On May 13, 2004, the Securities and Exchange Commission published its Proposed Rule for Asset-Backed Securities (ABS), covering new disclosure requirements, in the Federal Register, and called for comments on that proposed rule from the various participants in the ABS market. One way or another, the publication of Regulation AB in its final form will change the ABS market. Although the final regulation is expected to be published in early 2005, issuers and investors are not even close to agreement on a number of important points, which makes the ultimate requirements of the rule difficult to predict. There are three items on the author's wish list: 1) disclosure regimes based upon collateral asset type; 2) credit score (i.e., FICO) disclosure for consumer asset types; and 3) static pool disclosure for revolving trusts.


Human embryonic kidney 293 cells were transfected with plasmid pcDNA-H520C9scFv-rhlL-2 containing a chimeric cDNA encoding the humanized 520C9 scFv/recombinant human IL-2 fusion protein(H520C9scFv-rhIL-2). The transfected cells in plateau growing phase were cultured in serum-free medium for three days. The supernatant was collected, concentrated and purified using an affinity column packed with CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B coupled with anti-rhIL-2 mouse monoclonal antibody. The purified fusion protein was analyzed by ELISA, SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The fusion protein showed only one band in both silver stained electrophoresis gel and Western blot developed by ECL chemiluminescence system. Its molecular weight was confirmed to be about 45 kD. This fusion protein possessed binding specificity against p185 positive SKOV3 and B 16/neu cells, and it might stimulate IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cell proliferation as well


Between May 2001 and May 2002, water chemistry was measured in groundwater at four well sites on the Ichauway Ecological Reserve. Water samples were collected weekly from the wells and analyzed in the Jones Ecological Research Center analytical laboratory for a suite of inorganic constituents. Well 1 was the only well that regularly contained measurable levels of ammonium-N that ranged from 0 to 21μg/l. Well 1 was also found to have elevated levels of nitrate-N that were about 2-4-fold higher than at the other well sites. Well 2 showed an increase in nitrate-N during the period of study while well 3 showed a decrease. In addition, chloride concentrations were found to be higher in well 1 than the other wells. Overall, ambient water chemistry reflects a portion of the Upper Floridan Aquifer that is minimally impacted by human activities. Wells 2-4 have near historic background concentrations of nitrateN, and are relatively unaffected by nitrate-N contamination. However, levels of nitrate-N in well 1 are above historic background values suggesting some impact of human activities on nitrogen chemistry in this portion of the aquifer. Further studies are needed to determine the source(s) of elevated nitrates (intensive livestock production, widespread application of nitrogen fertilizers, or wetland depressions), and whether relatively pristine portions of the Upper Floridan aquifer, such as those found underneath the Ichauway Ecological Reserve, will experience higher levels of contamination in the future.


The Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentary processes are interpreted for an area of continental shelf and slope on the eastern side of the South Island, New Zealand, between latitudes 43°00's and 44°50's. Two formations are recognised in the Late Quaternary stratigraphy of the shelf: the Canterbury Bight Formation of mainly Last Glacia1 age and, locally overlying it, the Pegasus Formation of mainly Holocene age. The formations are distinguished by shelf-wide unconformities (visib1e in seismic profiles), by geomorphology, by grain-size modes, and by macrofauna. Ridge-and-swa1e topography occurs on two scales on the shelf. Very large ridges and troughs are interpreted from microbathymetry, stratigraphy, sediments and macrofauna to be the remains of Pleistocene barrier/lagoon complexes. With the aid of radiocarbon dates, four well developed shorelines between 28,000 yr and 15,000 yr old are recognised. The smaller ridges are submarine features, formed by strong currents. Those ridges that are in a zone of constricted and accelerated currents near Banks Peninsula are active, while those well removed from the peninsula constriction are fossil and date from times of lower sea level. Sedimentation on the continental shelf has reached a state of equilibrium with the modern hydraulic regime. Relict sediments of the deglacial transgressive sand/gravel sheet are being reworked in zones of high energy, principally in the region of constricted flow around Banks Peninsula. Modern-input sand (distinguished by its grain-size mode) is restricted by currents mainly to an active belt near shore, but locally it has replaced palimpsest sand on the middle shelf. The modern mud facies, being confined by zones of higher energy, has reached its maximum areal extent; its greatest thickness is in Pegasus Bay. Sea-bed drifter studies, and studies of sediment texture and provenance show that net sediment movement on the shelf and along shore during both Pleistocene and modern times has been northwards. The continental slope is dissected by submarine slide scars in the south and by submarine canyons in the north. Streams of fine sand, transported from the continental shelf to the upper slope by north-flowing currents during Pleistocene lowered sea levels, initiated the erosion of submarine canyons. Interception of littoral-drifted gravel by established canyons reaching Pleistocene strand lines probably accelerated. canyon erosion. The canyons are thought to be now effectively dormant. Deposition of fine sediment from suspension has dominated the development of the southern slope. This slope is consequently free of deeply corrasional features like submarine canyons but is prone to failure by gravity sliding. The youngest slides are less than 18,000 yr old. The history of growth of Pegasus Submarine Canyon is investigated in detail. The course of the canyon across the shelf is not fault controlled. As well as growing landwards, the canyon and its tributaries have, during Pleistocene sea level stillstands, grown southwards along shore towards the supply of littoral drifted gravel and sand. A buried tributary, of Penultimate Glacial age or older, on the canyon's west side, once brought the canyon 7 km closer to the present shore. The relative ages of the south-trending arms of the canyon are inferred from their relationship to known Last Glacial shorelines that are preserved on the shelf, and by their position with respect to a regional subsurface unconformity of Penultimate Glacial age. Canyon erosion was concentrated in the largest arm during the last deglacial rise of sea level, and shallow channels, interpreted as feeders are common around its rim.


Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is mainly secreted by the liver. It is a factor that is not fully understood in relation to growth. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a deacetylase protein. It is thought that may have an effect on the release and function of GH and IGF-1. Visfatin is synthesized from adipose tissue as primary. It may be prognostic marker associated with growth factors. As a result of our work, FGF21 is not associated with short stature but levels of SIRT1 and visfatin are associated with short stature. The decrease in visfatin value in the short-stature group is thought to be due to an insufficient amount of adipose tissue, which is important for growth and development. SIRT1 might decrease GH effect by increasing STAT5 deacetylation in the liver and we think that the result of this reduction of SIRT1 would negatively impact IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 production.


In marine systems, the availability of inorganic phosphate can limit primary production leading to bacterial and phytoplankton utilization of the plethora of organic forms available. Among these are phospholipids that form the lipid bilayer of all cells as well as released extracellular vesicles. However, information on phospholipid degradation is almost nonexistent despite their relevance for biogeochemical cycling. Here, we identify complete catabolic pathways for the degradation of the common phospholipid headgroups phosphocholine (PC) and phosphorylethanolamine (PE) in marine bacteria. Using Phaeobacter sp. MED193 as a model, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that extracellular hydrolysis of phospholipids liberates the nitrogen-containing substrates ethanolamine and choline. Transporters for ethanolamine (EtoX) and choline (BetT) are ubiquitous and highly expressed in the global ocean throughout the water column, highlighting the importance of phospholipid and especially PE catabolism in situ. Thus, catabolic activation of the ethanolamine and choline degradation pathways, subsequent to phospholipid metabolism, specifically links, and hence unites, the phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon cycles.


We describe a semiquantitative method to measure hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral particle numbers, by carrying out reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on serial dilutions of serum samples. The virus concentrations measured were 10(3)-10(6) viral particles ml-1 of serum. The method described is relatively quick, and the only required manipulation is dilution of the serum. An optimal RT-PCR method is used for diluted and undiluted samples.


New powder compaction process, in which a Bingham semi-solid/fluid mold is utilized, is developed to fabricate micro parts. In the present process, a powder material is filled as slurry in a solid wax mold, dried and compressed by either of conventional pressing methods, such as isostatic pressing or die compaction. It is important to use slurry for filling because dry powder is hard to fill in the micro cavity. It is also essential to control process temperature to treat micro parts. The wax mold is heated during compaction and becomes semi-solid state, which can acts as a pressurized medium for isostatic compaction. Since the compacted micro parts are very fragile, the mold's temperature is controlled to higher than its melting point during unloading, to avoid breakage of the compacts. To demonstrate effectiveness of this process, some micro compacts of alumina are shown as examples.


The Department of Energy (DOE) has a historic programmatic interest in the safe and secure routing, tracking, and transportation risk analysis of radiological materials in the United States. In order to address these program goals, DOE has funded the development of several tools and related systems designed to provide insight to planners and other professionals handling radioactive materials shipments. These systems include the WebTRAGIS (Transportation Routing Analysis Geographic Information System) platform. WebTRAGIS is a secure browser-based routing application developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) focused primarily on the safe transport of spent nuclear fuel from US nuclear reactors via railway, highway, or waterway. It is also used for the transport planning of low-level radiological waste to depositories such as the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) facility. One particular feature of WebTRAGIS is its coupling with highresolution population data from ORNL's LandScan project. This allows users to obtain highly accurate population count and density information for use in route planning and risk analysis. To perform the routing and risk analysis WebTRAGIS incorporates a basic routing model methodology, with the additional application of various constraints designed to mimic US Department of Transportation (DOT), DOE, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations. Aside from the routing models available in WebTRAGIS, the system relies on detailed or specialized modal networks for the route solutions. These include a highly detailed network model of the US railroad system, the inland and coastal waterways, and a specialized highway network that focuses on the US interstate system and the designated hazardous materials and Highway Route Controlled Quantity (HRCQ) -designated roadways. The route constraints in WebTRAGIS rely upon a series of attributes assigned to the various components of the different modal networks. Routes are determined via a constrained shortest-path Dijkstra algorithm that uses a calculated link impedance factor when determining an optimal route solution. The route constraints modify the various impedance weights to bias or prefer particular network characteristics as desired by the user. Both the basic route model and the constrained impedance function calculations are determined by a series of network characteristics and shipment types. This study examines solutions under various constraints modeled by WebTRAGIS including possible routes from select shut-down reactor sites in the US to specific locations in the US. For purposes of illustration, the designated destinations are Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee and the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. To the degree that routes express sameness or variety under constraints serves to illustrate either a) the determinism of particular transport modes by either configuration or regulatory compliance, and/or b) the variety of constrained routes that are regulation compliant but may not be operationally feasible.


In O'Connor v. Uber, 2015 WL 5138097 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 1, 2015), a federal district court permitted a class-action case to proceed on the question of whether 160,000 drivers were misclassified by their employer as independent contractors rather than employees. The case has garnered widespread interest, making headlines across the country. Yet it represents only one of many class-action cases currently pending against technology companies in the modern economy. Indeed, similar systemic claims have already been brought against Yelp, GrubHub, Handy, Crowdflower, Amazon, and many others.The courts have largely floundered in their efforts to address the proper scope of class cases brought against corporations in the on-demand economy. This is likely the result of a lack of clarity in this area as well as the unique fact patterns that often arise with technology-sector claims. Nothing has been written on this issue in the academic literature to date, and this paper seeks to fill that void in the scholarship.Navigating the statutes, case law, and procedural rules, this Essay proposes a workable five-part framework for analyzing systemic claims brought in the technology sector. This paper sets forth a model for the courts and litigants to follow when evaluating the proper scope of these cases. The Essay seeks to spark a dialogue on this important — yet unexplored — area of the law.


The aim of this study was to present the molecular typing of bacteria which were resistant to extract of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Azadirachta indica and to investigate whether there was any relationship between non-sensitivity to antibiotics and the extract of plants of four isolates: Salmonella typhii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas monteilii. Four solvents used for the extraction of the active ingredients of the plants were Ethanol, N-Hexane, Water, Ethanol and Water combined in five different concentrations.

The four microorganisms listed above were isolated from raw milk, Borehole water and soil. The isolates were variously subjected to conventional morphological, biochemical tests and subsequently molecular screening (Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing method). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KF530797) and Pseudomonas monteilii (KJ676707) identified were subjected to BLAST using pairwise alignment technique from NCBI database. The two plant extracts had earlier been documented as resistant to Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. which were earlier isolated from milk and water, respectively.

There was no zone of inhibition as observed in all concentrations of plant extract considered except a noticeable clear zone of inhibition against synthetic antibiotics in the order of Ofloxacin and Gentamycin. Although suspected gene markers from the two-soil isolate were suspected to be amplified around 1400 bp. The 16S rRNA sequences of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (94.43%) was somewhat more variable than Pseudomonas monteilii (99.93%) indicating a pairwise alignment of Pseudomonas monteilii to be more conserved than P. aeruginosa.


In this paper, we derive an exact closed-form expression for the ergodic capacity of an i.i.d. Rayleigh fading MIMO channels when the transmitter has no channel knowledge (no CSIT) and when transmitter has channel distribution side information (CDIT). This new expression is in terms of the sum of two polynomials that one of them is multiplied by the exponential integral. The coefficients of these polynomials are characterized and recursive formulas are derived to evaluate them. Additionally, by placing an additional antenna at either transmitter or receiver, the achieved ergodic capacity is analytically and asymptoticly compared, and accordingly the antenna allocation that maximizes the ergodic capacity is determined.


Aims. The aim of this work is to determine the multi-thermal characteristics and plasma energetics of an eruptive plasmoid and occulted flare observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory's Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA).
Methods. We study a 2010 Nov. 3 event (peaking at 12:20 UT in GOES soft X-rays) of a coronal mass ejection and occulted flare that demonstrates the morphology of a classic erupting flux rope. The high spatial and time resolution and six coronal channels of the SDO/AIA images allows the dynamics of the multi-thermal emission during the initial phases of eruption to be studied in detail. The differential emission measure is calculated, using an optimized version of a regularized inversion method, for each pixel across the six channels at different times, resulting in emission measure maps and movies in a variety of temperature ranges. Results. We find that the core of the erupting plasmoid is hot (8–11, 11–14 MK) with a similarly hot filamentary "stem" structure connecting it to the lower atmosphere, which could be interpreted as the current sheet in the flux rope model, though is wider than these models suggest. The velocity of the leading edge of the eruption is 597–664 km s-1 in the temperature range ≥3–4 MK and between 1029–1246 km s-1 for ≤2–3 MK. We estimate the density (in 11–14 MK) of the erupting core and stem during the impulsive phase to be about 3 × 109 cm-3, 6 × 109 cm-3, 9 × 108 cm-3 in the plasmoid core, stem, and surrounding envelope of material. This gives thermal energy estimates of 5 × 1029 erg, 1 × 1029 erg, and 2 × 1030 erg. The kinetic energy for the core and envelope is slightly lower. The thermal energy of the core and current sheet grows during the eruption, suggesting continuous influx of energy presumably via reconnection. Conclusions. The combination of the optimized regularized inversion method and SDO/AIA data allows the multi-thermal characteristics (i.e. velocity, density, and thermal energies) of the plasmoid eruption to be determined.


Evidence from visual-search experiments is discussed that indicates that there is spatially parallel encoding based on three-dimensional (3-D) spatial relations between complex image features. In one paradigm, subjects had to detect an odd part of cube-like figures, formed by grouping of corner junctions. Performance with cube-like figures was unaffected by the number of corner junctions present, though performance was affected when the corners did not configure into a cube. It is suggested from the data that junctions can be grouped to form 3-D shapes in a spatially parallel manner. Further, performance with cube-like figures was more robust to noncollinearity between junctions than was performance when junctions grouped to form two-dimensional planes. In the second paradigm, subjects searched for targets defined by their size. Performance was affected by a size illusion, induced by linear-perspective cues from local background neighbourhoods. Search was made more efficient when the size illusion was consistent with the real size difference between targets and nontargets, and it was made less efficient when the size illusion was inconsistent with the real size difference. This last result occurred even though search was little affected by the display size in a control condition. We suggest that early, parallel visual processes are influenced by 3-D spatial relations between visual elements, that grouping based on 3-D spatial relations is relatively robust to noncollinearity between junctions, and that, at least in some circumstances, 3-D relations dominate those coded in two-dimensions.


Abstract This paper investigates what it may mean to re-imagine learning through aesthetic experience with reference to John Dewey's Art as Experience (1934). The discussion asks what learning might look like when aesthetic experience takes centre stage in the learning process. It investigates what Dewey meant by art as experience and aesthetic experience. Working with Dewey as a philosopher of reconstruction of experience, the discussion examines responses to poetic writings and communication in learning situations. In seeking to discover what poetic writing (as art) does within the experience of a reader and writer it considers three specific learning situations. Firstly there is an examination of a five-year old child's experience of shared communication through the story of Horton the Elephant. Secondly there is an account of the responses of an 11-year-old child to poetry in a 1950s classroom setting, and later reconstructions of those experiences by the child as adult. Thirdly, the paper extends to intensive writing with 12 to 13-year-old children. The focus is on the process of learning via acts of expression as aesthetic experiences. Through art as experience the child develops perceptions that recover a coherence and continuity of aesthetic experience in art as in everyday life.


We propose a new Bayesian framework for automatically determining the position (location and orientation) of an uncalibrated camera using the observations of moving objects and a schematic map of the passable areas of the environment. Our approach takes advantage of static and dynamic information on the scene structures through prior probability distributions for object dynamics. The proposed approach restricts plausible positions where the sensor can be located while taking into account the inherent ambiguity of the given setting. The proposed framework samples from the posterior probability distribution for the camera position via data driven MCMC, guided by an initial geometric analysis that restricts the search space. A Kullback-Leibler divergence analysis is then used that yields the final camera position estimate, while explicitly isolating ambiguous settings. The proposed approach is evaluated in synthetic and real environments, showing its satisfactory performance in both ambiguous and unambiguous settings.


Isocyanates is a widely-used chemical in many manufacturing industries, such as polymer industry, pharmaceutical production and production of a variety of agricultural chemicals. However, it is harmful to human health due to the volatility. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to detect isocyanates quickly and conveniently, especially to gaseous isocyanates. In this work, a novel fluorescent probe, N-buty-4-hydroxy-1,8naphthalimide, was developed for detection of isocyanates. This fluorescence probe can be synthesized by a simple three-steps synthetic route, and the overall yield of the whole synthesizing process reached 75%. In the absence of isocyanate, the probe solution displays an emission centering at 596 nm when excited at 370 nm, which is yellow to the naked eye. Once isocyanate is added, the fluorescence of solution changes from yellow to blue, and the process finishes in 4 min. The detecting limit of this probe to isocyanates is calculated to be 112 nmol•L. It is also proved that this probe possesses excellent selectivity for isocyanate and distinct anti-interference to common organic volatilized compounds. In addition, the reaction mechanism between the probe and isocyanate were proved by HPLC, NMR and ESI-MASS. Results show that the hydroxy group on the 4th position of naphthalene ring of probe reacts with isocyanate group (-NCO) of isocyanate, and resulting in carbamates, which alter 4th substituent group of probe molecule and lead to change of fluorescence. In order to detect the gaseous isocyanates directly, test paper are developed based on N-buty-4-hydroxy-1,8naphthalimide. When the test paper exposed to isocyanates vapor, the yellow fluorescence fade away gradually and a blue fluorescence appear in 6 min. And the test paper possesses excellent selectivity for gaseous isocyanate and distinct anti-interference to common VOCs. In conclusion, this strategy is an efficient way to detect gaseous isocyanates, and it may provide a referable approach for directly monitoring the volatile organic compounds in air.


THE THREE ARTICLES FEATURED IN THIS "Queer Vibrations" special section of Women & Music initially emerged as a result of an interdisciplinary graduate student conference on music and queer performance held at Cornell University in March 2007. (1) Jointly funded by the Lesbian, Bisexual, and Gay Studies Program and the Department of Music, the conference brought together graduate students and faculty working within the fields of musicology, women's and gender studies, theater studies, and performance studies. "Queer Vibrations" proved to be an exciting event in terms of both the scope and the quality of the papers presented. These ranged from conversations on gay and lesbian historiography and musical reception (Samuel Dorf, Emily Wilbourne, and Tekla Babyak) to representations of queer male sexualities in popular culture and opera (Samuel Dwinell, Jeremy Mikush, and Kevin Schwandt) and from accounts of queer performance in terms of disidentification (Katie Brewer Ball, Tina Majkowski, and Zarko Cvejic) to keynote speeches on David Bowie and Andy Warhol (Judith Peraino) and the use of music as a form of torture at Guantanamo Bay (Suzanne Cusick). The "Queer Vibrations" conference also served to raise some fundamental questions about the relationship between femininity, transsexuality, and embodiment in the context of both women's music festivals and Third Wave feminism (Elizabeth K. Keenan), in Zarah Ersoff's reading of transsexual subjectivity in the music of Dana Baitz, and in Baitz's own account of queer musicology's fraught relation to transsexual embodiment. In short, I can only use this opportunity to thank all those who participated in the conference--both graduate students and faculty alike--for their commitment to LGBTQ musicology and for helping "Queer Vibrations" live up to its name. The existence of "Queer Vibrations" is also strongly indebted to Judith Peraino, without whose presence in the Department of Music at Cornell a conference devoted to queer musicology would have been scarcely imaginable, let alone possible. Indeed, when Amy Villarejo first invited me to organize a graduate student conference on music and queer identities for the Lesbian, Bisexual, and Gay Studies Program at Cornell, I was forced to confront the somewhat disturbing (though perhaps not altogether surprising) reality that "Queer Vibrations" would be only the second queer musicology conference to date. The first queer musicology conference, "Anything Goes," which took place in 1992 at the University of California, Berkeley, was also a graduate-run conference. Organized by Judith Peraino, herself a graduate student at the time, "Anything Goes" featured the keynote speakers Philip Brett and Suzanne Cusick. (2) This initial conference on music and sexuality was enabled by the kind of feminist theorizing that took place both within and outside the field of musicology during the late 1980s. In much the same way that second wave feminist theory and, later, poststructuralist feminism facilitated the emergence of queer theory by challenging the relationship between categories of sex, gender, and sexuality, it was the work of feminist musicologists like Susan McClary and Ruth Solie that paved the way for what we have now come to refer to as LGBTQ musicology. (3) Indeed, many of the articles published in the groundbreaking collection of essays Queering the Pitch: The New Gay and Lesbian Musicology were initially presented at the first "Feminist Theory and Music" conference in 1991, organized by Lydia Hamessley and Susan McClary. (4) More recent LGBTQ musicology, including book-length studies of music and queer identity by Nadine Hubbs and Judith Peraino, along with the edited collections of essays, Queer Episodes in Music and Modern Identity and Queering the Popular Pitch, also retains a strong feminist core. (5) In the absence of separate conferences and journals, queer work tends to be presented at feminist musicology conferences like the biannual "Feminist Theory and Music" and published in journals such as Women & Music. …


More than sixty years ago, in the summer of 1948, the Indian nation, then newly-born, was struggling for its very survival. It was pierced from the left by the Communists, and pinched from the right by Hindu extremists. And there were other problems aplenty. Eight million refugees had to be resettled; provided with land, homes, employment and a sense of citizenship. Five hundred princely states had to be integrated, one by one, a process that involved much massaging of egos (for the Maharajas tended to think very highly of themselves), and just a little coercion.


The uniform design method is used to arrange experiment of dispersion polymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate and acryl acid. The stepwise regression technique is adopted to analyze the results. The mathematical models are built by regression equations between the microsphere conversion rate, the size and its distribution. There are many influencing factors, such as, 3 monomer concentrations, stabilizer concentration, initiator concentration, ratio of alcohol and water, temperature established, and their reliabilities evaluated. Although the predicted values from regression equation different from the observed values (relative divergences less than 10%),the regression equation can be used for designing particles and mechanism research. All above researches can be used for optimizing dispersion polymerization reaction conditions.


Iran is a very important region in terms of Turkish language and culture. Today, there are some areas where the Ottoman and Azeri Turkish, which are branches of western Turkish, are spoken in Iran region. There are pronunciation and phonetic differences among them and Turkey-Turkish. The morphological differences are negligible. Studies in Turkey on determination of these differences are insufficient at the moment. A few master and doctoral theses have been written on Azerbaijan dialects in Turkey. Old Oghuz sound and shape properties live in Iran dialects. Therefore, the different grammatical structures appear in spoken languages in a remarkable way. In Turkey Turkish designator suffix is created by using + I for vowels and using + sI for constants. In Iran's Azerbaijan dialects the different uses of this suffix is seen. In this study, the accusative case suffixes created by + I, + n, + nI in Iran's Hamedan and Salmas regions presented. In addition, this study also put forward similar and differing aspects of the accusative case suffixes withTurkeyTurkish. Therefore, firstly the accusative case suffixes in Azerbaijan dialects were examined and exemplified. Similar uses and the different uses were specified and exemplified. Studies on Azerbaijan dialects in Iran will be a very important step for the studies on Oghuz. Studies in this field will contribute Turkish Language. This study will contribute the studies on the Comparative Turkish Grammar and will provide important contributions to the lexicon of Turkish tribes' dialects.


In awake, unrestrained cats, bulboreticular neurons respond after electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerve with increasing discharge as stimulus intensity is raised to levels eliciting escape behavior. These cells discharge most vigorously to noxious natural somatic stimuli and are not driven by other sensory modalities. Electrical stimulation through the recording microelectrode also elicits escape, which further suggests bulboreticular participation in pain sensory mechanisms.


The diversity of traditional food is a part of the Indonesian nation's wealth . Along with the development of technology and lifestyle , traditional food packaging community naturally becoming obsolete due to packaging impressed judged to be synonymous with cheap and dirty , unhygienic and impractical . Then slowly replaced with materials such as plastic , cans and Styrofoam are prone to pollute the environment .Several types of traditional packaging using natural ingredients . But it is not designed as a serious and still serves as a container or wrapper only, not so into consideration in terms of increased sales , image enhancement , local identity , not even thought about issues such as environmentally friendly recycle , reduce, and reuse . The role of the designer is to maintain the existence of the traditional packaging that still exist and more appreciated by giving traditional packaging solutions in creating more dynamic in terms of several aspects when faced with the current conditions , among others, in terms of novelty designs that are more innovative and unique selling points high given the increasing number of products on the market . A touch of unique design will be able to make traditional packaging into an exclusive packaging . Traditional packaging was also created to be able to maintain the characteristic of local culture without ignoring local identity to represent the local culture . More important consideration also needs to pay attention to in terms of eco-friendly , considering the waste problem is now starting to bloom voiced , so it should be easy to traditional packaging for recycling . Present context is intended to things above solving traditional packaging design solutions to some of the conditions existing problems.


phi CTX is a temperate phage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbouring the ctx gene that encodes cytotoxin (CTX). We identified phi CTX as an R pyocin-related phage, by serological and molecular analysis, based on the findings that the infectivity of the phage was inhibited with the antisera directed R pyocins and R pyocin-related phages and that the phi CTX genome showed DNA homology to the genome of PS17 (a representative of the R pyocin-related phages) as well as to the pyocin R2 genes. Another new CTX-converting, R pyocin-related phage named PS21 was isolated from a CTX-producing strain of P. aeruginosa, suggesting the distribution of the ctx gene by certain members of R pyocin-related phage family.


Null collapse is an implosive process whereby MHD waves focus their energy in the vicinity of a null point, forming a current sheet and initiating magnetic reconnection. We consider, for the first time, the case of collapsing 3D magnetic null points in nonlinear, resistive MHD using numerical simulation, exploring key physical aspects of the system as well as performing a detailed parameter study. We find that within a particular plane containing the 3D null, the plasma and current density enhancements resulting from the collapse are quantitatively and qualitatively as per the 2D case in both the linear and nonlinear collapse regimes. However, the scaling with resistivity of the 3D reconnection rate—which is a global quantity—is found to be less favorable when the magnetic null point is more rotationally symmetric, due to the action of increased magnetic back-pressure. Furthermore, we find that, with increasing ambient plasma pressure, the collapse can be throttled, as is the case for 2D nulls. We discuss this pressure-limiting in the context of fast reconnection in the solar atmosphere and suggest mechanisms by which it may be overcome. We also discuss the implications of the results in the context of null collapse as a trigger mechanism of Oscillatory Reconnection, a time-dependent reconnection mechanism, and also within the wider subject of wave–null point interactions. We conclude that, in general, increasingly rotationally asymmetric nulls will be more favorable in terms of magnetic energy release via null collapse than their more symmetric counterparts.


This paper looks at the recent military confrontation between Israel and Hezbollah in the Lebanese-Israeli border region. It describes the constitution of Hezbollah as a consequence of the regional and Lebanese context and points at the impossibility of disarming Hezbollah by external forces. There exist a number of unsolved issues in this contentious frontier area, i.e. the Israeli claim for the Lebanese water resources or the occupation of the Syrian Golan Heights. These issues have to be solved in advance to prepare the ground for an internal national Lebanese dialogue and consensus regarding the disarming of Hezbollah.


Background The rationale for the recanalization of chronic total occlusion (CTO) is the possible improvement in left ventricular (LV) function through the recovery of hibernating myocardium. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used for the assessment of global and regional LV function with high temporal and spatial resolution. Purpose This study aimed to assess LV function before and after CTO-percutanous coronary intervention (PCI) by pulsed wave (PW)-TDI. Patients and methods The present study enrolled 40 patients with CTO; 37 completed the final follow-up: 22 patients did not have infarction in the territories of recanalized CTO vessel (group I), and 15 patients had infarction in the CTO territories of recanalized CTO vessel (group II). All patients were subjected to conventional M-mode and two-dimensional echo-Doppler and TDI examination. PW-TDI was used to assess the velocity curves of basal and mid segments of the septal, lateral, anterior, inferior, posterior, and anteroseptal LV walls. The following indices were measured: Tp, Sv, E0΄, A΄, E΄/ A΄, acceleration of isovolumic contraction (IVC), isovolumic relaxation period, isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), contraction time, and TEI index. Results After recanalization of the CTO vessel by PCI, the patients in the noninfarction group showed a highly significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction% after 3 months of follow-up (P < 0.001), whereas the infarction group did not show any significant improvement (P = NS). In the LAD, left circumflex, and right coronary artery subgroup, noninfarction patients showed a reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume, and increased fraction shorting% and ejection fraction% after 3 months of follow-up; also, there were improvements in TDI parameters in the form of increased E΄ and acceleration of IVC in all three subgroups and increased E΄/ A΄ in LAD and left circumflex, and an increase in the peak velocity of IVC and a reduction in A΄ and time to peak of IVC in both LAD and right coronary artery; only the S wave velocity increased in the LAD subgroup after 3 months of follow-up. Conclusion In patients with CTO, acceleration of IVC measured by PW-TDI can differentiate early improvement after successful recanalization of the CTO vessel by PCI. Noninfarction territories might show earlier recovery than that in patients with evident myocardial infarction.


Presents a study of the effect of the galactic tidal field on the internal energy of molecular clouds, moving in the disk or central bar potential of a galaxy. During epicyclic motion or orbital motion in a bar, the tidal field across a cloud varies with time. This time variation of the tidal field across the cloud couples the rotational motion in the galaxy to the internal clump motion within the cloud. There will be a net exchange of internal energy between the cloud and the external gravitational field of the galaxy. The authors have examined this effect to see whether tidal fields are an important heating mechanism for molecular clouds and hence important for cloud support. An N-body simulation method has been used to treat the motion of clumps in molecular clouds. The authors find that the heating effect of the tidal field is not important for epicyclic motion, but it is significant for a cloud moving in a bar potential. For a cloud of mass $5×10^4 M_o, the change in internal energy is 10%-15% of the initial internal energy. Thus, although tidal fields alone cannot provide the energy required for cloud support, their contribution is significant in a bar potential. Also, some clumps become unbound from the cloud during the bar orbits. This can explain the origin of diffuse molecular gas which has been observed in the central regions of galaxies like the Galaxy, IC 342, and NGC 1808. The authors also find that an initially virialized cloud is not disrupted by the tidal field after a few rotations in the bar potential.


The experiences of women engineers working in the BBC Television Service at Alexandra Palace, London, during the 1940s and 1950s, give insights into gender discrimination in broadcasting. These women first joined as radio engineers when the BBC was recruiting women during World War II, then transferred to television between 1946 and 1947. In interviews recorded in the 1990s, they talk about incidents of bullying and exclusion by men on crews who were hostile to women doing engineering jobs. Other memories are about being demoted from positions on camera and sound to vision mixing when the BBC Staff Association negotiated new grading for cameramen with BBC management at the expense of its female members. As the Television Service became established, women were eased out of skilled and responsible jobs when men returning from the war regained their positions in broadcast engineering.


Abstract We discuss the relaxation of a class of nonlinear elliptic Cauchy problems with data on a piece S of the boundary surface by means of a variational approach known in the optimal control literature as "equation error method". By the Cauchy problem is meant any boundary value problem for an unknown function y in a domain χ with the property that the data on S, if combined with the differential equations in χ, allow one to determine all derivatives of y on S by means of functional equations. In the case of real analytic data of the Cauchy problem, the existence of a local solution near S is guaranteed by the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem. We also admit overdetermined elliptic systems, in which case the set of those Cauchy data on S for which the Cauchy problem is solvable is very "thin". For this reason we discuss a variational setting of the Cauchy problem which always possesses a generalised solution.


Cathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis provides high-sensitivity spectra and high-resolution images associated with impurity and structural defects at the nanoscale and from luminescent materials including minerals, semiconductor, and dielectric/insulating materials. Cathodoluminescence is the non-incandescent emission of light (photons) emitted from materials excited by an electron beam. CL photons (UV-VIS-NIR) are produced as a result of electronic transitions between the conduction and valence band and may also involve electronic transitions associated with defect levels within the band gap. Microscopic defects such as imperfections and impurities influence the optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of scientifically and technologically important materials. CL microanalysis is therefore a useful microanalytical technique for characterizing these properties with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. CL image resolution can range from sub-10 nm to microns, dependent on experimental arrangement (STEM-CL, SEM-CL, optical CL microscopy), electron beam parameters, specimen configuration, carrier diffusion, etc. The sensitivity of CL microanalysis is dependent on the specimen and, in the absence of self-absorption and competitive recombination centers, can be several magnitudes more sensitive than X-ray microanalysis. In particular, quantitative CL microanalysis of trace impurity concentrations while challenging has recently been shown to be possible for a range of minerals.


Abstract. An inverse dynamics model for the single support (SS) phase of gait is developed to study segmental contributions to the ground reaction force (GRF). With segmental orientations as the generalized degrees of freedom (DOF), the acceleration of the body's center-of-mass is expressed analytically as the summation of the weighted kinematics of individual segments. The weighting functions are constants that are functions of the segment masses and center-of-mass distances. Using kinematic and anthropometric data from literature as inputs, and using the roll-over-shape (ROS) to model the foot-ground interaction, GRF obtained from the inverse model are compared with measured GRF data from literature. The choice of the generalized coordinates and mathematical form of the model provides a means to weigh individual segment contributions, simplify models and choose more kinetically accurate inverse dynamics models. For the kinematic data used, an anthropomorphic model that includes the frontal plane rotation of the pelvis in addition to the sagittal DOF of the thigh and shank most accurately captures the vertical component of the GRF in the SS phase of walking. Of the two ROS used, the ankle-foot roll-over shape provides a better approximation of the kinetics in the SS phase. The method presented here can be used with additional experimental studies to confirm these results.


An automated, easily deployed Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) instrument system, developed for deployment on perennial sea ice in the polar oceans to measure changes in upper ocean water properties in all seasons, is described, and representative data from prototype instruments are presented. The ITP instrument consists of three components: a surface subsystem that sits atop an ice floe; a weighted, plastic-jacketed wire-rope tether of arbitrary length (up to 800 m) suspended from the surface element; and an instrumented underwater unit that employs a traction drive to profile up and down the wire tether. ITPs profile the water column at a programmed sampling interval; after each profile, the underwater unit transfers two files holding oceanographic and engineering data to the surface unit using an inductive modem and from the surface instrument to a shore-based data server using an Iridium transmitter. The surface instrument also accumulates battery voltage readings, buoy temperature data, and locations from a GPS receiver at a specified interval (usually every hour) and transmits those data daily. Oceanographic and engineering data are processed, displayed, and made available in near–real time (available online at http://www.whoi.edu/ itp). Six ITPs were deployed in the Arctic Ocean between 2004 and 2006 in the Beaufort gyre with various programmed sampling schedules of two to six one-way traverses per day between 10- and 750–760-m depth, providing more than 5300 profiles in all seasons (as of July 2007). The acquired CTD profile data document interesting spatial variations in the major water masses of the Canada Basin, show the double-diffusive thermohaline staircase that lies above the warm, salty Atlantic layer, measure seasonal surface mixed layer deepening, and document several mesoscale eddies. Augmenting the systems already deployed and to replace expiring systems, an international array of more than one dozen ITPs will be deployed as part of the Arctic Observing Network during the International Polar Year (IPY) period (2007–08) holding promise for more valuable real-time upper ocean observations for operational needs, to support studies of ocean processes, and to facilitate numerical model initialization and validation.


President Barack Obama spelled out his plan for reforming US health care in a speech last night. He insisted that it was the moral thing to do and now was the time to do it.

Previously he has laid out broad principles and relied on Congress to come up with a detailed plan, which led to acrimony and confusion.

"The plan I'm announcing tonight would meet three basic goals," he said. They are stability and security for people who have health insurance so that they don't lose it if they change jobs or become ill; insurance for people who don't have it; and slowing the growth in healthcare costs.

The president spoke before a rare joint session of both houses of Congress, which also included members of his cabinet, justices of the Supreme Court, and dignitaries. His speech was carried live by the major television networks except the conservative Fox News.

"I am not the first president to take up this cause, but I am determined to be the last," President Obama said, recalling that it was nearly a century since Theodore Roosevelt first called for healthcare reform. Failure to meet the challenge "has led us to a breaking point," where the working middle class can't get insurance through their jobs, can't afford to buy a policy, or …


The study includes the analysis of cultural, commercial, and safety factors that affect the potential of the trade of the red sour pitaya (Stenocereus gummosus), as well as its characterization, consumer patterns, consumption channels, and the relevance, identity, and cultural value of the fruit in the Municipality of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The investigation has the objective of understanding the perception of the product in local knowledge, which is identified in the study area, where the wild fruit takes an added value in informal commercialization and is amalgamated with the local culture. For the analysis and data collection, a simple random sampling was conducted, on 227 economically active people with purchasing power. The method of applying the instrument was digital, limiting face-to-face contact with people due to the current Covid 19 pandemic. The exercise characterizes a population with mostly university studies, which consumes the product in a traditional way, which reflected a greater appreciation of the pitaya fruit, by older people.


Throughout evolution, living systems have developed mechanisms to make adaptive decisions in the face of complex and changing environmental conditions. Most organisms make such decisions despite lacking a neural architecture. This is the case of the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum that has demonstrated remarkable information processing and problem-solving abilities. Previous studies suggest that the membrane of P. polycephalum plays an important role in integrating and processing information leading to the selection of a resource to exploit. The cyclical contraction-relaxation pattern of the membrane changes with the local quality of the environment, and individual contractile regions within a P. polycephalum can entrain neighboring regions, providing a potential mechanism for information processing and propagation. In this study, we use an information-theoretic tool, transfer entropy, to study the flow of information in single tubule segments of P. polycephalum in a binary choice between two food sources. We test P. polycephalum tubules in two food choice conditions, where the two available options are either symmetric in their nutrient concentrations or with one more concentrated in nutrients than the other (i.e., asymmetric). We measure the contractile pattern of the P. polycephalum membrane and use these data to explore the direction and amount of information transfer along the tubule as a function of the cell's final decision. We find that the direction of information transfer is different in the two experimental conditions, and the amount of information transferred is inversely proportional to the distance between different contractile regions. Our results show that regions playing a leading role in information transfer changes with the decision-making challenges faced by P. polycephalum.


This work deals with the design of a real-time system able to solve the problem of planning collision-free motions for multiple robot vehicles that operate in the same, partially-observable environment. In robotics this problem has a wide literature and a lot of solutions were found. One of these systems uses the coordination of robots in a distributed manner even considering the kinodynamic time constraints. The system proposed in this work uses an hybrid architecture using the Social Force Model for dealing with human presence.
We used a general purpose robotic operating system developed by Willow Garage, called ROS


: The effects of steroids on the presence or absence and relative magnitude of rat seminiferous tubule contractions were evaluated microscopically. Both 10- and 30-mg implants of estradiol in vivo and concentrations of 10(-8) or 10(-9) M estradiol in vitro depressed the percentage of seminiferous tubules contracting without altering the magnitude of the contraction. Higher doses of both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in vivo and in vitro maintained the tubular contractions at normal or above normal levels whereas lower doses of these compounds reduced both the percentage and magnitude of the tubules contracting. The results from these experiments suggest that rat seminiferous tubule contractions can be altered by steroids. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone inhibit the contractions at lower doses and stimulate the contractions at higher doses and thus may regulate the transport of spermatozoa from the rat testicle.


Physical activity (PA) can mitigate several negative physical and psychosocial effects following breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Although PA is safe, feasible, and effective for breast cancer survivors (BCS), few are sufficiently active at levels known to yield health benefits. Many BCS experience a gap in informational support following BCS treatment completion and are unsure of how to access appropriate and effective cancer-specific PA resources. Further, understanding that PA program providers, instructors and trainers have an impact on survivors' experience and safety, little is known about existing PA educational resources for qualified exercise professionals (QEPs). Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify cancer-specific PA resources for BCS and QEPs in Ontario. Systematic scoping review methodologies were adapted to identify cancer-specific PA programs and educational resources, including cancer-specific rehabilitation (i.e., medically-led programs focused on recovery following diagnosis and treatment for cancer), exercise (i.e., structured exercise programs supervised by QEPs), recreation (i.e., low intensity activity supervised by QEPs), sport (i.e., team-based recreational pursuits) programs, and post-secondary courses and professional certifications in exercise and cancer. Our search identified 14 exercise programs, 8 rehabilitation programs, 39 recreation programs for BCS, and 11 post-secondary courses and 20 professional certifications for QEPs in Ontario. Practically, this information will be used to create a comprehensive inventory of cancer-specific PA programs and educational resources for BCS and QEPs respectively (www.icanbeactive.ca). Further, this inventory may also serve as a catalyst for the future development and implementation of cancer-specific resources for BCS and QEPs in Ontario.Acknowledgments: Funding for the project was provided by a Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation Grant (#499062) awarded to Catherine Sabiston.


Purpose
The aim of the present study was to identify the evidence of validity based on the content and response process of the Rastreamento de Disfagia Orofaríngea no Acidente Vascular Encefálico (RADAVE; "Screening Tool for Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Stroke").

Methods
The criteria used to elaborate the questions were based on a literature review. A group of judges consisting of 19 different health professionals evaluated the relevance and representativeness of the questions, and the results were analyzed using the Content Validity Index. In order to evidence validity based on the response processes, 23 health professionals administered the screening tool and analyzed the questions using a structured scale and cognitive interview.

Results
The RADAVE structured to be applied in two stages. The first version consisted of 18 questions in stage I and 11 questions in stage II. Eight questions in stage I and four in stage II did not reach the minimum Content Validity Index, requiring reformulation by the authors. The cognitive interview demonstrated some misconceptions. New adjustments were made and the final version was produced with 12 questions in stage I and six questions in stage II.

Conclusion
It was possible to develop a screening tool for dysphagia in stroke with adequate evidence of validity based on content and response processes. Both validity evidences obtained so far allowed to adjust the screening tool in relation to its construct. The next studies will analyze the other evidences of validity and the measures of accuracy.


The effects of promazine on treadle pressing to postpone the presentation of electric shock were studied in three pigeons. The effects of chlorpromazine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital were studied in two of these pigeons. Each treadle press postponed electric shock for 20 sec and presentation of a preshock stimulus for 14 sec. Selected doses of both promazine and chlorpromazine increased the rates of treadle pressing in all birds. The response-rate increases produced by promazine and chlorpromazine were due to increased conditional probabilities of treadle pressing both before and during the preshock stimulus. d-Amphetamine (1 and 3 mg/kg) slightly increased responding in one of the birds, but not to the extent that promazine or chlorpromazine did. In the other bird, the 10 mg/kg dose of d-amphetamine increased shock rate but did not change response rate. Some doses of d-amphetamine increased the conditional probabilities of responding both in the absence of the preshock signal and during the preshock signal in both birds. Pentobarbital only decreased response rates and increased shock rates.


The extravasation of anticancer drugs is a serious complication. On the basis of data regarding extravasation prevention and treatment obtained primarily by pharmacists, the management system for extravasation of anticancer drugs was standardized at an outpatient chemotherapy center. A kit was prepared so that physicians could promptly and safely perform venipuncture; the kit included a classification list of anticancer drugs. Prior to administration of vesicant or irritant drugs, pharmacists and nurses educated the patients. When anticancer drugs were administered via peripheral vein without using an implanted venous access device, extravasation occurred in 10 out of 7,059 courses (0.14%) during the 2-year study period postintroduction of the present management system. This incidence is remarkably low as compared with those previously reported. The extravasated drugs were epirubicin (n = 3), paclitaxel (n = 3), vinorelbine (n = 1), 5–fluorouracil (n = 1), carboplatin (n = 1), and cyclophosphamide (n = 1). Cold packs were applied around the injection site except in the cases involving vinorelbine, in which warm packs were used. In all cases of extravasation of vesicant drugs, glucocorticoid was injected locally. There were no cases involving continuous pain or skin ulcers. The standardization of the management system for extravasation of anticancer drugs was very effective in decreasing the occurrence, as well as decreasing skin damage if it occurred.


Mask-aligner lithography is traditionally performed using mercury arc lamps with wavelengths ranging from 250 nm to 600 nm with intensity peaks at the i, g and h lines. Since mercury arc lamps present several disadvantages, it is of interest to replace them with high power light emitting diodes (LEDs), which recently appeared on the market at those wavelengths. In this contribution, we present a prototype of an LED-based mask-aligner illumination. An optical characterization is made and the prototype is tested in a mask-aligner. Very good performances are demonstrated. The measured uniformity in the mask plane is 2.59 ± 0.24 % which is within the uniformity of the standard lamp. Print tests show resolution of 1 micron in contact printing and of 3 microns in proximity printing with a proximity gap of 30 microns.


Abstract The surface and edge quality of single-crystal and polycrystalline copper workpieces has been observed to vary significantly as a function of crystallographic orientation. On the precision scale, the chip formation process is influenced by the microstructure of the material, such as grain boundaries and grain orientation in polycrystalline materials, and crystallographic orientation in single-crystal materials. Such variation in the microstructure has a significant effect on the resulting surface, edge, and burr topography.


Synovial sarcoma is a relatively common soft tissue tumor characterized by highly specific t(X;18)(p11;q11) translocation resulting in the fusion of SS18 with members of SSX gene family. Typically, detection of SS18 locus rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization or SS18::SSX fusion transcripts confirms the diagnosis. More recently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for SS18-SSX chimeric protein (E9X9V) and C-terminus of SSX (E5A2C) showed high specificity and sensitivity for synovial sarcoma. This study screened a cohort of >1000 soft tissue and melanocytic tumors using IHC and E9X9V and E5A2C antibodies. Three percent (6/212) of synovial sarcomas were either negative for SS18-SSX or had scattered positive tumor cells (n=1). In these cases, targeted RNA next-generation sequencing detected variants of SS18::SSX chimeric transcripts. DNA methylation profiles of 2 such tumors matched with synovial sarcoma. A few nonsynovial sarcoma tumors (n=6) revealed either focal SS18-SSX positivity (n=1) or scattered positive tumor cells. However, targeted RNA next-generation sequencing failed to detect SS18::SSX transcripts in these cases. The nature of this immunopositivity remains elusive and may require single cell sequencing studies. All synovial sarcomas showed positive SSX IHC. However, a mosaic staining pattern or focal loss of expression was noticed in a few cases. Strong and diffuse SSX immunoreactivity was also seen in epithelioid sclerosing osteosarcoma harboring EWSR1::SSX1 fusion, while several sarcomas and melanocytic tumors including cellular blue nevus (5/7, 71%) revealed focal to diffuse, mostly weak to intermediate SSX staining. The SS18-SSX and SSX IHC is a useful tool for synovial sarcoma differential diagnosis, but unusual immunophenotype should trigger molecular genetic testing.


The federal government has developed a large number of programs to insure various "specialty crops" over the last two decades; a given program is peculiar to a particular county and crop. This development has been particularly notable in California, because of its size and the diversity of crops produced there. If the extension of federal crop insurance programs to cover fruit and vegetable production has affected either producer or consumer welfare, then we would expect to see this reflected in output and prices. Exploiting variation in the timing of program introduction in different locations for different crops to estimate the effect of crop insurance on the output and prices of the insured crops. We find that the supply of and demand for insurance for tree crops is much larger than for non-tree crops. Crop insurance has a small but significant negative effect on prices of insured crops. This last finding is consistent with the view that demand for such highly disaggregated commodities is likely to be highly elastic. A consequence is that crop insurance for these specialty crops has little benefit for consumers, even when it generates a large supply response.


While deep learning is a powerful tool for natural language processing (NLP) problems, successful solutions to these problems rely heavily on large amounts of annotated samples. However, manually annotating data is expensive and time-consuming. Active Learning (AL) strategies reduce the need for huge volumes of labeled data by iteratively selecting a small number of examples for manual annotation based on their estimated utility in training the given model. In this paper, we argue that since AL strategies choose examples independently, they may potentially select similar examples, all of which may not contribute significantly to the learning process. Our proposed approach, Active\mathbf{^2} Learning (A\mathbf{^2}L), actively adapts to the deep learning model being trained to eliminate such redundant examples chosen by an AL strategy. We show that A\mathbf{^2}L is widely applicable by using it in conjunction with several different AL strategies and NLP tasks. We empirically demonstrate that the proposed approach is further able to reduce the data requirements of state-of-the-art AL strategies by ≈ \mathbf{3-25\%} on an absolute scale on multiple NLP tasks while achieving the same performance with virtually no additional computation overhead.


230 patients presenting with palmar hyperkeratotic dermatitis were investigated by patch tests against various antigens depending upon occupation of the patients. Contact sensitivity was detected in 130 patients comprising of housewives (55), businessmen (20), farmers (15), teachers / clerks / students (13), doctors and nurses (9), factory workers and labourers (8), massons (7) and motor mechanics (3). Vegetables were found to be the most common agents followed by detergents and metals predominantly affecting housewives. Among the vegetables, garlic and onion were the most potent sensitizers whereas nickel was a common sensitizer among metals. Occupational factors were seen to have some influence in relation to the causative agents as indicated by higher positivity of vegetables in housewives; detergents, metals, rubber, leather, plastics in businessmen, teachers, clerks and students; fertilizers or animal foods in farmers; drugs in doctors and nurses and chromium and cobalt in massons.


Water supply programmes in many developing countries have evolved gradually. A wider variety of onsite system designs are available for treatment of surface water. The type of treatment systems built often reflect the experience and preference of the designer. The various criteria for selection are public health considerations, cost, ease of operating and maintaining the treatment system. This introduces the necessity to initiate and follow up organised studies on novel water treatment techniques at a level that could be considered well within the scope of technical and equipment resources of the developing countries. In this paper authors present experimental details of upflow clariflocculation unit with cost consideration.


This paper deals with the problem of coordinating a team of mobile sensor platforms searching for a single mobile non-evading target. It follows the general Bayesian active sensor network approach introduced in [2] where each decision maker plans locally based on an equivalent representation of the target state probability density function (PDF). This paper focuses on the prediction stage of the decentralized Bayesian filter. It looks at how different types of realistic external constraints may affect the target motion and how they may be taken into account in the process model. Two general classes of constraints are identified soft and hard. A few constraint examples from each class are given to illustrate their impact on the evolution of the target state PDF. Multiple constraints of various types can be combined to increase the accuracy of the predicted PDF estimate, thus affecting the individual trajectories of the search platforms. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated for a team of airborne search vehicles looking for a drifting target lost in a storm at sea.


Background: Acute coronary syndrome is one of the major cardiovascular diseases that leads to a significant amount of morbidity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on quality of life in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Materials and Methods: This was a clinical trial study conducted on 50 patients with acute coronary syndrome admitted to the coronary care units of Shohada Hospital in Isfahan in 2013-2014. The participants were randomly assigned to control (n = 25) and study (n = 25) groups. The study group received cardiac rehabilitation in phase 1 and 2. Phase 1 was conducted in a hospital in Isfahan province that had no cardiac rehabilitation center but had minimal cardiac rehabilitation equipments. Phase 2 was conducted at home by follow-up through telephone and referring the patients to the hospital. The control group received usual cardiac rehabilitation. The data were collected via a demographic questionnaire and SF-36 quality of life questionnre before and 1 month after intervention by the researcher. Data were analyzed by independent samples t-test. Results: In the study group, the mean scores in all domains of quality of life increased significantly after intervention (P < 0.05). In the control group, the mean scores of quality of life were not significantly different before and after intervention (P > 0.05). A significant difference was found between the study and control groups in all domains of quality of life except for general health and social function (P < 0.05) in favor of the study group. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that cardiac rehabilitation program could lead to improving the quality of life in the patients with acute coronary syndrome.


Key issues in the effective delivery of EU-funded rural development programmes include simplification, transparency and accessibility. This paper draws upon the experience of rural development programming, as presented in a number of case studies drawn from recent and ongoing research by the author and others, and discussed in the panel sessions at the Salzburg RD conference in 2003, to summarise outstanding needs in these areas. Central areas of concern include a lack of local flexibility and poor integration between top-level goals at the point of delivery, as well as a lack of trust and support for capacity building and innovation among local delivery agents, where synergies between economic, environmental and social aims can most readily be identified and pursued. The summary of needs is then used to critically analyse the Commission's new draft Regulation for Rural Development beyond 2007 and to identify key issues and actions that should guide ongoing developments between now and 2007, both within the Commission and Council and among the full range of national, regional and more local agencies and stakeholders in this process.


To every linear binary-constraint system (LinBCS) non-local game, there is an associated algebraic object called the solution group. Cleve, Liu, and Slofstra showed that a LinBCS game has a perfect quantum strategy if and only if an element, denoted by J , is non-trivial in this group. In this work, we restrict to the set of graph-LinBCS games, which arise from Z2-linear systems Ax = b, where A is the incidence matrix of a connected graph, and b is a (non-proper) vertex 2-colouring. In this context, Arkhipov's theorem states that the corresponding graph-LinBCS game has a perfect quantum strategy, and no perfect classical strategy, if and only if the graph is non-planar and the 2-colouring b has odd parity. In addition to efficient methods for detecting quantum and classical strategies for these games, we show that computing the classical value, a problem that is NP-hard for general LinBCS games can be done efficiently. In this work, we describe a graph-LinBCS game by a 2-coloured graph and call the corresponding solution group a graph incidence group. As a consequence of the Robertson-Seymour theorem, we show that every quotient-closed property of a graph incidence group can be expressed by a finite set of forbidden graph minors. Using this result, we recover one direction of Arkhipov's theorem and derive the forbidden graph minors for the graph incidence group properties: finiteness, and abelianness. Lastly, using the representation theory of the graph incidence group, we discuss how our graph minor criteria can be used to deduce information about the perfect strategies for graph-LinBCS games.


The use of two of the most often employed forms of the Hamiltonian describing the interaction of atoms and molecules with an electromagnetic field is examined using the example of spontaneous emission. It is shown that formally the same initial state corresponds in the cases of different Hamiltonians to physically different initial conditions: a stationary Coulomb field exists in the initial state in one case and a nonstationary field, arising upon sudden excitation of the atom, exists in another. The differences in the initial conditions determine the differences in the photon spectra arising upon subsequent emission. The choice of initial conditions in real situations can be made by making a physical analysis of the excitation process. The Hamiltonian is transformed from one form to another. It is emphasized that the Hamiltonians are equivalent only if the states are correspondingly transformed. The Lamb-Retherford experiment is analyzed qualitatively.


OBJECTIVES
To determine the incidence, form of presentation, symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment most commonly used, and prognosis of leiomyoma of the bladder in our setting.

METHODS
We conducted a retrospective, multicenter analysis of the last 700 cases submitted to surgery for a bladder tumor that was found to be leiomyoma of the bladder. We reviewed the Spanish literature of the last twenty years for the following variables: patient age, sex, presenting symptoms, incidental finding or not, value of the tests performed, treatment, follow-up and prognosis.

RESULTS
Leiomyoma of the bladder accounted for 0.43% of the bladder tumors diagnosed at three urological centers. Apart from the three cases described, ten additional cases are reviewed. Forty-six percent were incidentally discovered. US proved to be the best diagnostic method. Treatment was frequently by open surgery. The prognosis was excellent; there has been no recurrence at 22 months' mean follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS
Leiomyoma of the bladder is a benign tumor with little or no clinical symptoms or signs, often discovered incidentally during US and accounts for 0.5% of the cases that had undergone surgery for a bladder tumor.


Since 1998 the DAVVL has been the official collecting centre for bird strike reports in Germany. Thanks to the voluntary supply of reports from airlines the DAVVL had been collecting reliable data even for many more years even before 1998. The typical annual variations of the bird strike development are well known. In 1999 and 2000 there were distinct deviations from the usual annual variations of the reports. The reasons are investigated and presented. It might be concluded that in 1999 reporting problems of a prominent German airline were the reason of the anomalous trend. In 2000 the weather development temporarily occurring in most parts of the country was likely responsible for the deviations from the usual monthly bird strike numbers.


This thesis provides a systems theory perspective regarding outreach and recruitment efforts targeting African American elders for health research and programming. A literature review describes the barriers and facilitators of participation on multiple system levels that have been described in existing research. Five models of recruitment are presented. The literature review also provides a listing of existing systems theories and a description of one systems theory in particular—complex adaptive systems—while adding some additional elements from system dynamics.An IRB approved exempt status review of existing community meeting minutes is also described. The meetings took place during my master's practicum at Hosanna House, Inc., a community center in Wilkinsburg Borough, Pennsylvania. The meetings revolved around programming for seniors in Wilkinsburg, a neighborhood that is predominantly African American. Research participation and communication and outreach approaches were also discussed with community members at these meetings. The discussions confirm, in a real world setting, some of the barriers and facilitators found in the literature.The literature review and the review of the meeting minutes provide the basis for recommendations for a systems theory approach to community-based outreach recruitment in a setting such as Wilkinsburg. Taking such an approach may allow public health practitioners and researchers to be more effective at encouraging participation in health research and health improvement programming. This is of great public health significance as African Americans and the elderly continue to experience significant health disparities. Encouraging participation can improve the health status of this underserved population and hopefully serve to eliminate health disparities. This is an ethical necessity in the field of public health.


In the 30 years since its origin in the early 1950s, open heart surgery has undergone rapid and continuous development. Most congenital defects have become reparable in one stage, early in life. Operative intervention in acquired heart disease is routine for coronary artery disease and valvar lesions, while cardiac pacing has become progresssively more reliable and physiologic. New and exciting developments continue to occur, and these are reviewed by Drs Arthur J. Roberts and C. Richard Conti in Current Surgery of the Heart. The readerwill be pleased to find that they have been largely successful in presenting a group of succinct, wellwritten selections with clear illustrations and useful bibliographies. Their manageable lengths are conveniently suited to the short pauses in the schedules of the busy practitioner or harried resident. Unfortunately, chapters on related subjects are distractingly scattered throughout the book without organizational structure. Developments in the technique of coronary revascularization are well covered with chapters on the potential


Abstract Interspecific hybridization, especially when regularly followed by backcrossing (i.e., introgressive hybridization), conveys a substantial risk for many endangered organisms. This is particularly true for narrow endemics occurring within distributional ranges of widespread congeners. An excellent example is provided by the plant genus Knautia (Caprifoliaceae): Locally endemic K. carinthiaca is reported from two isolated populations in southern Austria situated within an area predominantly occupied by widespread K. arvensis. While K. carinthiaca usually inhabits low‐competition communities on rocky outcrops, K. arvensis occurs mainly in dry to mesic managed grasslands, yet both species can coexist in marginal environments and were suspected to hybridize. Flow cytometry revealed that diploid K. carinthiaca only occurs at its locus classicus, whereas the second locality is inhabited by the morphologically similar but tetraploid K. norica. In the, therefore, single population of K. carinthiaca, flow cytometry and AFLP fingerprinting showed signs of introgressive hybridization with diploid K. arvensis. Hybridization patterns were also reflected in intermediate habitat preferences and morphology of the hybrids. Environmental barriers to gene flow seem to prevent genetic erosion of K. carinthiaca individuals from the core ecological niches, restricting most introgressed individuals to peripheral habitats. Efficient conservation of K. carinthiaca will require strict protection of its habitat and ban on forest clear cuts in a buffer zone to prevent invasion of K. arvensis. We demonstrate the large potential of multidisciplinary approaches combining molecular, cytometric, and ecological tools for a reliable inventory and threat assessment of rare species.


In the passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) model of membranous nephropathy, complement C5b-9 induces glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) injury, proteinuria, and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). This study addresses the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins (bip, grp94) in GEC injury. GEC that overexpress cPLA2 (produced by transfection) and "neo" GEC (which expresses cPLA2at a lower level) were incubated with complement (40 min), and leakage of constitutively expressed bip and grp94 from ER into cytosol was measured to monitor ER injury. Greater leakage of bip and grp94 occurred in complement-treated GEC that overexpress cPLA2, as compared with neo, implying that cPLA2 activation perturbed ER membrane integrity. After chronic incubation (4–24 h), C5b-9 increased bip and grp94 mRNAs and proteins, and the increases were dependent on cPLA2. Expression of bip-antisense mRNA reduced stimulated bip protein expression and enhanced complement-dependent GEC injury. Glomerular bip and grp94 proteins were up-regulated in proteinuric rats with PHN, as compared with normal control. Pretreatment of rats with tunicamycin or adriamycin, which increase ER stress protein expression, reduced proteinuria in PHN. Thus, C5b-9 injures the ER and enhances ER stress protein expression, in part, via activation of cPLA2. ER stress protein induction is a novel mechanism of protection from complement attack.


ABSTRACT
 The first occurrence of the lamniform Cardabiodon ricki is reported from the late Cenomanian of Alberta, Canada. Previously, this taxon was described from Australia and Europe and has been hypothesized in the published literature as having an antitropical distribution. Whereas the occurrence of C. ricki in Alberta seemingly supports this hypothesis, no formal methodology exists to determine if Cardabiodon had an antitropical distribution because sampling for Cenomanian fossil elasmobranchs in the tropics is poor. We offer a novel methodology to test the purported hypothesis of an antitropical distribution for Cardabiodon by examining three paleoecological aspects. We compare the range of sea surface temperatures (SST) and paleolatitudinal ranges of Cardabiodon localities to those of the extant antitropical shark, Lamna nasus, because Cardabiodon should exhibit a similar magnitude of thermal and paleolatitudinal ranges to those of L. nasus. Furthermore, the paleodistribution of Cardabiodon localities should shift with climate change. Cardabiodon is concluded to have an antitropical distribution because (1) the SST range for Cardabiodon was only slightly greater (by 1.7°C) than that recorded for L. nasus; (2) the difference in paleolatitude range for Cardabiodon was 10° latitude less than the modern range for L. nasus; and (3) the paleolatitudes of Cardabiodon localities are positively correlated with global temperature to indicate that, during warm periods, Cardabiodon was found at higher paleolatitudes in both hemispheres, but it was found at warmer, lower latitudes during cooler periods.


NEURAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT DEAR SIR, I wish to congratulate Drs Myersburg and Post (Journal, August 1979, 135, 139-55) for their interest ing attempt to integrate the contributions of several disciplines in order to illustrate the correspondence regarding basic developmental milestones. Two further pieces of evidence are worth mentioning. One criticism of the emphasis on myelination as an indication of the functional maturation of the brain has been that impulse traffic starts and acts on neurons during development, before they acquire myelin sheaths. In Conel's monumental work, maturation is measured not only by myelination but by four other criteria: The state of branching and development of the apical and basal dendrites; the presence of neurofibrils in the cell bodies; the state of axonal branching; the actual number of neural fibres. The effect of environmental factors on develop mental processes and critical periods has been examined recently. Winnick's work on nutrition and mental development, which has not been mentioned in their article, supports their postulate that environ mental experiences do affect neural substrates and subsequent behaviour.


The sudden arrival of an internationally spreading outbreak of a newly identified infectious disease in early 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), provided an opportunity for a coordinated international response based on information and evidence obtained in real time through standard and electronic communications. Its containment represents a new way of working internationally, and demonstrates how intense collaboration in virology, clinical medicine and epidemiology can rapidly provide the information necessary to create and implement evidence-based control measures. The SARS outbreak serves as a reminder of the need for a strong national surveillance and response to infectious diseases, evidence-based international travel recommendations, and a global alert and response network to serve as a safety net when national surveillance fails.


Parc Tramuntana is the first offshore wind project being promoted in the Catalonian waters, and due to this newness, it has generated a strong social debate surrounding expected environmental and socioeconomic impacts traditionally associated to marine wind farms, as there are no relevant references in this area. The objective of this report is to provide a specific analysis of some of the main potential impacts, based on detailed information and quantitative data, in order to place these impacts in a realistic context and determine their actual magnitude. This analysis is fed by diverse and detailed studies carried out over the last two years to assess the environmental impact of the project, in accordance with current regulations. According to environmental impact assessment, which is based on a standardized methodology, the impact of the project is objectively qualified as MODERATE on vectors such as turbidity and sedimentation, underwater noise, hydrodynamic circulation or the alteration of electromagnetic fields, and NOT SIGNIFICANT on aspects such as the proliferation of invasive exotic species. As this is an ongoing assessment process, this report presents initial conclusions that do not yet address all possible impacts. Nevertheless, the authors stress the importance of framing the debate on offshore wind in Catalonia in the context of the urgency of the climate emergency and its inevitable impacts on the natural environment.


BACKGROUND
Post kidney transplantation erythrocytosis is a frequent complication in male subjects. in our experience, it occurs in approximately 20% of transplant patients recciving cyclosporine inununosuppression therapy.

METHODS
Twenty-two patients with post kidney transplantation erythrocytosis were treated using ACE-inhibitors (lisinopril) at a dose of 2-5-5 mg/day for a mean period of 15 months. Owing to tbe onset of collateral effects, 27% of these patients requested the conversion of ACE into angiotensin II receptor antagonists (AII). Twenty out of 22 patients were male (90%).

RESULTS
Treatment resulted in a 15% reduction of hematocrit values compared to basal levels, which remained stable over time. No collateral effects were recorded, either for the kidneys or in terms of hypotension.

CONCLUSIONS
ACE-inhibitors (lisinopril) or alternatively the use of angiotensin II receptor antagonists, like Iosartan at low doses, is an effective and safe treatment for patients developing post-transplantation erythrocytosis (PTE).


. In digital topology, it is well-known that, in 2D and in 3D, a digital set X ⊆ Z n is digitally well-composed (DWC) , i.e. , does not contain any critical configuration, if its immersion in the Khalimsky grids H n is well-composed in the sense of Alexandrov (AWC) , i.e. , its boundary is a disjoint union of discrete ( n − 1)-surfaces. We show that this is still true in n -D, n ≥ 2, which is of prime importance since today 4D signals are more and more frequent.


In recent years, Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has emerged as a promising candidate for a future Internet architecture. While originally designed with the traditional Internet in mind, it has also been identified as a potential replacement for current Internet of Things (IoT) networking solutions. However, applications in the IoT face a number of unique challenges due to the constrained nature of the hardware. One of these challenges is that available memory is often extremely limited.  This thesis aims to evaluate the feasibility of using ICN in-network caching on IoT devices in order to achieve efficient content delivery. It evaluates the performance of existing approaches on constrained hardware and explores how the technology can be improved and tailored towards that environment. Existing strategies are found to be lacking in key aspects, particularly the fact that the effects of network topology are often not considered when making caching decisions. It is shown that approaches based on network centrality are promising, but existing implementations are not suited for constrained hardware. Therefore, a lightweight in-network caching strategy called Approximate Betweenness Centrality (ABC) is proposed that takes the specific requirements of IoT into consideration and allows for efficient cache placement regardless of network topology. Then, a modular solution for load balancing through off-path caching is presented to address potential shortcomings of the centrality-based caching approach. It allows the network to make more efficient use of available caching resources without introducing additional overhead. Furthermore, solutions for ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) are discussed. The expanded role of caching strategies under such QoS constraints is explored and their performance is evaluated.  This thesis shows that it is possible to design and deploy lightweight, low-overhead solutions on constrained hardware. Using a realistic deployment of physical IoT devices, it is demonstrated that these approaches can reach satisfactory levels of performance.


The currently used traditional method of waste water treatment based on the precipitation of heavy metals by iron hydroxide formed at the time of neutralization (liming) / bleach (active chlorine) doesn't correspondent to the standards of maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in practical meaning. In this regard, the urgent task is the use of natural materials as sorbents due to the relatively high sorption capacity, selectivity, having cation-exchange properties and the possibility of almost complete removal of heavy metal ions. Another important factor is their relatively low cost and availability (sometimes as a local material). We believe that the use of scientific-based combinations of different ways in waste water treatment based on the success of modern chemistry allows opening new and perspective opportunities in this area. Key Words: Waste Water, Metallurgy, Bentonite, Zeolites, Groundwater


India9s space officials are facing probing questions about why satellites of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) were of no use in locating a recent air crash. ISRO was already under fire for the alleged inefficiency of its 10-satellite Earth-observing system, one of the world9s largest. Critics say that it is expensive, poorly managed, and saddled with security restrictions that stifle its use by researchers and companies.


BACKGROUND
Enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and neuroendocrine tumors are relatively rare in childhood.

CASE CHARACTERISTICS
A 15-year-old girl who presented with epigastric pain and a 6-year-old boy who was admitted with hematochezia. Endoscopy revealed nodules in the stomach in Case 1, and polyploidy lesion in the rectum in Case 2.

OUTCOME
Enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia in Case 1 and neuroendocrine tumor in Case 2.

MESSAGE
A low index of suspicion for neuroendocrine tumors in children can result in delay in the detection of these rare but potentially malignant diseases.


BACKGROUND
Gonadotropin analogues are used in patients with prostate cancer for Leydig cell suppression with serum testosterone levels within the range after castration. Insufficient effect may have adverse consequences on the clinical course.

MATERIAL
At the Norwegian Radium Hospital, serum testosterone is routinely analysed in patients who use gonadotropin analogues and are referred to the hospital for treatment of hormone-resistant prostate cancer.

RESULTS/COMMENTS
Analyses of serum testosterone in two patients with advanced prostate cancer revealed insufficient androgen suppression in spite of continuous treatment with leuprorelin 11.25 mg. After substitution of leuprorelin by goserelin, serum testosterone decreased to levels compatible with those after surgical castration. In patients with advanced prostate cancer who use leuprorelin, monitoring of serum testosterone is necessary, with onset no later than 12 weeks after start of treatment. The diagnosis of "hormone resistant prostate cancer" requires that the patient's serum testosterone is measured within the range corresponding to surgical castration.


Caralluma is one of the prominent genus out of 200 genera and 2500 species of Asclepiadaceae family. Caralluma genus belongs to Asclepiadaceae and is widely distributed in Asia countries, Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Canary Islands and Southeast Europe. In folkloric medicine, as well as in Unani and Ayurvedic systems of medicine, the plants of Caralluma are being used for the treatment of diabetic patients and rheumatism. Tribals consider some of them as food during famines and also as a part of the traditional medicinal system. In India and Pakistan, Caralluma species have been used as emergency foods for the last few centuries. As allopathic medicines possess toxic nature and side effects, the use of plant-based medicine is becoming popular. This lead to a sudden enhancement in the production of herbal drugs. At present Caralluma is gaining much importance from researchers because it possesses array immunostimulating activities due to presence flavonoids and saponins and pregnane glycosides as active components. The present article thoroughly reviewed about various phytochemicals present in different species of Caralluma. Tabulated a list of phytochemicals isolated by various researchers from different plants of the Caralluma genus. Further, listed out the species on which enthusiastic researchers of this field can extend their investigation.


Guildite, Cu^(2+)Fe^(3+)(SO_4)_2(0H)·4H_2O, from the United Verde Mine, Jerome, Arizona, is monoclinic, space group P2_1/m, with cell dimensions ɑ = 9.786(2), b = 7.134(1), c =
7.263(1)A,β = 105.28(1)°, Z = 2. The crystal structure has been determined by Patterson and Fourier syntheses and refined by the method of least squares to an R factor of 0.056 for 942 reflections, measured on an automatic single-crystal diffractometer. The crystal structure contains an octahedral-tetrahedral chain, which consists of zig-zag chains of [FeO_5(OH)] octahedra sharing the (OH) corner; two pairs of octahedral corners on either side of this chain
are shared by S(1)O_4 and S(2)O_4 tetrahedra. These chains are crosslinked through corner-sharing trans-[CuO_2(H_O2)_4 ] octahedra into corrugated sheets parallel to the (001) plane. Adjacent sheets are hydrogen-bonded through water molecules. The average Fe^(3+)-O and S-O bond lengths are 2.005 and 1.472A respectively. Cu^(2+) shows the usual Jahn-Teller distortion with four short Cu-O(W) bonds (av. 1.985A) and two long Cu-0 bonds (av. 2.264A). The pleochroism in guildite is similar to that of other materials containing hydroxobridged Fe^(3+) chains. Intense color and the highest refractive index occur when the vibration direction of the incident light is along the chain direction. An intense absorption band at 430 nm and a
band at 874 nm are due to Fe^(3+), whereas broad absorption bands at 1285 nm and 780 nm have been assigned to Cu^(2+). Additional bands, including a sharp band at 1953 nm, are due to (OH) ions and water molecules.