Introduction History teachers must often face the question of teaching potential controversial and emotive issues. Within this framework of controversy, teachers must be sure to allow for objective, academic approaches to historical content that also includes both majority and dissenting interpretations (McMurray, 2005). Perhaps the most controversial of present contemporary events is the current conflict in Iraq. Students often have a natural interest in the present Iraq situation, as they may have friends or family members serving in the armed forces. Further, they constantly see and hear reports about the conflict on national and local new media. But despite the great interest in current happenings in Iraq among students, many teachers may be understandably hesitant to approach the conflict in even a historical manner. To add to the difficulty, classroom time is typically limited by concerns for the coverage of more traditional content. Consequently, many teachers might likely contend that approaching current controversies, especially those that are potentially fraught with controversy like the Iraq War, are best left alone. Unfortunately, failing to address such an important happening such as the present war in Iraq, signals a failure of the history teacher to prepare the student for civic responsibilities. Conversely, there are ways in which teachers can adequately and objectively approach the present conflict in Iraq and, subsequently, allow students to have a better understanding of what is happening there and prepare them to make well informed civic decisions about their own views regarding the war. Discovering efficient instructional strategies that allow for effective coverage of current controversial issues can be difficult. Teachers, however, may be well served to examine the past to discover strategies employed by predecessors dealing with similar circumstances. Specifically, the most recent historical example of a conflict that was reasonably similar to present day Iraq is the Vietnam War. Thus, history teachers may come to better understand how to approach the present conflict in Iraq by examining various instructional approaches and strategies which have been shown to be useful when teaching about Vietnam, an earlier divisive war. The Instructional Quandary of Vietnam In "Teaching About Vietnam and the Vietnam War", Vickie J. Schlene (1996) of the Social Studies Development Center (SSDC) at Indiana University lamented the prolonged neglect of the Vietnam War in public schools. The author contended that textbook coverage of the war was "superficial and often distorted," and that time constraints, as well as the controversial and emotive nature of the content, greatly limited teachers (1996). Schlene suggested that to avert such obstacles, teachers should focus on home front issues and geography, as well as the conflict itself. Despite the specific criticisms leveled by Schlene in 1996, research indicates history teachers had progressed significantly in developing instructional strategies related to teaching the Vietnam War. Approximately thirteen years following the end of American involvement in Southeast Asia, the academic journal Social Education dedicated an issue to teaching about the war. In this issue, a variety of individuals, including Vietnam veterans who happened to be teachers, teacher educators, and classroom teachers offered various approaches and rationales concerning teaching Vietnam. In addition, observations regarding how Vietnam was approached by classroom teachers were offered. Starr (1988) noted that textbooks in the first decade following the end of the Vietnam War largely neglected the bitter conflict. He also observed that by even the late 1980s, the controversy surrounding Vietnam had not subsided completely and that biases still existed that prevented a rational coverage of the war in the classroom. Fleming and Nurse (1988), echoing some of the sentiments offered by other authors, also noted the shortcomings of textbook coverage of Vietnam. …


Bladder epithelial cells expel uropathogenic Escherichia coli in exosomes when these bacteria neutralize lysosomal pH. Cells can eliminate intracellular pathogens by sequestering them and then degrading them in autophagosomes that fuse with lysosomes. The activity of the various enzymes and antimicrobial peptides in lysosomes is enhanced by an acidic pH. Miao et al. (see also Sergeeva et al.) found that neutralization of lysosomal pH by uropathogenic Escherichia coli resulted in the expulsion of these bacteria in exosomes by bladder epithelial cells. Bacteria in the urine of infected mice were resistant to the antibiotic gentamycin unless simultaneously exposed to Triton-X100, a detergent that permeabilizes the host cell membranes and not the bacterial membrane, suggesting that bacteria were encapsulated in host cell-derived membranes. Uropathogenic E. coli in the extracellular medium of infected bladder epithelial cells colocalized with various exosome markers, and application of dimethyl amiloride (DMA), which inhibits exosome release, to the bladders of infected mice increased bacterial load and caused the formation of large bacterial aggregates in the uroepithelium. In bladder epithelial cells, uropathogenic E. coli were engulfed by single membrane vacuoles, then autophagosomes. Application of a peptide that increases autophagy to the bladders of infected mice reduced bacterial burden, whereas mice with an inducible and bladder epithelium-specific knockout of the autophagy component Atg3 had increased bacterial load. Autophagosomes containing uropathogenic E. coli were trafficked to intraluminal vesicles in multivesicular bodies. Exosome release in infected bladder epithelial cells was blocked by knockdown of various components required for the trafficking of cargo from multivesicular bodies to lysosomes or by knockdown of synaptotagmin 7, which is required for lysosome exocytosis. Although both bacterial strains localized to lysosomes, lysosomes were acidic in cells infected with an innocuous strain of E. coli, but not in cells infected with uropathogenic E. coli. Preventing lysosomal acidification with bafilomycin A increased exosome release from bladder epithelial cells. These results suggested that the neutralization of lysosomal pH triggered the release of bacteria-containing exosomes from lysosomes. The mucolipin TRP cation channels (TRPML) are located on lysosomes and conduct calcium, which is required for exocytosis. Knockdown of TRPML3 reduced bacterial expulsion and increased bacterial load in infected bladder epithelial cells. TRPML3 mediated calcium efflux from lysosomes at neutral pH, and in bladder epithelial cells with TRPML3 knockdown, bacterial expulsion was not rescued when the cells were reconstituted with pH insensitive or nonconducting pore mutants. Thus, TRPML3 detects when uropathogenic E. coli attempt to evade destruction by neutralizing lysosomal pH and triggers the expulsion of bacteria-containing exosomes. Y. Miao, G. Li, X. Zhang, H. Xu, S. N. Abraham, A TRP channel senses lysosome neutralization by pathogens to trigger their expulsion. Cell 161, 1306–1319 (2015). [PubMed] O. A. Sergeeva, F. G. van der Goot, Kicking out pathogens in exosomes. Cell 161, 1241–1242 (2015). [PubMed]


Recently, we were shocked by a video of a moslem youth kicking "sesaji" that placed around the mountain after the eruption of Semeru. In the video, the young man judged that the root of all natural disasters, including the eruption of Semeru, was the many "shirk" practiced which made Allah swt angry. Furthermore, this article is a fiqh research that will explain how the position of "sesaji" in the perspective of fiqh "sedekah" in Indonesia. In this article, the main object of this study is the event of giving "Sesaji" after the eruption of Semeru by the Moslems there. As a fiqh research, of course the explanation that will be explained in this article is how fiqh sedekah reads these activities which the sedekah itself is one of the teachings of Islam which has a high meaning and value of tolerance for the others. Fiqh sedekah in the context of religiousities in Indonesia is very flexible and relevant to the context of a multicultural society. Based on the data obtained from informants regarding the origin of this "sesaji", it was concluded that the sesaji were given by moslems intended to reject bala' while avoiding the anger of the jinn. The local community considers that "sesaji" can be a means to ask permission from God Almighty so that the genie is not angry, because the genie is also a creature of God. The "sesaji" are placed around the mountain after the eruption of Semeru to be eaten by birds and other animals and are not intended for alms to humans. In the event of giving sesaji, the values of tolerance towards fellow creatures of God, both to humans and other creatures, which are included in the fiqh sedekah are contained in the activity of giving sesaji after the eruption of Semeru.


A 98-year old caucasian woman with a history of gout presented to the emergency department due to diarrhea and joint pain. Her chronic medications included allopurinol and colchicine. Physical examination revealed abdominal tenderness without rebound tenderness and normal bowel sounds, as well as enlarged, deformed, painful digits at the upper and lower limbs. The laboratory exams revealed leukocytosis, an elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate of 82mm at the 1st hour and a serum uric acid of 8.4mg/dl. The patient was admitted due to presumed colchicine toxicity and uric acid arthritis and was treated with intravenous hydration and corticosteroids with improvement of the arthritis and the diarrheas. Uric acid is produced from the purine metabolism after the breakdown of the nucleic acids that are produced after cell destruction and exogenous intake. Since uric acid is the end product of this metabolic pathway, its concentration in the plasma reflects a balance between production and renal excretion; however, about 10% of people are genetically predisposed to have increased uric acid concentration and are predisposed to uric acid nephropathy, nephrolithiasis, gout and development of tophi, like in our patient. Tophi are deposits of monosodium urate in the synovial or soft tissues and in the bones near the joints. Their presence signifies the presence of gout, the commonest inflammatory arthritis in elderly in the Western world. Rarely, tophi may lead to skin ulceration and discharge of chalky uric acid crystals through the skin.


Recent advances in genomics, which outstanding achievements were exemplified by the complete sequencing of the human genome provided the infrastructure and information enabling the development of several proteomic technologies. Currently no single proteomic analysis strategy can sufficiently address the question of how the proteome is organised in terms of numerical complexity and complexity generated by the protein-protein interactions forming supramolecular complexes within the cell. In order to bring a detailed structural/functional picture of these complexes in whole genomes, cells, organelles or in normal and pathological states several proteomic strategies can be utilised. Combination of technologies will bring a more detailed answer to what are the components of certain cellular pathways (e.g.: targets of kinases/phosphatases, cytoskeletal proteins, signalling molecules), how do they interconnect, how are they modified in the cell and what are the roles of several complex components in normal and disease conditions. These types of studies depend on fast and high throughput methods of protein identification. One of the most common methods of analysis is mass spectrometric technique called peptide mapping. Peptide mapping is the comparison of mass spectrometrically determined peptide masses of a sequence specific digest of a single protein or peptide of interest with peptide masses predicted from genomic databases. In this work several contributions to the computational analysis of mass spectrometric data are presented. During the course of my studies I looked at the distribution of peptide masses in sequence specific protein sequence digests and developed a simple mathematical model dealing with peptide mass cluster centre location. I have introduced and studied the methods of calibration of mass spectrometric peak-list without resorting to internal or external calibration samples. Of importance is also contribution of this work to the calibration of data produced in high throughput experiments. In addition, I studied how filtering of non-peptide peaks influences the identification rates in mass spectrometric instruments. Furthermore, I focused my studies on measures of spectra similarity which can be used to acquire supplementary information, increasing the sensitivity and specificity of database searches. Original Publications I Wolski WE, Farrow M, Emde AK, Lehrach H, Lalowski M, Reinert K: Analytical model of peptide mass cluster centres with applications. Proteome Sci 2006, 4:18. II Wolski WE, Lalowski M, Jungblut P, Reinert K: Calibration of mass spectrometric peptide mass fingerprint data without specific external or internal calibrants. BMC Bioinformatics 2005, 6:203. III Wolski WE, Lalowski M, Martus P, Herwig R, Giavalisco P, Gobom J, Sickmann A, Lehrach H, Reinert K: Transformation and other factors of the peptide mass spectrometry pairwise peak-list comparison process. BMC Bioinformatics 2005, 6:285.


The concept 'business model' have gained a lot of popularity in the last decades. Firms see understanding and using business models as a very important factor for their competitive advantage. To stay competitive firms need to create new business models and innovate in their 'old' ones. Several researchers and consultants have designed so-called 'frameworks' to help in this process. This research has attempted to answer to what extent and how firms use frameworks for creating and innovating their business models and what the effectiveness of this process is. To help answering this question the research discussed some relevant sub questions: which frameworks are used by firms to create and innovate their business models?, how do firms make use of business models? and who is involved in the business model process and what is their role? To answer these questions the research made use of a qualitative study. Within this study interviews were held in twelve Dutch firms who actively participate in business model development. With the help of interview topics which were based on the research and sub question(s) firms gave their opinions and experiences according to the use of business models and the relevant frameworks. The results showed that different frameworks were used by firms, both theoretical as well as 'own' frameworks'. The process of coming from a business idea to a working business model was often an iterative process. Frameworks were relevant in a few or all phases of this process, and have different purposes; checklist / guidelines or as a main tool to analyse a business model. Also the results showed that many different stakeholders were involved. Both internal and external did play different roles in this entire process. Concerning the effectiveness most firms were very satisfied with the use of their frameworks, and saw the process as very effective. Overall using frameworks seems to make the business model development process more easy. The frameworks reduces complexity and improves communication. In conclusion firms make active use of business model frameworks, use them for different purposes and when frameworks are used this creates an effective business model process.


Background: Recent studies in mice have demonstrated that the Msx-1 homebox gene is implicated in cleft palate. Thus, it has been suggested that its human homologue, MSX1 (HOX-7), located in chromosome 4 could be involved in the etiology of non syndromic cleft lip palate. Aim: To study the linkage between non syndromic cleft palate and variations of MSX1 gene. Patients and methods: Seventy three patients with non syndromic cleft lip palate (34 simplex and 37 multiplex), 127 unaffected relatives of the cases (61 relatives of simplex cases and 66 relatives of multiplex cases) and 77 controls were studied. DNA was extracted from leukocytes and the intragenic microsatellite sequence was amplified by PCR. Results: A polymorphism of four alleles was observed, 1 (175 bp), 2 (173 bp), 3 (171 bp) and 4 (169 bp). Alleles 2 and 4 showed a joint variation in males with multiplex cleft lip palate and in their respective unaffected male relatives, that was significant when compared with male controls. Instead, the joint variation of alleles 1 and 4 of unaffected female relatives had significant differences with female controls. Females with multiplex cleft lip palate differed from female controls only in allele 1. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis of a genetic heterogeneity in the etiology of non syndromic cleft lip palate.


This work deals with the study of a two-dimensional laminar unsteady hydromagnetic free convective flow of dissipativ e, chemical reacting fluid along a verti cal porous plate immersed in a porous medium with heat generation and variable suction. Th e governing partial differential equations are reduced to a system of self-similar equations using the simila rity transformations. The resultant equations are then solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta method along with shooting technique. The effects of governing physical parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration as well as skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sh erwood number are computed and presented in graphical and tabular forms. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and the results are found to be in excellent agreement.


The field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is reviewed. This field leverages mechanics at the nanometer to micrometer scale to improve existing components and introduce novel functionalities in PICs. This review covers the MEMS actuation principles and the mechanical tuning mechanisms for integrated photonics. The state of the art of MEMS tunable components in PICs is quantitatively reviewed and critically assessed with respect to suitability for large-scale integration in existing PIC technology platforms. MEMS provide a powerful approach to overcome current limitations in PIC technologies and to enable a new design dimension with a wide range of applications.


Representational similarity analysis (RSA) tests models of brain computation by investigating how neural activity patterns change in response to different experimental conditions. Instead of predicting activity patterns directly, the models predict the geometry of the representation, i.e. to what extent experimental conditions are associated with similar or dissimilar activity patterns. RSA therefore first quantifies the representational geometry by calculating a dissimilarity measure for all pairs of conditions, and then compares the estimated representational dissimilarities to those predicted by the model. Here we address two central challenges of RSA: First, dissimilarity measures such as the Euclidean, Mahalanobis, and correlation distance, are biased by measurement noise, which can lead to incorrect inferences. Unbiased dissimilarity estimates can be obtained by crossvalidation, at the price of increased variance. Second, the pairwise dissimilarity estimates are not statistically independent. Ignoring the dependency makes model comparison with RSA statistically suboptimal. We present an analytical expression for the mean and (co-)variance of both biased and unbiased estimators of Euclidean and Mahalanobis distance, allowing us to exactly quantify the bias-variance trade-off. We then use the analytical expression of the co-variance of the dissimilarity estimates to derive a simple method correcting for this covariance. Combining unbiased distance estimates with this correction leads to a novel criterion for comparing representational geometries, the unbiased distance correlation, which, as we show, allows for near optimal model comparison.


The authors use a wavelet transform to build a simulated model of an HRV signal and to create an algorithm for HRV signal decomposition. They review the characteristics of HRV signals and discuss an improved integral pulse frequency modulation model for the simulation of these signals. They also present results that show how their model approximates a real HRV signal.


In 1994 Jose Casanova published a book that called into question the received wisdom in sociology of religion on secularization and attempted (among other things) to adjudicate a debate among sociologists as to whether the United States or Europe is the "exceptional" case when it comes to the link between modernization and secularization. He distinguished between (1) "secularization as the decline of religious beliefs and practices in modern societies," (2) "secularization as the privatization of religion, often understood as a general modern historical trend and as a normative condition, indeed as a precondition for modern liberal democratic politics," and finally (3) "secularization as the differentiation of the secular sphere (state, economy, science), usually understood as 'emancipation' from religious institutions and norms." He showed that these different possible manifestations of secularization constellate differently in different societies (in North America and Europe, for instance), and argued against the empirical and normative validity of the privatization thesis (that is, the normative positing of the second sense of the term). This opened an on-going debate over the status of secularization as a descriptive category for understanding the place of religion in societies undergoing processes of modernization, a debate that has been further complicated by debates over the relationship between "modernization" and "globalization." Four years earlier, John Milbank had published his own sweeping, if controversial story of the origins and status of secularity. His refusal to allow Christian faith and theology to be positioned by normative claims about secularization represented an intensification of reserva-


Recent industry feedback indicates that graduating engineers need better preparation in solving open-ended problems and communication. In response to this feedback, we have developed a team-based design project class that emphasizes self-evaluation, peer-evaluation, and group evaluation of problem solving strategies, as well as written and oral communication skills. The course is built around unique team-projects that each group creates. The course also includes significant writing-to-learn activities that encourage students to reflect on and develop an awareness of their problem solving processes and communication skills. The students also work in teams, and in pairs, to evaluate the process of solving problems. Their written and oral presentations are also self-evaluated and peer-evaluated. This emphasis on students becoming more self-aware of the strengths and weaknesses of their problem solving abilities, and on students becoming capable of evaluating the effectiveness of their communication skills, will prepare our students to better evaluate their future work in industry.


In insulin-secreting beta-cells, activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH-kinase with resulting formation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP(3)) has been implicated in the regulation of ion channels, insulin secretion, and gene transcription as well as in cell growth and survival, but the kinetics of PIP(3) signals following physiological stimulation of insulin secretion is unknown. Using evanescent wave microscopy and a green fluorescent protein-tagged PIP(3)-binding protein domain for real-time monitoring of plasma membrane PIP(3) concentration in single MIN6 beta-cells, we now demonstrate that glucose stimulation of insulin secretion results in pronounced PIP(3) oscillations via autocrine stimulation of insulin receptors. Glucose lacked effect when insulin secretion was prevented with the hyperpolarizing agent diazoxide, but the sugar dose dependently enhanced the PIP(3) response to maximal insulin stimulation without affecting the rate of PIP(3) degradation. We conclude that glucose is an important co-activator of phosphatidylinositol-3'-OH-kinase and that the plasma membrane PIP(3) concentration in beta-cells undergoes oscillations due to pulsatile release of insulin.


At least three myopathies have been associated with malignant hyperthemia (MH). The clinical manifestations of MH are variable and depend on the nature of the underlying myopathy and the anesthetic agents administered. Unless muscle relaxants are used, fever and muscle rigidity may be delayed at onset. Tachycardia and tachypnea are often the earliest manifestations and can occur immediately or several hours into a surgical procedure. Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias may result from hyperkalemia and acidosis. A hyperthermic reaction developed in an 8-year-old boy with a family history of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy one hour after induction of anesthesia. Temperature elevation and muscle rigidity were minor components of the condition. Determination of arterial blood gas concentrations and the serum potassium level established the diagnosis and enabled the start of lifesaving therapy.


To conserve nature and biodiversity, Vietnam has established 164 protected areas, comprising of 30 national parks, 58 nature conservation areas, 10 species and habitat reserves, 46 land/seascape protected areas, and 20 scientific and experimental forest areas. Like many other developing countries, Vietnam has been facing many institutional challenges to govern the system. Insufficiencies of human and financial resources, conflicts over customary and statutory laws, overlaps of land use rights, and deficiencies in legitimate rights and responsibilities are those complicate the situation. To overcome the obstacles, the state needs supports from multilevel government, community, and international, private, and civil societies. Co-management has been suggested and implemented as a form of governance that can help mobilize the engagement of diversified stakeholders as well as harmonize conflicts over the areas. However, transformation from a centralized governance like Vietnam to a co-management requires time and effort; it reveals a promising process for a sustainable future of the Vietnamese protected areas through some initial achievement.


We present a systematic study of a correlated photon-pair source based on a periodically-poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) waveguide. The waveguide was fabricated on a KTiOPO4 crystal supporting type-II parametric down-conversion. In addition, periodic poling was applied along the waveguide to quasi-phase-match the type-0 down-conversion process. The design pump wavelength is 532 nm, and the wavelengths of the down-converted, correlated photons are around 900 nm and 1300 nm. We examine the two-photon correlation spectra and singlephoton spectra at a variety of temperature and power settings for both type-0 and type II down-conversion processes. Our study shows that the waveguide source has a number of advantages compared to its bulk-crystal counterpart, including higher spectral brightness, narrower emission bandwidth and single spatial-mode output. With greatly simplified engineering, this compact, highly efficient, low photon-loss, and cost-effective waveguide source of correlated photon pairs is promising for future chip-scale quantum information processing applications.


Competition drives habitat segregation between adults and juveniles in many types of organisms, but little is known about this process in anemonefish that compete for host sea anemones which differ in habitat quality. We performed field and laboratory experiments to determine causes of habitat segregation in 2-band anemonefish Amphi prion bi cinc tus on coral reefs in the northern Red Sea, where juvenile fish mainly occupy leathery sea ane mones Heteractis crispa, and breeding adults almost exclusively inhabit bulb-tentacle sea anemones Entac maea quadricolor. E. quadricolor were usually larger than H. crispa, and expanded more in response to fish presence. Adult fish visually concealed a larger proportion of their body surface area among the relatively thick tentacles of E. quadricolor than among the thinner tentacles of H. crispa, while juveniles were concealed equally well in both hosts. During field experiments, vacated E. quadricolor were colonized rapidly by fish, whereas H. crispa were not. In laboratory choice experiments, fish at all post-settlement life stages preferred E. quadricolor, and large individuals monopolized this host and relegated subordinates to H. crispa. We conclude that competitive exclusion drives habitat segregation among life stages of this anemonefish and that host anemone traits underlie this process. The non-preferred host H. crispa may func tion as a refuge for juvenile fish while they wait for space to become available in the preferred host E. quadricolor, where they are able to attain sexual maturity.


Blended elemental W–7 wt.%Ni–3 wt. %Fe powders were mechanically alloyed in a planetary ball mill and a heavy duty attritor. The structural and morphological characteristics of the as-milled powders were characterized by x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques. A ternary solid solution of Fe and Ni in W formed in both the cases; the amount of Ni and Fe dissolved is higher in the attritor-milled powder than in the ball-milled powder. Morphologically, the W-rich particles in the attritor-milled powders were spheroidal, smaller in size, and showed a narrower size distribution than in the ball-milled condition. These differences led to increased density in the attritor-milled powder compact and significant differences in chemical composition of the matrix region and W-rich grains. Transmission electron microscopy investigations of the matrix region in the compacts revealed the presence of Fe_2W precipitates uniformly distributed in an Ni(Fe, W) matrix.


Patients have been observed who have had one or more recurrences of the nephrotic syndrome after long periods of complete freedom from the disease. 1,2 Such recurrences are an occasional manifestation of lipoid nephrosis (also known as pure, true, membranous, idiopathic, Ellis type 2) and ordinarily do not occur in nephrotic syndrome of other cause. Late reappearance of nephrosis after apparent healing presents a difficult problem with regard to prognosis in this disease. The present report concerns a 14-year-old boy with recurrence of lipoid nephrosis after a remission longer than 12 years. Report of Case A 14-year-old caucasian schoolboy was admitted to Kaiser Foundation Hospital because of periorbital swelling and peripheral edema. At the age of 22 months the child had developed periorbital edema, and heavy proteinuria had been found. He was admitted to Stanford University Hospital, where generalized edema and ascites were observed. The blood pressure was 92/65 mm


ABSTRACT Yang, S.; Li, L.; Li, X.; Liang, F.; Zhang, X., and Sun, W., 2020. Dynamics model of buoy unpowered heave considering seawater density. In: Zheng, C.W.; Wang, Q.; Zhan, C., and Yang, S.B. (eds.), Air-Sea Interaction and Coastal Environments of the Maritime and Polar Silk Roads. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 99, pp. 439-446. The Deep-sea Autonomous Profile Buoys (DSAPB) are a new type of underwater buoys and they can dive to the deep sea below 4000m. Considering dynamic models of conventional underwater vehicle could not adequately satisfy the motion characteristic of DSAPB, a nonlinear dynamic model for the motion simulation of DSAPB is developed in this paper. In the model, the effect of sea water density change is taken into consideration and a viscous hydrodynamic calculation method satisfying the motion characteristic of DSAPB. The buoyancy variation is introduced into the standard hydrodynamic equation to simplify the DSAPB hydrodynamic equation, and the Motion of Planar Mechanisms (PMM) experiment is simulated by means of Computer Fluids Dynamics (CFD). The hydrodynamic coefficients in the equation are obtained and the DSAPB dynamic model is obtained which provides theoretical basis for effective control of DSAPB.


The notion of the ordinary or everyday is of seminal importance in Cavell's readings of literature. The transcendental and anthropological dimensions of skepticism and the ordinary, however, may sometimes appear to be treated by him in an essentially ahistorical manner. But the discovery of the ordinary, which is always a re-discovery, can also be shown to be deeply embedded in Cavell's treatment of modernism in the arts. The present essay therefore proposes that we can deepen our understanding of the ordinary by relating it to Walter Benjamin's ideas about the "loss of aura," which he develops with regard to Baudelaire, Proust and film, most famously in his essays about "The Artwork in the Age of Its Mechanical Reproducibility" and on "Some Motifs in Baudelaire."


BACKGROUND
Anal cancer is a rare tumour accounting for ∼2% of all colorectal cancers between 1997 and 2000 in the UK. Staging is still dominated by DRE (digital rectal examination), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging. The role of PET as a definitive modality is still emerging and there are relatively few adequate studies in the literature.

METHODS
We looked at patients treated radically for anal cancer at Mount Vernon Cancer Centre (UK) between 2009 and 2010. Eighty-eight patients underwent treatment according to data-based coding records of which 46 had positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scans. Notes were unavailable for three patients. We compared staging following conventional modalities (DRE, MRI and CT) and PET/CT scans for these 43 patients.

RESULTS
In 18 patients, the PET/CT stage differed from MRI. PET/CT altered the stage in 42% of patients but changes in subsequent management were not implemented.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data show that PET/CT does alter staging in a significant number of cases although it did not lead to change in management under the current guidelines. Furthermore, there is agreement that PET/CT shows greater sensitivity for detection of lymph nodes and our study has demonstrated a distinct trend towards upstaging of anal cancer with PET/CT.


This paper proposes a framework for quantitatively evaluating interactive LLMs such as ChatGPT using publicly available data sets. We carry out an extensive technical evaluation of ChatGPT using 23 data sets covering 8 different common NLP application tasks. We evaluate the multitask, multilingual and multi-modal aspects of ChatGPT based on these data sets and a newly designed multimodal dataset. We find that ChatGPT outperforms LLMs with zero-shot learning on most tasks and even outperforms fine-tuned models on some tasks. We find that it is better at understanding non-Latin script languages than generating them. It is able to generate multimodal content from textual prompts, via an intermediate code generation step. Moreover, we find that ChatGPT is 63.41% accurate on average in 10 different reasoning categories under logical reasoning, non-textual reasoning, and commonsense reasoning, hence making it an unreliable reasoner. It is, for example, better at deductive than inductive reasoning. ChatGPT suffers from hallucination problems like other LLMs and it generates more extrinsic hallucinations from its parametric memory as it does not have access to an external knowledge base. Finally, the interactive feature of ChatGPT enables human collaboration with the underlying LLM to improve its performance, i.e, 8% ROUGE-1 on summarization and 2% ChrF++ on machine translation, in a multi-turn"prompt engineering"fashion. We also release codebase for evaluation set extraction.


For any change in the office organisation, it is essential that various controls are established to ensure that implementation of the alterations to the physical environment to accommodate the change are completed quickly and efficiently. One of the main methods of achieving this is the establishment and application of a Procedure for Change Manual. This document provides and defines standards, inventories and procedures relating to all stages of the process and, as such, establishes a single reference point for all members of the facilities management and implementation teams.


Thank you for reading the roaring twenties. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their chosen books like this the roaring twenties, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious bugs inside their laptop. the roaring twenties is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection spans in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the the roaring twenties is universally compatible with any devices to read.


This paper introduces a new approach that directly uses latent words language models (LWLMs) in automatic speech recognition (ASR). LWLMs are effective against data sparseness because of their soft-decision clustering structure and Bayesian modeling so it can be expected that LWLMs perform robustly in multiple ASR tasks. Unfortunately, implementing a LWLM to ASR is difficult because of its computation complexity. In our previous work, we implemented an approximate LWLM for ASR by sampling words according to a stochastic process and training a word n-gram LMs. However, the previous approach cannot take into account the latent variable sequence behind the recognition hypothesis. To solve this problem, we propose a method based on Viterbi decoding that simultaneously decodes the recognition hypothesis and its latent variable sequence. In the proposed method, we use Gibbs sampling for rapid decoding. Our experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed Viterbi decoding based on n-best rescoring. Moreover, we also investigate the effects on the combination of the previous approximate LWLM and the proposed Viterbi decoding.


Homology recognition and DNA-strand invasion ensure faithful homolog pairing and segregation during the first meiotic division1. RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases catalyze these steps2, with BRCA2 promoting their assembly into nuclear foci3. The recently identified human SWS1-SWSAP1 complex, related to the Shu complex in yeast, promotes RAD51 focus formation in cell lines4,5. We show here that mouse SWS1-SWSAP1 is critical for meiotic homologous recombination (HR) by promoting the assembly of RAD51 and DMC1 on early recombination intermediates. Absence of the complex perturbs meiotic progression in males and females and both sexes are sterile, although a fraction of meiocytes form crossovers. Remarkably, loss of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase CHK2 rescues fertility specifically in females without rescuing crossover numbers. Unlike the Shu complex, the BRCA2 C terminus (known to be required for RAD51 stabilization6,7) is dispensible for RAD51 and DMC1 focus formation. However, concomitant loss of the BRCA2 C terminus aggravates the meiotic defects in Shu mutant spermatocytes. These results point to a complex interplay of factors that ensure recombinase function and hence meiotic progression in the mouse.


The importance of various hormonal factors in the growth of a transplantable chondrosarcoma has been studied in vivo. Tumor growth was reduced by 95% in adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized rats as compared to normal animals. The number of tumors developing in either adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized rats was reduced more in male than in female rats. However, ovariectomy or orchiectomy did not alter the growth of the tumor. The inhibition of tumor growth in adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized animals was only observed after the first 10 days following inoculation. Cortisone (4-pregnen-17 alpha,21-diol-3,11,20-trione) administration fully restored tumor growth in adrenalectomized animals while adrenocorticotropic hormone or growth hormone were only partially effective in supporting tumor growth in hypophysectomized animals. High-affinity glucocorticoid receptors (7 to 10S) were present in the cytosls prepared from the tumor cells and were found to be increased in tumors from adrenalectomized animals. These results indicate that the growth of this chondrosarcoma is strongly dependent upon endocrine factors of adrenal and pituitary origin.


In 1876 a new model of jurisdiction was introduced in the Kingdom of Poland, based on the Russian law of 1864 on the organisation of the judiciary. The justice was administered by gmina ('rural district') courts, justices of the peace, conferences of the justices of the peace and regional courts, the Warsaw Chamber of Justice and the Senate as the supreme court of cassation. The new model involved the division into two systems of courts, i.e. common courts and justice-of-the-peace courts, which were not related by the principle of the right of appeal.The bodies of peace jurisdiction were gmina courts in the rural areas, justices of the peace in towns and the appeal-cassation instance in the form of the conference of justices of the peace. New gmina courts adjudicated in the panel of one gmina the judge and two jurors elected by the local population for the period of three years. In the Lublin county there were established four gmina courts which would gradually become more and more dominated by representatives of landed gentry following successive elections. This stemmed not only from the property qualification adopted with the passive voting rights, but mostly from the education qualification. Landed gentry got involved in the electoral campaign, seeing municipal jurisdiction as a form of acting for the benefit of the local community. For 40 years, i.e. until the evacuation of Russians from the Kingdom of Poland, the position of the gmina judge in the Lublin county was held by a number of landowners, who were also known among the local population for their charity and cultural activities as well as those aiming at the economic development of the Lublin region. These were among others Kornel Ligowski, Wladyslaw Graff, Stefan Kazimierz Kowerski and Henryk Sachs. Due to their activities, based on the sense of fulfilling the public mission as well as the fair settlement of disputes, they contributed to the growing authority of the gmina court. Thus, it was seen by the local community as its 'own court' at the time of the Russification of all other spheres of public life.


This paper uses cointegration and regression analyses to examine the long-term relationship between intratrade of the five original member countries of ASEAN, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand , and their total trade with nonmember Countries of ASEAN. The LR tests based on maximal eigenvalue of the stochastic matrix and the trace of the stochastic matrix suggest that the null hypothesis of no cointegration cannot be rejected for all the five original members countries of ASEAN. Thus, there is no evidence of long-term relationship between intra-trade of each ASEAN member with other members and total trade with non-ASEAN countries. The regression results suggest that ASEAN intratrade with both the Phillipines and Thailand grew at a much faster rate than the total trade of these two members during the period 1980-2004. The opposite seems to be true in case of Singapore. Its intra-trade with other ASEAN members grew at a much slower rate than its total trade. As for Indonesia and Malaysia, the growth in interatrade with other ASEAN members was a little bit higher than the growth in their total trade. Hence, the postulates of the theory of customs unions gradually become increasingly more relevant to ASEAN trade with the Phillipines and Thailand. On the other hand, the past growth of ASEAN intra-trade with Singapore suggests that its economic integration with the other four members is not likely the increase their economic welfare if the current path of intra-trade growth continues.


The effects of 6R‐5, 6, 7, 8‐tetrahydro‐L‐biopterin (6R‐BH4), the in vivo cofactor for tryptophan hydroxylase, on the synthesis, release, and metabolism of serotonin were studied in superfused slices from rat hippocampus. 6R‐BH4did not alter the spontaneous release of [3H]serotonin but it did significantly increase release when slices were depolarized with 30 mM KC1. Under the same incubation conditions, 6R‐BH4 altered neither the synthesis (basal or tryptophan‐stimulated) nor the metabolism of serotonin in hippocampal slices. The synthetic pteridine 6‐methyl‐5, 6, 7, 8‐tetrahydropterin also augmented release under depolarizing conditions whereas biopterin, the oxidized form of 6R‐BH4, did not. The 6S isotner of BH4, which is relatively inactive as a cofactor for tryptophan hydroxylase, was equipotent with 6R‐ BH4 in stimulating serotonin release. 6R‐BH4 did not inhibit serotonin uptake nor did it function as a serotonin autoreceptor antagonist to increase release. A direct serotonin releasing effect of 6R‐BH4, like that produced by p‐chloroamphetamine, could also be ruled out. At suboptimal concentrations of extracellular calcium, the KC1‐induced release of 3H was significantly reduced, yet the increase in release caused by BH4 remained the same in magnitude. It is concluded that 6R‐BH4 increases the depolarization‐induced release of serotonin through an interaction with the release mechanism itself, possibly by enhancing calcium influx or by increasing the sensitivity of the release mechanism to calcium. The effects of 6R‐BH4 on serotonin release are independent from its function as the cofactor for tryptophan hydroxylase.


In recent years, automation and robots have been applied at different domains to coordinate collaborative behavior in
distributed systems and providing a powerful basis for proactive applications of complex nature, specially in large scale
disasters requiring complex tasks to be performed by groups under extreme time and resource constraints. Sri Lanka is still
suffering from effects of December 2004 Tsunami disaster. Waste and debris becomes a key issue. Therefore, it is
important to explore avenues to optimize post disaster waste management through automation and robotics. Thus, this
paper aims to provide a critical review on automation and robotics applications at a post disaster scenario. Comprehensive
literature review, documentary survey and field survey are adopted as methods of data collection. Survey revealed capacity
constraints of expertise, funds and cultural issues as main challenges. Finally, the paper provides new avenues for effective
utilization of automation and robotics through mapping of best practices.


Abstract Mehregan, I. & Kadereit, J. W.: Taxonomic revision of Cousinia sect. Cynaroideae (Asteraceae, Cardueae). — Willdenowia 38: 293–362. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2008 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.38.38201 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) Cousinia sect. Cynaroideae, the largest section of Cousinia with 110 published species, is characterized by a chromosome number of 2n = 24, ± decurrent to spiny-winged leaves and appendaged phyllaries. It is distributed in Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, the Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan, with centres of specific diversity mainly in W and NW Iran, N Iraq and SE Turkey. A comprehensive treatment of C. sect. Cynaroideae, mainly based on the study of c. 2250 herbarium specimens, resulted in a reduction of taxa number to somewhat more than one third, precisely to 31 species plus eight subspecies. C. lordeganensis is described as a species new to science and the new nomenclatural combinations C. calocephala subsp. astrocephala and subsp. behboudiana, C. kotschyi subsp. khansarica, C. odontolepis subsp. kurdica, C. pergamacea subsp. sardashtensis, C. sagittata subsp. iranica, C. silyboides subsp. disfulensis and subsp. zardkuhensis are validated. All species and subspecies treated are typified. Identification keys, descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps for each species are given.


The thesis commences with an introduction examining the external influences and the work ethic of J.S. Bach. The first aim, albeit subsidiary to the subsequent aim, is to magnify and raise the issues concerning the lacuna of fugal analytical methodology and the underwhelming quality of analytical literature on the J.S. Bach organ works. As such, the misconception of fugal terminology, the lax analytical interpretations and the lack of cogent and compelling analytical accounts are all addressed.
The second aim which is integral to each analytical account of the fourteen fugues is to elucidate the contrapuntal paradigms and matrices contained therein. As of yet, attempts have not been made to provide rational schematic tables which illustrate the subject and countersubject(s) entries. Indeed, it is then of profound importance to examine each of these fourteen fugues and distil precisely the compositional procedures and mechanisms they possess. The fourteen fugues have not been selected without reasoning; they have also been selected to reveal a likely chronology. Fundamentally, they each reveal a vast spectrum of compositional traits, origins and hallmarks that are unique to each. The overarching purpose is thus to provide an enlightened comprehension as to the compositional procedures that define the essence of each fugue.
Despite the fervour for J.S. Bach as a composer of outstanding calibre and how highly regarded the organ works are held, it is surprising that for in excess of two hundred and fifty years, the compositional procedures and structural designs of his organ works have yet to be fully understood. Whilst this thesis does not aim to provide an in - depth analytical account of each bar within each fugue, it nonetheless seeks to provide a cohesive account for the fourteen fugues and above all to reinforce that fugue is a radically varying compositional style.


In a bi-fuel diesel engine, the carburetor plays a vital role in switching from fuel gas to petrol mode operation and viceversa. The carburetor is the most important part of the fuel system of a diesel engine. All diesel engines carry variable venturi mixer carburetors. The basic operation of the carburetor mainly depends on the restriction barrel called the venturi. When air flows through the venturi, its speed increases and its pressure decreases. The main challenge focuses on designing a mixing device which mixes the supplied gas is the incoming air at an optimum ratio. In order to surmount the identified problems, the way fuel gas and air flow in the mixer have to be analyzed. In this case, the Computational Fluid Dynamics or CFD approach is applied in design of the prototype mixer. The present work is aimed at further understanding of the air and fuel flow structure by performing CFD studies using a software code. In this study for mixing air and gas in the condition that has been mentioned in continuance, some mixers have been designed. Then using of computational fluid dynamics, the optimum mixer has been selected. The results indicated that mixer with 12 holes can produce a homogenous mixture than those of 8-holes and 6-holes mixer. Also the result showed that if inlet convergency was smoother than outlet divergency, the mixture get more homogenous, the reason of that is in increasing turbulence in outlet divergency. Keywords—Computational Fluid Dynamics, Venturi mixer, Air-fuel ratio, Turbulence.


Whilst a part of the global society is concerned with Agriculture's ability to provide enough food to nourish the world's population in 2050, another school of thought is more apprehensive of the ability of farmers to survive commercially. This argument is founded on the downwards trend in the global price of agricultural commodities over the last four decades. This paper provides a theoretical explanation for this trend and three potential responses that farmers may follow is suggested. The first response is for farmers to be at the forefront of new technology and to cut costs to the bare minim. The second response is to find alternative markets and the third response entails the development of luxury or value-added markets. However, it is also clearly indicated that the latter response would be eroded if a form of quality control is not included in the process. The rest of the paper is dedicated to systems and examples. The first of these is the Wine of Origin System in South Africa where both a system and product exist. In the case of Rooibos, a tea brewed from indigenous plants in South Africa, a product with appropriate characteristics does exist but no institutional framework is in place. The process of describing the unique characteristics of Rooibos is subsequently explained. In the last Section of the paper an Africa-wide list of products with unique and origin-based characteristics is provided and the systems for the protection of these products in a number of African countries are summarised. It is clear from this paper that an abundance of unique products exist in Africa and the question is raised whether the African Union does not have a role to play in providing a framework for the protection and commercial exploitation of African agricultural products with a unique set of quality characteristics.


Abstract – This paper presents the development and testing of an alternative approach to make it feasible to use low cost inertial measurements units (IMU) in integrated Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) applied to positioning and navigation (POS/NAV). Low cost inertial measurement units (IMU) based navigation systems have the disadvantage of accumulating increasingly continuous errors in great extension, leading to poor system performance. Moreover GPS does not work in all environments, or can not provide reliable solutions, under certain circumstances, during some time interval. The integration of both systems can handle and overcome their limitations. There are different solutions to fulfill information during GPS blockage and integrated systems with inertial sensors and GPS are frequently used with stochastic parameter estimation techniques. This work investigates the use of artificial neural network (ANN), to learn and compensate for IMU errors such as to provide better NAV/POS solutions, during the lack of information in GPS outages portion of time. It is proposed to model the input-output ANN signals based on a set of constrained land vehicle navigation equations and the use of an adaptive ANN training Kalman filtering methodology. Numerical simulation results are presented based on urban vehicular positioning application data, acquired from low cost Crossbow CD400-200 inertial measurement unit and an Astech Z12 GPS receiver. Comparison with equally simulated results of a current more standard Kalman filter INS/GPS integration scheme gives a indication of feasibility and potential of the proposed approach.


In mid-October 2014, ten years after the New Zealand Government confirmed the establishment of a Combined Threat Assessment Group (CTAG) to advise it on a range of potential threats, the prime minister announced, for the first time, the raising of New Zealand's domestic terrorism threat level. Unfortunately, the assessment that gave rise to the threat level's change (or a version of it) was not made public. Therefore, how were New Zealanders or others expected to properly understand the environment giving rise to the threat changes, and to judge whether the assessors got the setting right. This paper argues increased public transparency is appropriate when additional security measures resulting from a change in threat perception impact citizens' lives and cost tax-payers more money. In presenting this argument, the paper briefly describes the role of threat assessments and how threat levels are set. In the absence of a public version of New Zealand's threat assessment giving a cohesive, concise and transparent outline of the threat environment, the paper presents publicly available information from well-informed high office holders to see if that provides alternative and suitable transparency. Finally, the paper compares New Zealand's terrorism threat assessment transparency processes with those of four countries with similar characteristics to New Zealand to see if alternative models of public transparency are available for consideration.


The spatio-temporal production process is considered and the necessity of its organization on the basis of lean technology is justified. The role of the basic tool for organizing a lean production flow Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is noted and the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) used in continuous production has been calculated. It was found that the system of general maintenance and repair of equipment is a key tool to improve the efficiency of the organization of production processes in continuous sequential production. From our point of view, the production process is a set of interrelated main, auxiliary and servicing processes of using labor, material and financial resources per unit of time per unit of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products for the purpose of releasing the required quantity of products of the required quality with established using interrelated methods and methods of rational combination of living labor with the means of production, taking into account the minimization of production risks.


The Kane oceanic core complex (OCC) is a large, corrugated megamullion that was formed by a long‐lived detachment fault at the axis of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge adjacent to Kane Fracture Zone between 2.1 and 3.3 Ma. We use refracted arrivals recorded along a 6‐km‐long hydrophone streamer during a multichannel seismic survey to constrain the shallow seismic velocity structure of the OCC. Results are presented in high‐resolution traveltime seismic tomographic models along six lines that cover all of the main morphological features of the megamullion. The models show large lateral variability in P wave velocity within the upper ∼0.5–2.0 km of the lithosphere, and these variations correlate to first order with observed variations in lithology, documented by in situ basement samples and seafloor morphology. Lithological interpretation of the velocity models indicates that there is marked lateral variability in distribution of gabbroic intrusions, serpentinized peridotites, and basalts at scales of a few kilometers to ∼10 km. Serpentinized peridotites appear to dominate the central and older parts of the OCC. High‐velocity gabbros are consistently (but not exclusively) present closer to the termination of the Kane detachment fault and toward the ends of the OCC. The structure of the lithosphere exhumed by the Kane detachment fault is far from the standard ophiolite‐based Penrose model, and it does not show segment‐centered magmatism that is commonly interpreted at slow spreading ridges. If the gabbros exhumed toward the termination of the OCC were emplaced deep (∼10 km) beneath the spreading axis, they may have constituted a weak zone that focused initiation of the Kane detachment fault. Alternately, as the OCC footwall was being exhumed the gabbros may have been emplaced because of dynamic changes in melt supply, changes in mantle fertility, or decompression melting. Late stage volcanism is clearly associated with a major high‐angle normal fault that cuts the detachment surface; this volcanism may have been stimulated or enhanced by bending stresses in the bending footwall. The shape of the large‐scale corrugated morphology of the OCC is nearly invariant in the dip direction across major changes in basement lithology, indicating that once established, the form of the Kane detachment fault was highly resistant to modification.


Although rigorous measurement has become a necessity in the software industry, many measurement programs fail to deliver real benefit to software managers. The required data is often missing, invalid, or late. But a properly automated measurement system can deliver timely reports that enable proactive management. The measurement modeling technology introduced here supports such automation. It also establishes standard measurements and metrics that organizations can share and combine across projects, departments, and companies.


I. INTRODUCTION Professor Ahmed Abdullah Faddam, professor of Sculpture at Baghdad's College of Fine Arts, asserted the importance of culture and stated the following: "What can you do with a man who is ignorant and doesn't have any culture? He is just like a dead man."1 Professor John Malcolm Russell, professor of Art History at the Massachusetts College of Art, articulated the implications of this "dead man" as follows: He is also a very dangerous man, this empty vessel waiting to be filled with dross. Having a past, having a sense of who we are, allows us to measure ourselves against what political demagogues or market forces say we should be. These are the ones with no use for the past. That's why they burn books, either literally as in Nazi bonfires or figuratively in the blinding glow of the television screen. Without a sense of our past as the core of who we are, we risk being whatever we're told we are.2 The key to preventing a world of empty vessels is the archaeological process and the study of items of the past.3 The skeletons of previous civilizations, the antiquities and artifacts found during archaeological excavations, are testimonies of history and culture.4 These objects connect the past with the present.5 Without these objects, mankind is devoid of history and culture, and thus risks becoming a "dead man."6 With over ten thousand officially registered archaeological sites7 and an unknown amount of sites yet to be discovered,8 Iraq is a nation with rich archaeological inheritance. Its inheritance is significant not only in quantity but also in quality.9 Many commonly perceive Iraq as the "Cradle of Civilization"10 and home to "the obligatory list of 'firsts' (the first cities, the first monumental architecture, the first writing . . . )."n Iraq has great potential to give meaning to the history and culture of mankind.12 This potential is at risk amidst the turmoil in Iraq.13 Looters unlawfully extract and steal artifacts from Iraq's archaeological sites and sell them on an illegitimate market.14 The looters are motivated by the opportunity for quick cash15 and "value the past solely as a source of collectible commodities."16 They undervalue history and culture, disrupt the archaeological process, and put society at risk of becoming empty vessels.17 This Note addresses the current nation-wide looting of Iraq's numerous archaeological sites and the domestic legislative steps to be taken in response to the recent upsurge in looting. Current laws prohibit unauthorized export of antiquities and vest ownership of all antiquities in the Iraqi government.18 The long-term effects of these laws on the illicit antiquities market and the looting of archaeological sites are limited.19 Part II of this Note discusses the antiquities market, the looting to supply the market, and current legislative attempts at controlling the market. It begins with an overview of the international antiquities market and then highlights Iraq's significant role in the market due to the quantity and quality of its antiquities. Subsequently, Part II addresses the evolution of looting from a custom of war and colonialism to the source of supply for the illicit antiquities market. Today, economic strife and political unrest exacerbate the profit-driven looting market.20 These effects can specifically be seen in the current socio-political state of Iraq.21 Part II further discusses domestic legislative attempts to control the market and reduce looting. It illustrates the global public interest in structuring effective regulations and distinguishes the two contrasting theories that underpin culturalproperty laws: cultural internationalism and cultural nationalism. Cultural internationalism promotes international ownership of antiquities and upholds the international value of antiquities.22 In contrast, cultural nationalism protects national ownership of antiquities and the values associated with national ownership. …


To the Reply —Although we commend Dr Liu and colleagues 1 for attempting to address the complex and controversial issue of safety of early newborn discharge, we find their conclusions misleading and premature given the tenuousness of the data presented. First, although the authors claim that early discharge was associated with an increased risk of sepsis, their data do not clearly support this conclusion. Table 4 in their article lists an unadjusted OR for sepsis in early discharge infants of 1.53 (95% CI, 1.00-2.33), and the difference compared with infants discharged later did not reach statistical significance. The same concerns hold for their conclusions regarding dehydration risk (unadjusted OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.87-1.88). Second, the study design did not allow for a uniform definition of pathologic hyperbilirubinemia. It is likely that some infants admitted with this diagnosis had mild or physiologic jaundice that was managed in an inappropriately aggressive manner. Our teaching faculty


The sometimes extreme hydro-climatic stresses that buildings undergo can lead to significant deterioration which can lead to their collapse. The concern to realize durable works and ensuring a comfortable framework for the life of the occupants leads to seek effective solutions, as well for the new construction as for the renovation of old construction, answering the sempiternal problem of harmful action of water on buildings materials. This paper proposes a numerical simulation of moisture migration in concrete building walls, the aim being to highlight the influence of pore size on the kinetics of moisture migration, and its gradient in the wall. A mathematical model taking into account the mechanisms of moisture migration due to liquid moisture gradient and by vapor diffusion is proposed; the discrete formulation of the equation by the numerical scheme of Crank Nicolson is then carried out, and results from computer modeling using Matlab software version 22.214.171.1249 (R2010a), show that pore size is a key parameter that influences the dynamics of moisture migration in the wall. Indeed, this parameter qualitatively and quantitatively influences the kinetics of moisture migration, as well as it gradient in the concrete wall.


Some of the different factors that lower performance of the optical fiber and experimental components are attenuation and dispersion. Some are intrinsic to the material and cannot be deleted, but can be compensated, so it is therefore necessary to quantify the chromatic dispersion. This paper presents a method for measuring the coefficient of dispersion in a WDM and an optical isolator, caused by the temporal broadening of a pulse due to the different speeds that are in the optical frequencies of said pulse. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer has many applications, in this paper it ́s one, in which a WDM and Optical insolator are analyzed, the data obtained by the method were channeled by a measured optical spectrum (OSA for its acronym) and then analyzed on the computer with a program previously done in Matlab. The results clearly show that the dispersion can be measured with high accuracy not only optical fibers but also in other optical devices.


Health care provision for those suffering from depression is gaining momentum with local and international initiatives to destigmatize mental disorders; an example is the global mental health day. Still, depression remains the leading cause of ill health and disability, over 300 million people living with depression. There is a prevailing paradigm in the field to describe depression in the realm of brain disorders. Such a position tends to prevent individual values from clinical treatment, particularly those patients suffering from depression. I aim to claim in this paper that reducing the numbers mentioned above will require us to adopt the conception of depression that is beyond neuroessentialism, highlighting the importance of neuroessentialism data in the discourse.


An increasing body of evidence supports the concept that host-produced PGE2 mediates much of the tissue destruction that occurs in periodontal disease. PGE2 levels within the crevicular fluid can serve as a static assessment of ongoing disease activity; i.e., rate of attachment loss and bone resorption. New insights into the mechanisms that regulate PGE2 synthesis provide an altered paradigm of periodontal disease which places the emphasis on host response, rather than the bacterial etiology, as the principal determinant of disease expression. We describe a PGE2 host response model as a hypothetical framework to discuss new, possible explanations for host susceptibility to periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1993;64:432-444.


One of the main conclusions of Reinhart and Rogoff's study of sovereign debt crises, highlighted in its title This Time is Different, is that markets for sovereign debt are prone to manic mood swings. When things go well for an extended period, lenders tend to underestimate risks of crisis. They are too short-sighted even to anticipate their own vulnerability to self-fulfilling panic.

This paper shows that rational learning about unstable risks can explain most of these phenomena, even when perceptions don't affect the underlying default risks. Between the relative infrequency of default and the small number of relevant comparators, sovereign debt markets are bound to make rational learners unusually sensitive to recent news. The resulting "rational myopia" makes both confidence and lack of confidence fickle. This can be useful from a policy perspective since it speeds recovery after crisis. However, one bad surprise can deflate it.

Simulations show striking understatement of risk on the eve of default. Hence our analysis supports Reinhart and Rogoff's warning (2009, xxv) that "excessive debt accumulation […] often poses greater system risks than it seems during a boom". Indeed, it implicitly calls for extra vigilance by policymakers, to help check what lenders almost surely won't.


Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease that arises from physiological disruptions of the body's sensitivity to insulin and ability to metabolize glucose. Multipoint linkage analyses for insulin sensitivity phenotypes were conducted in 1,280 Mexican Americans from 41 families who participated in the San Antonio Family Heart Study. A significant linkage signal (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 2.98) affecting corrected insulin response to glucose was detected on chromosome 13q between D13787 and D13S252, in the region where the MODY-4 gene has previously been mapped. Another signal on chromosome 13 was observed at D13S285 (LOD = 1.86), where the insulin receptor substrate 2 gene resides. Significant linkage (LOD = 3.09) for insulin response to glucose was found on chromosome 8 between D8S1130 and D8S1106, near the lipoprotein lipase and macrophage scavenger receptor genes. Multipoint analysis of abdominal skinfold with an LOD of 2.68 showed signals in the same region. There was also suggestive evidence for linkage of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and fasting glucose to a previously reported location at D9S301 (LOD = 2.19). These results indicate that chromosomal locations on 8p and 13q might harbor genes that affect a variety of insulin- and glucose-related phenotypes that contribute to the observed variations in these important risk factors for diabetes in Mexican Americans.


The objective of this work was to determine the most economically viable integrated no-tillage crop-livestock system by intercropping sorghum with tropical forages or dwarf pigeon pea, succeeded by soybean or corn, over a two-year period. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of forage sorghum intercropped with: 'Marandu' grass; 'Marandu' grass and dwarf pigeon pea; 'Mombaca' grass; 'Mombaca' grass and dwarf pigeon pea; and dwarf pigeon pea and single sorghum, harvested for silage in the first cut and regrowth, succeeded by soybean or corn. The following calculations were made: effective operational cost, total operational costs, gross revenues, operational income, profitability index, equilibrium price, and equilibrium productivity. These variables were determined for individual crops, as well as for the sum of the crops occupying the same area over time. The sorghum consortia with 'Mombaca' grass, with or without dwarf pigeon pea, had 18 and 14% lower productivity and profitability, respectively, than the sorghum consortia with 'Marandu' grass, with or without dwarf pigeon pea. Soybean in succession requires less chemical control of the 'Mombaca' grass than corn in succession.


This paper deals with the setting of a statistical hypothesis testing approach to the determination of aircraft separation standards that can be supported within a given flight information region. Given a minimal safety distance to be maintained between two aircraft, we derive a criterion that must be obeyed by their radar plots in order to meet the required separation at a known level of confidence. Conversely, given that a minimal safety distance is maintained between two radar plots, one can find the actual separation that can be guaranteed between both aircraft. The results described here can help to implement automated conflict alert and minimum safe altitude warning facilities.<<ETX>>


The ability of load to respond to short-term variations in electricity prices plays an increasingly important role in balancing short-term supply and demand, especially during peak periods and in dealing with fluctuations in renewable energy supplies. However, price responsive load has not been included in standard models for defining the optimal scheduling of generation units in short-term. Here, elasticities are included to adjust the demand profile in response to price changes, including cross-price elasticities that account for load shifts among hours. The resulting peak reductions and valley fill alter the optimal unit commitment. Enhancing demand response also increases the amount of wind power that can be economically injected. Further, wind power uncertainty can be managed at a lower cost by adjusting electricity consumption in case of wind forecast errors, which is another way in which demand response facilitates the integration of intermittent renewables.


Impact investing denominates an investment logic that combines social and environmental goals, financial returns as well as personal values. The purpose of this paper is to consider the concept of legitimacy to be an appropriate way to understand how actors in the impact investing market influence discourse in order to overcome the inherent liability of newness – based on hybrid institutional logics – through their financial and non-financial communication.,Based on two theoretically defined sets of codes, a thematic discourse analysis is conducted by analysing meaningful units derived from documents produced by case-selected actors in the impact investing industry, which are then categorised into rhetorical strategies for legitimacy building.,The paper finds that actors use diverse legitimisation strategies based on their relative positioning in the impact investing market. These strategies determine the actors' main discursive foci and, in turn, are affected by the overall organisational activities, governance and mission. This study proposes and discusses eight legitimacy creating strategies of relevant archetypes of impact investing actors in their financial and non-financial communication. Following these interconnected discursive engagements, a communication gap can be demonstrated between investors, intermediaries and social entrepreneurs.,Such discursive engagement gaps can provide a theoretical lens to explain the almost non-functional market and, as practical implications, show the need for convergence and harmonisation in financial and non-financial reports and communiques. This research further contributes to theory by providing insights into the discursive creation of legitimacy, and by promoting a better understanding of the emerging field of impact investing.


English is one of the foreign languages that has been learnt through out the world. Beside that, English is used for communication in the world. As foreign learners of English, the students are interested in learning all about the English speaking people in their lives. Then, English is also used as a tool developing science, technology and culture. In learning English there are four skills involved in it. They are listening, writing, speaking and reading. The research aims are to know the techniques to teach young learners, to know the advantages and disadvantages used by
the teacher in learning English. The researcher used descriptive research design. Moreover, the subject of this study was the English teacher and students of elementary school Mulyoagung 3 Dau Malang. The instruments used in this study are observation, interview and questionnaire.
The result of the study are the teacher using many kinds of techniques. The techniques are, retell songs and games. Games are puzzle, flashcard and guess give advantages for the students because they are easy to understand the materials. Retell give disadvantages for the student
because they are have limited vocabulary. The implication from the finding indicates that the English teacher should increase their professionalism, so that they can improve the quality of English teaching and learning process.
The finding of the study indicated that teaching English at elementary school mulyoagung 3 Dau Malang is not good still needs to be improved.


IntroductionCreation of registries using linked population-based databases could potentially be used to conduct large registry-based clinical trials. As part of the CANHEART-Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR) innovative clinical trials initiative, we explored the practicality of using the linked CANHEART registry to conduct a cluster-randomized trial aimed at improving lipid management.
Objectives and ApproachThe CANHEART registry (www.canheart.ca) was created through the linkage of 19 population-based health databases in Ontario, Canada, providing individual-level socio-demographic, geographic, hospitalization, disease testing/screening, mortality, prescription medication, and behavior/lifestyle information. Using CANHEART defined eligibility criterion, small and medium-sized, high cardiovascular-risk health regions (defined as having acute myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death rates greater than the Ontario average) are being randomly allocated to receive either the intervention (availability of a lipid management 'toolbox') or standard care. Cohort linkages to additional years of data will occur regularly over the 3-year trial to ascertain the primary outcome of appropriate statin prescribing rates.

\section*{Results}
Record linkage enabled us to determine baseline characteristics of 835,345 patients aged 40-75 as of January 2016, being treated in the 28 study-eligible regions by 2,012 family physicians. Preceding the study, the baseline statin use rate was 35.7\% (in 66-75 year olds) across these regions and the cardiovascular event rate ranged from 3.78-5.64 events/1000 person-years. A randomization procedure yielded 14 regions in both the intervention and control arms which did not differ significantly in socio-demographic characteristics, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, disease history, prevalence of statin use, or access to healthcare indicators. Working groups have been established to operationalize the lipid management tools that will be made available in the intervention regions. Analysis of newly linked participant data will permit outcome ascertainment at trial completion.

\section*{Conclusion/Implications}
Our work demonstrates the feasibility of using the CANHEART 'big data' registry to conduct a large, cluster-randomized clinical trial aimed at improving lipid management, without requiring any primary data collection. Broader use of this methodology has the potential to change the existing paradigm for conducting pragmatic clinical trial research.


Abstract. The bulk magnetic mineral record from Lake Ohrid, spanning the past 637 kyr, reflects large-scale shifts in hydrological conditions, and, superimposed, a strong signal of environmental conditions on glacial–interglacial and millennial timescales. A shift in the formation of early diagenetic ferrimagnetic iron sulfides to siderites is observed around 320 ka. This change is probably associated with variable availability of sulfide in the pore water. We propose that sulfate concentrations were significantly higher before  ∼  320 ka, due to either a higher sulfate flux or lower dilution of lake sulfate due to a smaller water volume. Diagenetic iron minerals appear more abundant during glacials, which are generally characterized by higher Fe / Ca ratios in the sediments. While in the lower part of the core the ferrimagnetic sulfide signal overprints the primary detrital magnetic signal, the upper part of the core is dominated by variable proportions of high- to low-coercivity iron oxides. Glacial sediments are characterized by high concentration of high-coercivity magnetic minerals (hematite, goethite), which relate to enhanced erosion of soils that had formed during preceding interglacials. Superimposed on the glacial–interglacial behavior are millennial-scale oscillations in the magnetic mineral composition that parallel variations in summer insolation. Like the processes on glacial–interglacial timescales, low summer insolation and a retreat in vegetation resulted in enhanced erosion of soil material. Our study highlights that rock-magnetic studies, in concert with geochemical and sedimentological investigations, provide a multi-level contribution to environmental reconstructions, since the magnetic properties can mirror both environmental conditions on land and intra-lake processes.


Currently, the European Commission intends to increase the EU's 2030 climate target. Instead of a 40 percent target, greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced by 50 to 55 percent compared to 1990 levels; the European Parliament is even considering a 65-percent reduction. The European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) sectors should make an appropriate contribution to this reduction. However, decisive for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, as in accordance with the Paris Agreement, is compliance with a consistent emissions budget, the total amount of cumulative greenhouse gas emissions. For the EU ETS, compliance with an emissions budget requires adjusting the emission cap. This Weekly Report derives the minimum requirement for emission reductions in the EU ETS sectors in line with a globally cost-effective emissions budget. The results show the cap must be urgently adjusted to ensure the minimum European contribution to limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Otherwise, beginning in 2030, drastic measures will be necessary to reduce emissions. At the same time, national coal phase-out plans and a more ambitious European energy policy make it possible to approximate the cost-effective pathway by adjusting the cap, without additional reduction requirements for the EU ETS sectors.


The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (14.5 or 12.0%) and cellulose (8.7 or 2.5%) levels on composition of feces and manure after 8 wk of diet feeding and storage. Pigs were fed twice daily; after each feeding, urine and feces were collected and added to manure storage containers. On weeks 2 and 8 after initiation of the experiment, fresh fecal and manure samples were obtained. On Week 8, increased dietary cellulose resulted in significantly higher levels of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and phenols in feces compare to other diets. In contrast, dietary protein had the greatest effect on manure chemical composition; lower protein decreased sulfur content, ammonia, and phenolic compound concentrations. High levels of either dietary cellulose or protein tended to increase microbial community similarity in fecal samples, but only high protein increased similarity among manure sample microbial communities. Fecal and manure samples from Week 8 differed from samples taken in Week 2 both in chemical and microbiological composition. Week 2 samples had lower concentrations of many of chemical compounds and microbial diversity than samples from Week 8. The fecal results indicate that after 2 wk of feeding experimental diets the animals were not fully adapted to the diets. More importantly, after only 2 wk of urine and fecal collection, manure was not representative of stored manure, limiting its usefulness in developing standards and recommendations for on-farm management practices.


EFFECTS OF ELECTRONIC REMINDERS FOR PROMOTING EXERCISE MOTIVATION AND ADHERENCE IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS By Ashlee Hamilton Under the Direction of Rebecca Ellis, PhD Less than half of all adults meet the federal exercise recommendations (CDC, 2010) and college-aged adults may be more vulnerable to the consequences of physical inactivity with about two-thirds of college students leading sedentary lifestyles (Harvey-Berino, Pope, Gold, et al., 2012; Tully & Cupples, 2011). Mobile apps provide an efficient way to track physical activity and electronic prompts can enhance mobile apps by reminding individuals to participate. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a mobile app and electronic prompts sent via Twitter for promoting exercise motivation and adherence in sedentary university students. The hypotheses tested were: (a) a significantly greater percentage of participants in the treatment group would progress through the stages-of-change (SOC) from preto post-program compared to the control group, and (b) the treatment group would demonstrate significantly greater exercise adherence than the control group. Thirteen participants followed an 8-week running program on a mobile app. The control group (n = 8) followed the running program while the treatment group (n = 5) also received electronic prompts sent via Twitter to remind participants to exercise. The SOC modified four stage algorithm was used preand post-program to assess exercise motivation. Exercise adherence was measured by total number of completed workouts out of the 24 prescribed. A significantly greater number of participants in the control group progressed at least one stage from preto post-program compared to participants in the treatment group, χ 2 = 6.9, p = 0.008. Additionally, participants in the control group reported a greater number of completed workouts (M = 12.5, SD = 7.6) compared to the participants in the treatment group (M = 3.6, SD = 4.0). These findings suggest that while the mobile app may be beneficial for promoting exercise motivation and adherence, the electronic prompts sent via Twitter appeared to have no effect. Further studies are needed to determine the most effective way to use Twitter to increase exercise motivation and adherence of sedentary university students. EFFECTS OF ELECTRONIC REMINDERS FOR PROMOTING EXERCISE MOTIVATION AND ADHERENCE IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS By Ashlee Hamilton


This paper presents shared-variable synchronization approaches for dataflow programming. The mechanisms do not require any substantial model of computation (MoC) modifi-cation, and is portable across both for hardware (HW) and software (SW) low-level code synthesis. With the shared-variable formalization, the benefits of the dataflow MoC are maintained, however the space and energy efficiency of an application can be significantly improved. The approach targets Dynamic Process Network (DPN) dataflow applications, thus making them also suitable for less expressive models e.g. synchronous and cyclo-static dataflow that DPN subsumes. The approach is validated through the analysis and optimization of a High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) decoder implemented in the RVC-CAL dataflow language targeting a multi-core platform. Experimental results show how, starting from an initial design that does not use the shared-variable formalism, frames per second throughput performance is increased by a factor of 21.


Abstract. This paper is a preface of the ISPRS/EuroSDR Workshop on the "Evaluation and Benchmarking of Sensors, Systems and Geospatial Data in Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing" that was held in Warsaw University of Technology on 16-17 September 2019. The paper reviews benchmarking in photogrammetry and remote sensing found in the literature relating to geodata. The first part of the paper is a bibliographic analysis based on queries in Scopus and Web of Science databases which shows an increase in research activities based on benchmarking data. In the second part, a review of past and ongoing benchmarking initiatives is presented, providing examples of initiatives within e.g. ISPRS and EuroSDR. The topic of evaluating data, sensors and algorithms with benchmarking activities is interesting as it provides the opportunity to compare, with a unique approach, research results from independent scientists. As hereafter reported, benchmarking has increased in recent years, with many benchmarks being presented in the photogrammetric and remote sensing communities.


OBJECTIVE
This study developed and explored the validity of the Children's Kitchen Task Assessment (CKTA), a performance assessment of executive function.

METHOD
The development of the CKTA is described. Children were given the CKTA and neuropsychological assessments of executive functioning. Parents completed the Parent Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (Parent BRIEF).

RESULTS
Forty-nine typically developing children ages 8 to 12 years participated in this study. Interrater reliability and internal consistency were established. Preliminary evidence of discriminant validity was reflected in significant differences on neuropsychological tests and the Parent BRIEF between high- and low-scoring CKTA groups. Age-related differences in CKTA performance further supported discriminant validity. Support for concurrent validity was observed in moderate correlations with established neuropsychological tests.

CONCLUSION
Preliminary results suggest the CKTA is a valid performance assessment that evaluates the level of cognitive assistance children require to complete a challenging functional activity.


CORPIONS, living in North African semiS deserts are-in spite of disrupting experimental interferences-able to maintain a certain direction in their natural environment in the dark on a plane surface. Under comparable laboratory conditions, excluding the possibility of light or gravity orientation, they can orient themselves if a directed air current passes over the "arena." In most cases the scorpions do not run necessarily with or against the wind, but rather maintain constant angles to the air current for anywhere from minutes to many hours. They are running anemomenotactically (ref. 1 ) . Under identical conditions many species of beetles also orient themselves to air currents (refs. 2 to 4 ) . The main problems to be solved in the study of anemomenotactic orientation are: (1) Which physical qualities of the air current have an influence on the anemomenotaxis? (2 ) With which sense organs do beetles and scorpions perceive wind directions? ( 3 ) Which physiological mechanism is the basis of anemomenotactic orientation? (4) What is the biological significance of anemomenotaxis in beetles and scorpions? With respect to these problems, more study has been done on beetles than on scorpions. Therefore, due to lack of space, I shall discuss mainly some of the results obtained in experiments with dung beetles (Geotrupes silvaticus, G. stercorarius, G. armifrons, G. niger, Scarabaeus variolosus) and tenebrionid beetles (Tenebrio molitor, Pimelia grossa, P. tenuicornis, Scaurus dubius)


Purpose

This paper aims at assessing the impacts of the national cluster policy, cluster age, cluster development benchmarks of neighbouring regions and the cumulative level of regional innovative capacity on the quantity and quality of cluster initiatives in Russia.

Design/methodology/approach

Hypotheses' testing was carried out by a series of calculations comparing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of cluster initiatives; the number of new cluster initiatives to the number of neighbouring regions, where cluster initiatives had begun to develop earlier; and ranks of regions within the Russian regional innovation scoreboard to the quantity and quality characteristics of cluster initiatives therein.

Findings

The results of the study empirically confirm that the national cluster policy significantly influenced the emergence and advancement of cluster initiatives in Russia. The proximity to the regions, having previously launched cluster support programmes, also had an impact on the emergence of new cluster initiatives. The cluster initiatives' age had an ambiguous effect on their performance. Finally, the level of regional innovative capacity was correlated only with the number of cluster initiatives localised therein.

Practical implications

The findings show that along with the direct effects of the national cluster policy for the government-supported clusters, there are positive externalities, e.g. the emergence of new cluster initiatives throughout the country.

Originality/value

The research database of 277 cluster initiatives has been drawn up as a part of the first national cluster mapping and covers almost a decade of clustering activity in Russia. The study analyses not only the cluster initiatives supported by the federal government but also those developed independently.


Summary Recently, cluster computers become a viable and less expensive alternative to multiprocessor systems. However, a serious difficulty in concurrent programming of a cluster computer system is how to deal with scheduling and load balancing of such a system which may consist of heterogeneous computers. Based on the four-tuple DLBM (dynamic load balancing model) which is proposed by other scholars, this paper introduces a five-tuple DLBM to better solve the above problems. The five-tuple involves balancing environment, task allotment, load estimate, scheduling strategy and scheduling evaluation. The five-tuple DLBM interprets the full aspects of load balancing and makes the logical relationship between the five tuples more clear by using formalized language. According to the five-tuple model and the corresponding solution of each tuple, this paper realizes the model under certain experimental conditions in the Linux cluster system. Experiments are given testing the five-tuple DLBM based on tasks that are independent, having a little or no relativity, uncertain executing time. The result shows that the model proposed in this paper can make the load balancing better. What's more, scheduling evaluation shows that the strategies are reasonable.


Background For those living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), failing to engage in self-management behaviors leads to poor glycemic control. Social cognitive theory (SCT) has been shown to improve health behaviors by altering cognitive processes and increasing an individual's belief in their ability to accomplish a task. Objective We aim to present a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to systematically identify, evaluate, and analyze the effect of SCT-based interventions to improve glycemic control in adults with T2DM. Methods This protocol follows the 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Data sources will include PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsychINFO, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, and data will be reviewed with the use of customized text mining software. Studies examining SCT-based behavioral interventions for adults diagnosed with T2DM in randomized controlled trials located in the outpatient setting will be included. Intervention effectiveness will be compared with routine care. Screening and data collection will be performed in multiple stages with three reviewers as follows: (1) an independent review of titles/abstracts, (2) a full review, and (3) data collection with alternating teams of two reviewers for disputes to be resolved by a third reviewer. Study quality and risk of bias will be assessed by three reviewers using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Standardized mean differences will be used to describe the intervention effect sizes with regard to self-efficacy and diabetes knowledge. The raw mean difference of HbA1c will be provided in a random effects model and presented in a forest plot. The expected limitations of this study are incomplete data, the need to contact authors, and analysis of various types of glycemic control measures accurately within the same data set. Results This protocol was granted institutional review board exemption on October 7, 2019. PROSPERO registration (ID: CRD42020147105) was received on April 28, 2020. The review began on April 29, 2020. The results of the review will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed journals, and meetings. Conclusions This systematic review will appraise the effectiveness of SCT-based interventions for adults diagnosed with T2DM and provide the most effective interventions for improving health behaviors in these patients. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42020147105; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=147105 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/17148