Searching for two targets simultaneously is often less efficient than conducting two separate searches. Eye movements were tracked to understand the source of this dual-target cost. Findings are discussed in the context of security screening. In both single-target and dual-target search, displays contained one target at most. Stimuli were abstract shapes modeled after guns and other threat items. With these targets and distractors, color information was more helpful in guiding search than shape information. When the two targets had different colors, distractors with colors different from either target were fixated more often in dual-target search than in single-target searches. Thus a dual-target cost arose from a reduction in color selectivity, reflecting limitations in the ability to represent two target features simultaneously and use them to guide search. Because of these limitations, performance in security searches may improve if each image was searched by two screeners, each specializing in a different category of threat item


There is a power to language itself in affecting media reform around the world. The field of media regulation is filled with examples of strong ideas, encapsulated in words and phrases, that have an enormous impact on legislative transformation, examples, too, where the export of these phrases seems a characteristic of globalization. Two such themes entering the central vocabulary are "Privatization" and "self-regulation." Once local to the developed countries as a category or mode of discourse, these terms now are found in the idealized toolkit of change everywhere. These concepts have advanced or are advancing from being a mere descriptor of a technique to something closer to a point of advocacy, a measure of satisfaction in terms of a Western template. These two concepts?privatization and self-regulation-are specifically part of the armament to lessen dependence of the media on government. Greater privatization and an emphasis on self regulation generally reduce the capacity of authoritarian entities to exercise control. Simultaneously, they are aspects of a global discourse that is central to a specific restructuring process: competition among multinationals may require autonomous private media entities engaged in terrestrial distribution.


Fifty-five male rats (Rattus novergicus ), Wistar variety, were used with the purpose of suggesting an experimental model of spinal cord trauma performed by using a modified stereotaxic equipment capable to reproduce clinically (standardized) pattern spinal cord injury. After dorsal laminectomy of T13, a compression was performed with 50.5g (25 animals - group I) or 70.5g (30 animals - group II) during five minutes on spinal cord. The animals were assisted during eight days by behavioral tests to evaluate painful sensibility, motor capacity, proprioceptive and tactil placing, and stability on inclined plan. In the group I, moderate and transitory neurological deficits were observed, that varied among the animals. In the group II, a standardized trauma was obtained, characterized by bilateral and symmetrical paraplegia of hindlimbs, loss of proprioception, and painful sensibility in all the animals. The use of developed stereotaxic equipment allowed to reproduce pattern spinal cord injury in rats, by a simply, economic, and satisfactory way. This can provide progresses in the therapeutic investigations embracing neurodegenerative diseases, like spinal cord injury.


Abstract. A Rayleigh–Raman lidar system was installed in January 2011 at Syowa Station, Antarctica (69.0° S, 39.6° E). Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) were detected by lidar at around 22:30 UTC (LT −3 h) on 4 February 2011, which was the first day of observation. This was the first detection of PMCs over Syowa Station by lidar. On the same day, a Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radar with oblique-incidence beams detected polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) between 21:30 and 23:00 UTC. This event is regarded as the last PMC activity around Syowa Station during the austral summer season (2010–2011), since no other PMC signals were detected by lidar in February 2011. This is consistent with results of PMC and mesopause temperature observations by satellite-born instruments of AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere)/CIPS (Cloud Imaging and Particle Size) and AURA/MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) and horizontal wind measurements taken by a separate MF radar. Doppler velocity of PMSE observed by the HF radar showed motion toward Syowa Station (westward). This westward motion is consistent with the wind velocities obtained by the MF radar. However, the PMSE region showed horizontal motion from a north-to-south direction during the PMC event. This event indicates that the apparent horizontal motion of the PMSE region can deviate from neutral wind directions and observed Doppler velocities.


Immunogold-silver staining is a relatively new technique in light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. It is based on silver enhancement of 1 to 10 nm gold probes immunologically bound to antigenic determinants in tissue sections. The detection efficiency of this third-generation detection technique is compared to that of the peroxidase-based ABC technique in routinely processed, paraffin-embedded, human biopsy material.


Packet-based networks, enabled by lasers, are still surprisingly inflexible. This paper looks at the photonic technologies that are helping them loosen up and keep our data flowing. With regards to this, the reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer was presented that could save operating costs by eliminating the need to send an engineer to a network node to install or configure the optical equipment. It would also mean that network set-ups could be reworked in minutes, not days.


Sparse regularization is a central technique for both machine learning (to achieve supervised features selection or unsupervised mixture learning) and imaging sciences (to achieve super-resolution). Existing performance guaranties assume a separation of the spikes based on an ad-hoc (usually Euclidean) minimum distance condition, which ignores the geometry of the problem. In this article, we study the BLASSO (i.e. the off-the-grid version of $\ell^1$ LASSO regularization) and show that the Fisher-Rao distance is the natural way to ensure and quantify support recovery, since it preserves the invariance of the problem under reparameterization. We prove that under mild regularity and curvature conditions, stable support identification is achieved even in the presence of randomized sub-sampled observations (which is the case in compressed sensing or learning scenario). On deconvolution problems, which are translation invariant, this generalizes to the multi-dimensional setting existing results of the literature. For more complex translation-varying problems, such as Laplace transform inversion, this gives the first geometry-aware guarantees for sparse recovery.


Number sense is defined as the process of extracting numerical information by estimating numerosity and magnitudes of numerical symbols. Humans show great variability in estimation skills from an early age. Although little is known about the origin of individual differences in number sense, these individual variations positively correlate with mathematics. This thesis presents the first large-scale genetically sensitive investigation into the origins of number sense and into the nature of its relationship with mathematics. The research plan can be devised in two parts. In the first phase, a battery of web-tests age appropriate for 16-year olds, designed to assess number sense (as measured by numerosity and magnitude estimation), mathematics and cognitive abilities was created and validated. The battery was then administered to the large UK representative of twins of the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS).

In the second phase, using data from 7,598 sixteen year-old twins from the TEDS sample, this thesis used univariate and multivariate genetic analyses to investigate the contribution of genes and environment to individual differences in number sense and to its association with mathematics. The results suggested that individual differences in number sense abilities were mostly driven by non-shared environmental factors, with modest contribution of genetic factors. No average or aetiological sex differences were found in number sense. The relationship between mathematics and number sense was largely genetically mediated. However, contrary to the predictions, the genetic relationship between number sense and mathematics was found to be mediated by g. The existing longitudinal data in the TEDS sample was used to investigate the retrospective relationship between number sense, measured at 16, and mathematics and a range of cognitive abilities, measured at 16 and at previous ages as far back as age 7. The results suggest that the relationship between mathematics and number sense may be uneven across development. In particular, numerosity estimation may be important only at the very early stages of mathematical learning. Overall, this investigation did not find evidence that number sense is what is "special" about mathematics. The results support the Generalist Genes Hypothesis that same genes contribute to individual differences in various aspects of cognition and learning.


The processes of controlled rolling and cooling were simulated using hot compression tests on a Gleeble 1500 simulator with boron microalloyed medium-carbon steel. Effects of finish rolling temperature ranging from 760oC to 840oC and loop-laying temperature ranging from 660oC to 700oC on the microstructure evolution were studied. Experimental observations show that the average grain size of ferrite decreases while the volume fractions of ferrite and spheroidized pearlite increase when lowering rolling temperature. The maximum volume fraction of ferrite (62%) reached in our tests was obtained in the specimen whose rolling temperature and loop-laying temperature was 760oC and 700oC respectively. Excessive precipitation of the ferrite resulted in the carbon enrichment on some grain boundaries. Boron addition is effective to improve hot plastic deformation ability by removing nitrogen from AlN to form coarse BN particles on the grain boundaries.


OBJECTIVE
To summarize the clinical outcomes and complications of pars plana vitrectomy with perfluoro-n-octane (PFO)-silicone oil exchange and endolaser retinopexy for treatment of retinal detachment (RD) in dogs, at one surgical center.

PROCEDURE
Records of 145 dogs (168 eyes) that underwent retinal reattachment surgery (RR) between 2005 and 2009 were reviewed. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon (SS). Data collected from the medical records included signalment, duration of time from diagnosis of RD to surgical intervention, if prior lensectomy was performed, time from surgery to restoration of vision, and postoperative complications. The data was analyzed to test the effect of breed, prior lensectomy, and time from diagnosis to surgery on visual outcome, tendency for complications, and time of complication onset.

RESULTS
One hundred thirty pure-bred dogs (36 breeds) and 15 mixed-breed dogs were represented. One hundred fifty-five of 168 eyes (92%) were visual after surgery. Six of 155 eyes (3.8%) were visual before the procedure and retained vision; one hundred forty-nine of 155 eyes (96%) were nonvisual before and regained vision afterward. Thirteen of 168 eyes (8%) that were nonvisual prior to the procedure did not regain vision. The most common complications in order of occurrence included: cataract development, silicone prolapse into the anterior chamber, corneal ulceration, retinal degeneration, glaucoma, and uveitis.

CONCLUSIONS
Pars plana vitrectomy with PFO-silicone oil exchange and endolaser retinopexy for treatment of RD in dogs is highly successful and associated with overall good visual outcome.


Learning a deep neural network requires solving a challenging optimization problem: it is a high-dimensional, non-convex and non-smooth minimization problem with a large number of terms. The current practice in neural network optimization is to rely on the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm or its adaptive variants. However, SGD requires a hand-designed schedule for the learning rate. In addition, its adaptive variants tend to produce solutions that generalize less well on unseen data than SGD with a hand-designed schedule. We present an optimization method that offers empirically the best of both worlds: our algorithm yields good generalization performance while requiring only one hyper-parameter. Our approach is based on a composite proximal framework, which exploits the compositional nature of deep neural networks and can leverage powerful convex optimization algorithms by design. Specifically, we employ the Frank-Wolfe (FW) algorithm for SVM, which computes an optimal step-size in closed-form at each time-step. We further show that the descent direction is given by a simple backward pass in the network, yielding the same computational cost per iteration as SGD. We present experiments on the CIFAR and SNLI data sets, where we demonstrate the significant superiority of our method over Adam, Adagrad, as well as the recently proposed BPGrad and AMSGrad. Furthermore, we compare our algorithm to SGD with a hand-designed learning rate schedule, and show that it provides similar generalization while converging faster. The code is publicly available at this https URL.


Augmented reality is a display technique that combines supplemental information with the real world environment. Augmented reality systems are on the verge of being used everyday in medical training, preoperative planning, preoperative and intraoperative data visualization, and intraoperative tool guidance. The basic technologies of augmented reality are discussed, augmented reality systems currently being used in the medical domain are examined, and some future uses of these systems in orthopaedic applications are explored.


Amyloidosis is a rare group of diseases characterized by abnormal folding of proteins and extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrils. It can be localized to one organ system or can have systemic involvement. The kidney is the most common organ to be involved in systemic amyloidosis often leading to renal failure and the nephrotic syndrome. The two most common types of renal amyloidosis are immunoglobulin light chain-derived amyloidosis (AL) and reactive amyloidosis (AA). A novel form of amyloidosis (ALECT2) derived from leukocyte chemotactic factor 2 (LECT-2) and primarily involving the kidneys was first described by Benson et al in 2008. The liver was subsequently identified as the second most common organ involved in ALECT2 amyloidosis. LECT-2 is a unique protein that can form amyloid deposits even in its unmutated form. Patients with ALECT2 present with minimal proteinuria in contrast to other forms of amyloidosis especially AL and AA. They may present with slightly elevated serum creatinine. Nephrotic syndrome and hematuria are rare. ALECT2 can be found in association with other types of amyloidosis as well as malignancies or autoimmune diseases. ALECT2 may be confused with amyloidosis associated with light and heavy chain monoclonal gammopathy if the immunofluorescence is positive with anti-light chain and anti-AA sera. The other organs involved are the duodenum, adrenal gland, spleen, prostate, gall bladder, pancreas, small bowel, parathyroid gland, heart, and pulmonary alveolar septa, but consistently uninvolved organs included brain and fibroadipose tissue. A renal biopsy along with characteristic features found on immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry is diagnostic of ALECT2. ALECT2 should be suspected when all markers for AL and AA are negative. Proper diagnosis of ALECT2 can determine need for supportive care versus more aggressive interventions.


ABSTRACT Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection induces clinical symptoms in the upper respiratory tract, inhibits immune responses, and can lead to life-threatening secondary bacterial infections. Following acute infection, BHV-1 establishes latency in sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia, but stress can induce reactivation from latency. The latency-related (LR) RNA is the only viral transcript abundantly expressed in latently infected sensory neurons. An LR mutant virus with stop codons at the amino terminus of the first open reading frame (ORF) in the LR gene (ORF2) is not reactivated from latency, in part because it induces higher levels of apoptosis in infected neurons. ORF2 inhibits apoptosis in transiently transfected cells, suggesting that it plays a crucial role in the latency-reactivation cycle. ORF2 also interacts with Notch1 or Notch3 and inhibits its ability to trans activate certain viral promoters. Notch3 RNA and protein levels are increased during reactivation from latency, suggesting that Notch may promote reactivation. Activated Notch signaling interferes with neuronal differentiation, in part because neurite and axon generation is blocked. In this study, we demonstrated that ORF2 promotes neurite formation in mouse neuroblastoma cells overexpressing Notch1 or Notch3. ORF2 also interfered with Notch-mediated trans activation of the promoter that regulates the expression of Hairy Enhancer of Split 5, an inhibitor of neurite formation. Additional studies provided evidence that ORF2 promotes the degradation of Notch3, but not that of Notch1, in a proteasome-dependent manner. In summary, these studies suggest that ORF2 promotes a mature neuronal phenotype that enhances the survival of infected neurons and consequently increases the pool of latently infected neurons.


Which risks are social and which are private? How much of their GDP do states spend on social welfare? Who exactly is entitled to which benefits? Is it still possible to finance an encompassing welfare state in times of deindustrialization, technological and demographic change, and globalization? And why do the answers to these questions differ so much across countries? These and similar questions—all central to social cohesion in capitalist democracies—ensure that the analysis of welfare politics is one of the theoretically as well as methodologically most dynamic and richest research areas within comparative political economy and political science more generally. Besides outlining the comparative development and the difficulty of measuring social policy, the focus of this contribution lies in a critical review of the most important past and current theoretical debates in the field of welfare state research, as a subfield of comparative political economy. These debates include party- and power-resource-centered approaches and their critiques, institutional explanations of welfare state retrenchment and restructuring, and the importance of multidimensional distributional effects for the analysis of social policy. The article concludes with a review of three more recent debates: the importance of public opinion and individual preferences for the development of the welfare state, the interaction of social policy and the changes of party systems, and the increasing relevance of social investment policies. The political and scientific need for innovative political science research will continue for the foreseeable future: Theory building and methodological possibilities are developing quickly, and the welfare states as research subject are constantly being challenged.


The main objective of the study is to empirically investigate the impact of the Conventional stock market index on the Islamic stock market index and the comparative performance of the two stock market indexes. For the purpose of the study, daily observations of Dow Jones Islamic Market US Titans 50 (DJUS50) and Dow Jones Composite Index (DJA) spanning a period from January 2015 until December 2021 are obtained from the Investing.com database. Risk-adjusted performance, VAR model, granger-causality test, generalized impulse response functions, and Johansen cointegration tests are used to investigate the behavior and performance of the Islamic market index empirically. Results based on risk-adjusted performance indicate that the Islamic market index performs better than the Conventional market index. Furthermore, the results suggest no long-run association between the indexes, while there is short-run bidirectional causality. This study will contribute both to the literature and practice. It will contribute to the already existing literature through the usage of the newest data, while the practical implication will help investors to better understand the behavior of the Islamic stock market index.


Purpose: To develop a fast landmarks based deformable registration method to capture the soft tissue transformation between the planning 3D CTimages and treatment 3D cone‐beam CT(CBCT)images for the adaptive external beam radiotherapy(EBRT).Method and Materials: The developed method was based on a global‐to‐local landmarks based deformable registration algorithm. The landmarks were first acquired by applying a fast segmentation method using active shape model. The global registration method was applied to establish a registration framework. The Laplacian surface deformation (LSD) and Laplacian surfaceoptimization (LSO) method were then employed for local deformation and remeshing respectively to reach an optimal registration solution. In LSD the deformed mesh is generated by minimizing the quadratic energy to keep the shape and to move control points to the target position. In LSO a mesh is reconstructed by minimizing the quadratic energy to smooth the object by minimizing the difference while keeping the landmarks unchanged. The method was applied on 6 EBRT prostate datasets. The distance and volume based estimators were used to evaluate the results. The target volumes delineated by physicians were used as gold standards in the evaluation. Results: The entire segmentation and registration processing time was within 1 minute for all the datasets. The mean distance estimators ranged from 0.43 mm to 2.23 mm for the corresponding model points between the treatment CBCTimages and the registered planning images. The mean overlap ratio ranged from 84.5% to 93.6% of the prostate volumes after registration. These results demonstrated reasonably good agreement between the developed method and the gold standards. Conclusions: A novel and fast landmarks based deformable registration method is developed to capture the soft tissue transformation between the planning and treatment images. The preliminary results show that the method has the potential to be applied to real‐time adaptive radiotherapy.


Background: No severity-of-illness scoring system has been specifically designed for patients under prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV). Objective: To validate the Multi-INdependence Dimensions (MIND) questionnaire, a comprehensive measure of health status of PMV patients. Methods: The MIND questionnaire was composed of 11 components developed from a Delphi panel and existing measures. Key components were: cognition, feeding/swallowing, sleep, skin integrity, oxygenation, cough strength, secretion management, mobility, upper and lower limb strength, ventilator dependence and co-morbidities. The questionnaire was tested in patients admitted to 5 weaning facilities in 3 countries (Argentina, Colombia and Germany). MIND, Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle strength score, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Dependence Nursing Scale (DNS) and EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) were evaluated at inclusion. MIND and clinician global impression of change (CGIC) were evaluated after one day and 30 days after inclusion. Results: 128 patients (65 (SD=15.5) years) were included; 50% male; 34.4% COPD/Chronic Lung Disease, 18.8% Neuromuscular Disorders, 10.9% Cerebrovascular Disorders and 9.4% Cardiovascular Disorders. Four composite scores were created. All scores showed good test-retest reliability and correlated meaningfully with MRC score, SOFA, DNS, GCS and EQ-5D, supporting their validity. MIND scores were able to detect improvement in patient health status. Conclusion: The MIND questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring comprehensively the multiple dimensions characterizing the health status of PMV patients.


In this thesis I look at the translations of six fictional and non-fictional first-person texts. Two are transgender, two intersex and two agender; they are from every century between the seventeenth and the twenty-first and are originally written in French, Spanish and English. The writers of all of these texts specifically use writing to show their gender identity, whether that be shifting or non-binary. I label all of my texts and their protagonists undecidable; undecidability is an inherent characteristic of texts written by or about trans people and I argue that translation is the best place to explore and represent this undecidability. The texts are undecidable because they are a mixture of fact and fiction – they are intertextual with unreliable narrators and open endings. The protagonists are undecidable because no decision should ever be made about whether they are male or female, masculine or feminine.
My research shows that while undecidability is heightened in my texts, all bodies and all texts are in some ways undecidable. It looks to Deleuze to consider how they are made up of constant becomings and unbecomings and to Derrida to consider these becomings as spectres. I argue that no text or body is ever finished and texts and bodies are haunted by the ghosts of former and future texts and bodies. To represent this in translation I look to the palimpsest, the hypertext and the cut-out technique. These queer translation experiments highlight the sexual and textual undecidability that is in every text and body; it is the juxtaposition of trans embodiment and translation that helps us to see that both gender (but especially trans-gender) and writing (but especially translation) are multiple, radical, queer and undecidable, always open to being (re)read and (re)written by the author, the translator and the reader.


In this research, we examined the effects of (1) business-related and strategic IT-related knowledge of the chief information officer (CIO) and the top management team (TMT) and (2) engagements between the CIO and members of the top management team on firms' success in using information technology (IT) to support their business strategies and value-chain activities. Using a cross-sectional field study of 169 companies, our research found that CIOs with high strategic IT and business-related knowledge enjoyed significantly greater participation in top management teams. Further, CIO's strategic IT and business knowledge and their participation in top management teams influenced their firms' extent of IT deployment in business strategies and value-chain activities. The strength of these relationships was most prominent where firms viewed information technology's role as fundamentally transforming their business processes or industry structure. Further, interestingly, we found no direct impact of the top management team's IT knowledge or reporting relationship of the CIO with the CEO on the firms' extent of IT deployment.


The regional climate of the Arabian Gulf region is modeled using a set of simulations based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, including a 30-yr benchmark simulation driven by reanalysis data, and two bias-corrected Community Earth System Model (CESM)-driven (BCD) WRF simulations for retrospective and future periods that both include 10-yr convection-permitting nested simulations. The modeled precipitation is cross-validated using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data, rain gauge data, and the baseline dataset from the benchmark simulation. The changes in near-surface temperature, precipitation, and ambient conditions are investigated using the BCD WRF simulations. The results show that the BCD WRF simulation well captures the precipitation distribution, the precipitation variability, and the thermodynamic properties. In a warmer climate under the RCP8.5 scenario around the year 2070, the near-surface temperature warms by ~3°C. Precipitation increases over the Arabian Gulf, and decreases over most of the continental area, particularly over the Zagros Mountains. The wet index decreases while the maximum dry spell increases in most areas of the model domain. The future changes in precipitation are determined by both the thermodynamics and dynamics. The thermodynamic impact, which is controlled by the warming and moistening, results in more precipitation over the ocean but not over the land. The dynamic impact, which is controlled by changes in the large-scale circulation, results in decrease in precipitation over mountains. The simulations presented in this study provide a unique dataset to study the regional climate in the Arabian Gulf region for both retrospective and future climates.


Hand-in-hand with the continuing drive to recruit international students to Western universities goes an interest in student engagement. However, it is often unclear exactly what is meant by engagement. This book goes beyond the policy rhetoric to provide a practice-based explication of international student engagement and its enabling institutional conditions. By utilising a social practice conceptual model, the book explains the multiple dimensions of engagement that are often conflated in policy: the antecedents to engagement, the actions of engaging, and the achievements and outcomes of engagement. As a result, the book is able to address issues such as how English comes to matter in international student academic practice; the teaching and assessment approaches that promote international student engagement; and the metacognitive, cognitive and affective strategies that international students use to achieve academic and personal transformation.


Rehabilitation medicine is entering a new era, based on the knowledge that the central nervous system has a substantial capacity for repair and regeneration. This capacity is used in 3 distinct but overlapping situations: (i) routine housekeeping throughout life (i.e. taking care of normal wear-and-tear); (ii) older age, when functional reserves of various kinds are depleted, resulting in cognitive, motor, and other deficits; and (iii) contexts in which a neurological deficit reflects an acute or chronic pathological process, such as neurotrauma, stroke, or neurodegenerative disease. The positive message here is two-fold. First, some aspects of regeneration occur even in the adult and ageing brain and spinal cord, and we are starting to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms. Secondly, novel therapeutic approaches and targets are emerging that will substantially increase the efficiency and efficacy of rehabilitation and will transform rehabilitation into a discipline focusing both on its traditional domain and on prevention, ultimately across all the age categories. This review attempts to sum up the present knowledge about an enriched environment, currently the single most efficient plasticity- and regeneration-promoting paradigm. It also summarizes research showing that astrocytes - considered only years ago merely to nurse and support neurones - are a novel and highly interesting target for regenerative strategies in the brain and spinal cord.


The stakeholders of the stock markets in Bangladesh are trying their best to make better infrastructure of stock markets in comparison to other stock-markets in Asian nations. To bring the stock market in an operational and informational order, two stock markets have been set up in Bangladesh of which the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) is one of them. Consequently, the traders of the markets are rolling fund, stakeholders and other philanthropist organizations are using data for estimating indices such as price per share, price earning ratio, current market price of the share etc. mainly to know whether the markets are running efficiently. The data on these indicators of 1 st quarter of the financial years 2004, 2005, 2006 & 2007 have been collected to test the EMH (Efficient Market Hypothesis) because this hypothesis states that market prices instantaneously or fully reflect all relevant available information. It means that the market prices of the securities will always equal their intrinsic values. Thus, the hypothesis holds that the share price movements are random and systematic. According to this hypothesis, it is possible to earn normal returns by randomly choosing securities at a given risk level. This research attempts to test whether the series on the industry such as bank, insurance, service, food and allied and textile really follow the behavior of normal distribution. The different descriptive statistics, non-parametric estimators and ARCH models are used for testing the hypotheses. The results may be important to the planners, security analysts, investors and security exchange regulatory bodies for improving the market status in this connection. The estimated results are found very useful.


Major harm from unrecognised oesophageal intubation continues, despite the 2018 Royal College of Anaesthetists' 'no trace, wrong place' campaign. It is likely that publicly reported cases represent a fraction of real occurrences. This article summarises a 2022 consensus guideline on the prevention of unrecognised oesophageal intubation from the Project for Universal Management of Airway and international airway societies. The guideline is written for all airway operators and assistants, in any clinical setting, and readers are advised to deepen their understanding by studying the original guideline. The recommendations include how to avoid and recognise oesophageal intubation as well as a set of logical actions to take when it is a plausible possibility, even if it is not suspected. The guideline emphasises the importance of videolaryngoscopy, capnography and oxygen saturation monitoring for all tracheal intubations, wherever performed. It introduces the concept of sustained exhaled carbon dioxide, which is central to identifying oesophageal intubation, and acting to prevent progression to unrecognised oesophageal intubation. In the absence of sustained exhaled carbon dioxide, the default action is to remove the tube. This will mean some tracheal placed tubes are removed but based on a risk-benefit analysis, this is desirable. The tube should only be left in place if there is clear danger in removing it and in this event, its position should be confirmed, using repeat videolaryngoscopy plus one other of bronchoscopy, skilled ultrasound or use of an oesophageal detector device. The importance of human factors is underlined; for instance, the value of a shared and vocalised report of videolaryngoscopy view and trained assistants working with the operator to confirm whether the criteria for sustained exhaled carbon dioxide are met, to minimise error and improve team working.


Modern telecom environment provides a rich set of services that require secure and reliable authentication. Biometric recognition is the only authentication technique that relies on person's characteristics for personal authentication. This paper gives an overview of a biometric system and biometric recognition techniques that use characteristics that are most suitable for application in telecom environment. Further, it analyses potential use case scenarios where those techniques could be applied.


With Java threads and the wider availability of multiprocessors, more programmers are confronted with multithreading. Concurrent threads let you take advantage of multiprocessors to speed up execution. They are also useful on a single processor, where one thread can compute while others wait for external input. Entity-life modeling is an approach for designing multithread programs.


We propose to express corrections to the standard approximations of the exchange-correlation functionals in the form of multiatom-centered functionals that can be related to the atoms-in-molecules theory of Bader and a multicenter density expansion. Unlike conventional functionals, the variables of these multicenter functionals are the positions and identities of the nuclei, which can unambiguously be determined from the topology of the electronic density. The proposed multicenter correction is used to provide a theoretical basis for the dispersion-corrected atom-centered potential (DCACP) approach used to improve van der Waals interactions in conventional density functional theory. Convergence to the correct long-range asymptotic behavior of the multicenter expansion for DCACPs is demonstrated in the test case of the H-2 van der Waals dimer.


In the area of sculpture many types of forms have been produced from the idealistic and humanistic forms of the earlier civilizations to the completely non-objective forms of many current artists. In my search f or meaning in human related forms I used both subjective and objective forms. I have not worked with completely non-objective forms as they seem to me more like design problems, as though the creator of these forms quit before he had reached an ultimate solution. To have the most meaning for the viewer, or for the artist, the form used must relate to human experience in some way. It needs to evoke familiar forms or memories, or excite the viewer and cause him to explore the form more deeply to find its significance. It is no concern if the form does not mean the same to the viewer as it did to the artist. As human reactions to other areas are varied, so will the reaction to the work of art be varied. In developing the sculpture theme of the thesis, I found another area that I wished to explore to see if other materials than those conventionally used could be as successful in carrying the idea. Two pieces used were cast because of the warmth and humanistic quality to be gained, but the balance of the work was done in contemporarily developed processes and contemporary materials such as welding and brazing rods and plastics. The eutalloy torch, to coat metals, was also utilized to give the warmth of some of the softer metals, such as bronze, to a steel form. There are many more forms that can be developed, and more ways of working with the materials and methods than have been used here. Limited time and the expense of some of them has made it impossible f or the present. These materials tend to be more expensive than the usual ones. The advantage is that the equipment needed is much simpler to procure and it is possible for the artist to work by himself without having to depend on outside help for certain processes. The early phases of the work done for this thesis are more in the area of exploring form. The forms tend to be unrelated to natural forms outside of being organic in origin. As the work progressed I began to feel a need to express my concern for humanity. While man is perhaps wandering in a morass of confusion of his own making, he is essentially good and given a chance to learn understanding of himself and his fellow man, he could eventually evolve into something much better than he is. In the thesis I have not gone much beyond the start of a theme that may take a lifetime to develop. It is not possible to see where it might lead, but to me it is much more meaningful than simply developing forms that are unrelated to a humanistic idea. In summing up the work done, I find it possible to use the newer materials and not lose the theme. Although the methods a.re mechanistic the quality of relating to humanistic, organic forms is not lost. Rather the forms change because of the difference in methods, but the differences tend to make them more exciting to the viewer. In some areas, such as work with the plastics, I do not feel that I was too successful. Possibly with more time and experimentation these forms will lose the commercial quality that marks them at the present. There are more methods in which I would like to form this material and I am hopeful that some of them will be more pleasing. All of the methods used and the materials explored lead me to further experimentation. The thesis work has opened new doors and perhaps has solved nothing, but I feel that an earlier reluctance to work with some of the methods used was because of the mechanistic quality. Since I have found that the methods need not dominate the form I am more willing to use them and am ,eager to see what further forms can be evolved through these methods.


Although radiology utilizes highly sophisticated equipment, its basic tool remains radiology reports. Of the many problems related to the use of radiology language in Turkish, several are more prominent. Among these more prominent problems are the selective use of non-Turkish words in the presence of their Turkish counterparts, mistakes in the use of non-Turkish words, and improper use of the Turkish grammar and linguistics. The content and visual design of radiology reports in Turkey also need considerable improvement. In this article, problems in these areas are outlined and some advices regarding solutions are made.


The insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is a key regulator of muscle development and metabolism in birds and other vertebrate. Our objective was to determine the association between IGF1 gene polymorphism and carcass traits in FUNAAB Alpha chicken. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of 50 normal feathered birds. At 10 weeks, the birds were slaughtered for carcass traits. Specific primers for chicken IGF1 were used for amplification of a 622 base segment. The amplified gene products were digested with Hinf1 restriction enzyme and the digested fragments were genotyped. Allele frequencies were 52% and 48% for A and B, respectively. Genotype frequencies were 27%, 50% and 23% for AA, AB and BB genotypes, respectively. All carcass traits values and the IGF1 gene polymorphism observed were subjected to analysis of variance and the mean were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the occurrence of the polymorphism did not affect all the carcass traits but AB genotypes had the highest carcass traits values than the AA and BB genotypes. The conclusion of this study demonstrated that IGF-1 gene, to some extent, could be a candidate gene that affects carcass traits in Improved Nigerian indigenous chicken. Keywords : IGF-1, PCR-RFLP, indigenous chicken


This paper presents the ultrasonic velocity measurement method which investigates the possible effects of high voltage high frequency pulsed power on cortical bone material elasticity. Before applying a pulsed power signal on a live bone, it is essential to determine the safe parameters of pulsed power applied on bone non-destructively. Therefore, the possible changes in cortical bone material elasticity due to a specified pulsed power excitation have been investigated. A controllable positive buck-boost converter with adjustable output voltage and frequency has been used to generate high voltage pulses (500V magnitude at 10 KHz frequency). To determine bone elasticity, an ultrasonic velocity measurement has been conducted on two groups of control (unexposed to pulse power but in the same environmental condition) and cortical bone samples exposed to pulsed power. Young's modulus of cortical bone samples have been determined and compared before and after applying the pulsed power signal. After applying the high voltage pulses, no significant variation in elastic property of cortical bone specimens was found compared to the control. The result shows that pulsed power with nominated parameters can be applied on cortical bone tissue without any considerable negative effect on elasticity of bone material.


The story of the origin of Matas' endoaneurysmorrhaphy with suggestions for maintaining or restoring arterial continuity and their gradual evolution into the technique of intrasaccular interpolation of grafts in managing aneurysms provides another example of the increased utility of an operative procedure by its modification and expansion.


AutoAnalyze is a highly customizable framework for the visualization and analysis of large-scale model graphs. Originally developed for use in the automotive domain, it also supports efficient computation within molecular networks represented by reaction equations. A static analysis approach is used for efficient treatment-condition-specific simulation. The chosen method relies on the computation of a global network data-flow resulting from the evaluation of individual genetic data. The approach facilitates complex analyses of biological components from a molecular network under specific therapeutic perturbations, as demonstrated in a case study. In addition to simulating the complex networks in a stable and reproducible way, kinetic constants can also be fine-tuned using a genetic algorithm and built-in statistical tools.


Rice planting time varied among farming sites. This research was aimed to study the variation in planting time especially in rainy season in Kalimantan. 'Planting time' was deterimined using assumption as the time when 8% of paddy fields in a sub district had been planted. Analysis was done by using mean ten-days of planting area of each sub-district during the period of 2000 to 2009 that was obtained from Statistics Indonesia. The result showed that the farmers in Kalimantan started planting rice during the first and second ten-days of September each year. Peak time of rice planting varied among provinces, i.e., on October II/III (West Kalimantan), January I/II and June II/III (East Kalimantan), and March III/April I (South and Central Kalimantan). Data from this research could be used to calculate planting management at national level. Keywords: paddy crop, planting area, planting time, rain fall


Application of exercise has evolved significantly over recent years. The interest of physical activity first started out to increase the performance of professional athletes. However, as the efficacy of properly conducted physical activity has been proven over and over again for various diseases and complications, exercise has become a crucial part of rehabilitation regime for numerous clinical treatment plans. In addition, health and functional hazards of sedentary life style has led numerous voices to promulgate physical activity in the last decade.

In light of such a significant role of physical activity in various clinical and health-related aspects, it was a natural and inevitable progression for the scholastic experts of exercise science and many health-related specialists to gain interest in the role of physical activity. In other words, although the exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated, the scientific minds of each specific field have expanded their investigative breadth to the fullest extent to attain superlative approach to improve the quality of human lives. Certain unique quantity, intensity, and type of movements have been shown repeatedly and significantly deter the degree of external and internal degrading factors and maintain homeostasis in human in all ages and conditions.

Recognizing the unique characters of a certain specific field seems to be the first step in enabling the exceptional quality in scholastic advancement. Consilience of unique fields to strengthen the scholastic depth may initiate from fundamental understanding of the difference between the fields and identifying common objectives they share. Understanding may begin by learning and experiencing the field of interest.

The scholars of exercise science have more burden than ever before. Not only the scholars of exercise science have the obligation to specialize in exercise, they have to acquire the knowledge and experience in the specialized areas of clinical health. Instead of solely focusing on one's specialized field, the scientists in the field of physical activity have to fully comprehend and predict the outcome of physical activity to certain specialized group to augment prevention and promote better outcome. It may be said to the scholars of clinical or health-related field to work toward comprehending unique characteristics of exercise science. Such endeavor could be abridged through unpretentious scholastic gatherings such as conferences and publications that focus on sharing collaborative researches and promoting information sharing between different scholastic fields.

It may be necessary to expand the meaning of globalization from the international integration of the nations and ethnics to international integration of ideas, information, and application of specialized fields. As it is the law of the nature to evolve and for the fittest to survive, it may be a natural transition for the scientific boundaries to dwindle and concert toward offering longevity and improving quality of human lives.


olefin metathesis reaction is an attractive method to construct new carbon carbon double bonds from carbonyl compounds and olefins. Nevertheless, a limited number of carbonyl (cid:7479) olefin metathesis has been reported. In addition, they required photoirradiation or stoichiometric amount of activators such as transition metal complexes, Brønsted acids, and Lewis acids. Oligomerization of substrates or reverse reaction of products often occurred. Since 2012, efficient and catalytic carbonyl (cid:7479) olefin metathesis reactions have emerged. This review highlights recent advances about catalytic carbonyl (cid:7479) olefin metathesis reactions.


Issues of financial and intellectual conflict of interest in clinical practice guidelines have raised increasing concern. Professional organizations have responded by more rigorous regulation of conflict of interest. Nevertheless, tension remains between the competing goals of optimizing guideline quality by using the experience and insight of experts and ensuring that financial and intellectual conflicts of interest do not influence recommendations. The executive committee of the American College of Chest Physicians' Antithrombotic Guidelines has developed a strategy comprising 3 innovative aspects to address this tension: First, place equal emphasis on intellectual and financial conflicts and provide explicit criteria for both; second, a methodologist without important conflicts of interest should have primary responsibility for each chapter; and third, experts with important financial or intellectual conflicts of interest can collect and interpret evidence, but only panel members without important conflicts can be involved in developing the recommendation for a specific question. These strategies may help to achieve the benefits of expert input without conflicts of interest influencing recommendations.


Multiple studies speak directly to the unique challenges women of color face in college learning spaces due to their intersectionality which include gender and racial discrimination, deficit-based thinking about their abilities, and negative stereotyping. In these studies, Black women are typically not disaggregated from other women of color so the results reflect the experiences of all women who do not identify as White, which includes Asian, American Indian, and Latina women. Intersectionality theories and Black Feminist Thought illustrate the ways Black women in the U.S. have created a collective, specialized knowledge based on their unique backgrounds, cultural traditions, perspectives and experiences that result specifically from the intersection of their Blackness and womanness. Additionally, most of the studies that examine the realities of women of color in science learning spaces focus on high-achieving or STEM majors. However, many non-STEM majors must successfully navigate the terrain of science courses to earn an Associate's or Bachelor's degree as well. The literature is clear regarding the benefits of obtaining a degree in higher education and the impact of this degree on future salary expectations and on an individual's quality of life. This research used a critical race theory perspective to explore the experiences of Black women in college science learning spaces who are not STEM majors. Results indicate that, due to race-based differential treatment, the women perceived science professors as obstacles to entry into the allied health field. Women who did not have to take specific science courses as part of their degree requirements did not experience science faculty in the same way. The findings from the study highlight the need for faculty acknowledgement and institutional recognition that racism inside college science learning spaces negatively affects the science learning trajectory of some Black women. The findings from the study may serve as a springboard to critical selfexamination of science faculty regarding how they think about race and racism inside their classrooms. INDEX WORDS: Science education, Race, Gender, Racial Colorblindness EXPERIENCES OF BLACK WOMEN IN COLLEGE SCIENCE LEARNING SPACES: A CRITICAL RACE THEORY PERSPECTIVE by MELISSA P. SCHOENE


This study is concerned with the cognitive aspects of discourse processing in an electronic environment. A cognitive model for hypertext reading is proposed and validated with the use of think aloud protocols. The model, at this stage of development, is only concerned with the general cognitive processes that take place during reading a hypertext. That should be considered as the first step in the study of the strategies readers employ in hypertext reading and hypertext links' selection. The preliminary results show that 76% of the codes correspond to the components of cognitive model, allowing us to conclude that the proposed model sufficiently describes the cognitive processes during hypertext reading.


A Smart home provides integrating and electronic information services to help residential users manage their energy usage and bill cost, but also exposes users to significant privacy risks due to fine-grained information collected by smart meters. Taking account of users' privacy concerns, this paper focuses on cost-effective runtime scheduling designed for schedulable and non-schedulable appliances. To alleviate the influence of operation uncertainties introduced by non-schedulable appliances, we formulate the problem by minimizing the expected sum of electricity cost under the worst privacy situation. Inventing the iterative alternative algorithm, we effectively schedule the appliances and rechargeable battery in a cost-effective way while satisfying users' privacy requirement. Experimental evaluation based on real-world data demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


ABSTRACT Background Public health departments recommend that medical terms should be replaced by plain language in order to make health information understandable to the general public. However, as a heuristic cue to assess information credibility, terminology makes an article appear more convincing and objective to its audience. Terminology can also make the information more engaging and persuasive. Using online articles about vaccine as an example, the present study examined whether practitioners should reduce medical terminology to lower the readability level or increase medical terminology to engage more audience. Method Computer-aided text analysis was used to analyze 541 pro-vaccine articles and 382 anti-vaccine articles. Results Anti-vaccine online articles contained significantly more medical terminology than pro-vaccine articles. Medical terminology was not significantly associated with readability. The use of medical terminology positively predicted reader engagement in both pro- and anti-vaccine articles, while the reading level of the articles negatively predicted the pro-vaccine articles' reader engagement. Finally, pro-vaccine articles gradually reduced the use of medical terms and lowered readability from 2007 to 2017. Readability and the amount of medical terminology included in anti-vaccine articles did not significantly change over time. Conclusions Health practitioners are recommended not to simply reduce the use of medical terminology to lower readability levels when creating health education materials. Other recommendations for designing effective health messages and combating misinformation are provided.


OBJECTIVE
In transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound (TcMRgFUS), fiber tractography using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been proposed as a direct method to identify the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim), the ventral caudal nucleus (Vc), and the pyramidal tract (PT). However, the limitations of the DTI algorithm affect the accuracy of visualizing anatomical structures due to its low-quality fiber tractography, whereas the application of the generalized q-sampling imaging (GQI) algorithm enables the visualization of high-quality fiber tracts, offering detailed insights into the spatial distribution of motor cortex fibers. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the usefulness of high-precision fiber tractography using the GQI algorithm as a planning image in TcMRgFUS to achieve favorable clinical outcomes.

METHODS
This study included 20 patients who underwent TcMRgFUS. The Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) scores and MR images were evaluated pretreatment and at 24 hours and 3-6 months after treatment. Cases were classified based on the presence and adversity of adverse events (AEs): no AEs, mild AEs without additional treatment, and severe AEs requiring prolonged hospitalization. Fiber tractography of the Vim, Vc, and PT was visualized using the DTI and GQI algorithm. The overlapping volume between Vim fibers and the lesion was measured, and correlation analysis was performed. The relationship between AEs and the overlapping volume of the Vc and PT fibers within the lesions was examined. The cutoff value to achieve a favorable clinical outcome and avoid AEs was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

RESULTS
All patients showed improvement in tremors 24 hours after treatment, with 3 patients experiencing mild AEs and 1 patient experiencing severe AEs. At the 3- to 6-month follow-up, 5 patients experienced recurrence, and 2 patients had persistent mild AEs. Although fiber visualization in the motor cortex using the DTI algorithm was insufficient, the GQI algorithm enabled the visualization of significantly higher-quality fibers. A strong correlation was observed between the overlapping volume that intersects the lesion and Vim fibers and the degree of tremor improvement (r = 0.72). Higher overlapping volumes of Vc and PT within the lesion were associated with an increased likelihood of AEs (p < 0.05); the cutoff volume of Vim fibers within the lesion for a favorable clinical outcome was 401 mm3, while the volume of Vc and PT within the lesion to avoid AEs was 99 mm3.

CONCLUSIONS
This pilot study suggests that incorporating the high-precision GQI algorithm for fiber tractography as a planning imaging technique for TcMRgFUS has the potential to enhance targeting precision and achieve favorable clinical outcomes.


Alpine plant communities vary, and their environmental covariates could influence their response to climate change. A single multilevel model of how alpine plant community composition is determined by hierarchical relations is compared to a separate examination of those relations at different scales. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of species cover for plots in four regions across the Rocky Mountains created dependent variables. Climate variables are derived for the four regions from interpolated data. Plot environmental variables are measured directly and the presence of thirty-seven site characteristics is recorded and used to create additional independent variables. Multilevel and best subsets regressions are used to determine the strength of the hypothesized relations. The ordinations indicate structure in the assembly of plant communities. The multilevel analyses, although revealing significant relations, provide little explanation; of the site variables, those related to site microclimate are most important. In multiscale analyses (whole and separate regions), different variables are better explanations within the different regions. This result indicates weak environmental niche control of community composition. The weak relations of the structure in the patterns of species association to the environment indicates that either alpine vegetation represents a case of the neutral theory of biogeography being a valid explanation or that it represents disequilibrium conditions. The implications of neutral theory and disequilibrium explanations are similar: Response to climate change will be difficult to quantify above equilibrium background turnover.


The BioCentury Research Farm (BCRF) had a diversity of users in 2016. Iowa State University (ISU) faculty and staff from the Departments of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (ABE); Agronomy; Biochemistry; Chemical and Biological Engineering (CBE); Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering (CCEE); and Food Science and Human Nutrition (FSHN), as well as the Bioeconomy Institute (BEI), Center for Crops Utilization Research (CCUR), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS), and Extension and Outreach conducted research, teaching, and/or outreach at the BCRF. Private industry users of the BCRF included ARGO, Deere & Company, DuPont Cellulosic Ethanol, Phillips 66, and many others. By the end of 2016, the BCRF had more than 80 full- and part-time users with projects in all available space.


Organized Autotelescopes for Serendipitous Event Survey (OASES) is an optical observation project that aims to detect and investigate stellar occultation events by kilometer-sized trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). In this project, multiple low-cost observation systems for wide-field and high-speed photometry were developed in order to detect rare and short-timescale stellar occultation events. The observation system consists of commercial off-the-shelf $0.28 \ {\rm m}$ aperture $f/1.58$ optics providing a $2.3 \times 1.8$ square-degree field of view. A commercial CMOS camera is coupled to the optics to obtain full-frame imaging with a frame rate greater than $10 \ {\rm Hz}$. As of September 2016, this project exploits two observation systems, which are installed on Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan. Recent improvements in CMOS technology in terms of high-speed imaging and low readout noise mean that the observation systems are capable of monitoring $\sim 2000$ stars in the Galactic plane simultaneously with magnitudes down to ${\rm V} \sim 13.0$, providing $\sim 20\%$ photometric precision in light curves with a sampling cadence of $15.4 \ {\rm Hz}$. This number of monitored stars is larger than for any other existing instruments for coordinated occultation surveys. In addition, a precise time synchronization method needed for simultaneous occultation detection is developed using faint meteors. The two OASES observation systems are executing coordinated monitoring observations of a dense stellar field in order to detect occultations by kilometer-sized TNOs for the first time.


BACKGROUND
Cutoff activities for diagnosing disaccharidase deficiencies are historical and are difficult to verify from a reference population. The objectives of this study were to validate the utility of historical disaccharidase cutoffs using data from clinical samples and to evaluate the demographics of individuals for whom intestinal disaccharidase testing was performed.

METHODS
Results from 14,827 disaccharidase test samples were extracted from the laboratory information system. Data were analyzed by the Hoffman method to calculate a reference interval for each enzyme, and the lower limits were compared to historical cutoffs. The observed frequencies of disaccharidase deficiencies were determined using historic and calculated cutoffs.

RESULTS
The median patient age of the entire data set was 13 years (range <1-88 years), and 45% were male. The cutoffs for lactase, maltase, palatinase, and sucrase were determined to be 10, 100, 9, and 25 U/g protein, respectively. Applying these cutoffs to the data set, 61% had no enzyme deficiencies, 35% were lactase deficient, 11% were maltase deficient, 13% were palatinase deficient, and 13% were sucrase deficient. Pandisaccharidase deficiency was present in 8%.

CONCLUSIONS
Disaccharidase testing is most commonly performed in patients <18 years. Lactase deficiency is the most frequently observed single-disaccharidase deficiency. The historical cutoffs for maltase and sucrase were validated. To align with calculated reference intervals, the palatinase cutoff should increase from 5 to 9 U/g protein, and the lactase cutoff should decrease from 15 to 10 U/g protein.


The paper focuses on thermal and mechanical analysis of Periodic Surface Structure (PSS). PSS is a continuous surface with a specific topology that is mathematically formulated by geometric factors. Cubic P-surface ("primitive"), D-surface ("diamond"), and G-surface ("gyroid") structures were simulated under load and heat transport using a numerical approach. We conducted our study by solving the stress and heat equations using the Finite Element Method (FEM). We achieved results using our software module, which generates PSS and simulates stress and temperature distribution. The stress model defined by dependence between stress and strain, gained from an experiment, and correlation of strain and displacement, gained from geometric conditions, was used in numerical experiments. The influence of geometric factors on the thermal and mechanical behavior of PSS was qualitatively determined. We showed decreasing effective stress values with an increased number of cells in the cubic domain for concerned PSS. It is important, because the increase in the number of cells does not increase the structure's volume.


It is generally considered that exfoliation corrosion is due to the build-up of corrosion products that create a wedging stress that lifts up the surface grains. However, the exfoliation mechanism is still under discussion: possible operating mechanisms include intergranular corrosion of in plane grain boundaries accelerated by the wedging effect, or crack propagation by a "purely" stress corrosion mechanism. The sensitivity to exfoliation corrosion of AA7449 in relation to the intergranular and stress corrosion cracking sensitivity has been addressed in a program of controlled quenches followed by thermal treatments. Our observations demonstrate that the quench rate has a strong effect on intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion sensitivity and in a lesser extent on stress corrosion cracking. In the first moments of the EXCO test, the initiation of corrosion follows the same trends as those revealed by the ASTM G110 test. We observe intergranular initiation for the slow quench rate (~5°C/s) and pitting initiation for samples quenched between 50 to 500°C/s. On the contrary, the final EXCO corrosion quotations do not seem to correlate with the intergranular resistance but rather with SCC resistance.


The goal of this work is to forward a comprehensive framework, relating to the most recent research works carried out in the area of flexible and hybrid electronics (FHE) fabrication with the aid of aerosol jet printing (AJP) additive manufacturing process. In pursuit of this goal, the objective is to review and classify a wide range of articles, published recently, concerning various aspects of AJP-based device fabrication, such as material synthesis, process monitoring, and control.
 AJP has recently emerged as the technique of choice for integration as well as fabrication of a broad spectrum of electronic components and devices, e.g., interconnects, sensors, transistors, optical waveguides, quantum dot arrays, photodetectors, and circuits. This is preeminently because of advantages engendered by AJP process. AJP not only allows for high-resolution deposition of microstructures, but also accommodates a wide renege of ink viscosity. However, AJP is intrinsically complex and prone to gradual drifts of the process output (stemming from ink chemistry and formulation). Consequently, a large number of research works in the literature has focused on in situ process characterization, real-time monitoring, and closed-loop control with the aim to make AJP a rapid, reliable, and robust additive manufacturing method for the manufacture of flexible and hybrid electronic devices. It is expected that the market for flexible electronics will be worth over $50 billion by 2020 [1].


Nurses are with people as they experience a variety of life situations that are paradoxical in nature. In other words, these life experiences hold happiness ans sadness, opportunities and limitations all at once.


This experimental study is conducted to determinestatistical models of surface roughness criteria inhard turning of high alloyed steel X38CrMoV5-1. Thissteel is hardened to 50 HRC, machined by a mixed ceramictool (insert CC650 of chemical composition70%Al2O3+30%TiC), free from tungsten on Cr-Mo-V basis,insensitive to temperature changes and having a highwear resistance. It is employed for the manufacture ofhighly stressed diecasting moulds and inserts with hightool life expectancy, plastic moulds subject to high stressand forging dies.Based on 33 full factorial design, a total of 27 testsare carried out. The range of each parameter is set at threedifferent levels, namely low, medium and high. Mathematicalmodels were deduced by the software Minitab(multiple regression method) in order to express the influencedegree of each cutting regime element on surfaceroughness. These models would be helpful in selectingcutting variables for the required surface roughness criteria.They can also be used for the optimization of hard cuttingprocess.The results indicate that feed rate is the dominantfactor affecting surface roughness, followed by cuttingspeed. As for the depth of cut, its effect is not very important.


In this work, we introduce the Sketch2Tag system for hand-drawn sketch recognition. Due to large variations presented in hand-drawn sketches, most of existing work was limited to a particular domain or limited predefined classes. Different from existing work, Sketch2Tag is a general sketch recognition system, towards recognizing any semantically meaningful object that a child can recognize. This system enables a user to draw a sketch on the query panel, and then provides real-time recognition results. To increase the recognition coverage, a web-scale clipart image collection is leveraged as the knowledge base of the recognition system. Better understanding a user's drawing will be of great value to a variety of applications, such as, improving the sketch-based image search by combining the recognition results as textual queries.


Speech technology is becoming commonplace. Traditional telephony based interactive voice systems have been joined by virtual assistants and navigation systems to create a broad ecosystem of voice enabled technologies. Prosody is an essential component to human communication, but machines still lag in their ability to understand information communicated prosodically and to produce human-like intonation. This paper poses nine challenges designed to effectively and more thoroughly integrate prosody into current speech technologies. These include long-standing and contemporary con-cerns surrounding the availability and utility of data, gaps in linguistic theory and specific technological issues. Each of these challenges have received some attention, additional work is necessary to bring the role of prosody in speech technology closer to its role in human communication.


Ph. D Scholar, Center for International Peace & Stability (CIPS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan PAPER INFO ABSTRACT Received: April 11, 2020 Accepted: June 15, 2020 Online: June 30, 2020 This article exclusively discusses how institutional lacks of farsighted policies have deprived doctors of their genuine rights and privileges. Explicating the applicability of theory of Relative Deprivation by Robert Ted Gurr, this research finds how deprivations have strengthened young doctors' activism leading to street protests. Study includes a close ended questionnaire based survey. This survey was conducted on young doctors working in different hospitals across Pakistan during May 2018 to March 2019. 1000 participants were selected by snowball sampling from different cities. Results of survey showed that the young doctors participating in protests and strikes are suffering deprivation. It was also observed by the survey team young that doctors are frustrated by government's visionary health sector policies. It is important for the government to address young doctors' feeling of deprivation and frustration. It is necessary for the government to solve the issue by prudent health policies.


A discrete transverse electro-optic response associated with a field-induced antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transition has been observed to exist in lead zirconate thin films grown on Pt/Ti-coated silicon substrates. The magnitude of the birefringence jump from the antiferroelectric to the ferroelectric state is approximately 2.5 × 10−2. Quantitative correlation between the field-induced birefringence and the polarization was also experimentally studied. The discrete birefringent change in the thin films may be a desirable property for applications in optical switches or other integrated-optical devices.


Rho proteins are small GTP/GDP-binding proteins primarily involved in cytoskeleton regulation. Their GTP/GDP cycle is often tightly connected to a membrane/cytosol cycle regulated by the Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα). RhoGDIα has been regarded as a housekeeping regulator essential to control homeostasis of Rho proteins. Recent proteomic screens showed that RhoGDIα is extensively lysine-acetylated. Here, we present the first comprehensive structural and mechanistic study to show how RhoGDIα function is regulated by lysine acetylation. We discover that lysine acetylation impairs Rho protein binding and increases guanine nucleotide exchange factor-catalyzed nucleotide exchange on RhoA, these two functions being prerequisites to constitute a bona fide GDI displacement factor. RhoGDIα acetylation interferes with Rho signaling, resulting in alteration of cellular filamentous actin. Finally, we discover that RhoGDIα is endogenously acetylated in mammalian cells, and we identify CBP, p300, and pCAF as RhoGDIα-acetyltransferases and Sirt2 and HDAC6 as specific deacetylases, showing the biological significance of this post-translational modification.


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become an attractive data acquisition platform in photogrammetric applications. As we know, the fundamental photogrammetric and remote sensing problem is the determination with high accuracy of the attitude, the position and the intrinsic geometric characteristics of the sensor. At the beginning, the aerial photogrammetric systems had a fairly low accuracy position, but today's, the new aerial photogrammetric systems allow the real-time determination of all parameters of exterior orientation with a good enough accuracy. Because of this, the advantage is that we can achieve direct georeferencing without needing to determine the coordinates of ground's control points, before or after the photogrammetric flight. In this paper I present some practical results of so called direct georeferencing of digital images, using of direct measurements of the image's exterior orientation parameters by a GNSS/IMU system. This application is achieved by the aid of the collinearity concept, and just for a good accuracy estimation of the method, I have used few ground control points.


Is it still possible to think of some contemporary art as belonging to a religious or a secular world, where 'world' is understood in Wittgenstein's sense as all that is the case? What purchase can these powerful concepts have on today's art, especially in the realm of video and photography with their peculiar relations to reality and subjectivity? Echoing Talal Asad's question '[i]s there a secular body?', I ask whether there is a 'secular' or 'religious' gaze that belongs to this body, how it describes its own boundaries and what lies outside it. Looking at Pakistani art allows me to investigate the longer duration of culture from which some recent video practices have emerged and found a place in globalised art circuits. I claim that Bani Abidi's video art, and specifically The Distance From Here (2010) can be seen as a sustained exploration of heterogeneous temporalities and subjective positions that are as yet not entirely taken up by their international presentation, audience and circulation, and derive from a space that is not understandable as simply divided between the secular and the religious. This remainder or intractability might indicate the possibility of encounters with forms of life that unsettle existing conceptual divisions between the secular and the religious or the local and the global. Seeing Abidi's work in relation to a powerful tradition of allegory and of narrative deriving from the philosophy of Ibn Sina, I argue that these currents persist in popular culture and in local literary or artistic forms, even when they are not explicitly referred to. This allows me to make a case for seeing Abidi's work in a context that is not restricted to the history of (Euro-American) art and its philosophies.


Purpose
To use laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) to assess blood flow (BF) in the optic nerve head (ONH) tissue and choroid during elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).

Methods
This prospective study included 20 eyes of 20 healthy volunteers. The testing protocol had a baseline phase, two elevated IOP phases (+10 and +20 mm Hg), and a recovery phase. IOP was elevated by pushing against the eyelid with a novel tubular device attached to the LSFG apparatus. Measurement parameters in each phase included: LSFG-derived mean blur rate (MBR) and flow acceleration index (FAI); systemic parameters, and IOP. The % change against baseline was calculated for each phase. The protocol was repeated five times to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) for % change MBR and to determine the effect of mydriasis on % change MBR. We compared % change MBR and FAI and evaluated the relationship between % change ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) and MBR in the choroid and ONH tissue.

Results
The % change MBR was highly reproducible (CV: 6.1-8.7%) and not affected by mydriasis (P = 0.57-0.96). The % change MBR and FAI were higher in the ONH tissue than choroid during IOP elevation (P = 0.04). The % change OPP and MBR showed positive linear correlations and two-segmental linear correlations in the choroid and ONH tissue, respectively (P < 0.01).

Conclusion
Hemodynamics during IOP elevation differ in the choroid and ONH tissue. LSFG enables highly reproducible assessment of the dynamic autoregulation of ocular BF in the ONH tissue.


This paper proposes to study the effect of the insert design on behavior of granular flow during silo discharge. The mathematical model based on the principle of linear momentum and angular momentum for the motion of granular during silo discharge is presented. Discrete Element Method is applied to obtain the solution of the model. The silo with an inverted cone insert is used in this study. The impact of three different vertex angles of the insert including 30◦, 60◦ and 90◦ and four locations of the insert on flow pattern, velocity and wall pressure of granular flow during discharging process are investigated. The results show that the mathematical model can capture the granular behavior in the silo. The vertex angles and positions of the insert have significant effects on the flow pattern, the velocity field and wall pressure in the silo.


Online hate speech is a dangerous phenomenon that can (and should) be promptly counteracted properly. While Natural Language Processing supplies appropriate algorithms for trying to reach this objective, all research efforts are directed toward the English language. This strongly limits the classification power on non-English languages. In this paper, we test several learning frameworks for identifying hate speech in Italian text. We release HATE-ITA, a multi-language model trained on a large set of English data and available Italian datasets. HATE-ITA performs better than mono-lingual models and seems to adapt well also on language-specific slurs. We hope our findings will encourage the research in other mid-to-low resource communities and provide a valuable benchmarking tool for the Italian community.


Objective evaluation of muscle relaxation during surgery is possible only by indirect stimulation of a skeletal muscle by means of a peripheral nerve stimulator. Most frequently the ulnar nerve is electrically stimulated and the resulting contraction of the hand muscles, i.e., twitching of the fingers is observed. This direct observation of the finger twitches induced by a nerve stimulator provides valuable information a) on the actual magnitude of neuromuscular blockade, b) on the development of a dual block following suxamethonium, c) on the need for more muscle relaxant, d) on the reversal of muscle paralysis by a cholinesterase inhibiting agent, and finally e) on the differential diagnosis of prolonged postoperative apnoea. By employing a nerve stimulator, the neuromuscular blocking agents can be titrated according to the surgical requirements and overdosage can be avoided. The clinical judgement of muscle relaxation by the anaesthesiologist should be accompanied by a more quantitative and objective evaluation, making use of the nerve stimulator.


The 3′–5′ exonuclease plays key roles in maintaining genome stability; therefore, the detection of 3′–5′ exonuclease activity is very important for disease diagnosis and drug development. In this study, we present a novel highly sensitive and label-free fluorescent assay to detect the activity of exonuclease III (Exo III) using molecular beacon DNA with a polythymine (T) loop as a template for the formation of fluorescent copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). Upon the addition of Exo III, the molecular beacon probe was digested into mono- or short oligonucleotides by the exonucleases and failed to form fluorescent CuNPs. As a result, the fluorescence intensity of CuNPs decreased. This method exhibited a very low detection limit of 0.02 U mL−1 for Exo III. The designed molecular beacon probe can be a potential label-free strategy for the detection of other nuclease activity.


Background:The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation between students' cognitive learning strategies and conceptions of learning biology.Material and methods:The two scales, "Cognitive Learning Strategies" and "Conceptions of Learning Biology", were revised and adapted to biology in order to measure the students' learning strategies and conceptions of learning.Results:it was found that students preferred higher-level conceptions of learning such as 'increasing knowledge', 'seeing in a new way', and 'understanding' to lower-level conceptions such as 'memorizing', 'preparing for exams' and 'calculating and practicing'. According to the results of regression analysis, it was seen that 'memorizing' and 'application' was common among the high school students while predicting the cognitive learning strategies. Moreover, the students who had higher-level conceptions of learning had a tendency to use strategies such as "organization," "elaboration," and "critical thinking." The students who adopted "memorizing" as a lower-level conception of learning preferred "rehearsal" learning strategy. However, "memorizing" as a lower level conception of learning also positively predicts "organization," "elaboration" and "critical thinking."Conclusions:The special condition, which did not show parallelism with the related literature, was taken into consideration and interpreted when discussing the relational analysis of link between conceptions of learning and cognitive learning strategies.


The colour of lamb meat on retail display is critical to consumer appeal. Consumers demand a bright red colour in lamb meat and associate dark, pale or browned meat with a lack of freshness and quality. Retailers are forces to downgrade or discount discoloured meat to prevent consumer rejection. Fresh lamb meat may be discoloured due to poor colour development with blooming, or due to browning that develops with time on retail display. The quantity of lamb meat with poor bloomed colour is unknown because lamb carcasses are not routinely graded for meat colour in Australia. The rapid browning of overwrapped lamb meat limits its retail display to only around 2 days. Retailers frequently discount lamb meat to ensure its rapid sale prior to the onset of browning and to thereby limit the economic losses associated with discounting, downgrading or wasting browned meat.

Better understanding is required of the factors influencing bloomed colour of lamb meat and its stability on retail display in order to develop strategies to reduce meat discolouration. This thesis evaluates different phenotypic and genotypic factors influencing lamb meat colour in Australia. Bloomed colour (L*, a*, b*, hue angle and chroma) was measured in the loin muscle of over 8000 mixed breed lambs of known genetics produced at 8 sites across Australia over 5 years as part of the Sheep CRC's INF experiment. The colour stability of the loin muscle was evaluated in over 4000 of these lambs using spectrophotometric measures of meat redness (R630/R580) taken over a 3 day simulated retail display.

The first experiment of this thesis examines the influence of production factors and muscle traits on the bloomed colour of lamb loin. Over 40% of the 8165 loin samples were too dark for consumer acceptance, suggesting that dark meat is a substantial problem in the Australian lamb meat industry. Production factors such as lamb slaughter group, production site and year of production had substantial effects on bloomed colour, though these effects could not be attributed to changes in muscle traits such as myoglobin or pH24. Further investigation is required to better understand how production factors influence bloomed meat colour. Of the muscle traits analysed, changes in pH at 24 hours (pH24) had the greatest effect on meat a*, while myoglobin had the greatest effect on meat L*. Increasing lamb age from 140 to 400 days reduced meat L* due to increased myoglobin concentration. These results suggest that industry focus needs to shift to consideration of myoglobin concentration as well as meat pH in order to improve the bloomed colour of lamb meat, particularly meat lightness.

The second experiment examines the influence of selection for IMF and lean meat yield on bloomed colour. Increasing IMF from 2 to 8% and shortloin fat weight from 100-500g were positively associated with meat L*, a*, b*, hue angle and chroma. Shortloin muscle weight was negatively associated with these colour parameters, though could largely be accounted for by correlated changes in IMF. The effect of sire breeding values for lamb weight, shortloin muscle depth and fat depth on loin L*, a*, b*, hue angle and chroma were small and varied between lamb sire type, dam breed and sex. Thus selection for increased lean meat yield in lambs will have neutral or positive effects on meat colour, while selection for increased IMF will increase the L*, a*, chroma and thereby the consumer appeal of bloomed lamb meat.

The third experiment examines the influence of muscle weight and oxidative capacity on the colour of lamb loin following 72 hours of simulated retail display. Production factors such as slaughter group and site of production had the greatest magnitude effects on meat R630/R580 (redness) after 3 days of display. Increasing loin ICDH activity, reflecting muscle oxidative capacity, reduced R630/R580 at the end of display. Selection for high sire breeding values for shortloin muscle depth increased R630/R580, likely due to an associated reduction in muscle oxidative capacity. Lamb carcass weight also increased R630/R580. Genotypic factors influencing lamb size and growth rate such as sire type and dam breed further support that increased growth rate improves meat colour. These findings suggest that breeding for increased growth rate and muscle weight could improve the colour stability of overwrapped lamb on retail display.

The fourth experiment examines the ability to predict the rate of lamb meat browning on display using measures of bloomed colour and information of animal factors that influence colour stability. Simple and partial correlation coefficients between initial boomed R630/R580 and subsequent R630/R580 measures over display were ≤ 0.4, despite incorporation of carcass traits including pH24, lamb age and IMF. Therefore, bloomed colour at the start of display cannot provide a useful prediction of subsequent meat browning. Correlations between 24, 48 and 72 hr measures of R630/R580 were high (> 0.8), suggesting that colour measured from 24 hours of display can provide an accurate prediction of subsequent meat colour. While predicting the rate of meat browning would allow retailers to maximise the display time of lamb, meat colour measured at 24 hrs of display is unlikely to be practical in a retail setting. The predictive ability of 24 hr colour may therefore be limited to use in the development of a breeding value for retail colour.

The final experiment examines the use of dietary vitamin E supplementation to improve the colour stability of long-stored lamb meat, particularly meat with high IMF, pH24 and ICDH activity. The capacity of this antioxidant to improve the colour stability of lamb meat was expected to increase in long-stored meat with high IMF, pH24 and ICDH activity due to the anticipated increased oxidative load in this meat. Vitamin E supplementation at 275 mg/kg of feed for 8 weeks prior to slaughter increased R630/R580 throughout the display of lamb loin following 5, 35 and 70 days of storage. However contrary to expectations, vitamin E supplementation had a similar magnitude impact on meat colour stability regardless of storage time prior to the display. Vitamin E did mitigate the negative effect of high IMF on short-stored meat colour, however high IMF did not impact the colour stability of medium or long-stored meat. These results demonstrate that while vitamin E supplementation will improve the colour stability of lamb meat following short, medium or long storage, its greatest impact is on the display colour of short-stored lamb with high IMF content.


This study examines the linkage between household vehicle usage and their residential locations within a metropolitan area using a newly available administrative dataset of annual private passenger vehicle safety inspection records (with odometer readings) and spatially detailed data on the built environment. Vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and a set of comprehensive built-environment measures are computed for a statewide 250 × 250 m grid cell layer using advanced geographic information systems and database management tools. We apply factor analysis to construct five factors that differentiate the built-environment characteristics of the grid cells and then integrate the built-environment factors into spatial regression models of household vehicle usage that account for built environment, demographics, and spatial interactions. The empirical results suggest that built-environment factors not only play an important role in explaining the intraurban variation of household vehicle usage, but may also be underestimated by previous studies that use more aggregate built-environment measures. One-standard-deviation variations in the built-environment factors are associated with as much as 5000-mile differences in annual VMT per household. This study also demonstrates the potential value of new georeferenced administrative datasets in developing indicators that can assist urban planning and urban management.


Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently occurring cancer in both men and women and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Despite advances in the treatment of this cancer, the five-year averaged survival rate for all stages has only increased to 66% and more than 49,000 deaths of colon cancer in the United States in 2011. Hence, novel therapeutic approaches of more effective treatments are much needed for colon cancer. Constitutive activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling is frequently detected in human cancer including colon cancer, and has emerged as an attractive molecular target for cancer prevention and therapy. We tested the efficacy of inhibiting persistent STAT3 signaling by a dietary agent, Ursolic acid from basil and a novel STAT3-selective inhibitor, LY5 in human colon cancer cell lines. Our data demonstrated that Ursolic acid is able to inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation, and induce apoptosis in HCT116 and SW480 human colon cancer cell lines. These results were confirmed by LY5, a novel STAT3-selective small molecular inhibitor, which also inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in HCT116 and SW480 colon cancer cell lines. In addition, LY5 inhibits IL-6 mediated induction of STAT3 phosphorylation in DLD-1 human colon cancer cells. We also found Ursolic acid decrease cell viability and inhibit the tumorsphere formation of ALDH+/CD133+ colon cancer stem cells. Furthermore, administration daily of Ursolic acid suppressed the HCT116 tumor growth in mice in vivo. In summary, our results suggest that STAT3 is target for colon cancer prevention and inhibition of persistently activated STAT3 using dietary agents or inhibitors may offer an effective prevention approach for colorectal carcinoma. Citation Format: Li Lin, Wenying Yu, Hui Xiao, Wenlong Wang, Chongqiang Zhao, Jiagao Lu, Chenglong Li, Jiayuh Lin. STAT3 as a cancer prevention target in colorectal cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B57.


This thesis entitle 'Pencarian Jati Diri Tokoh Kim Dalam Novel Kim Karya Rudyard Kipling' focuses on analyzing the identity of the main character. The main character is an adolescent boy, in which he is seeking to find, or create, an identity for himself. Kim defines his identity during his adventures with Teshoo Lama. When the story opens the influences on him have been almost exclusively Indian. His identity papers prove the identity that he is seeking to build, but his life among white man gives traumatic experience which he resists with all his might. He realises that his blood is a sahib, but at the end of the story he decides to be an Indian. The writer used library research method to collect various data, especially about which this thesis related to. The writer used structural approach to analyze setting, character, and conflict. Further more, the Psychological approach that the writer used, was to analyze the searching of Kim's identity, as the main character. The result of analysis shows that Kim's genital puberty in adolescent phase makes him asking his identity. In this phase, he faces many conflicts, whether internal or external conflict. The internal conflicts are caused by two separated sides in his mind, India and English. Although he resists an English status on him, he has been influenced by English character and becomes a mixture of India and English.


The present study describes the anatomy, distribution, morphology and
ultrastructure of laticifer system in the phylloclades of Euphorbia caducifolia Haines (Family Euphorbiaceae), a potential
biofuel yielding, Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plant for the first time
using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histochemical tests
were performed to identify the principal components of latex using a variety of
stains. In cross section, the phylloclade is composed of four distinct regions:
the epidermis, cortex, vascular cylinder and pith. The phylloclade anatomy
indicated xeromorphic characters and provided an insight about its capacity to
grow with very little rainfall and/or inputs
on dry or marginal lands. Non-articulated laticifers are present in the cortex,
vascular cylinder and pith, but their frequency varies with the tissue type.
Highest laticifer frequency was observed in vascular cylinder (9.6%) followed
by cortex (3.9%) and pith regions (1.9%). In contrast, laticifer index was
found to be higher in the pith (12.7%) followed by cortex (3.8%) and vascular
cylinder (2.3%). The discovery
of a system of laticifers in E.
caducifolia not described earlier could also be of taxonomic value. The histo-chemical tests revealed the presence of
lipids, phenols, flavonoids, protein and starch in laticifer. As described by
TEM observations laticifers contained distinct cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasm
with ribosomes, small and big vacuoles, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
plastids and osmophilic bodies. The lipophilic compounds present in the latex
of this species could be used as chemical feedstock for the production of biofuels.


Viruses are not included in a tree of life and there is no separate structure illustrating viral diversity and evolutionary relationships. The high level of viral diversity and absence universally conserved genes do not allow presenting viral world within a structure similar to the tree of life as for cellular organisms [1]. Nevertheless, the need for a comprehensive overview on a constantly growing number of viruses raises the questions about the structure of global virosphere and the factors shaping it. V-table is an approach to structure global virosphere. It unifies viral taxonomy, phylogeny and molecular characteristics in order to describe the principles and trends in viral diversity in easy and accessible way [2]. V-table is interactive spherical model demonstrating tabular arrangement of viral families ordered by multiple parameters simultaneously. It provides at a glance understanding on how viruses differ in terms of genome type, size and form, capsid size, symmetry and morphology, as well as host type. Moreover, it allows customized search for viruses with any specific characteristic, ranges and sets of them. Finally, the spherical shape of V-table is capable of embedding unlimited number of new viral taxa by growing at any specific place without disrupting the whole structure