What is at stake when political revolt depends upon radical inner experience? Is the only route to cultural and political change, as Kristeva seems to argue, through personal introspection and revolt? If we want more from life than the freedom to channel surf, as she says, need the direction of inquiry be primarily inward? Need there be an either/or of psychical versus public life? Is the only answer to social and political dead ends really found by turning inward? Is the micropolitics of the couch the path to freedom? "Today," Kristeva writes, "psychical life knows that it will only be saved if it gives itself the time and space of revolt: to break off, remember, re-form. From prayer to dialogue, through art and analysis, the crucial event is always the great infinitesimal emancipation: to be endlessly recommenced." In this essay I ask whether we might move Kristeva's "New Forms of Revolt" from the couch to the polis with the help of one of her major interlocutors, Hannah Arendt, who reminds us that thinking is always a plural affair. I develop a link between Arendt's thinking and Kristeva's revolt to show how thinking-as-revolt puts subjects in relation to each other and to the political. Such a political culture of revolt can engage in the work needed to move beyond adolescent fixations in melancholic times. And with it we might in fact create more meaning for our lives.


Nuclear excitation by electronic transition (NEET) is a rare nuclear excitation that is theorized to occur in numerous isotopes. One isotope in particular, U-235, has been studied several times over the past 40 years and NEET of U-235 has never been conclusively observed. These past experiments generated conflicting results with some experiments claiming to observe NEET of U-235 and others setting limits for the NEET rate. This dissertation discusses the latest attempt to measure NEET of U-235. If NEET of U-235 were to occur, U-235m would be created. U-235m decays by internal conversion with a decay energy of 76 eV and a half-life of 26 minutes. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm with a pulse energy of 789 mJ and a pulse width of 9 ns was used to generate a uranium plasma. The plasma was captured on a catcher plate and electrons emitted from the catcher plate were accelerated and focused onto a microchannel plate detector. A decay of 26 minutes would suggest the creation of U-235m and the possibility that NEET occurred. However, measurements performed using a variety of uranium targets spanning depleted uranium up to 99.4% enriched uranium did not observe a 26 minute decay. Numerous other decays were observed with half-lives ranging from minutes up to hundreds of minutes. While NEET of U-235 was not observed during this experiment, an upper limit for the NEET rate of U-235 was determined. In addition, explanations for the conflicting results from previous experiments are given. Based on the results of this experiment and the previous experiments looking for NEET of U-235, it is likely that NEET of U-235 has never been observed.


News related to HIV/AIDS was marked in 2012 both by emerging therapies, as well as by the changes management strategies. Therefore, we will discuss the crucial issue of when to start antiretroviral therapy, which appears to be more and more early. Furthermore, after the U.S. validation of the pre-exposure prophylaxis for individuals at high risk of HIV acquisition, prevention of HIV transmission has returned to the spotlight. Finally, we will review some promising novel molecules whose mechanisms of action, half-life or low dosage open the door to new treatment strategies.


There is a cluster of high‐incidence areas of oesophageal cancer in south‐eastern South America, including Southern Brazil, Uruguay and parts of Argentina. The present case‐control study investigated the hypothesis that this may be due to the drinking of maté, a traditional beverage drunk at a very high temperature, and also studied the role of other known risk factors such as alcohol and tobacco. Cases (171) and age‐ and sex‐matched controls (342) were recruited from hospitals in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in Southern Brazil. The crude odds ratio for daily maté drinkers was 1.92 relative to those drinking less frequently than daily (p = 0.006). Other risk factors included the drinking of cachaça (a sugar cane spirit), smoking, rural residence, low fruit consumption and high intake of meats. After adjustment for these variables through conditional logistic regression, the odds ratio associated with daily maté drinking was reduced to 1.47 (90% CI = 0.87 ‐ 2.50). Although the study failed to provide evidence of a strong association between maté and oesophageal cancer, the cluster of high rates could be explained by relative risks of the magnitude observed. This is due to the fact that approximately 70% of adult males and 50% of females are daily drinkers. In addition, this study revealed that alcohol, tobacco smoking and rural residence are the main risk factors for oesophageal cancer in this population and the fruit consumption confers some degree of protection.


Abstract Platform sediments of Iran span the Late Ediacaran and extend into the Palaeozoic. They are primarily clastic and carbonaceous in nature, deposited in coastal and lagoonal settings. They crop out in the Takab area, as the Soltanieh Formation (Late Proterozoic to Atdabanian), the Barut Formation (Early Bottomian), the Zaigun Formation (Middle Bottomian), the Lalun Formation (Late Bottomian) and the Mila Formation (Middle Cambrian to Early Ordovician). A Precambrian–Cambrian assemblage has been identified at the base of Member 3 and the top of Member 2 in the Soltanieh Formation. The Soltanieh Formation consists of shallow marine sediments. Vertical microfacies variation reflects two regressive sequences, the earliest Cambrian System being a regressive cycle. The presence of Chuaria and Vendotaenia in the Soltanieh Formation allows correlation of Iranian sequences to those elsewhere in the world, indicating a late Neoproterozoic age. Detailed facies analyses of the Soltanieh, Barut, Zaigun, Lalun, and Mila formations allow refined palaeoenvironmental reconstructions to be made for the Ediacaran–Cambrian/Ordovician in Iran.


The machinability of nickel-based superalloy GH4169 is very poor, the traditional machining of GH4169 using the cutting fluids with the active additives causes environmental and health problems, which is out of the request of the sustainable development strategy. In this paper a new green cutting technology with overheated water vapor as coolants and lubricants was proposed to achieve the aim of green cutting and high productivity. Cutting experiments and tool wear tests using carbide tool YG6 under dry cutting, emulsion and water vapor were performed. The cutting force, cutting temperature, machined surface quality and tool life were investigated; the curve of flank tool wear and relation between tool life and cutting velocity was carried out. The results of experiments indicated that during water vapor condition, the cutting force and cutting temperature was reduced, the machined surface roughness was improved, and the tool life was longed, respectively, and the higher velocity was taken during the some tool wear condition compared to dry cutting. The research results show that green cutting was achieved associated with overheated water vapor cooling and lubricating, at he same time the machined surface quality and production efficiency was increased.


Properties of different solar wind streams depend on the large scale structure of coronal magnetic field and dynamical phenomena in the solar atmosphere. We present average values and distributions of MHD parameters (density, velocity, temperature, fluxes of mass, momentum and energy, ratio of thermal and magnetic pressures, as well as helium abundance) as observed on board the Prognoz 7 satellite in different types of solar wind streams connected with well-known solar corona structures and phenomena: (1) heliospheric current sheet, (2) streams from coronal holes, (3) streams from coronal streamers, (4) plasma disturbed by interplanetary shocks, and (5) coronal mass ejections. For quasistationary streams of solar wind, maximum mass flux is recorded in streams emanating from coronal streamers while maximum thermal and kinetic energy fluxes are observed in streams from coronal holes. The momentum fluxes are equal in both types of streams. Maximum ratio of thermal and magnetic pressures is observed in the he...


Aspergillus spp. grow on foods and feeds generating aflatoxins, which is the most potent carcinogen, therefore the present study aimed to evaluate the deactivation of growth and aflatoxin production of A. flavus and A. parasiticus in the presences of hematoporphyrin dihydrochloride and LED light. One hundred samples of different meat products (hamburger, luncheon, sausage and pastrami) have been used for the study. The isolates were identified classically and molecularly by amplification of ITS regions. The aflatoxin regulatory gene (aflR gene) was amplified and a phylogenetic tree was employed to aflR gene and the AFLR protein sequences. Different concentrations of haematoporphyrin combined with visible light (530 nm) were tested against aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus isolates in vitro and in vivo, using a piece of hamburger. A total of nineteen isolates (15 A. flavus and 4 A. parasiticus) were recovered from the collected samples. Aflatoxin-B1 was detected in 6 isolates (4 A. flavus and 2 A. parasiticus), and aflR gene sequences was assigned in GenBank accession no. KY769955-KY769960. The phylogenetic analysis of aflR genes and the predicted AFLR protein sequences among the strains were greater than 94%. haematoporphyrin photosensitization completely inhibited the growth and aflatoxin production in vitro and in vivo of both A. flavus and A. parasiticus at a concentration of 250 µg/ml. The biochemical analysis of the contaminated hamburger piece showed a decrease in the protein, carbohydrates, and fat content. The results suggest that haematoporphyrin–mediated photosensitization has a potential effect on the inhibition of the growth, spore formation and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus strains in meat products.


Objective : Students in last year of psychology could have lot of stress, anxiety, rumination and reduced quality of life. Many research studies showed that CBSM (cognitive behavioral stress management) reduce stress, rumination and also enhance quality of life. This research developps CBSM technique for students. Method : A 2-days group cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention has been tested among 25 students, following them for 4 months after recruitment. This group has been compared to a control group (25 students also). Quality of life has been evaluated by questionnaire and we have also assessed change in stress (PSS) since trial enrollment, anxiety (HADS) and rumination (Mini-CERTS). Results : CBSM intervention learns to patients what is stress, coping, cognitive distorsions and rational thought replacement, social support and assertiveness. Results show that intervention group has less stress, anxiety and rumination than control group. Conclusion : This intervention reduce stress, anxiety and rumination for students. We would like to developp this technique in France to other population.


The use of Information Technology (IT) in education is a must now and it should bring benefits to education especially in the university level. Good information technology governance is required in the field of education from planning to implementation. This study aims to evaluate how effective and efficient the implementation of information technology governance at the Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta as measured by COBIT 5 Framework. The method used is conducting a survey by distributing questionnaires to UAJY's information system office employees and observing documents that are adjusted to the control objectives in the COBIT 5 Framework. This study uses four control objectives, namely APO (Align, Plan, and Organize), BAI (Build, Acquire, and Implement), and DSS (Monitor, Evaluate, Asses). The first stages of the study was data collection, second was analyzing maturity and gap level, third was analysing and problem finding in the implementation of IT governance and proposing recommendations, and fourth was conclusions and suggestions. The result of this research is that Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta has applied the IT governance at level 3 (Established). It means that at this level the process has been built then implemented in accordance to the defined or predetermined process, and able to achieve the result of the process.


Administered at local centres in 120 countries throughout the world, IELTS (International English Language Testing System) is one of the most widely used large-scale ESL tests that also offers a direct writing test component. Because of its popularity and its use for making critical decisions about test takers, it is crucial to draw attention to some issues regarding the assessment procedures of IELTS. Therefore, the present paper aims to provide a descriptive and critical review of the IELTS writing test by focusing particularly on various reliability issues such as single marking of papers, readability of prompts, comparability of writing topics, and validity issues such as the definition of the 'international writing construct', without considering variations among rhetorical conventions and genres around the world. Consequential validity-impact issues will also be discussed and suggestions will be given for the use of IELTS around the world and for future research to improve the test.


Adsorption using metal oxide materials has been demonstrated to be an effective technique to remove hazardous materials from water, due to its easy operation, low cost, and high efficiency. The high number of oxyanions in aquatic ecosystems causes serious pollution problems. Removal of arsenate (H2AsO4-), is one of the major concerns, since it is a highly toxic anion for life. Within the metal oxides, the iron oxide is considered as a suitable material for the elimination of oxyanions. The adsorption of H2AsO4- on Fe-(hydr)oxide is through the formation of inner or outer sphere complexes. In this work, through computational methods, a complete characterization of the adsorbed surface complexes was performed. Three different pH conditions were simulated (acidic, intermediate and basic), and it was found that, the thermodynamic favourability of the different adsorbed complexes was directly related to the pH. Monodentate complex (MM1) was the most thermodynamically favourable complex with an adsorption energy of -96.0kJ/mol under intermediate pH conditions.


A simple formulation for studying the free vibration of shear-deformable functionally graded plates of different shapes with different cutouts using the finite element method is presented. The aim is to fill the void in the available literature with respect to the free vibration results of functionally graded plates of different shapes with different cutouts. The material properties of the plates are assumed to vary according to a power law distribution in terms of the volume fraction of the constituents. Validation of the formulation is done with the help of convergence studies with respect to the number of nodes and the results are compared with those from past investigations available only for simpler problems. In this paper rectangular, trapezoidal and circular plates with cutouts are studied and the effects of volume fraction index, thickness ratio and different external boundary conditions on the natural frequencies of plates are studied. © 2015 IAU, Arak Branch.All rights reserved.


The stringent regulations on fuel saving and emissions reduction in the transportation sector have become game-raisers in the development of present internal combustion engines for road applications, even if under-the-hood space constraints, downsizing and down-weighting prevent from adopting radical changes in the engine layout. In current research, objective is to find a viable and pragmatic solution to reduce the turbo-charged engine intake air temperature by a large value as compared to traditional air-to-air intercoolers to increase Engine Horsepower. In undergoing research, a refrigerated intercooler is designed on the basis of refrigeration cycle, which further decreases the intake air temperature of the engine, resulting in increased horsepower, and improved Formula 1 lap times. Additionally, Formula 1, 2014 (V6 Turbo-Charged) Engine is used. According to the results, horse power of 1209.74HP is obtained by using refrigeration assisted intercooler. However, 1061HP is obtained for air to air intercooler. So, performance gain of 15 to 20% over present intake air cooling system in Formula 1 engine cars is successfully achieved. Additionally, Research will be utilized to decrease lap time in formula 1 racing cars.


A Method for ADC Error Testing and its Compensation in Ratiometric Measurements Errors induced due to ratiometric measurements are discussed and a simplified compensation method to reduce the various static errors of ADC, voltage reference errors in ratiometry and resistance mismatch errors is proposed. Curve fitting is done for the error samples and the system is modelled in comparison to an ideal system. Static errors and other ratiometric errors, thus modelled are derived into a corrective equation in comparison with an errorless system. Implementation of the proposed method is discussed for a resistance measurement system and analyzed. This paper also discusses the usage of the proposed system with successive approximation ADCs for ratiometric measurement operations against the conventional requirement dual slope ADCs for the same.


During autoimmunity of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), myeloid cells play a central role in shaping the local inflammatory milieu and significantly contribute to the extent of disease pathology. Myeloid cells contribute to local reactivation of encephalitogenic T cells and, through production of pro-inflammatory mediators, also promote neurotoxicity and demyelination. In contrast, myeloid cells that acquired an anti-inflammatory phenotype ameliorate CNS autoimmunity and significantly contribute to resolution of inflammation. In this review we will discuss the role of selected nuclear receptors in modifying myeloid cell immune responses during autoimmune inflammation of the CNS and their potential as new targets for treatment regimens in MS.


Rett syndrome is a unique disorder of neurodevelopment that is characterized by an evolving behavioral and developmental phenotype, which emerges after an apparently normal early infantile period. It almost exclusively affects females. The face of Rett syndrome is said to resemble that of Angelman syndrome, although there seems little objective support for this impression and it is not a concept with universal support. This observational and anthropometric study was carried out to define the key facial characteristics of females with Rett syndrome and to evaluate whether any changes of significance occur with age. Thirty‐seven affected Caucasian females, from 2 to 20 years of age, were evaluated. Thirty‐five of them had a documented mutation in MECP2 while the remaining two fulfilled the clinical criteria for Rett syndrome and had been diagnosed by an experienced clinician. Few unusual facial features were noted. Almost all facial measurements were within the normal range although head circumference tended to fall below the normal range with increasing age. The pattern of measurements was constant over time, with the exception of increased facial width in the under 3‐year‐old girls. The face of Rett syndrome does not demonstrate marked prognathism, wide mouth, spaced teeth or striking microcephaly, all features of Angelman syndrome. Thus, while Rett and Angelman syndromes have similar clinical, neurological, and behavioral phenotypes, they do not appear to share similar facial features. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Summary: In single screw plasticizing technology dispersive mixing elements, i.e., axial and spiral Maddock shear heads, are often used to improve the melt quality. Mathematical models are necessary to efficiently design the mixing section. An analytical model for the design of Maddock mixers is presented in this work. In addition, a CFD-software package is employed to determine the flow and pressure field for different geometries and processing conditions. For the design and process analysis of fluted dispersive mixers the validity and potential of simplified analytical solutions are compared to more versatile and detailed CFD-simulations.


Fed and starved rats were studied on successive days during a 5-day starvation period. The ability of ketone bodies to pass the blood-brain barrier was estimated by single common carotid injections of labeled ketone bodies and water, and results were expressed as the ratio between the normalized activities of tracers in tissue and blood, the brain uptake index (BUI). BUI of D-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate decreased as their total concentrations increased in the injectate bolus: BUI of D-3-hydroxybutyrate decreased significantly from 8% at 0.2 mM to 3--4% at 20.2 mM in fed rats and from 11.5% at 0.2 mM to 6% at 20.2 mM in starved rats, indicating saturation of the uptake mechanism. The BUI of both ketone bodies increased significantly with increasing duration of starvation, indicating adaptation to ketonemia. Enzymatic kinetics explained the uptake behavior of D-3-hydroxybutyrate in both fed and starved rats and involved a rise of Km and Vmax during starvation consistent with a doubling of the transport rate at the degree of ketonemia found in starved rats. The uptake of glucose was not influenced by starvation or ketonemia.


Bombesin stimulates cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion, presumably by a direct effect on the intestinal CCK cell. The present objectives were to characterize bombesin-stimulated CCK release and to investigate the role of calcium in CCK secretion in an intestinal CCK-producing cell line (STC-1). Bombesin caused a dose-dependent release of CCK, which was reduced either in the absence of extracellular calcium or by calcium channel blockade, suggesting that influx of calcium is necessary for CCK secretion. Bombesin caused an increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and increased efflux of 45Ca2+ from 45Ca(2+)-loaded cells. Radioligand binding studies and Northern analysis were consistent with the expression of a bombesin receptor. Thus bombesin stimulation of CCK release occurs via binding to a receptor and is dependent on increased [Ca2+]i. We propose that the STC-1 cell line may provide a useful model for studying the regulation of intestinal CCK secretion.


There is evidence that the thermal stress encountered in many work environments may negatively affect various aspects of human performance and behavior. Evaluation of the empirical research is, however, complicated by differences in both the methodology and the definition of the basic stimulus. Effects of heat and cold stress are briefly reviewed, with particular regard to theoretical considerations.


It has recently been shown that the phase relationship between respiration‐induced changes in arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) are different in supine and upright postures. We wanted to further analyse the coupling between respiration, arterial blood pressure and HR in the time domain, and how this coupling was altered during orthostatic stress. Nine healthy subjects were studied. Respiration‐induced changes in AP and HR were recorded during frequency‐ and volume‐controlled breathing. This was done during supine rest with and without lower body negative pressure (−50 mmHg) (LBNP). All experiments were performed after β1‐blockade. Responses were averaged breath‐by‐breath to enhance the time resolution and to eliminate noise. The respiration‐induced changes in arterial pulse pressure (PP) were different between control and LBNP: The peak in PP during the respiratory cycle occurred 0·9 ± 0·8 (mean ± SD) s before the onset of inspiration during supine control and 0·8 ± 2·1 s after the onset of inspiration during LBNP (P = 0·03). These changes in the timing of peak PP significantly distorted the cyclic systolic AP and mean AP fluctuations during LBNP. Despite the altered AP response with LBNP, HR fluctuations closely correlated in time with respiration in all conditions, albeit with a significantly reduced amplitude during LBNP (−49%, P = 0·01). The results points to a lack of coupling between AP and HR during paced breathing and thus suggest that respiratory sinus dysrhythmia at least, to a large extent, is independent of the arterial baroreflex.


An ad hoc working group, organized under the DARPA Composite CAD program, is developing a common set of VHDL-AMS (VHSIC Hardware Description Language for Analog and Mixed Signal) definitions for modeling mixedtechnology systems. This common set of definitions will enable VHDL-AMS model interoperability, composition, and exchange. VHDL-AMS promises to provide similar benefits and infrastructure for mixed-signal (electronics) and mixed-technology (mechanical, fluidic, thermal, etc.) system design that VHDL did for the design of digital electronics. The working group is also developing a set of modeling guidelines and VHDL-AMS examples. This paper presents and discusses this joint effort between Industry, Academia, and the Government. The results of this effort will form the basis for standardization within the IEEE Design Automation Standards Committee. A common basis for model interoperability is essential to the successful application of VHDL-AMS to mixed-technology system modeling and design.


Self-paced learning (SPL) is a new methodology that simulates the learning principle of humans/animals to start learning easier aspects of a learning task, and then gradually take more complex examples into training. This new-coming learning regime has been empirically substantiated to be effective in various computer vision and pattern recognition tasks. Recently, it has been proved that the SPL regime has a close relationship to a implicit self-paced objective function. While this implicit objective could provide helpful interpretations to the effectiveness, especially the robustness, insights under the SPL paradigms, there are still no theoretical results strictly proved to verify such relationship. To this issue, in this paper, we provide some convergence results on this implicit objective of SPL. Specifically, we prove that the learning process of SPL always converges to critical points of this implicit objective under some mild conditions. This result verifies the intrinsic relationship between SPL and this implicit objective, and makes the previous robustness analysis on SPL complete and theoretically rational.


Justice Brandeis is, in intellectual property law's precincts, most famous for his lone dissent in International News Service v. Associate Press, the misappropriation case one can find in virtually every i.p. survey casebook (and many property law casebooks as well). But in the wider legal world, Brandeis is likely most famous for his earthquake opinion in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins. Do Brandeis's opinions in these two cases speak to each other? Can considering them together inform broader reflections on the texture of our federalism in the i.p. context? This piece, prepared in connection with an "Erie at Eighty" conference in fall 2018, makes the case that the answer to both questions is "yes."


We propose that the so-called "terminal fan" facies model should be abandoned since it is flawed on several counts and it is leading to misunderstanding and poor communication. Rivers in drylands may experience excessive down stream discharge reduction such that they terminate subaerially rather than reach the sea or a lake. The facies model predicts that the distal reaches of such rivers form a network of bifurcating distributary channels producing a fan-shaped sediment body, with downstream thinning and fining of sedimentary units, ending in sand-filled ribbons encased in mud.

Extensive review of modern rivers has failed to turn up convincing examples that fit the model. Rivers in drylands do not ubiquitously end in fans. Fan-shaped fluvial bodies are common wherever rivers are released from confinement and the discharge conditions promote frequent avulsion. Channels on such fans generally do not repeatedly bifurcate downstream. Where they are seen to do so, it can usually be shown they are lacustrine deltas inherited from wetter times. The term "distributary" is being used carelessly and is conveying incorrect understanding of sediment geometry and architecture. The proposed synonym of "fluvial distributary systems" is unsatisfactory as it perpetuates the same misunderstandings. Reliance on planform alone in analogue selection is highly risky.

The fluvial fan is a composite sediment body resulting from frequent nodal avulsions in a setting without horizontal constraints. Channels on fans range in planform as much as any other river. The resultant sedimentary record differs little from that expected from non-fan fluvial systems except having a regionally radiating orientation when viewed over geological time scales. Contrary to the implications of the facies model, there is no distinctive "terminal fan" sedimentary succession.


This paper summarizes, and slightly extends, the key results of two recent publications (Klein et al., JAS, 2010 and Achatz et al., JFM, 2010).
Soundproof atmospheric flow models are considered attractive for two reasons: (i) Since acoustic modes are likely of negligible influence in atmospheric dynamics, sound-proof models have the advantage of a clear-cut focus on the essentials of such flows. (ii) Although several numerical schemes for the compressible atmospheric flow equations are being used in production codes, uncertainties w.r.t. their robustness, accuracy, or flexibility remain.
Ogura and Phillips' (1962) derivation of their anelastic model requires the dimensionless stability of the background state to be of the order of the Mach number squared, i.e.,
(hsc=) d=dz = O("2) as " ! 0. This guarantees the characteristic time scales of advection and internal waves to be of the same order of magnitude in the Mach number, ". Assuming the flow evolution to develop on this time scale only, they asymptotically eliminate the fast sound waves and arrive at the anelastic model featuring internal waves and advection only. For typical values " 1=30, however, the model implies unrealistically weak vertical variation of potential temperature across the troposphere of less than one Kelvin. Later generalizations of the anelastic model (Dutton & Fichtl (1969), Lipps & Hemler (1982)), and Durran's pseudo-incompressible model (Durran 1989) are argued to be valid for stronger stratification, yet their derivations do not account for the fact that one must deal with three separated time scales for sound, internal waves, and advection in this case.
Klein et al. (2010) address this issue and show that the Lipps & Hemler anelastic model and Durran's pseudo-incompressible model should be valid up to stratifications (hsc=) d=dz < O("2=3) corresponding to vertical variations of potential temperature of hsc
0 < 30:::50 K.
Achatz et al. (2010) study, i.a., the evolution of large amplitude, short wave internal wave packets using WKB theory. They show that the pseudo-incompressible model is asymptotically consistent with the compressible Euler equations even for leading-order stratifications in the considered WKB regime. In contrast, they find this not to be true for the Lipps & Hemler anelastic model, whose asymptotics differs in the first-order terms. We show in the
present paper that the anelastic model does correctly represent the amplification of wave packets as they travel upwards in the atmosphere, but that the excitation of higher harmonics and the wave-meanflow-interactions are not consistent with the asymptotics of the compressible Euler and pseudo-incompressible models.


Recognizing school improvement networks as a leading strategy for large-scale high school reform, this analysis explores developmental evaluation as an approach to examining school improvement networks as "learning systems" able to produce, use, and refine practical knowledge in large numbers of schools. Through a case study of one leading school improvement network (the New Tech Network), the analysis provides evidence of the potential power of developmental evaluation for generating formative feedback for network stakeholders regarding the strengths and weaknesses of their networks as distributed, collaborative learning systems. At the same time, it raises issues and questions to be addressed in advancing the practice of developmental evaluation, chief among them being constraints on stakeholders in leveraging feedback in productive ways.


For decades, advanced behavioral tasks have only been used in human and non-human primates. However, with improved analytical and genetic techniques, there has been a growing drive to implement complex reaching, decision-making, and reaction time tasks – not in primates – but in rodents. Here, we assess the hypothesis that a mouse can learn a cued reaction time task. Moreover, we tested multiple training regimens and found that introducing elements of the reaction time task serially hindered, rather than helped task acquisition. Additionally, we include a step-by-step manual for inexpensive implementation and use of a rodent joystick for behavioral analysis. Task and analysis code for the evaluated behaviors are included such that they may be replicated and tested further. With these, we also include code for a probabilistic reward 'two-arm bandit' task. These various tasks, and the method to construct and implement them, will enable greatly improved study of the neural correlates of behavior in the powerful mouse model organism. In summary, we have tested and demonstrated that mice can learn sophisticated tasks with A joystick, and that targeted task design provides a significant advantage. These results of this study stand to inform the implementation of other sophisticated tasks using the mouse model.


: The Author has demonstrated that Samoan youth is not indifferent to cultural universals, despite attempting to co-create them in the course of a multi-cultural dialogue and globalization processes. The study was founded on research results conducted through local observations and a questionnaire distributed among students of the Faculty of Education at the National University of Samoa in Apia. The research aimed to learn about the opinions, aspirations, attitudes, and value systems of Samoan students as they represent the educated elite of the 21st-century generation. The interviewed approve of contemporary civilizational novelties, as long as those do not harm the traditional culture. The socialization process in the Samoan youth has been occurring on a borderland between upbringing, traditional family-tribal, and the modern state-citizen education in schools and social life. Family and traditional customs are still vivid despite being more open to contemporary civilization and state developments. Although cautious towards novelties that might threaten the Samoan culture, these attitudes may be assessed as a reformatory. Based on the results obtained in Samoa, it is justifiable to state that the process of cultural transformation universalization has been occurring there in many areas of reality.


A revision of the taxonomy for the fluorescent subgroup of streptomycetes has confirmed experimentally that it is expedient to use the comparative population-taxonomic analysis as a new approach to the taxonomy of actinomycetes, which makes it possible to establish relationships between cultures being compared. It has been shown that the species Streptomyces galbofluorescens and S. fluorescens are merely spontaneous variants in the composition of the parent population of S. chrysomallus and therefore bear no taxonomic and nomenclature status. Consequently, the fluorescent subgroup consists of two (rather than the earlier described four) species: S. chrysomallus and S. citreofluorescens. The names S. galbofluorescens and S. fluorescens should be regarded as synonyms of the name S. chrysomallus. The culture of S. chrysomallus was found to contain a water-soluble antibacterial antibiotic. Three monosynthetic variants were isolated from the population of S. chrysomallus.


Two new ages were determined using the fission-track method on apatite grains separated from a volcanic ash level that was recognised in sedimentary series from the lower Arno valley (Tuscany, Italy). The samples were collected from the series located at Poggio al Vento and at Cava Campani (Pontedera), along the left bank of the Arno River. These new ages, around 0.5 Ma, agree within the experimental errors with those previously determined on glass of the same unit. However, they have to be preferred for their better precision and potential better accuracy. The S. Romano Unit, which contains the studied tephra, has been assigned to the isotopic stage 13.


David Chase's series The Sopranos (1999-2007) was a wildly successful and popular show which has attracted rich analysis from both critics and academics. However, what has not been adequately analyzed by scholars is the central role that race (specifically Whiteness and Whitening) plays within the series. By using theories of Whiteness (especially Sheshadri-Crooks's idea of Whiteness as master signifier), Whitening, and racialization, this paper shows how Italian- Americans' history of racialization, oppression, and eventual Whitening and deracialization expresses itself in complex ways within the series. Specifically, this paper focuses on how the trauma of historical Italian-American oppression and racialization are a constant theme within the seemingly Whitened Italian- American communities and relations portrayed in the series. This intergenerational trauma is considered in the context of historical developments in the Italian-American community and dialogue and plot developments within the series.


Identifying successful schools is a challenge because relativity characteristics on which the school was defined as one in this category. Our research aims to identify traits generally accepted by experts in the quality of education that characterize a successful school. So were surveyed 1387 specialists working in the quality of education (700 trainers counselors and external evaluators, experts in quality, evaluation and accreditation, 687 inspectors responsible for monitoring and quality control), were held interviews with nine directors (five from "successful schools" and 4 schools considered less successful) and focus groups with teachers from selected schools. The conclusions are meant to stabilize the characteristics of successful school, so there is a common language in judging and assessing school success.At Romanian school system is well known that a school can be evaluated from different perspectives, so the stakeholders can choose according to all these. But, all the time, the conclusion "successful school" or "less successful school" is a label unexplained. At the level of school marketing, this label is more important, no matter for what reason . That' s why, from our perspective it is more important to have the same point of reference according to which a school can be labeled as "successful" or " less unsuccessful".Also, our research tried to involve the expert on quality of education, human resources that know all the school and had evaluated according to national indicators the schools from Romania. Many questions were raised like what characteristics define the success? Who are more or less important? From what perspective is important to judge a school?


We have seen in recent years how suicide has become a more pressing reality as a social
phenomenon. With this has come a vast amount of data and information as regards its
cause, and the means by which its prevention might be sought. The following are an
example of such:
• Male suicide rates are four times higher than female rates.
• Suicide rates increase with age and are highest among males over twenty-five.
• Suicide attempt rates are three times higher for females than for males.
• An estimated five million living Americans have tried to kill themselves.
• 30,000 people kill themselves every year in the United States.
• The risk o f death from suicide is greater than if there were a fully loaded jumbo
jet air disaster every four days.
The list of statistics and details be they, sociological or psychological are endless. This
abundance of information has brought about the development of a complex web o f
distinctions and clarifications in the language of psychology and sociology, which have
in part made their way into popular perceptions. A similar type of development has
occurred within the Church due in part from the insights gained from these sciences but
the difference being that this new vocabulary of subtle clarifications within the science of
theology has not found root within the faithful. The church is still seen to operate with the
blunt instruments of right and wrong. In short the church teaching on the subject of
suicide is perceived, as " Suicide is a mortal sin." This is not seen as a summary but the whole story. This idea hides, the more fruitful and hope filled insights which the Church
now holds in regard to suicide.


This paper describes a new stage in the development of an 'interactive aural' approach to the analysis of electroacoustic music. I originally developed Interactive Aural Analysis in studying Jonathan Harvey's Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco. The approach uses software to enable the listener to engage aurally with the structure of the work and with the processes and sound materials used in its composition. The interactive software includes, for example, an aural paradigmatic analysis of the work, opportunities aurally and interactively to investigate the sound materials used by the composer, and interactive exercises using accurate emulations of the techniques employed in the work. It provides a way of understanding our heritage more deeply and exploring what we might learn for the future.

Both the approach and the resulting analysis, comprising text and software (in Analytical Methods of Electroacoustic Music, ed. M. Simoni, Routledge, 2006), have been well received. My description of the approach can be found in the Proceedings of the 2005 International Computer Music Conference (pp. 85-8). This approach is now being extended to other works and the works chosen for analysis have been specifically selected to help broaden the scope of the interactive aural approach. Mortuos Plango takes recorded 'musical' sounds and analyses these sounds to obtain data which then forms the basis for the sound transformations and structure of the whole work. It is a highly successful work but this is not, of course, the only way to approach electroacoustic composition. The types of sound, the analytical approach to these sounds and the structural planning (in many ways reminiscent of Stockhausen) contrast strikingly with the approaches taken, for example, by composers in the acousmatic tradition in which the sounds used are often not traditionally 'musical' and the approach taken to these sounds is usually empirical and pragmatic rather than analytical, with the structure derived from spectromorphological principles. Developing an interactive aural analysis of such works therefore requires an expansion of interactive aural analysis conceptually and in terms of software tools. The analytical approach is also being further expanded in a different direction through the analysis of music combining live acoustic performance with real-time computer processing. This presentation however focuses on the issues raised and the solutions proposed in relation to an acousmatic work: Denis Smalley's Wind Chimes.

The new features include the following: Printed sonograms are a feature of many analyses of electroacoustic music. Although they have uses in certain circumstances they do have significant limitations in terms of what they show and how they relate to aural experience (as I have discussed previously, for example in my presentation at EMS07). However, a sonogram that can be manipulated and heard in the context of interactive aural analysis software has many advantages over a purely visual, static printed sonogram. As part of this project an interactive aural sonogram is being incorporated into the MSP-based software accompanying the musical analysis. This allows the user to focus in on particular aspects of the sound, isolating time and frequency regions and comparing these with similar occurrences elsewhere in the work. Selected gestures or passages can also be saved and placed in interactive aural paradigmatic charts or genealogical trees to elucidate the structure of the work or the development of material. Software is also being developed (using analysis data in SDIF files) to examine and compare aspects of the spectromorphology of sounds.

This presentation will demonstrate some of the tools being developed and discuss more generally issues arising in the development of interactive aural analysis for acousmatic music.


Escherichia coli O157:H7, an emerging cause of food-borne disease, has now been reported from several countries worlwide. Cattle and sheep are known as a principle reservoir of this agent. It is also prevalent in gastrointestinal tract of other animals like pigs, dogs, cats and birds. This agent can be transmitted to humans by food and water and even person to person contact. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique has been applied to evaluate zoonotic potency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 local isolates. Ten random decamer primers have been evaluated in this study to differentiate isolates originated from humans and animals. The OPA-02, OP-03, OPA-04, OPA- 07, OPA-08, OPA-09, OPA-10, OPA-13, OPA-19, and OPA-20 decamer primers show a good differentiation pattern of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from human, cattle and chicken feces, as well as from beef. The primers constantly produce 16, 16, 11, 14, 8, 24, 7, 11, 7, and 12 polymorphic bands, respectively. Various human isolates that were isolated from clinically ill and healthy patients share common genetic clusters with animal isolates from beef, as well as cattle and chicken feces with genetic similarity coefficients greater than 70%. According to this result, It has been concluded the transmission of E. coli O157:H7 local isolates from animals to humans is potential occur.


Problem statement: Adiponectin is an adipocyte secreted hormones, exerts its effects via the specific receptors. AdipoR1 and adipoR2 and plays a pivotal role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Approach: We investigated the effect of increased physical activities on insulin resistance and if this effect is modulated through adiponectin receptor expression. Results: We also assessed the effect of High Fat Diet (HFD) on adipoRs expression. Mice were subjected to 16 weeks of HFD protocol then to 4, 6 and 8 weeks of exercise training. Following the experimental protocol the fasting plasma glucose, insulin and index of Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin Resistance (HOMA-R) were evaluated. The mRNA expression of adiponectin receptors genes were also analyzed using reverse transcription RT-PCR. The consumption of high fat diet by the mice for 16 weeks resulted in a significant increase in weight associated with insulin resistance and associated with significant decrease in adiponectin receptors R1 and R2 expression in both liver and skeletal muscle. Exercise training for 4 weeks resulted in a significant improvement in the insulin resistance state, significant increase in expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in both liver and skeletal muscles. On increasing duration of exercise training for 6 weeks and 8 weeks there was significant improvement in insulin resistance and significant increase in the expression of AdipoR1 in liver, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in muscle, whereas liver AdipoR2 expression was significantly decreased. Conclusion/Recommendations: we conclude that the exercise training improves insulin sensitivity and up-regulates mRNA expression of AdipoR1 in both skeletal muscle and liver in mice and AdiopR2 in muscle and this suggests that the insulin sensitizing effect of exercise training may be mediated even partially through increased adiponectin receptor expression and up regulation of adiponectin receptors reaches certain level and increasing the duration of exercise adds no more improvement to insulin sensitivity or adiponectin receptor expression.


We present the results of a study of differential rotation on the K2 IV primary of the RS CVn binary II Pegasi (HD 224085) performed by inverting light curves to produce images of the dark starspots on its surface. The data were obtained in the standard Johnson B and V filter passbands via the Tennessee State University T3 0.4 m Automated Photometric Telescope from JD 2447115.8086–2455222.6238 (1987 November 16–2010 January 26). The observations were subdivided into 79 data sets consisting of pairs of B and V light curves, which were then inverted using a constrained nonlinear inversion algorithm that makes no a priori assumptions regarding the number of spots or their shapes. The resulting surface images were then assigned to 24 groups corresponding to time intervals over which we could observe the evolution of a given group of spots (except for three groups consisting of single data sets). Of these 24 groups, six showed convincing evidence of differential rotation over time intervals of several months. For the others, the spot configuration was such that differential rotation was neither exhibited nor contraindicated. The differential rotation we infer is in the same sense as that on the Sun: lower latitudes have shorter rotation periods. From plots of the range in longitude spanned by the spotted regions versus time, we obtain estimates of the differential rotation coefficient k defined as in earlier work by Henry et al. and show that our results for its value are consistent with the value obtained therein.


The practices and standards of literary interpretation have changed in the last quarter century. In the area of Shakespeare studies, critical collections like Is Shakespeare Still Our Contemporary? (EIsom, ed.) and Shakespeare in the Changing Curriculum (Aers & Wheale, eds.) indicate the current emphasis on contextualization and the concomitant movement away from a narrowly textual focus. Nevertheless, academic literary interpretation remains inevitably and perhaps rightly haunted by notions of textual accuracy--as can be seen, for instance, in the debates (over the appropriate roles of politics and careful reading) between Richard Levin and others in the recent Shakespeare Left and Right (Kamps, ed). Standards change, however, when the medium of interpretation is altered. Interpretation in the form of theatrical conceptualizing or performance, for instance, can and sometimes must take license in ways that literary criticism narrowly defined does not: at the end of Measure for Measure, Isabella's response to the Duke's proposals must be staged in some way, in any case working necessarily beyond textual evidence. Theatrical adaptation, especially radical rewriting and restaging of an existing work, goes one step further: although adaptations of Shakespeare's works may be driven by a belief in fidelity to something about Shakespeare, and although in large measure they are forms of critical and interpretive practice, questions about the accuracy of the adaptation have little practical meaning. Because theatrical adaptation is less constrained than other modes of interpretation, it offers more opportunity for the kind of unraveling of fixed, hegemonic meanings that has been advocated by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari and which they associate with the concept of "minor literature." My purpose in the following essay, therefore, is first to outline the major components of their theory and then to explore how various theatrical adaptations of Shakespeare provide instances of what I will call "minor theater." In the process--and in keeping with the emphasis on challenge involved in the concept of "minor"--I also hope to suggest how these adaptations (and the politics that inform them) serve to question some of the positions assumed by Deleuze and Guattari. It was in their 1975 study of Kafka that Deleuze and Guattari first mapped out what they call "a minor literature," defining it as the kind of work constructed by minorities within a major literature (16): e.g., the German-Czech-Jew Kafka within German literature, the French-Canadian singer within French literature, the Black-American within American literature. A major literature is a literature of masters: oppressive, founded upon transcendental justifications, it is hard and ungiving. A minor literature, in contrast, is a project of de-territorialization: in the place of the exclusive rights of the privileged "majority," a minor literature gives free play to the disenfranchised, to minorities--women or people from developing countries--who comprise in reality the majority. Nevertheless, the project of "becoming minor" (the unraveling of hegemonic structures of identity) and the machinery of "minorization" are open to everyone and not restricted to specific or actualized minorities. Although minor literature arises from the reactions of the minority within a major literature and culture, its literary and sociocultural project points toward a "becoming minor" of the whole world, in which all structures of hegemony and privilege give way. Therefore, a minor literature is a collective project. While it undermines the author as master and, in turn, the stable, despotic subject of which the author is one manifestation, it puts forward a new paradigm for literature and authority, open to multiplicity, difference and variation. A minor literature is political and revolutionary; it invokes another possible community, one without masters, literary and otherwise. …


Epithelial carcinoma of the ovary, a rare complication of pregnancy, was diagnosed at 16 weeks' gestation after presentation as an acute abdomen. Exploration with conservative surgery was done, and cis-platinum-based combination chemotherapy was administered for the remainder of the pregnancy. Induction and vaginal delivery resulted in a successful outcome for mother and fetus. Postpartum laparotomy was negative.


Background: Cyproheptadine HCl is a serotonin antagonist and histamine H1 blocker agent. Objective: The objective of the present work was to establish a rapid, sensitive and validated bioanalytical HPLC method using Liquid extraction technique for the determination of Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride in human plasma and its application to rat pharmacokinetic study. Methodology: For development of analytical method, Cyproheptadine HCl was estimated in human plasma after liquid liquid extraction using 20 mm ammonium formate buffer and n-hexane as extracting solvents and Oxcarbazepine as internal standard. For separation of Cyproheptadine HCl from plasma components, Hypersil BDS C18 column (250×4.6 mm i.d, 5μ particle size) at ambient temperature, 224 nm as detection wavelength and (acetonitrile: methanol: 20 mM ammonium formate, pH 5.5 adjusted with 0.2% formic acid 40:10:50, v/v/v) as the mobile phase and at a flow rate of 1 ml/min was used. Results: Newly developed method showed good calibration curve in the concentration range of 100–800 ng/ml with excellent correlation coefficient (r2>0.998) and giving recovery more than 99%. The %RSD for both intraday and interday was less than 2%. Conclusion: The newly developed and validated HPLCPDA method was easy, fast and can be effectively utilized for pharmacokinetic studies in rats after oral administration of Cyproheptadine HCl.


Vasodilator drugs activate neurohumoral forces that produce peripheral vasoconstriction and tachycardia and probably cause the rebound events observed upon abrupt withdrawal of therapy. To determine their role in limiting therapeutic vasodilator responses, these reactive forces were measured in 40 patients with severe chronic heart failure by quantifying the magnitude of rebound change (MRC) after nitroprusside withdrawal. Group 1 patients (n = 22), who had minimal reactive vasoconstriction (MRC ⩽27%), showed marked hemodynamic effects with nitroprusside (4.5 μg/kg/min) and isosorbide dinitrate (40 mg orally), associated with significant decreases in heart rate with both drugs (p < 0.001). Despite administration of the same doses of both drugs, group 2 patients (n = 18), who had marked rebound changes (MRC > 27%), showed significantly smaller changes in cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure (p < 0.001), associated with no change or increases in heart rate. Rebound events were attenuated and the responses to nitroprusside and nitrates were enhanced in four patients in whom these drugs were readministered after pretreatment with i.v. phentolamine (0.3 mg/min). We conclude that activation of neurohumoral forces can limit the hemodynamic responses to vasodilator administration; this supports the use of combination therapy of direct-acting vasodilators and neurohumoral antagonists in selected patients with severe chronic heart failure.


Abstract We developed a new nonlinear fluid laser-plasma-instability code (FLAME) using a multi-fluid plasma model combined with full electromagnetic wave equations. The completed one-dimensional (1D) version of FLAME was used to study laser-plasma instabilities in shock ignition. The simulations results showed that absolute SRS modes growing near the quarter-critical surface were saturated by Langmuir-wave Decay Instabilities (LDI) and pump depletion. The ion-acoustic waves from LDI acted as seeds of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), which displayed a bursting pattern and caused strong pump depletion. Re-scattering of SRS at the 1/16th-critical surface was also observed in a high temperature case. These results largely agreed with corresponding Particle-in-Cell simulations.


An extracellular lipase from Psedoxanthomonas sp. was purified 47.3 folds with an overall yield of 27% through purification procedure of acetone precipitation, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Protein precipitation using acetone fractionation showed that the enzyme was precipitated at the fraction of 0 to 40%. Further purification of the enzyme by ion exchange followed by gel filtration chromatography showed that there were two types of lipases with similar molecular size at around 50 kDa. Characterization of optimum pH, temperature, and substrate specificity were carried out against the isolated lipase. Lip1 showed specific substrate preferences towards p-nitro phenyl myristate meanwhile Lip2 exhibited hydrolytic activity towards short and medium acyl chain of the substrate. Further analysis of both enzyme activities on variation of pH and temperature showed that the optimum pH and temperature for Lip1 were at pH 10.0 and 70°C, respectively while pH 8.0 and 50°C were the optimum pH and temperature for Lip2 respectively. Lyophilized lipase isolated from acetone fraction showed lipolytic activity under variation of methanol concentration up to 30%.

 Key words: Pseudoxanthomonas lipase, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography.


In this work the inverse coefficient problem for Euler-Bernoulli equation with periodic boundary and integral addition conditions is investigated. Under some natural regularity and consistency conditions on the input data the existence, uniqueness and continuously dependence upon the data of the solution are shown by using the generalized Fourier method. Numerical tests using the implicit finite difference scheme combined with an iterative method are presented and discussed. Also an example is presented with figures.


Plagiarism is one of the major challenges in undergraduate students' written assignments. Against a background of general under preparedness of students entering higher education, poor academic literacy levels, limited knowledge about plagiarism and an increasing affinity among students towards visual learning resources, this paper reports on a research study that investigated the potential of digital storytelling as an alternative assessment method in a first year Industrial Design course, at a University of Technology, South Africa. In this course, Technology 1, digital storytelling was used for student assessment instead of a paper-based essay. Digital stories are usually short movie clips, created with off-the-shelf equipment and techniques, combining text, images, videos, music and narration. Drawing from the principles of authentic learning, the researchers investigated benefits and challenges of using digital stories as alternative assessment method. Qualitative methods of collecting data were used, which included focus group interviews with the students and in-depth interviews with lecturers. Findings of the study showed that digital storytelling promoted authentic learning, which led to high levels of student engagement with their studies and hence meaningful understanding of the subject matter. However, findings also revealed the importance of providing support to students in developing a high-quality, polished end product. More research is needed to explore the potential of transferring this highly independent, student-led project into other disciplines.


The 1985 prediction of a characteristic magnitude 6 Parkfield earth- quake was unsuccessful, since no significant event occurred in the 95% time window (1985-1993) anywhere near Parkfield. The magnitude 6 earthquake near Parkfield in 2004 failed to satisfy the prediction not just because it was late; it also differed in character from the 1985 prediction and was expectable according to a simple null hypothesis. Furthermore, the prediction was too vague in several important respects to meet the accepted definition of an earthquake prediction. An event occurring by chance and meeting the general description of the predicted one was reasonably probable. The original characteristic earthquake model has failed in comprehensive tests, yet it is still widely used. Modified versions employed in recent official seismic hazard calculations allow for interactions between segments and uncertainties in the parameters. With more adjustable parameters, the modified versions are harder to falsify. The characteristic model as applied at Parkfield and elsewhere rests largely on selected data that may be biased because they were taken out of context. We discuss implications of the 2004 event for earthquake prediction, the characteristic earthquake hypothesis, and earthquake occurrence in general.


Understanding the cracking behaviour of biological composite materials is of practical importance. This paper presents the first study to track the interplay between crack initiation, microfracture and plastic deformation in three dimensions (3D) as a function of tubule and collagen fibrils arrangement in elephant dentin using in situ X-ray nano-computed tomography (nano-CT). A nano-indenter with a conical tip has been used to incrementally indent three test-pieces oriented at 0°, 45° and 70° to the long axis of the tubules (i.e. radial to the tusk). For the 0° sample two significant cracks formed, one of which linked up with microcracks in the axial-radial plane of the tusk originating from the tubules and the other one occurred as a consequence of shear deformation at the tubules. The 70° test-piece was able to bear the greatest loads despite many small cracks forming around the indenter. These were diverted by the microstructure and did not propagate significantly. The 45° test-piece showed intermediate behaviour. In all cases strains obtained by digital volume correlation were well in excess of the yield strain (0.9%), indeed some plastic deformation could even be seen through bending of the tubules. The hoop strains around the conical indenter were anisotropic with the smallest strains correlating with the primary collagen orientation (axial to the tusk) and the largest strains aligned with the hoop direction of the tusk. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper presents the first comprehensive study of the anisotropic nature of microfracture, crack propagation and deformation in elephant dentin using time-lapse X-ray nano-computed tomography. To unravel the interplay of collagen fibrils and local deformation, digital volume correlation (DVC) has been applied to map the local strain field while the crack initiation and propagation is tracked in real time. Our results highlight the intrinsic and extrinsic shielding mechanisms and correlate the crack growth behavior in nature to the service requirement of dentin to resist catastrophic fracture. This is of wide interest not just in terms of understanding dentin fracture but also can extend beyond dentin to other anisotropic structural composite biomaterials such as bone, antler and chitin.


New-generation radio telescopes like LOFAR are conducting extensive sky surveys, detecting millions of sources. To maximise the scientific value of these surveys, radio source components must be properly associated into physical sources before being cross-matched with their optical/infrared counterparts. In this paper, we use machine learning to identify those radio sources for which either source association is required or statistical cross-matching to optical/infrared catalogues is unreliable. We train a binary classifier using manual annotations from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS). We find that, compared to a classification model based on just the radio source parameters, the addition of features of the nearest-neighbour radio sources, the potential optical host galaxy, and the radio source composition in terms of Gaussian components, all improve model performance. Our best model, a gradient boosting classifier, achieves an accuracy of 95 per cent on a balanced dataset and 96 per cent on the whole (unbalanced) sample after optimising the classification threshold. Unsurprisingly, the classifier performs best on small, unresolved radio sources, reaching almost 99 per cent accuracy for sources smaller than 15 arcsec, but still achieves 70 per cent accuracy on resolved sources. It flags 68 per cent more sources than required as needing visual inspection, but this is still fewer than the manually-developed decision tree used in LoTSS, while also having a lower rate of wrongly accepted sources for statistical analysis. The results have an immediate practical application for cross-matching the next LoTSS data releases and can be generalised to other radio surveys.


In recent years STEM education has been the focus of Australian government funding initiatives, policy and curriculum development at the national and state levels and a key driver of school innovation. Principals, teachers and students have been called upon to develop their capability and interest in the individual STEM discipline subjects or to engage in interdisciplinary STEM activities. Much of the focus on STEM has been driven by a national agenda informed by the needs of industry, and research that indicates that the students graduating from schools and universities today with STEM qualifications will not be sufficient for society's needs. While the agenda encompasses more than individual teachers or schools, it is teachers who are at the forefront of its implementation in classrooms. In this paper we report on the perceptions of teachers about issues impacting on the effective teaching of STEM in rural, regional and remote Australia, and strategies they use to overcome issues/barriers and building the confidence and capacity of STEM teachers. Based on these, the paper reports some potential solutions to the issues faced by schools in rural, regional and remote Australia addressing the demands of the STEM Education focus.


A laboratory soil column experiment was first conducted to analyze water movement in latosol of sugarcane field under drip irrigation from single-point source at different emitter discharge rates. Next, a mathematical model of soil water movement under drip irrigation from single-point source was built using Hydrus-3D, which could accurately simulate the shape of the wetted soil volume and the distribution of volumetric water content in the experiment. Further, a Hydrus-3D model of soil water movement under drip irrigation from double-point source was built and then used to analyze the effects of critical parameters on irrigation uniformity. Results showed that emitter spacing affected irrigation uniformity greatly, but emitter discharge rate did not. According to the irrigation uniformity, project cost and operational management patterns, appropriate drip tape parameters for irrigation of sugarcane in latosol were determined: emitter discharge rate 1.38 L/h, emitter spacing 30 cm, and single-emitter irrigation volume 9.0 L.


We consider the problem of change-points estimation in the mean of an AR(p) process. Taking into account the dependence structure does not allow us to use the approach of the independent case. Especially, the dynamic programming algorithm giving the optimal solution in the independent case cannot be used anymore. We propose a two-step method, based on the preliminary robust (to the change-points) estimation of the autoregression parameters. Then, we propose to follow the classical approach, by plugging this estimator in the criterion used for change-point estimation, which is equivalent to decorrelate the series using the estimated autoregression parameters. We show that the asymptotic properties of these change-point location and mean estimators are the same as those of the classical estimators in the independent framework. The same plug-in approach is then used to approximate the modified BIC and choose the number of segments, and to derive a heuristic BIC criterion to select both the number of changes and the order of the autoregression. Finally, we show, in the simulation section, that for finite sample size taking into account the dependence structure improves the statistical performance of the change-point estimators and of the selection criterion.


Esophageal cancer frequently occurs in the elderly and many of the patients have smoking history. Therefore, some of them have pulmonary comorbidity such as chronic respiratory diseases. As postoperative pulmonary complications after esophagectomy can be a cause of hospital death, careful evaluation is needed before the decision of the indication for surgery. In order to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with pulmonary comorbidities, modifications in the surgical procedures are needed. Even for cases who can tolerate standard esophagectomy, both the bronchial arteries and pulmonary branches of the vagal nerve should be preserved as far as possible. For patients who cannot tolerate the thoracotomy, transhiatal esophagectomy or non-surgical treatment should be selected. Postoperatively, airway cleansing using a bronchoscopy or mini-tracheostomy should be performed for cases with difficulty in sputum excretion. An enhanced recovery program by multidisciplinary team is effective to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications. Perioperative use of corticosteroid and sivelestat may reduce the incidence of pulmonary complications. As aspiration pneumonia is sometimes fatal in patients after esophagectomy, care to avoid aspiration is needed. Respiratory care is essential during the follow-up period as well as perioperative period in esophagectomized patients with pulmonary comorbidities.


Studies were carried out on the residual efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 (water dispersible granule, VectoBac ® ABG 6511) as direct application in the control of Aedes larvae in the field. Field Aedes sp populations in the earthen and glass jars were predetermined before initiation of the trial. On confirmation of the presence of Aedes species in the designated area, Sungai Nibong Kecil, Penang Island, Malaysia, Bti was introduced in the 55L earthen and 3L glass jars). Two test designs were carried out. The first design had treated water replenished daily with 6L of seasoned water and the second design is without the replenishment of water but evaporated water was replenished. Bti was effective in the field for at least 35 days with more than 80% reduction in the Aedes larvae in the treated containers. For earthen jars with daily replenishment of water, 100% reduction was recorded for the first 3 days, while more than 80% reduction was recorded up to day 40. At day 60, Bti still provided an efficacy of 54.32±4.61 (%) of reduction. Whilst for earthen jars without daily replenishment of water, 100% reduction was recorded for the first 5 days, while more than 80% of reduction was recorded up to day 40. For the glass jars studied, similar efficacy was observed. In jars with daily replenishment of water a better larval control was observed. Percentage of reduction from day 50 to 60 for replenishment of water was between 50 to 70% compared to without- replenishment of water with less than 40%.


OBJECTIVE The authors describe their results using an endoscope as an adjunct to microsurgical resection of inferior vestibular schwannomas (VSs) with extension into the fundus of the internal auditory canal below the transverse crest. METHODS All patients who had undergone middle fossa craniotomy for VSs performed by the senior author between September 2014 and August 2016 were prospectively enrolled in accordance with IRB policies, and the charts of patients undergoing surgery for inferior vestibular nerve tumors, as determined either on preoperative imaging or as intraoperative findings, were retrospectively reviewed. Age prior to surgery, side of surgery, tumor size, preoperative and postoperative pure-tone average, and speech discrimination scores were recorded. The presence of early and late facial paralysis, nerve of tumor origin, and extent of resection were also recorded. RESULTS Six patients (all women; age range 40-65 years, mean age 57 years) met these criteria during the study period. Five of the 6 patients underwent gross-total resection; 1 patient underwent a near-total resection because of a small amount of tumor that adhered to the facial nerve. Gross-total resection was facilitated using the operative endoscope in 2 patients (33%) who were found to have additional tumor visible only through the endoscope. All patients had a House-Brackmann facial nerve grade of II or better in the immediate postoperative period. Serviceable hearing (American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery class A or B) was preserved in 3 of the 6 patients. CONCLUSIONS Endoscope-assisted middle fossa craniotomy for resection of inferior vestibular nerve schwannomas with extension beyond the transverse crest is safe, and hearing preservation is feasible.


Abstract The image-based computational fluid dynamics (IB-CFD) technique, as the combination of medical images and the CFD method, is utilized in this research to analyze the left ventricle (LV) hemodynamics. The research primarily aims to propose a semi-automated technique utilizing some freely available and commercial software packages in order to simulate the LV hemodynamics using the IB-CFD technique. In this research, moreover, two different physiological time-resolved 2D models of a patient-specific LV with two different types of aortic and mitral valves, including the orifice-type valves and integrated with rigid leaflets, are adopted to visualize the process of developing intraventricular vortex formation and propagation. The blood flow pattern over the whole cardiac cycle of two models is also compared to investigate the effect of utilizing different valve types in the process of the intraventricular vortex formation. Numerical findings indicate that the model with integrated valves can predict more complex intraventricular flow that can match better the physiological flow pattern in comparison to the orifice-type model.


Joint visual and language modeling on large-scale datasets has recently shown good progress in multi-modal tasks when compared to single modal learning. However, robustness of these approaches against real-world perturbations has not been studied. In this work, we perform the first extensive robustness study of video-language models against various real-world perturbations. We focus on text-to-video retrieval and propose two large-scale benchmark datasets, MSRVTT-P and YouCook2-P, which utilize 90 different visual and 35 different text perturbations. The study reveals some interesting initial findings from the studied models: 1) models are generally more susceptible when only video is perturbed as opposed to when only text is perturbed, 2) models that are pre-trained are more robust than those trained from scratch, 3) models attend more to scene and objects rather than motion and action. We hope this study will serve as a benchmark and guide future research in robust video-language learning. The benchmark introduced in this study along with the code and datasets is available at https://bit.ly/3CNOly4.


Verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium dahliae), a soilborne disease, often causes significant reductions of yield in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) production where crop rotation is limited. Rootstock replacement through grafting is considered an effective method to control this disease. This 2-year study investigated the eggplant yield, resistance to verticillium wilt, and allelochemicals in root exudates of eggplant grafted onto a tomato rootstock. Both disease incidence and disease severity on grafted eggplant were markedly lower than those of nongrafted eggplants. Fifteen days after V. dahliae inoculation,graftedeggplantsdidnotexhibitanyinfection,whereas thediseaseincidence and disease severity index of the nongrafted eggplants were 68.3% and 37.8% in 2006 and 66.7% and 36.3% in 2007, respectively. Twenty-five days after inoculation, disease incidences on grafted eggplants were only 8.1% and 9.5% in 2006 and 2007, respectively, but those of the nongrafted eggplants increased to 100%. As a result, early yield, total yield, and average fruit weight were significantly increased by grafting when inoculated withV. dahliaein 2006and2007. Mycelium growthofV. dahliaewas inhibited bythe root exudates of grafted eggplants. In contrast, the root exudates of nongrafted eggplants enhanced the mycelium growth. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the composition in the root exudates released by grafted eggplants differed not only from the nongrafted eggplants, but also from the tomato rootstock plants. Ten chemical classes were isolated and identified in root exudates of grafted eggplants. Carbazoles, amines, azulene, and fluorene were only detected in the grafted eggplants. The relative contents of ester compounds were the highest in the root exudates from the grafted eggplant followed by derivatives of benzene, whereas the relative contents of benzene derivatives were much higher than that of the ester compounds in the root exudates from the nongrafted eggplant and tomato rootstock.


The triglyceride, cholesterol, and phospholipid contents of heart papillary muscle were measured in groups of obviously healthy and diseased females and males on whom either routine or forensic necropsies were performed. In healthy men the triglyceride content was 1·77 ± 1·30 mg/g of wet weight and in women 1·25 ± 0·48 mg/g wet weight. The corresponding values for cholesterol were 1·07 ± 0·24 mg/g and 1·21 ± 0·22 mg/g and those for phospholipids 17·70 ± 5·15 mg/g and 19·65 ± 10·21 mg/g. The differences between the sexes were not significant. The hypertensive or cardiac hypertrophy group had about the same or slightly lower means for lipid content. In the cholelithiasis group, women had significantly high triglyceride values (3·38 ± 2·36 mg/g). The cholesterol values were not significantly elevated in either men or women. In the diabetic group, triglycerides were significantly increased both in men (mean 8·12 ± 0·54 mg/g) and in women (6·85 ± 5·66 mg/g). The cholesterol mean values were also high in both sexes, but the rise was not significant because of the great variation. In the coronary atheroma group, both male and female hospital cases had high triglyceride contents (mean 4·48 ± 4·25 mg/g and 3·65 ± 3·94 mg/g) whereas the forensic cases had only slightly elevated or normal values. Cholesterol assays paralleled the triglyceride ones, but phospholipids showed an inverse trend. The results showed that the lipid content of papillary muscle was increased in diseases where disturbances of lipid metabolism are evident, as in diabetes and cholelithiasis. In coronary atheroma only those cases with advanced obstruction of the arteries were associated with abnormal values of papillary lipids. No increase of the lipid content with age alone was found, nor was there any correlation with obesity.


Abstract In this paper, the problem of the active vibration control of a thin and flexible disc is addressed. The mechanical structure tackled here is equipped with two piezoelectric circular patches: one of them works as a sensor and the other is used as an actuator. Both are fixed on the disc, one on each side, and centered according to its axis of symmetry. The purpose of this work is to design a controller allowing the active damping of the most vibrating modes in a specified bandwidth. Robustness issues against neglected dynamics are discussed. After describing the problem, we first discuss on the model properties, derived from a finite element analysis, particularly about the structure's symmetry consequences. Then, we propose a control method leading to the reduction of several modes of vibration. Numerical simulations are proposed to analyze the modelling and the vibration control efficiency.


For the safe and successful navigation of autonomous vehicles in unstructured environments, the traversability of terrain should vary based on the driving capabilities of the vehicles. Actual driving experience can be utilized in a self-supervised fashion to learn vehicle-specific traversability. However, existing methods for learning self-supervised traversability are not highly scalable for learning the traversability of various vehicles. In this work, we introduce a scalable framework for learning self-supervised traversability, which can learn the traversability directly from vehicle-terrain interaction without any human supervision. We train a neural network that predicts the proprioceptive experience that a vehicle would undergo from 3D point clouds. Using a novel PU learning method, the network simultaneously identifies non-traversable regions where estimations can be overconfident. With driving data of various vehicles gathered from simulation and the real world, we show that our framework is capable of learning the self-supervised traversability of various vehicles. By integrating our framework with a model predictive controller, we demonstrate that estimated traversability results in effective navigation that enables distinct maneuvers based on the driving characteristics of the vehicles. In addition, experimental results validate the ability of our method to identify and avoid non-traversable regions.


This article presents a review on self medication, which can be defined as the use of medicine without any professional supervision. It aims to find the reason of self medication and make public aware about its effects and side effects. People use it for the treatment of any disease symptoms or minor ailments by their self initiative. The most commonly available OTC medications are pain killers, cough and cold remedies, anti-allergy medicines. Although these medications are considered risk free and useful for the treatment of common health problems, their excessive use can also lead to serious side effects and unfavorable reactions. The percentage of self medication might be changes with locality and region. Many of the national and international journals on the self medication were reviewed for their findings and report on different parameters. There are several drug stores, which provide the medicine without any prescription and its percentage is increasing day to day in India. Presently the frequency is high of self medication by the young ones and literate people who do not have much time to go to physician. This review conclude the benefit (when drug is used in limit and its use, characteristics are known), drawback (when people have no idea about its use and limitations) of drugs and their safe use


This longitudinal study explored the long-term effects of television viewing on the development of children's reading competencies. Among 2 cohorts of German children (N₁ = 165, N₂ = 167), measures of television viewing were collected over 4 years, and tests of reading speed and reading comprehension were administered annually. As a main result, TV genre (educational vs. entertainment programs) produced different effects. Whereas educational program viewing was positively correlated with reading achievement, relations between entertainment program viewing and reading performance were generally negative. Children who were classified as heavy viewers (average viewing time per day = 117 min) showed lower progress in reading over time as compared to medium and light viewers (average viewing times per day 69 and 35 min, respectively). Partial support was found only for 1 of the 3 tested causal mechanisms, namely television-induced reduction in leisure-time book reading.


The microscopic description of collectivity in heavy nuclei in the framework of the configuration-interaction shell model has been a major challenge. The size of the model space required for the description of heavy nuclei prohibits the use of conventional diagonalization methods. We have overcome this difficulty by using the shell model Monte Carlo (SMMC) method, which can treat model spaces that are many orders of magnitude larger than those that can be treated by conventional methods. We identify a thermal observable that can distinguish between vibrational and rotational collectivity and use it to describe the crossover from vibrational to rotational collectivity in families of even-even rare-earth isotopes. We calculate the state densities in these nuclei and find them to be in close agreement with experimental data. We also calculate the collective enhancement factors of the corresponding level densities and find that their decay with excitation energy is correlated with the pairing and shape phase transitions.


Background: Stroke patients are at risk of acquiring secondary infections due to stroke-induced immune suppression (SIIS). Immunosuppressive cells comprise myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and immunosuppressive interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing monocytes. MDSCs represent a small but heterogeneous population of monocytic, polymorphonuclear (or granulocytic), and early progenitor cells ("early" MDSC), which can expand extensively in pathophysiological conditions. MDSCs have been shown to exert strong immune-suppressive effects. The role of IL-10-producing immunosuppressive monocytes after stroke has not been investigated, but monocytes are impaired in oxidative burst and downregulate human leukocyte antigen—DR isotype (HLA-DR) on the cell surface. Objectives: The objective of this work was to investigate the regulation and function of MDSCs as well as the immunosuppressive IL-10-producing monocytes in experimental and human stroke. Methods: This longitudinal, monocentric, non-interventional prospective explorative study used multicolor flow cytometry to identify MDSC subpopulations and IL-10 expression in monocytes in the peripheral blood of 19 healthy controls and 27 patients on days 1, 3, and 5 post-stroke. Quantification of intracellular STAT3p and Arginase-1 by geometric mean fluorescence intensity was used to assess the functionality of MDSCs. In experimental stroke induced by electrocoagulation in middle-aged mice, monocytic (CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6Chigh) and polymorphonuclear (CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow) MDSCs in the spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Compared to the controls, stroke patients showed a relative increase in monocytic MDSCs (percentage of CD11b+ cells) in whole blood without evidence for an altered function. The other MDSC subgroups did not differ from the control. Also, in experimental stroke, monocytic, and in addition, polymorphonuclear MDSCs were increased. The numbers of IL-10-positive monocytes did not differ between the patients and controls. However, we provide a new insight into monocytic function post-stroke since we can report that a differential regulation of HLA-DR and PD-L1 was found depending on the IL-10 production of monocytes. IL-10-positive monocytes are more activated post-stroke, as indicated by their increased HLA-DR expression. Conclusions: MDSC and IL-10+ monocytes can induce immunosuppression within days after stroke.


An 18-year-old female athlete with a history of multiple traumatic concussions presented with complaints of recurrent bouts of right periorbital swelling that arose with Valsalva maneuvers such as nose-blowing or sneezing. The swelling resolved over hours to days. A CT scan of the sinuses revealed an osteoma originating from the right ethmoid roof involving the frontal recess and projecting into the orbit. She underwent excision of the osteoma via endoscopic transnasal and transcaruncular anterior orbitotomy approaches without complication.


Blind navigation is an accessibility application that enables blind to use an android Smartphone in an easy way for indoor navigation with instructions in audio form. We have proposed a prototype which is an indoor navigation application for blinds that uses QR codes. It is developed for android Smart phones and does not require any additional hardware for navigation. It provides automatic navigational assistance on pre-defined paths for blind. QR codes are placed on the floor sections after specific distance that acts as an input for current location detection and navigation. Whenever a QR code is scanned it provides the user with the information of the current location and asks the user to select the destination and then offers optimal and shortest path using path finding algorithms. During navigation whenever the deviation from the proposed path is detected it prompts the user and guides back to the right path by comparing the current path with the generated path. All of the instructions throughout the application are provided in audio form to the user. The interface of the application is well built for blinds which makes the smart phones user-friendly and useable for blind people. The user interacts with the application through a specific set of user-friendly gestures for specific inputs and operations. At the end, we have performed comparison between different state of art approaches and concluded that our approach is more user friendly, cost effective and produced more accurate results.


In their review of the laboratory handling of impalpable breast lesions Drs Armstrong and Davies emphasise the need to be able to identify individual slices of the specimen during storage in case further blocks of tissue are required.' Their method of placing each slice into a separate compartment of a plastic bag clearly achieves this aim but is quite time consuming. In our laboratory, once blocks of tissue have been taken, the remaining slices are strung on to suture material in the same order as on the laboratory x-ray picture ofthe slices. Once the ends of the suture are knotted the slices will remain in that order and can be easily identified iffurther blocks are required. The "necklace" of slices can then be stored in plastic bags or specimen pots according to local practice. Depending on the number of slices, one packet of suture material will be adequate for several specimens. 3/0 silk (salvaged from theatre) has proved quite satisfactory and does not damage the tissue. We have found this technique to be quick, effective, and relatively cheap. MJ JEFFREY MIJ ANDREWS PJ BIRCH Department of Histopathology, Michael Darmady Laboratory, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth P06 3L Y


ABSTRACT The small-subunit (SSU) processome is a large ribonucleoprotein required for the biogenesis of the 18S rRNA and likely corresponds to the terminal knobs visualized by electron microscopy on the 5′ end of nascent rRNAs. The original purification of the SSU processome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the identification of 28 proteins. Here, we characterize 12 additional protein components, including five small-ribosomal-subunit proteins (Rps4, Rps6, Rps7, Rps9, and Rps14) that had previously been copurified. Our multiple criteria for including a component as a bona fide SSU processome component included coimmunoprecipitation with Mpp10 (an SSU processome component), the U3 snoRNA, and the anticipated pre-rRNAs. Importantly, the association of specific ribosomal proteins with the SSU processome suggests that the SSU processome has roles in both pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly. These ribosomal proteins may be analogous to the primary or secondary RNA binding proteins first described in bacterial in vitro ribosome assembly maps. In addition to the ribosomal proteins and based on the same experimental approach, we found seven other proteins (Utp18, Noc4, Utp20, Utp21, Utp22, Emg1, and Krr1) to be bona fide SSU processome proteins.


Utility of Schottky diodes fabricated in foundry digital 130-nm CMOS technology is demonstrated by implementing an ultra-wideband (UWB) amplitude modulation detector consisting of a low-noise amplifier (LNA), a Schottky diode rectifier, and a low-pass filter. The input and output matching of the detector is better than -10 dB from 0-10.3 GHz and 0-1.7 GHz, respectively, and almost covers the entire UWB frequency band (3.1-10.6 GHz). The measured peak conversion gain is -2.2dB. The sensitivity over the band for amplitude modulation with the minimum E b/No of 6 dB is between -53 and -56 dBm. The power consumption is only 8.5 mW


This critique is a review of heinous crimes. It assesses to connect with perpetrators, victims, people and institutions and change professed through the works of the Tribunals and The Hague Court and share the feeling with the concerned ones. The objectives of the paper are three-fold: (1) to study the situations of the investigation, prosecution and punishment on accountability; (2) to analyze the preference for justice: victors' justice or victims' justice; and (3) to access the critiques on violations of human rights and humanitarian law beyond the borders. Experiences on Transitional Justice, Human Security, and Human Rights among others feel touched, inspired and motivated to the author for this pioneer paper. This state-of-the-art paper is examined based on archival research, exchanging and sharing way forward with over 100 international publications and lessons-learned centric theoretical approach comprising snow-ball techniques. The study theorizes: (1) Retributive Justice Theory: Punishment is justified as perpetrator deserves for penalty, equivalent vengeance; (2) Utilitarian Justice Theory: Punishment is justified to mid-and-junior level perpetrators scooting-free to the top-most policymakers including Emperor Hirohito. Allied powers believed that Hirohito can only fight against the communism; (3) Denunciation Justice Theory: Punishment is justified by pressure of society that sends a clear message: offence is a heinous crime and sentencing a perpetrator is logically just; (4) Restorative Justice Theory: Punishment is justified as crimes of perpetrators hurt everyone and justice repairs the damage satisfying through accountability, reparation, rehabilitation and reconciliation; and (5) Transnational Justice Theory: Punishment is justified to operate outside a nation territory that penalizes the perpetrators as a crime of international concern. The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals had virtually been victor's justice with self-righteous fraud and lynching bodies. The Tokyo Tribunal never talks about bombings at Chinese cities. The U.S. and its axis powers discourage future aggressions accepting victor's justice. The UN failed to restore peace and security. Cronyism was/is widespread. All Tribunals seemed pseudo justice bodies. People criticize these for being one-sided, inefficient, ineffectiveness, politicized, lengthy, very costly and unfair bodies. The U.S. and its satellite nations control both Tribunals and The Hague Court providing funds, instruments and staff. The Hague Court is a highly debated body with many flaws, targeting mostly poor and opponent African countries. Most grave crimes committed go unpunished. Thus, justice delivery appears as a sword in a judge's toupee. If The Hague Court is continuously influenced by powerful non-signatories of Statute, the relevance of its functions are hopeless. Justice becomes elusive for the innocent, weak and poor ones.