OBJECTIVES
To establish a standardised clipping method for the measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) with a VapoMeter in Beagle dogs and to identify the optimal anatomical site for TEWL measurement.

PROCEDURE
TEWL values obtained from skin sites on five healthy Beagles clipped using two different blade angles (standard vs non-standard) were compared. TEWL values for 48 h were also obtained from seven different anatomical sites that had differing hair density. The hair was clipped in the intensively haired anatomical sites (head, lower and upper back and tail), but not clipped in the sparsely haired sites (ear, inguinal region, footpad).

RESULTS
The TEWL values for the standard and non-standard clipping sites were 6.3 +/- 1.31 and 27.2 +/- 1.11 g/h/m(2), respectively. We found the upper back among the clipped sites was the most appropriate site for TEWL measurement over 48 h after clipping, whereas among the unclipped sites the ear was the most appropriate, because the TEWL values from those anatomical sites had the least fluctuation and were less affected by movement.

CONCLUSION
The clipping method and anatomical site should be standardised in order to minimise the experimental variation in TEWL measurement in dogs.


This essay takes into consideration four early catalogues (cc. XVII-XVIII) of former Libreria di San Marco (now Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana). Their analysis and comparison provide information about book accession and preservation methods through the centuries, about rearrangement of miscellanies, replacement and/or discarding of copies of the same edition. Some case studies from the incunabula collection are given. The first catalogue, printed between 1623 and 1626, contains records of 59 dated incunabula: tracking these items in the following three catalogues, a list of identified editions is provided, as well as their related copies currently held at the Marciana Library.


The essay reflects upon the function of images within the love encounter, drawing on the personal experience of the author and his partner, visual artist Stense Andrea Lind-Valdan. Mixing personal experiences, diaristic notes and academic reflections, the essay moves beyond conventional scholarly style and experiments with more personal and anecdotal modalities, thus creating a text that re-enacts the fascination and imaginary entrapments involved in the love encounter while simultaneously reflecting upon these aspects of love.


This thesis addresses the problems in feature selection,
particularly focusing on selecting features from higher order
correlations. To this end, we present two supervised feature selection
approaches named \emph{Graph based Information-theoretic Feature Selection} and
\emph{Hypergraph based Information-theoretic Feature Selection}
respectively, which are capable of considering third or even higher
order dependencies between the relevant features and capturing the
optimal size of relevant feature subset. Furthermore, we develop two
unsupervised feature selection methods which can evaluate
features jointly rather than individually. In this case, larger
feature combinations are considered. The reason for this is that
although an individual feature may have limited relevance to a
particular class, when taken in combination with other features it
may be strongly relevant to the class.

In Chapter $2$, we thoroughly review the relevant literature of
the classifier independent (filter-based) feature selection methods. One dominant direction of research in
this area is exemplified by the so-called information theoretic
feature selection criteria, which is measuring the mutual dependence
of two variables. Another influential direction is the graph-based
feature selection methods, which are to select the features that
best preserve the data similarity or a manifold structure derived
from the entire feature set. We notice that most existing feature
selection methods evaluate features individually or just simply
consider pairwise feature interaction, and hence cannot handle
redundant features. Another shortcoming of existing feature
selection methods is that most of them select features in a greedy
way and do not provide a direct measure to judge whether to add
additional features or not. To deal with this problem, they require
a user to supply the number of selected features in advance.
However, in real applications, it is hard to estimate the number of
useful features before the feature selection process. This thesis
addresses these weaknesses, and fills a gap in the literature of
selecting features from higher order correlations.

In Chapter $3$ we propose a graph based information-theoretic
approach to feature selection. There are three novel ingredients.
First, by incorporating mutual information (MI) for pairwise feature
similarity measure, we establish a novel feature graph framework
which is used for characterizing the informativeness between the
pair of features. Secondly, we locate the relevant feature subset
(RFS) from the feature graph by maximizing features' average
pairwise relevance. The RFS is expected to have little redundancy
and very strong discriminating power. This strategy reduces the
optimal search space from the original feature set to the relatively
smaller relevant feature subset, and thus enable an efficient
computation. Finally, based on RFS, we evaluate the importance of
unselected features by using a new information theoretic criterion
referred to as the multidimensional interaction information (MII).
The advantage of MII is that it can go beyond pairwise interaction
and consider third or higher order feature interactions. As a
result, we can evaluate features jointly, and thus avoid the
redundancies arising in individual feature combinations.
Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our feature
selection method on a number of standard data-sets.

In Chapter $4$, we find that in some situations the graph
representation for relational patterns can lead to substantial loss
of information. This is because in real-world problems objects and
their features tend to exhibit multiple relationships rather than
simple pairwise ones. This motive us to establish a feature
hypergraph (rather than feature graph) to characterize the multiple
relationships among features. We draw on recent work on hyper-graph
clustering to select the most informative feature subset (mIFS) from
a set of objects using high-order (rather than pairwise)
similarities. There are two novel ingredients. First, we use MII to
measure the significance of different feature combinations with
respect to the class labels. Secondly, we use hypergraph clustering
to select the most informative feature subset (mIFS), which has both
low redundancy and strong discriminating power. The advantage of MII
is that it incorporates third or higher order feature interactions.
Hypergraph clustering, which extracts the most informative features.
The size of the most informative feature subset (mIFS) is determined
automatically. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of
our feature selection method on a number of standard data-sets.

In addition to the supervised feature selection methods, we present two novel
unsupervised feature selection methods in Chapter $5$ and Chapter $6$. Specifically,
we propose a new two-step spectral regression technique for
unsupervised feature selection in Chapter $5$. In the first step, we
use kernel entropy component analysis (kECA) to transform the data
into a lower-dimensional space so as to improve class separation.
Second, we use $\ell_{1}$-norm regularization to select the
features that best align with the data embedding resulting from
kECA. The advantage of kECA is that dimensionality reducing data
transformation maximally preserves entropy estimates for the input
data whilst also best preserving the cluster structure of the data.
Using $\ell_{1}$-norm regularization, we cast feature discriminant
analysis into a regression framework which accommodates the
correlations among features. As a result, we can evaluate joint
feature combinations, rather than being confined to consider them
individually. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of
our feature selection method on a number of standard face data-sets.

In Chapter $6$, by incorporating MII for higher order similarities
measure, we establish a novel hypergraph framework which is used for
characterizing the multiple relationships within a set of samples
(e.g. face samples under varying illumination conditions). Thus, the
structural information latent in the data can be more effectively
modeled. We then explore a strategy to select the discriminating
feature subset on the basis of the hypergraph representation. The
strategy is based on an unsupervised method which derive the
hypergraph embedding view of feature selection. We develop the
strategy based on a number of standard image datasets, and the
results demonstrate the effectiveness of our feature selection
method.

We summarize the contributions of this thesis in Chapter $7$, and
analyze the developed methods. Finally, we give some suggestions to
the future work in feature selection.


Interactions between midlatitude westerlies and the Pamir–Tian Shan mountains significantly impact hydroclimate patterns in Central Asia today, and they played an important role in driving Asian aridification during the Cenozoic. We show that distinct west-east hydroclimate differences were established over Central Asia during the late Oligocene (ca. 25 Ma), as recorded by stable oxygen isotopic values of soil carbonates. Our climate simulations show that these differences are present when relief of the Pamir–Tian Shan is higher than 75% of modern elevation (∼3000 m). Integrated with geological evidence, we suggest that a significant portion of the Pamir–Tian Shan orogen had reached elevations of ∼3 km and acted as a moisture barrier for the westerlies since ca. 25 Ma.


This article argues that attention to representational practices and epistemology, however important for expanding the boundaries of International Relations as a field of study, has been insufficient for dealing with difference in world politics, where ontological conflicts are also at play. We suggest that IR, as a latecomer to the 'ontological turn', has yet to engage systematically with 'singular world' logics introduced by colonial modernity and their effacement of alternative worlds. In addition to exploring how even critical scholars concerned with the 'othering' and 'worlding' of difference sidestep issues of ontology, we critique the ontological violence performed by norms constructivism and the only limited openings offered by the Global IR project. Drawing on literatures from science and technology studies, anthropology, political ecology, standpoint feminism and decolonial thought, we examine the potentials of a politics of ontology for unmaking the colonial universe, cultivating the pluriverse, and crafting a decolonial science. The article ends with an idea of what this might mean for International Relations.


This section presents a review of the literature published in 2016 on topics relating to distributed treatment systems. This review is divided into the following sections with multiple subsections under each: constituent removal; treatment technologies; and planning and treatment system management.


Objective measurement of concomitant finger motor performance is recommended for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating brain activity during finger tapping tasks, because performance modality and ability can influence the selection of different neural networks. In this study, we present a novel glove system for quantitative evaluation of finger opposition movements during fMRI (called Glove Analyzer for fMRI, GAF). Several tests for magnetic resonance (MR) compatibility were performed concerning magnet forces, image artifacts and right functioning of the system. Then, pilot fMRI of finger opposition tasks were conducted at 1.5T and 3T to investigate the neural correlates of sequences of finger opposition movements with the right hand, with simultaneous behavioral recording by means of GAF. All the MR compatibility tests succeeded, and the fMRI analysis revealed mainly the activation of the left sensorimotor areas and right cerebellum, regions that are known to be involved in finger movements. No artifactual clusters were detected in the activation maps. At the same time, through the parameters calculated by GAF it was possible to describe the sensorimotor strategy adopted by the subjects during the required task. Thus, the proposed device resulted to be MR compatible and can be useful for future fMRI studies investigating the neural correlates of finger opposition movements, allowing follow-up studies and comparisons among different groups of patients.


This paper presents a hands-on advanced logic design course using digital music synthesis as the basis of all homework and labs. A Verilog-based design flow is coupled with a FPGA development board, a digital to analog converter, and a small amplifier which enables a complete progression of specification, implementation and verification over the 10 week quarter. The gratification of hands-on audio work increases student interest, accelerates learning, and improved the average student success rate without altering the fundamental material covered in the course.


Advanced melanoma is an aggressive, deadly disease and has a high detrimental impact on patients and society, primarily due to premature death.
The aim of this study was to present the overall survival (OS) in cutaneous melanoma patients  with upper and lower extremities primary tumor site, and to obtain as accurate as possible an estimation of survival for these patients.
A total of 100 patients with primary malignant skin melanoma on the extremities, clinically negative and clinically positive regional lymph nodes metastasis with no evidence of distant disease were analyzed. Five and 10-year overall survival were calculated with log rank analysis to determine significant differences. Prognostic factors were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard analysis.
Five-year and 10-year overall survival of all patients included in the study was 72.7% and 45%, respectively. Ten-year OS of patients with clinically unpalpable nodal metastases, but pathologically evident, was 76.9% compared to 20.5% in patients with clinically palpable nodal metastases. In patients with positive regional lymh nodes metastasis,  regional lymph nodes tumor burden was dominant predictor of overall survival in a model based on age, gender, localization of the primary tumor, regional lymph nodes tumor burden and N categorization of the patients.  Macrometastatic regional lymph nodes tumor burden increased the hazard ratio of death   by 4.26 times compared to  micrometastatic regional lymph nodes tumor burden.
Our results highlight the importance of nodal status early diagnosis as well as the necessity for individual approach to each patient.


DNA cytosine methylation is a conserved epigenetic modification frequently correlating with transcriptional silencing in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms. Sodium bisulfite treatment of DNA converts unmethylated cytosine to uracil, while 5-methylated cytosine is protected. We describe techniques that ensure reliable sequencing data following sodium bisulfite conversion and to avoid common pitfalls such as amplification of unconverted DNA and inclusion of sibling clones.


: An accurate pathological diagnosis must be made prior to treatment of a primary malignant bone tumour. Consideration must be given to the clinical and radiologic aspects as well as the histology. Both benign and malignant tumours occur more frequently in certain decades. A search should be made for precursor lesions such as Paget's disease. The presenting manifestations of pain, a mass and dysfunction are not specific for tumours. Laboratory tests may be helpful, especially in distinguishing tumours from infections and metabolic diseases. Metastasis is usually via the blood stream to the lungs and bones. The low survival rate following amputation for osteosarcoma and radiation therapy for Ewing's sarcoma has been improved by chemotherapy. The lower-grade tumours such as aggressive giant cell tumour and low-grade chondrosarcoma can often by treated successfully by resection and insertion of an autograft, an allograft or a metallic implant.


The article tackles the problem of social competencies' development of teacher candidates (pedagogical formation students). In the theoretical part, the leading contemporary academic approaches to understanding of social competencies are defined. The study tried to define the meaning of social competencies in private as well as professional lives of young adults. The analysis of the professional sphere indicates that possession of high level social competencies by teachers is necessary. It is especially important considering that complicated social situations take place often during work in that profession. The author also emphasizes the influence of the level of social competencies on the job satisfaction, as the low level of these competencies leads to increased stress and burnout. The analysis of the private sphere of life indicates that low level of social competencies frequently leads to family conflicts and divorces. The attention is paid to the development and improvement of social competencies in young adults in the university environment. The empirical part consists an analysis of outcomes of the social competencies test performed on pedagogical formation students. The study has been performed on female members of teacher education programs (N=90). In the survey, the Social Competencies Questionnaire (Matczak, 2001) has been used. The results of the study indicated on average level of the student's social competencies according to three scales: intimate situations behaviour (I); social exposure behaviour (ES); behaviour in situations demanding assertiveness (A). The need for conducting social competencies trainings among students is emphasized. Key words : early adulthood, personal resources, social competencies, social skills, future teachers, professional success, relations with others, life quality, social competencies training. Отримано: 10. 0 9 .2018 Відрецензовано: 26 .0 9 .2018 Опубліковано: 12 .10.2018 * * * * * Завантажити/прочитати статтю PDF


Submarine volcanic-hosted iron deposits are important sources of iron ore in northwestern China. Here we present the petrological characteristics and coupled Fe-O, C, and Si isotope data of iron ores from the Shikebutai submarine volcanic-hosted hematite deposit in the Western Tianshan region. Several stratiform and lenticular hematite-dominated orebodies occur in Carboniferous submarine volcano-sedimentary sequences in this region. The ores are mainly composed of hematite, quartz, and minor siderite with distinct alternating iron-rich and silica-rich bands. The hematite shows δ56Fe and δ18O values in the range of –0.31 to 0.80‰ and 2.2 to 7.0‰, respectively, and the jasper yields δ30Si values of –1.90 to –1.20‰. Iron and Si were both derived from hydrothermal fluids related to submarine magmatism/volcanism. The Fe-bearing minerals in the Shikebutai deposit define distinct formation pathways. Hematite is the primary dehydrated Fe(III) oxyhydroxide, and the Fe isotope data indicate fractionation resulting from the partial oxidation of Fe(II). The O isotope data reflect inheritance from the submarine hydrothermal fluids source. Jasper was produced during coprecipitation of silica adsorbed onto the Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. The siderite-rich iron ore/volcaniclastic rock samples with a high and variable total organic carbon content (0.14–5.57%) show negative δ13C values (–3.0 to –1.1‰) and light δ56Fe values (–1.11 to –0.84‰). Our isotope data, together with the common occurrence of hematite inclusions in siderite, suggest that siderite was mainly produced by microbial dissimilatory iron reduction during diagenesis. The geologic, petrological, and isotopic data suggest that the Carboniferous Shikebutai deposit was precipitated through chemical and biogenic processes.


AlGaN/GaN heterostructure Schottky barrier photodetector (PD) with multi-MgxNy/GaN buffer was proposed and fabricated. Compared with AlGaN/GaN heterostructure PD prepared on conventional low-temperature GaN buffer, it was found that we can reduce dark leakage current by more than three orders of magnitude. It was also found that we can use the multi-MgxNy/GaN buffer to suppress photoconductance gain, enhance UV-to-visible rejection ratio, reduce noise level and enhance the detectivity.


In the present work we have combined homology modeling, protein-ligand dockings, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations and molecular dynamics simulations to generate human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX):arachidonic acid (AA) complexes consistent with the 5-lipoxygenating activity (which implies hydrogen abstraction at the C7 position). Our results suggest that both the holo and the apo forms of human Stable 5-LOX could accommodate AA in a productive form for 5-lipoxygenation. The former, in a tail-first orientation, with the AA carboxylate end interacting with Lys409, gives the desired structures with C7 close to the Fe-OH(-) cofactor and suitable barrier heights for H7 abstraction. Only when using the apo form structure, a head-first orientation with the AA carboxylate close to His600 (a residue recently proposed as essential for AA positioning) is obtained in the docking calculations. However, the calculated barrier heights for this head-first orientation are in principle consistent with 5-LOX specificity, but also with 12/8 regioselectivity. Finally, long MD simulations give support to the recent hypothesis that the Phe177 + Tyr181 pair needs to close the active site access during the chemical reaction, and suggest that in the case of a head-first orientation Phe177 may be the residue interacting with the AA carboxylate.


Two radical adduct species have been detected in the bile of living rats treated with halothane and phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone (PBN). The treatment of rats with 12% oxygen was required for radical adduct detection. Analysis of the corresponding EPR spectra obtained when deuterated PBN and deuterated halothane or [2-13C]halothane was used shows that these two species result from the spin trapping of two halothane-derived free radicals. Coupling constants were aN = 15.72 G, a beta H = 2.09 G, a gamma H = 0.79 G, and aF = 0.63 G(3F) and aN = 15.16 G, a beta H = 4.14 G, a gamma H = 0.48 G, and aF = 0.3 G(3F) for the two species. Two radical adducts with similar coupling constants were detected when halothane was reduced by zinc dust in the presence of PBN, suggesting that the formation of these two distinct species from halothane can be attributed to the one-electron reduction of halothane and the formation of diastereomeric radical adducts. The identification of both radical adducts as halothane-derived species indicates that there is no in vivo EPR evidence for lipid radical formation during halothane intoxication, as had previously been reported.


An investigation was carried out in The Netherlands to assess the impact of the properties of the sand from various beach and dune nourishments on the rate of aeolian sand transport. Samples from nourished beaches and dunes and nearby unnourished beaches were collected. The grain-size distribution of these samples were related to the 'susceptibility' of the sediments to mobilize under controlled wind tunnel conditions. In all cases, the nourishment sand corresponded to lower transport rates than the sand from nearby unnourished beaches. Large amounts of shell fragments, poor sorting and suitability for compaction resulted in low rates of aeolian transport of the nourishment sand compared to the ambient sand.


Objective: To investigate the relation between safety margins (SMs) and treatment efficacy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using 3-dimensional fusion images of computed tomographic (CT) hepatic arteriography and unenhanced CT. Methods: Fifty-three patients with HCC who underwent subsegmental/segmental TACE were followed up. Lipiodol accumulation patterns within the lesion were classified as determined by unenhanced CT immediately after TACE. Lipiodol accumulation patterns around the lesion were classified as determined by 3-dimensional fusion images with special reference to the SMs, which were compared with the local recurrence (LR) rates. Results: Local recurrence was detected in 29 patients (55%) during the follow-up period. When an SM less than 3 mm was defined as insufficient, the LR rates in groups with and without sufficient SMs were 33% (9/25) and 71% (20/28), respectively (P = 0.0136). In 38 nodules with complete Lipiodol accumulation, 10 (63%) of 16 nodules with LR showed the narrow SM (<3 mm), whereas 5 (23%) of 22 nodules without LR showed the narrow SM (P = 0.1341). Multivariate analyses showed that complete Lipiodol accumulation seemed to be an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.0288). Conclusions: 3-Dimensional fusion image was suggested to be valuable for the early detection of viable components within the HCC with insufficient SMs after TACE.


The biological treatment of a synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater (SSWW) was studied using an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and an aerobic activated sludge (AS) at a laboratory scale, with total organic carbon (TOC) loading rates of 0.03–1.01 g/(L.day), total nitrogen (TN) loading rates of 0.01–0.19 g/(L.day), and a flow rate of 2.93 to 11.70 mL/min in continuous mode. Results revealed that combined anaerobic-aerobic processes had higher efficiency to treat SSWW than a single process. Up to 96.36% TOC, 80.53% TN, and 99.38% 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD5) removal from an influent concentration of 1,008.85 mgTOC/L, 419.77 mgTN/L, and 640 mgCBOD5/L at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6.24 days and a flow rate of 3.75 mL/min was achieved. The UV/H2O2 process was studied to treat a secondary effluent of SSWW with TOC loadings of 64.88–349.84 mg/L. Up to 75.22% TOC and 84.38% CBOD5 removal were obtained for an influent concentration of 64.88 mgTOC/L at the HRT of 3 h with H2O2 concentration of 900 mg/L. An optimum molar ratio dosage of 13.87 mgH2O2/mgTOCin was also obtained. Combined anaerobic-aerobic and UV/H2O2 processes enhanced the biodegradability of the TOC, TN, and CBOD5 present in the SSWW. Up to 99.98% TOC, 82.84% TN, and 99.69% CBOD5 overall removals were obtained for an influent concentration of 1,004.88 mgTOC/L, 200.03 mgTN/L, and 640 mgCBOD5/L at the HRT of 4 days and a flow rate of 5.90 mL/min. A cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) was performed for the optimum conditions for the SSWW treatment by optimizing total electricity cost and HRT, in which the combined anaerobic-aerobic and UV/H2O2 processes had an optimal TOC removal of 92.46% at an HRT of 41 h, a cost of $1.25/kg of TOC removed, and $11.60/m3 of treated SSWW. This process reaches a maximum TOC removal of 99% in 76.5 h with an estimated cost of $2.19/kg TOC removed and $21.65/m3 treated SSWW.


Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotics in Health and Disease
In natural environment a delicate symbiosis evolves between endogenous bacteria and their host is very crucial for maintaining the internal flora of organisms. It stimulates immune system to respond rapidly to infection with pathogens and through bacterial antagonism it inhibits the colonization of the gut by harmful or pathogenic bacteria. A dominant flora represents 90% of the population, essentially composed of Bifidobactrium and Lactobacilli. In group they are called as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and are collectively called probiotics. These antibacterial effects of LAB are possible due to different antimicrobial compounds like organic acids, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), fatty acids, reuterin, bacteriocins and other low molecular mass compounds produced by them. Probiotics is playing an important role in prevention of many bacterial diseases also. Probiotic bacteria may add a low-cost, low risk layer of protection from infection and disease.


The aim of this paper was to review the data existing in the English literature on the quality of life in patients who undergo surgical resection of the pancreatic gland either for benign or for malignant diseases. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were browsed in order to select the data existing in the literature on quality of life and pancreatic surgery. Alerts received by e-mail were also taken into account. Only full text papers were selected. Of the 161 papers found, only 13 papers were evaluated for the purpose of this study: 11 focused on surgical resective procedures in chronic pancreatitis and two focused their interest on assessing the quality of life related to resective procedures in pancreatic neoplasms. Despite the scarcity of studies assessing the quality of life in patients who underwent pancreatic surgery, there is the need to routinely assess well-being in patients who have been operated on.


The method of cognitive graphical information presentation is developed, allowing to classify radiotechnical signals and estimate the degree of noise. The method is based on the construction of a features set ordered by information significance. In turn, informativeness is determined by the formal contribution of the feature to the quality of signal type recognition. The construction of cognitive images is carried out in several stages: 1) determination of numerical characteristics of typical signals, 2) ranking and selection of the most informative characteristics, 3) construction of cognitive graphic images visualizing a multidimensional vector of signal features, 4) operator's interpretation of cognitive images. The method of integral contour representation polar scan is used to construct cognitivegraphic images of signals. A total of forty informative parameters of the signal (features) are calculated. To increase the polar scan selectivity, the features are ranked in informativeness descending order by the Add and Del methods. The operation of signals subtraction defined over their informative parameters is introduced. With the goal to improve the visual recognition quality, monochrome halftones have been added to cognitive images. To improve perception of the contour representation of difference images color components have been introduced. The sensitivity of the cognitive images to substantial noise signals is expressed through changes in polar scan forms, tones and colorful presentation. The comparison of signals recognition quality by using metrics and polar scan visual recognition is provided. The recommendations are given to the decision-making operator on the type and noise degree of the radio signal in the final part.


For an extra heavy oil reservoir with top water in Liaohe Oilfield, it is inefficiently and hard to produce by conventional thermal recovery. In this regard, the numerical modeling software – CMG is used to analyze the recovery of this reservoir by Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and Steam and incondensable gas-assisted gravity push (SAGP). The production indicators, development effects and distribution of field parameters of these two techniques are contrasted and analyzed, and the injection and production parameters for application of SAGP in wells are optimized. The study shows that, for this extra heavy oil reservoir with top water, SAGP is more effective than SAGD, and the former can reduce the steam demand, improve the oil/steam ratio (OSR), prolong the development and enhance the recovery. It is recommended, during application of SAGP on site, to inject nitrogen at volume fraction of 30-40% and when the steam chamber expands to a section with 1/3 net pay thickness away to the top water.


Although sport is regarded as a bastion of male hegemony, coed settings offer females the opportunity to compete alongside males. Coed environments, however, often include rule modifications that intend to facilitate female participation, which promote female inferiority assumptions. This study sought to critique modifications in the divisive world of coed flag football through the lens of benevolent sexism and the shifting standards model. Observational field notes and interview data gathered over a season revealed that the equity perceived to be legislated by rule modifications was overshadowed by negative outcomes, as modifications perpetuated stereotypes and reinforced an environment of male domination. We discuss the ubiquity of male superiority beliefs within coed flag football and implications of the unintended consequences of rule modifications.


The aim of this paper is to identify the relevance and implications of ancient accounting practices to the contemporary theorizing of accounting. The paper provides a synthesis of the literature on ancient accounting particularly in relation to issues of human accountability, identifies its major achievements and outlines some of the key challenges facing researchers. We argue that far from being an idiosyncratic research field of marginal interest, research in ancient accounting is a rich and promising undertaking that holds the promise of significantly enhancing our understanding of the roles of accounting in organizations and society. The paper concludes by considering a number of implications of ancient accounting practices for the theorizing of accounting and identifies a number of possible avenues for future research.


Article history: Received 15 November 2013 Received in revised form 17 December 2013 Accepted 21 December 2013 Available online 5 March 2014


The authors investigate how both the amount and source of income affects the importance placed on money using a longitudinal analysis of the British Household Panel Survey and evidence from two laboratory experiments. Larger amounts of money received for labor were associated with individuals placing greater importance on money, but this effect did not hold for money unrelated to work. The longitudinal survey analysis demonstrated these differential effects of the source of income on money's importance while holding constant stable individual differences. The experiments provide evidence that the source of income has a causal effect on the importance of money as well as on the effort expended to earn more money. Even as individual differences in the importance placed on money may affect peoples' income, our results suggests that, depending upon its source, income can also affect the importance people place on money.


This article discusses the change in the notion of scaffolding from a description of the interactions between a tutor and a student to the design of tools to support student learning in project-based and design-based classrooms. The notion of scaffolding is now increasingly being used to describe various forms of support provided by software tools, curricula, and other resources designed to help students learn successfully in a classroom. However, some of the critical elements of scaffolding are missing in the current use of the scaffolding construct. Although new curricula and software tools now described as scaffolds have provided us with novel techniques to support student learning, the important theoretical features of scaffolding such as ongoing diagnosis, calibrated support, and fading are being neglected. This article discusses how to implement these critical features of scaffolding in tools, resources, and curricula. It is suggested that if tools are designed based on the multiple levels of the student understanding found in a classroom, tools themselves might be removed to achieve fading.


Background:We assessed risk factors for viremia and drug resistance among long-term recipients of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa. Methods:In 2008, we conducted a cross-sectional study among patients receiving ART for 12 months or more. Genotypic resistance testing was performed on individuals with a viral load higher than 400 RNA copies/ml. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations. Results:Of 998 participants, 75% were women with a median age of 41 years. Most (64%) had been on treatment for more than 3 years. The prevalence of viremia was 14% (n = 139): 12% (102/883) on first-line [i.e. nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen] and 33% (37/115) on second-line (i.e. protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen) ART. Of viremic patients, 78% had drug resistance mutations. For NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs, the prevalence of mutations was 64, 81 and 2%, respectively, among first-line failures and 29, 54 and 6%, respectively, among second-line failures. M184V/I, K103N and V106A/M were the most common mutations. Significant risk factors associated with viremia on first-line regimen included concurrent tuberculosis treatment [odds ratio (OR) 6.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2–18.8, P < 0.01] and a recent history of poor adherence (OR 2.7, 1.3–5.6, P = 0.01). Among second-line failures, attending a public clinic (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.8–11.3, P < 0.01) and not having a refrigerator at home (OR 6.7, 95% CI 1.2–37.5, P = 0.03) were risk factors for virological failure. Conclusion:Risk factors for viral failure were line regimen dependent. Second-line ART recipients had a higher rate of viremia, albeit with infrequent PI drug resistance mutations. Measures to maintain effective virologic suppression should include increased adherence counseling, attention to concomitant tuberculosis treatment and heat-stable formulations of second-line ART regimens.


The aim of this work is to carry out an applicative, comparative and exhaustive study between several entropy based indicators of independence and correlation.
We considered some indicators characterized by a wide and consolidate literature, like mutual information, joint entropy, relative entropy or Kullback Leibler distance, and others, more recently introduced, like Granger, Maasoumi and racine entropy, also called Sρ, or utilized in more restricted domains, like Pincus approximate entropy or ApEn.
We studied the behaviour of such indicators applying them to binary series. The series was designed to simulate a wide range of situations in order to characterize indicators limit and capability and to identify, case by case, the more useful and trustworthy ones.
Our target was not only to study if such indicators were able to discriminate between dependence and independence because, especially for mutual information and Granger, Maasoumi and Racine, that was already demonstrated and reported in literature, but also to verify if and how they were able to provide information about structure, complexity and disorder of the series they were applied to.
Special attention was paid on Pincus approximate entropy, that is said by the author to be able to provide information regarding the level of randomness, regularity and complexity of a series.
By means of a focused and extensive research, we furthermore tried to clear the meaning of ApEn applied to a couple of different series. In such situation the indicator is named in literature as cross-ApEn.
The cross-ApEn meaning and the interpretation of its results is often not simple nor univocal and the matter is scarcely delved into by literature, thereby users can easily leaded up to a misleading conclusion, especially if the indicator is employed, as often unfortunately it happens, in uncritical manner.
In order to plug some cross-ApEn gaps and limits clearly brought out during the experimentation, we developed and applied to the already considered cases a further indicator we called "correspondence index". The correspondence index is perfectly integrated into the cross-ApEn computational algorithm and it is able to provide, at least for binary data, accurate information about the intensity and the direction of an eventual correlation, even not linear, existing between two different series allowing, in the meanwhile, to detect an eventual condition of independence between the series themselves.


Abstract. Recent statistical studies show the existence of an island of cavities and enhanced electric field structures at 4-5 R E radial distance in the evening and midnight magnetic local time (MLT) sectors in the auroral region during disturbed conditions, as well as ion beam occurrence frequency changes at the same altitude. We study the possibility that the mechanism involved is electron Landau resonance with incoming Alfven waves and study the feasibility of the idea further with Polar electric field, magnetic field, spacecraft potential and electron data in an event where Polar maps to a substorm over the CANOPUS magnetometer array. Recently, a new type of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) emission originating from ~2-3 R E radial distance, the so-called dot-AKR emission, has been reported to occur during substorm onsets and suggested to also be an effect of Alfvenic wave acceleration in a pre-existing auroral cavity. We improve the analysis of the dot-AKR, giving it a unified theoretical handling with the high-altitude Landau resonance phenomena. The purpose of the paper is to study the two types of Alfvenic electron acceleration, acknowledging that they have different physical mechanisms, altitudes and roles in substorm-related auroral processes.


In this essay, I use a critical political economy of the attention economy to develop an understanding of the ways in which communication policies distribute communicative power. The policy issues I consider are Internet regulation, copyright, paracopyright, and advertising. Communication policies are analyzed in terms of their role in determining the conditions of audience practices and distributing power in the attention economy. I use Google's efforts to capitalize on attention to illustrate the communicative power struggle in each area, within a U.S. context.


Eighteen patients with sickle-cell disease underwent partial exchange transfusion. Three developed delayed hemolytic reactions, with selective disappearance of transfused cells. All reactions occurred within 6 days of transfusion, and patients presented with the clinical features of painful crises. The two most severe reactions were associated with antibodies to Jka. These patients developed fever, arthritis, and a clinical course suggesting serum sickness. In both patients, other alloantibodies had previously been seen. A fourth patient developed multiple alloantibodies, accelerated destruction of tranfused cells, but milder illness. Such reactions may be commoner than in appreciated and should be suspected when patients have recurrent or severe sickle crises after transfusion. Blood that is nonimmunogenic in antigen systems frequently associated with delayed hemolytic reactions (Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd) is preferred for sickle-cell patients who lack these antigens, especially if these patients have previously demonstrated capability to form erythrocyte alloantibodies.


The limitations and usefulness of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) as a means of assessing glycemic control in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and the importance of good glycemic control in diabetics on PD were analyzed. HbA1 levels may be elevated in renal failure because of either interference with the assay of HbA1 by carbamylated hemoglobin, which is formed by dissociation of urea to cyanate and condensation of cyanate with hemoglobin, or increased rate of formation of HbA1 secondary to acidosis or other uremic effects. Interference with the assay of HbA1 is limited to methods separating HbA1 from hemoglobin A by electrical charges and is not encountered when chemical or immunologic assays are used. The proposed effect of uremia on the rate of formation of HbA1 was refuted by in vitro studies and in vivo multifactorial analysis, which showed that blood glucose level is the only important determinant of HbA1 in patients with renal failure. HbA1 levels may be low in uremia because of shortened red cell survival and/or frequent transfusions of red cells, conditions rarely encountered in PD patients. In the great majority of the reported studies, HbA1 regardless of the method of assay used, correlated with direct glycemic indices in patients with renal failure treated conservatively, by hemodialysis or by PD. Poor glycemic control, indicated by high HbA1 levels, is associated with adverse outcomes, including prolonged hospitalization and shortened survival, in diabetics on PD. HbA1 is a useful tool in assessing blood glucose control in PD. Good glycemic control is important for diabetics on PD.


The proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has motivated a significant number of ex post econometric studies investigating their agricultural trade impacts. The general conclusion is that RTAs increase members' trade by as much as 150 percent, on average. In this article, we demonstrate that previous empirical work likely misrepresents the impact of RTAs because of considerable heterogeneity in the depth of economic integration pursued by these agreements. Contrary to previous studies, the results reveal that RTAs are not universally trade creating, and some agreements appear to provide very little benefit. "Deep integration agreements", on the other hand, are largely responsible for the impressive agricultural trade flow increases reported in the literature. Testing the hierarchy of RTAs largely confirms the theory: the benefits of regionalism are an increasing function of the depth of economic integration.


A candidate DNA sequence with many of the properties predicted for the retinoblastoma susceptibility (RB1) locus has been cloned (S. H. Friend, R. Bernards, S. Rogelj, R. A. Weinberg, J. M. Rapaport, D. M. Albert, and T. P. Dryja, Nature [London] 323:643-645, 1986). The large size of this gene (ca. 200 kilobases [kb]) and its multiple dispersed exons (Wiggs et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 318:151-157, 1988) complicate molecular screening strategies important in prenatal and presymptomatic diagnosis and in carrier detection. Here we used field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) to construct a restriction map of approximately 1,000 kb of DNA surrounding the RB1 locus and to detect the translocation breakpoints in three retinoblastoma patients. DNA probes from either the 5' or 3' end of the gene were used to detect a 250-kb EagI restriction fragment in DNA from unaffected individuals. Both probes identified an additional hybridizing fragment in the DNA from each patient, permitting the breakpoints in all three to be mapped within the cloned RB1 gene. Analysis of the breakpoint in one translocation cell line allowed the RB1 gene to be oriented with its 5' end toward the centromere. The 5' end of the gene also appeared to be associated with a clustering of sites for several infrequently cleaving restriction enzymes, indicating the presence of an HpaII tiny fragment island. The detection and mapping of the translocation breakpoints of all three retinoblastoma patients to within the putative RB1 gene substantiated the authenticity of this candidate sequence and demonstrated the utility of FIGE in detecting chromosomal rearrangements affecting this locus.


COVID-19-induced confinements rapidly change behavioural patterns and social norms of street space use worldwide. In the following study we compile data to assess shifting urban mobility during confinement (phase 1), and in reaction to COVID-19 induced physical distancing policies (phase 2). In a comparative analysis of 16 cities, we show that public transit decreased by 80% during confinement, but individual motorized transport only by 64%. Cycling modal share increased in some cities. COVID-19 and sustainability are intertwined via risks, susceptibility, and positive and negative outcomes, in particular via sustainable development goal 3 (SDG3) (health), SDG5 (gender equality), SDG11 (sustainable cities) and SDG13 (climate action). Confinement-induced social gains are realized in reduced congestion, improved air quality, and less accidents, partially compensated by unhealthy eating, and domestic violence. Our analysis reveals that cities around the world provided more space for cyclist and pedestrians as part of pandemic-related measures, pedestrianizing streets, implementing 550 km ad-hoc bicycle infrastructure and planning additional 1500 km. Our computation indicates that GHG emissions savings due to increased uptake of cycling in the EU reduced urban land transport GHG emissions by 0.3% (1 Mt CO2), while GHG emission savings were larger in cities with pop-up bicycle lanes (between 0.43% and 1.87%). Our findings also demonstrate that proactive cities had already plans in their drawers and demonstrated institutional alignment of vocal civil society, administrations and politicians. We argue that long-term sustainability trajectories of cities will depend on transformation of both physical and digital infrastructures.


Cervical insufficiency is the main pathology which requires prophylactic cerclage of the cervix.
This pathology is asymptomatic and the diagnosis is based on the patient's obstetric history. Untreated, cervical insufficiency leads to second trimester
abortion; the product of conception is not viable at such low gestational ages. Cerclage is considered effective if the pregnancy can be carried to term, respectively 37 weeks. For this paper, we conducted a retrospective study in the period 2014-2015 at Bucharest University Emergency Hospital and we evaluated different cerclage procedures performed here. In our clinic, mean gestational age at birth was 37 weeks at patients with cerclage.


Fas-mediated gastric mucosal apoptosis is gaining attention as a cause of tissue damage due to Helicobacter pylori infection. We explored the effects of H. pylori directly, and the effects of the inflammatory environment established subsequent to H. pylori infection, on Fas-mediated apoptosis in a nontransformed gastric mucosal cell line (RGM-1). Exposure to H. pylori -activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but not H. pylori itself, induced Fas antigen (Fas Ag) expression, indicating a Fas-regulatory role for inflammatory cytokines in this system. Of various inflammatory cytokines tested, only interleukin 1 b and tumor necrosis factor alpha induced Fas Ag expression, and removal of either of these from the conditioned medium abrogated the response. When exposed to Fas ligand, RGM-1 cells treated with PBMC-conditioned medium underwent massive and rapid cell death, interestingly, with a minimal effect on total cell numbers early on. Cell cycle analysis revealed a substantial increase in S phase cells among cells exposed to Fas ligand, suggesting an increase in their proliferative these indicate that the immune environment secondary to H. pylori plays a critical role in priming gastric mucosal cells to undergo apoptosis or to proliferate based upon their Fas Ag status.


We examined the effects of short chain and long chain ceramides on the stability of the Golgi apparatus. Short chain ceramides, C(2)- and C(6)-ceramides, blocked brefeldin A-induced Golgi disassembly without affecting the rapid release of Golgi coat proteins, whereas they did not inhibit brefeldin A-induced tubulation of endosomes. Both short chain ceramides also retarded Golgi disassembly induced by nordihydroguaiaretic acid and nocodazole, suggesting that they stabilize the Golgi apparatus. In contrast to short chain ceramides, natural long chain ceramides, when incorporated into cells or formed within cells upon treatment with sphingomyelinase or metabolic inhibitors, enhanced brefeldin A-induced Golgi disassembly. These results suggest that sphingolipid metabolism is implicated in the stability of the Golgi apparatus.


We study analytically and numerically the stability of the standing waves for a nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equation with a point defect and a power type nonlinearity. A major difficulty is to compute the number of negative eigenvalues of the linearized operator around the standing waves. This is overcome by a perturbation method and continuation arguments. Among others, in the case of a repulsive defect, we show that the standing-wave solution is stable in H 1 rad (R) and unstable in H 1 (R) under subcritical nonlinearity. Further we investigate the nature of instability: under critical or supercritical nonlinear interaction, we prove the instability by blowup in the repulsive case by showing a virial theorem and using a minimization method involving two constraints. In the subcritical radial case, unstable bound states cannot collapse, but rather narrow down until they reach the stable regime (a finite-width instability). In the nonradial repulsive case, all bound states are unstable, and the instability is manifested by a lateral drift away from the defect, sometimes in combination with a finite-width instability or a blowup instability. c 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


At his death in 1882, Ralph Waldo Emerson was counted among the greatest poets in nineteenth-century America. This variorum edition of all the poems Emerson chose for publication during his lifetime offers readers the opportunity to situate Emerson's poetic achievement alongside his celebrated essays and to consider their interrelationship. Decades before Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson took their places in the firmament of American poets, Emerson was securely enthroned. Though his reputation as essayist now eclipses his reputation as poet, Emerson self-identified as a writer of verse and worked out his transcendental philosophy in this genre, establishing his belief in the authority of individual experience and in the essential metaphoric nature of language. Albert J. von Frank's historical introduction traces the development of Emerson the poet, considering how life events, as well as his reading of German philosophy and Sufi poetry, influenced his thought and expression. Alongside accounts of the critical reception of his poems are public and private writings that reveal Emerson's own estimation of his poetic project and achievement. The textual introduction and apparatus make transparent the theoretical and practical concerns that inform these critical texts. Also included are a chronological lists of variants and texts constituting the historical collation, notes clarifying obscure allusions, and headnotes identifying sources and context.


While pragmatic competence has proven to be teachable over the past three decades, determining the most appropriate and effective approach to facilitating English as a foreign language (EFL) students' pragmatic development is still a central concern for researchers of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP). An investigation into the effects of video-driven prompts on less-studied and more complex teaching speech acts, such as complaints, will significantly supplement the inconclusive results of pragmatic interventional studies in foreign language contexts. To this end, the present study aims to investigate the effects of metapragmatic instruction on English complaints through the implementation of video-driven prompts to raise Saudi female EFL students' awareness of the pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic aspects associated with the production of appropriate and accurate target-like complaints during one academic semester. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data from 62 English majors, assigned to an experimental group (n = 31) and a conventional group (n = 31), at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. To elicit the required data, a proficiency test and pre-/post-test written discourse completion tests (WDCT) were distributed among participants. The results of the posttest demonstrated significant improvement in participants' pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic skills in the production of English complaints. The experimental group immensely outperformed the control group due to their exposure to authentic, contextualized video excerpts. The study supports the teachability of complaints as well as the benefits of incorporating metapragmatic awareness tasks based on contextually authentic input, which can, in turn, accelerate EFL students' ability to produce pragmatically appropriate and accurate target-like complaints.


After the 2008 presidential election season concludes, no doubt there will be calls to change the presidential nomination system, especially on the Democratic Party side. Already before the current season began, Congress explored legislation to prevent the frontloading of the primary process through the creation of a series of rotating regional primaries. The close contest for the Democratic Party nomination this winter and spring revealed additional issues beyond the timing question. Critics have argued that the caucus system used in some states is unfair and poorly administered, that the unequal weighting of votes for purposes of delegate selection violates democratic principles, and that the fate of the Democratic Party presidential nomination should not turn on the votes of unelected superdelegates. It is certainly possible that the parties themselves will change their nomination rules in response to these criticisms, as the parties have done in the past. But in the event the parties cannot agree on changes, Congress may consider legislation imposing changes to make the nomination rules comply more with the typical one person, one vote norms applicable to general elections. At the extreme, Congress might require presidential nominations to occur through state-by-state direct primaries conducted under one person, one vote principles. Here, I explore the question whether Congress has the power to impose such primaries on the parties and the states if the parties, states, or both object. I do not consider the wisdom of such legislation.As I explain, the main argument that parties can advance against Congressional (or for that matter, state) imposition of a direct presidential primary is that it violates the First Amendment associational rights of political parties to determine their method for choosing their standard bearers. This argument would appear to have much force given recent Supreme Court cases recognizing the parties' rights to overrule the states on the open or closed nature of political primaries. On the other hand, the Court has also accepted as "too plain for argument" a governmental power to require parties to use direct primaries to choose their nominees to assure fairness of the process. So resolution of the question is uncertain.The second argument that the parties or the states may raise against Congress is that Congress lacks the power under the Constitution to set the rules for presidential elections. Such an argument reads Congressional power under Article II of the Constitution narrowly, limited to setting the time for choosing presidential electors. Though the textual argument under Article II has some force, both Court precedent and policy suggest that the courts could well accept Congressional power to impose at least some regulations on the primary process, such as regulations setting the timing of primaries or caucuses. It is not clear whether congressional power would extend as far as to the imposition of a direct presidential primary against the parties' and states' wishes.Part I of this Essay briefly reviews complaints from the 2008 election season about the presidential nominating process. Part II considers the party autonomy argument against congressional legislation imposing a direct presidential primary. Part III considers the Congressional power argument. This Essay concludes by noting that even if Congress may lack the power, the threat of congressional action could spur the parties to reform themselves.


BACKGROUND
Food-based dietary guidelines recommend replacement of whole-fat dairy products with low-fat variants based on data suggesting that diets high in saturated fat are associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease. However, the health effects of saturated fat may depend on the source.

OBJECTIVES
The aim was to investigate substitutions between different subgroups of dairy products and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI).

METHODS
Data were from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort and included 54,903 men and women aged 50-64 y at enrollment and without an MI diagnosis. Information about intake of dairy products was obtained by a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Incident MI cases were identified through nationwide registries. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate associations between specified substitutions of dairy products and MI risk.

RESULTS
During a median follow-up of 15.9 y, 3033 cases were identified. Whole-fat yogurt products in place of low-fat or whole-fat milk were associated with a lower risk of MI (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.99 per 200 g/d replaced; and HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.98 per 200 g/d replaced, respectively). Substitution of 20 g/d of cheese for 200 g/d of low-fat or whole-fat milk was also associated with a lower risk of MI (HR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.99; and HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Among middle-aged Danish men and women, intake of whole-fat yogurt products or cheese in place of milk, regardless of fat content, was associated with a lower risk of development of MI.


TP53 is one of the most important prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Modulation of microRNAs by TP53 in CLL pathogenesis has been a hotspot. Besides, it has an intimate association with other cytogenetics and plays an important part in drug resistance of CLL. All above indicate an embedded TP53-centered network in CLL pathogenesis and prognosis. In this review, we focus on the TP53-centered network and its roles in the pathogenesis of CLL.


ABSTRACT There is abundant literature that teaches social work graduates to be culturally competent and critically reflective on issues of cultural diversity. However, it is evident that many competency based approaches do not effectively address issues of privilege, power and diversity. Such approaches can fail to challenge entrenched and/or unconscious biases concerning other cultures. This paper argues we need to move away from over-prioritizing the teaching and use of competency based models for dealing with diversity in disciplines such as Social Work. Using Sara Ahmed's work on diversity and critical reflection, we present the findings from a survey of social work students. The positive news is that students' reflections in critical essays and their responses to the learnings they achieved from a unit on race, suggested they were becoming more aware of how privilege and power worked in everyday interactions as well as professional interactions. The other side of the coin was their understanding of the social, political and ethical grounding of values was limited. Students tended to focus more on declaring their allegiance to social work values of 'honesty, integrity or social justice' to the point they were mere declarations or saying which become substitutes for actions.


Today, it is important how much individuals acquire knowledge and use this theoretical knowledge in their daily life. A qualified training program is expected to train individuals who can solve problems. The prospective classroom teachers, who are expected to train individuals who can solve problems, should also have knowledge about the problem-solving process and applying it to the problem situations that they face in their own lives. This situation is thought to have a positive effect on the academic achievement of the students who will be trained. The study was conducted at the beginning of 2019-2020 academic year with 52 third grade prospective classroom teachers. Semi-structured interview form prepared by the researchers were used to examine the knowledge and usage levels of the prospective classroom teachers about problem-solving strategies. This study concluded that prospective classroom teachers could informally use some problem-solving strategies, even if they were not trained. However, the prospective classroom teachers failed to perform as expected.

 Key words: Problem-solving in mathematics, problem-solving strategies, prospective classroom teachers, teacher training.


We present an investigation of the scale dependence of hydraulic parameters in fractured media based on the concept of transfer functions (TF). TF methods provide an inexpensive way to perform aquifer parameter estimation, as they relate the fluctuations of an observation time series (hydraulic head fluctuations) to an input function (aquifer recharge) in frequency domain. Fractured media are specially sensitive to this approach as hydraulic parameters are strongly scale‐dependent, involving nonstationary statistical distributions. Our study is based on an extensive data set, involving up to 130 measurement points with periodic head measurements that in some cases extend for more than 30 years. For each point, we use a single‐porosity and dual‐continuum TF formulation to obtain a distribution of transmissivities and storativities in both mobile and immobile domains. Single‐porosity TF estimates are compared with data obtained from the interpretation of over 60 hydraulic tests (slug and pumping tests). Results show that the TF is able to estimate the scale dependence of the hydraulic parameters, and it is consistent with the behavior of estimates from traditional hydraulic tests. In addition, the TF approach seems to provide an estimation of the system variance and the extension of the ergodic behavior of the aquifer (estimated in approximately 500 m in the analyzed aquifer). The scale dependence of transmissivity seems to be independent from the adopted formulation (single or dual‐continuum), while storativity is more sensitive to the presence of multiple continua.


Accumulating evidence demonstrates that responses in auditory cortex to auditory consequences of self-generated actions are modified relative to the responses evoked by identical sounds generated by an external source. Such modifications have been suggested to occur through a corollary discharge sent from the motor system, although the exact neuroanatomical origin is unknown. Furthermore, since tactile input has also been shown to modify responses in auditory cortex, it is not even clear whether the source of such modifications is motor output or somatosensory feedback. We recorded functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from healthy human subjects (n = 11) while manipulating the rate at which they performed sound-producing actions with their right hand. In addition, we manipulated the amount of tactile feedback to examine the relative roles of motor and somatosensory cortices in modifying evoked activity in auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus). We found an enhanced fMRI signal in left auditory cortex during perception of self-generated sounds relative to passive listening to identical sounds. Moreover, the signal difference between active and passive conditions in left auditory cortex covaried with the rate of sound-producing actions and was invariant to the amount of tactile feedback. Together with functional connectivity analysis, our results suggest motor output from supplementary motor area and left primary motor cortex as the source of signal modification in auditory cortex during perception of self-generated sounds. Motor signals from these regions could represent a predictive signal of the expected auditory consequences of the performed action.


A novel method is proposed in this note for exponential stability of cellular neural networks with time-varying delay. New delay-dependent exponential stability conditions of cellular neural network with time-varying delay is presented by constructing Lyapunov function and using linear matrix inequality (LMI). Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effect of the proposed method.


ree new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller are described from the central highlands of Costa Rica: Phyllocnis- tis drimiphaga sp. n., P. maxberryi sp. n., and P. tropaeolicola sp. n. Larvae of all three are serpentine leaf miners. Phyllocnistis drimiphaga feeds on Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae), P. maxberryi on Gaiadendron punctatum (Loranthaceae), and P. tropaeolicola on Tropaeolum emarginatum (Tropaeolaceae). All speci- mens were collected as larvae or pupae in their mines and reared in captivity. Parasitoid wasps were reared from P. drimiphaga and P. maxberryi. Description of the adults, pupae, and life histories are supplemented with photographs, illustrations, and scanning electron micrographs.


1246-3A is an insulin-independent tumorigenic cell line isolated from the C3H mouse teratoma-derived adipogenic cell line 1246. In the present paper, we have demonstrated that testosterone inhibits the in vivo tumorigenic properties of the 1246-3A cells. Castrated male mice receiving injections of 1246-3A cells developed larger tumors at a higher frequency than sham-operated animals. Administration of testosterone to castrated male mice resulted in a dramatic decrease in tumor development. In vitro studies indicated that testosterone inhibited by 50% the proliferation of the 1246-3A cells in culture. However, growth inhibition was observed only if the cells had been cultivated in the presence of testosterone for at least 4 days. In contrast, testosterone had little effect on the proliferation of the parent cell line 1246. Binding of several polypeptide growth factors was examined in cells cultivated in the absence and in the presence of testosterone. Testosterone increased 125I-EGF specific binding to 1246-3A cells. Scatchard analysis of EGF binding indicated that testosterone treatment induced a 2.4-fold increase in the number of cell surface EGF binding sites. This was accompanied by an increase in the intensity of cross-linked EGF receptors on the cells treated with testosterone. In addition, 1246-3A cells cultivated for 9 days in the presence of testosterone displayed a 10-fold increase in the level of EGF receptor mRNA when compared to 1246-3A cells maintained in its absence. Similar to its action on cell proliferation, the increase in EGF receptor number and mRNA expression was observed mainly if 1246-3A cells had been exposed to testosterone for 9 days. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that both in vivo and in vitro, testosterone induces in the teratoma-derived 1246-3A cell line phenotypic changes such as growth inhibition and modulation of EGF receptor expression.


This chapter explores what psychology can tell about how police can best preserve the information they collect to produce the most reliable and credible evidence. Memory and cognition research provides the evidence-base for the improved reliability of video recording witness and suspect interviews. The chapter examines the decision makers in a holistic way by considering how, if this video is played as evidence, it might affect every key decision maker in the outcome of an investigation or prosecution – investigators, suspects, lawyers, and judges and jurors. The reconstructive nature of memory means one of the key factors influencing the reliability of the information provided by a witness is how that information is elicited. The research on inconsistencies has implications for investigators, lawyers and judges in deciding whether to present evidence via video recorded interview. High levels of detail may diminish interviewee credibility and the ability of decision makers to systematically analyse the evidence.


Objective: To assess the knowledge and prevalence of drug and alcohol abuse among secondary school students in a rural community in south-south Nigeria with a view to minimizing the indulgence of students in illicit drugs.Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 187 senior secondary school students. Data collection was by interviewer administered questionnaires focusing on knowledge of alcohol and drug abuse, commonly abused drugs and the prevalence of drug abuse. A multistage sampling was utilized in selecting the participants which allowed for all participants to have equal chance of being selected for the study. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 20.0.Results were presented in tables and frequency distributions. Test of association between commonly abused drugs and knowledge of drug and alcohol abuse were carried out using chi square test and fisher' exact. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Prevalence of drug and alcohol abuse was determined by finding the proportion of respondents who take alcohol or illicit drugs. Respondents who had a knowledge score equivalent of 50% where regarded as having good knowledge of drug and alcohol abuse while those with knowledge score of less than 50% where regarded as having poor knowledge of drug and alcohol abuse.Results: A total of 187 participants were interviewed. About two-third of the respondents (63.1%) were within the age group of 15-17 years with a mean age (years) of16.02±1.72.Most of the respondents (91.4%) had poor knowledge of drug and alcohol abuse .The prevalence of alcohol abuse was 21.9% while that of drug was 20.9%.The most commonly abused drugs included caffeine 5.9%, codeine 5.3%, marijuana 3.2%, Nicotine 2.1% and cocaine 1.6%.Conclusion: The prevalence of substance abuse among the secondary school students were alcohol 21.9%, caffeine 5.9%, codeine 5.3%, marijuana 3.2%, Nicotine 2.1% and cocaine 1.6%


: Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the performance of global value chains (GVCs) due to lockdowns, restricted labor mobility, and consumers' access to retail markets. Authors verify the research hypothesis as follows: recent disruptions in GVCs will induce reshoring and permanent reconfiguration of economic activity whereas enhancing deglobalization. Design/Methodology/Approach: Authors conducted a critical analysis of economic papers registered in the Web of Science and Scopus databases and ratio analysis based on the World Bank's World Development Indicators and Reports. Findings: Authors argued that the reshoring of GVCs seems to lack solid, far-reaching economic premises, whereas policy recommendations in favor of enhancing GVCs' stability and resilience proved to be significant. Practical Implications: Authors provided a set of policy recommendations regarding enhancing the stability and resilience of GVCs when facing shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic to minimize negative impacts related to reshoring and reconfiguring economic activity, e.g., discouraging productivity and competitiveness across regions, industries, and enterprises. Originality/Value: The paper discusses current and vital issues associated with implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for GVCs activities, providing valuable policy recommendations for mitigating deglobalization trends.


Atherosclerosis and hypertension are, by far, the most common cardiovascular diseases affecting women, and both are influenced by diet. Atherosclerosis occurs more commonly in men than women; generally women are 10 to 15 years older than men when symptoms develop. The prevalence of hypertension is about equal in the two sexes, particularly in middle aged and older persons. These cardiovascular diseases are major causes of death and disability in this country. Atherosclerosis results in myocardial infarction, thrombotic strokes, and claudication. Hypertension, when severe, damages small blood vessels, causing kidney failure, hemorrhage, strokes, and heart failure; when the condition is mild to moderate, it produces atherosclerosis. Nutritional factors are of primary importance in both atherosclerosis and hypertension. Risk factors for atherosclerosis related to nutrition are hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia-diabetes, and for hypertension, obesity, high salt intake, and excessive use of alcohol. Of all these risk factors, obesity seems to be the most important because it is strongly linked to hypertension and diabetes. Dietary intake of saturated fat is a potent factor in determining the blood cholesterol level, and reducing intake often decreases the level, thus lessening the risk of atherosclerotic complications. Although high salt intake and excessive alcohol use produce hypertension in susceptible people, less is known about the frequency of this adverse effect than is known about obesity.


We report on observations of the young binary system HD 35187 (SAO 77144). For the first time, we have obtained spatially resolved optical spectra of the individual stars. Analysis of their effective temperatures indicates that the stars have spectral types of A2 (HD 35187B) and A7 (HD 35187A). Analysis of the Hγ Balmer line indicates a luminosity class V for both stars. At the time of these observations, net Hα emission was present only towards HD 35187B. However, there is evidence that the photospheric Hα line in HD 35187A has been 'filled in' relative to its expected strength in an A7 star, so this star may also be associated with some process leading to Hα emission. Moreover, both stars exhibit absorption in the He iλ5876 line well in excess of that expected for their spectral types. Comparison with earlier observations reveals that both the Hα and He i lines are variable, so both stars are 'active' in some sense. We suggest that the variable He i absorption detected towards both stars is a result of chromospheric activity, and is not necessarily related to the circumstellar environment.

We find tentative evidence for a narrow Ca K circumstellar absorption line and excess redshifted absorption of the Na D line profiles in the spectrum of HD 35187B, both of which are absent in the spectrum of HD 35187A. The heliocentric radial velocity of the presumed circumstellar Ca K line (+54.5 km s−1) is similar to that of redshifted circumstellar absorption lines previously identified in IUE spectra of this star, and the velocity range of the Na D absorption precisely matches that of the UV circumstellar components. Moreover, by placing the stars on the HR diagram (with the aid of the reliable Hipparcos distances) we find evidence that HD 35187B is dimmed by about 0.4 mag of grey circumstellar extinction.

The detection of net Hα emission, circumstellar absorption lines, and significant circumstellar extinction for HD 35187B suggests that it has far more mass in its circumstellar environment than its companion, and that the observed IR excess of this system originates from a disc surrounding HD 35187B alone.


Plant roots release a wide range of chemicals into soils. This process, termed root exudation, is thought to increase the activity of microbes and the exoenzymes they synthesize, leading to accelerated rates of carbon (C) mineralization and nutrient cycling in rhizosphere soils relative to bulk soils. The nitrogen (N) content of microbial biomass and exoenzymes may introduce a stoichiometric constraint on the ability of microbes to effectively utilize the root exudates, particularly if the exudates are rich in C but low in N. We combined a theoretical model of microbial activity with an exudation experiment to test the hypothesis that the ability of soil microbes to utilize root exudates for the synthesis of additional biomass and exoenzymes is constrained by N availability. The field experiment simulated exudation by automatically pumping solutions of chemicals often found in root exudates ("exudate mimics") containing C alone or C in combination with N (C : N ratio of 10) through microlysimeter "root simulators" into intact forest soils in two 50-day experiments. The delivery of C-only exudate mimics increased microbial respiration but had no effect on microbial biomass or exoenzyme activities. By contrast, experimental delivery of exudate mimics containing both C and N significantly increased microbial respiration, microbial biomass, and the activity of exoenzymes that decompose low molecular weight components of soil organic matter (SOM, e.g., cellulose, amino sugars), while decreasing the activity of exoenzymes that degrade high molecular weight SOM (e.g., polyphenols, lignin). The modeling results were consistent with the experiments; simulated delivery of C-only exudates induced microbial N-limitation, which constrained the synthesis of microbial biomass and exoenzymes. Exuding N as well as C alleviated this stoichiometric constraint in the model, allowing for increased exoenzyme production, the priming of decomposition, and a net release of N from SOM (i.e., mineralization). The quantity of N released from SOM in the model simulations was, under most circumstances, in excess of the N in the exudate pulse, suggesting that the exudation of N-containing compounds can be a viable strategy for plant-N acquisition via a priming effect. The experimental and modeling results were consistent with our hypothesis that N-containing compounds in root exudates affect rhizosphere processes by providing substrates for the synthesis of N-rich microbial biomass and exoenzymes. This study suggests that exudate stoichiometry is an important and underappreciated driver of microbial activity in rhizosphere soils.


Precalciner, in which endothermic raw meal calcination and exothermic fuel combustion proceed simultaneously, is a key equipment in dry process of cement production. To increase the precalcination degree and reduce the energy consumption, more and more attentions have been paid on modeling gas-solid flow field in precalciners. However, most of them aimed at just qualitative studies lacking in necessary further quantitative analysis of precalciner performance parameters. In this paper, combining qualitative studies and quantitative analysis, the gas-solid flow field was carried out aiming at an actual precalciner under operational-based boundary conditions. In Euler coordinate system the gas phase is expressed with k-ε model, in Lagrange coordinate system the solid phase is expressed with Discrete Phase Model(DPM), and the random effects of turbulence on the particle dispersion is accounted for with Discrete Random Walk (DRW) model. The predicted gas velocity field agrees well with the measured result, and the calculated raw meal concentration distribution is consistent with the actul condition. The results predicted that there is a simple spraying-liked flow field in the precalciner, with not only a non-uniform particle dispersion condition but also a low solid residence-time and residence-time ratio between solid and gas.


OBJECTIVE
To describe how U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) pharmacists serving in jobs that are normal for them, but considerably different than those found in the private sector, are making a difference in advancing the nation's health.

SUMMARY
Pharmacists who serve in the Commissioned Corps of PHS fill roles that are considerably different than their counterparts in the private sector. Their work takes them out from behind the counter and into the world. Pharmacy officers advance the health and safety of the nation by their involvement in the delivery of direct patient care to medically underserved people, national security, drug vigilance, research, and policy-making endeavors. PHS pharmacists fill essential public health leadership and service roles throughout the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and certain non-HHS federal agencies and programs. The Health Resources and Services Administration, National Institutes of Health, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Indian Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, and U.S. Coast Guard are among the many federal agencies in which pharmacy officers are assigned.

CONCLUSION
In each setting, PHS pharmacists find traditional roles augmented with assignments and challenges that broaden the scope of their practice.


The objectives were to describe our nerve-sparing class III radical hysterectomy technique and assess the feasibility and safety of the procedure as well as its impact on voiding function. From January to August 2005, 21 consecutive patients with FIGO stage IB-IIA cervical cancer and 1 patient with clinical stage II endometrial cancer underwent nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy with systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy. The transurethral catheter was removed on the seventh postoperative day. Then intermittent self-catheterization was performed and post-void residual urine volume (PVR) was recorded. The nerve-sparing procedure was completed successfully and safely in all of the patients. Eight (36%) and 6 (27%) patients had the PVR of < 100 ml and < 50 ml respectively at the initial removal of the catheter. On the fourteenth day, 82% and 77% of the patients had the PVR of < 100 ml and < 50 ml, respectively. The mean duration before the PVR became < 50 ml was 11.27 (5–26) days. In conclusion, the technique described in this preliminary study appears safe, adequate, and feasible in our population with satisfactory recovery of voiding function. A larger comparative study is needed on long-term urinary, bowel, and sexual function as well as recurrence and survival.


A common approach to formulating the dynamics of closed-chain mechanisms requires nding the forces of constraint at the loop closures. However, there are indications that this approach leads to ill conditioned systems that must be inverted and to numerically unstable diierential equations of motion. We derive a suucient condition for ill conditioning of augmented dynamical systems { that the mechanism's trajectory passes through, or very near, a kinematic singularity. In singular regions the equations of motion are also numerically stii, and frequently require special numerical methods for computer solution. We propose a new method of calculating closed-chain dynamics, based on the systematic elimination of variables that are both redundant and that may adversely aaect the computations. This approach produces numerically stable solutions of the diierential equations of motion, and the equations are apparently much less stii than the equations produced by the traditional force-closure approach.


Speech language pathologists depend on their voice for livelihood and are high risk group of voice disorders. But there are few studies on their prevalence of voice symptoms and voice handicap index. This study aimed to evaluate prevalence of voice symptoms and Korean voice handicap index with 86 speech language pathologists and 90 individuals employed in other occupations. We analyzed self-reported voice symptoms and voice handicap index using a questionnaire for this study. The results showed that the prevalence of voice symptoms of speech language pathologists is 60.5% and voice handicap index scores of speech language pathologists group are significantly higher than those of control group in physical and total score. And we found that alcohol history was a risk factor for voice symptoms. These findings indicate that special vocal hygiene program for speech language pathologists and follow up studies for comparisons of prevalence of voice symptoms and voice handicap index with other professional voice users are necessary.


This paper presents a study of the properties and behavior of self-compacting concretes (SCC) in the hot climate. The effect of curing environment and the initial water curing period on the properties and behavior of SCC such as compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and sorptivity of the SCC specimens were investigated. Three Water/Binder (W/B) ratios (0.32, 0.38 and 0.44) have been used to obtain three ranges of compressive strength. Five curing methods have been applied on the SCC by varying the duration and the conservation condition of SCC. The results obtained on the compressive strength show that the period of initial water curing of seven days followed by maturation in the hot climate is better in comparison with the four other curing methods. The coefficient of sorptivity is influenced by W/B ratio and the curing methods. It is also shown that the sorptivity coefficient of SCC specimens is very sensitive to the curing condition. The SCC specimens cured in water present a low coefficient of sorptivity regardless of the ratio W/B. Furthermore, the results show that there is a good correlation between ultrasonic pulse velocity and the compressive strength.


Involving the public in critical water resources decisions affecting environmental health of a community is becoming a key component of a water resource manager's role. New regulations such as National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Phase II MS4 permit program require public participation and outreach. But, just as important is the stakeholder's effectiveness in assisting the manager in achieving the bottom-line — clean water. Numerous water resources management plans have been written and stored on shelves, remaining unimplemented for various reasons. Often the reasons are insufficient funds or insufficient political and community support. A comprehensive public outreach program can help overcome these barriers.


The prior research on product platforms has added to our knowledge from a strategic, technological, and organizational point of view. However, the existing literature, while exploring the platform concept, considers the actual development of platforms from a rather general perspective although companies develop platforms for different aims, purposes, and product scopes. Following on from this, the requirements for platform development resources, the ways of organizing platform development, and the implications for management styles have not been explored and are presumably varying. To start elaborating on this, the research behind this article uses a clinical research approach in seven platform development cases from eight years' longitudinal research in three global manufacturing automotive original equipment manufacturers. Platform development is here defined and treated as development with the aim of creating a foundation, the platform, for the subsequent development of derivative products. The analysis of the development of platform in different strategic situations and with different purposes demonstrates how combinations of changes in components and/or architecture represent a key differentiator. An important result is the advancement of the platform perspective from an architecture with a set of components to a classification of four platform development variants based on alternative changes in architecture and/or components. Each type has different complexities and characteristics influencing the project length, requirements for platform development resources, principles for organizing, and implications for management styles.


Jacques Lacan's theory of the subject is put forward in order to correct what the author calls "the naive theory of the subject," which sociologists of religion tend to utilize by default in numerous quantitative sociological studies based on mass surveys and oriented towards obtaining exact, scientific, positivistic knowledge. This article applies Lacan's three registers—Imaginary, Symbolic, and Real—to the religious sphere and demonstrates their potential implications for the sociological analysis of religion. An analysis of the empirical research on Russia's post-Soviet religious situation reinforces the author's argument that an uncritical theory of the subject attends only to the superficial layers of the subject, which end up being devoid of actual subjectivity, according to Lacanian logic. The more fundamental layers of the subject, capable of making it "the subject" in the full sense of the word, seem to be completely outside of sociologists' current field of vision. This critique directs the reader's attention to the shortcomings of sociological surveys, and the author argues that a more robust understanding of the subject could enrich the sociology of religion, particularly by further developing certain conceptions, such as Grace Davie's "vicarious religion."


Broadly congruent mirror neurons, responding to any grasp movement, and strictly congruent mirror neurons, responding only to specific grasp movements, have been reported in single-cell studies with primates. Delineating grasp properties in humans is essential to understand the human mirror neuron system with implications for behavior and social cognition. We analyzed electrocorticography data from a natural reach-and-grasp movement observation and delayed imitation task with 3 different natural grasp types of everyday objects. We focused on the classification of grasp types from high-frequency broadband mirror activation patterns found in classic mirror system areas, including sensorimotor, supplementary motor, inferior frontal, and parietal cortices. Classification of grasp types was successful during movement observation and execution intervals but not during movement retention. Our grasp type classification from combined and single mirror electrodes provides evidence for grasp-congruent activity in the human mirror neuron system potentially arising from strictly congruent mirror neurons.


Apocalypse Never illuminates why we must abolish nuclear weapons, how we can, and what the world will look like after we do. The twenty-first century has ushered in a world at the atomic edge. The pop culture days of Dr. Strangelove have been replaced by the all-too-real single day of 24. Tad Daley has written a book for the general reader about this most crucial of contemporary challenges. Apocalypse Never maintains that the abolition of nuclear weapons is both essential and achievable, and reveals in fine detail what we need to do - both governments and movements - to make it a reality. Daley insists that while global climate change poses the single greatest long-term peril to the human race, the nuclear challenge in its many incarnations - nuclear terror, nuclear accident, a nuclear crisis spinning out of control - poses the single most immediate peril. Daley launches a wholesale assault on the nuclear double standard - the notion that the United States permits itself thousands of these weapons but forbids others from aspiring to even one - insisting that it is militarily unnecessary, morally indefensible, and politically unsustainable. He conclusively repudiates the most frequent objection to nuclear disarmament, "the breakout scenario" - the possibility that after abolition someone might whip back the curtain, reveal a dozen nuclear warheads, and proceed to "rule the world." On the wings of a brand new era in American history, Apocalypse Never makes the case that a comprehensive nuclear policy agenda from President Obama, one that fully integrates non-proliferation with disarmament, can both eliminate immediate nuclear dangers and set us irreversibly on the road to abolition. In jargon-free language, Daley explores the possible verification measures, enforcement mechanisms, and governance structures of a nuclear weapon-free world. Most importantly, he decisively argues that universal nuclear disarmament is something we can transform from a utopian fantasy into a concrete political goal.


For some time there has been a need for information on the extent and direction of movement by the black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas in the Western Transvaal. This information was sought to try and establish the potential range of the jackal before any attempts are made to develop more sophisticated tracking devices such as telemetry. During the preliminary study some aardwolves Proteles cristatus were caught and a few of these animals yielded incidental information on movement by this species. The results presented here are admittedly fragmentary. However, they provide the first documented evidence of long-term movements by the two species concerned. As such they form a basis for further research.


The central problem of the study is the last phase of the forced ethnic homogenization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, unintentionally caused by the peace accord, concluded on the American base in Dayton in the year 1995. On the basis
of the border agreements the competing parties were forced to hand over some lands they were so far controlling to the hands of the enemy. This caused another wave of involuntary mass migrations. The most controversial transfer of territory has been the handing over of fi ve settlements of Sarajevo with mostly Serbian inhabitants to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the fi rst three months of the year 1996. The circumstances of how exactly the majority of the Serbians were forced to leave their homes had so far not been fully clarifi ed. Besides analyzing the course of events of this and accompanying cases the present study focuses on the impact of the forced migrations on the fi nal destination of the migrants, i.e. the Republic of Serbia, as well as on trying to fi nd possible solutions of the situation of the Serbian migrants from part of local authorities. The fi nal part of the text evaluates who arguments that have often been mentions with respect to the weak minority repatriation of Serbians to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


This paper presents the specifications of match: a file format that extends a MIDI human performance with note-, beat-, and downbeat-level alignments to a corresponding musical score. This enables advanced analyses of the performance that are relevant for various tasks, such as expressive performance modeling, score following, music transcription, and performer classification. The match file includes a set of score-related descriptors that makes it usable also as a bare-bones score representation. For applications that require the use of structural score elements (e.g., voices, parts, beams, slurs), the match file can be easily combined with the symbolic score. To support the practical application of our work, we release a corrected and upgraded version of the Vienna4x22 dataset of scores and performances aligned with match files.