Background: Both urinary incontinence (UI) and fibromyalgia symptoms affect the physical function of women and lead to negative effects on the quality of life and emotional status. Our aim is to identify the prevalence of symptoms of fibromyalgia (FM) in women with UI and the relationships of FM with subtypes of UI. Methods: UI was diagnosed based on clinical histories, gynecologic examinations and urodynamic investigation results. FM was diagnosed according to the 2010 American Community of Rheumatology criteria. The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), a visual analog scale (VAS) evaluation measure, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to evaluate physical functions related to health status and to assess pain, sleep quality and the level of depression in the subjects, respectively. To assess the quality of life of women with UI, we used the urogenital distress inventory short-form (UDI-6) and the incontinence impact questionnaire short-form (IIQ-7). Results: The patient population (n = 94) was composed of consecutive women with stress incontinence (n = 20), urge incontinence (n = 19), and mixed incontinence (n = 21) and a healthy control group without UI (n = 34). Body mass index (BMI), parity, FM frequency, FM tender points, FM symptoms other than fatigue and sicca symptoms, were significantly more frequently found and also scores of VAS, FIQ and BDI, were significantly higher in the women with UI than the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of our study, symptoms of FM are more prevalent in women with UI, but not related with subtypes of IU. We suggested that IU may trigger FM symptoms due to causing depression and anxiety by disturbing the quality of life in women. But further studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm these findings.


We demonstrate a novel dual color magneto—optical trap (MOT), which uses two sets of overlapping laser beams to cool and trap 87Rb atoms. The volume of cold cloud in the dual color MOT is strongly dependent on the frequency difference of the laser beams and can be significantly larger than that in the normal MOT with single frequency MOT beams. Our experiment shows that the dual color MOT has the same loading rate as the normal MOT, but much longer loading time, leading to threefold increase in the number of trapped atoms. This indicates that the larger number is caused by reduced light induced loss. The dual color MOT is very useful in experiments where both high vacuum level and large atom number are required, such as single chamber quantum memory and Bose—Einstein condensation (BEC) experiments. Compared to the popular dark spontaneous-force optical trap (dark SPOT) technique, our approach is technically simpler and more suitable to low power laser systems.


Background: There are multiple preoperative risk scores for pediatric mortality. The aim of this study was to systematically describe and compare the existing studies of patient-specific multispecialty risk prediction scores for perioperative mortality in pediatric populations, with the goal of guiding clinicians on which may be most appropriate for use in the preoperative setting. Methods: This study is a systematic literature review of published journal articles that presented the development, extension/updating, and/or validation of a risk core that predicted all-cause mortality (up to 30 days postoperatively) in pediatric patients undergoing a procedure in which anesthesia was used. Scores needed to be applicable to surgeries in more than one noncardiac surgical specialty and had to be able to be calculated by the anesthesiologist at the time of the preanesthetic assessment. Two investigators independently screened studies for inclusion and assessed study quality in the domains of clinical applicability, feasibility/ease of use in the clinical setting, and risk of bias. Results: A total of 1,681 titles were retrieved. Of these, 10 studies met inclusion criteria: 9 reported the development and validation of scores, and 1 was an external validation of an existing score. Seven studies used varying years of multicenter data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program–Pediatric Participant Use File for development and/or validation. The unadjusted rate of mortality in the studies ranged from 0.3 to 3.6%. The preoperative predictors of mortality used in score development included patient demographics, preoperative therapies, and chronic conditions, among others. All models showed good discrimination upon validation (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve greater than 0.8). Most risk scores had high or unclear risks of bias. Conclusions: There are numerous scores available for the prediction of mortality in pediatric populations, all of which exhibited good performance. However, many have high or unclear risks of bias, and most have not undergone external validation. This systematic review of the literature identified nine studies with the development and internal validation of prediction scores for perioperative mortality in pediatric populations. While all models showed good discrimination upon internal validation, many also had high or unclear risks of bias, and only one underwent external validation. These findings point to the necessity of further refining and externally validating pediatric preoperative prediction scores before adopting them in clinical practice.


SRSF2, SF3B1, and U2AF35 (U2AF1) are the three most frequent genes involved with spliceosome mutations in myeloid malignancies. SF3B1 mutations are most frequent (~80%) in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with ring sideroblasts (RS) but lack prognostic relevance. SRSF2 mutations are associated with shortened overall (OS) and leukemia‐free survival (LFS) in both MDS and myelofibrosis. In this study of 226 patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), mutational frequencies were 40% for SRSF2 (all affecting P95), 6% for SF3B1 (primarily K700E) and 9% for U2AF35 (mostly S34F and Q157P/R). These mutations were mutually exclusive and 54% of the patients displayed at least one mutation. The three mutation groups were phenotypically similar, with the exception of higher RS% (P < 0.0001) in patients with SF3B1 mutations. At a median follow‐up of 15 months, 176 (78%) deaths and 32 (14%) leukemic transformations were documented. OS (median survivals of 17, 16, 17, and 20 months; P = 0.48) and LFS (leukemic transformation rates of 17, 13, 15, and 5%; P = 0.63) were similar among patients with none of the three mutations, SRSF2, SF3B1, or U2AF35 mutations, respectively. We conclude that SRSF2 is the most frequently mutated spliceosome gene in CMML but neither it nor SF3B1 or U2AF35 mutations are prognostically relevant. Am. J. Hematol. 88:201–206, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The relatively unobtrusive deep-sea camera system Eye-in-the-Sea (EITS) was deployed in Monterey Bay Canyon, California, USA, to assess the relative photosensitivity of 2 deep- sea fishes, Coryphaenoides acrolepis and Anoplopoma fimbria. Previous studies addressing the in situ response of deep-sea fishes to red and white light were done in the presence of ROV-induced stimuli. Here, we report on the behavioral response of C. acrolepis and A. fimbria in a vehicle-free environment when subjected to white (full visible spectrum), red (685 nm), and far-red (695 nm) illu- mination in situ. Under far-red light conditions, A. fimbria spent significantly more time in the field- of-view and demonstrated an increase in entrances/exits when compared to the situation under red-light and white-light conditions. No significant difference in the average time C. acrolepis spent in the field-of-view was found between any of the test wavelengths; however, the entrances-to-exits ratio for C. acrolepis decreased during white-light conditions. While A. fimbria often displayed a flight response at the onset of white and sometimes red (685 nm) illumination, C. acrolepis did not demonstrate a similar behavioral response when exposed to light within its range of visual sensitiv- ity. A. fimbria undergo a dramatic ontogenic shift in depth, inhabiting well-lit, near-shore waters as juveniles and moving into deeper waters as adults. It is thought that C. acrolepis spend part of their early life history in the light-limited mesopelagic, below the permanent thermocline, and move into deeper waters as they mature. Based on the results of the present study, we hypothesize that systematic differences in the phototactic responses of deep-sea fishes are a function of life history as well as spectral sensitivity.


The unchecked dispersal of antipersonnel landmines since the late 19th century has resulted in large areas contaminated with these explosive devices, creating a substantial worldwide humanitarian safety risk. The main obstacle to safe and effective landmine removal is the identification of their exact location, an activity that currently requires entry of personnel into the minefields; to date, there is no commercialized technology for an efficient stand‐off detection of buried landmines. In this article, we describe the optimization of a microbial sensor strain, genetically engineered for the remote detection of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoloune (TNT)‐based mines. This bioreporter, designed to bioluminescence in response to minute concentrations of either TNT or 2,4‐dinitotoluene (DNT), was immobilized in hydrogel beads and optimized for dispersion over the minefield. Following modifications of the hydrogel matrix in which the sensor bacteria are encapsulated, as well as their genetic reporting elements, these sensor bacteria sensitively detected buried 2,4‐dinitrotoluene in laboratory experiments. Encapsulated in 1.5 mm 2% alginate beads containing 1% polyacrylic acid, they also detected the location of a real metallic antipersonnel landmine under field conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the detection of a buried landmine with a luminescent microbial bioreporter.


This new interpretive history of Mexican art and architecture from the Spanish Conquest to the early decades of the 21st century is the most comprehensive introduction to the subject in fifty years. James Oles ranges widely across media and genres, offering new readings of paintings, murals, sculptures, buildings, prints and photographs. He interprets major works by such famous artists as Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, but also discusses less familiar figures who were equally important in the construction of national identity. The story of Mexican art is set in its rich historical context by the books treatment of political and social change. The author draws on recent scholarship to examine crucial issues of race, class and gender, including an exploration of the work of indigenous artists during the colonial period, and of women artists in the 19th and 20th centuries. Throughout, Oles shows how artists in Mexico participated in local and international developments, and highlights the important role played by Mexicans in the art world of the last five centuries.


Diaphragmatic hernia is a common thoraco-abdominal disorder in adult-milch buffaloes. This disorder with its high morbidity and mortality has emerged as a major surgical condition affecting the productivity of farm animals. Increased intra-abdominal pressure due to normal heavy weight of viscera, tympany of varying degrees, advanced pregnancy and efforts at calving plays major role in inducing reticular diaphragmatic hernia in buffaloes. Signs of tympany, brisket oedema, anorexia, chronic cough, abduction of limbs, intermittent constipation or diarrhoea with small quantity of loose or scanty pasty faeces are usually present in most of the animals affected with diaphragmatic hernia. The condition is difficult to diagnose only on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms. However, imaging technique like ultrasonography can be of high diagnostic value in detecting the condition.


This paper reports on a project to re-curate and catalogue the Adams and Bernard collection of 174 Venezuelan hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) at the Manchester Museum. The project was made possible by a grant awarded by the Natural Science Collections Association (NatSCA). The moths were set, photographed, accessioned, identified, and recorded in the museum database. The collection was found to represent 43 species in 16 genera.


Many workers reveal a preference for a gradual reduction in work hours as they approach retirement ("phased retirement"), rather than a sudden change from full-time work to full-time retirement. Pension regulations may impede phased retirement without a switch of employers by prohibiting access to pension assets. This study uses Health and Retirement Survey data to investigate the extent to which a gradual reduction in work hours is made difficult by pensions, particularly defined benefit plans. The study also explores other possible impediments to phased retirement.


Overview: Reversed-polarity questions (Koshik 2002) are constructions that have the morphosyntactic form of questions, but are pragmatically interpreted as assertions of the opposite polarity (such as the English Isn't it raining? ). These constructions are ubiquitous in Maihɨki (Western Tukanoan, Peru; previously known as Orejon). Primary field data shows that, in this language, native speakers frequently interpret both negative (1) and positive (2) polar questions as declaratives of the opposite polarity. (1) idari mani dɨohomaaɨ . i -dari mani dɨo -ho -ma -aɨ DEM -CL:place kill immerse.in.water -PERF -NEG -3SG.M.PST.INTERR "Here he killed him and threw him in the water" (declarative reading) "Didn't he kill him and throw him in the water here?" (interrogative reading) (2) heka ɨa beere. heka ɨa bee -re firewood small.qty carry.on.back -1PL.PST.INTERR "We carried a lot of wood" (declarative reading) "Did we carry a small quantity of wood?" (interrogative reading) Previous work on reversed-polarity questions in other Western Tukanoan languages has described negative polarity constructions similar to (1) as indirect evidentials (Wheeler 1987) or as conjectural constructions combining evidential and weak epistemic modal meanings (Bruil 2014). Problem: Conveying evidential status and epistemic modality are somewhat marginal functions of reversed-polarity questions in Maihɨki. Out of 269 reversed-polarity questions in a ~110,000-word corpus of recorded texts, less than 50 tokens could be felicitously glossed as having conjectural or inferential evidentiality or weak epistemic modality. The remaining reversed-polarity questions in the corpus were found primarily in agonistic and potentially-agonistic discursive contexts of critical evaluation of individual behavior; self-defense against explicit criticism; discussion of potentially controversial behavior; and assertion of socially contested, though not epistemically uncertain, beliefs. Discussion: Through detailed analysis of passages from the corpus, I show that speakers of Maihɨki use reversed-polarity questions not as a grammatical means of indicating evidential or epistemic status, but as a more general interactional strategy in which the speaker, through use of an interrogative verb form, prompts her interlocutor to issue a preferred response consisting of a declarative verb of the opposite polarity. Reversed-polarity questions therefore retain one part of the pragmatics of typical interrogatives: they explicitly solicit a response from the interlocutor, albeit a scripted response of affilitiation with the speaker's stance toward the proposition expressed by the question. This request for affiliation acts to mitigate the threats involved in introducing a proposition which -- whether because of its epistemic status, or because it touches a morally or epistemically controversial subject -- may disrupt the interaction. Theoretical Implications: In both Maihɨki and many Indo-European languages, reversed-polarity questions may be interpreted either as epistemically weak conjectures (e.g. Romero and Han 2004) or, especially in agonistic contexts, as emphatic assertions (Heritage 2002, Koshik 2002). This paper offers a unified pragmatic analysis accounting for both functions, as well as for the apparent development of reversed-polarity questions into evidentials in Western Tukanoan. Furthermore, the study provides the first in-depth pragmatic study of reversed-polarity questions in a non-Indo-European language, adding to cross-linguistic understanding of this question type.


How are natives attitudes towards migrants shaped by economic crises? Natives could show more compassion towards migrants as everyone faces a common threat. Alternatively, natives prejudice could rise as competition for scarce economic opportunities increases. We conduct an online survey to 3,400 Colombian citizens and randomly prime half of them to think about the economic consequences of COVID-19, before eliciting their altruism and attitudes towards Venezuelan migrants. We find that natives attitudes towards migrants are substantially more negative in the treatment relative to the control group. Individuals ages 18 to 25 years, however, respond to the treatment by showing more altruism.


ABSTRACT Scholars have been critical of the gender-biased nature of policing, and its effects on service delivery. They highlight how law enforcement is male-dominated, and how this impacts negatively on women as offenders and victims of crime. Such criticisms have mobilised international and national institutional support for more gender equitable representation in policing agencies. A growing body of research has addressed the impact of increasing the numbers of women police, and how this might lead to more sympathetic and less gender prejudicial policing. This paper reports on a study commissioned by the Tuvalu Police Service that explored public perceptions of service delivery. Our analysis spotlights perceptions about women in policing, attitudes in relation to preferred officer-gender in calls for service and views on increasing the number of women employed as police. The findings identified clear support for increasing the number of women police, but ambiguous sentiments in relation to the types of roles female officers could perform. Closer analysis of qualitative data, however, revealed an appreciation of the strengths of women police who, in a context characterised by regulatory pluralism, were able to address the needs of female victims and offenders in ways that male officers could not.


This paper proposes a method for sensor validation and fault detection in wind turbines. Ensuring validity of sensor measurements is a significant part in overall condition monitoring as sensor faults lead to incorrect results in monitoring a system's state of health. Although identifying abrupt failures in sensors is relatively straightforward, calibration drifts are more difficult to detect. Therefore, a detection and isolation technique for sensor calibration drifts on the purpose of measurement validation was developed. Temperature sensor measurements from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system of a wind turbine were used for this aim. Low output rate of the measurements and nonlinear characteristics of the system drive the necessity to design an advanced fault detection algorithm. Artificial neural networks were chosen for this purpose considering their high performance in nonlinear environments. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively detect existence of calibration drift and isolate the exact sensor with faulty behaviour.


The research aimed to find the appropriate plant spacing and weeding period to onion growth and production in ultisol land. Furthermore, the objective of the research is to identify interaction between plant spacing and weeding period and its effect to onion growth and production. The experiment conducted in May 2014 – July 2014 in Experimental Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Fisheries and Biology, Bangka Belitung University. It used Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors and three repeated. First factor is plant spacing, consist of J1 (10 x 15 cm) and J2 (20 x 15 cm). Second factor is weeding period, consist of P0 (without weeding), P1 (weeding in 7 day after palnting), P2 (weeding in 14 day after palnting), P3 (weeding in 21 day after palnting), P4 (weeding in 28 day after palnting), P5 (weeding to harvest time). The result showed plant spacing 20 x 15 cm and weeding period until harvest time give the great result to onion growth and production. Furthermore, it showed that no interaction between plant spacing and weeding period.


The task of separating a single recording of a polyphonic instrument (e.g. piano, guitar, etc.) into distinctive pitch tracks is challenging. One promising class of methods to accomplish this task is based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). Such methods, however, are still far from perfect. Distinct pitches from a single instrument have similar timbre, similar note attacks, and contain overlapping harmonics that all make separation difficult. In an attempt to overcome these issues, we use a database of synthesized piano and guitar recordings to learn the harmonic structure of distinct pitches, perform NMF-based separation, and then extend the method to allow an end-user to interactively correct for errors in the output separation estimates by drawing on a piano roll display of the separated tracks. The user-annotations are mapped to linear grouping regularization parameters within a modified NMF-based algorithm and are then used to refine the separation estimates in an iterative manner. For evaluation, a prototype user-interface was built and used to separate several polyphonic guitar and piano recordings. Initial results show that the method of interactive feedback can significantly increase the separation quality and produce high-quality separation results.


A cell line was established from male rhesus embryonic lung tissue in 1968. Tests for adventitious agents at every tenth passage were negative. The cells had diploid characteristics, and supported the growth of polio, rubella, and dengue viruses. Tests for latent RNA tumor viruses and tumorigenic potential were uniformly negative. A small clinical trial with rubella vaccine produced in these cells was conducted, and no major adverse reactions were reported. This cell line appears to meet all criteria of acceptability for a safe vaccine cell substrate.


Against the trend prevalent during the 1990s and 2000s, large-scale infrastructural projects have made a comeback in the water sector. Although sometimes framed as part of a broader sustainable transition, the return of big infrastructure is a much more complicated story in which finance has played a crucial role. In the following article, we explore this encounter between finance and water infrastructure using the case of Britain's first experiment in desalination technologies, the Thames Water Desalination Plant (TWDP). On the surface, the plant appears to be a classic example of the successes of normative industrial ecology, in which sustainability challenges have been met with forward-thinking green innovations. However, the TWDP is utterly dependent on a byzantine financial model, which has shaped Thames Water's investment strategy over the last decade. This article returns to the fundamental question of whether London ever needed a desalination plant in the first place. Deploying an urban political ecology approach, we demonstrate how the plant is simultaneously an iconic illustration of ecological modernization and a fragile example of an infrastructure-heavy solution to the demands of financialization. Understanding the development of the TWDP requires a focus on the scalar interactions between flows of finance, waste, energy and water that are woven through the hydrosocial cycle of London.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of intramuscular ketamine with pethidine and placebo on post operative shivering in children undergoing tonsillectomy.

METHODS
A prospective randomized double-blind study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Naval Base Hospital, Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from November 2006 to October 2007. One hundred and twenty children (American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade 1, aged 5-12 years) were enrolled. Children were randomly allocated to receive ketamine 1 mg/kg (group K, n=40), or pethidine 0.5 mg/kg (group P, n=40), or normal saline (group S, n=40) intramuscularly just after induction of general anesthesia. Hemodynamic parameters, oxygen saturation and tympanic temperature were measured and recorded before induction of anesthesia and at regular intervals thereafter. An investigator blinded to the treatment group, graded postoperative shivering using a 5 point scale.

RESULTS
The number of patients shivering on arrival to the recovery room and at 10 and 20 minutes after operation were significantly less in groups K (1,1,1) than in group S (19,12,17). No patient that received pethidine shivered. The time to first analgesic requirement in group S was shorter than groups K and P (p=0.001).

CONCLUSION
The study indicates that the use of a prophylactic low dose ketamine was found to be effective in preventing post anesthesia shivering in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Ketamine may have at least theoretical advantages over pethidine as regard respiratory depression, nausea, and vomiting.


Uniaxial tensile deformation behavior of 5A90 aluminium-lithium alloy sheet is investigated in the hot forming with the temperature range of 200-450°C and strain rate range of 0.3×10-3-0.2×10-1s-1. It is found that the flow stress of 5A90 Al-Li alloy in uniaxial tension increase with increasing strain rate and decrease with increasing temperature, however, the tendency of total elongation is just the reverse, and the optimum forming temperature is 400°C. The strain rate sensitivity index (m-value) remarkably increases with increasing temperature for a given strain rate. It is shown that 5A90 Al-Li alloy sheet displays the sensitivity to the strain rate at elevated temperatures. For a given strain rate, the strain hardening index (n-value) decreases with increasing temperature, whereas the n-value increases above 350°C. The constitutive equation of stress, strain and strain rate for 5A90 Al-Li alloy at any temperature is obtained by fitting the experimental data, which gave a good flow stress model for the FEM simulation of hot forming.


Automated trading systems play an increasingly important role in equity markets. The challenge of trading large order volumes and baskets is often met today with automated trading algorithms. An investment decision generally leads to orders with specifications such as security, size, and urgency but also specifications (e.g., expected profit), and constraints (e.g., dollar neutrality) may be given. The trader has to choose a trading strategy ensuring best execution under given marginal constraints. This review provides an overview of how such trading algorithms work. The ideas behind some standard strategies are presented, as well as approaches to enhance them. For developing automated trading strategies for stock markets, a deep understanding in market microstructure is necessary, so we review this topic as well. We have a look on the issue how market quality is affected by market designs of trading platforms and fragmentation of the market. Trading costs are the main attribute of market quality. Trading strategies are implemented to optimize trading costs and execution risk by taking market microstructure aspects into account. Empirical analyses of trading volume and order book characteristics help to adjust the trading strategies.


The performance on deep learning is significantly affected by volume of training data. Models pre-trained from massive dataset such as ImageNet become a powerful weapon for speeding up training convergence and improving accuracy. Similarly, models based on large dataset are important for the development of deep learning in 3D medical images. However, it is extremely challenging to build a sufficiently large dataset due to difficulty of data acquisition and annotation in 3D medical imaging. We aggregate the dataset from several medical challenges to build 3DSeg-8 dataset with diverse modalities, target organs, and pathologies. To extract general medical three-dimension (3D) features, we design a heterogeneous 3D network called Med3D to co-train multi-domain 3DSeg-8 so as to make a series of pre-trained models. We transfer Med3D pre-trained models to lung segmentation in LIDC dataset, pulmonary nodule classification in LIDC dataset and liver segmentation on LiTS challenge. Experiments show that the Med3D can accelerate the training convergence speed of target 3D medical tasks 2 times compared with model pre-trained on Kinetics dataset, and 10 times compared with training from scratch as well as improve accuracy ranging from 3% to 20%. Transferring our Med3D model on state-the-of-art DenseASPP segmentation network, in case of single model, we achieve 94.6\% Dice coefficient which approaches the result of top-ranged algorithms on the LiTS challenge.


The paper develops a semantics for natural language interrogatives which identifies questions---the denotations of interrogatives---with propositional abstracts. The paper argues that a theory of Questions as Propositional Abstracts (QPA), is a simple, transparently implementable theory that has significant empirical coverage. However, until recently QPA has been abandoned in formal semantic treatments of questions, due to a number of significant problems QPA encountered when formulated within the type system of Montague Semantics. In recent work, Ginzburg and Sag provided a a situation theoretic implementation of QPA that succeeded in overcoming certain of the original problems for QPA. However, Ginzburg and Sag's proposal relied on a special purpose account of λ-abstraction, raising the question to what extent QPA can be sustained using standard notions of abstraction. In this paper such doubts are allayed by implementing QPA in a version of Type Theory that provides record types. These latter allow one to develop notions of simultaneous/vacuous abstraction with restrictions and an ontology with various 'informational entities'. Moreover, the intrinsic polymorphism of this theory plays a crucial role in enabling the definition of a general type for questions, one of the main stumbling blocks for earlier versions of QPA.


An unusual form of thymidine kinase has been found in cytosols from breast cancers. It differs from the adult and fetal isoenzymes of thymidine kinase in so far as its activity could not be isolated from that of thymidylate kinase. Following sucrose density gradients, electrofocusing, ion exchange chromatography or molecular sieving, both activities appeared as a single peak. These facts suggest that they could be attributed to a single multifunctional protein.


PURPOSE
This study was conducted to develop a self-management program using goal setting for patients after a stroke. The program was based on a theory-based Goal setting and Action Planning framework (G-AP), and the effectiveness of the program was examined.

METHODS
A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The experimental group (n=30) received the self-management program using goal setting based on the G-AP over 7 weeks. The education was delivered individually with a specifically designed stroke workbook. The control group (n=30) received only patient information leaflets about stroke.

RESULTS
There were significant differences between the two groups. Stroke knowledge, self-efficacy, and health behavior compliance were significantly higher (all p<.001), and hospital anxiety (p<.001) and depression (p<.001) were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION
This self-management program using goal setting based on a G-AP was found to be useful and beneficial for patients in stroke rehabilitation settings.


Aims. We present clumps of dust emission from Herschel observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and their physical and statistical
properties. We catalog cloud features seen in the dust emission from Herschel observations of the LMC, the Magellanic type irregular galaxy
closest to the Milky Way, and compare these features with Hi catalogs from the ATCA+Parkes Hi survey.
Methods. Using an automated cloud-finding algorithm, we identify clouds and clumps of dust emission and examine the cumulative mass distribution
of the detected dust clouds. The mass of cold dust is determined from physical parameters that we derive by performing spectral energy distribution
fits to 250, 350, and 500 μm emission from SPIRE observations using dust grain size distributions for graphite/silicate in low-metallicity
extragalactic environments.
Results. The dust cloud mass spectrum follows a power law distribution with an exponent of γ = −1.8 for clumps larger than 4 × 10^2 M_⊙ and is
similar to the Hi mass distribution. This is expected from the theory of ISM structure in the vicinity of star formation.


We develop and test a new statistical method to measure the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect. A sample of independently detected clusters is combined with the cosmic flow field predicted from a galaxy redshift survey in order to derive a matched filter that optimally weights the kSZ signal for the sample as a whole given the noise involved in the problem. We apply this formalism to realistic mock microwave skies based on cosmological N-body simulations, and demonstrate its robustness and performance. In particular, we carefully assess the various sources of uncertainty, cosmic microwave background primary fluctuations, instrumental noise, uncertainties in the determination of the velocity field, and effects introduced by miscentring of clusters and by uncertainties of the mass-observable relation (normalization and scatter). We show that available data (Planck maps and the MaxBCG catalogue) should deliver a 7.7 sigma detection of the kSZ. A similar cluster catalogue with broader sky coverage should increase the detection significance to similar to 13 sigma. We point out that such measurements could be binned in order to study the properties of the cosmic gas and velocity fields, or combined into a single measurement to constrain cosmological parameters or deviations of the law of gravity from General Relativity.


The non-coupled substrate oxidation mediated by components of the electron transport chain that are not coupled to energy accumulation (such as plant alternative oxidase and rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenases) and uncoupled respiration are peculiar features of plant mitochondria. The physiological significance of such energy-wasting oxidation processes is still debated. It is proposed that non-coupled oxidation could regulate the level of reduction of components of the electron transport chain and the rate of one-electron reduction of oxygen, thereby affecting the rate of formation of reactive oxygen species.


A flexural plate wave (FPW) resonator was constructed by patterning current lines on a silicon nitride membrane suspended on a rectangular silicon frame. Eigenmodes of the rectangular membrane were excited using Lorentz forces generated between alternating surface currents and a static in-plane magnetic field. The magnetic field strength required for these devices can be achieved with small permanent magnets (/spl ap/1 cm/sup 3/). Preferential coupling to a particular membrane mode was achieved by positioning current lines along longitudinal mode antinodes. An equivalent-circuit model was derived that characterizes the input impedance of a one-port device and the transmission response of a two-port device over a range of frequencies near a single membrane resonance. Experiments were performed to characterize the effects of varying magnetic field, ambient gas, gas pressure, and input power. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of a resonant FPW device.


: The investigation objective was to estimate the role of nontraumatic anal sphincter (AS) stretching, as a leading factor of success in minimally invasive and/or plastic proctological interventions. One-centre randomized investigation was performed in 83 patients: In 22 of them the AS fissura was revealed (in 16), suprasphincteric fistula (in 3) and coexistent rectocele 2-3 Ap (according to POP-Q classification) with thinning of the AS anterior segment, the degree III hemorrhoids and anterior AS fissure presence. Ninety units of botulotoxin preparation (Disport) were injected between internal and external AS portions 5-15 days preoperatively. The treatment results without botulotoxin injection were compared retrospectively. After botulotoxin injection performance the AS spasm elimination was noted, leading to the pain subsiding promotion before and postoperatively in all the patients observed. The spasm elimination have permitted to escape the anal high fistula recurrence as a result of the mucosal flap shift after intraluminal closure of the fistula or because of the fistula intermuscular electrowelding "suture" rupture, also have guaranteed the plastic sutures on AS, even while the stage II-III rectocele presence, not depending of performance of its simultant surgica correction.


This article reviews a selection of studies on digital media and learning for young children ages 3 to 6. The range of digital media for this age group is growing and includes computer-delivered and online activities; console video games; handheld media, occasionally with GPS or an accelerometer, in cell phones and other wireless mobile devices; electronic toys and learning systems; dolls and robots that move and talk; physically active games using dance pads, sports equipment, or stationary bikes as the interface to the game; and online communities and social networks; among others. Research has tested the effectiveness of several digital media products for young children's learning and has found, for example, improvements in children's knowledge and skills for thinking, planning, observing, problem-solving, reading, language, mathematics, hypothesis formation and testing, creativity, and collaborative learning. However, many of the most popular commercially available digital media products for young children have never been studied or tested, and so there is no definitive evidence of their benefits or drawbacks. The article concludes with a discussion of research approaches that could be used to investigate young children's processing of digital media in order to improve the design and effectiveness of future media products intended for this age group.


World knowledge enters into pragmatic utterance interpretation in complex ways, and may be defeasible in light of speakers' utterances. Yet there is to date a surprising lack of systematic investigation into the role of world knowledge in pragmatic inference. In this paper, we show that a state-of-the-art model of pragmatic interpretation greatly overestimates the influence of world knowledge on the interpretation of utterances like Some of the marbles sank. We extend the model to capture the idea that the listener is uncertain about the background knowledge the speaker is bringing to the conversation. This extension greatly improves model predictions of listeners' interpretation and also makes good qualitative predictions about listeners' judgments of how 'normal' the world is in light of a speaker's statement. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.


An ever increasing amount of governments, organisations, and companies employ Internet censorship in order to filter the free flow of information. These efforts are supported by an equally increasing number of companies focusing on the development of filtering equipment.Only what these entities consider right can pass the filters. This practice constitutes a violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and hampers progress. This thesis contributes novel techniques to measure and to circumvent Internet censorship. In particular, we 1) analyse how the Great Firewall of China is blocking the Tor network by using active probing techniques as well as side channel measurements, we2) propose a concept to involve users in the process of censorship analysis, we 3) discuss the aptitude of a globally-deployed network measurement platform for censorship analysis, and we 4) propose a novel circumvention protocol. We attach particular importance to practicality and usability. Most of the techniques proposed in this thesis were implemented and some of them are deployed and used on a daily basis. We demonstrate that the measurement techniques proposed in this thesis are practical and useful by applying them in order to shed light on previously undocumented cases of Internet censorship. We employed our techniques in three countries and were able to expose previously unknown censorship techniques and cooperation between a corporation and a government for the sake of censorship. We also implemented a circumvention protocol which was subsequently deployed and is used to evade the Great Firewall of China.


The Irish File is a stunning collection of images of Ireland that reveals the magnificence of a country whose great beauty and spirit move all who have set foot on its soil. From a lone, thin tree swaying a fierce sea wind to a statue of St Patrick watching solemnly over a tiny, ancient cemetery, from a white enamel bowl tinged by a dim afternoon light flowing through lace curtains to a Connemara mare slowly ambling through a barren field with her newborn foal, Riley's work captures the many facets of Ireland: its mystical nature, incredible landscape, and rich historical and religious culture. Just as Riley reveals the majesty of Ireland through photography, so too does acclaimed writer Nuala O'Faolain unveil its subtle poetry through words. With an introduction by O'Faolain as well as literary excerpts from other well-known Irish writers, this sublime volume is a visual and literary treasure that is as captivating as the country it portrays.


> There is no disease more conducive to clinical humility than aneurysm of the aorta.1
>
> — William Osler

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital cardiac malformation affecting 1 to 2% of the population with a predilection for males.2 Although patients with BAV often develop aortic aneurysms requiring surgical intervention,3,4 the formation of aortic aneurysms is variable and there are currently no good predictors of aneurysm formation. Although studies have shown that patients with BAV have genetically inherited aortic disorders that predispose them to aneurysm development,5,6 there is ongoing controversy concerning the degree to which altered hemodynamics (nurture) and genetics (nature) interact. The study by Mahadevia et al7 in this issue of Circulation provides important additional support for the argument that altered flow patterns attributable to abnormal valve architecture do indeed play a role in BAV aortopathy.

Article see p 673

Phase contrast MRI has been used to measure changes in blood velocity and flow with standard techniques measuring these parameters in 2 dimensions, or through plane. Four-dimensional (4D) MRI allows the speed and direction of aortic flow to be visualized and measured over time in all 3 dimensions, thereby providing not only informative images but an improved tool for the study of flow disturbances. One of the more active areas of research using 4D MRI has been in BAV aortopathy with the hope that understanding flow disturbances will give new insight into BAV-associated aneurysm formation.

Prior studies8–10 using 4D MRI have demonstrated altered ascending aortic wall sheer stress (WSS) in patients with BAV and have suggested a mechanistic link between the alteration in aortic outflow caused by the fusion of BAV cusps and the development of ascending aortic aneurysms.8–13 However, these studies have focused …


Abstract High-flux research reactor PIK has reached megawatt power. The reactor is undergoing the commissioning process divided into several stages, and it reached the power of 7 MW in March 2022. The reactor is designed to operate on extracted neutron beams, accommodating the first five neutron stations, which have already been used in test experiments. The value of the thermal neutron flux at the output of the PIK reactor's Horizontal Experimental Channel No.10 (HEC-10) was measured by two independent methods. During the course of the reactor reaching 7 MW power, the integral neutron flux on the extracted neutron beam was measured. The spectrum of the extracted neutron beam is measured and presented.


We present results for the assembly and star formation histories (SFHs) of massive (∼L*) red sequence galaxies (RSGs) in 11 spectroscopically confirmed, infrared-selected galaxy clusters at 1.0 < z < 1.5, the precursors to present-day massive clusters with M ∼ 1015 M☉. Using rest-frame optical photometry, we investigate evolution in the color and scatter of the RSG population, comparing with models of possible SFHs. In contrast to studies of central cluster galaxies at lower redshift (z < 1), these data are clearly inconsistent with the continued evolution of stars formed and assembled primarily at a single, much earlier time. Specifically, we find that the colors of massive cluster galaxies at z ≈ 1.5 imply that the bulk of star formation occurred at z ∼ 3, whereas by z ≈ 1 their colors imply formation at z ∼ 2; therefore these galaxies exhibit approximately the same luminosity-weighted stellar age at 1 < z < 1.5. This likely reflects star formation that occurs over an extended period, the effects of significant progenitor bias, or both. Our results generally indicate that massive cluster galaxy populations began forming a significant mass of stars at z ≳ 4, contained some red spheroids by z ≈ 1.5, and were actively assembling much of their final mass during 1 < z < 2 in the form of younger stars. Qualitatively, the slopes of the cluster color–magnitude relations are consistent with no significant evolution relative to local clusters.


Road-matching processes establish links between multi-sourced road lines representing the same entities in the real world. Several road-matching methods have been developed in the last three decades. The main issue related to this process is selecting the most appropriate method. This selection depends on the data and requires a pre-process (i.e., accuracy assessment). This paper presents a new matching method for roads composed of different patterns. The proposed method matches road lines incrementally (i.e., from the most similar matching to the least similar). In the experimental testing, three road networks in Istanbul, Turkey, which are composed of tree, cellular, and hybrid patterns, provided by the municipality (authority), OpenStreetMap (volunteered), TomTom (private), and Basarsoft (private) were used. The similarity scores were determined using Hausdorff distance, orientation, sinuosity, mean perpendicular distance, mean length of triangle edges, and modified degree of connectivity. While the first four stages determined certain matches with regards to the scores, the last stage determined them with a criterion for overlapping areas among the buffers of the candidates. The results were evaluated with manual matching. According to the precision, recall, and F-value, the proposed method gives satisfactory results on different types of road patterns.


New series of 3, 6-disubstituted-1, 2, 4-triazolo-[3, 4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (5a-j) have been synthesized by condensation of 3-aryl substituted-4-amino-5-mercapt-(4H) - 1, 2, 4-triazole (4a) with various aromatic acids in the presence of phophorus oxychloride. The structure of synthesized compound was supported by elemental analysis, IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral data. The compounds 5a-j was screened for antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger and antioxidant activity by DPPH and Nitric oxide methods. Among all the synthsised products, the compounds 5d, 5f and 5h bearing hydroxy phenyl ring in 6th position of triazolo-thiadiazole exhibited significant antifungal activity with MIC value at 6.25 μg/ml. All the compounds showed moderate to good antioxidant activity by both the methods.


In Siberian hamsters, day length is encoded by the duration of the nocturnal melatonin signal; short and long melatonin signals over the course of several weeks stimulate and inhibit somatic and gonadal development, respectively, in prepubertal males. We sought to determine whether juvenile male Siberian hamsters respond to multiple melatonin signals each day and the manner in which the sequence of melatonin signals and the duration of the melatonin‐free interval between signals affects development. Twenty‐one day old male Siberian hamsters, gestated and maintained in a short‐day photoperiod of 10 h light/day (10 L), were transferred to constant light to suppress endogenous melatonin secretion and received s.c. infusions of melatonin or saline for 12 days. Hamsters infused with saline retained small testes, whereas one short melatonin infusion each day resulted in significant testicular growth. Other hamsters were provided with two melatonin signals each day, one long (9 h) and one short (4 or 5 h); the order in which these signals was administered and the duration of the melatonin‐free interval after each signal varied between groups. In asymmetrical melatonin infusions, the first and second daily infusions were followed by 3‐h and 7‐h melatonin‐free intervals, respectively, whereas in symmetrical infusions, each melatonin signal was followed by a 5‐h melatonin‐free interval. In the asymmetrical sequence, the melatonin signal that immediately preceded the longer melatonin‐free interval determined the rate gonadal growth. Equal melatonin‐free intervals after each of the long and short daily melatonin infusions produced intermediate increases in gonadal and somatic development. The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis of Siberian hamsters can respond to multiple melatonin signals each day, with the rate of testicular growth determined primarily by the duration of the melatonin‐free interval following each infusion.


There are many online systems where millions of users post original content such as videos, reviews of items such as products, services and businesses, etc. While there are general rules for good behavior or even formal Terms of Service, there are still users who post content that is not suitable. Increasingly, online systems rely on other users who view the posted content to provide feedback.
 We study online systems where users report negative feedback, i.e., report abuse; these systems are quite distinct from much studied, traditional reputation systems that focus on eliciting popularity of content by various voting methods. The central problem that we study here is how to monitor the quality of negative feedback, that is, detect negative feedback which is incorrect, or perhaps even malicious. Systems address this problem by testing flags manually, which is an expensive operation. As a result, there is a tradeoff between the number of manual tests and the number of errors defined as the number of incorrect flags the monitoring system misses.
 Our contributions are as follows: We initiate a systematic study of negative feedbacks systems. Our framework is general enough to be applicable for a variety of systems. In this framework, the number of errors the system admits is bounded over the worst case of adversarial users while simultaneously the system performs only small amount of manual testing for multitude of standard users who might still err while reporting. Our main contribution is a randomized monitoring algorithm that we call Adaptive Probabilistic Testing (APT), that is simple to implement and has guarantees on expected number of errors. Even for adversarial users, the total expected error is bounded by "N over N flags for a given e < 0. Simultaneously, the number of tests performed by the algorithm is within a constant factor of the best possible algorithm for standard users. Finally, we present empirical study of our algorithm that shows its performance on both synthetic data and real data accumulated from a variety of negative feedback systems at Google. Our study indicates that the algorithm performs better than the analysis above shows.


My creative practice as a silversmith and sculptor has been inspired by diagrams drawn by a device recording the interaction of two pendulums, a Harmonograph. This led to an inquiry into mathematical methods that could be useful in visualizing the complex twisting surfaces suggested by these diagrams. The various mathematical approaches drawn upon are discussed in relation to the aims and an attempt is made of finding a common language.


After years of informal efforts, the parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) are negotiating an international legally binding instrument to address governance gaps that have impeded attempts to conserve biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Though these discussions were initiated in response to concerns about biodiversity, states have used them to advance competing claims regarding rights of access, ownership, and control of ocean spaces and resources. This paper examines how states have discussed ocean space in negotiations regarding area-based management tools (ABMTs) and marine genetic resources (MGRs) at the first three intergovernmental conferences regarding biodiversity in ABNJ. ABMTs, which have become widespread in governing ocean space for conservation, are premised on an ontological framing that ocean space can be divided by geographical boundaries into territories for management. MGRs, on the other hand, are newly recognized governance objects that cross existing spatial boundaries: between areas of national and international jurisdiction, between the seafloor and water column, and between the ocean and the laboratory. Through their mobility, MGRs reveal how territorial forms of governance over material resources intersect with other forms of exclusion, control, and rights-based institutions, suggesting the need to develop creative management regimes that go beyond territorial approaches.


Introduction Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been proposed as a cause of altered small bowel motility both in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and coeliac disease. The glucose hydrogen breath test (GHBT) is most commonly used in practice to diagnose SIBO. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SIBO using GHBT in coeliac disease and IBS. Methods Group A comprised patients with biopsy-proven, untreated coeliac disease (n=44, 14 male, median age 47 y, range 18–75). Group B comprised patients with IBS (n=207, 55 male, median age 53 y, range 17–90). Group C comprised controls (n=47, 9 male, median age 58 years, range 20–74). All had GHBT performed on a normal, gluten containing diet. In the coeliac group this was repeated after a median of 180 days on a gluten-free diet (GFD). None had antibiotics in the 4 weeks prior to testing. A positive result was a rise in hydrogen of at least 20 ppm, or methane of 12 ppm, over the baseline for each gas. Results 6/44 (13.6%) with coeliac disease had a positive result. 30/207 (14.5%) patients with IBS had a positive breath test. 1/47 (2.1%) controls tested positive. Patients with coeliac disease (p=0.05) and IBS (p=0.02) were significantly more likely than controls to have a positive GHBT. In the coeliac group positive GHBT was associated with male sex but no other features. There were no associated features in groups B and C. Patients with coeliac disease had lower baseline hydrogen levels (9.4 ppm±8) compared with IBS patients (13.4 ppm±13.7) (p=0.07) and controls (16.6 ppm±18.0) (p=0.025). In the coeliac group 4/6 with a positive result had a significant rise in methane but not hydrogen. At repeat testing all four were persistently methane positive but the absolute peak methane levels had fallen from a mean of 64 ppm to a mean of 49 ppm. Only one coeliac subject had a positive GHBT that normalised on GFD. Conclusion The prevalence of SIBO diagnosed by GHBT is similar in IBS and coeliac disease. SIBO is significantly more common in IBS and coeliac disease than in controls. The prevalence of SIBO in coeliac disease may not vary between treated and untreated disease. Despite this increased prevalence of SIBO in coeliac disease and IBS, the failure of prevalence to fall following GFD may suggest that neurodysmotility is not the method for symptoms in these patients. Competing interests None declared.


The interaction between the Brazos River and the adjacent floodplain aquifer was studied for 200 days in 1995 at a ground-water research site near College Station, Texas. Two In Situ Permeable Flow Sensors (ISPFS) and a grid of well nests were used to correlate river stage to the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow at depths of 13.7 m and 18.3 m in the unconfined alluvial aquifer. Linear relationships between ground-water flow and river stage were determined at each depth. The floodplain aquifer responded differently to changes in river stage at the 13.7 m and 18.3 m depths. The horizontal velocity, parallel and perpendicular to the river, decreased with increasing river stage and increased with decreasing river stage, at both depths. However, the rates of change varied between the two depths. This caused the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow to be different at the two depths. The upward vertical velocity increased with increasing river stage at the 13.7 m depth and decreased with increasing river stage at the 18.3 m depth. At the 13.7 m depth, vertical ground-water flow gradually changed from upward to downward flow with long term river stage decline. Downward groundwater flow was not observed at the 18.3 m depth. Assessment of river-aquifer interactions indicates that a direct and measurable relationship exists between river stage and ground-water flow components at the site. The magnitude and direction of ground-water flow in the alluvial floodplain aquifer may be predicted if river stage is known.


In this paper, I politicize the understanding of "risky steroids" in relation to Finnish high-performance sport in the period between 1950 and the mid-1970s. I combine a material feminist acknowledgement of the action of steroids, activities surrounding steroid use, and the questioning of fixed ontology with an understanding of politics as a politicization of that ontology. I suggest that complex genderings were involved in the process by which, in the mid-1970s, anabolic steroids were deemed to be extremely risky to the health of athletes, while simultaneously, women's use of other steroids in the form of contraceptives was widely approved. Utilizing Finnish archive and published material, such as medical and sports journals and newspapers, I argue that the problems with anabolic steroids were centered, not only on their health risks or questionable performance enhancement properties, but also on their sex-transforming and other physical effects that blurred the very boundaries of the term "human." Therefore, accounts of steroid risks were not simply scientific, objective accounts of their health risks. Rather, the risks associated with anabolic steroid use amounted to a "political object" that facilitated a "coming to terms" with the problem of transforming bodies themselves.


With the rapid growth of event-based social networks (EBSNs) like Meetup, the demand for event recommendation becomes increasingly urgent. In EBSNs, event recommendation plays a central role in recommending the most relevant events to users who are likely to participate in. Different from traditional recommendation problems, event recommendation encounters three new types of information, i.e., heterogenous online+offline social relationships, geographical features of events and implicit rating data from users. Yet combining the three types of data for offline event recommendation has not been considered. Therefore, we present a Bayesian latent factor model that can unify these data for event recommendation. Experimental results on real-world data sets show the performance of our method.


When considering disaster risk reduction, it is understandable that people focus on managing disasters and the hazards themselves. However, a focus on the development linkages is becoming increasingly common (UNDP 2004) and of particular value when considering the situation of women. Women are frequent contributors to community-based development projects and activities, encouraged in part by the insistence of donors that they should have an equal role. For example, Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) lists equality between women and men as oen of its priorities, identifies it as a global issue and a cross-cutting theme throughout Canada's development cooperation programming. The donor expectation that gender equality issues will be mainstreamed throughout programmes and projects helps overcome any local resistance. While gender equality within global development initiatives has clearly gained recognition, it has not yet been universally realised. However, in the disaster management or risk reduction field, gender equality issues are even less visible, despite significant individual examples (Disaster Watch [www.disasterwatch.net]; Gender and Disaster Network [www.gdonline.org]; see UNISDR 2007).


High demands are placed on base materials for present‐day printed circuits. The requirements for multilayer materials are examined including satisfying criteria regarding low dielectric constant, high glass transition temperature and dimensional stability. Comparisons are made involving different resin systems and reinforcement materials. Improvements in material characteristics are often accompanied by disadvantages in terms of processability, copper peel strength and price. The properties of a number of paper‐based laminates and their requirements are discussed. It is concluded that no 'ideal' base material is available which simultaneously fulfills all demands including price.


This article discusses a little-known aspect of higher education history. The Republic of Turkey was established in 1923. The system of higher education Turkey inherited from the Ottomans totaled some 300+ Islamic madrasas, one of which was converted into a fledgling university at the turn of the century; and three military academies, one of which was expanded into a civil engineering school around 1909. Starting in 1933, Turkey reformed its higher education using invitees fleeing the Nazis, for whom America was out of reach because of restrictive immigration laws and wide-spread anti-Semitic hiring bias at its universities. Almost overnight, the University of Istanbul was referred to as the best German university in the world. Historians of higher education might have difficulty matching so significant a qualitative transformation implemented at the national level in so short a timeframe. One country's great loss was another country's gain, and a third country's benefits delayed.


Background: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is one of the most widely used anionic alkyl sulfate surfactants. Toxicological information on SDS is accumulating, however, mechanisms of SDS toxicity regulation remain poorly understood. In this study, the relationship between the SDS-sensitive mutants and their intracellular ROS levels has been investigated. Results: Through a genome-scale screen, we have identified 108 yeast single-gene deletion mutants that are sensitive to 0.03% SDS. These genes were predominantly related to the cellular processes of metabolism, cell cycle and DNA processing, cellular transport, transport facilities and transport routes, transcription and the protein with binding function or cofactor requirement (structural or catalytic). Measurement of the intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels of these SDS-sensitive mutants showed that about 79% of SDS-sensitive mutants accumulated significantly higher intracellular ROS levels than the wild-type cells under SDS stress. Moreover, SDS could generate oxidative damage and up-regulate several antioxidant defenses genes, and some of the SDS-sensitive genes were involved in this process. Conclusion: This study provides insight on yeast genes involved in SDS tolerance and the elevated intracellular ROS caused by SDS stress. Our findings provide a basis to understand molecular mechanisms underlying the detoxification of SDS by yeast cells.


This article focuses on the initiation pathway of mucin-type O-glycosylation in helminth parasites. The presence of the GalNAc-O-Ser/Thr structure, also known as Tn antigen, a truncated determinant related to aberrant glycosylation in mammal cells, and the activity of the UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase (ppGaNTase), the enzyme responsible for its synthesis, were studied in species from major taxonomic groups. Tn reactivity was determined in extracts from Taenia hydatigena, Mesocestoides corti, Fasciola hepatica, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and Toxocara canis using the monoclonal antibody 83D4. The Tn determinant was revealed in all preparations, and multiple patterns of Tn-bearing glycoproteins were observed by immunoblotting. Additionally, the first evidence that helminth parasites express ppGaNTase activity was obtained. This enzyme was studied in extracts from Echinococcus granulosus, F. hepatica, and T. canis by measuring the incorporation of UDP-(3H)GalNAc to both deglycosylated ovine syalomucin (dOSM) and synthetic peptide sequences derived from tandem repeats of human mucins. Whereas significant levels of ppGaNTase activity were detected in all the extracts when dOSM was used as a multisite acceptor, it was only observed in F. hepatica and E. granulosus extracts when mucin-derived peptides were used, suggesting that T. canis ppGaNTase enzyme(s) may represent a member of the gene family with a more restricted specificity for worm O-glycosylation motifs. The widespread expression of Tn antigen, capable of evoking both humoral and cellular immunity, strongly suggests that simple mucin-type O-glycosylation does not constitute an aberrant phenomenon in helminth parasites.


Evaluation of digital libraries assesses their effectiveness, quality and overall impact. In this paper we
describe a qualitative evaluation of "The European Library" carried out by six highly qualified evaluators
from the area of computer and library science. The findings – mainly usability issues -- are presented along
the ITF model and suggestions are given to overcome these findings.


The crisis of civil justice system is present in many countries in the EU and worldwide and it takes different forms. In response, many different pathways are explored in order to overcome not only the growing sense of crisis, but also its manifestations. One of the suggested routes in the ongoing efforts to improve access to civil justice at the EU and national levels is the privatization of justice through the ADR mechanisms. In many areas, with the encouragement and support of governments and other policy-making bodies, the administration of justice is being encouraged to leave the courts for alternative forums. Thereby, the ADR are presented as mechanisms which are facilitating informal, fast, cost-effective and affordable access to justice, at the same time preserving public resources. Yet, in spite of these undeniable benefits, ADR mechanisms are subject of some doubts and expressed concerns.
One of the major concerns, which has already sparked a wider debate, is whether the informal and private nature of ADR is hostile to the Rule of Law and ultimately to justice itself. Namely, if the privatization of civil justice is considered in the context of the fundamental public commitment to provide substantive justice on an equal basis to all citizens, the question arises whether the ADR mechanisms are capable to secure and foster the virtues of the Rule of Law (publicity, transparency, fairness, equality, etc.).
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this debate, renewing the interest in analysing the relationship between the privatization of civil justice and the concept of the Rule of Law. In the light of evolving social, economic and political circumstances, the paper attempts to answer the question whether the growing privatized dispute resolution landscape is undermining or promoting the rule of law.


This article presents an interaction system for two 5 DOF (Degrees of Freedom) manipulators with 3-finger grippers, which will be used to grab and displace up to 10 polymorphic objects shaped as pentominoes, inside a VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) environment, by performing element detection and classification using an R-CNN (Region Proposal Convolutional Neural Network), and point detection and gripping orientation using a DAG-CNN (Directed Acyclic Graph-Convolutional Neural Network). It was analyzed the feasibility or not of a grasp is determined depending on how the geometry of an element fits the free space between the gripper fingers. A database was created to be used as training data with each of the grasp positions for the polyshapes, so the network training can be focused on finding the desired grasp positions, enabling any other grasp found to be considered a feasible grasp, and eliminating the need to find additional better grasp points, changing the shape, inclination and angle of rotation. Under varying test conditions, the test successfully achieved gripping of each object with one manipulator and passing it to the second manipulator as part of the grouping process, in the opposite end of the work area, using an R-CNN and a DAG-CNN, with an accuracy of 95.5% and 98.8%, respectively, and performing a geometric analysis of the objects to determine the displacement and rotation required by the gripper for each individual grip.


Background:Transitional care, assisting patients to move safely through multiple health care settings, may be insufficient for older Hispanic patients. Purpose: Describe home health care services referral rates for Hispanic and non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients and factors that influence case managers' (CMs') discharge planning processes. Design: Organized by the Ethno-Cultural Gerontological Nursing Model, health records were reviewed (n = 33,597 cases) and supplemented with qualitative description (n = 8 CMs). Findings: Controlling for gender, insurance type, age, and hospital length of stay, NHW older adults received more home health care services referrals (odds ratio = 1.23). Insurance coverage was the most frequent determinant of CMs' post–hospital care choices, rather than patients' being Hispanic. NHW older adults were more likely to have insurance than Hispanic older adults. Implications: Insurance coverage being CMs' primary consideration in determining patients' dispositions is a form of systems-level discrimination for Hispanic vulnerable groups, which combined with other hospital-level constraints, should be addressed with policy-level interventions.


Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is now the most serious orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infection in humans. This zoonotic disease has been gradually re-emerging in humans with an increasing frequency of cases found in endemic areas, as well as an escalating frequency and size of epidemics outside of endemic areas in Africa. Currently, the largest known mpox epidemic is spreading throughout the world, with over 85,650 cases to date, mostly in Europe and North America. These increased endemic cases and epidemics are likely driven primarily by decreasing global immunity to OPXVs, along with other possible causes. The current unprecedented global outbreak of mpox has demonstrated higher numbers of human cases and greater human-to-human transmission than previously documented, necessitating an urgent need to better understand this disease in humans and animals. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections in animals, both naturally occurring and experimental, have provided critical information about the routes of transmission; the viral pathogenicity factors; the methods of control, such as vaccination and antivirals; the disease ecology in reservoir host species; and the conservation impacts on wildlife species. This review briefly described the epidemiology and transmission of MPXV between animals and humans and summarizes past studies on the ecology of MPXV in wild animals and experimental studies in captive animal models, with a focus on how animal infections have informed knowledge concerning various aspects of this pathogen. Knowledge gaps were highlighted in areas where future research, both in captive and free-ranging animals, could inform efforts to understand and control this disease in both humans and animals.


Electronic correlations stemming from nearly flat bands in van der Waals materials have demonstrated to be a powerful playground to engineer artificial quantum matter, including superconductors, correlated insulators and topological matter. This phenomenology has been experimentally observed in a variety of twisted van der Waals materials, such as graphene and dichalcogenide multilayers. Here we show that spontaneously buckled graphene can yield a correlated state, emerging from an elastic pseudo Landau level. Our results build on top of recent experimental findings reporting that, when placed on top of hBN or NbSe2 substrates, wrinkled graphene sheets relax forming a periodic, long-range buckling pattern. The low-energy physics can be accurately described by electrons in the presence of a pseudo-axial gauge field, leading to the formation of sublattice-polarized Landau levels. Moreover, we verify that the high density of states at the zeroth Landau level leads to the formation of a periodically modulated ferrimagnetic groundstate, which can be controlled by the application of external electric fields. Our results indicate that periodically strained graphene is a versatile platform to explore emergent electronic states arising from correlated elastic Landau levels.


Flooding is a major global hazard whose management relies on an accurate understanding of its risks. Crowdsourcing represents a major opportunity for supporting flood risk management as members of the public are highly capable of producing useful flood information. This thesis explores a wide range of issues related to flood crowdsourcing using an interdisciplinary approach. Through an examination of 31 different projects a flood crowdsourcing typology was developed. This identified five key types of flood crowdsourcing: i) Incident Reporting, ii) Media Engagement, iii) Collaborative Mapping, iv) Online Volunteering and v) Passive VGI. These represent a wide range of initiatives with radically different aims, objectives, datasets and relationships with volunteers. Online Volunteering was explored in greater detail using Tomnod as a case study. This is a micro-tasking platform in which volunteers analyse satellite imagery to support disaster response. Volunteer motivations for participating on Tomnod were found to be largely altruistic. Demographics of participants were significant, with retirement, disability or long-term health problems identified as major drivers for participation. Many participants emphasised that effective communication between volunteers and the site owner is strongly linked to their appreciation of the platform. In addition, the feedback on the quality and impact of their contributions was found to be crucial in maintaining interest. Through an examination of their contributions, volunteers were found to be able to ascertain with a higher degree of accuracy, many features in satellite imagery which supervised image classification struggled to identify. This was more pronounced in poorer quality imagery where image classification had a very low accuracy. However, supervised classification was found to be far more systematic and succeeded in identifying impacts in many regions which were missed by volunteers. The efficacy of using crowdsourcing for flood risk management was explored further through the iterative development of a Collaborative Mapping web-platform called Floodcrowd. Through interviews and focus groups, stakeholders from the public and private sector expressed an interest in crowdsourcing as a tool for supporting flood risk management. Types of data which stakeholders are particularly interested in with regards to crowdsourcing differ between organisations. Yet, they typically include flood depths, photos, timeframes of events and historical background information. Through engagement activities, many citizens were found to be able and motivated to share such observations. Yet, motivations were strongly affected by the level of attention their contributions receive from authorities. This presents many opportunities as well as challenges for ensuring that the future of flood crowdsourcing improves flood risk management and does not damage stakeholder relationships with participants.


The loss of parents and parental care at early childhood leads to disastrous consequences for an orphan in the later part of his/her life. Even though the child is provided an alternate option of being in a foster family or in an orphanage home a huge gap exists in the psychosocial need and psychosocial support. Several studies reported that this gap leads to psychological problems in the individual child in different forms. The aim of the current study was to find out level of self-esteem and of depression in adolescents living in orphanage home and to see the differences in self-esteem and depression level in orphan children and children living with parents. The study was conducted on 37 adolescents living in orphanage home and compared them with 31 adolescents living with parents, using Rosenberg's Self Esteem Scale (RES, Rosenberg, 1989) and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI, Dr. Maria Kovacs, 1992). Result shows that orphan children have low self-esteem and high depression. Results also shows that level of self-esteem is lower in orphan children than children living with parents (t=2.14, df=66, p<.05), and level of depression is significantly high in orphanage children than children living with parents (t=4.02, df=66, p<.01).


: A case of primary volvulus of the small intestines in a dog is presented. This condition is described as rare in the dog. The surgical treatment and positive results are discussed.


Blue phase (BP) liquid crystals are materials with unique self-assembling properties. They can be regarded as 3D photonic crystals as they organize in 3D cubic structures with sub-micrometer range periodicity and display selective optical bandgaps. Yet, the obtained BP crystals are usually polycrystalline or micrometer-sized monocrystals. Producing large BP monocrystals has proven to be a challenging and time-consuming endeavor, due to BP crystal growth being notoriously slow and the complex requirements for achieving a reasonable size and monocrystalline structure. In this work we successfully obtained large BP monocrystals (single lattice orientation) by fast self-assembly. Our fabrication process, which is about 100× faster than in previous reported research, uses relatively simple techniques, therefore demonstrating a considerable improvement towards the manufacturing of 3D photonic crystals.


An information system distinguishes itself from other software as it is developed to facilitate the operation of an organization, hence it reflects its strategies, plans, organizations, processes, marketing etc. We believe that the requirement in the form of domain knowledge acquired in the early stage of system development can be organized and modeled in Enterprise Architecture. However research in Enterprise Architecture focus on other issues rather than requirement engineering. Hence we propose several new ideas on the extension of Zachman Framework, one of the most widely used Enterprise Architectures. We first partition Zachman Framework from two different perspectives, domain engineering phases and requirement engineering techniques. Then we propose a meta-model for Zachman Framework which is adapted and integrated from the Bunge-Wand- Weber ontology and Enterprise Ontology.


This Policy Brief argues that some important considerations are missing in the current heated debate in the eurozone on bail-outs and bail-ins, the size of liquidity facilities and the terms of a crisis resolution mechanism. It is organised in three sections, the first of which surveys the diverse outcomes since the launch of the euro. This illustrates how the benefits the euro can generate depend on the degree of openness, flexibility and income correlation among euro area countries: these are economic concepts which over time are affected by policies. The second section reviews the main failings and fault lines that brought about the current sovereign crisis. The third section postulates that to exit the crisis we need to unravel the factors behind each fault line. The author argues that the achievements of EMU are to some extent interlinked with the crisis and stresses the need to explain what EMU can and cannot do and the rationale for its unique governance.


Two different ways of generalizing Einstein's general theory of relativity with a cosmological constant to Brans–Dicke type scalar–tensor theories are investigated in the linearized field approximation. In the first case a cosmological constant term is coupled to a scalar field linearly whereas in the second case an arbitrary potential plays the role of a variable cosmological term. We see that the former configuration leads to a massless scalar field whereas the latter leads to a massive scalar field. General solutions of these linearized field equations for both cases are obtained corresponding to a static point mass. Geodesics of these solutions are also presented and solar system effects such as the advance of the perihelion, deflection of light rays and gravitational redshift were discussed. In general relativity a cosmological constant has no role in these phenomena. We see that for the Brans–Dicke theory, the cosmological constant also has no effect on these phenomena. This is because solar system observations require very large values of the Brans–Dicke parameter and the correction terms to these phenomena becomes identical to GR for these large values of this parameter. This result is also observed for the theory with arbitrary potential if the mass of the scalar field is very light. For a very heavy scalar field, however, there is no such limit on the value of this parameter and there are ranges of this parameter where these contributions may become relevant in these scales. Galactic and intergalactic dynamics is also discussed for these theories at the latter part of the paper with similar conclusions.


In a rapidly evolving world, the demand on raw materials is increasing steadily and many technologies are dependent on a secure supply of hi-tech metals. Recently, scandium (Sc) has attracted attention since its use in high strength Al-alloys and solid-oxide-fuel-cells strongly improves the performance of those materials.
The element Sc is not exceptionally rare but quite resistant to geochemical enrichment processes, it is scarcely found enriched to high concentrations and is recovered as a by-product. Since Sc enrichment in Greek bauxite residues was shown by Ochsenkuhn-Petropoulou et. al (1994), intensive research on this material and development of efficient Sc-recovery methods is ongoing.
This study investigates Sc-bearing species in bauxite residues from alumina production. It aims to provide direct evidence about the Sc-speciation's in those secondary resources and tries to find the link to speciation's in primary resources, e.g. bauxites and laterites.
Therefore, Sc K edge XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure) spectroscopy is performed using synchrotron radiation to determine the presence of certain Sc-components and distinguish between adsorbed and chemically bonded Sc as was shown for lateritic deposits in Australia by Chasse et al. 2016. For comparison, reference standards of Sc-bearing and Sc-adsorbed species are synthesized. Indirect inferences from leaching behavior of bauxites, in cases supported by analyses with LA-ICP-MS, suggest Sc to be associated with either iron- or aluminum phases (Vind et al. 2017); (Suss et al.). It remains unclear how different primary materials influence Sc-speciation in the bauxite residue. Therefore, a comparison between different European bauxite residues is made in this study. The investigations should help to understand Sc chemistry and
behavior in different primary and secondary materials and provide fundamentals for metallurgical processing. The research is incorporated in the SCALE project (GA No. 730105) funded by EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.


Participation in research and scholarly activity is critical to successful medical student and resident matriculation and to faculty development. Both Marshall University and West Virginia University sponsor yearly peerreviewed School of Medicine Research Days' to support these missions. This article evaluates the successful publication of Research Day presentations for West Virginia's Allopathic Medical Schools. Both Marshall University (MU) and West Virginia University's (WVU) School of Medicine use a competitive review process for abstract selection ensuring highquality research is presented. Over a 10-year period, MU published 12% (74/616) of its abstracts while WVU published 22% (265/1185) of its abstracts. We hope that this article will stimulate improvement in publication rates.


The ability to reach a wider public using the Internet has brought the world a wide varietyof online retailers offering their customers to purchase almost anything from the comfortof their home. With this increase in online retailing, a need for automation has been developedby the users. To be able to decrease the administrative tasks to a bare minimum allowsretailers to focus on their core business instead. With this new request for automation, businesssystems are becoming more and more popular and to be able to integrate the web sitewith a business system results in lower administrative workload. A variety of systems arealready available for the public to use for integrating a web shop to a number of differentbusiness systems. These systems are however often restrictive and will provide a frameworkfor developing the web shop themselves. One web content management system that lacksthis kind of support is SiteVision. On behalf of Soleil IT, a Proof of Concept was developedto investigate the feasibility of integrating a web shop developed in SiteVision, with a businesssystem for automation of administrative tasks. The implementation included featuressuch as retrieving products from the business system and displaying them on the web site,and the ability to purchase a set of products which should generate an order in the businesssystem. RESTful web services was used to transmit data between the business system andthe web shop. This project resulted in a successful integration of the business system VismaAdministration and a web shop developed in SiteVision. The project showed the feasibilityof performing such an integration and also exposed any restrictions that the setup may have.


OBJECTIVE
Indications for home treatment for specific diagnoses in child and adolescent psychiatry have not yet been evaluated.

METHOD
In a recent intervention study (primary outcome: length of stay), 92 patients aged 5 to 17 years were randomized into an intervention group (early discharge followed by home treatment in combination with inpatient treatment, where needed) and a control group (regular length inpatient treatment). The aim of this explorative analysis was to retrieve additional information on "what works for whom." Outcome parameters were as follows: Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS) at T1 (within 14 days after intake), T2 (end of treatment) and T3 (∅ 8.4-month follow-up). Multiple regression was used to investigate the association between diagnoses, treatment setting, age, sex, and improvement in both groups.

RESULTS
In children externalizing disorders were predominant, whereas in adolescents internalizing disorders were prominent. Patients improved equally under both types of treatment. Home treatment, however, was rated by the patients to be significantly more effective in adolescents (SDQ p = .017), boys (CIS p = .009, SDQ p < .001), and with externalizing disorders (SDQ p = .005).

CONCLUSIONS
Home treatment may be considered an alternative to inpatient treatment, especially in boys with externalizing disorders.


: An inactivated equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdV1) vaccine was administered to 4 horses. The horses had virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody titers before they were vaccinated, but developed higher VN antibody titers in response to vaccination. Nonvaccinated control horses did not show increases in VN antibody during the study, indicating that any increase in antibody titer in vaccinated horses was a result of vaccination and not due to an EAdV1 epizootic during the study. Specific EAdV1 in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis (LB) was evaluated, using lymphocytes from 4 vaccinated and 2 control horses. Horses were vaccinated on days 0 and 14, and the LB assays were conducted on days -4, 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28. Lymphocytes from horses were incubated for 4 days with 2 concentrations of inactivated, concentrated and purified EAdV1 antigen. The LB responses for the 2 control horses showed no significant changes during the study period (maximum stimulation indices to EAdV1 antigen for individual horses were between 2.8 and 3.6). The 4 vaccinated horses showed marked increases in stimulation indices in response to EAdV1 antigen (maximum stimulation indices, between 5.3 and 18.6). In control assays, identical lymphocyte preparations from all horses responded normally to phytohemagglutinin.


have any authority to authorise the collection or retention of specimens for other purposes, including research. If samples are required for teaching or research, then the requirements of the Human Tissue Act have to be met, whether the necropsy be a normal hospital one or a medicolegal postmortem examination. When the examination is a medicolegal one, then the removal of material for research requires not only the consent of the person in lawful possession of the body, who, in the absence of a request by the deceased that his parts of his body be used for purposes of inter alia research, has to establish that the surviving relatives of the deceased have no objection to the removal of material for that purpose,3 but also that of the coroner or the procurator fiscal.4 While there is no sanction for failure to comply with the Human Tissue Act set out in the Act itself, the common law crime of disobedience of a statute may be relevant. A man who impersonated a medical practitioner was successfully prosecuted for disobedience of a statute after he removed the eyes from a body contrary to section 1(4) of the Human Tissue Act 1961.8 In the absence of a history of alcohol abuse or a death in which alcohol is considered not to have contributed or caused death, the retrieval, retention and analysis of samples for alcohol content falls outside present legislation. Of 1730 cases quoted in this paper, 1046 were deaths from natural disease.' Only 91 of these had a history of alcohol use; therefore, it appears that the remaining 955 analyses were undertaken with no legal authority. Given the quoted price of each test (£15), it seems unfortunate that the authors felt that they needed to analyse 1046 cases to prove what most coroners and full time forensic scientists are well aware of; namely that routine testing for alcohol is not cost effective. Some pathologists believe that the retention and analysis of material from medicolegal necropsies is not justified where the coroner refuses to pay for such work. Coroners can only pay for further investigations when they have decided to hold an inquest and they are satisfied that they are pertinent to the cause of death. Pathologists should be aware that retaining material not relevant to the cause of death places them out with current legislation.


Small-bore ("Autozyme") tubes with immobilized enzymes at the inner wall have been developed and studied for application in the Technicon "SMAC" high-speed continuous-flow biochemical analyzer. Tubes coated with glucose oxidase (D-glucose:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 184.108.40.206) have been prepared for the assay of glucose, with colorimetric assay of the hydrogen peroxide produced; tubes coated with glycerol kinase (ATP:glycerol phosphotransferase, EC 184.108.40.206) for the enzymatic assay of triglycerides; tubes coated with hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose-6-phosphotransferase, EC 220.127.116.11) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 220.127.116.11) for the measurement of ATP, an intermediate product in assays for creatine kinase. With use of 10-15 cm lengths of Autozyme tube and SMAC hydraulics (150 samples per hour), assay sensitivity and carryover were similar to values for the corresponding free-enzyme methods. These immobilized enzymes were sufficiently stable for one to eight weeks of continuous use before replacemnt. We conclude that suitable bound-enzyme tubes can replace either single or multiple free-enzyme reagents in many continuous-flow assays at high sampling rates.


With the aim to probe the effects of the microscopic details of fractal substrates on the scaling of discrete growth models, the surface structures of the equilibrium restricted curvature (ERC) model on Sierpinski arrowhead and crab sub- strates are analyzed by means of Monte Carlo simulations. These two fractal substrates have the same fractal dimension dr, but possess different dynamic exponents of random walk Zrw. The results show that the surface structure of the ERC model on fractal substrates are related to not only the fractal dimension df, but also to the microscopic structures of the substrates expressed by the dynamic exponent of random walk Zrw- The ERC model growing on the two substrates follows the well-known Family-Vicsek scaling law and satisfies the scaling relations 2a ~ df ~ z ~ 2Zrw. In addition, the values of the scaline exponents are in ~ood a~reement with the analytical orediction of the fractional Mullins-Herring equation.


Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 172 A comprehensive book dealing with drug, tobacco and alcohol abuse in both children and young people. * Presents the facts of drug and alcohol abuse, evidence for prevention and treatment, and reviews of the various types of treatments * Reviews all drugs of abuse, including tobacco and alcohol * Offers a practical presentation of evidence from particular therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy and family therapy * Presents a comprehensive review of the pharmacological advances for this age group with substance use disorders and other mental health problems * Written by an international team of professionals and academics, each with a background in adolescent development as well as addiction.


1. Intracellular recordings were made from neurons of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) from rat (n = 128) and guinea‐pig (n = 115). Two types of cells were found in each, primary (103 in rat, 27 in guinea‐pig) and secondary cells (25 in rat, 88 in guinea‐pig). 2. Primary cells had input resistances of 186 +/‐ 9 M omega (n = 9) in rat and 255 +/‐ 50 M omega (n = 11) in guinea‐pig. The action potential in each was about 1.5 ms in duration. Synaptic potentials were evoked by focal electrical stimulation and consisted of both gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and excitatory amino acid components. 3. Morphine, [Met5]enkephalin (ME) and [D‐Ala2,N‐Me‐Phe4, Gly5‐ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) depressed the amplitude of the GABA‐mediated synaptic potential by a maximum of 50‐65% and had little effect on the excitatory amino acid‐mediated synaptic potential. There was no effect of these opioids on the resting membrane potential or input resistance of primary cells in rat or guinea‐pig. 4. Secondary cells had short duration action potentials (less than 1 ms) and an input resistance of 354 +/‐ 47 M omega in rat (n = 6) and 290 +/‐ 40 M omega in guinea‐pig (n = 15). The synaptic potential observed in the cells of this group was mediated by activation of only excitatory amino acid receptors. 5. ME hyperpolarized and/or abolished the spontaneous firing in sixteen out of twenty‐four neurons in the secondary group from rat and eight out of eighty‐four neurons from guinea‐pig. ME induced an outward current at ‐60 mV that reversed polarity at potentials more negative than ‐92 +/‐ 3 mV in rat (n = 6) and ‐98 +/‐ 2 mV in guinea‐pig (n = 18). The reversal potential of the opioid current was shifted to less negative potentials when the external potassium concentration was increased, as predicted by the Nernst equation. 6. The morphology of the two types of cells were distinguishable in that primary cells were oval (29 x 18 microns in rat; 36 x 19 microns in guinea‐pig) with two to four thick tapering dendrites that branched within 50 microns of the cell body. Secondary cells were generally round or oval (about 24 x 13 microns in rat; 27 x 17 microns in guinea‐pig) with two to five thin non‐tapering dendrites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


We proposed a technique to eliminate motion artifacts by subtracting the two green signals with different light intensity from single green LED. We used green LED light source with a photodetector to obtain the PPG signals from the wrist. We showed that the signal subtraction with different light intensity from the same light source reduced motion artifacts, and the clean PPG signal was remained. Performance comparison was carried out in five different scenarios: stationary state, fingers movement, gripping, up-down vertically bending and left-right horizontally swinging conditions. As expected, we obtained suitable clean PPG signals in all conditions using our proposed technique.