven roles in postgraduate training, but training and courses relevant to these roles can be limited. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) - free online courses in which anyone can participate, anywhere - may improve course participation. This study investigates the relevance of MOOCs for postgraduate medical training within the CanMEDS framework.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We extracted a list of all courses posted by the two largest MOOC providers, Coursera and EdX, and reviewed all course descriptions and categorised each course into one of three categories--"relevant," "possibly relevant" or "not relevant"--reflecting the degree of relevance to each of the seven CanMEDS roles. We also noted course workload, duration and the name of the educational institution.

RESULTS
We agreed the most on the role of health advocate (Cronbach's α = 0.85) and the least on the role of collaborator (Cronbach's α = 0.46). After a consensus-building process, 165 courses were found to be relevant or possibly relevant, mostly to the roles as scholar (n = 75) and medical expert (n = 57). The courses had a median duration of seven weeks and a median weekly workload of 4.5 hours, and were predominantly from North American universities.

CONCLUSION
A large number of MOOCs are relevant for postgraduate medical training. A weekly workload of 4.5 hours may enable course participation even for busy clinicians. Physicians should consider these free and universally available courses as relevant and potentially effective means of education.

FUNDING
not relevant.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
not relevant.


Two new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species, (Glomeromycota) Septoglomus fuscum and S. furcatum, are described and illustrated. Spores of S. fuscum usually occur in loose hypogeous clusters, rarely singly in soil or inside roots, and S. furcatum forms only single spores in soil. Spores of S. fuscum are brownish orange to dark brown, globose to subglobose, (20–)47(–90) μm diam, rarely ovoid, 21–50 × 23–60 μm. Their spore wall consists of a semi-persistent, semi-flexible, orange white to golden yellow, rarely hyaline, outer layer, easily separating from a laminate, smooth, brownish orange to dark brown inner layer. Spores of S. furcatum are reddish brown to dark brown, globose to subglobose, (106–) 138(–167) μm diam, rarely ovoid, 108–127 × 135–160 μm, usually with one subtending hypha that is frequently branched below the spore base, or occasionally with two subtending hyphae located close together. Spore walls consists of a semipermanent, hyaline to light orange outermost layer, a semipermanent, hyaline to golden yellow middle layer, and a laminate, smooth, reddish brown to dark brown innermost layer. None of the spore-wall layers of S. fuscum and S. furcatum stain in Melzer's reagent. In the field, S. fuscum was associated with roots of Arctotheca populifolia colonizing maritime dunes located near Strand in South Africa and S. furcatum was associated with Cordia oncocalyx growing in a dry forest in the Ceará State, Brazil. In single-species cultures with Plantago lanceolata as host plant, S. fuscum and S. furcatum formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU, ITS and LSU nrDNA sequences placed the two new species in genus Septoglomus and both new taxa were separated from described Septoglomus species.


Fluxes of matter, energy, and information over space and time contribute to ecosystems' functioning. The meta-ecosystem framework addresses the dynamics of ecosystems linked by these fluxes, however, to date, meta-ecosystem research focused solely on fluxes of energy and matter, neglecting information. This is problematic due to organisms' varied responses to information, which influence local ecosystem dynamics and can alter spatial flows of energy and matter. Furthermore, information itself can move between ecosystems. Therefore, information should contribute to meta-ecosystem dynamics, such as stability and productivity. Specific subdisciplines of ecology currently consider different types of information (e.g., social and cultural information, natural and artificial light or sound, body condition, genotype, and phenotype). Yet neither the spatiotemporal distribution of information nor its perception are currently accounted for in general ecological theories. Here, we provide a roadmap to synthesize information and meta-ecosystem ecology. We begin by defining information in a meta-ecological context. We then review and identify challenges to be addressed in developing information meta-ecology. Finally, we present new hypotheses for how information could impact dynamics across scales of spatio-temporal and biological organization.


The ``line quadtree'' data structure hierarchically represents a region and its boundary. Based on the standard quadtree, each node in this structure stores adjacency information as well. While line quadtrees use the same amount of space as standard qaudtrees, they facilitate several region processing algorithms. In particular, we describe efficient algorithms for boundary and superimposing two maps encoded as line quadtrees.


Abstract Using an in-depth qualitative case study design, focusing on a significant global technology consulting multinational enterprise's (MNEs) subsidiary in India, this research analyses interview, documentary and observational data for insights on the proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) in human resource management (HRM). By developing HRM-focused, AI-enabled applications, the MNE improved HR cost-effectiveness and offered a hyper-personalised and individualised employee experiences. Employing the theoretical lenses of individualisation of HRM practices, AI-mediated social exchange, job signalling and person-organisation fit theories, this research explains employees' experience of HRM practices and its impact on their attitudes and behaviours. Ten interviews were conducted with global technology leaders, champions of innovation, senior HR leaders and employees, including those engaged in the design and implementation of HR-focused AI applications. Findings suggest the use of AI-enabled bots, virtual, digital and personal assistants for carrying out a range of HRM tasks, such as routine, analytical, interactional and communicative tasks involving employees. A diverse set of HRM-focussed AI applications operant at this MNE contributed to its HR cost-effectiveness and enhanced the overall employee experience, thereby resulting in improved levels of employee commitment, satisfaction and reduced employee turnover behaviour. Implications for research and practice are also discussed.


Semi-supervised action recognition is a challenging but critical task due to the high cost of video annotations. Existing approaches mainly use convolutional neural networks, yet current revolutionary vision transformer models have been less explored. In this paper, we investigate the use of transformer models under the SSL setting for action recognition. To this end, we introduce SVFormer, which adopts a steady pseudo-labeling framework (i.e., EMA-Teacher) to cope with unlabeled video samples. While a wide range of data augmentations have been shown effective for semi-supervised image classification, they generally produce limited results for video recognition. We therefore introduce a novel augmentation strategy, Tube Token-Mix, tailored for video data where video clips are mixed via a mask with consistent masked tokens over the temporal axis. In addition, we propose a temporal warping augmentation to cover the complex temporal variation in videos, which stretches selected frames to various temporal durations in the clip. Extensive experiments on three datasets Kinetics-400, UCF-101, and HMDB-51 verify the advantage of SVFormer. In particular, SVFormer outperforms the state-of-the-art by 31.5% with fewer training epochs under the 1% labeling rate of Kinetics-400. Our method can hopefully serve as a strong benchmark and encourage future search on semi-supervised action recognition with Transformer networks. Code is released at https://github.com/ChenHsing/SVFormer.


Small scale variability in the present day climate may have large effects on the global ocean circulation. Examples of this small scale variability are fluctuations in the amount of freshwater that are caused by the melting of the Greenland ice sheet. These fluctuations may lead to a weakening of the global ocean circulation, which in turn may lead to a cooling of a few degrees in Europe. To predict the probability of such a transition event, computations have to be performed with large scale models of the ocean circulation. Existing techniques, however, are not sufficiently efficient, and therefore new methodology has to be developed, of which three novel methods are introduced in this thesis. The first is a method for solving large systems of equations, the second is a method that describes sensitivity to fluctuations far away from transitions, and the last method efficiently computes actual probabilities of transitions in large scale models. We demonstrate the workings of these methods on an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation model. In the future, they may be used to compute probabilities of transitions in realistic high resolution three-dimensional climate models.


This paper describes the properties and functionalities of the application we have created to retrace the story and evolution of international competitions organised by the Bourges's Institute of Electroacoustic Music (IMEB) from 1973 to 2009 using a set of interactive data visualisations.
This set of interactive data visualisations serve different purposes: it provides multiple views of the database it allows to browse but also gives insights about navigation paths that have been previously taken to assist their users in their browsing experience. This set of interactive data visualisations represent an attempt to give access to the content of a digital archive, not only by considering its main properties, but also by gathering information about its past exploration using multi-agent systems.


to engage forest dependent communities in the management of their forest lands. Under India's Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme, the state, represented by the Forest Department (FD), and the village community formally share responsibilities and benefits of jointly protecting and managing forests adjoining villages. The agreement is operationalized through JFM Committees (JFMCs) – referred to as Village Forest Committees (VFCs) in some states – where elected community representatives and a FD official make forest-related decisions in a supposedly collaborative manner. In some cases, when women participate in forest management committees, these institutions have been shown to enhance forest conditions (Agrawal and Chhatre 2006; Agarwal 2009), incomes from the forest (Upadhyay 2005), and cooperation in forest management (Molinas 1998; Coleman and Mwangi 2013). Yet, despite reserved seats on JFMCs for marginalized groups such as women, Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Schedule Tribes (STs), these groups face significant barriers to active engagement in JFM processes (Agarwal 2010). Project Landscapes and Peoples


Introduction:
We report an unusual case of Campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia in a patient with Philadelphia chromosome-positive, BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia in complete cytogenetic and major molecular remission after dasatinib/IFN therapy.
Case presentation:
On admission, the patient presented with fever and acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Initial empiric antibiotics consisted of ceftriaxone and metronidazole. Stool and blood culture samples were collected and submitted for evaluation; these specimens were processed as per laboratory protocol. Several Gram-negative, spiral rods could be identified microscopically in Gram-stained slides from bottled blood and stool cultures. Isolate identification was performed on the Vitek 2 system using a GN identification card and API Campy strips and by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Discrepant identification was obtained between the Vitek versus the API Campy test and MALDI-TOF. Erythromycin susceptibility testing was done using an Etest, whereas all other susceptibility testing and breakpoint analysis was done following the EUCAST procedure. Initial empiric antibiotic treatment was switched from ceftriaxone to ciprofloxacin according to antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) and Etest (ciprofloxacin MIC of 0.094 μg ml− 1) results. C. jejuni bacteraemia was successfully eradicated after 1 week of ciprofloxacin therapy.
Conclusion:
This case describes the rare event of a Campylobacter bacteraemia, which could have been falsely interpreted because of non-specific colony morphology and the initial Vitek result. Only the combination of microscopy, MALDI-TOF and an API Campy test was able to rapidly identify this bacterium as C. jejuni. This case also shows the importance of immediate AST- and MIC-adapted antibiotic treatment in immunocompromised febrile patients suffering from Campylobacter-induced bloody diarrhoea.


This chapter is part of a book devoted to the history of women's work in anti-slavery movements, the centrality of slavery to the early women's rights movements, and the reliance by activists for gender equality on the analogy between women's oppression and slavery. My focus is on the relationship between sisterhood and slavery during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Despite many victories, the last centuries have not eradicated some of the horrors associated with the term slavery nor completed the project of equality for women. Deployment of the terms sisterhood and slavery remains useful because they mark the capacity of groups that lack formal power nonetheless to work powerful transformations of law and practice. These two words also denote the complexity of and the distinctions among the forms and content of emancipatory work. At times, the projects of gaining equality for persons regardless of their gender and race have been joined. At other points, women's equality rights have been seen as separate from and even conflicting with other movements aimed at furthering human dignity. Moreover, women's rights advocates have been challenged for failing to shape reforms inclusive of women of all classes and colors. And today, as in earlier centuries, advocates debate whether to pursue a singly-focused women's agenda (however complex the definition of its content) or to rely on what is now called mainstreaming (denoting an effort to redress inequality by inserting gender analyses into all forms of policy making). Throughout the eras considered in this volume, the interactions among actors based in different countries (called in the policy literature transnational advocacy networks or transnational norm entrepreneurs) have been instrumental in recognizing the dignity of all humans and in influencing agendas pursued by feminists domestically.I document these claims by exploring how, during the twentieth century, transnational women's rights groups used the term slavery and a broader understanding of the system of violence against women to redefine war crimes under international law, to organize legal opposition to trafficking in persons, and to change the understanding of the scope of human rights. Thereafter, I consider some of the effects of these movements on the official policies of the United States government. After acknowledging the noxiousness of slavery, this country began to participate in transnational efforts to stem trafficking in women, a form of slavery. But the United States has been slow to join other transnational work predicated on innovative understandings of the meaning of equality. The long road to women's voting rights in the United States parallels the country's hesitation to ratify and apply domestically the 1979 U.N. Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. The analytic narrative that I offer and the comparisons drawn highlight that the idea of jurisdiction - of delineated and bounded authority - is doing a good deal of work throughout the centuries and the topics examined by contributors to this volume. Jurisdiction is central to slavery, as slave owners' dominion cut off slaves from rights enjoyed by other persons. Jurisdiction is a conceptual basis of the sex-gender system that insisted on distinct roles for women and men. Jurisdiction also marks the moment when trafficking occurs, as persons are moved from one nation to another. Further, within the United States, jurisdiction delineates state from federal authority; state prerogatives (their jurisdiction) have been repeatedly asserted within the United States as an argument against the use of national power to enact equality laws, be they aimed at ending slavery, empowering women victims of violence, or joining international agreements such as CEDAW aspiring to reconfigure women's status. And jurisdiction aptly denotes the effort to protect United States' law against assertions that its normative commitments to human dignity and equality entail obligations not yet understood as implicit in the Constitution.