ABSTRACT In 1990, a national survey was conducted of state directors of community and junior colleges regarding student transfer reporting and analysis. Responses were received from 45 of 50 states for a 90% response rate, although Maine and South Dakota were dropped from the study because they indicated that they did not have a community college system. Study findings included the following: (1) 8 states (19t) indicated they had an official definition of transfer, while another 20 states (47%) used a working definition of student transfer for reporting purposes; (2) 31 states (72%) had the capacity to report the number of students who transferred from public community colleges to public four-year/upper-division colleges; (3) five states (16%) calculated a student transfer rate, while two states (5%) were reassessing their student transfer rate formulas; (4) seven states (16%) recommended the use of the most general data available to compute a student transfer rate, while 26 states (60%) either were uncertain about the most effective way to compute a transfer rates or did not respond; (5) 23 state directors (53%) reported havng the authority to adopt a national transfer reporting and analysis standard should one be recommended, and 11 state directors (26%) were prepared to recommend such a standard or policy in their states, while 30 (70%) were uncertain/did not respond and 2 (5%) would not recommend such adoption; and (6) responses from 14 state directors inCicated that the time required to implement such a standard on transfer ranged from 6 months to 4 years, with the average being 20 months. A copy of the test instrument, response totals, and pie-charts are included. (JMC)


Mobility with biomethane is already a reality in many countries in Europe, while in others it is just the beginning. Biomethane is a green and clean fuel which is obtained from the biogas produced by the anaerobic decomposition of the organic matter present in urban waste, sewage water and agricultural, livestock and forest residues. To generate biomethane, the biogas undergoes a process called upgrading. It is a process of elimination of different components such as CO 2 , which can be used to obtain synthetic natural gas. Biomethane is perfectly compat-ible with natural gas; it can be injected in the pipeline grid or used directly as fuel in a vehicle, generating a null CO 2 balance or even negative depending on the type of residue it originated from. Biomethane represents a real solution to decarbonise transport. However, applying this solution depends mainly on public policies and the commitment at national and European level. This chapter will analyse the impulse models for the production of biomethane and its use as fuel for the transport sector. In addition, it will assess whether the development of this market would be possible without public support by creating a product ruled exclusively by the market.


The author had the opportunity to plan and carry out a community based epidemiological survey of Delhi urban population and rural areas of Gurgaon (Haryana) for estimation of prevalence rates and risk factors for the coronary heart disease and hypertension. Based on the experience of conducting this largest population based epidemiological study in India for coronary heart disease and hypertension, problems in conducting these studies were identified. These are discussed in this paper so that other workers may benefit from this experience.


Based on the elaboration of the content and status of rural cooperative finance, rural cooperative finance——the alienation of rural credit cooperative is introduced from three aspects of the concept and objective of management, the organizational form and management mode, and the service object and business scope. Causes of alienation are analyzed. Firstly, change in the economic foundation of cooperative finance is the fundamental reasons for the alienation. Secondly, mandatory system change led by the government is an important reason for alienation. Thirdly, property and administration structure of rural credit cooperative are the internal reasons for alienation of agricultural support. To achieve the innovation of rural cooperative financial organization, the following aspects should be done: cultivating the basis for rural cooperative economy, further promoting the reform of rural credit cooperatives (innovating a variety of property rights modes; making clear definition of ownership; implementing the internal governance structure), introducing competition in the field of rural cooperative finance, and homing function of government and rural cooperative finance.


This Essay, prepared for a Notre Dame Law Review symposium on the catalysts of constitutional change during the twentieth century, takes as its focus the Warren Court's landmark decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965). Existing scholarly accounts of Griswold tend to emphasize influences emanating from outside the Court, such as the social movement activism of birth control advocates and shifting public attitudes toward sexuality, contraception, and women's rights. These influences are often presumed to account for the Justices' decision to recognize an unenumerated constitutional right to marital privacy and procreative liberty. But any attempt to explain Griswold by focusing solely on such "external" factors risks missing important parts of the story. This Essay seeks to develop a more complete picture of Griswold by situating the Court's decision within a series of important doctrinal and jurisprudential debates and developments that were occurring during the period immediately surrounding the Court's consideration of the case. In particular, the Essay focuses on: (1) the Supreme Court's evolving attitudes toward Article III justiciability doctrines during the middle decades of the twentieth century, (2) the evolution of the Court's thinking regarding substantive due process and the relationship between that doctrine and the "incorporation" of particular Bill-of-Rights guarantees against state governments, (3) the mid-twentieth century revival of academic interest in the Ninth Amendment's original meaning, (4) the ascendance of strong purposivism as the dominant mode of legal interpretation, and (5) the emergence and rapid proliferation of "strict scrutiny" as a doctrinal test during the early 1960's. Though often overlooked or downplayed in discussions of the case, these influences played an important role in shaping the timing, structure and enduring doctrinal significance of the Griswold decision.


The paper seeks to establish the commonly received wisdom on the need for innovation globally, and its relative scarcity in UK business. The developed UK and European Union education policy is examined as an opportunity to educate would be entrepreneurs to Masters level. The five-year experience is summarised and the perceived directions for the future are outlined.


In order to improve vehicle steering performance, Multi-axle dynamic steering technology is put forward. Because of simple and low cost, the mechanical dynamic steering mechanism is suitable for heavy vehicle. In order to design ideal steering mechanism, the principle of dynamic steering mechanism was analyzed. Based on theories of multi-axle dynamic steering and vehicle dynamic, the steering angle relationships of different axles were analyzed. Taken a vehicle as an example, the corresponding steering mechanism was designed. Full vehicle model was established and handling stability performance was simulated. The results show that the mechanical dynamic steering vehicle can effectively improve vehicle agility performance at low speed and stability at high speed.


In light of the rise of ultra-right ideologies in Europe, this article offers an in-depth analysis of the discourse on immigration presented by CasaPound Italia (CPI), a self-defined fascist organization in Italy. This case study illustrates the importance of media and communication activism for the promotion of contemporary ultra-right movements. Specifically, the analysis focuses on how CPI reported one of the first widely covered immigration-related disaster in the Mediterranean, on 3 October 2013, and on the audience interactions that followed on the organisation's website. In this article, I argue that CasaPound Italia's online communique and its members' comments need to be considered as one discursive event in which the encoding/decoding processes at play can be explored in detail. The examination, which draws from critical discourse studies, reveals audiences' contributions in unpacking the implicit message contained in the original communique and underlines the active role that "rank and file" members play in the promotion of ultra-right ideologies.


FIR digital filters are used in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) by the virtue of its, linear phase, fewer finite precision error, stability and efficient implementation. This paper presents an architectural approach to the design of High speed reconfigurable finite impulse response (FIR) filter. In this paper new reconfigurable low power FIR filter architecture using Multiplier Control Decision Window(MCSD) is proposed. The approach is well suited when the filter order is fixed and not changed for particular applications, and efficient trade-off between power savings and filter performance can be made using the proposed architecture. Thus the proposed architecture offers 20% power efficiency and 40% delay reduction compared to the best existing reconfigurable FIR filter. This has been implemented and tested on Spartan-3 xc3s2005pq208 field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Keywords— FIR filter architecture, Multiplier Control Decision Window(MCSD), Reconfigurability.


The Manakov modulation instability is shown to determine the performance limit of long-distance Brillouin fiber sensors utilizing orthogonally-polarized pumps. Numerical simulations of the Manakov equation are supported by the experimental measurement of a 25-km Brillouin fiber sensor to verify the model. The study reveals that the use of orthogonally-polarized pulses decreases the pump depletion due to modulation instability leading to an enhancement of the sensing distance.


The quantum cascade laser, which uses electronic transitions within a single band of a semiconductor, constitutes a possible way to integrate active optical components into silicon-based technology. This concept necessitates a transition with a narrow linewidth and an upper state with a sufficiently long lifetime. We report the observation of intersubband electroluminescence from a p-type silicon/silicon-germanium quantum cascade structure, centered at 130 millielectron volts with a width of 22 millielectron volts, with the expected polarization, and discernible up to 180 kelvin. The nonradiative lifetime is found to depend strongly on the design of the quantum well structure, and is shown to reach values comparable to that of an equivalent GaInAs/AlInAs laser structure.


We present a study of the gas kinematics of star-forming galaxies associated with protocluster 4C 23.56 at z = 2.49 using 0.″4 resolution CO (4–3) data taken with ALMA. Eleven Hα emitters (HAEs) are detected in CO (4–3), including six HAEs that were previously detected in CO (3–2) at a coarser angular resolution. The detections in both CO lines are broadly consistent in the line widths and the redshifts, confirming both detections. With an increase in the number of spectroscopic redshifts, we confirm that the protocluster is composed of two merging groups with a total halo mass of log (Mcl/M⊙) = 13.4–13.6, suggesting that the protocluster would evolve into a Virgo-like cluster (>1014 M⊙). We compare the CO line widths and the CO luminosities with other (proto)clusters (ngal = 91) and general field (ngal = 80) galaxies from other studies. The 4C 23.56 protocluster galaxies have CO line widths and luminosities comparable to other protocluster galaxies on average. On the other hand, the CO line widths are on average broader by ≈50% compared to field galaxies, while the median CO luminosities are similar. The broader line widths can be attributed to both effects of unresolved gas-rich mergers and/or compact gas distribution, which is supported by our limited but decent angular resolution observations and the size estimate of three galaxies. Based on these results, we argue that gas-rich mergers may play a role in the retention of the specific angular momentum to a value similar to that of field populations during cluster assembly, though we need to verify this with a larger number of samples.


This article retraces a discussion with Gurba M. L., a Sahrawi activist who participated in building the refugee camp of Smara near Tindouf, Algeria, and Lahsen S. S. B, a Sahrawi researcher and collaborator in the Oral Memory Conservation project of the Ministry of Culture. Drawing on fieldwork and recent scholarship in performance studies and architectural history, it describes the repertoire as an infrastructure for historiographical crafts and alternative to the archives in transmitting and preserving gestures, movements and orality for the Sahrawi people. As performed ephemerally through distinct spatial practices in the domesticities of the camp, the repertoire constructs space and history outside of prevalent judiciary and nation-state paradigms that bias documentary evidence to legitimize claims to space and land. Gurba's performance of nomadic spatial practices illuminates broader Sahrawi resistance efforts seeking to realize epistemic and reparative justice, maintaining the futurities preempted by war and colonialism, while conflict is ongoing, refugees displaced, and Western Sahara's plentiful deserts plundered.


Analysis of dependent survival data by conventional partial likelihood methods produces unbiased estimates of the regression coefficients but incorrectly estimates their variance. Here we compared the conventional partial likelihood methods with two alternative methods for analyzing dependent survival data. The first alternative method estimated the regression coefficient by the partial likelihood approach but adjusted the variance to account for clustering. The second alternative method used marginal likelihoods to estimate both the regression coefficient and its variance. We evaluated the performance of the three methods using simulated and actual data. Simulated data were used to examine bias, efficiency, type I errors, and power. An Old Order Amish genealogy was analyzed under these models to illustrate their performance on real data. The simulation study showed that all three methods provided unbiased estimates of the regression coefficient, but the efficiency of the estimated regression coefficient varied according to the simulation conditions. The standard partial likelihood method showed increasing type I error as the dependence increased within clusters. Both alternative methods had acceptable levels of type I errors at all dependence levels. In the analysis of genealogic data, the regression coefficient was similar in the three methods showing stable estimates of the regression coefficients. The variance estimates from the alternative methods were slightly different from the conventional method, suggesting a flow level of dependence. This study displays the effect of violating the independence assumption and provides guidelines for using alternative statistical methods. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Flat and well-ordered surfaces of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates are important for electronic devices. Furthermore, researchers have reported that 4H-SiC surface roughness increases by step-bunching during epitaxial growth and annealing. Degradation of device properties induced by surface roughening is of great concern. Therefore, a method to reduce this surface roughening is requested. We have developed a damage-free planarization method called catalyst-referred etching (CARE). In this paper, we planarized 4H-SiC substrates and evaluated the processed surface before and after the epitaxial growth. Then, we reduced the step-bunching on the epi-wafer surface and determined the electrical properties of the Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) on the processed surface.


Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by variable immunodeficiency, partial albinism, abnormal accumulation of melanosomes in melanocytes, pigmentary dilution of the skin, and shiny silver-gray hair. GS has three types, with the first and second types caused by mutations in two genes being located at band 15q21: RAB27A and MYO5A. The expression of the third form of GS is restricted to the characteristic hypopigmentation of GS, and results from mutation in the gene that encodes melanophilin MLPH. It has also been shown that an identical phenotype can result from the deletion of the MYO5A F-exon. The aim of this case report is the presentation of oral and dental features and SEM images of the hair of a 12-year-old girl with GS type 3.


Abstract Efficient, reliable methods for calculating the binding affinities of noncovalent complexes would allow advances in a variety of areas such as drug discovery and separation science. We have recently described a method that accommodates significant physical detail while remaining fast enough for use in molecular design. This approach uses the predominant states method to compute free energies, an empirical force field, and an implicit solvation model based upon continuum electrostatics. We review applications of this method to systems ranging from small molecules to protein-ligand complexes.


OBJECTIVE - The objective of this paper is to describe a case study where Bayesian Networks (BNs) were used to construct an expert-based Web effort model. METHOD - We built a single-company BN model solely elicited from expert knowledge, where the domain expert was an experienced Web project manager from a small Web company in Auckland, New Zealand. This model was validated using data from 22 past finished Web projects. RESULTS - The BN model has to date been successfully used to estimate effort for numerous Web projects. CONCLUSIONS - Our results suggest that, at least for the Web Company that participated in this case study, the use of a model that allows the representation of uncertainty, inherent in effort estimation, can outperform expert-based estimates. Another nine companies have also benefited from using Bayesian Networks, with very promising results.


Generally, program evaluation is of prime importance to check the workability of a course. In this way, it can be made sure that the course achieves its intended goals and objectives, and consequently fulfills the learners' needs, wants, and aspirations. Therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the instructional functioning of the Simple Prose and Newspaper Articles course which is offered to the undergraduate English majors at the university of Tabriz, Iran and is taught by the researcher/instructor himself. To this end, Brown's (1995) model of program evaluation was opted for. Based on local needs and objectives, this model was modified and extended to seven curriculum components: objectives, attitudes, needs analysis, time, classroom activities, materials, and assessment. In order to gather quantitative and qualitative data, a mixed methods design was employed. The quantitative data were obtained through a questionnaire which comprised 35 items based on the aforementioned curriculum components, i.e. five items for each component. Also, the qualitative data were collected through a semi-structured interview. The participants consisted of 36 undergraduate English majors, i.e. 12 male, 24 female. The results of the study indicate that this course is quite useful for the students to develop their linguistic, cultural, and social knowledge. However, it needs to be modified in order to be more fruitful. One of the main implications of this study might be that the seven curriculum components proposed by the researcher could be employed for the evaluation of any course of study. Another implication might be that these seven curriculum components could be utilized by syllabus designers or curriculum developers for the development of any syllabus.


Background: The effects of CAD/CAM blocks containing resin on oral cells, which are widely used in the restoration of teeth recently, are unknown. The aim of this study is in vitro examination of cytotoxic effect of resin and ZLS (zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate) including CAD/CAM blocks on human gingival keratinocyte (HGK) cells.

Material and Methods: In our study; samples were prepared (1.5 × 7 × 12 mm) under water cooling, using CAD/CAM blocks. Both surfaces of the prepared samples were polished using a diamond polishing kit (Clearfil Twist Dia, Kururay). Samples, whose surface (3 cm2/ml) were calculated according to the International Standards Organization (ISO 10993-12: 2012), were left for 1, 3- and 7-days incubation in DMEM. Cell viability of extracts of 1:1 ratio of filtered CAD/CAM blocks were examined by MTT test. Cell viability results were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (p<0.05).

Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the cell viability values of the extracts of CAD/CAM blocks after 1 and 3 days and the control group (p>0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed in the cell viability values of the extracts of composite resin and ZLS CAD/CAM blocks at the end of 7 days compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Although the extracts of CAD/CAM blocks after 7 days caused a decrease in the viability of HGK cells, they showed cell viability above the cell viability rate (>70%) stated in ISO standards.


The syntheses, characterization and experimental solid state X-ray structures of five low-spin paramagnetic 2-pyridyl-(1,2,3)-triazole-copper compounds, [Cu(Ln)2Cl2], are presented in this study, for the following five Ln ligands: L1 = 2-(1-(p-tolyl)-1H-(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine), L2 = 2-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine), L3 = 4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)benzonitril), L4 = 2-(1-phenyl-1H-(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine) and L5 = 2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine). These five [Cu(Ln)2Cl2] complexes each contain two bidentate 2-pyridyl-(1,2,3)-triazole (Ln) and two chloride ions as ligands, with the Cu–N(pyridine) bonds, Cu–N(triazole) and Cu–Cl bonds trans to each other. All five [Cu(Ln)2Cl2] compounds display elongation Jahn–Teller distortion, either along opposite Cu–N(triazole) bonds, or along opposite Cu–Cl bonds, as indicated by their obtained solid state crystal structures. Quantum chemistry calculations, using density functional theory, indicated however that elongation Jahn–Teller distortion is in fact possible along any two opposite bonds in these octahedral compounds with the elongation distortion along the opposite Cu–N(triazole) bonds being the most stable structure.


A common understanding in recent literature on the development of multinational corporations (MNCs) and headquarters-subsidiary relations is that some subsidiaries will have, or ought to have, a strategic role in the global organization that reaches beyond their local undertakings. This notion implies that MNC competitive advantage depends on the ability of several corporate units to assimilate and make use of knowledge created in other business contexts than their own. Hence, an MNC subsidiary must adapt and commit to the local environment in order to survive in the market competition. On the other hand, corporate sister units' usage of subsidiary knowledge implies that the subsidiary also must adapt and commit within the corporate environment. The dilemma here lies in the extent to which the subsidiary's external market environment and its corporate environment are separated (or integrated) systems in terms of connections between resources and activities and knowledge development. In this paper, we will reveal empirical findings from an international project on the occurrence of strategic subsidiaries - denoted Centres of Excellence (CoE) - in MNCs. We also investigate if CoEs play an influential role over corporate decisions on investments. Our investigation reflects the extent to which the subsidiary competencies are of context-specific nature or if they affect other parts of the MNC. The paper also discusses and presents case-examples of how the subsidiary can retain its uniqueness and sustain as a CoE even if it continues to transfer knowledge to other parts of the MNC.


WILLIS'S ELEllE:liT.ARY PHYSIOLOGY. For Advanced Grades. By John Calvin Willis. A. M.• Ph. D .• M. D.• author or "Essentials or Health and Out. lines of Psychology." N ew York. Cincinnati, and Chicago: American Book Company. Cloth. 400 pp .• wIth Illustratlous. Price. 80 cents. There 19 no way In which one sees and teels more keenly the new order or thIngs than when he looks Into one or the latest text-books In physiology. Here Is a good example. The author states the essenuat racts or physiology In the clearest possible way. and develops rrom these facts some practical rules or health. The text Is easy to read and to understand. There Is more anatomy tban Is usual tor texts or this grade. because the author teels that there Is no adequate understanding or the facts ot physlolog)' or tile rules or hygiene without a fair knowledge or anatomy. Pains. are taken to explain tully the action or all Important organs. so the most useful rules or hygiene may be clearly understood and applied. To a large degree, technlcal terms have been omitted. and the matter or the text expressed In the language or the average pupll In the advanced grades. TechnIcal terms, when used at all, are explained where first used. A. convenient list or questions Is appended .to most chapters. The practical experiments are such as may be worked out without any expenstve apparatus except a microscope. As far as possible, pupils are expected to examine specimens or subjects studied. and to be taugbt to construct simple apparatus and to make drawings to Illustrate the essential facts or the subject. The old-time artificiality is largely supplanted by real liie.


This essay explores the breadth of feminist writing on film in Ms. magazine in the 1970s. It begins by analyzing and demonstrating the potential reading practices that this archive of writing invites and then turns to recurrent points of focus in the magazine regarding women's emerging attempts to author or authorize film production. It concludes by considering both the magazine's ruptures and intersections with academic feminist writings on film in the same period, with a focus on brief samples of work in the journals Screen and Camera Obscura . Overall, the author takes the position of a feminist historian in the not-so-distant future who turns to Ms. as the material evidence of 1970s film culture in order to query: What does this archive reveal about the history of feminist cultural production? What does it say about historical and contemporary blind spots in the feminist academy? And how might our understanding of this archive direct historical and theoretical work for feminist media scholars today?


Decision trees trace their origins to the era of the early development of written records. This history illustrates a major strength of trees: exceptionally interpretable results which have an intuitive tree‐like display which, in turn, enhances understanding and the dissemination of results. The computational origins of decision trees—sometimes called classification trees or regression trees—are models of biological and cognitive processes. This common heritage drives complementary developments of both statistical decision trees and trees designed for machine learning. The unfolding and progressive elucidation of the various features of trees throughout their early history in the late 20th century is discussed along with the important associated reference points and responsible authors. Statistical approaches, such as a hypothesis testing and various resampling approaches, have coevolved along with machine learning implementations. This had resulted in exceptionally adaptable decision tree tools, appropriate for various statistical and machine learning tasks, across various levels of measurement, with varying levels of data quality. Trees are robust in the presence of missing data and offer multiple ways of incorporating missing data in the resulting models. Although trees are powerful, they are also flexible and easy to use methods. This assures the production of high quality results that require few assumptions to deploy. The treatment ends with a discussion of the most current developments which continue to rely on the synergies and cross‐fertilization between statistical and machine learning communities. Current developments with the emergence of multiple trees and the various resampling approaches that are employed are discussed. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:448–455. doi: 10.1002/wics.1278


Healthcare work is, by nature, an activity full of intense emotions and therefore, is opportune ground for exploring emotions in the workplace in different contexts of nursing care. It is a very fertile terrain if care is focused on the emotions of the client, nurses, healthcare teams, and on the interaction of all actors involved. This article presents a theoretical reflection exploring the concept of emotional labor in the context of nursing care. Theoretical references from several fields of knowledge, namely sociology and nursing, have been adopted to conceptualize the theme. Studies on emotional labor have contributed toward the understanding of the key issue of emotional management in healthcare institutions and both its positive and negative impact on clients and professionals. The development of the theme of emotional labor in nursing has given rise to numerous theoretical approaches and perspectives explaining this concept.


The Chinese and Japanese languages share Chinese characters. Since the Chinese characters in Japanese originated from ancient China, many common Chinese characters exist between these two languages. Since Chinese characters contain significant semantic information and common Chinese characters share the same meaning in the two languages, they can be quite useful in Chinese-Japanese machine translation (MT). We therefore propose a method for creating a Chinese character mapping table for Japanese, traditional Chinese, and simplified Chinese, with the aim of constructing a complete resource of common Chinese characters. Furthermore, we point out two main problems in Chinese word segmentation for Chinese-Japanese MT, namely, unknown words and word segmentation granularity, and propose an approach exploiting common Chinese characters to solve these problems. We also propose a statistical method for detecting other semantically equivalent Chinese characters other than the common ones and a method for exploiting shared Chinese characters in phrase alignment. Results of the experiments carried out on a state-of-the-art phrase-based statistical MT system and an example-based MT system show that our proposed approaches can improve MT performance significantly, thereby verifying the effectiveness of shared Chinese characters for Chinese-Japanese MT.


While food losses (foods which were intended for human consumption, but which ultimately are not directly eaten by people) have been included in animal feed for millennia, the practice is all but banned in the European Union. Amid recent calls to promote a circular economy, we conducted a survey of pig farmers (n = 82) and other agricultural stakeholders (n = 81) at a UK agricultural trade fair on their attitudes toward the use of food losses in pig feed, and the potential relegalisation of swill (the use of cooked food losses as feed). While most respondents found the use of feeds containing animal by-products or with the potential for intra-species recycling (i.e. pigs eating pork products) to be less acceptable than feeds without, we found strong support (>75%) for the relegalisation of swill among both pig farmers and other stakeholders. We fit multi-hierarchical Bayesian models to understand people's position on the relegalisation of swill, finding that respondents who were concerned about disease control and the perception of the pork industry supported relegalisation less, while people who were concerned with farm financial performance and efficiency or who thought that swill would benefit the environment and reduce trade-deficits, were more supportive. Our results provide a baseline estimate of support amongst the large-scale pig industry for the relegalisation of swill, and suggest that proponents for its relegalisation must address concerns about disease control and the consumer acceptance of swill-fed pork.


In this paper I try to show, having recourse mainly to two Wittgensteinian concepts (viz., criteria and family resemblances), what the conditions for ascription of religious beliefs are. I emphasize the use of religious language and religious praxis. From this perspective, the question of how is a religious belief verified changes dramatically. The point of this analysis is to make clear why to interpret religious beliefs (and assertions) as factual beliefs is radically misguided. This does not mean that wc cannot speak at all of "religious verification", but only that 'verification' in this context must mean something quite different from what it means in, say, scientific contexts. I discuss Hick's views on "escatological verification" and try to show why the concept is spureous and, accordingly, why it cannot work. Finally, I attempt to show that the impossibility of empirical verification of religious belief commits a believer with a rejection of classical theism but not with any kind of irrationalism.


History in the Making: The Construction of Community Memory and Racial Subjects in the Boyle Heights Exhibition, examines a 2002 exhibition titled Boyle Heights : The Power of Place. Organized and hosted by the Japanese American National Museum (JANM) in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, Boyle Heights delineated what it was like to live in a multiethnic East Los Angeles community during the early and mid twentieth century. The thesis examines why Boyle Heights was so successful in garnering enthusiasm from the Boyle Heights community. I posit that the exhibit's success was largely due to its compelling narrative depicting Boyle Heights as a unique and ethnically diverse community whose residents built a tight -knit neighborhood while embodying the hallmarks of law- abiding, all-American model citizenship. I argue that this depiction of Boyle Heights helped counteract popular stereotypes of East Los Angeles as a vice-ridden and impoverished zone. While Boyle Heights made many positive contributions to its subject community, I also assert that the exhibition had to leave out important stories in its effort to present a certain image of Boyle Heights. Stories left out include episodes of interethnic conflicts, intraethnic tensions, and subjects suggesting non-model, criminal behaviors. Amidst the effort to delineate Boyle Heights as a harmonious and model example of interethnic community, these silences became a necessary device to convincingly bolster the neighborhood's worthiness of being celebrated and remembered in the context of today's society and public perceptions. More importantly, what do these silences reveal about the workings of racial socioeconomic positioning in American society


: Chest radiographs, taken in the standing position, were reviewed in 47 hospitalised patients with chronic obstructive respiratory failure; the review was done retrospectively and the radiographs were examined for signs of left ventricular failure. Only interstitial and alveolar oedema were considered, upper lobe blood diversion was commonly seen in patients, probably reflecting pulmonary hypertension independent of any re-distribution of left ventricular origin. Interstitial oedema was seen in 9 patients (19.2%) of whom only one reached a pulmonary capillary pressure of 25 mmHg, traditionally considered as a threshold of interstitial oedema. In 8 other patients, the pulmonary capillary pressure was either moderately elevated between 15 and 25 mmHg (3 cases) or strictly normal (5 cases). The discordance observed between the radiological data and haemodynamics very probably reflects (bearing in mind the descriptions in valvular and ischaemic heart disease) a greater sensitivity of the radiograph when compared to measurements of pulmonary capillary pressure at rest in cases of left ventricular failure "fruste". The greater sensitivity of radiological analysis in patients suffering from chronic airflow obstruction contrasts with the classical notion, according to which the radiological expression of definite left ventricular failure was frequently poor in this kind of patient by reason of a destruction of the vascular bed, which limited the development of pulmonary oedema.


Hydro‐morphology describes the interactions between water and sediments in fluvial systems and the corresponding processes across all spatial and temporal scales. The results are natural and anthropogenically influenced bed structures and fluvial landforms. However, many of these hydro‐morphological processes cannot be described analytically yet, as a result of their stochastic behaviour and the multitude of processes involved across spatial and temporal scales. Deeper knowledge of these processes is essential, not only for understanding the system itself, but also for practical applications, which rely on correct and reliable investigations of these processes. During the European Geoscience Union (EGU) General Assembly (GA) 2018 in Vienna, Austria, the conveners of the session on "Measurements, monitoring and numerical modelling of sedimentary and hydro‐morphological processes in open‐water environments" had the idea of initiating a special issue, containing a collection of recent achievements in this research field. The aim of this extended introduction is twofold. First, an overview on research needs in investigating hydro‐morphological processes in open‐water environments is given in this article. Second, recently published studies that aim to improve the understanding of hydro‐morphological processes in rivers, lakes and reservoirs by innovative measurement approaches are discussed. In addition to submitted papers collected from the EGU GA in 2017, 2018 and 2019, related studies published in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms (ESPL) over the last two years are also incorporated into this special issue. The papers selected cover a wide range of studies with differing spatial and temporal resolutions. This broad spectrum of different scales clearly indicates the challenges associated with the development and use of advanced methods for investigating hydro‐morphological processes in open‐water environments.


Background In Australia, despite dramatic increases in chlamydia notifications and recommendations that young people be tested annually, testing rates in general practice remain low. ACCEPt is a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the impact of chlamydia testing on prevalence. General practitioners (GPs) in the intervention arm received regular feedback on testing performance, visual reminders and incentive payments to facilitate increased testing. To assess the acceptability of the intervention, participating GPs were interviewed at baseline and midpoint to investigate their chlamydia management practices and their opinions about the intervention. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively sampled GPs prior to randomization (baseline) and after one year in the intervention (midpoint) until saturation was reached. Data were analysed both thematically and using Normalisation Process Theory (NPT), a framework that explains how complex interventions can be successfully implemented, embedded and integrated in institutional settings. Emerging themes from each timepoint were compared and interpreted within the NPT framework. Results A total of 44 GPs at baseline and 24 GPs at midpoint were interviewed. The ACCEPt intervention increased GPs' comfort and ease in offering a test, and were associated with a shift in attitudes from symptom-based testing to age-based testing. Many GPs highlighted that feedback, a key aspect to embedding the intervention, was a major driver of increased testing. The intervention was gradually implemented over time through increasing awareness and engagement with education and exposure to the project. Logistical issues, such as remembering to offer a test, were overcome with practical facilitators like computer alerts. However, integration was limited as not all GPs utilised the intervention components or other clinic staff to increase testing because of restrictions in clinic structure. Conclusion GPs reported that the ACCEPt intervention and its implementation within the NPT framework have been effective at facilitating chlamydia testing in general practice. Disclosure of interest statement ACCEPt was commissioned and funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Additional funding has been received from the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Victorian Department of Health and NSW Health.


Vegetation control (VC) and fertilization (FR) can change N availability in southern pine plantations, but the magnitude, duration, and reasons for change are not fully understood. The effects of a factorial combination of vegetation control (none vs. complete) and fertilization (none vs. 224 kg N ha -1 and 56 kg P ha -1 ) on net N mineralization and soil temperature and moisture were investigated in a 14-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation located on the Piedmont of North Carolina. Net N mineralization and soil temperature and moisture were measured monthly for 2 yr beginning in July 1998, four months after the treatments were applied. A companion aerobic laboratory incubation study of field-moist soil was conducted at 28°C during the second year. Vegetation control increased soil temperature by 1.8°C during the growing season. Both vegetation control and fertilization increased field net N mineralization, and there was a strong positive interaction between the treatments. Net nitrification constituted 72% of net N mineralization for the combined treatment, and only 8% of net N mineralization for the other treatments. Seasonal patterns in net N mineralization were poorly correlated with soil temperature and moisture. The field and laboratory studies showed the same seasonal dynamics and magnitude of annual treatment effects on net N mineralization, suggesting other factors (e.g., labile C inputs) may be important in controlling net N mineralization.


A new analogue of vitamin A, viz., retinoic acid anhydride was prepared, for the first time, by the action of thionyl chloride on retinoic acid in benzene containing pyridine. The amhydride was charcterised by its chromatographic properties, elemental analysis, ultraviolet absorption, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral characteristics. The compound could be readily hydrolysed to retinoic acid both by acid and alkali treatments and reduced by lithium aluminium hydride to vitamin A alcohol (retinol). The spectral changes with antimony trichloride reagent were similar to those observed for retinoic acid. The metabolism of retinoic acid anhydride was found to be similar to that of retinoic acic. When administered either orally or intraperitoneally, the compound promotes growth in vitamin A-deficient rats. Time-course experiments revealed that retinoic acid anhydride is converted into retinoic acid by non-enzymatic hydrolysis and thereby exerts its biological activity. The biopotency of the anhydride was found to be nearly the same as that of the acid. A new method of preparing esters of retinoic acid employing retinoic acid anhydride as an intermediate, has been described.


In the paper, we present a design of FPGA SAR processor with four 1D FFT processing elements, double internal RAM buffers and double external SDRAM modules. Without traditional corner turn phase, we propose a data layout scheme mapping one row of logical matrix into a rectangular window in physical banks of SDRAM in order to increase the practical I/O throughout between SDRAM modules and SAR processing elements. In addition, we theoretically analyses the optimal window size to minimize the total number of opening/closing pages when performing 2D FFT by balancing the number of handling physical pages between row accesses and column accesses. The experimental results show our window layout approach achieves 650 MB/s of effective bandwidth, reaching nearly 82% of peak bandwidth, with 58.1% increases compared to traditional Corner Turn approaches. The proposed SAR processor has been implemented in an FPGA test-bed, outperforming related works in both of computing speed and image scale.


The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their proper name — Confucius, The Analects of Confucius

Diseases should be defined by what they are, not by what they are not. The way we classify and name things has a significant impact on our behaviour and on our perception of their importance.1 Here we argue that clinicians and researchers should stop using the term 'non-cystic fibrosis' bronchiectasis to describe this common and disabling disease.

Diseases are classified by putting patients into groups based on similarities so that we can better understand natural history, epidemiology and treatment. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) provides a common language for reporting and monitoring diseases. This allows clinicians and researchers to compare and share data in a consistent and standard way—between hospitals, regions and countries and over periods of time. It facilitates the collection and storage of data for analysis and evidence-based decision-making.2 Bronchiectasis is a recognised code in ICD-10, J47.

Bronchiectasis is a pathological description of abnormal, usually permanent dilation of the bronchi which may be a feature of a wide range of clinical disorders. These include severe infections (including bacteria, viral and fungal diseases), immune deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, channelopathies, ciliary disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. Despite the heterogeneity in aetiology, 50%–70% of adults are typically classified as idiopathic and postinfective.2 ,3

Data on the epidemiology of bronchiectasis show a progressive increase in reported morbidity. Hospitalisations are increasing in the USA at a rate of 2%–3% per year, and in Europe, data show an average increase in age-adjusted incidence of 2.9% per year in Germany, …


The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Deep Space Network (DSN) is responsible for communication and navigation for several NASA and international missions. The DSN comprises three complexes located in Goldstone (California, USA), Cambera (Australia), and Madrid (Spain). This distribution in longitude guarantees a full sky coverage. Each complex has one 70-m and several 34-m antennas. The network routinely serves a few dozen missions. The scheduling of the DSN is complex and involves human interventions as well as automated solutions. In order to increase the level of automation, different computing paradigms have been explored. In this article, we report on the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) formulation of the DSN scheduling, as well as a custom classical solver designed around some of the unique features of this scheduling problem. Thanks to a hybrid framework that extends the size of the problems that can be solved with a quantum annealer, we are able to generate a schedule from the QUBO formulation of the problem for one week's worth of user antenna requests, which represents the time period scheduled during operation. In other words, this work describes a real-world application of quantum annealing using real-world, operational data. We compare the resulting schedules' quality to solutions obtained using a mixed-integer linear programming formulation on a commercial solver. Our custom solver, based on a quantum-inspired optimization technique called substochatic Monte Carlo, while much faster in generating schedules, could only treat a subset of requests, and hence, we report its results independently.


Centering on five life stories by Chinese women activists born just after the turn of this century, this first history of Chinese May Fourth feminism disrupts the Chinese Communist Party's master narrative of Chinese women's liberation, reconfigures the history of the Chinese Enlightenment from a gender perspective, and addresses the question of how feminism engendered social change cross-culturally. In this multilayered book, the first-person narratives are complemented by a history of the discursive process and the author's sophisticated intertextual readings. Together, the parts form a fascinating historical portrait of how educated Chinese men and women actively deployed and appropriated ideologies from the West in their pursuit of national salvation and self-emancipation. As Wang demonstrates, feminism was embraced by men as instrumental to China's modernity and by women as pointing to a new way of life.


We present x-ray reflectivity, x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy measurements of single crystal SrTiO3 taken as a function of temperature. We found a rumpling transformation of the SrTiO3 surface after cooling the sample below ~105 K. The rumpling transformation is correlated with the cubic to tetragonal phase transformation that occurs at the same temperature. The rumpling transformation is reversible.


Context: Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause irreversible damage to neural tissues. However, there is currently no effective treatment for SCI. The therapeutic potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) has been emerged. Objective: We evaluated the effects and safety of the intrathecal transplantation of autologous ADMSCs in patients with SCI. Participants/Interventions: Fourteen patients with SCI were enrolled (12 for ASIA A, 1 for B, and 1 for D; duration of impairments 3–28 months). Six patients were injured at cervical, 1 at cervico-thoracic, 6 at thoracic, and 1 at lumbar level. Autologous ADMSCs were isolated from lipoaspirates of patients' subcutaneous fat tissue and 9 × 107 ADMSCs per patient were administered intrathecally through lumbar tapping. MRI, hematological parameters, electrophysiology studies, and ASIA motor/sensory scores were assessed before and after transplantation. Results: ASIA motor scores were improved in 5 patients at 8 months follow-up (1–2 grades at some myotomes). Voluntary anal contraction improvement was seen in 2 patients. ASIA sensory score recovery was seen in 10, although degeneration was seen in 1. In somatosensory evoked potential test, one patient showed median nerve improvement. There was no interval change of MRI between baseline and 8 months post-transplantation. Four adverse events were observed in three patients: urinary tract infection, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Conclusions: Over the 8 months of follow-up, intrathecal transplantation of autologous ADMSCs for SCI was free of serious adverse events, and several patients showed mild improvements in neurological function. Patient selection, dosage, and delivery method of ADMSCs should be investigated further.


CARM1-mediated methylation promotes degradation of the Notch intracellular domain to enable transient Notch signaling during development. This Podcast features an interview with Tilman Borggrefe, author of a Research Article that appears in the 24 March 2015 issue of Science Signaling, about a posttranslational modification of the receptor Notch that targets the receptor for degradation. The Notch signaling pathway is involved in many developmental processes, and its misregulation has been implicated in several types of cancer. Upon ligand binding, Notch is proteolytically cleaved, and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) is released into the cytoplasm. NICD then translocates into the nucleus, where it cooperates with transcription factors to activate gene expression. Several posttranslational modifications that affect the stability of Notch, and therefore its ability to transduce signaling, have been characterized. Hein et al. discovered that methylation promotes degradation of Notch and that this modification is specifically required to mediate short periods of transient Notch signaling during embryonic development. Mutant forms of Notch that cannot be methylated may contribute to dysregulation of Notch signaling in cancer.


It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the first ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction -- SUI'13. This new event focuses on the user interface challenges that appear when users interact in the space where the flat, twodimensional, digital world meets the volumetric, physical, three-dimensional (3D) space we live in. This considers both spatial input as well as output, with an emphasis on the issues around the interaction between humans and systems. The goal of the symposium is to provide an intensive exchange between academic and industrial researchers working in the area of SUI and to foster discussions among participants. The first SUI symposium was held July 20-21, 2013 in Los Angeles, USA.

The call for papers attracted 31 submissions from Asia, Europe, Australia, and North and South America in all areas of Spatial User Interaction research. The international program committee consisting of 15 experts in the topic areas and the two program chairs handled the highly competitive and selective review process. Every submission received at least four detailed reviews, two from members of the international program committee and two or more from external reviewers. The reviewing process was double-blind, where only the program chairs as well as the program committee member, who was assigned to each paper to identify external reviewers, knew the identity of the authors.

In the end, the program committee accepted overall 12 (8 full papers plus 4 short papers) out of 31 submissions, which corresponds to an acceptance rate of 26% for full papers (and 38% in total). Additionally 12 posters and demonstrations will complement the program and appear in the proceedings. The topics range from spatial interaction techniques, vision in 3D space, applications, to interaction with multi-touch technologies and in augmented reality. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for Spatial User Interaction researchers and developers.

Putting together the content for SUI'13 was a team effort. We first thank the authors for providing the content of the program. Special thanks go to the members of the international program committee, who successfully dealt with the reviewing load. We also thank the external reviewers.


Multiparticle production at high energies is described in terms of color strings stretched between the projectile and target. As string density increases, overlap among the strings leads to cluster formation. At some critical density a macroscopic cluster appears, spanning the entire system. This marks the percolation phase transition. Data from p+p, d+Au and Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV has been analyzed using the STAR detector to obtain the percolation density parameter, η. For 200 GeV Au+Au collisions, the value of η is found to lie above the critical percolation threshold, while for 200 GeV d+Au collisions it is below the critical value. This supports the idea of string percolation, which at high enough string density is a possible mechanism to explore the hadronic phase transition to a quark-gluon plasma.


AIM
To explore how reciprocity is achieved through a method of self-disclosure, namely story sharing.

BACKGROUND
Self-disclosure through story sharing promotes trusting relationships between researchers and participants that support the collection of high quality data, particularly when participants are members of a marginalised group and may feel especially vulnerable when sharing sensitive information.

DATA SOURCES
A qualitative study that examined the experiences of lesbian mothers.

REVIEW METHODS
Strategies were carefully and deliberately implemented to engage in story sharing with the participants.

DISCUSSION
Participants said that it made a positive difference to how safe and comfortable they felt once they knew at least some of the researcher's story.

CONCLUSION
The collection of rich data is improved by using story sharing as a means of establishing reciprocity in qualitative research.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE/RESEARCH
Story sharing has the potential to improve the quality of the data collected in qualitative studies. However, strategies that promote the emotional safety of the researcher in this context will need further exploration.


Castleman disease (Angiofollicular Lymph Node Hyperplasia AFH) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that is especially uncommon in the retroperitoneal area. We report a case of 32 year old male who was complaining of shortness of breath and was found to have right sided pleural effusion. Further investigations revealed right sided retroperitoneal mass which was completely excised laparoscopically. Pathologic diagnosis came out as Castleman disease. The patient recovered well after surgery and his shortness of breath and pleural effusion did not recur for the subsequent 6 months of follow up.


Many information technologies for numerical analysis of electrical circuit parameters have been developed. The peculiarity of these methods is their applicability not only to DC but also AC circuits, not only to linear but also nonlinear circuits. This paper introduces the special mathematical model for rectifier circuits using semiconductor diodes. In previous studies, the rectifier circuit has been modelled by differential inclusions. However, the inclusions cannot be solved by the applied programs of information technology. In this paper, the new model writing by differential equation with a special right hand side is studied to replace the classical model. The main result of this is presented in a theorem that gives the correctness of the new model. The usefulness of this study is illustrated via a concrete example.


Citation analysisthe exploration of reference patterns in the scholarly and scientific literaturehas long been applied in a number of social sciences to study research impact, knowledge flows, and knowledge networks. It has important information science applications as well, particularly in knowledge representation and in information retrieval. Recent years have seen a burgeoning interest in citation analysis to help address research, management, or information service issues such as university rankings, research evaluation, or knowledge domain visualization. This renewed and growing interest stems from significant improvements in the availability and accessibility of digital bibliographic data (both citation and full text) and of relevant computer technologies. The former provides large amounts of data and the latter the necessary tools for researchers to conduct new types of large-scale citation analysis, even without special access to special data collections. Exciting new developments are emerging this way in many aspects of citation analysis. This book critically examines both theory and practical techniques of citation network analysis and visualization, one of the two main types of citation analysis (the other being evaluative citation analysis). To set the context for its main theme, the book begins with a discussion of the foundations of citation analysis in general, including an overview of what can and what cannot be done with citation analysis (Chapter 1). An in-depth examination of the generally accepted steps and procedures for citation network analysis follows, including the concepts and techniques that are associated with each step (Chapter 2). Individual issues that are particularly important in citation network analysis are then scrutinized, namely: field delineation and data sources for citation analysis (Chapter 3); disambiguation of names and references (Chapter 4); and visualization of citation networks (Chapter 5). Sufficient technical detail is provided in each chapter so the book can serve as a practical how-to guide to conducting citation network analysis and visualization studies. While the discussion of most of the topics in this book applies to all types of citation analysis, the structure of the text and the details of procedures, examples, and tools covered here are geared to citation network analysis rather than evaluative citation analysis. This conscious choice was based on the authors observation that, compared to evaluative citation analysis, citation network analysis has not been covered nearly as well by dedicated books, despite the fact that it has not been subject to nearly as much severe criticism and has been substantially enriched in recent years with new theory and techniques from research areas such as network science, social network analysis, or information visualization. Table of Contents: Acknowledgment / Dedications /Foundations of Citation Analysis / Conducting Citation Network Analysis: Steps, Concepts, Techniques, and Tools / Field Delineation and Data Sources for Citation Analysis / Disambiguation in Citation Network Analysis / Visualization of Citation Networks / Appendix 3.3 / Appendix 5.4.2 / Bibliography / Author Biographies


Polyurethanes generally have low thermal stability and thermal degradation can occur during exploitation above 180 °C. It is assessed that the modification of the polyurethane chains via forming thermally stable permanent heterocyclic structures can improve the thermal stability. Polyurethane foams based on networks with isocyanurate rings are generally insulation-grade and have excellent thermal stability. In order to assess a quantitative contribution of pendant chains, polyurethane soft elastomers based with a controlled architecture were synthesized by prepolymer procedure. A simple strategy was developed to prepare networks based on poly(oxypropylene)diol and 2,4TDI by adding the monofunctional component for prepolymer synthesis. Network formation was described using the cascade theory. Mechanical properties were determined from stress-strain experiments. It was estimated that the increase of the monool in the precursor formulation influenced the increase of energy at break and the elongation but affected to decrease of Young modulus.


Abstract The willingness to understand the perception and practice of silence is currently receiving an increasing amount of attention in the literature on sociolinguistics and pragmatics. This study aims to investigate silence as perceived and practised by speakers of Australian English and Jordanian Arabic in casual conversation from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It also attempts to anticipate processes in which silence can be created and used in the mainstream of communication. In addition, it identifies problems in perceiving and practising silence in both cultures. The present study also looks at gender differences in both societies. Ethnographic and qualitative data were drawn from in-depth interviews, observations, and video and audio recordings. The data were collected from the North of Jordan and Western Australia. The participants of the study were 24 university students (undergraduates): twelve males and 12 females in both countries. The participants of the study were divided into two main groups: friends and people who were unacquainted. The dyadic conversations lasted for 30 minutes each. These conversations were video-taped. Ninety seconds from the beginning, 90 seconds from the middle, and 90 seconds from the end of each conversation were analysed. Praat software was used to detect the period of silence in conversations. The data analysis drew on Sacks et al's (1974) turn-taking model, Halliday's notion of context of situation, and Conversation Analysis. The findings of the study demonstrate that silence is significant and meaningful. It frames and structures the conversation between the interlocutors. Silence has sociolinguistic functions, and pragmatic functions which includes polite functions and discourse functions. In addition, silence is not opposite to speech. They complement each other. It has also been discovered that there are longer silences in conversations between friends rather than between people who are unacquainted. Silence is awkward in conversation between strangers, because the interlocutors are not familiar with each other. In addition, in the same–sex conversations, women practise more silences, as they feel more comfortable. There are many similarities between Jordanian and Australian speakers in perceiving and practising silence in social settings. This assumption supports the Universal Grammar of sociopragmatic practice of silence in interpersonal communication. The results of the study contribute to an understanding of the perception and practice of silence in both societies. Practical suggestions for interpreting silence and future research are also identified.


Early and effective network intrusion detection is deemed to be a critical basis for cybersecurity domain. In the past decade, although a significant amount of work has focused on network intrusion detection, it is still a challenge to establish an intrusion detection system with a high detection rate and a relatively low false alarm rate. In this paper, we have performed a comprehensive empirical study on network intrusion detection as a multiclass classification task, not just to detect a suspicious connection but also to assign the correct type as well. To surpass the previous studies, we have utilized four deep learning models, namely, deep neural networks, long short‐term memory recurrent neural networks, gated recurrent unit recurrent neural networks, and deep belief networks. Our approach relies on the pretraining of the models by exploiting a particle swarm optimization–based algorithm for their hyperparameters selection. In order to investigate the performance differences, we also included two well‐known shallow learning methods, namely, decision forest and decision jungle. Furthermore, we used in our experiments four datasets, which are dedicated to intrusion detection systems to explore various environments. These datasets are KDD CUP 99, NSL‐KDD, CIDDS, and CICIDS2017. Moreover, 22 evaluation metrics are used to assess the model's performance in each of the datasets. Finally, intensive quantitative, Friedman test, and ranking methods analyses of our results are provided at the end of this paper. The results show a significant improvement in the detection of network attacks with our recommended approach.


Depiction of historical conflict by A. S. Pushkin (1799-1837) is not confined to Boris Godunov (1825) and The Bronze Horseman (1833) but also plays a significant role in his pre-1820 lyrical works where he also assumes a critical approach towards autocracy. In 'Derevnya' (1819) he refers to the immorality of serfdom, calling for its replacement by enlightened government. In 'K Litsiniyu (s latinskogo)' (1815) he cherishes liberty - for which the Romans had once stood – but views the growth of power as a prime cause of slavery. In parallel, the Decembrists – like Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826) in some respects - idealized ancient Russia, ignoring its contradictions. In 'Zametki po russkoi istorii XVIII veka' (1822) Peter the Great (1672-1725) is seen as a despot, akin to Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). Pushkin's attitude to the notion of freedom is complex, for he idealizes neither anarchism, nor violent political revolt as providing a justifiable solution to the dilemma of power. In 'Vol'nost'' (1817) he recognizes a ruler's authority, but emphasizes the moral code of the Law. In 'Andre Chenier' (1825) he laments the death of this French poet (1762-94) who, cherishing the ideal of freedom, had welcomed the French Revolution of 1789 - only to fall victim of Maximilien Robespierre (1758-94) and his Reign of Terror (1793-94). Pushkin's conception of Napoleon is not dissimilar to his treatment of Peter the Great whom he likens to Robespierre. In 'Napoleon' (1821) he depicts Bonaparte as not only a great leader, but also as a tyrant and the murderer of freedom, with a dictatorship which drew its strength from the usurpation of power. Indeed, Napoleon is described as a false symbol of freedom in 'K Moryu' (1824). For Pushkin, should the natural or moral laws be transgressed, only calamity can result.


The confused present state in the method as well as in the value of 95% confidence interval of MPN is of interest. The confidence interval is prevalently expressed by either of the five different methods : Cochran's, Woodward's, Loyer & Hamilton's, Hurley & Roscoe's, and Bayesian methods. The first method assumes lognormal distribution of MPN as the basis for the interval, the second two methods, on the contrary, do not assume any distribution but take the null hypothesis at 5% significance level to select a set of quanta used to determine the interval. The last two methods rely on the likelihood function. The attention has been strictly put on the procedure to calculate the interval, by which difference in concept and feature, problems to be eliminated or reduced, and the applicability for the computer program can be clarified.


The following paper describes a fall detection and activity monitoring system with position detection based on Zigbee transceivers.The main objective is to reduce the time taken for emergency personnel to respond to falls among the elderly. Especially when the victim is unconscious or delirious, position tracking reduces location determination time within a busy hospital or nursing home environment and facilitates immediate treatment. Reduced response times correlate to decreased morbidity and mortality rates. Background is provided on the major wireless network advances currently deployed in a healthcare setting for asset and personnel tracking, etiology of falls, and several methods of detecting falls using sensors and image processing techniques. Data analysis proves that a precise coordinate tracking system was infeasible using the XBee RF module (based on the Zigbee protocol) due to environmental noise, a poor antenna construction and lack of precise signal strength measurements. A primitive scheme with lower resolution and higher reliability associating a single location with each Zigbee transceiver was employed. A pedometer function was added to the project to monitor the user's daily activity and to potentially serve as a predictor of falls through the interpretation of mobility and gait patterns related to step counts.


Mycoplasma laidlawii organisms are capable of binding in deoxyribonucleaseresistant form high molecular weight doubleor single-stranded homologous or heterologous deoxyribonculeate in amounts of 0-1-1 -0 x 10-l~ g./organism, in a temperature-dependent mode. The maximum amounts of bound DNA ranged from 25 to 125 molecules of 5 x 106 d. Transformation of streptomycinsensitive recipients to streptomycin resistance under conditions of maximum DNA uptake was relatively rare, being about 2-4-fold higher than spontaneous mutation. Ultraviolet (u.v.) inactivation studies showed that no caffeineinhibitable U.V. dark-repair mechanism was present. Photoreactivation was demonstrable; the PR cross-sector was 0.39. From these results it was inferred that M. Zaidlawii is unable to be genetically transformed because of the absence of one or more steps which occur between irreversible DNA uptake and genetic integration. A model system which incorporates the above findings and suggests that donor DNA functions transiently in recipients is presented.


The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of ISO 26000 implementation on Egyptian hotel sector performance among hotel general managers, financial managers and food and beverage managers based on adoption seven core principles of ISO 26000 which are organizational governance, human rights, labor practices, the environment, fair operating practices, consumer issues, community involvement, and development. The study is based on a quantitative approach to achieve its aim. The procedure for collecting data for this study used a questionnaire to collect exploratory data. The semi-structured questionnaire online link was sent randomly to hotels' managers and financial managers via email and across social media (Facebook) to collect their perspective. The results of this study can act as a reference guide to hotel managers, financial managers and food and beverage managers to develop strategies to overcome ISO 26000 implementation challenges. First, the study revealed that hotel's progress on ISO26000adoption contributed to maximize its economic performance, increasing market share and enhancing reputation. Second, the economic, social and environmental drivers have a significant positive effect on ISO adoption. Third, the result also indicated that the internal, the external and resources barriers have a negative effect on ISO adoption.


ABSTRACT Social and environmental issues have become a major concern for accounting research over the past two decades. Social and Environmental Accounting has attracted the attention of a number of researchers attempting to understand, explain and predict the disclosure of information on the social and environmental implications of business activities. Empirical research has hypothesized that size, profitability and the potential environmental impact of the firm are the main factors explaining the amount of information disclosed. On the other hand, several studies have focused on the motivations for disclosing environmental information, hypothesizing that disclosures are aimed at building or sustaining corporate legitimacy. We test the main hypotheses developed to date by empirical research with regard to the disclosure of environmental information based on a sample of companies listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange. Results of a content analysis show that firms disclosing environmental information tend to be larger, have higher risk (measured by the beta coefficient) and operate in industries that have a high potential environmental impact. The environmental implications of the activities carried out by these companies also seem to receive more attention from print media. Our results also provide evidence that two factors directly associated with the amount of environmental information disclosed are the potential environmental impact of the industry and the extent of media coverage of the firms.


J E Cotes, D J Chinn, M R Miller. Blackwell Publishing, 2006, £125.00, pp 648. ISBN 0632064935

John Cotes' book, Lung Function , has for 50 years been required reading for all who practise respiratory physiology. To those running lung function laboratories or undertaking research in the field, it has been indispensable. The appearance of a new addition deserves to be placed in its historical context.

Cotes wrote Lung Function in the 1960s as, in some ways, a response to Comroe's The Lung . The latter book achieved an extraordinary fame by presenting complex ideas in visual form, simplifying the conceptual background and, in the 2nd edition, confining all mathematics to a lengthy appendix. Cotes' book was less easy to read, much more practical, and did not underplay the problems of this difficult subject. I bought the second edition of Cotes' book in 1972; I have it still and the margins are littered with pencilled notes and expansions of formulae and equations. Being a weak mathematician, I did not find the book entirely satisfactory and turned to Ken Saunders' book Clinical Physiology of the Lung for extended explanations of, for example, the oxygen–carbon dioxide diagram. This was then the great test! Riley had contributed a brilliant mathematical exposition in the 19th edition of Ruch and …


: The term "sensation seeking" is part of a self-contained theory on personality psychology. It is meant to denote a disposition--peculiar to a certain personality, probably genetically founded and correlating with biological, f. e. neuroendocrine measures--to explore one's social environment in order to find new and diversified stimuli. In their work, researchers mainly refer to Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale in its fifth version (SSS-V), which distinguishes between four aspects of sensation seeking based on factor analysis of the 40 SSS-V-items. There is partly an overlapping of the phenomenon with impulsiveness and extraversion. Whereas application studies show inter alia links between sensation seeking and dangerous driving or dangerous sexual practices, data on the expression of this trait in addictive persons do not point to definitely consistent links. In forensic terms, there is on a link between "boredom susceptibility"--the inability to stand uneventful, monotonous situations--and "disinhibition"--a lack of control of impulses--figuring as subscales of the SSS-V, on the one hand, and hyperkinetic attention deficit syndromes and "disactualisation weakness", as described by Janzarik, on the other. At present, there is no German-language SSS-inventory in line with basal testing theory requirements. Because of the apparently different modi of sensation seeking influenced by other cultural traditions, such a scale must be basically adapted to the life-style in Western Europe.


The issue under discussion in this paper results from a practical task faced with research institutions and manufacturers for gas station equipment, and will be divided into two parts: 1. In order to observe the impact of storage tank displacement on tank gage table, the author, on the premise of the displacements parameters, to detect the corresponding values of oil level and volume and analyze the law of change of the tank gage table through modeling and provided a revised tank gage table. The above belongs to direct problem. 2. Based on the data from practical detection, the paper will identify how the displacement occurred and the level of the displacement. Meanwhile, the measure and result of calibration will be offered. All the above belongs to inverse problem.


PURPOSE
To follow the status of cones over the life of the P23H-3 transgenic rat, while the rod population is depleted.

METHODS
P23H-3 heterozygous and Sprague-Dawley (SD) control rats were raised in dim, cyclic light from postnatal day (P)10 to P540. Retinas were examined for cone density, cone outer segment (OS) length, cone axon and soma morphology, and the amplitude of rod and cone components of the electroretinogram (ERG) were determined.

RESULTS
In the P23H-3 retina, cone density followed a developmental pattern, increasing from P10 until P20, declining during early adult life (to P150), then steadying at levels found in the SD retina until P540. Cone OSs elongated to P30 and then slowly shortened during late adulthood; at P350 and P540, cone OSs were significantly shorter than in the background SD strain. Cone axons shortened slowly throughout adult life as the outer nuclear layer thinned. The rod a-wave declined steadily in the P23H-3 retina from P10, falling below amplitudes seen in the SD strain from early life. By contrast, the cone b-wave maintained amplitude at SD levels, until P380.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite the ongoing loss of rod function and numbers, cone numbers in the P23H-3 retina were maintained at levels found in the SD rat to the oldest age examined, and cone function and OS morphology were maintained for approximately 1 year, indicating a long period of cone independence. The long period of cone survival creates an opportunity to induce self-repair, if the stress causing their dysfunction can be reduced.


Background and Aims: Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs4444903 in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene, rs12979860 near the interleukin-28B (IL28B) gene, and rs738409 in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) gene, have been linked to treatment response, steatosis, fibrosis, and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis C (HCV). No study has comprehensively examined the effects of these SNPs on the natural history of HCV-related cirrhosis.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 169 subjects with chronic HCV and biopsy-proven cirrhosis who had long term followup for clinical events. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver biopsy specimens were genotyped for EGF, IL28B, and PNPLA3 using a TaqMan assay with commercial probes and primers. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to determine the hazard ratio for clinical decompensation, defined as the development of ascites, encephalopathy, variceal hemorrhage, HCC, or cirrhosis-related death.

Results: During a median followup of 6.6 years, 66 patients (39%) experienced clinical decompensation. On univariate analysis, EGF non-A/A, PNPLA3 non-C/C, and IL28B non-C/C genotypes were each associated with increased risk of decompensation. In multivariable Cox regression modeling, EGF non-A/A genotype was independently associated with an increased rate of clinical decompensation (HR = 3.00, p = 0.005).

Conclusions: HCV cirrhotics with the EGF A/G and G/G genotypes at rs4444903, a functional polymorphism associated with higher intrahepatic EGF levels, have an increased risk of clinical decompensation. Further study of the predictive value of EGF genotyping in patients with earlier stages and other etiologies of liver disease is warranted.


Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in up to 50% of men by age 50, and the incidence increases with age. This common clinical problem is diagnosed by history, including the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire, and physical examination by digital rectal examination (DRE). Initial management for BPH includes lifestyle modification, and smooth muscle relaxant alpha blocker therapy. Alpha blockers usually take effect quickly within 3-5 days, and have minimal side effects. Current commonly used alpha blockers include the selective alpha blockers tamsulosin (Flomax), alfusosin (Xatral), and silodosin (Rapaflo). For patients with larger prostates, the 5-alpha reductase inhibitor class (finasteride (Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart)) work effectively to shrink prostate stroma resulting in improved voiding. The 5-ARI class of drugs, in addition to reducing prostate size, also reduce the need for future BPH-related surgery, and reduce the risk of future urinary retention. Drugs from the phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor class may now be considered for treating BPH. Once daily 5 mg tadalafil has been shown to improve BPH-related symptoms and is currently approved to treat patients with BPH. Referral to a urologist can be considered for patients with a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA), especially while on 5-ARI, failure of urinary symptom control despite maximal medical therapy, suspicion of prostate cancer, hematuria, recurrent urinary infections, urinary retention, or renal failure. Currently the primary care physician is armed with multiple treatment options to effectively treat men with symptomatic BPH.


Optimization methods for high dose rate brachytherapy treatment planning Elodie R. Mok Tsze Chung Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 2016 Optimization approaches for treatment planning in two novel high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy techniques, direction-modulation brachytherapy (DMBT) and energymodulated brachytherapy (EMBT), are investigated for cervical cancer and prostate cancer. Brachytherapy is a form of radiation therapy where a radioactive source is placed inside the body to irradiate the tumour internally. Conventionally, only one source is used and it is unshielded, thus providing an isotropic dose distribution. DMBT makes use of a new shielded applicator that is capable of delivering highly directional radiation distributions. In EMBT, three HDR sources, Ir, Co, and Yb, are used in combination to provide variety in dose profiles. To investigate the benefit of these two new techniques over conventional brachytherapy, we use an inverse planning approach to generate the treatment plans. We model the treatment planning problem as a quadratic program and use an interior point constraint generation algorithm to generate the treatment plans.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate negative employee corporate brand identification towards a business school in Malaysia. The research marshals the nascent literature of corporate brand identification (Balmer and Liao 2007; Balmer, Liao and Wang 2008) which marked new ground by drawing on social identity theory in corporate branding contexts. Corporate brand identification is relatively new concept but has been recognized as very important facet of corporate marketing (Balmer and Liao 2007). Additionally, issues of corporate brand identification have been identified in the previous works to affect not only the consumers (Bhattacharya and Sen, 2003) but also other stakeholders with the corporate brand such as student corporate brand identification (Balmer and Liao 2007; Balmer et al., 2008) and employees or member organisation or institution identification (Dutton, Dukerich and Harquail, 1994). However, limited past research was found to examine corporate brand identification from employee's perspective. Although some research have attempt looking into organizational or institutional employee/member identification (Mael and Ashforth' 1992; Dutton et al., 1994; Bhattacharya, Rao and Glynn, 1995), most of these studies however report on the positive attachment of the members have with the organisations or institutions and furthermore, they are only focusing on institutional or organisation, which is somewhat different from corporate brand identification. Corporate brand identification emphasizes the degree to which customers, and other stakeholders have feel there is an affinity with their own identity and that of a corporate brands whereas organisation and institutional identification typically focusses on organisational members affinity with their own identity and that of an organization per se. Understandably, the former takes and explicit corporate marketing approach whereas the latter is underpinned by an organisational behaviour perspective. Identification relates to social identity theory. Social identity theory refers to how individual define themselves in their social environment. The identification relates to the concept of singleness with or belongingness to the group that could affect the level of satisfaction and effectiveness. In this study, employees' identification to the business school is investigated to gauge their level of belongingness, attachment and their perception about the school particularly after changes in policy took place within the university which affect the business school. Strong and positive corporate brand identification will help to understand how employees respond to organization's action, increase corporate brand performance and subsequently, corporate reputation. Balmer and Liao (2007) explain that corporation should recognise the strength and strategic importance of their corporate brand and the importance of employees, customers, stakeholder (corporate brand identification). This is due to all personnel are seen as corporate brand spokesperson (Balmer et al., 2008) and corporate brand image begins from within the organisation, i.e. corporate brand identity which is reflected by the personality of the employees (Keller and Richey, 2006). Moreover, members' attachments to an organisation are not only based on economic transactions alone rather, heavily depends on: (a) Images they have about what the organisation means to them and (b) What they mean to others. A continuity of positive image evaluation will result in strengthen their attachment through organisational identification (Dutton et al., 1994). Furthermore, lessons should be learnt from organisation that possibly overlooks these issues (Balmer and Liao 2007). This is especially the case of higher education where stakeholder identification appears to be highly emotional (from the study of student corporate brand identification, Balmer and Liao 2007) and possibly the employees as arguably both of these stakeholders belong to life-long organisational member of corporate brand community (Balmer and Liao 2007). We focus on a single case – a business school in Malaysia. Malaysia universities place high importance on ranking. As a result, in order to be competitive and sore high up in the ranking (e.g. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings), the university has done some changes to the present systems, structure as well as internal culture within the university. Dutton et al. (1994) explains that these changes could have significant psychological effects such as declining on organizational performance, weakening organisational identification and creating less cooperation with the school among the members/employees. We uses a theorybuilding case study within the phenomenology/qualitative research tradition (Balmer and Liao, 2007; Balmer et al., 2008). We investigate three groups of employees within the business schools (academic, administrative and top management). 25 in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion were conducted among the academics, administrative and top management of the business school. Content analyses were used to analyses the results and preliminary insights reveal the importance of considering negative identification in corporate branding contexts: this area is underexplored. The present study enhances previous works on corporate brand identification by focusing on employee and, in particular, the negative aspects of this in a business school context.


In this letter, the Theory of Characteristic Modes (TCMs) is used to achieve pattern diversity in order to be used in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) applications. It is shown that TCMs can orient the design procedure by providing an insight into the natural behavior of the analyzed radiating part of the structure. A metallic equilateral triangular-shaped plate is analyzed by TCMs, and its first seven characteristic modes are obtained. Among them, there are two sets of degenerative modes. All these modes are orthogonal. To achieve pattern diversity, it is essential to have two or more orthogonal radiation patterns with identical excitation frequency of the relevant ports. Therefore, the aforementioned sets can be used to acquire the pattern diversity. However, from obtained results, the set with the less practical implementation issues is selected to be excited. To perform the above-mentioned modal analysis, a specific method of moments (MoM) code has been developed and applied to identify different radiating modes. Two microstrip transmission lines were used as feeding parts so as to excite the suitable set of modes.


Abstract Targeting has become the buzz word in the national agri-environmental policy reform in Finland. It is generally accepted that more environmental benefits could be reaped by implementing environmental mitigation measures where they have the highest positive impact. However, considering one of the main environmental problems in Finland resulting from agriculture, eutrophication, the identification of first-best policy or even the biggest contributors among the diffuse nutrient sources remains as a considerable challenge. The model developed in this study aims to demonstrate how the agricultural nutrient load potential can be calculated in a way which supports the identifying of cost-efficient abatement policies. We use meta-modeling of dynamic nutrient load model to establish load parameters for non linear economic optimization to derive abatement cost functions for agricultural nutrient loads of two Finnish catchments. We calculate the difference in costs of the spatially optimal allocation of reduction measures and compare with the costs based on average non-targeted measures.


A method for quantitating the liver, bone, intestinal and placental alkaline phosphatase activity of serum, using an algorithm for converting selective inactivation by guanidine hydrochloride, L-phenylalanine, and heat into equivalent isoenzyme activity is described. The method can individually quantify mixtures of isoenzymes to within a margin of 3%; it has acceptable reproducibility and has been used to develop both age and sex related reference ranges. Analysis time is about 30 minutes. The clinical reliability of this method has been shown in a study of 101 patients, in 79% of whom isoenzyme results were compatible with the final clinical diagnosis; in 10% a clinical diagnosis resulted from isoenzyme analysis, and in a further 11% the source of the increased alkaline phosphatase activity was identified and supported by electrophoresis, with a definite clinical diagnosis yet to be made.


OpenPMU, the Open Source Phasor Measurement Unit, is a platform for the development of Synchrophasor measurement technology in an open source manner. The OpenPMU design modularizes the key components of a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) into three subsystems; measurement, phase estimation and telecoms. The advantage to the researcher is that the interfaces between each subsystem are open and human readable, allowing for rapid integration of new work into an existing framework. This allows for new work to be prototyped rapidly and tested in an online environment. This paper introduces the OpenPMU technology platform. The subsystem modules and the methods of exchanging data are described. Present work on the platform is discussed and an open invitation to join the development process is extended to all.


Simulation has become a popular tool to study a broad range of systems. The growing number and quality of simulation software requires expertise for their evaluation. In High Level Architecture paradigm, the Runtime Infrastructure (RTI) provides a set of services. Data Distribution Management (DDM) service reduces message traffic over the network. DDM services are used to reduce the transmission and receiving of irrelevant data and aimed at reducing the communication over the network. Currently, there are several main DDM filtering algorithms. The paper describes practically testing simulation for the data distribution management (DDM) service of the Battleground simulation with the dynamic fighters by using layer partition-based algorithm. The layer partition-based matching algorithm is based on divide and conquers approach. It selects the dynamic pivot by detecting the regions distribution on the routing space. This system intends to detect the movement of the fighter objects, searches overlap between the fighter object and every battalions (extents). It is large-scale distributed simulation in order to minimize subsequent computations and algorithm complexity. The developed system can be used not only in the research purpose but also in the real-world distributed applications. It provides the low computational time and exact matching result.


The present paper introduces the traditional perception of Islamic criminal law and studies its status in the Iranian legal system during two eras of legislation; from 1906 to 1979 and since then up to the present day. The paper's main areas of attention are the legislative history analysis of Islamic criminal law during the past three decades and a comparison between the 1991 and 2013 Islamic Penal Codes. It concludes by enumerating the results of the comparison between similar provisions under the two Codes.


This thesis presents a new reading of Aristotle's account of anger. In the Rhetoric, Aristotle defines anger as a painful desire for revenge caused by a perceived undeserved slight. I propose that we understand slights not, as is common in scholarship, in a narrow sense of insult or social denigration, but as injustice. Specifically, under this reading a slight is an act, which expresses a lack of concern for the moral worth of another person. To be slighted, then, is to be the subject of an injustice performed with a specific attitude of neglect or disdain for one's moral deserts; and a slight is painful, not simply when is involves harm, but because it is painful to see one's moral deserts disregarded in this way. Corresponding to this conception of slight, I propose that Aristotle's notion of revenge is best conceived as a measure of rectificatory justice. When we desire revenge, we desire that the offender suffer for his infraction, and that he suffer in a proportionate way to the suffering he has caused us. This, however, does not amount to a simplistic form of retributivism. On the contrary, Aristotle's theory of punishment is sensitive to both retributive and reformative aims of punishment and contains the ingredients for reconciliation of these. Specifically, I suggest that revenge for Aristotle requires that the offender feel a kind of pain that corresponds to the pain caused by the slight. So since the angry person feels the pain of suffering injustice the offender should as a result of revenge feel the pain of being the author injustice. Hence, the offender's successful punishment, i.e. the victim's revenge, presupposes at least his partial reformation; that he recognises his mistake as such and regrets it.


Diagrid tube structures have advantages on constructing high-rise buildings for its great lateral stiffness, but its seismic design methodology researches are limited. The two-stage design method in Chinese code is not specific enough for the seismic fortification objectives of this kind of structures. It is necessary to propose some specific seismic performance objectives for the key components. Typical CFST diagrid tube-concrete core tube structures are studied by dynamic elastic-plastic time-history analysis using Perform-3D program. The structure plasticity developing process is summarized and the distribution characteristics of seismic fortification lines between tubes are discussed. The influences of main structure lateral stiffness related factors on the plasticity developing process are researched. The key components of structure lateral stiffness and plastic energy dissipation are studied. The seismic performance objectives of the key components are proposed for the three-level seismic fortification objectives.