The Antarctic Peninsula, the islands rising from the Scotia Ridge, and the Falkland Islands are a key area for biologists interested in the origin, relationships, and adaptations of the Antarctic flora and fauna. Of all Antarctic regions, furthermore, this has perhaps been the most intensively studied. The pioneer observations of J. R. and J. G. Forster during Cook's circumnavigation in 1772–75, and of James Eights in 1833 (Caiman, 1937), supplemented by the less systematic accounts of those engaged in early nineteenth-century sealing and whaling voyages (Weddell, 1825; Allen, 1899) paved the way for the thorough scientific programmes of more modern expeditions. The first of these, the Belgica expedition under de Gerlache, 1897–99, yielded much general information and brought back an apterous fly {Belgica antarctica),the first higher insect to be discovered in the true Antarctic. Soon afterwards, the Swedish South Polar Expedition led by Nordenskjold, 1901–04, brought to the Antarctic an outstanding botanist, the late C. J. F. Skottsberg, whose botanical researches on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic themes were to last for over half a century (Skottsberg, 1963). During the following decade the two French expeditions led by Charcot, 1903–05 and 1908–10, contributed important microbiological and ornithological information, and in 1902–04 the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition under Bruce made the first study of the South Orkney Islands and provided a general evaluation of botanical and biogeographical problems (Rudmose Brown, 1912). All these expeditions made general collections of flora and fauna which revealed that the Antarctic Peninsula and its adjacent islands were the richest area, biologically speaking, of the whole Antarctic region. Farther north, the Swedish Magellanic Expedition, led by Skottsberg in 1907–09, provided what is still the only published account of the vegetation of the Falkland Islands and information vital to the evaluation of biogeographical relationships between the Scotia Ridge, the Antarctic Peninsula, and the Magellanic region of South America. Skottsberg (1912) also described the vegetation of South Georgia, where pioneer work had been done by Will during the German International Polar Year expedition, 1882–83. The botanical work on this island, up to 1964, has recently been comprehensively reviewed by Greene (1964a).


The grant element is the "gift portion" of a financial transaction. The mathematical technique for arriving at a precise grant element percentage was first proposed by John Pincus of the RAND Corporation in 1963, and developed mathematically by Goran Ohlin of the Development Centre in 1966. Pincus also advocated expressing foreign aid in terms of its grant equivalent – i.e. the grant element expressed as a monetary value instead of a percentage. Grant element methodology was first used officially in 1969, in a target for softening the terms of aid. A grant element test was then introduced into the definition of official development assistance in 1972. Grant element methodology was subsequently applied to regulate the terms of export credits, to help assess the sustainability of developing country borrowing, and to calculate the level of debt relief and ensure comparability of effort in relevant Paris Club debt rescheduling operations. Central to grant element calculations is the selection of an appropriate discount rate to reflect financial market conditions. The present low interest rate environment raises challenges in this respect. This paper offers a layman's introduction to the nature and mechanics of grant element methodology, and to the history of its application in practice.


The scholarship of teaching and learning entails systematic reflection and analysis of aspects of teaching or teaching methods and their impact on student learning. When effective teaching methods can be identified and replicated by others, scholarship shared through publication has the potential to enhance teaching and learning on a wider scale. Whether it is analysis of a small aspect of a single course or a complete overhaul of the course structure or method of delivery, the scholarship of teaching and learning has the potential to significantly impact higher education. This paper outlines five scholarship of teaching and learning projects undertaken during this author's career.


The recent global financial crisis in 2008 have awakened discussion on the necessity for wide-ranging regulations of stock markets to rescue market capitalization from further decline and restore investors' confidence . Despite efforts of previous policy reforms to sanitize the financial system and increase investment in Africa, the situation did not improve and stock markets are yet to recover from the aftershock of the crisis. This paper empirically investigates the impact of regulatory quality on African stock market development by employing pooled mean group (PMG) model for the sample period of 1996 to 2016. The findings suggest that quality regulation has a positive impact on stock market development. There is a need for far-reaching policy reforms that will ensure effective regulation of financial markets to improve market development and restore the declining investors' confidence. When strong and sound regulations of financial markets are enforced, there will be a greater expectation for the growth and development of stock market to endure the repercussion of future financial crisis.


: The modern view of the role of enteroviruses in the eradication of poliomyelitis is presented. Enteroviruses were discovered in the XX century. In the 1950s they caused great epidemics of poliomyelitis and serous meningitis in many countries of the world. The introduction of oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) into medical practice made it possible to eliminate the epidemics of poliomyelitis in a short time. Poliomyelitis morbidity was reduced to sporadic cases and in a number of regions disappeared. OPV produced non-specific influence also on the epidemics of serous meningitis, as well as on a case incidence. The eradication of poliomyelitis viruses and the cessation of immunization with OPV will not result in eradication of paralytic diseases. Paralytogenic viruses of 20 serotypes circulate in nature, and some of these viruses are capable of causing the outbreaks of severe paralytic diseases. The authors propose either to retain immunization with OVP as tour immunizations with monovaccine of type 2, or to create new live enterovirus vaccines on the basis of avirulent enterovirus strains.


To simultaneously estimate head counts and localize heads with bounding boxes, a regression guided detection network (RDNet) is proposed for RGB-D crowd counting. Specifically, to improve the robustness of detection-based approaches for small/tiny heads, we leverage density map to improve the head/non-head classification in detection network where density map serves as the probability of a pixel being a head. A depth-adaptive kernel that considers the variances in head sizes is also introduced to generate high-fidelity density map for more robust density map regression. Further, a depth-aware anchor is designed for better initialization of anchor sizes in detection framework. Then we use the bounding boxes whose sizes are estimated with depth to train our RDNet. The existing RGB-D datasets are too small and not suitable for performance evaluation on data-driven based approaches, we collect a large-scale RGB-D crowd counting dataset. Experiments on both our RGB-D dataset and the MICC RGB-D counting dataset show that our method achieves the best performance for RGB-D crowd counting and localization. Further, our method can be readily extended to RGB image based crowd counting and achieves comparable performance on the ShanghaiTech Part\_B dataset for both counting and localization.


This paper primarily seeks to establish whether long- and short-run relationships prevail between fiscal deficits on one hand and inflation and economic growth on the other in a developing economy such as Malaysia. The Malaysian economy has gained international acclaim as one of the successfully managed. Econometric methodology involving the Johansen cointegration and Granger causality techniques and annual data spanning generally from 1966 through 2003 have been mobilized for the purpose. The empirical results suggest that fiscal deficits could have an inflationary impact on the Malaysian economy as they are being monetized though no long run relationship exists amongst fiscal deficits, money supply and the price level. Fiscal deficits also appear to have neither long- nor short-run links with income.


ABSTRACT Set in Nigeria among deported sex worker migrants and the institutions that seek to intervene in their migration, this article explores how deportation serves the dual function as a tool for migration governance as well as a tool for moral governance. Deportation has often been analysed from a Global North perspective and as a technology of migration governance imposed upon migrants and their nation states in the Global South. Yet, among Nigerian institutions working with deportees, such as anti-trafficking institutions, as well as among the deportees, the analysis shows how invoking the powerful languages of God, morality and nation-building, deportation emerges as a technology of moral governance – a site for reconfiguring, circumscribing and actively practicing what it means to be a legitimate Nigerian citizen.


Over the last decade, a series of increasingly devastated natural disasters have been witnessed
across the world. The disaster threats were further aggravated due to various social, economic
and environmental trends, such as, growing population, urbanisation, inequality and global
environmental change. This demanded a more proactive approach to reduce the vulnerability
and exposure, and to increase resilience. For proper implementation of resilience measures,
various efforts are required from construction practitioners. Accordingly, construction
practitioners are expected to play a key role at each stage of the disaster management cycle.
However, recent literature concerning disasters has highlighted the inadequate engagement of
the construction industry in reducing the risk of disasters. This emphasises the need to engage
the construction professionals adequately, in achieving a resilient built environment. Therefore,
it is of paramount importance to provide construction industries with the necessary capacity and
capability to plan, design, build and operate in such a way that will reduce vulnerability and
exposure, and increase resilience. In order to address this challenge, CADRE (Collaborative
Action towards Disaster Resilience Education), which is an EU funded research project, intends
to develop an innovative professional doctoral programme that addresses the career needs, and
upgrade the knowledge and skills, of practising professionals working to make communities
more resilient to disasters. Accordingly, the first phase of the research involved, capturing the
needs of 5 stakeholder groups associated in disaster resilience and management as well as
current and emerging skills and ultimately knowledge gaps, applicable to construction
practitioners towards enhancing societal resilience to disasters. In this context, the paper aims to
analyse the current and emerging knowledge gaps of construction practitioners as highlighted
by the national and local government stakeholders. Accordingly, the paper provides an
extensive analysis of knowledge gaps, which were captured via 20 semi-structured interviews
with national and local government stakeholders. Knowledge gaps were analysed in relation to
social, technological, environmental, economic and institutional factors and property life-cycle
stages. Some of the key knowledge gaps identified in the study are, business continuation
management; damage assessments and claims; financing, budgeting and estimating; building
codes, regulations and planning; resilient buildings and infrastructure; community
empowerment; stakeholder management; legal frameworks and compliance; disaster risk
assessment; environmental impact assessment and management; and knowledge management.


The cycle of processing the data in many application domains is complex and may involve real-world activities that are external to the database, e.g., wet-lab experiments, instrument readings, and manual measurements. These real-world activities may take long time to prepare for and to perform, and hence introduce inherently long time delays between the updates in the database. The presence of these long delays between the updates, along with the need for the intermediate results to be instantly available, makes supporting real-world activities in the database engine a challenging task. In this paper, we address these challenges through a system that enables users to reflect their updates immediately into the database while keeping track of the dependent and potentially invalid data items until they are re-validated. The proposed system includes: (1) semantics and syntax for interfaces through which users can express the dependencies among data items, (2) new operators to alert users when the returned query results contain potentially invalid or out-of-date data, and to enable evaluating queries on either valid data only, or both valid and potentially invalid data, and (3) mechanisms for data invalidation and revalidation. The proposed system is being realized via extensions to PostgreSQL.


Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is an emerging infection worldwide and the numbers of persons infected are increasing every year. Poor blood transfusion methods along with unsafe injection practices are potential sources for the rapid spread of infection. Early detection of HCV is the need of the hour especially in high riskgroup population as these individuals are severely immunocompromised. Enzyme Immunoassays are the most common detection techniques but they provide no evidence of active viremia or identification of infected individuals in the antibody-negative phase and their efficacy is limited in individuals within high risk group population. Molecular virological techniques have an important role in detecting active infection with utmost specificity and sensitivity. Technologies for assessment of HCV antibody and RNA levels have improved remarkably, as well as our understanding of how to best use these tests in patient management. This review aims to give an overview of the different serological and molecular methods employed in detecting HCV infection used nowadays. Additionally, the review gives an insight in the new molecular techniques that are being developed to improve the detection techniques particularly in High Risk Group population who are severely immunocompromised.


We show that generative models can be used to capture visual geometry constraints statistically. We use this fact to infer the 3D shape of object categories from raw single-view images. Differently from prior work, we use no external supervision, nor do we use multiple views or videos of the objects. We achieve this by a simple reconstruction task, exploiting the symmetry of the objects' shape and albedo. Specifically, given a single image of the object seen from an arbitrary viewpoint, our model predicts a symmetric canonical view, the corresponding 3D shape and a viewpoint transformation, and trains with the goal of reconstructing the input view, resembling an auto-encoder. Our experiments show that this method can recover the 3D shape of human faces, cat faces, and cars from single view images, without supervision. On benchmarks, we demonstrate superior accuracy compared to other methods that use supervision at the level of 2D image correspondences.


Rationale Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a focal dilation of the abdominal aorta that progresses to rupture, which is frequently fatal. The only existing treatments are high risk surgical interventions. These are not offered until the AAA is large (>5.5?cm) so patients remain under surveillance for many years. There is currently no medical therapy to offer. We have previously observed a senescent phenotype in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from end-stage human AAA. We hypothesise that there is a prior period of pathological VSMC remodelling which may be a promising and novel target for molecular therapies. Methodology Three murine models of early AAA were used – (i) AngII infusion to ApoE-/- mice and (ii) CaCl2 or (iii) porcine pancreatic elastase application to the aortic adventitia of C57BL6/J mice. VSMC remodelling was investigated in fixed and paraffin embedded aortic tissue harvested from the murine models using the histochemical stain Movat's Pentachrome and immunohistochemistry for the VSMC identification marker, αSMA. Slides were imaged with a digital slide scanner or confocal microscopy as appropriate. Aortic lumen volume was determined by in-vivo ultrasound. Results We observed VSMC remodelling in all three models of AAA. The remodelling was reduced by administration of a novel small-molecule inhibitor of PDGF induced VSMC remodelling. Inhibition of VSMC remodelling also reduced the severity of the aneurysms formed as assessed by 3D in-vivo ultrasound of the aortic lumen. Conclusions There is a major VSMC remodelling response in murine AAA and disrupting this response appears to suppress AAA formation.


: Query optimization is crucial for any data management system to achieve good performance. Recent advancements in Machine Learning (ML) have led to several efforts in the database research community that aim at improving query optimization with the help of ML. In particular, many works propose replacing the cost model used during plan enumeration with an ML model. The goal of these works is to learn a regression model from previously executed query plans that estimates the runtime of a given plan. Interestingly, it is well-known that what really matters in query optimization is the relative order of the query plan alternatives and not their actual cost or runtime. We thus take a learning-to-rank approach and propose a novel neural network model architecture that can predict the rank of a plan. It considers a plan in comparison with alternative plans of the same query and together with a loss function that incorporates ranking metrics into the learning process we highlight the learning-to-rank objective.To enable training, we first extract features from query plans by adapting a state-of-the-art deep learning approach so that all features are independent of the input dataset schema. Second, we devise two score functions that map the runtime of plans to scores which are then used as labels during training. We integrate the trained model into an adapted bottom-up plan enumeration algorithm that finds the best possible execution plan for a given query. We evaluate our approach against two state-of-the-art ML models and the highly tuned cost model of a commercial database and measure the runtime of the plans chosen in each case when executed in the database. We show that our approach achieves up to an order of magnitude better query performance than the comparison models and is able to either match (for short and medium-running queries) or outperform the commercial database (up to 5 × for long-running queries).


Multi-wavelength spectral energy distributions of Low Mass X-ray Binaries in the hard state are determined by the emission from a jet, for frequencies up to mid-infrared, and emission from the accretion flow in the optical to X-ray range. In the last years, the flat radio-to-mid-IR spectra of Black Hole (BH) X-ray binaries was described using the internal shocks model, which assumes that the fluctuations in the velocity of the ejecta along the jet are driven by the fluctuations in the accretion flow, described by the X-ray Power Density Spectrum (PDS). In this work we attempt to apply this model for the first time to a Neutron Star (NS) LMXB, i.e. 4U 0614+091. We used the multi-wavelength data set obtained in 2006, comprising data from radio to X-ray, and applied a model which includes an irradiated disc model for the accretion flow and an updated version of the internal shocks code for the ejection. The new version of the code allows to change the geometry of the jet for the case of non-conical jets. Only two alternative scenarios provide a satisfactory description of the data: using the X-ray PDS but in a non-conical geometry for the jet, or either using a conical geometry but with a "flicker-noise" PDS. Both scenarios would imply some differences with the results obtained with similar models on BH X-ray binaries, shedding light on the possibility that jets in NS and BH binaries might somehow have a different geometry or a different coupling with the accretion flow.


There are not many state institutions in the Czech Republic (CR) nowadays whose activities could attract such great attention from the media and wider public (both professional and general) as the National Library is managing to do. Its employees are collecting prestigious awards at home and abroad, unique historical acquisitions are finding their way into its collections, tens of thousands of visitors go to the exhibitions there, and one of the most discussed social topics is the planned con- struction of its new building – the project of Czech- British architect Jan Kaplicky . Although the headquarters of the National Library of the CR is the erstwhile Baroque cloister in the centre of Prague, known under the name of the Klementinum, under the leadership of the current director general, Vlastimil Jezek, it presents itself as a dynamic, modern institution. Despite not coming from a library environment, Jezek managed to combine the erudition of specialist staff with his vision of what a library of the 21st century should be like. In order to fulfil this vision, he also brought into the team collaborators from the areas of public relations and management.


Abstract We study questions in incidence geometry where the precise position of points is 'blurry' (for example due to noise, inaccuracy or error). Thus lines are replaced by narrow tubes, and more generally affine subspaces are replaced by their small neighborhood. We show that the presence of a sufficiently large number of approximately collinear triples in a set of points in ${\mathbb{C}}^d$ implies that the points are close to a low dimensional affine subspace. This can be viewed as a stable variant of the Sylvester–Gallai theorem and its extensions. Building on the recently found connection between Sylvester–Gallai type theorems and complex locally correctable codes (LCCs), we define the new notion of stable LCCs, in which the (local) correction procedure can also handle small perturbations in the Euclidean metric. We prove that such stable codes with constant query complexity do not exist. No impossibility results were known in any such local setting for more than two queries.


Phenomenological psychiatry has suffered from a failure to translate its insights into terms specific enough to be applied to psychiatric diagnosis or to be used in contemporary research programs. This difficulty can be understood in light of the well-known tradeoff between reliability and validity. We argue, however, that with sufficient ingenuity, phenomenological concepts can be adapted and applied in a research context.  Elsewhere, we have described a phenomenologically oriented conception of schizophrenia as a self- or ipseity-disorder with two main facets: decline in the sense of existing as a subject of awareness (diminished self-affection) and heightened awareness of aspects of experience that would normally remain tacit or presupposed (hyperreflexivity). This approach is consistent with Minkowski, Blankenburg, and Kimura and offers one possible synthesis of their views. Here we describe two areas of empirical research that are congruent with, or actually inspired by, a phenomenological approach emphasizing such disorders of consciousness and self-experience: (1) Phenomenologically oriented, interview studies show that, whereas negative-symptom patients generally deny any diminishment of affect and thinking, they do describe qualitative alterations of experience suggestive of hyperreflexivity and diminished self-affection. (2) Another line of research suggests that the early detection of schizophrenic symptoms may be enhanced by adopting a phenomenological approach.


The fossils to be described were collected by Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson, of Geelong, who obtained them from Muddy Creek, Hamilton; Bird Rock, near Geelong; and Waurn Ponds,—all from the formation which has been called in Australia "Miocene." As I had already described Australian Bryozoa from beds of the same age, I undertook the examination of these when Mr. Wilson so kindly sent them to me; and perhaps it would have been better for science if I had not so readily done so, but if a careful observer like Mr. Wilson, who is near the localities, had himself undertaken the description of the collection. They were sent to me for description with the request that the collection should afterwards be handed over to the Museum of the Geological Society; and I am sure I am only expressing the general feeling of the Fellows when I say that the Society is much indebted to Mr. Wilson for presenting them with collections upon which he had already spent much labour. Perhaps the most interesting forms are the Catenicellœ, a genus which Mr. Wilson was the first to point out occurred fossil (Journ. Micr. Soc. of Victoria, vol. i. p. 60, 1880), giving descriptions of 12 species. Shortly after this I described and figured a few species which I found in the material from Curdies Creek (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 309). In order to understand the fossil Catenicellæ, which are represented by 13 species, it became necessary


ABSTRACT

Mulyati, Isnaeni Fera. 2017. "The Comparison between Daremo Shiranai film by Hirokazu Koreeda and Sugamo Kodomo Okizari Jiken incident (Mimesis Study)". Thesis, Japanese Literature, Diponegoro University, Semarang. First advisor: Fajria Noviana, S.S., M.Hum. Second advisor: Arsi Widiandari S.S., M.Si.

Daremo Shiranai movie is inspired by the real incident of Sugamo Kodomo Okizari Jiken which is the abandonment of children by the mother in an apartment in Sugamo Tokyo. This situation is not known by the neighbors. The aims of this research are to compare child abandonment which is happend Daremoshiranai movie with the real incident.
This research uses descriptive-qualitative method and literary research. The theory used in analyzing the movie is structural theory and mimesis approach. The structural theory is applied to analyze the narrative elements in the movie, which are the relation of the narrative elements and space, time, characters, conflict, and purpose. On the other hand, mimesis approach is applied to compare child abandonment which is happened Daremo Shiranai film with real life version.
The result of the research is that the background of the story, the setting of place, the setting of time, the given name towards the victims of abandonment, the number of abandoned children, the death of the fourth children, the characterization of the mother and the closest friends of firstborn child, the role of Japanese Government, and the setting of social environment are the imitation developed by the director through his imagination.
It can be concluded that according to the story, the ignorance of the neighbor, who is also the owner of the apartment, towards the existence of the abandoned children is the impact of lack of communication and interaction between neighbors in apartment.

Keywords: mimesis, Sugamo, Daremo Shiranai.


Teaching Global Software Engineering is challenging since it is not trivial to simulate distance and the changes that distance brings into the traditional software development life cycle. Despite the challenge, the need to teach undergrad and graduate students the skills to work in such environment is well-known in academia. The goal of this paper is two-folded. First, we identify what has been thought, by whom and to whom by conducting a literature review. This review aims to consolidate the body of knowledge on the topic in order to help professors and professionals interested in teaching the subject. For instance, we found that 19 courses have been reported involving 25 countries in total since 1997. Most of the courses involves graduate students as the main audience, and mainly discuss challenges in distributed development. Our second goal is to propose the creation of a collaborative repository to store and to report teaching experiences on the topic helping the development and strengthening of the Teaching Network community.


Critiques of urban renewal and large-scale developments were prominent in the period 1960-80. In particular, they emphasized the negative environmental and social consequences of these schemes and especially attacked them for displacing low-income and ethnically different populations. In the 1980s and 1990s, we saw a decline in such projects in many places, responding to popular protest and intellectual dissent, along with a new emphasis on preservation. More recently, however, we see the revival of mega-projects, often connected with tourism and sports development and incorporating the designs of world-famous architects. Frequently these are on landfill or abandoned industrial sites. The symposium for which this is an introduction shows the growing convergence of North American and European projects. This convergence is visible in their physical form, their financing, and in the role played by the state in a world marked by neoliberalism. At the same time, the new projects do display a greater environmental sensitivity and commitment to urbanity than the modernist schemes of an earlier epoch. Copyright (c) 2009 The Authors. Journal Compilation (c) 2009 Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.


Energy direction is a function of frequency in low pass 2D lattice at frequencies close to the cut off. This property can be used to implement a high quality factor filter called electrical prism. Negative effective index was also shown to be achievable using the structure. Channeling of the signal and spatial filtering are the main reasons behind the filter having higher quality factor than component quality factor. This structure is specially interesting as it is easy to fabricate on conventional CMOS process.


It has been suggested that fluoride therapy, while increasing bone mass, produces bone with inferior mechanical properties. In the present report this hypothesis was tested using a novel reflection ultrasound technique. Transiliac crest bone biopsies were obtained from 16 patients with osteoporosis and vertebral compression fractures (12 women and 4 men, mean age 56 years) before and after approximately 2 years of intermittent slow‐release sodium fluoride therapy (25 mg twice a day) combined with continuous calcium citrate supplementation. Samples were analyzed by a reflection ultrasound method, which analyzes ultrasound velocity with a sample site resolution of 200 μm and thus provides a measure of the mechanical property of single trabeculae (material). For the group, mean fractional change in velocity increased 6.1 ± 2.3% (SEM) from a mean value of 3303 ± 80 to 3484 ± 55 m/s (p = 0.028). A total of 13 patients (81%) demonstrated higher velocities after treatment. Thus reflection ultrasound analysis of bone appears to provide a sensitive means of assessing changes in the material property of bone. Furthermore, these results suggest that the treatment regimen utilized in these patients improves strength of bone at the material or trabecular level largely independently of change in bone mass. The combination therapy also increased spinal (L2‐L4) bone density for the group as assessed by dual‐photon absorptiometry (5.3 ± 2.0%). There was no significant correlation between the change in ultrasound velocity and bone density (r = 0.0026, p = 0.996). This finding supports the suggestion that the strength of whole vertebrae (structure) could also have been increased following treatment as a result of a rise in bone mass, possibly from an increased number of trabeculae. Taken together the results support the possibility that intermittent slow‐release sodium fluoride treatment in combination with calcium citrate can enhance the strength of whole bone (spine) by improving the microscopic or material property of bone, as well as by increasing bone mass.


Whilst the influence of home is widely recognised as a significant feature in the development of children's literacy and learning (Heath, 1983; Nutbrown et al., 2005), research suggests that the traffic between home and school is traditionally one-way, and that the emphasis on parental involvement in schooling is often at the expense of developing better home-school relations (Feiler et al., 2006; Hughes and Kwok, 2007). Such relations, shaped by historically set roles and positions of unequal power can disadvantage certain families and communities (Lareau, 2000). Furthermore, despite wide recognition of the impact of new technologies and the work of the New London Group (Street, 1984), institutional conceptions of literacy arguably remain somewhat print-oriented and book-bound; teachers' practices continue to foreground traditional notions of reading and writing (Hasset, 2006; Marsh, 2003a; Yeo, 2007). Such conceptualisations may sideline children's out-of-school experiences, their home literacy learning and the involvement of their families and communities.

Furthermore, international research indicates that the primary profession tends to denote what families are expected to do to support school literacy and rarely recognises or builds upon parental support for wider literacy learning in homes and communities (Brain and Reed, 2003; Cairney, 2003). In England, Mottram and Hall (2009) suggest that the language of schooling tends to focus on purportedly simple notions of measurable attainment, often connected to the school improvement agenda. They consider that this has had a homogenising effect and resulted in children's literacy development being 'discussed according to levels and descriptors, rather than in the context of the child's home and family history' (2009:109). Whilst successive English governments have espoused the value of home-school partnerships, Muschamp et al., (2007) argue that new links between home and school need to be established, links that build on the practices and understandings that already exist in homes and communities. Additionally, Hughes and Kwok (2007) suggest that new strategies for enabling teachers to make personal connections with parents and children are needed.

The project Building Communities: Researching Literacy Lives, which is the focus of this chapter sought to develop such strategies and understandings. Funded by the Esmee Fairbairn Foundation and the United Kingdom Literacy Association, (UKLA) the project team of five mostly university- based researchers, worked alongside five Local Authority Co-ordinators (LACs) (mainly local authority literacy consultants) and eighteen primary phase teachers from English schools. The team sought to: support the teachers as researchers; help them explore their implicit assumptions about children and parents; develop an understanding of the cultural, linguistic and social assets children bring from home; and build new relationships with parents and children. The project was the third phase of work which in Phase I Teachers as Readers, examined 1200 primary teachers' knowledge and use of children's literature (Cremin et al, 2008a,b). In Phase II, Teachers as Readers: Building Communities of Readers, the team focused on widening teachers' knowledge of literature and other texts in order to develop reading for pleasure. During this phase, 45 teachers from five local authorities began to find out more about the realities of children's reading lives and new relationships were brokered, though relatively few stretched beyond the classroom. Those teachers that began to blur the boundaries between home and school and came to recognise the diverse nature of reading in the 21st century, made a marked impact children's conceptions of reading and on their growth as readers (Cremin et al, 2008c, 2009).

The Phase III project built upon these insights and sought to position teachers as researchers in order to develop their understanding about the uses and meanings of literacy in the children's homes and communities. In recognising the socially situated nature of literacy practices and the existence of multiple local literacies, (Barton and Hamilton, 1998; Gregory and Williams, 2000), the project raised questions from the outset about the value afforded different literacy practices in schools, homes and communities and highlighted the importance of the beliefs and attitudes that teachers, parents and others hold about these practices. Arguably 'taken for granted' assumptions about different children's ability to achieve in literacy and in schooling remain widespread. These conceive of some families, particularly minority ethnic groups and white working class, as lacking; they are not widely credited as having valuable literacy experiences. However, as studies have shown the cause of the under-achievement of some minority groups is related to the mismatch between the way language is used in linguistically and culturally diverse families and the way it is used in schools/ the system (Heath, 1983) and differences in school literacy achievements often relate to the inability of schools to recognise or build on the children's home literacy practices (Comber and Kamler, 2004; Thompson and Hall, 2008). In particular the work of Luis Moll who challenged the persistence of the deficit model of education was built upon in this study.


Tourism promotion represents popular public policy because of its focus on image improvement. After all, what politician would criticize efforts to "boost" the perception of one's own state and advertise the resources that draw attention, visitation, and positive notoriety? Indeed, promoting tourism is a political nobrainer. But, political convenience does not necessarily convey long-term societal improvement. Does it make good policy sense from the standpoint of rural development? Are increased levels of tourism in the best interest of communities affected by tourists? Are the jobs created by tourism the types of jobs needed by people in rural America? This paper argues that states should move away from traditional "boosterism" approaches that focus simply on stimulating tourism demand toward more integrative planning frameworks that focus on the real costs and benefits of tourism growth.


Eight Erwinia stewartii strains, 11 Erwinia ananas strains, and 7 Erwinia uredovora strains, as well as 9 phenotypically similar Erwinia herbicola strains and Enterobacter agglomerans LMG 5342, were compared by examining electropherograms prepared from their soluble proteins and were grouped into nine protein electrophoretic groups. The levels of DNA relatedness among these electrophoretic groups were determined spectrophotometrically from the renaturation rates at 74°C of the DNAs of 13 selected strains. The representatives from five protein electrophoretic groups, including E. ananas LMG 2665T (T = type strain) and E. uredovora LMG 2667T, exhibited 76 to 100% DNA binding to each other and constituted DNA hybridization group 2665. All E. stewartii strains (including LMG 2715T) were electrophoretically very similar; representatives of this species exhibited 93 to 99% DNA binding to each other and constituted DNA hybridization subgroup 2715. The strains belonging to the remaining three protein electrophoretic groups exhibited 94 to 96% DNA binding to each other and formed DNA hybridization subgroup 2632. The latter two subgroups were 60 to 83% (average, 73%) interrelated and exhibited 30 to 39% DNA binding to group 2665. It is proposed that E. ananas and E. uredovora should be united in a single species, which should be classified in the genus Pantoea as Pantoea ananas (Serrano 1928) comb. nov.; its type strain is strain LMG 2665 (= NCPPB 1846). This species also includes DNA hybridization group VI of Brenner et al. (D. J. Brenner, G. R. Fanning, J. K. Leete Knutson, A. G. Steigerwalt, and M. I. Krichevsky, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34:45-55, 1984). The transfer of E. stewartii to the genus Pantoea and the creation of two separate subspecies within Pantoea stewartii (Smith 1898) comb. nov. are also proposed. Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Smith 1898) comb. nov. (synonym, Erwinia stewartii) contains the strains belonging to subgroup 2715, and its type strain is strain LMG 2715 (= NCPPB 2295); and Pantoea stewartii subsp. indologenes subsp. nov. contains the strains belonging to subgroup 2632, and its type strain is strain LMG 2632 (= NCPPB 2280). As determined by principal-component analysis of the cellular fatty acid compositions, P. ananas, P. stewartii subsp. stewartii, and P. stewartii subsp. indologenes are separated from each other mainly by differences in the relative contents of cis-9-hexadecenoic acid (C16:1 cis 9), cyclo-heptadecanoic acid (C17:0 cyclo), and straight-chain octodecenoic acids (C18:1). P. stewartii subsp. stewartii can also be differentiated from P. ananas and P. stewartii subsp. indologenes by its inability to produce indole, to utilize citrate, to grow on cis-aconitate, and to form acid from seven carbohydrates. P. stewartii subsp. indologenes can also be separated from P. ananas by its inability to form acid from sorbitol and α-methyl-D-mannoside. Descriptions of P. ananas and P. stewartii and its two subspecies are given, and the description of the genus Pantoea is emended.


Deep reinforcement learning has recently been adopted for robot behavior learning, where robot skills are acquired and adapted from data generated by the robot while interacting with its environment through a trial-and-error process. Despite this success, most model-free deep reinforcement learning algorithms learn a task-specific policy from a clean slate and thus suffer from high sample complexity (i.e., they require a significant amount of interaction with the environment to learn reasonable policies and even more to reach convergence). They also suffer from poor initial performance due to executing a randomly initialized policy in the early stages of learning to obtain experience used to train a policy or value function. Model based deep reinforcement learning mitigates these shortcomings. However, it suffers from poor asymptotic performance in contrast to a model-free approach. In this work, we investigate knowledge transfer from a model-based teacher to a task-specific model-free learner to alleviate executing a randomly initialized policy in the early stages of learning. Our experiments show that this approach results in better asymptotic performance, enhanced initial performance, improved safety, better action effectiveness, and reduced sample complexity.


What implications might an understanding of a mutual dependence between the concepts of participation and coping have for professional engagement with service users? This article presents why participation is central to peoples' lives and how service user coping with and personal participating in everyday life might be understood. Service users have access to personal and environmental resources and want to manage their everyday life as much as possible. To be able to cope they have to participate. An analytical framework was developed as a result of a study based on qualitative interviews with service users in Norway. A framework was constructed to explore how the service users participated and coped with their everyday life – both on an individual level and through interactions with their environment. This framework emerged from preliminary analysis and was then used in further analysis of the data. The study showed that professionals would be advised to build on the participation and coping that service users had established in their daily life as citizens as well as people using social services. Some service users expressed that the more social contexts they participated in, the better they experienced their coping.


Heterogeneous communication networks with their variety of application demands, uncertain time-varying trafc load, and mixture of wired and wireless links pose several challenging problem in modeling and control. In this paper we focus on the round-trip time (RTT), which is a particularly important variable for efficient end-to-end congestion control. Based on a simple aggregated model of the network, an algorithm combining a Kalman lter and a change detection algorithm is proposed for RTT estimation. It is illustrated on real data that this algorithm provides estimates of significantly better accuracy as compared to the RTT estimator currently used in TCP.We also analyze how wireless links affect the RTT distribution. Link re-transmissions induce delays which do not conform to the assumptions on which the transport protocol is based. This causes undesired TCP control actions which reduce throughput. A link layer solution based on adding carefully selected delays to certain packets is proposed to counteract this problem.


This study is an attempt to highlight the need to prioritize the agriculture sector in policies aimed at alleviating poverty. The objectives are (1) to estimate and compare the incidence of poverty across various sectors of the economy with special focus on the agricultural sector and (2) to identify the major determinants of poverty in the agriculture sector. Poverty is measured in terms of head count, poverty gap and severity of poverty indices all determined as a function of household consumption level. Households with adult equivalent consumption below a consumption level necessary to acquire basic needs are defined as poor. The estimated measures of poverty are used to compare incidence of poverty across sectors of the economy. Adult equivalent consumption is then regressed against a series of explanatory variables to identify determinants of poverty. Results from consumption model are then simulated to gauge impact of various policy scenarios on poverty levels. Data sets are from the 2001 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey and 2005 Living Standard Measurement Survey.


Information Power Grid (IPG) is the name of NASA's project to build a fully distributed computing and data management environment-a Grid. The IPG project has near, medium, and long-term goals that represent a continuum of engineering, development, and research topics. The overall goal is to provide the NASA scientific and engineering communities a substantial increase in their ability to solve problems that depend on use of large-scale and/or dispersed resources: aggregated computing, diverse data archives, laboratory instruments and engineering test facilities, and human collaborators. The approach involves infrastructure and services than can locate, aggregate, integrate, and manage resources from across the NASA enterprise. An important aspect of IPG is to produce a common view of these resources, and at the same time provide for distributed management and local control. In addition to addressing the overall goal of enhanced science and engineering, there is a potential important side effect. With a large collection of resources that have common use interfaces and a common management approach, the potential exists for a considerable pool of computing capability that could relatively easily, for example, be called on in extraordinary situations such as crisis response.


Even though coronavirus infection of humans is not normally associated with severe diseases, the identification of the coronavirus responsible for the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome showed that highly pathogenic coronaviruses can enter the human population. Shortly thereafter, in Holland in 2004, another novel human coronavirus (HCoV-NL63) was isolated from a seven-month old infant suffering from respiratory symptoms. This virus has subsequently been identified in various countries, indicating a worldwide distribution. HCoV-NL63 has been shown to infect mainly children and the immunocommpromised, who presented with either mild upper respiratory symptoms (cough, fever and rhinorrhoea) or more serious lower respiratory tract involvement such as bronchiolitis and croup, which was observed mainly in younger children. In fact, HCoV-NL63 is the aetiological agent for up to 10% of all respiratory diseases. This review summarizes recent findings of human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 infections, including isolation and identification, phylogeny and taxonomy, genome structure and transcriptional regulation, transmission and pathogenesis, and detection and diagnosis.


In this paper, a heuristic procedure is proposed for the facility location problem with general Bernoulli demands. This is a discrete facility location problem with stochastic demands that can be formulated as a two-stage stochastic program with recourse. In particular, facility locations and customer assignments must be decided here and now, i.e., before knowing the customers who will actually require to be served. In a second stage, service decisions are made according to the actual requests. The heuristic proposed consists of a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure followed by a path relinking. The heterogeneous Bernoulli demands make prohibitive the computational effort for evaluating feasible solutions. Thus the expected cost of a feasible solution is simulated when necessary. The results of extensive computational tests performed for evaluating the quality of the heuristic are reported, showing that high-quality feasible solutions can be obtained for the problem in fairly small computational t...


ABSTRACT Little research has examined the experiences of lesbian/gay (LG) parent families or adoptive parent families in early childhood education settings. This study uses interview data to examine the perceptions and experiences of 45 lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples (90 individuals) with 10 adopted children with respect to their (1) openness with schools and teachers regarding their child's adoptive status, racial background, and LG–parent family status and (2) perceptions of school inclusivity and responsiveness with respect to adoption, race, and family structure. The majority of parents explicitly disclosed their adoptive and LG–parent family status with teachers, but few discussed children's racial background with teachers. Many parents viewed their children's schools and teachers as explicitly inclusive of all types of families, providing specific examples of teacher practices that they appreciated. Some parents viewed schools as tolerant but not explicitly inclusive; reactions to this approach varied, with some parents appreciating not being "singled out," and others feeling overlooked. Finally, some parents viewed schools as marginalizing toward their family's adoptive, LG–parent family, and multiracial status. Lesbian mothers tended to report less positive impressions of schools than gay fathers. Findings have implications for schools and teachers seeking to create an inclusive environment for diverse families.


Received August 30, 2002 Abstract We reported the use of controlled-release budesonide in the treatment of allergic enteropathy. A 7-year-old girl presented with features of allergic enteropathy complicated by malabsorption and protein losing enteropathy. She initially responded well to an elimination diet and a course of systemic steroid which however resulted in depressed height velocity. In view of unsatisfactory histological response, a course of controlled-release Budesonide (Entocort) was given for 6 months. This resulted in improvement in mucosa histology together with normalisation of height velocity. She was followed up for 6 years with no clinical relapse.


Scramjet airbreathing propulsion is a promising technology for efficient and economical access-to-space. Flow compression in the inlet and fuel combustion in the combustor play a major role in scramjet mechanism, their efficiencies crucially influencing the overall scramjet performance. A double-objective shape optimisation for an axisymmetric inlet and combustor configuration using hydrogen as fuel premixed into air has been performed for minimum total pressure loss and maximum combustion efficiency in the present study. A state-of-the-art MDO (multi-objective design optimisation) capability with surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms has been employed, coupled with a CFD solver for inviscid flowfields involving chemical reactions represented by Evans & Schexnayder's model. The obtained Pareto optimal front suggests the possibility of substantial improvement in efficiency and the counteracting nature of the two objective functions. Geometries with higher combustion efficiency are characterised by a higher compression inlet with larger leading-edge radius and a longer combustor, whereas opposite trends are observed for configurations with smaller total pressure loss.


Soil temperature and moisture profiles (soil climate) have a strong influence on the rate of trace gas exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere through the controls exerted on microbial processes and the physical exchange of gases. Principal controls of biological denitrification in mineral soils are the availability of carbon and nitrogen substrates and the soil anaerobic status. A process-oriented model of decomposition and denitrification in soils (DNDC) was modified to have a more detailed portrayal of these controls. In particular, a diffusive soil gas phase was added, along with a method for determining anaerobic and aerobic fractional volume within a soil profile. The model generally overestimated N2O fluxes when compared to field data from a sandy soil in Costa Rica, but captured the timing and shape of the brief flux episodes. Several modeling shortcomings are discussed, including the nature of the carbon substrates and the nature and dynamics of soil anaerobic fractional volume. Methane flux from wetland soils is generally correlated with soil temperature and depth to water table. A model of peat soil climate was developed and applied to a small, poor fen in southern New Hampshire. Temperature profiles and ice depth are in good agreement with field data, but depth to water table is more problematic. Field-based flux correlations to soil temperature, depth to water table, and weighted recent precipitation were developed. When used with the wetland soil climate model, much of the seasonal and shorter period flux variability was captured. The model was then driven by local weather data for 1926-1986; flux variability was dependent on both summer season temperatures and summer precipitation patterns. It is estimated that a five-year field study would capture most of the inter-annual variability. Sensitivity of northern peatland methane flux to climate variability was studied by combining data on flux rates, inundation areas, and summer temperature anomalies (1900-1986) for the eight major northern peatland regions. Spatial and temporal variability in summer temperature anomalies caused regional methane flux anomalies to be small, and not likely to provide a strong feedback to initial climate change.


In care and research, there is increasing interest in the daily lives of children with cerebral palsy (CP). So far, we know that CP can have a limiting impact on daily activities such as locomotion and self-care. What we, however, don't know is how children with CP develop over time in terms of their daily activities. Is there progress, stagnation, or decline, and to what degree, in which activities, in which children? Besides, little is known about how children with CP learn their daily activities. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to gain knowledge about both development and learning of daily activities in school-age children with CP. The development of daily activities in children with CP was examined between the age of 5 and 9 years in three domains: self-care, locomotion, and social functioning. To measure daily activities in these domains, the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory was used. First, the development over time was analyzed using the linear mixed models procedure. Averaged for the total group, significant increases over time were shown on each of the three domains. Then, each domain was analyzed for factors that may determine development over time. For self-care, development was best predicted by a model with gross motor function and intellectual capacity. For locomotion, development was best predicted by a model with gross motor function. For social functioning, development was best predicted by a model with arm-hand function and paternal educational level. Thus, it was found that many children with CP make progress in daily activities between the age of 5 and 9 years and, furthermore, that the development of specific daily activities can be predicted by multiple determinants. In addition to knowledge about development, knowledge about individual learning seems useful in order to optimize daily activities of children with CP. In this respect, classifying learning styles, as known in education and sports, could be one guide. The idea of classifying learning styles was introduced to pediatric rehabilitation and its relevance was examined among pediatric physical therapists and physical educators. Qualitative analyses showed that professionals' perceptions of classifying learning styles in children with CP were mostly positive, giving three main reasons: individual approach, professional communication, and treatment awareness. In this thesis, it is concluded that knowledge about both development and learning of daily activities in children with CP can help to create realistic expectations and goals for children with CP, their parents, and others involved. Moreover, this knowledge may help to optimize the daily activities of children with CP


A welded ferritic stainless steel heat exchanger cracked prior to service. The welding filler metal was identified as an austenitic stainless steel and the joining method as gas tungsten arc welding. Investigation (visual inspection, SEM images, 5.9x images, and 8.9x/119x images etched with Vilella's reagent followed by electrolytic etching in 10% oxalic acid) supported the conclusion that the heat exchanger cracked due to weld cold cracking or postwelding brittle overload that occurred via flexure during fabrication. The brittle nature of the weld was likely due to a combination of high residual stresses, a mixed microstructure, inclusions, and gross grain coarsening. These synergistic factors resulted from extreme heat input during fillet welding. Recommendations included altering the welding variables such as current, voltage, and travel speed to substantially reduce the heat input.


Abstract The phase transitions in deuterated lawsonite were investigated with high-resolution, time-offlight neutron diffraction between 2 and 500 K. From the analysis of spontaneous strain data, the thermodynamics of the phase transition at 273 K are not changed by the deuteration process. Shifts in atomic positions with temperature indicate continuous changes for a framework oxygen and for one of the deuterium atoms, whereas for the other deuterium atom, a more discontinuous behavior was observed in the average structure. Comparison of O···D and O···O bond lengths with IR data from a non-deuterated lawsonite permits a detailed analysis of assignments of O-H stretching modes


Topographic survey was undertaken to identify, record, and describe any extant structures and features associated with four mines and quarries within the Windermere lake catchment: Banks Quarry, near Elterwater (NY 3147 0432); Greenhead Gill Mine, Grasmere, (NY 3497 0864); Fairfield Mine, Grasmere (NY 3400 0980); and Providence Mine, Grasmere (NY 3390 1050). The surveys were undertaken between the 8th April and 3rd May 2013. Desk-top survey of historical information pertinent to each site, including historical maps, and records held in the Armitt Library and Kendal Record Office took place on the 8th and 10th May 2013.
Banks Quarry is a representative example of the type of slate quarry that were prevalent across the Coniston and Langdale valleys, characterised by the outcropping of the
Borrowdale Volcanic Series (BVS) rocks that provided the characteristic green slates. The rock was won from open quarries or adits following a narrow seam of good quality rock, and there were many separate quarry and processing areas concentrated in a localised area, each working a different part of the same seam. At the entrance to the adits or quarries were a series of riving sheds, where the coarse rock was cleaved into thin roof slates. Much
of the rock that was quarried, however, was discarded, producing considerable spoil which extended over earlier workings.


ABSTRACT Purpose The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has reached pandemic proportions within an unprecedented span of time. It is controversial whether the virus can be transmitted via tears and its ocular implications have not been widely studied. In this article, the current evidence related to ocular transmission and ocular manifestations is reviewed. Results Several mechanisms for the ocular transmission of the virus are proposed with highlight on the nasolacrimal system as a conduit between the eye and the respiratory tract, and the role of the lacrimal gland in hematogenous spread. Ocular surface manifestations such as conjunctivitis are more commonly reported. Conclusion The exact pathophysiology of ocular transmission of the virus remains incompletely understood, although there is preliminary evidence of SARS-CoV-2 being detected in ocular secretions. The ocular tropism of the virus and its potential to cause localized ocular disease are worth considering.


This individually-tailored program is designed to help students achieve their professional research-based career goals. A central component of the doctoral program in Teaching and Learning includes work on research projects that support collaboration with faculty and the application of course work as students develop their own research ideas. TAL's Ph.D. program emphasizes an understanding of theory in scholarly inquiry; the intellectual framing and conduct of empirical research; the placement of research within cultural contexts and policy settings; designing, implementing and testing of transformative learning-environments that promote deep learning; and critical analysis of policy, research and practice.


Cutting across geographical boundaries, literary genres and historical periods, Irish & Postcolonial Writing examines the complex, sometimes contested legacy of Ireland's postcolonial history. From the Act of Union to the present day, these essays consider how Irish writing responded to the history of colonial contact, in what ways in drew on the experience of other cultures, and how those comparative histories were translated and utilised. Opening with a number of essays dealing with the theoretical implications of a postcolonial reading of Ireland, the book's three-part structure then presents a series of comparative essays which appraise Ireland in relation to the Caribbean, the Orient, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Nigeria, while a final section offers a number of readings of twentieth century writers. Underlining the necessity for an integration of history, theory and practice, these essays examine a range of influences and interconnections, with contributors engaging with debates within cultural and gender studies, historiography, and nationalism. A much needed response to the expanding interest in Irish and Postcolonial studies, this essay collection brings together the work of several established as well as younger scholars.


Two Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterial strains were isolated from a hexane-treated, full-scale biofilter from an oil mill. The strains were cultivated with hexane as the sole carbon source. One strain, MN154.3(T), showed a fatty acid profile that contained 16 : 0, 18 : 1cis11 and 19 : 0 cyclo11-12 as major compounds, while the second strain, isolate MN28(T), contained 14 : 0 3-OH, 16 : 0 and 18 : 1cis11 as the predominant fatty acids. On the basis of almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequences, both strains could be allocated to the Nevskia branch of the class Gammaproteobacteria. The sequence similarities for strains MN154.3(T) and MN28(T) with respect to the most closely related type strains of this branch were 90.5 and 94.1 %, respectively. The sequence similarity between strains MN154.3(T) and MN28(T) was 90.6 %. The DNA G+C content of strain MN154.3(T) was 62.8 mol% and that for strain MN28(T) was 64.9 mol%. Both strains possessed ubiquinone-8 as the major quinone. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these two new isolates and several phenotypic differences exhibited with respect to known species of the Nevskia branch, strains MN154.3(T) and MN28(T) represent two novel genera and species, for which the names Alkanibacter difficilis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Singularimonas variicoloris gen. nov., sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of Alkanibacter difficilis gen. nov., sp. nov. is MN154.3(T) (=DSM 14804(T)=LMG 22842(T)) and that of Singularimonas variicoloris gen. nov., sp. nov. is MN28(T) (=DSM 15731(T)=LMG 22844(T)).


Mathematical design of multifactorial experiments in investigation of protective properties of antimicrobial drugs provided acceleration of preclinical study of new antimicrobial drugs, increasing its level and decreasing its size and cost. The advantage of the experiment mathematical design in investigation and estimation of protective properties of antimicrobial drugs was shown on a model of doxycycline chemotherapy of experimental anthracic infection caused by the vaccinal strain of the causative agent in albino mice. Second order quasi-D-optimal plans for 3-, 4- and 5-factorial experiments are presented and variation ranges of the main factors affecting chemotherapeutic activity of antimicrobial drugs are recommended: daily doses of the antibiotic, the inoculum size, the time of chemotherapy initiation after inoculation and the period of the preventive treatment. The main advantages of the experiment mathematical design in preclinical chemotherapy, along with economic utilization of experimental animals, are the following: possible estimation of the effect of every of the active factors on drug protective properties, objective evaluation of protective activity of drugs under various regimens of their use and feasibility of developing optimal schemes for drug use.


The needs and expectations of modern-day applications are changing in the sense that they not only need computing resources (processing power, memory or disk space), but also the ability to remain available to service user requests almost constantly 24 hours a day and 365 days a year. These needs and expectations of today's applications result in challenging research and development efforts in both the areas of computer hardware and software. Parallel supercomputers have been in the mainstream of high-performance computing for the last ten years. The decline of the dedicated parallel supercomputer has been compounded by the emergence of commodity-off-the-shelf clusters of PCs and workstations. Hence, the idea of the cluster came into front with certain recent technical capabilities, particularly in the area of networking, have brought this class of machine to the vanguard as a platform to run all types of parallel and distributed applications. This literature provides all the technical details required to implement the Beowulf Cluster in order to achieve high performance as well as high availability. The literature gives an overview of the features the system provides with.


The present article deals with Italy's housing crises after the Second World War and in the 1960s, which signalled the onset of the Italian "economic miracle." In the immediate aftermath of the war, the crisis amounted to a housing shortage caused by wartime destruction and social stagnation in the fascist period, demographic growth and a considerable rural exodus. The situation gradually evolved into a social crisis shaped by economic choices, as liberalism was heightened in the construction sector by state subsidies. Construction was effectively targeted at the middle class, so that working class residents were de facto segregated in substandard dwellings known under various designations. Opening with a summary of the many dimensions of the housing problem, the paper explores "crisis spaces," deprived areas and segregation processes, by focusing on three archetypal case studies: Matera's rural districts and Sassi, Rome's Borgate and Milan's Corre. The article finally tackles urban struggles and the role played by housing issues in the emergence of protest movements from 1968 onwards, as allegations of misappropriation of public funds against the administration began to hit the headlines.


Production by N-nitroso compounds of O6-alkylguanine (O6-alkylG) in DNA directs
the misincorporation of thymine during DNA replication, leading to G:C to A:T transition
mutations, despite the fact that DNA containing O6>alkylG:T base-pairs is less stable than
that containing O6-alkylG:C pairs. In the work presented in this thesis, the kinetics of
incorporation by Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I of thymine (T),
and of cytosine (C), opposite O6-meG in the template DNA strand were examined. Both T
and C were incorporated opposite O6-meG much slower than nucleotides forming regular
A:T or G:C base pairs. Using an excess of Klenow over DNA and various concentrations of
dXTF and dCTP, the progress of incorporation of a single nucleotide in a single catalytic
cycle of a preformed Klenow-DNA complex was measured (pre-steady state kinetics). The
results were consistent with the kinetic scheme:
1. polymerase-DNA binds dNTP;
2. conformational change in polymerase;
3. formation of phosphodiester between the dNTP and the 3'-OH of primer;
4. conformational change of polymerase;
5. release of pyrophsphate.
The results were analysed mathematically to identify the steps at which the rate constants
differ significantly between the incorporation of T and C. The only significant difference
was the 5-fold difference in the rates of formation of the phosphodiester bond (for dTTP,
kforward = 3.9 s-1 and kback = 1.9 s-1 for dCTP, kforward = 0.7 s-1 and kback = 0.9 s-l). The
equilibrium constants for each step suggest that the greatest change in the Gibbs' free
energy occurs at the conformational change after polymerisation, and that while the
formation of the phosphodiester bond to T is slightly exothermic, that to C is slightly
endothermic. The Kms calculated from the rate constants (Km = 33.5 μM (24.0-46.7)* for
both dTTP and dCTP [* 5% and 95% confidence limits]) were close to the approximate
Kms obtained from Michaelis-Menten analysis of the initial rates of pre-steady state
polymerisation (Km, = 30-35 μM for T and C). The measured progress of independently
determined steady state experiments (i.e. polymerisation under conditions of excess DNA
over Klenow) was close to that predicted from these calculated rate constants. The
incorporation of the nucleotide following C in an O6-meG:C pair was much slower than
that following T in an O^-meGiT pair. Taken with the available structural data (Kalnik et
al., 1988a, b), this suggests that the discrimination in favour of the incorporation of T
opposite O6-meG arises mainly because the T:O6-meG base-pair retains the Watson-Crick
configuration (with the N1 of the purine juxtaposed to N3 of the pyrimidine), whereas the
C:O6-meG base-pair is a wobble base pair with a distorted phosphodiester link 3' to the C.
The slow incorporation of C opposite O6-meG, and of the next correct nucleotide following
the incorporation of C, can be ascribed to the stereochemical problems encountered when
forming the distorted phosphodiester links. The recent X-ray crystallography data (Beese
et al., 1993) of a Klenow complexed with duplex DNA provided evidence that Klenow
fragment interacts with the primer-template through the phosphodiester backbone, thus an
incorporation event that produces a distortion in the phosphodiester backbone, such as the
incorporation of C opposite O6-meG, could very well reduce the rate of its incorporation.


Substantiated in the paper is urgency of development of pathogenetically adequate immunotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of HIV-infection, that is supposed to have good prospects. Consideration is given to experimental and clinical-and-immunological findings concerning effects of different immunomoderivative drug preparations and of their synthetic analogues on the trigger mechanisms, with sequelae of their development in the cytokin-chemokin system outlined. A possibility is shown based on principle of our using with an immunotherapeutic purpose some cytokins, soluble receptors, antibodies to cytokins and receptors, those antibodies and ligands combined with toxins, chemical compounds affecting the synthesis of cytokin and other biologically active substances as well. Unspecific active immunotherapy is regarded as a good supplement to antiretroviral therapy preventing development of resistance to drugs.


Abstract. Climate and weather conditions in the mid-latitudes are strongly driven by the large-scale atmosphere circulation. Observational data indicates that important components of the large-scale circulation have changed in recent decades including the strength of the Hadley cell, jets, storm tracks and planetary waves. Here, we use a statistical-dynamical atmosphere model (SDAM) to analyse the sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere dynamical components to changes in temperature fields by systematically altering the zonal temperature asymmetry and meridional temperature gradient as well as the global mean temperature. Our results show that the strength of the Hadley cell, storm tracks and jet streams depends almost linearly on both the global mean temperature and the meridional temperature gradient whereas the zonal temperature asymmetry has little or no influence. The magnitude of planetary waves is clearly affected by all three temperature components. The width of the Hadley cell behaves nonlinearly with respect to all three temperature components. Under global warming the temperature gradients are expected to change: Enhanced warming is expected in the Arctic, largely near the surface, and at the equator at high altitudes, altering the meridional temperature gradient. Further, land-ocean contrasts will change due to enhanced land warming. Also there is a pronounced seasonality to these warming patterns. Using SDAMs to disentangle and separately analyse the effect of individual temperature changes can help to understand observed and projected changes in large-scale atmosphere dynamics. Moreover, some of these observed large-scale atmospheric changes are expected from dynamical equations and therefore an important part of model validation.


Priscilla Renouf's more than 30 years of research on the human history of the Port au Choix peninsula was longue duree in execution as well as in perspective and contribution, resulting in notable insights into adaptations at Port au Choix itself and on the island of Newfoundland. This paper finds inspiration in Renouf's work at the site of Phillip's Garden (EeBi-1) on the Port au Choix peninsula. It proposes a model of integration and shared social context between Dorset in southern Labrador and Dorset in northwestern Newfoundland. Mobility and interconnection, key hallmarks of northern forager societies, are suggested through multiple lines of evidence that include the proximity and contemporaneity of sites in the two regions, the evidence of long-distance networks for exchange of Ramah chert, and the requirements of travel imposed by the twice yearly harp seal migration, which passed close to the Port au Choix peninsula in spring but followed the Labrador shore in late autumn.


The uptake rate of some sugars was demonstrated in human embryo fibroblasts following infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and a significant increase in glucose uptake was demonstrated. Quantitative and sequential analysis of glucose uptake during the HCMV replication cycle showed that the enhanced uptake began during the first 20 h after infection and occurred even when a high glucose level was constantly present in the medium. The increase in sugar uptake requires an active viral genome, de novo protein synthesis and seems to be dependent only on the early transcription of the viral genome, as it did occur when replication of the viral genome was limited (non-permissive cells or cells infected in the presence of DNA synthesis inhibitors).


We present a survey of 41 Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs) for exomoons using Bayesian photodynamics, more than tripling the number of KOIs surveyed with this technique. We find no compelling evidence for exomoons although 13 KOIs yield spurious detections driven by instrumental artifacts, stellar activity, and/or perturbations from unseen bodies. Regarding the latter, we find seven KOIs exhibiting >5 σ evidence of transit timing variations, including the "mega-Earth" Kepler-10c, likely indicating an additional planet in that system. We exploit the moderately large sample of 57 unique KOIs surveyed to date to infer several useful statistics. For example, although there is a diverse range in sensitivities, we find that we are sensitive to Pluto–Charon mass-ratio systems for ≃40% of KOIs studied and Earth–Moon mass-ratios for 1 in 8 cases. In terms of absolute mass, our limits probe down to 1.7 Ganymede masses, with a sensitivity to Earth-mass moons for 1 in 3 cases studied and to the smallest moons capable of sustaining an Earth-like atmosphere (0.3 M⨁) for 1 in 4. Despite the lack of positive detections to date, we caution against drawing conclusions yet, since our most interesting objects remain under analysis. Finally, we point out that had we searched for the photometric transit signals of exomoons alone, rather than using photodynamics, we estimate that 1 in 4 KOIs would have erroneously been concluded to harbor exomoons due to residual time correlated noise in the Kepler data, posing a serious problem for alternative methods.


Recent neuroimaging research has shown that it is possible to decode mental states and predict future consumer behavior from brain activity data (a time-series of images). However, the unique characteristics (and high dimensionality) of neuroimaging data, coupled with a need for neuroscientifically interpretable models, has largely discouraged the use of the entire brain's data as predictors. Instead, most neuroscientific research uses "regionalized" (partial-brain) data to reduce the computational burden and to improve interpretability (i.e., localizability of signal), at the cost of losing potential information. Here we propose a novel approach that can build whole-brain neural decoders (using the entire data set and capitalizing on the full correlational structure) that are both interpretable and computationally efficient. We exploit analytical properties of the partial least squares algorithm to build a regularized regression model with variable selection that boasts (in contrast to most statistical methods) a unique 'fit-once-tune-later' approach where users need to fit the model only once and can choose the best tuning parameters post-hoc. We demonstrate its efficacy in a large neuroimaging dataset against off-the-shelf prediction methods and show that our new method scales exceptionally with increasing data size, yields more interpretable results, and uses less computational memory, while retaining high predictive power.


The phylum 'Chordate' includes amphioxus, tunicate and vertebrate. The three groups evolved from a common ancestor. The evolution of chordates is a fascinating subject for biologists, who have long pondered which changes in the genome and genes were critical to the evolution, with no real resolution to this issue. Recent genome projects in the chordates have revealed a repertoire of so-called regulatory genes, and comparison of these essential genes for development has provided insights into chordate evolution. The ancestral chordate is estimated to have had approximately 80% of the genes in the extant chordate genomes. Some regulatory genes are specific to specific lineages, which may have led to the separation of amphioxus, tunicates and vertebrates.

Key concepts

Small subsets of genes encoding transcription factors and signal transductions play roles as conductors during development. These genes are called regulatory genes. Genetic changes in regulatory genes served as major driving forces for the evolution of chordates. The regulatory genes present in the ancestral chordate can be deduced by comparing the extant chordate genomes. This information is crucial to understand the evolution of chordates.

Keywords:

amphioxus;
tunicate;
vertebrate;
Ciona intestinalis;
evolution


Thick films of Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ were dip-coated on silica substrate from sols. The synthesis was accomplished by using aluminium tri-sec-butoxide, yttrium chloride and europium nitrate as starting materials and isopropanol as solvent. Single-crystalline Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ cubic perovskite thick films were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction and confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy observations. The Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ thick film waveguiding properties was studied using an He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) for "m-lines" spectroscopy (MLS), which showed that film thickness and refractive index were 1.3 µm and 1.6385  0.001, respectively, after 1100 °C heat treatment. The increase is associated with film crystallization produced by different heat treatments.


Objective: To develop a mathematical model that simulates whether or not to extract teeth in optimizing orthodontic treatment outcome and to formulate the morphologic traits sensitive to optimizing the tooth-extraction/nonextraction decisions. Materials and Methods: A total of 188 conventional orthodontic records of patients with good treatment outcomes were collected, and dentofacial morphologic traits, along with their degrees of influence in the optimized model, were determined. Results: The rate of coincidence between the recommendations given by the optimized model and the actual treatments performed was found to be 90.4%. The major morphologic traits and their corresponding influences in improving the simulation accuracy of the model were the incisor overjet (3.0) and the size of the basal arch relative to the sum of the mesiodistal crown diameters of the upper dentition (2.4) and the lower dentition (2.0). The remaining 22 morphologic-trait variables were also found to be indispensable in achieving robust simulation readings. Conclusion: A mathematical model that simulates whether or not to extract teeth in optimizing orthodontic treatment outcomes with a success rate of 90.4% at its prediction performance was developed. This model has 25 morphologic traits with four major categories (sagittal dentoskeletal and soft tissue relationship, vertical dentoskeletal relationship, transverse dental relationship, and intra-arch conditions) that affected the accuracy in determining optimal tooth extractions/nonextractions. (Angle Orthod. 2009;79:885–891.)


This guide will help students select and research a problem or issue in education relevant to school law for their final assignment.


The contexts and contents that have traditionally characterized education in the archives, libraries and museums fields conform, even nowadays, in a general way, to the dominant paradigm that goes back to ideas and perspectives emanating from the French Revolution. The historical, custodial and technical paradigm is the leading one today and professional training is organized, mostly, in accordance with this model. Besides, the prevailing curricular thinking has been colored by UNESCO's curriculum harmonization efforts back in the 1970's and 1980's and the approach of merging archives and libraries into information studies as undertaken by some institutions during the last two decades. This vision is discussed and critically examined in light of a new paradigm that emerges from the impact of the social, economic, cultural and technological conditions of the information society. The new information age has given rise to a recent perspective that understands archivistics, librarianship and, in some aspects, museology, as applied disciplines in the area of information science. This new perspective of convergence has as its object of study information and is seen as a unified and transdisciplinary field that convokes other disciplines in an obvious and profitable interdisciplinarity. Naturally, this epistemological perspective has implications for professional training and the respective models of curricula. In illustrating the theoretical considerations in this respect, reference is made to the undergraduate program named Licenciatura em Ciencia da Informacao taught jointly by the Faculty of Arts and the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Porto (Portugal). Custody, Technique and Document: Keywords of a Paradigm in Crisis The practices related to archives and libraries are as old as the invention of writing and they evolved in a natural way, since the use of information has always been a necessity. Information came to be recorded in a variety of media, thus making the existence of a memory possible that can be accessed an unlimited number of times and over the years, decades and centuries. The procedures involved in organizing (classification, arrangement, disposition) and representing (description, indexing, abstracting) information increased as a response to different needs and increasingly became more complex as the amount of information grew and the efficiency of retrieval became indispensable to the actions of persons, collectivities and institutions. In comparison with the longevity of millenary practices in archives and libraries, the disciplines related to these areas are remarkably young. They have only really emerged in modern times, following the spread of the ideas and perspectives of the French Revolution and within the context of the development of history and positivism during the nineteenth century. Archivistics, librarianship and even museology developed as autonomous disciplinary areas within an umbrella framework, which is here called the "historical, custodial and technical paradigm," characterized briefly in this way: * over-valorization of the custody or keeping, conservation and restoration of the medium as a basic function of the professional activity of librarians, archivists and museologists; * close association between the custodial and public mission/service of archives, libraries and museums with the preservation of a country's erudite culture; * emphasis on memory as a source of legitimacy for the state-nation, in harmony with an ideology of nationalist character; * growing importance of access to the "content" of documents through finding aids (guides, inventories, catalogs, indexes), where such documents are considered more as cultural heritage than as informational sources; * prevalence of the professional aspects over the scientific ones, thus instigating a strong and corporative spirit and sustaining the confusion between "profession" and "science," as if professional activities in archives, libraries or museums could generate autonomous disciplines such as archival science, librarianship or museology. …


Triangulum proposes a novel form of smart district development that integrates energy, ICT, and transportation to improve the efficiency of commerce and governance as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The goals of WP02 are to rigorously monitor and assess the impacts of the demonstration projects in the lead cities of Manchester, Eindhoven and Stavanger in order to support learning within and between them, and to underpin the Triangulum replication model being developed in WP06. The framework for monitoring and evaluation presented here will provide a basis by which the successes and challenges of projects can be assessed, enabling the construction of a cohesive reference architecture through which smart city districts can be replicated in the follower cities of Prague, Sabadell, and Leipzig.


This study aims to assess the benefit of being member of farmer group in improving income and relative economic efficiency on rice farm according to the comparison of farm income and the relative economic efficiency between farmer members and non-members of farmers group.  This research was conducted in Negara Ratu village of Natar Subdistrict of South Lampung Regency.  Farmer samples were selected randomly by simple random sampling. The total samples were seventy seven farmers, consisted of 38 farmer members and 39 non-farmer members.  The data was collected in February - March 2014. The benefits of farmers group was analyzed by t-test for the comparison of farm income and the profit function by adding the Dummy variable.  The results showed that the member farmer's income was higher than that of nonmembers of farmer groups. The relative economic efficiency of farmer group members were significantly higher than that of non members of farmers group, both in the first season and second season. Key words : farmer group members, relative economic efficiency, rice farming income


Studies of the lipid composition of the marine bacterium Caulobacter halobacteroides revealed the presence of glycolipid as the predominant lipid constituent. The presence of minor amounts of phospholipid was confirmed with the incorporation of 14C- and 32P-labeled compounds. Other marine caulobacters had similar lipid compositions. Five chromatographically separable glycolipids were detected, two of which were identified as mono- and diglycosyldiglycerides. Glycolipid constituted 90 to 99% of the total extractable lipid based on 14C-acetate incorporation into six marine caulobacter strains. In addition, comparisons were made with the lipid extracts of the nonmarine Caulobacter crescentus and Micrococcus lysodeikticus, which contain substantial amounts of phospholipid. Studies of lipid composition during growth showed the maximum amount of phospholipid during early logarithmic growth (2.9%) with a decrease to 0.3% in the early stationary phase. The finding of a group of organisms in which phospholipid is not a major constituent of the lipid fraction is unique and generates many questions about the lipid requirements for membrane structure and function.


In this paper we derive testable implications of a unitary farm household model and a non-unitary, i.e., bargaining, model. In the unitary household model the impact of spouse-specific resources and nonlabor income on household decisions should not be different from the model where the resources and nonlabor income are common to the household. In a bargaining model we expect to find impact of spouse-specific resources and nonlabor income. Our empirical tests are based on a small survey of households in the Cordillera region of Northern Luzon (Philippines). In this region each spouse retains specific rights on her or his inherited land, although within marriage this land is treated as part of the household farm. Inherited land is a truly exogenous variable, which we use as the indicator of bargaining power. We perform probit regressions in which the spouses' inherited land is a determinant of the probability that a husband or wife participates in the labor market. The statistical results provide some evidence of impact of spouse-specific resources on labor market participation decisions, and thus cast doubt on the unitary farm household model. They are compatible with the bargaining model of household behavior.


In electronic commerce paper-based trade documents are replaced by electronic messages that can be processed automatically by computer applications. Electronic contracting and negotiating is an advanced type of automated processing of electronic messages. The actual trade contract is negotiated on-line and concluded via an electronic network. To develop support software for electronic contracting, it is essential to have an adequate model of the content of a contract. One of the requirements of such a model is that it gives an adequate analysis of the obligations and rights of the partners to a contract. Obligations and permissions in trade contracts typically are directed: they hold between two parties. An example of a directed obligation is the obligation of a buyer to pay the seller money in exchange for goods. We present a formal model of directed obligations and permissions in trade contracts. This formal model can be used for the specification of software to support electronic contracting.


This study used principal components analysis to examine the structure of variables associated with pathological gambling. A large battery of questionnaires was administered to a sample of 141 gamblers who ranged from non-problem gamblers to severe pathological gamblers. We found a significant relationship between severity of pathological gambling and various measures of impulsivity, depression, anxiety, erroneous beliefs, and reports of early wins. Component analysis of these variables found four distinct components: emotional vulnerability, impulsivity, erroneous beliefs, and the experiences of wins. Component scores based on these components were regressed onto pathological gambling. Emotional vulnerability had the largest effect (β = 0.54), followed by early wins (β = 0.32), erroneous beliefs (β = 0.31), and impulsivity (β = 0.23). The overall model accounted for 53.4% of the variance of pathological gambling. The findings confirm the idea that there may be several different risk factors that explain the development of pathological gambling.


The Bluebanded goby, Lythrypnus dalli, is a popular ornamental aquarium species and a key organism for the study of several fundamental biological questions, most notably reversible sex change in adults. To maximize the tractability of this species as an emerging model system, it is essential to have an optimized propagation system and a detailed developmental staging scheme. One limitation to the larviculture of L. dalli is the relatively small size of the larvae, which makes the transition from yolk to feeding challenging. We developed a protocol and successfully reared three generations of L. dalli in the laboratory. The protocol contains several key innovations for the rearing of diminutive fish larvae, including tank design and co-culturing of microalgae (Isochrysis galbana) with copepods (Parvocalanus sp.) in the larval rearing tanks. In addition, we describe the embryonic and larval development of L. dalli under controlled conditions and in comparison with the model organism Danio rerio. We found that at 21°C L. dalli larvae hatch in 4 days, reach flexion in 18–25 days and are sexually mature by 3 months. Overall, the embryonic development of L. dalli is remarkably similar to D. rerio with several striking differences, including the position and shape of the blastomere, size of the neuromasts and corresponding cupula, and relative timing of pigmentation and brain subdivision. The ability to rear this species in captivity is a valuable tool that could be utilized for a variety of similarly diminutive species and to address a greater breadth and depth of biological questions.


An iTRAQ-based tandem mass spectrometry approach was employed to relatively quantify proteins in the membrane proteome of eleven gastric cancer cell lines relative to a denominator non-cancer gastric epithelial cell line HFE145. Of the 882 proteins detected, 57 proteins were found to be upregulated with > 1.3-fold change in at least 6 of the 11 cell lines. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these proteins are significantly associated with cancer, cell growth and proliferation, death, survival and cell movement. The catalogue of membrane proteins presented that are potential regulators/effectors of gastric cancer progression has implications in cancer therapy. DLAT, a subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, was selected as a candidate protein for further studies as its function in gastric cancer has yet to be established. SiRNA studies supported a role of DLAT in gastric cancer cell proliferation and carbohydrate metabolism, reprogramming of which is a hallmark of cancer. Our study contributes to recent interest and discussion in cancer energetics and related phenomena such as the Warburg and Reverse Warburg effects. Future mechanistic studies should lead to the elucidation of the mode of action of DLAT in human gastric cancer and establish DLAT as a viable drug target.


Josh Wolf claims to be the longest jailed journalist in American history after courts rejected his journalist's privilege claims and he spent 226 days in prison. But was the blogger really a journalist entitled to invoke privilege protections? Academics, journalists, lawyers, judges and lawmakers have struggled to articulate legal definitions of journalism as bloggers increasingly seek newsgathering protections. This article evaluates controversies in state statutory interpretation, federal shield law proposals and federal common-law development. The article argues that the analytical evolution in federal and state case law supports expanding privilege protection to bloggers whose purposes, processes and products are similar to professional journalists' historical practices and values.


Interaction design is increasingly merging with designing our everyday environment. Trialing and evaluating such designs in an ecologically valid way often requires that they be installed in public space without clearly communicating their nature as trials. This leads to unaware participation in what, in fact, is an experimental intervention. This article focuses on the ethical considerations that arise from doing, and studying, interventions in public space, including but not restricted to interactive installations. It argues that under certain circumstances, such as when the known risks are low and the intervention presents sufficient support for avoiding involvement, active participation can be considered implicit consent. We revisit some example interventions from literature and press to scrutinize the potential risks and pitfalls associated to unaware participation.