This dissertation presents a theoretical analysis of protocols relevant for quantum information processing with superconducting qubits. The purpose of these protocols is decoherence suppression and quantum information transfer. Our analysis makes use of the standard density matrix formalism and Kraus operator (operator-sum) representation of quantum operations. We also use the mathematical trick of unravelling continuous evolution into discrete scenarios with corresponding probabilities.We show that decoherence due to zero-temperature energy relaxation can be almost completely suppressed, probabilistically, by weak measurement reversal (also known as quantum uncollapsing). To protect a qubit, a weak (partial) quantum measurement moves it towards the ground state, where it is kept during the storage period, while the second partial measurement restores the initial state. This procedure preferentially selects the cases without energy decay events. Stronger decoherence suppression requires smaller selection probability; a desired point in this trade-off can be chosen by varying the measurement strength.We also analyze several simple quantum error correction (QEC) and quantum error detection (QED) protocols, relevant to superconducting qubits. We show that for energy relaxation the repetitive N-qubit quantum codes cannot be used for QEC, but can be used for QED (also known as probabilistic error correction). Moreover, the repetitive code with only two qubits is sufficient for QED. We also present several other two-qubit algorithms realizable with the current technology of superconducting phase qubits; these algorithms can demonstrate QEC for intentional errors and QED for real decoherence.We also analyze a procedure designed to transfer the state of a microwave qubit from one superconducting resonator to another resonator via a transmission line; the emission and capture of the microwave energy is achieved using tunable couplers. The procedure is shown to be robust against experimental imperfections of required pulse shapes. Our results also indicate that a successful state transfer requires nearly equal resonator frequencies for the entire duration of the procedure.


In this provocative book, now reissued with a new introduction, Paul Gilroy contends that race-thinking has distorted the finest promises of modern democracy. He compels us to see that fascism was the principal political innovation of the twentieth century - and that its power to seduce did not die in a bunker in Berlin. Between Camps addresses questions such as: * Why do we still divide humanity into different identity groups based on skin colour? * Did all the good done by the Civil Rights Movement and the decolonization of the Third World have such little lasting effect? Gilroy examines the ways in which media and commodity culture have become pre-eminent in our lives in the years since the 1960s and especially in the 1980s with the rise of hip-hop and other militancies. With this trend, he contends, much that was valuable about black culture has been sacrificed in the service of corporate interests and new forms of cultural expression tied to visual technologies. He argues that the triumph of the image spells death to politics and reduces people to mere symbols. At its heart, Between Camps is a Utopian project calling for the renunciation of race. Gilroy champions a new humanism, global and cosmopolitan, and he offers a new political language and a new moral vision for what was once called 'anti-racism'.


The thesis deals with packaging of real estate's; an approach concerning tax benefits with the purpose to sell real estates in a more beneficial process than what is doable in direct sales. The proceeding can be beneficial because of the rules in Inkomstskattelagen (19999:1229) regarding underpriced transfers and selling of business related shares. The real estate owner initiates the procedure through an establishment of an affiliate to a previously wholly owned parent company, where the real estate is the solitary asset of the affiliate. In order to fulfill the rules of underpriced transfers the transfer from the parent company shall be valued in regards to the tax value, else it will be taxed. Once packaged the affiliate containing the property can be sold tax free, made possible by the rules regarding business related shares. The vendor can therefore achieve a tax-free sale while the buyer does not have to pay stamp duty, since the affiliate remains the owner of the property. Consequently, both parties can in the selling attain benefits by having a transaction with a packaged real estate. Still there exist numerous regulations and ones whom do not possess sufficient knowledge of the risks could encounter issues, causing a default in the intended benefits. The thesis has found that acquisitions of a packaged property set higher requirements on the seller's and the buyer's knowledge than direct sales would. In greater extent the benefits accrue the selling part. The buyer's most important mean to control before the acquisition of a packaged real estate is that the purchase price is equal to the performance. This because packaged real estate's often contains deferred tax liabilities because the depreciation is not reintroduced at the realization.


ABSTRACT
While classical research focuses to problem solving, design is a problem- prevention methodology, and is suitable for multi- and and interdisciplinary research teams with the vision of how to improve the agricultural sustainability. Since organic agriculture is based on the holistic approach and is also problem-prevention oriented in that it refrains from certain inputs and practices, design is an interesting methodology that could be applied more often in organic agriculture.

1. Introduction, the need to redesign agricultural systems
The demand for a more careful stewardship of a-biotic and biotic resources is central to the philosophy of sustainable development. A widely recognised concept, sustainable development is an essential element in future development. Agriculture plays a vital role in the concept of sustainable development. Without sustainable agriculture, no sustainable development is possible. Agriculture related problems such as environmental pollution of soil, water and air; resource depletion and nature degradation; as well as socio-economic problems are high at the agenda of various communities and interest groups (including those of farmers, environmentalists, nature-conservators, scientists, consumers and policy makers. This has resulted in the serious demand that today's farming systems be redesigned and transformed into more sustainable ones. However, this is not an easy task, because agriculture is a multifunctional and multiple objective activity (Goewie, 1997; Vereijken, 1995). Agriculture has to supply food in sufficient quantity and quality and the supply itself must be stable, sustainable and accessible. It must provide employment and generate basic income and profit at farm, regional level and national levels. In addition, agriculture also has to try and avoid and minimise the pollution of a-biotic resources, protect and steward nature and landscape, as well as ensure the overall health and well-being of farm animals and rural and urban people (Vereijken, 1995).

2. Desired improvements of farming systems and the measurement of their sustainability
Taking into account agriculture-related problems, the following improvements seem to be desirable in order to make farming systems more sustainable:
1) "ecologisation": prevention and/or minimisation of environmental pollution through the overall management and the use of agricultural inputs;
2) production of more "nature" and (bio)diversity on farms;
3) ensure stable and fair income for farmers allowing them to maintain their dignity and function in society;
4) a higher degree of ethical and political acceptability;
5) in non-EU regions such as Central and Eastern Europe overall farm management and yields should be improved.
A farming system should be designed and function in a way that complies as far as possible with the requirements, criteria and parameters of sustainable agriculture (van Mansvelt and Znaor, forthcoming). However, the above mentioned functions and objectives of agriculture are not necessarily always compatible. Sometimes they conflict as in the case of economy and nature protection (Goewie, 1997). Besides, each farm is an agro-ecological and socio-economic entity, operating under specific conditions, which makes it impossible to impose a set of uniform sustainability criteria because sustainability is both site-specific and determined by macro institutional and economic settings. Therefore, in practice no farm entirely fulfills all the requirements for sustainable agriculture, even if these have been theoretically determined. The overall sustainability of a farming system can best be expressed by the index (degree) of sustainability reached. This index can be derived from farm balances such as nutrients, soil organic matter, energy, labour, economic return, resource use and biodiversity value, and from other relevant farm data (Znaor, 1996).

3. Methodology of designing sustainable farming systems
Design is not a typical research methodology. In fact it is a process very different from classical research. Classical research investigates a particular problem, phenomena or a set of problems, in order to understand the mechanisms involved. Sometimes it seeks answers to practical problems. In most cases, a research problem or object is segregated into smaller "researchable" units, and analysis and experiments are performed to prove causal relations between manipulation and phenomena (Goewie, 1997). Design, however, involves another process entirely. In design one synthesises the knowledge into the larger units through which the "whole" functions in reality. In other words, in research one "discovers something", while in designing one "creates something" out of its vision and synthesised knowledge. However, although design takes another route than the one followed in research, it does not exclude the need for classical research, since designing is enriched by each new research discovery. Agro-designing methodology involves several steps (Vereijken, 1995). It starts with an inventory of the needs and objectives of the stakeholders concerned. Objectives are then ordered hierarchical and rated. The most important of these are then transformed into a suitable set of parameters. In other words, in order to quantify selected objectives, a set of measurable key parameters should be developed. The next step is to establish appropriate agricultural methods and techniques serving more than one objective, - for example, intensive fertilisation serves in general the objective of high yield and is detrimental to other objectives such as the environment - and capable of bridging gaps between conflicting objectives. Finally, the set of multi-objective parameters and methods is linked in a general theoretical prototype based on agronomic, agro-ecological and economic considerations. Theoretical prototypes are then tested in practice and their shortcomings are used as the learning points for the next phase (re)designing of the same or another farming system.

4. References:
Goewie, E.A., 1997. Designing methodologies for prototyping ecological production systems. Course reader MSc. Ecological Agriculture (F800-204). Department of Ecological Agriculture, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen.
Mansvelt, van J.D. and Znaor, D., (forthcoming): Criteria for the a-biotic and biotic realm: environment and ecology. In: Mansvelt van J.D. and Lubbe M.J (eds.): Checklist for Sustainable Landscape Management: final report of the EU-concerted action (AIR3-CT93-1210), Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Vereijken, P., 1995. Designing and testing prototypes: Progress reports of the research network on integrated and ecological arable farming systems for EU and associated countries (Concerted Action AIR 3-CT920755), DLO Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, Wageningen.
Znaor, D., 1996. Ekoloska poljoprivreda- poljoprivreda sutrasnjice, Globus, Zagreb.


The Stream Memory Controller (SMC) is an experimental memory interface which allows hardware-assisted memory access reordering for vector computations in order to maximize the efficiency of the system memory bus. This paper describes the design and test strategies for the SMC Processor Bus Interface (PBI) and FIFO logic ASIC. This IC is designed as part of a daughter card attachment to a 40 MHz Intel i860 system. The entire integrated circuit design was completed in a top-down design environment using VHDL for synthesis and a target process of 0.75 /spl mu/m. The design includes SRAM elements, combinatorial logic, and state machine components. This ASIC is the first in a series of ICs intended as a proof-of-concept of the SMC based system.<<ETX>>


Attachment refers to the relationship that the infant forms with their mother and father in regards to trusting their caregiver to meet their needs. Past research has primarily focused on the mother-infant dyad when observing attachment, with little to no research conducted with the father-infant dyad. A component of attachment is sensitivity, which refers to the parent being able to notice and understand an infant's cues and responding in a timely manner. One factor of sensitivity is touch, since it can help regulate the child's emotions and be a way for the parent to communicate to their infant. This study was conducted to better understand how fathers form attachment with their infants, and to see if there was any difference in touch that mothers and fathers use when participating in the Still Face Paradigm. Both mothers and fathers were studied to see if depressed mothers and fathers interacted with their infant differently from those who are not clinically depressed. Infants (n = 101) at the age of six months and both their parents participated in the Still Face Paradigm. Touch was coded on a second by second coding system during the free play and reunion episode. The results revealed that depressed mothers performed more active accompaniment and attention getting touch during the reunion episode, while depressed fathers performed more active accompaniment touch attention getting touch in the free play episode. Other results revealed that resistant infants received more utilitarian touch and attention getting touch from their mothers during the free play episode. This demonstrates that touch can differ depending on attachment style and that depressed parents do not perform less touch or negative touch behaviors as previous research has thought.


The results of tests of 22 triangular wings, representing two leading-edge shapes for each of 11 apex angles, at Mach numbers 1.62, 1.92, and 1.40 are presented and compared with theory. All wings have a common thickness ratio of 8 percent and a common maximum-thickness point at 18 percent chord. Lift, drag, and pitching moment are given for all wings at each Mach number. The relation of transition in the boundary layer, shocks on the wing surfaces, and characteristics of the pressure distributions is discussed for several wings.


We present contextual facets, a novel user interface technique for navigating websites that publish large collections of semi-structured data. Contextual facets extend traditional faceted navigation techniques by transforming webpage elements into user interface components for filtering and retrieving related webpages. To investigate users' reactions to contextual facets, we built FacetPatch, a web browser that automatically generates contextual facet interfaces. As the user browses the web, FacetPatch automatically extracts semi-structured data from collections of webpages and overlays contextual facets on top of the current page. Participants in an exploratory user evaluation of FacetPatch were enthusiastic about contextual facets and often preferred them to an existing, familiar faceted navigation interface. We discuss how we improved the design of contextual facets and FacetPatch based on the results of this study.


Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)-family verprolin homologous (WAVE) proteins play a major role in Rac-induced actin dynamics, but Rac does not bind directly to WAVE proteins. It has been proposed that either the insulin receptor substrate protein 53 (IRSp53) or a complex of proteins containing Abelson interactor protein 1 (Abi1) mediates the interaction of WAVE2 and Rac. Depletion of endogenous IRSp53 by RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) in a RAW/LR5 macrophage cell line resulted in a significant reduction of Rac1Q61L-induced surface ruffles and colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-induced actin polymerization, protrusion and cell migration. However, IRSp53 was not essential for Fcγ-R-mediated phagocytosis, formation of podosomes or for formation of Cdc42V12-induced filopodia. IRSp53 was found to be present in an immunoprecipitable complex with WAVE2 and Abi1 in a Rac1-activation-dependent manner in RAW/LR5 cells in vivo. Importantly, reduction of endogenous IRSp53 or expression of IRSp53 lacking the WAVE2-binding site (IRSp53ΔSH3) resulted in a significant reduction in the association of Rac1 with WAVE2 and Abi1, indicating that the association of Rac1 with WAVE2 and Abi1 is IRSp53 dependent. While it has been proposed that WAVE2 activity is regulated by membrane recruitment, membrane targeting of WAVE2 in RAW/LR5 and Cos-7 cells did not induce actin polymerization or protrusion, suggesting that membrane recruitment was insufficient for regulation of WAVE2. Combined, these data suggest that IRSp53 links Rac1 to WAVE2 in vivo and its function is crucial for production of CSF-1-induced F-actin-rich protrusions and cell migration in macrophages. This study indicates that Rac1, along with IRSp53 and Abi1, is involved in a more complex and tight regulation of WAVE2 than one operating solely through membrane localization.


The technology of virtual reality (VR) offers several advantages in the field of medicine because it enables us to practice medical procedures repeatedly, and can provide a variety of experiences by using virtual organs in different patients. It also aids in learning about a clinical procedure and facilitates objective evaluation by a supervisor. In the field of clinical oncology, a virtual environment can be useful for simulating surgery, diagnosing cancer invasion, obtaining informed consent or enhancing patient education, and for clinical communication using network-based VR. This technology can also be used to improve a patient's living conditions and to treat the psychological problems and/or stress of cancer patients. In the present chapter advanced VR research for palliative medicine at the National Cancer Center Hospital Japan is described and discussed.


The article considers the biography of prominent Russian scientist, full member of the Academy of medical sciences of the USSR Sergei Nikolayevitch Davidenkov studying genetics of nervous diseases. The main directions of activities of the scientific school created by him are analyzed. The significance of this school in development of biology and medicine is established. The staff, organizational structure, specificity of considered scientific school are established. The role of leader in organization of non-formal research community and development of scientific program is demonstrated. It is marked that in solution of many fundamental and practical tasks of medical genetics an immense merit belonged to scientific schools as a "strong side" of national science of the first half of XX century.


Early decline of cardiac contractility during ischaemia and hypoxia may be related in part to lowered concentrations of MgATP2− (magnesium salt of adenosine triphosphate) limiting the ability of the contractile proteins to generate force in response to Ca2+-activation. These experiments were designed to determine the relative importance of altered pH vs MgATP2− depletion on Ca2+-activated isometric force generation of mammalian cardiac fibres. The cardiac contractile apparatus was functionally isolated by disrupting cell membranes; small bundles of rabbit left ventricular cells with disrupted sarcolemmas were prepared by homogenisation and continuous exposure to 7 mmol·litre−1 EGTA (ethyleneglycolbis-(β-amino-ethyl ether)-N-N'-tetra-acetic acid). Removal of the major barrier to diffusion into the cells allowed control and alteration of the fluid surrounding the contractile proteins. Bathing solutions approximated intracellular conditions in important constituents and concentrations while providing adequate buffering of Ca2+ (EGTA buffer), H+ (imidazole buffer) and MgATP2− (creatine phosphate, creatine phosphokinase regenerating system). The magnitude of Ca2+-activated steady-state isometric forces were determined using a photodiode transducer. At each Ca2+ concentration, self-paired comparisons of force were made for selected combinations of bathing solution pH and MgATP2− concentration. In comparison to forces at normal conditions (2 mmol·litre−1 MgATP2−, pH 7.0) maximum forces and Ca2+-sensitivity were greatly depressed by acidosis (pH 6.5) alone. Combining lowered MgATP2− concentration (0.1 or 0.03 mmol·litre1) with pH 6.5 caused no additional change in Ca2+-sensitivity and force except that maximum force at 0.03 mmol·litre1 MgATP2− was enhanced rather than depressed. Thus, within the pH and MgATP2− concentration ranges thought to be characteristic of ischaemic intracellular conditions, only acidosis caused depression of contractile protein-Ca2+-activated force generating ability.


The main objective of this research was studying the effects of using multi types of mineral admixtures as high reactivity Attapulgite (HRA), high reactivity Metakaolin (HRM) and fly ash (FA) on some rheological and mechanical properties of lightweight self Compacting concrete (LWSCC), when were used as a partially replacement by weight of cement. The results showed that using of (HRA) and (HRM) increased the superplasticizer (SP) dosage, while (FA) with spherical particles reduced the (SP) dosage relative to reference mix (Ref. mix) to get the same slump flow target value. The optimum content for (HRA) used in this study was 10 %, and the percentages of increment in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength relative to (Ref.mix) were (10.0%, 12.2%, 11.15% and 12.3%) and ( 8.8%, 17.46%, 16.34% and 14.66%) for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days respectively. Using of (FA) reduced early age strength, but long term strength increased with (FA) content increases. LWSCC mix contained 10% (HRM) showed a better mechanical properties than both (HRA) and (FA) LWSCC mixes, and the percentages of increment when cement was replaced with 10 % (HRM) relative to (Ref.mix) were (15.0%, 17.6%, 13.9% and 15.7%) and (16.0%, 24.2%, 22.2% and 21.6%) at 7, 28, 56, and 90 days for compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively.


The UID Scientific Committee has granted its patronage and logo for the Study Days Fortified Architecture. Survey and Restoration which took place in March of 2016 in Bari, at the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAR) of the Polytechnic University of Bari. On behalf of UID, I would like to thank everyone for the work done and for the valuable act of dissemination provided to the entire scientific community and particularly to the education of our young people, starting, for purposes of research or simply for related learning, to construct a knowledge base strongly rooted in a territory of architectural works built specifically as castles for the defense and protection of these places.


Increased research in microelectronics, wireless communications, and human-computer interaction, particularly augmented-reality applications, has made a symbiotic system technically feasible. Wearable computing, or wearware, focuses on making this technology useful in everyday life, particularly for integrating contextual data with the Internet to automate mundane tasks. The availability of portable, energy-efficient computing devices that can be easily integrated with clothing has renewed interest in the possibilities of wearware. The notion of a wearable network of interactive devices aiding users in their day-to-day activities is extremely appealing, but for it to become a reality researchers must develop interesting and useful applications. Consumers are not interested in the technology per se but in how it could enrich their lives.


This article is a meditation on the overlaps between environmentalism, post-colonial theory, and the practice of history. It takes as a case study the writings of the explorer-scientist-abolitionist Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), the founder of a humane, socially conscious ecology. The post-colonial critique has provided a necessary corrective to the global environmental movement, by focusing it on enduring colonialist power dynamics, but at the same time it has crippled the field of environmental history, by dooming us to a model of the past in which all Euro-American elites, devoid of personal agency, are always already in an exploitative relationship with the people and natural resources of the developing world. A close reading of Humboldt's work, however, suggests that it could provide the basis for a healthy post-colonial environmentalism, if only post-colonial critics were willing to see beyond Humboldt's complicity in colonial structures. In particular, this article attempts to rehabilitate Humboldt's reputation in the face of Mary Louise Pratt's canonical post-colonial study, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. Humboldt's efforts to inspire communion with Nature while simultaneously recognizing Nature's "otherness" can be seen as radical both in his day and in ours. In addition his analysis of the link between the exploitation of natural resources and the exploitation of certain social groups anticipates the global environmental justice movement.


SIR,-Mr M Adiseshiah's timely reminder of the place of carotid endarterectomy in patients with transient ischaemic attacks' helped to correct any imbalance arising from Dr Peter Sandercock's editorial favouring the use of aspirin.2 So it was disingenuous of Dr Sandercock to reply that he specifically mentioned endarterectomy as he had chosen to describe the surgical option as not being worth while.' At the same time he had chosen not to mention the well known and occasionally serious gastrointestinal complications of prolonged aspirin treatment. Surgeons experienced in carotid endarterectomy who audit their results are sufficiently anxious about severe categories of symptomatic carotid stenosis4 for there to be a consensus on the need for carotid endarterectomy. The severe categories include complex plaques with superimposed thrombus or contralateral occlusion. Duplex ultrasound scanning has helped to confirm the relation between the degree of carotid stenosis and an increasing incidence of transient ischaemic attacks and stroke,5 which is virtually unaffected by aspirin.6 Ultrasonography is the initial investigation most suitable for suspected carotid stenosis. Its omission in the recent United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack trial of aspirin' has greatly hampered clinicians' interpretation of the results that have emerged.


Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have received significant attention in recent years due to their renewable and sustainable properties. They convert mechanical energy into electric energy through contact and separation of two dissimilar materials. Many methods have been developed to improve the performance of TENGs, but little attention has been paid to use nanoparticles such as BaTiO3 (BTO) with high dielectric constant for enhancing the performance. This paper reports the achievement of significant performance enhancement of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/polyamide‐6 (PA6) TENGs by incorporating BTO nanoparticles into the PVDF film. The PVDF‐BTO/PA6 TENG with 10 wt% BTO nanoparticles shows the best results with a peak voltage and charge density up to 900 V and 34.4 μC m−2 at contact frequency of 5 Hz when the contact force and the spacer distance are 180 N and 100 mm, which are much higher than 384 V and 26.4 μC m−2 of the PVDF/PA6 TENG without incorporating BTO nanoparticles. Further increase in the BTO concentration deteriorates the output performance of the TENGs. Detailed investigations on the piezo‐response and permittivity of the PVDF‐BTO films show that the increased piezoelectric constant and permittivity are responsible for the significantly enhanced performance of the TENGs. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the output voltages of the TENG as a function of thickness of the PVDF‐BTO film.


The model known as SERVICEQUAL (SQ) examines the correlation between service satisfaction and the gaps that occur between customers' expectations prior to service and perceptions after being served. The gaps are tested over five dimensions: tangibles of the service, assurance, empathy, reliability, and responsiveness of the service provider. This paper aims to examine the satisfaction of women with childbirth care by exploring correlations between the gaps in the five SQ dimensions and testing the influence of each dimension on the others. Closed-ended questionnaires were used to evaluate satisfaction from SQ dimensions using 1-5 on Likert scale. This study adds to existing literature by offering an insight into the way mothers assess their birthing services by looking at their pre-procedure expectations compared to how they perceive performance post-delivery. The correlations between the gaps in the service's dimensions were higher after birth than before birth. Significant correlations between the gaps themselves were seen in all five dimensions. The findings suggest that a successful child delivery reduces the mother's anxiety, such that if prior to birth, the five service dimensions exhibit no correlation, then after birth when the mother is less anxious, and her cognitive dissonance is reduced. Stronger correlations form between all five service dimensions. The significant correlations between all five dimensions suggest that receiving empathic treatment from the service provider causes the mother to be pleased with the tangibles, responsiveness, reliability, assurance of the medical staff.


This study aims to investigate the role of moderate Islamic education in enhancing nationalism among Indonesian Islamic student organizations in the era of Society 5.0. The research design took a qualitative approach, and the location for the research was IAIN Parepare, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Some 21 people participated in the study, including 18 students who belonged to an Islamic student organization and three lecturers who taught Islamic religious education courses. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation that focused on three themes, namely moderate Islamic education, Islamic student organizations, and nationalism. The findings revealed that the process for internalizing moderate Islamic values through Islamic religious education courses can foster a spirit of nationalism that manifests in the attitudes and behaviors of students in the community. Unfortunately, moderate Islamic education at IAIN Parepare has not been optimally applied, with observations showing that promotion of the moderate Islamic movement through seminars and workshops is still limited. In addition, students who belong to the Islamic student organization have not fully enhanced their moderate Islamic literacy on campus. In reality, moderate Islamic values are very important for improving students' moral and intellectual capacity and instilling a broad sense of nationalism. Stakeholders should therefore support campus activities for moderate Islamic education as a way of preventing radicalism and improving the intellectual and moral capacities of Islamic college graduates. It is hoped that through moderate Islamic education and a strong sense of nationalism, Islamic student organizations throughout Indonesia can help support national development and realize a peaceful life for everyone.


Endotoxins are microbiological agents which ubiquitously exist in an indoor environment, and are believed to be causal agents for a number of diseases. This study investigated the indoor levels and determinants of endotoxins and their impact on asthma and allergy diseases among Swedish pre-school children. House dust samples from 390 homes of 198 case children with asthma and allergy and 202 healthy control children were collected in the Dampness Building and Health (DBH) study. House dust endotoxin levels in the child's bedroom and living rooms ranged from 479–188,000 EU/g dust and from 138–942,000 EU/g dust, respectively. Pet-keeping and agricultural activities were significantly associated with the higher endotoxin concentration levels in indoor dust. Endotoxins in theindoor environment did not associate to asthma and allergy diseases in the children. However, we found an association between endotoxins and the presence of disease symptoms in the sub-group of families without indoor pets.


In a sports league, team owners can expect to increase player performance, and the team's winning percentage or profits, by providing a win bonus on top of the players' fixed salary level. In some clubs, the guaranteed player salary is relatively low and the premium, in case of a winning game, relatively high, whereas in other clubs, hardly any win bonus is paid. In this theoretical paper, we investigate what the impact of a win bonus is on the winning percentage, the competitive balance, the owner profits, and the overall quality in a professional sports league. The model we start from is an extension of the well-known Quirk and Fort (1992) two-team model and we introduce a premium system consisting of a win bonus that is paid on top of a fixed salary. Assuming that players are motivated to increase effort if their salary depends on the winning percentage, we derive the Nash-Cournot equilibrium under both the profit and a win maximization hypothesis. The impact of a premium system turns out to be rather complex, given the fact that clubs react to the strategies of other clubs in the league. The team that introduces a premium system can expect to increase its profits or its winning percentage by paying a bonus combined with a reduced fixed salary. A crucial factor, though, is the players' response to the win bonus. If the team's effort is not enhanced enough by the bonus, the team's profits and wining percentage can go down. Also the effect that an increased winning percentage has on the current season revenue is an important factor.


How do jihadist insurgencies differ from non-jihadist ones? Jihadist insurgents, like all insurgents, seek to control the government, need money and weapons, and thrive where government is weak. Yet their cause—jihad at local, regional, and global levels—gives them instant friends and resources, but also built-in enemies and burdens. Jihadist insurgents often organize, recruit, and fund-raise differently than traditional insurgent groups. The agendas of these militant groups often go against the local residents' sense of nationalism and anger these communities with their extreme interpretations of Islam. To take advantage of this, the United States can amplify local voices that are best able to discredit these insurgents and press allied regimes to disrupt the mosques, schools, and fund-raising networks that help support them. However, Washington should also recognize that weakening these groups at the local level may make them more likely to embrace international terrorism. Allied efforts to co-opt jihadists may make area societies and governments less favorable to other U.S. policies. Finally, failed democratization—a particularly salient issue given the Arab Spring—risks playing into the jihadist narrative.


We present the near-IR (K 0 -band, i.e.: =2 :1 m) Tully-Fisher (TF) relation for a sample of 50 giant and dwarf late-type galaxies, selected from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue. We find that L / V 4 Max along a range of 8 K 0 -mag for galaxies with different Hubble types (from Sa to Im-BCD), phenomenologies, structures, star-formation histories, masses, dark-to-luminous mass ratios, metallicities and, perhaps, ages. The linearity of the near-IR TF relation is in contrast with recent determinations of the optical TF relations for samples of extreme late-type and dwarf galaxies. The near-IR TF law is in agreement both with the expectation from the Fundamental Plane for disk systems and with the scenario of self-regulating star-formation in disks. The previous results suggest that the TF relation reflects the connection between the structural/dynamical properties and the star-formation process of both giant and dwarf late-type galaxies, through a gas supply for star-formation regulated by the gravitational potential of the galaxy.


A novel compact dual band orthogonally feed circular polarized antenna is proposed. The antenna is composed of two main parts one is ground etched U-slot radiator and another is orthogonal feed lines. The feed lines are connected to the patch forms Q shaped structure. This is to improve the impedance bandwidth of antenna. The gain optimization is majorly done at the last antenna modification which shows the peak gain of 6.29 dB within 3-dB ARBW. This peak gain and axial ratio bandwidth is improved by simply adding rectangular cuts in the outer part and the triangular cut on the middle part of ground U-shaped structure. The gain is also improved by cutting the top portion of both patches on either side of feed lines in earlier stage of optimization. The maximum size of antenna is 48x48x1mm 3 .The optimized result shows good isolation between these two asymmetrical ports. The impedance bandwidth (IBW) is 1.998.20 GHz (155.2%) & 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is 1.93-6.29 GHz (109%) and port isolation of >14.3 dB obtained. The impedances of the two ports are matched exactly such that it is equal to the characteristics impedance of 50 Ω. Keywords—Orthogonal feed structure, Dual band CP operation, Polarization, Gain, ARBW, HFSS Etc.


In deploying the Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)-based applications and infrastructures, the researchers faced many sensors and their output's values, which have transferred between service requesters and servers. Some case studies addressed the different methods and technologies, including machine learning algorithms, deep learning accelerators, Processing-In-Memory (PIM), and neuromorphic computing (NC) approaches to support the data processing complexity and communication between IoMT nodes. With inspiring human brain structure, some researchers tackled the challenges of rising IoT- and IoMT-based applications and neural structures' simulation. A defective device has destructive effects on the performance and cost of the applications, and their detection is challenging for a communication infrastructure with many devices. We inspired astrocyte cells to map the flow (AFM) of the Internet of Medical Things onto mesh network processing elements (PEs), and detect the defective devices based on a phagocytosis model. This study focuses on an astrocyte's cholesterol distribution into neurons and presents an algorithm that utilizes its pattern to distribute IoMT's dataflow and detect the defective devices. We researched Alzheimer's symptoms to understand astrocyte and phagocytosis functions against the disease and employ the vaccination COVID-19 dataset to define a set of task graphs. The study improves total runtime and energy by approximately 60.85% and 52.38% after implementing AFM, compared with before astrocyte-flow mapping, which helps IoMT's infrastructure developers to provide healthcare services to the requesters with minimal cost and high accuracy.


Over the last decade, interest in the emotional states and stress levels of animals has grown. These emotional states can have secondary effects for owners; for example, if an animal becomes aggressive, this can lead to relinquishment or even euthanasia. In addition, long-term stressful situations can have serious health impacts on animals and can affect meat quality in livestock. A variety of methods can be used to investigate biomarkers in animals, and many sample types can be taken to facilitate this. The choice of assay will often depend on the animal under investigation and practicalities of obtaining the sample. The assay choice can also be dependent on testing conditions such as the field versus laboratory, samples taken, costs, and the desired results. There is also the question of the timescales of the investigated response: Do you want to test what happened over the last month? Last week? Yesterday? Or within the last hour? This review highlights some of the pros and cons of the different samples and the different methods for biomarker analysis in animals. Studies can be made or broken based on the type of samples taken, and what aspects are to be investigated, and this simple decision can make a world of difference to the results of an investigation. Careful planning and thought before starting a study can make the difference between a scientific breakthrough with animal welfare and husbandry implications and poor results that are of little use to man or beast. DOI:10.3819/CCBR.2021.160002 Volume 16, 2021


This thesis investigates the IEEE 802.11b standard that describes radio communication for networks. The standard is carefully explained and the limitations of the standard are presented. To put the system in its context and to study the effects from the frequency translation, surrounding areas such as radio propagation and networks in general are presented. For radio communications the carrier frequency gives the basic properties for the application, long distance communication uses low frequencies and the opposite for short-range communication. The report investigates the possibilities to translate the frequency for an IEEE 802.11b system to move the limits of IEEE 802.11b Three alternative solutions are compared. A final solution evolves from one of them. The resulting solution is based on existing hardware and is ready for testing. One major conclusion is that 802.11b is a well developed standard where the development of the hardware is focussed on the physical size. This miniaturization makes alteration more complex. Finally other interesting wireless techniques that could give the desired properties and other possible further work are presented.


at Time of Award The copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, is a dominant member of the plankton in the Gulf of Maine, (GoM), despite its location at the southern edge of the species' subarctic range. Wilkinson Basin, one of the three deep basins in the GoM, harbors very high concentrations of the early developmental stages of C. finmarchicus in the summer through winter and serves as a source of C. finmarchicus to GoM coastal ledges and banks. A recent study based on C. finmarchicus habitat characteristics across the North Atlantic predicts that climatedriven change will force the distribution of C. finmarchicus northward out of the GoM over the next several decades. However, the oceanographic and life history responses of C. finmarchicus to environmental variability in the Gulf are complex and largely unknown. The research in this RAPID proposal takes advantage of a rare opportunity to test a hypothesis about the control of C. finmarchicus abundance in the GoM from climate change related external forcing. The hypothesis states that a distinctly lower C. finmarchicus abundance follows, with a twoyear lag, the occurrence of a very negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The specific processes that causally connect low C. finmarchicus with the NAO are not known. The research here tests the prediction that C. finmarchicus abundance will be very low in Wilkinson Basin in 2012, two years after one of the most negative NAOs on record, dating back to the 1860?s. Field observations in the form of a time series of measurements of hydrography, food availability and C. finmarchicus stage abundance will be taken at a fixed station in Wilkinson Basin and in the Maine coastal region, supported by measurements taken on the Scotian Shelf. A research survey, coordinated with a scheduled cruise in the Gulf of Maine in September, 2012, will take additional collections in Wilkinson Basin and throughout the GoM. Frozen and ethanol preserved samples of C. finmarchicus will also be collected for population genetic studies. The abundance results will be compared with historical time series and survey data collected over the past two decades, confirming or refuting the expectation of extreme NAO influence on GoM C. finmarchicus populations. The lipidrich early developmental stages of C. finmarchicus represent a particularly important energy source for planktivorous fish such as herring, mackerel and sand lance, supporting coastal fisheries as well as the summer resident populations of the endangered North Atlantic right whale, which feeds on C. finmarchicus directly. This RAPID research provides information needed to understand sources of variability in C. finmarchicus supply to the GoM ecosystem and the data will be used to support the development of coupled physicalbiological models of responses of the C. finmarchicus population to the NAO and other sources of external forcing. Archived samples will be used for genetic analyses addressing research questions about shelfbasin connectivity developed by the ocean sciences community in the U.S. BASIN Implementation Plan. The project contributes to the implementation of the observing subsystem for the Northeast Association for Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (NERACOOS), which has identified the need for observing change in zooplankton diversity as part of its regional buildout planning. It will also contribute to development of the story of C. finmarchicus as an asset for teaching marine science to K12 students, through COSEE curriculum resources and the Cohen Center for Interactive Learning at the Gulf of Maine Research Institute. Project Outcomes Report


International crises like dramatic terror attacks leave their mark on society in various ways. According to the existing literature, some of these consequences include two seemingly conflicting responses: increasing as well as decreasing support for the incumbent government. To make sense of this seeming contradiction, this study combines these observations in one empirical framework. We investigate the effects of Islamist terrorism on citizens' evaluation of the national government by logistic regression analyses using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for Germany from 2014 to 2017. Our analyses demonstrate that support for the government significantly increases in the aftermath of Islamist terror attacks. However, the intensity of such support decreases with repeated exposure to terror attacks, and these effects even reverse when a certain level of terror is reached. Further, we find that radical right parties benefit from the issues accentuated by terrorism.


One of the most and commonly adopted video compression standards today is the advanced H.265/HEVC, commonly used for many applications due to high speed, optimized area and good throughput. Examples of such major applications are communications, networking, image processing digital signal processing and real time video applications. The current design having the use of the modified inverse discrete cosine transforms to perform video decompression. A new detailed implementation described to analyze the behavior of the encoding and also the transform takes residual data and transforms it from the spatial domain to the frequency domain. This frequency domain representation can then be compressed, using quantization, while still retaining a high level of video quality when decoded and presented to the user. The encoder and decoder implementation done in Verilog and synthesized using sophisticated cadence tool Genus. A hardware implementation of the inverse quantization and inverse transform, compliant to the HEVC standard, will be developed. The current design high targets the 4x4 inverse quantization, transform, synthesis and place & route using the Nan gate 45 nm technologies Open Cell Library. A digital implementation using Innovus tool was used for the design with development and also done analysis of speed, area and throughput will be carried out for the current applications and compared to similar ASIC designs. The required operational frequency of this design will support 4K video at up to 40 frames/sec. The main core area of this digital design takes up 10224 μm2 and can operate at maximum frequency of 400 MHz.


Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) are thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by the release of toxic oxygen metabolites. This study investigated superoxide production by circulating and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) PMNs in a rat model of ARDS induced by chronic Escherichia coli (lipopolysaccharide) endotoxemia. Superoxide production was stimulated by fmet-leu-phe, opsonized zymosan, and phorbol myristate acetate. Circulating and BAL PMNs from lipopolysaccharide-infused rats compared with PMNs from control rats are primed for nonselective increased superoxide production. The BAL PMNs are not only partially primed to release superoxide on adherence, they concomitantly have a depressed superoxide response to a phagocytic (opsonized zymosan) stimulus. These PMN responses may partially explain both the pulmonary injury and the increased susceptibility to pulmonary infection seen in patients with ARDS.


Background—Potassium currents contribute to action potential duration (APD) and arrhythmogenesis. In heart failure, Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is upregulated and can alter ion channel regulation and expression. Methods and Results—We examine the influence of overexpressing cytoplasmic CaMKII&dgr;C, both acutely in rabbit ventricular myocytes (24-hour adenoviral gene transfer) and chronically in CaMKII&dgr;C-transgenic mice, on transient outward potassium current (Ito), and inward rectifying current (IK1). Acute and chronic CaMKII overexpression increases Ito,slow amplitude and expression of the underlying channel protein KV1.4. Chronic but not acute CaMKII overexpression causes downregulation of Ito,fast, as well as KV4.2 and KChIP2, suggesting that KV1.4 expression responds faster and oppositely to KV4.2 on CaMKII activation. These amplitude changes were not reversed by CaMKII inhibition, consistent with CaMKII-dependent regulation of channel expression and/or trafficking. CaMKII (acute and chronic) greatly accelerated recovery from inactivation for both Ito components, but these effects were acutely reversed by AIP (CaMKII inhibitor), suggesting that CaMKII activity directly accelerates Ito recovery. Expression levels of IK1 and Kir2.1 mRNA were downregulated by CaMKII overexpression. CaMKII acutely increased IK1, based on inhibition by AIP (in both models). CaMKII overexpression in mouse prolonged APD (consistent with reduced Ito,fast and IK1), whereas CaMKII overexpression in rabbit shortened APD (consistent with enhanced IK1 and Ito,slow and faster Ito recovery). Computational models allowed discrimination of contributions of different channel effects on APD. Conclusion—CaMKII has both acute regulatory effects and chronic expression level effects on Ito and IK1 with complex consequences on APD.


Feeding of bovine milk to mice induced a high incidence of bacterial translocation from the intestines to the mesenteric lymph nodes, and the bacteria involved were mainly members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Supplementation of the milk diet with bovine lactoferrin or a pepsin-generated hydrolysate of bovine lactoferrin resulted in significant suppression of bacterial translocation. Our findings suggest that this ability of lactoferrin to inhibit bacterial translocation may be due to its suppression of bacterial overgrowth in the guts of milk-fed mice.


From November, 1981 to November { 1982, zooplankton were sampled bimonthly by oblique net tows in the upper 200 m of the Gulf Stream and nearby regions along a cross-stream 0 0 transect of 9 stations centered at 36 N 73 W, where the Stream turns offshore from Cape Hatteras. In September, 1982 and May, 19 83, extensive vertically stratified sampling of zooplankton was conducted at 3 stations al ong this same transect with a MOCNESS net system in the upper 1000 m of the water column. Th e zooplankton samples were collected concurrently with measurements of the hydrography and velocity fields of the Stream. This study was initiated in an effort to elucidate relationships between the physical oceanography and biology of the Stream. An intensive examination was made of the spatial and tempora l distribution of selected copepod species across the Gulf Stream during September, 1982. The copepod species distributions grouped together int~ distinct patterns, which were related to different environmental habitats within the Stream. Biological processes, such as temperature and depth preferences and diel vertical migration, interacted with the physical structure of the Stream to determine whether a species would be found at different cross-stream locations a nd if so, at what depths in the water c olumn. The community structure of these species groups resembled a modified ii version of the individualistic hypothesis of species distributions and community formation. Zooplankton biomass abundance and distribution was examined for all of the cruises. There was a distinct pattern of seasonal variability in zooplankton biomass with a maximum in the late spring and early summer, and a minimum in the autumn. Zooplankton biomass tended to be highest in the Slope Water, intermediate at the north wall of the Gulf Stream, and lowest in the Gulf Stream proper and Sargasso Sea. The north wall of the Gulf Stream is a frontal region where elevated plankton biomass sometimes occurred. The association of different copepod species groups with distinct environmental habitats having different velocities and directions of water movement suggests that the species have varying probabilities of downstream and cross-stream transport. Downstream transport of zooplankton species and biomass is probably greatest in the upper 100 m. Cross0 stream transport is probably greatest below the 12 C isotherm, but can also be high in the surface water.


This paper argues that the current Circular Economy and Social Finance (CESF) discourse allows Islamic economists to re-align Islamic Banking (IB) and Islamic Finance (IF) with its roots, i.e. Islamic economics. Notwithstanding the impressive growth figures of Islamic Banking/Finance over the last three decades, reservations are voiced especially on the role and impact of IF in Muslim communities. This paper begins by critically discussing, albeit briefly, selected tensions that have evolved in Islamic Banking literature over the decades that show the departure of IB from IE. The criticism of IB has moved away from merely focussing on contracts/instruments or the debt/equity debate of the 1980s and early 1990s to a substantive systemic focus on the role of IF in developing the real economy to enhance the welfare of society as a whole. Genuine Islamization of Knowledge approach can be a methodological framework that allows IB/IF to be re-connected to IE and to the epistemological bases of Islam. The paper then briefly presents the basic ideas in the CESF discourse and argues that its central features provide an opportunity to re-align the current direction taken by Islamic Banking/Finance. The goals of IB/IF must help achieve the overall socio-economic goals of society and not merely serve outdated neoclassical economics objectives of maximizing individual shareholder welfare, with no consideration for overall equity considerations in society. The paper then argues that the CESF discourse provides a golden opportunity to re-visit the theory of decision-making in economics. Utilizing selected literature written on interdependent utility functions, it is proposed that economic decision-making in Islamic economics must include a concern for others, including its environmental and human impact, something that is at the base of the CESF agenda. The paper generally adopts selected discourse/content analysis involving literature on the various component parts of the paper.


Language shift occurs when a community of users replaces one language by another, or "shifts" to that other language. Although language shift can and does occur at the level of the individual speaker, it is shift at the level of an entire community that is associated with widespread language replacement and loss. Shift is a particular kind of language loss, and differs from language attrition, which involves the loss of a language over an individual's lifetime, often the result of aging or of language replacement (as in shift). Both language shift and attrition are in contrast to language maintenance, the continuing use of a language. Language maintenance and revitalization programs are responses to language shift, and are undertaken by communites who perceive that their language is threatened by a decrease in usage and under threat of loss.
 Language shift is widespread and can be found with majority- or minority-language populations. It is often associated with immigrant groups who take up the majority language of their new territory, leaving behind the language of their homeland. For minority-language speaker communities, language shift is generally the result of a combination of factors, in particular colonization. A nexus of factors—historical, political, social, and economic—often provides the impetus for a community to ceasing speaking their ancestral language, replacing it with the language of the majority, and usually politically dominant, group. Language shift is thus a social issue, and often coupled with other indicators of social distress.
 Language endangerment is the result of language shift, and in fact shift is its most widespread cause.Since the 1960s there has been ever-increasing interest across speaker communities and linguists to work to provide opportunities to learn and use minority languages to offset shift, and to document speakers in communities under the threat of shift.


To the Editor,

We read the article by Kim et al. [1] with great interest. Drug-induced hemorrhagic cystitis is a rare complication, especially during antibiotic therapy. Penicillin G-induced hemorrhagic cystitis is not a well-known pathology during treatment, but clinicians may suspect it if there are signs of cystitis, such as frequency, urgency, hematuria, or dysuria. Pyuria and hematuria on the urine analysis with basophilia on a complete blood count support the diagnosis of penicillin G-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

When hemorrhagic cystitis is diagnosed, the first step must be identification of the cause. Drugs seemed to be the most likely cause in the present paper. However, parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis and echinococcosis can also induce hemorrhagic cystitis, and basophilia is an associated sign [2]. When clinicians suspect a parasitic cause of hemorrhagic cystitis, it is important to clarify the diagnosis histopathologically. Such histopathological examination can show granulomatous lesions with typical eggs in schistosoma or echinococcus infestations [3].

The most important aspect of management of drug-induced hemorrhagic cystitis is to identify and eliminate the causative agent. The most reliable test is the drug lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST). The DLST showed positivity for various drugs in several studies of drug-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Additionally, the urinary β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase levels were assessed to achieve a precise diagnosis in the same study [4]. To the best of our knowledge, if drug-induced hemorrhagic cystitis occurs during multidrug treatment, the best way to identify the causative drug is to discontinue the drugs one by one.


CYSTS of the spleen are classified as parasitic or nonparasitic. The nonparasitic cysts are divided into true cysts and pseudocysts, depending upon whether an epithelial or mesothelial lining exists. The true epidermoid cysts appear to be rare and the textbooks of pathology and surgery deal very briefly with this entity. In the past several years isolated reports of true epidermoid cysts of the spleen have appeared in the English literature, with accounts of their clinical manifestations, diagnostic aspects, and other features. The reports so far have been dealing with single cases and no institution seems to have had the opportunity of observing several of them. The present case is unusual in that the patient presented with an acute condition of the abdomen secondary to rupture and severe inflammatory reaction, a feature uncommon for epidermoid cysts of the spleen whose symptoms are usually vague and insidious in character. Report of a


Emotions are multifaceted phenomena affecting mind, body, and behavior. Previous studies sought to link particular emotion categories (e.g., fear) or dimensions (e.g., valence) to specific brain substrates but generally found distributed and overlapping activation patterns across various emotions. In contrast, distributed patterns accord with multi-componential theories whereby emotions emerge from appraisal processes triggered by current events, combined with motivational, expressive, and physiological mechanisms orchestrating behavioral responses. According to this framework, components are recruited in parallel and dynamically synchronized during emotion episodes. Here, we use functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate brain-wide systems engaged by theoretically defined components and measure their synchronization during an interactive emotion-eliciting video game. We show that each emotion component recruits large-scale cortico-subcortical networks, and that moments of dynamic synchronization between components selectively engage basal ganglia, sensory-motor structures, and midline brain areas. These neural results support theoretical accounts grounding emotions onto embodied and action-oriented functions triggered by synchronized component processes.


1. The absorption maxima at 593, 590 and 588 mμ were observed on the coloration by the N/100 caustic soda solution at the pH 7.5 after the addition of bromsuplhalein into human serum albumin, blood plasma and serum. 2. The combined rate of bromsulphalein with albumin was conversely increased with the decrease of bromsulphalein density on the combination of human serum protein and bromsulphalein by the utilization of paper electrophoresis and the rate of wondering pigment was gradually decreased, but the rate of residual scanty bromsulphalein combined with globulin or attached in the filter paper was almost fixed. 3. Observing the influence to the combination of serum albumin and bromsulphasein on the change of various buffer used for the paper electrophoresis, the combination was obstructed in order of veronal soda, hydrochloric acid, primary potassium phosphate, secondary natrium phosphate, borax, boric acid and veronal soda buffer. 4. Observing the influence to the combination of serum albumin and bromsulphalein on the change of pH after the addtion of buffer into normal human and dilutied serum with distilled water, the combination of them were rapidly dcreased around the pH 8-9 and it became almost zero around the pH 12. 5. In the previous experiment, the combination was more decreased with the addition of urea, lactic acid or uric acid in each than without their addition, but it showed the fixed combination by the kind of buffer on the addition of urea. the extremely scanty decline of combination on the addition of lactic acid and the considerably remarkable decline of combination. 6. Sodium chloride gave no influence of the combination of albumin and bromsulphalein in the serum of same pH, potassium chloride acted to increase the combination, and calcium chloride acted to bromsulphalein itself and acted to control the coloration by caustic soda.


Introduction Ozone-generating UV-lamps are used to remove unwanted grease from ventilation systems. Irritant asthma after exposure to artificially produced ozone has been described at a Norwegian fish hatchery and a sewage plant, as well as in the Swedish paper industry. We present cases that developed asthma after an accident with ozone-producing UV-systems in a restaurant kitchen. Methods Case series Seven subjects that developed asthma were studied in relation to exposure, symptoms, medical history and clinical findings including lung function measurements, reversibility of airflow limitation and bronchial hyper responsiveness (BHR) to methacholine, both shortly after the accidental exposure and two years after the incident. Result Out of a total number of 127 possibly ozone-exposed employees, 55 employees reported symptoms, and seven employees were diagnosed with occupational asthma after the incident. Six of these seven subjects had either positive reversibility and/or positive BHR tests. Two years after cessation of exposure all seven subjects still needed treatment for asthma. Three of the subjects had BHR despite the use of inhaled corticosteroids, all graded as 'very mild BHR'. FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio and FeNO values were within normal range in all cases. None had long absence from work or needed emergency treatment in hospital for their asthma. Discussion The adverse impact of ozone exposure on the airways is well known from epidemiological studies, where the focus has been on the negative health effects of ozone (O3) in ambient air, especially in large cities. Commercial use of the ozone gas' odour absorbing and germ-killing properties has become more common in the last decade. Accidents involving ozone gas from air purifiers with UV-lamps may cause acute irritant asthma. There is a need for greater awareness in the use of ozone-generating devices.


APSA is pleased to recognize political science faculty members who received campus-wide and department awards for teaching excellence during the 2003–2004 academic year. APSA, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, and Pi Sigma Alpha, the national political science honor society, recognize award-winning faculty members each year at the Reception Honoring Teaching at the APSA Annual Meeting. Recognized faculty members receive a certificate noting their accomplishment and their awards are announced in PS and on the APSA web site.


Small molecule-based multilevel rewritable memory devices have recently gained extensive attention because they possess super-high storage density and can sustain the stored data without power supply and erase and rewrite electrically; however, small molecule-based multilevel flash-type memory device is extremely challenging to achieve. Herein, we designed a symmetric molecule with end-capping naphthalimide acceptors through rational tuning. This molecule showed an improved crystal size and uniform crystal orientation in the film state. The sandwich-structured device exhibited the typical WORM (write-once–read-many times) memory property from OFF to ON1 transition and encouraging flash memory behavior for the ON1/ON2 transition. This is the first report on small molecule-based ternary memory devices with rewritable memory behavior, and this study will inspire the exploration of multilevel data-storage devices with fully rewritable properties in the subsequent researches.


The field of personal life is a relatively new area of sociological study that seeks to understand the complexities of contemporary personal and social relationships. This includes exploration of the impact of social, economic, legal, and political change on personal experiences, opportunities, and life-styles.

This ground breaking edited collection presents research on personal and public lives in a period of rapid social and political change. Relatively little is known about how personal and public aspects of life inter-relate and even less about how the outcomes of this relationship shape different areas of life. This book aims to capture and understand the effects of these overlapping spheres on the everyday lives of people in different geographical, cultural, and spatial settings. It brings together research in four key areas; migration and displacement, gender, sexuality, and health, with two main overarching themes. The first theme is how individuals cope with social, political, geographical, and cultural change in these diverse settings. The second relates to how these changes produce diverse inequalities that impact on relationships, roles, and responsibilities. The book thus seeks to increase the visibility of particular aspects of life that have often been neglected in social science research and subsequently open them up to further research and debate.


Many distributed multimedia applications have the ability to adapt to fluctuations in the network conditions. By adjusting temporal and spatial quality to available bandwidth, or manipulating the playout time of continuous media in response to variations in delay, multimedia flows can keep an acceptable QoS level at the end systems. In this paper, we present a new scheme called the loss-delay based adjustment algorithm (LDA) for adapting the transmission rate of multimedia applications to the congestion level of the network. The LDA algorithm was designed to reduce losses and improve utilization in a TCP-friendly way that avoids starving competing TCP connections. It relies on the end-to-end Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) for feedback information. In addition, we enhanced RTP with functionalities for determining the bottleneck bandwidth of a connection. The bottleneck bandwidth is then used for dynamically determining the adaptation parameters. Simulations and measurements of the LDA algorithm suggest the efficiency of the scheme in utilizing network resources, decreasing loss ratios and its fairness towards competing TCP traffic. Our investigations also suggest that the report intervals and feedback information of RTP require some enhancements to accommodate the needs of adaptive QoS control schemes.


Differences between sea surface wind speed estimated from the measurements of two different Ku-band satellite-borne sensors are investigated. The first sensor is the altimeter radar on board the European Remote Sensing Satellite, ERS-2, of the European Space Agency. The second one is the NASA scatterometer, NSCAT, on board the Japanese satellite ADvanced Earth Observing System (ADEOS). Because of the different physical processes involved in the measurements of the two sensors, differences are expected between the two retrieved surface wind speed data. The analyzed data set was extracted from the ERS-2 acid NSCAT collocated data base set up, within ADEOS validation activities, by the French Centre ERS d'Archivage et de Traitement (CERSAT), from the Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer. The dataset covers almost the whole life of NSCAT, from September, 1996, to June, 1997, and consists in more than 800000 pairs of collocated altimeter and scatterometer measurements. On average, wind speed estimates were found to be in agreement over the medium 4-9 ms/sup -1/ wind speed range. At low speed, NSCAT wind speed is overestimated relative to the altimeter one, and inversely, at high wind speed, over 10-17 ms/sup -1/ range, NSCAT is underestimated. The impact of significant wave height and incidence angle on difference between wind speed retrievals from the two sensors was then investigated. Some systematic behaviors were observed as a function of these two parameters and discussed in view of other available analysis and backscatter modeling development.


Abstract Nasal obstruction mainly caused by adenoid hypertrophy in children affects the craniofacial growth and development process, and the craniofacial deviations and/or differences reported in the children are very similar to those in the adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The authors aimed to look for relationships of the linear craniofacial dimensions in the children suffering from nasal obstruction with age, degree of clinical nasal obstruction score (CNOS), and relative size of the adenoid mass within the nasopharynx in their study. Fifty-five children suffering from nasal obstruction were retrospectively enrolled, and clinical data was used to calculate CNOS. On the lateral cephalometric radiographies, 9 linear variables were measured and adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio (ANR) was calculated. The data presented that, not CNOS, but ANR shown decrease by age, while many skeletal variables with exception of the nasopharyngeal and adenoidal postero-anterior dimensions were increased by age. Further, it was found that while CNOS were negatively correlated with the anterior cranial base length, anterior-superior facial height, and maxillary depth, ANR disclosed significant correlation only with the anteriorsuperior facial height. The authors' results support that nasal obstruction in the children was related not only to the adenoidal hypertrophy. Although relative size of the adenoidal mass in relation to the nasopharynx decreased by age, nasal obstruction was still present. Further, these results support that craniofacial deviations and/or differences in the children with nasal obstruction is similar to the adult OSAS patients. Smaller dimensions related to the naso-maxillary complex in the children with more severe nasal obstruction appear to be continuous by age. Hence, it could be said that narrow naso-maxillary complex could contribute to proceed nasal obstruction by age, which may contribute to OSAS in the adults.


Abstract Toxic megacolon (TM) is one of the fatal complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or any infectious etiology of the colon that is characterized by total or partial nonobstructive colonic dilatation and systemic toxicity. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and surgical management is necessary for the majority of the cases. An accurate history and physical examination, plain radiographs of the abdomen, sigmoidoscopy, and, most important of all, awareness of the condition facilitate diagnosis in most cases. Operative intervention is warranted when massive hemorrhage, perforation, or peritonitis complicate the clinical scenario or medical therapy fails to control the disease. We sought to review the management challenges of TM and its possible management strategies in this article.


Wireless ad-hoc network is a temporary autonomous networks, distributed node of its network is determined by the characteristics of the convenience and widespread popularity. But one issue is caused by a routing protocol security and stability, a large number of nodes in this open structure is vulnerable to outside attacks. Traditional virtual location based routing protocol has the advantage of speed, but there safety questions. For this reason, this article proposes and designs are characterized by a high security routing protocol based on virtual location, which improved distance correlation node-positioning algorithms is used. Simulation using NS2 simulation software sees it as virtual locationbased routing protocol than traditional security 20%. The computation algorithm Protocol is no significant decline


The idea that hybridization promotes range expansion has received recent attention, but support from field studies is limited. We hypothesized that in the cladoceran waterflea genus Daphnia, parental species are geographically and ecologically separated, whereas hybrids occupy intermediate or occasionally extreme environments, potentially facilitating range expansion of parental species. We assessed the distribution of Daphnia dentifera, Daphnia galeata and their interspecific hybrids across 44 lakes in China (using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers), and related it to geographical and environmental lake descriptors. Parental species were geographically separated: D. dentifera occurred in western and central China, and D. galeata in eastern and central China, whereas hybrids were found in the western and central parts of the country. However, after controlling for geographical differences, the effect of environment on species distribution was strong and significant. Specifically, D. dentifera was present in high‐altitude oligotrophic lakes, D. galeata in low‐altitude eutrophic lakes and hybrids at intermediate to high altitudes, mainly in mesotrophic lakes. Microsatellite data indicated that hybrids were locally produced rather than having migrated from elsewhere; they probably resulted from encounters between expanding D. galeata and resident D. dentifera. The present study provides evidence that hybrids can survive in habitats that are otherwise suitable for only one of their parental species, emphasizing the importance of hybridization in expansion of species gene pools.


It is estimated that more than 1.5 million new cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases occur throughout the world every year and the disease is endemic in southern and southeastern Turkey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of the CL cases reported in Diyarbakir. A total of 1990 cases were reported during the 5 year period. CL was most frequent in women (25.6 in 100.000) and in the age groups 5-9 and 10-14 (32.0 and 40.3 in 100.000 respectively). CL was most often reported in the Dicle (52.9%) and Hani (37.7%) districts; most were reported in the spring (47.2%) and fewer in the autumn (11.6%). It was observed that reporting increased after diagnosis and the quality of health services improved. Morbidity in Diyarbakir was higher than in the rest of Turkey. The higher prevalence found in children and in women was compatible with other studies. A difference from the other studies was that while morbidity decreased in the 15-44 age-group, there was an increase in the 45 or more age group. CL is endemic in the province of Diyarbakir. The fight against CL must be supported by special programs. Health education of the public and self protection measures should be encouraged along with a greater accessibility of diagnosis and treatment.


We report a novel assay method for enterokinase capable of detecting approx. 1 fmol of enzyme. The method depends on quantification of the release of specifically radiolabelled activation peptides from bovine trypsinogen and is unaffected by trypsin inhibitors. The assay is applicable to biological fluids such as serum. The substrate was produced by selective epsilon-amidination of bovine trypsinogen followed by acetylation with [3H]acetic anhydride and deprotection. The assay has been used to study the effects of pH, Ca2+, ionic strength abd glycodeoxycholate on enterokinase activity.


A novel server-side defense scheme is proposed to resist the Web proxy-based distributed denial of service attack. The approach utilizes the temporal and spatial locality to extract the behavior features of the proxy-to-server traffic, which makes the scheme independent of the traffic intensity and frequently varying Web contents. A nonlinear mapping function is introduced to protect weak signals from the interference of infrequent large values. Then, a new hidden semi-Markov model parameterized by Gaussian-mixture and Gamma distributions is proposed to describe the time-varying traffic behavior of Web proxies. The new method reduces the number of parameters to be estimated, and can characterize the dynamic evolution of the proxy-to-server traffic rather than the static statistics. Two diagnosis approaches at different scales are introduced to meet the requirement of both fine-grained and coarse-grained detection. Soft control is a novel attack response method proposed in this work. It converts a suspicious traffic into a relatively normal one by behavior reshaping rather than rudely discarding. This measure can protect the quality of services of legitimate users. The experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.


In large e-commerce websites, sellers have been observed to engage in fraudulent behaviour, faking historical transactions in order to receive favourable treatment from the platforms, specifically through the allocation of additional buyer impressions which results in higher revenue for them, but not for the system as a whole. This emergent phenomenon has attracted considerable attention, with previous approaches focusing on trying to detect illicit practices and to punish the miscreants. In this paper, we employ the principles of reinforcement mechanism design, a framework that combines the fundamental goals of classical mechanism design, i.e. the consideration of agents' incentives and their alignment with the objectives of the designer, with deep reinforcement learning for optimizing the performance based on these incentives. In particular, first we set up a deep-learning framework for predicting the sellers' rationality, based on real data from any allocation algorithm. We use data from one of largest e-commerce platforms worldwide and train a neural network model to predict the extent to which the sellers will engage in fraudulent behaviour. Using this rationality model, we employ an algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning to optimize the objectives and compare its performance against several natural heuristics, including the platform's implementation and incentive-based mechanisms from the related literature.


ABSTRACT Understanding the geometry of sediment bodies and patterns of sediment disruption in ancient fluvial overbank successions is fundamental to interpretations of overbank deposition. Overbank deposits of the fluvial Chinji Formation (Siwalik Group) can be divided into sequences 1-20 m thick defined by the alternation of stratified sediments and paleosols. Preservation of stratified sequences does not support a gradual vertical aggradation of overbank sediments over the extent of the floodplain, but instead indicates periods of rapid sediment deposition followed by long hiatuses and soil development. Rapid deposition of overbank sequences is predicted by models that hypothesize: (1) episodic vertical aggradation of the entire floodplain, (2) deposition controlled by the growth of alluvial ridges, (3) incision and filling of local valleys, (4) rapid filling of localized low areas, or (5) rapid deposition associated with river-channel avulsion. These models also have important implications for understanding fossil preservation and floodplain paleoecology. Paleosol-bounded sequences in the Chinji Formation can pinch out laterally over kilometers, indicating that episodes of rapid deposition were restricted to local areas on the floodplain. There is no evidence that bases of sequences are erosional, and they do not appear to record valley incision and filling. Sequences generally do not thin and fine systematically away from the terminating margins of major channel deposits, suggesting they are not related to the growth of alluvial ridges along active channels. Lithologic variations and patterns of sediment disruption within sequences appear to reflect the rapid tilling of low areas on the floodplain both adjacent to and distal from the major river channel. This infilling of floodplain topography may reflect a continuous process, whereby local areas were always being filled somewhere on the floodplain by sediments from minor tributary or crevasse channels. Alternatively, the filling of local flood-plain topography may have been caused by widespread but short-lived events associated with river-channel avulsion.


ABSTRACT Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms represent a problematic clinical entity, especially because of their recalcitrance to antifungal drugs, which poses a number of therapeutic implications for invasive aspergillosis, the most difficult-to-treat Aspergillus-related disease. While the antibiofilm activities of amphotericin B (AMB) deoxycholate and its lipid formulations (e.g., liposomal AMB [LAMB]) are well documented, the effectiveness of these drugs in combination with nonantifungal agents is poorly understood. In the present study, in vitro interactions between polyene antifungals (AMB and LAMB) and alginate lyase (AlgL), an enzyme degrading the polysaccharides produced as extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) within the biofilm matrix, against A. fumigatus biofilms were evaluated by using the checkerboard microdilution and the time-kill assays. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image and quantify the effects of AlgL-antifungal combinations on biofilm-growing hyphal cells. On the basis of fractional inhibitory concentration index values, synergy was found between both AMB formulations and AlgL, and this finding was also confirmed by the time-kill test. Finally, AFM analysis showed that when A. fumigatus biofilms were treated with AlgL or polyene alone, as well as with their combination, both a reduction of hyphal thicknesses and an increase of adhesive forces were observed compared to the findings for untreated controls, probably owing to the different action by the enzyme or the antifungal compounds. Interestingly, marked physical changes were noticed in A. fumigatus biofilms exposed to the AlgL-antifungal combinations compared with the physical characteristics detected after exposure to the antifungals alone, indicating that AlgL may enhance the antibiofilm activity of both AMB and LAMB, perhaps by disrupting the hypha-embedding EPSs and thus facilitating the drugs to reach biofilm cells. Taken together, our results suggest that a combination of AlgL and a polyene antifungal may prove to be a new therapeutic strategy for invasive aspergillosis, while reinforcing the EPS as a valuable antibiofilm drug target.


The main hypothesis of this paper is that the Chilean economy's poor performance over the last two decades (e.g., average productivity growth collapsed by three quarters vis-a-vis the previous cycle) results from its development strategy having run its course -being now in desperate need of a full "upgrade" (one capable of generating new engines of productivity growth; e.g., the industrialisation of commodities, a "green new deal", or the spread of the new technological paradigm to the four corners of the economy). The same can be said of the neo-liberal ideology at its foundations, as most of its "absolute certainties" are being shaken to the core. However, neither the (not so) invisible hand of distorted markets, nor centre-left or centre-right governments have had much of a clue as to how to bring this change about. There is also (unlike, say, in some Asian economies) a generalised lack of nerve to do anything about it. Consequently, the Chilean economy is now jammed in a rather transparent -and self-made- "middle-income trap". In fact, change has come in the opposite direction: in order to reinforce the growingly fragile status quo, a new policy-straightjacket has been added in the form of the Transpacific Treaty, or TPP-11, which gives large corporations (foreign and domestic) a de facto veto against any change in policy. In turn, the advanced countries' "reverse catching-up" isn't helping either, as this also helps reinforce the convictions of those in Chile defending the status quo. We are all now indeed converging in the West, north and south, but towards Latin American features such as mobile elites creaming off the rewards of economic growth, and 'magic realist' politics that lack self-respect if not originality. In fact, it is now even tempting to say to those in the high-income OECD "Welcome to the Third World".


Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in displacing submacular hemorrhage in patients who had scleral buckling procedures complicated by the development of submacular hemorrhage. Final visual acuity and complications of the procedures were evaluated. Methods Sequential intravitreal injections of 50 &mgr;g rTPA in 0.1 mL and 0.4 cc SF6 were performed in eight patients who showed submacular hemorrhage 1 day after a scleral buckling procedure. The fundus was checked daily for 3 days after the injection of TPA and gas, and then was followed every week for 1 month and then every 2 months. Patients were observed for at least 6 months. Visual acuity and the status of complications were evaluated. Results Submacular hemorrhage was totally or partially displaced extramacularly in all patients on the day after rTPA and SF6 injection. Vitreous hemorrhage was present in all patients. The retina was attached in all patients and no recurrent retinal detachment was noted. Visual acuity was improved at 6 months after treatment in all seven of the patients with macula-off retinal detachments compared to the preoperative visual acuity. The last patient who had a macula-sparing retinal detachment had decreased vision (20/25) at 6 months compared to preoperatively. Conclusions Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and SF6 injection is an easy procedure that is less complicated than and as effective as internal drainage in patients with submacular hemorrhage developing as a complication of scleral buckling procedures.


Objective: Research on executive functions (EFs) has revealed evidence for general abilities that underlie performance across multiple EF tasks and domains. This Common EF factor is highly stable in adolescence through young adulthood, correlates with other important cognitive abilities, and is explained largely by genetic influences. However, little is known about Common EF beyond young adulthood. This study examines 3 hypotheses regarding the latent structure, genetic/environmental etiology, and cognitive correlates of Common EF in middle age. Method: We examined data from 1,284 middle-aged twins (51–60 years) in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging who completed 7 neuropsychological measures of EFs, as well as measures of general cognitive ability and processing speed. Results: Our confirmatory factor analysis indicated that Common EF explained variation across all 7 EF tasks. Inhibition and shifting were subsumed entirely under the Common EF factor, and there was an additional working memory span-specific factor. Common EF was heritable in midlife (a2 = .46), with additional evidence for both shared environmental influences (c2 = .41) and nonshared environmental influences (e2 = .13). Higher Common EF was moderately associated with higher general cognitive ability, measured both in early adulthood and midlife, and faster processing speed in midlife. These correlations were primarily driven by shared genetic influences. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that Common EF captures similar EF abilities in midlife as in adolescence and young adulthood. However, environmental influences may explain a larger portion of variance in this construct as individuals age.


This paper discusses the rank set sampling (RSS) protocol as it pertains to the estimation of a population proportion. The ranking process is based on a concomitant variable. The concomitant‐based RSS estimate is asymptotically normal so standard inference procedures can still be implemented. This is illustrated using a real data set from the medical literature. The performance of the estimator is studied in terms of relative efficiency. Generally speaking, the concomitant‐based RSS estimator is more efficient than the proportion of successes in a simple random sample. The greatest gains in efficiency are obtained when the correlation between the Bernoulli and concomitant variable is large in absolute value. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Since their inception in March 1972, Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology have brought together scientists from across the globe to discuss key biological topics. Now in its 40th year, it is a completely independent, nonprofit organization devoted solely to providing outstanding scientific conferences in all areas of the biological and biomedical sciences. Towards the end of May 2011, over 200 virologists and immunologists came to Hong Kong, an appropriate setting given the emergence of H5N1, to discuss influenza virus and host interactions. The meeting, expertly organized by Siamon Gordon (University of Oxford, Oxofrd, UK), Malik Peiris (University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China) and Kanta Subbarao (NIAID, NIH, MD, USA), took place in the aftermath of the first pandemic in 40 years and provided great insight into both pandemic H1N1 and H5N1. This article focuses on some of the recurring themes that were discussed during the week.


This study was conducted in Kosti town, White Nile State, Sudan, to determine the effect of the temperature and turbidity of water on breeding habitats of different species of mosquitoes. Data of water, temperature and turbidity were recorded. Immature stages of mosquitoes, collected by the dipping method from breeding habitats in three residential areas in Kosti town, were reared to adult stage and identified. It was found that the mean temperature of the water body from where large numbers were recovered ranged between 28-35°C. Aquatic stages of the mosquitos also, preferred water with high turbidity ranging from 451 to 650 ppm. The result concluded the early stage of most mosquito species were significantly positively correlated with temperature and turbidity of water.


Discourse is often considered as a taken-for-granted notion, however, it is already a representational genre of design thinking whether written/ unwritten, spoken/unspoken, designed/ undesigned, realised/unrealised. This article explores current architectural discourse to understand its relations with the design thinking transmitted through various modes of representations in media, education and practice, and to find out how such discourse might implicitly influence design ideas. The article argues that discourse, in this context, will stand as a product in itself in architectural culture. Moreover, a cross-view of today's architectural discourses will inform us about the present state of architecture, how contemporary architects express themselves or communicate from such points of view, and what might be the emergent issues and possibilities in architecture and design representation.


BACKGROUND: Although mirror pain occurs after cordotomy in patients experiencing unilateral pain via a referred pain mechanism, no studies have examined whether this pain mechanism operates in patients who have bilateral pain. OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of cordotomy for bilateral pain from the viewpoint of increased pain or new pain caused by a referred pain mechanism. METHODS: Twenty-six patients who underwent percutaneous cordotomy through C1-C2 for severe bilateral cancer pain in the lumbosacral nerve region were enrolled. Pain was dominant on 1 side in 23 patients, and pain was equally severe on both sides in 3 patients. Unilateral cordotomy was performed for the dominant side of pain, and bilateral cordotomy was performed for 13 patients in whom pain on the nondominant side developed or remained severe after cordotomy. RESULTS: After unilateral cordotomy, 19 patients (73.1%) exhibited increased pain, which for 14 patients was as severe as the original dominant pain. After bilateral cordotomy, 7 patients (53.4%) exhibited new pain, which was located cephalad to the region rendered analgesic by cordotomy and was better controlled than the original pain. No pathological organic causes of new pain were found in any patient, and evidence of a referred pain mechanism was found in 3 patients after bilateral cordotomy. CONCLUSION: These results show that a referred pain mechanism causes increased or new pain after cordotomy in patients with bilateral pain. Nevertheless, cordotomy can still be indicated for patients with bilateral pain because postoperative pain is better controlled than the original pain.


The compound axis control technique is an effective means to improve the accuracy and bandwidth of high precision electro-optical tracking systems. However, traditional methods of lead and lag correction can not achieve ideal performance. The robust control method based on the disturbance observer (DOB) is introduced in this paper, and the method is applied to the electro-optical tracking system together with the Kalman Filter. Compared to the traditional method of lead and lag correction, the method based on DOB can inhibit high-frequency noise and compensate for low-frequency interference better, such as frictions, and achieve better precision finally.


Recent research reveals that the state of Mississippi ranks among other states as the highest in obesity and ADHD and among the lowest in education. These rankings negatively affect the state as a whole by associating Mississippi with an image of being unhealthy and unintelligent. Studies show that physical activity is related to the brain and its processes, so there is obviously a connection between Mississippi's high obesity and ADHD rates and inferior education. However, teachers are unaware of the relevance of the connection between movement, high levels of obesity, low education rates, and high levels of ADHD; thus, they are not incorporating movement into their lesson plans.
 The purpose of this research is to analyze the connection between physical activity and learning as well as explore possible solutions to integrate the two. A new campaign entitled Brains in Motion will be created and assessed to determine effectiveness. The objective of Brains in Motion is to influence teachers to incorporate more movement and physical activity in the classroom and to develop a campaign that shows teachers how easily this can be done in order to solve the problems Mississippi faces due to a lack of movement. This research analyzes previous campaigns and survey insights to uncover the opportunities Brains in Motion should capitalize on in order to be successful. Brains in Motion is a fictional movement campaign that features all of its resources on its membership website. The program aims to be the teacher's assistant and best friend in the classroom with its premade videos, movement activities, and lesson plans that are easily accessible online. Teachers do not have to go out of their way to incorporate movement in their classrooms because Brains in Motion is simple and easy to use. Brains in Motion matches the grade level and classroom content to its resources, so the activities are relevant to all teachers and students. The research revealed that teachers are aware of the need for movement in the classroom, but are not motivated to utilize the connection in their classrooms. Brains in Motion aims to increase awareness as well as motivate and demonstrate to teachers what needs to be done to help students achieve their full potential.