Music and the Book Trade from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. Edited by Robin Myers, Michael Harris and Giles Mandelbrote. (Publishing Pathways Series) New Castle, Delaware and London, England : Oak Knoll Press and The British Library, 2008. [256 p. ISBN 978-1-58456245-0/978--07123-5030-3. $49.95/25.00[pounds sterling]] This is an engaging, enjoyable, and enlightening volume. It brings together papers given at the 30th Annual Conference on Book Trade History in 2007, which looked at different aspects of the music publishing industry. As one would expect from this group of distinguished musicologists and bibliographers, papers are well written, impeccably researched, and present their arguments with clarity. One leaves each topic wanting to discover more and with a renewed enthusiasm for a subject with a rich and endlessly fascinating history. The volume as a whole provides the reader with a greater appreciation of the social, political and economic context which dictated different developmental paths for music publishing in different parts of Europe. The individual papers explore topics reaching from late sixteenth-century Spain and Portugal through eighteenth-century London to early twentieth-century Vienna, and the volume closes with a delightful vignette of the Gerald Coke Handel Collection by Katharine Hogg, which is housed at the Foundling Museum, the venue for the conference. A few words on each of the papers should provide more than enough to whet the appetite. Iain Fenlon's opening paper 'Music Printing and the Book Trade in Late-Seventeenth and Early-Eighteenth Century Iberia' brings with it a reminder that global economic recession is not a twenty-first-century phenomenon. It was an important factor, along with an absence of the right skills, accounting for the modest output of published music in Iberia and the area's reliance, instead, on imports. The picture in England was very different, and Jeremy L. Smith's account of Byrd and the East music publishing firm a hundred years earlier in his essay 'Turning a new leaf' provides a fascinating insight into the symbiosis between the composer and his publisher, each using the other for their own purposes and working during a period fraught with religious division. A different kind of relationship is discussed in Richard Luckett's paper 'The Playfords and the Purcells': that of the effect of the keen business acumen displayed by the Playfords (Henry and son John) in publishing the music of Purcell, capitalizing on his popularity to promote their own business. The paper also presents an assessment of the significance of Orpheus Britannicus, published by Playford in 1698 as a posthumous tribute to the composer. The Playfords and Handel's publishers, the Walshes, each had their businesses near the Strand in London, conveniently placed for both Westminster and the City. In his essay, 'John Walsh and his Handel Editions', Donald Burrows builds a fascinating picture of the relationship between Handel and the Walshes who were to become his 'official' publishers (inverted commas as Handel was not averse to doing deals with others). …


The Scottish Crime and Justice Survey (SCJS) consistently suggests similar prevalence of domestic abuse amongst men and women, a finding used variously to indicate men and women's equal risk of abuse and to dismiss the survey as a means to explore such experiences. However, assertions of equal risk are based on limited analyses of data reduced to 'key' figures for public dissemination, and subsequent criticisms fail to meaningfully engage with the broader data offered by the survey. Theoretically informed multivariate analyses demonstrate that risk of abuse is inadequately captured by such figures, supporting that women and men are not at equal risk, and that gender is but one of a number of influential risk factors. This paper proposes the SCJS data could be put to greater use, offering rich information for developing theory and responses to violence, and that critical engagement with the survey is necessary to facilitate methodological improvement.


Expressions for the optical thicknesses required to construct an equivalent film of arbitrary equivalent index and equivalent optical thickness in the form of a symmetric three-layer stack consisting of two materials in the order pqp are presented. These expressions provide a general building block approach for designing multilayer coatings.


The article deals with LES simulations of an air-helium buoyant jet in a two vented enclosure and their validation against particle image velocimetry experiments. The main objective is to test the ability of LES models to simulate such scenarios. These types of scenarios are of first interest considering safety studies for new hydrogen systems. Three main challenges are identified. The two first are the ability of the LES model to account for a rapid laminar-to-turbulence transition, mainly due to the buoyancy accelerations, and the Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities that can develop due to sharp density gradients. The third one is the outlet boundary conditions to be imposed on the vent surfaces. The influence of the classical pressure boundary condition is studied by comparing the simulations results when an exterior region is added in the simulations. The comparisons against particle image velocimetry experiments show that the use of an exterior domain gives more accurate results than the classical pressure boundary condition. This result and the description of the phenomena involved are the main outlets of the article.


Although an enriched environment enhances functional recovery after ischemic stroke, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. We previously reported that brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression decreased in rats housed in an enriched environment for 4 weeks compared to those housed in a standard cage for the same period. To further clarify the relationship between the decrease in BDNF and functional recovery, we investigated the effects of differential 2-week housing conditions on the mRNA of BDNF and protein levels of proBDNF and mature BDNF (matBDNF). After transient occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery of male Sprague-Dawley rats, we divided the rats into two groups: (1) an enriched group housed multiply in large cages equipped with toys, and (2) a standard group housed alone in small cages without toys. Behavioral tests before and after 2-week differential housing showed better neurological recovery in the enriched group than in the standard group. Synaptophysin immunostaining demonstrated that the density of synapses in the peri-infarct area was increased in the enriched group compared to the standard group, while infarct volumes were not significantly different. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunostaining all revealed no significant difference between the groups. The present results suggest that functional recovery cannot be ascribed to an increase in matBDNF or a decrease in proBDNF but rather to other underlying mechanisms.


This exploratory study investigated how exposure to bullying at school in middle childhood is associated with student anxiety levels and adrenocortical activity at a time preceding lunch when anxiety about potential bullying would potentially be higher. Ninety-one sixth-grade students (55 female and 36 male) reported being exposed one or more times to repetitive peer abuse as victims and/or bystanders, and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) provided a measure of general anxiety levels. Students' degree of exposure to bullying and their anxiety levels were compared to salivary cortisol indicating a stress reaction of the body via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity. Analysis confirmed the hypothesis that bullying exposure had an influence on levels of cortisol, but only through its relationship with general anxiety. The amount of combined bullying exposure from victimization and bystanding was related to lower cortisol levels at a time when the potential for bullying was about to increase.


Effective scheduling is a key concern for the execution of performance‐driven grid applications such as workflows. In this paper, we first define the workflow scheduling problem and describe the existing heuristic‐based and metaheuristic‐based workflow scheduling strategies in grids. Then, we propose a dynamic critical‐path‐based adaptive workflow scheduling algorithm for grids, which determines efficient mapping of workflow tasks to grid resources dynamically by calculating the critical path in the workflow task graph at every step. Using simulation, we compared the performance of the proposed approach with the existing approaches, discussed in this paper for different types and sizes of workflows. The results demonstrate that the heuristic‐based scheduling techniques can adapt to the dynamic nature of resource and avoid performance degradation in dynamically changing grid environments. Finally, we outline a hybrid heuristic combining the features of the proposed adaptive scheduling technique with metaheuristics for optimizing execution cost and time as well as meeting the users requirements to efficiently manage the dynamism and heterogeneity of the hybrid cloud environment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Background: Inadequate sanitation has direct effect on health of individual, family, communities and nation as a whole. Objective: To assess the personal hygiene and sanitary condition of the Katahari Village Development Committee (VDC). Methods: The cross sectional study was done in Katahari VDC of Morang district. A total of 80 households were randomly selected from two wards of VDC. The data were collected by interview method using interview schedule. Data were entered in Excel sheet and analyzed on SPSS program. Results : Many respondents (61%) were unable to read and write, 33% involved in private job in various factory. Knowledge of sanitation was high (90%) but only 65% of them were using soap water for hand washing. Sixty percent had no toilet facilities. There was significant association between education and toilet facilities among community people. Land holding and type of family had no significant association with toilet facilities. Conclusion: The knowledge regarding sanitation was high among community people but very poor in practice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v1i2.7298 Journal of Nobel Medical College (2012), Vol.1 No.2 p.39-44


The 1840s, 50s, and 60s: three decades during which the British feminist movement saw some of its most intense activity of the nineteenth-century, and readers find some of the most monstrous, troubling representations of women by male writers in all of literary history. In Fixing Patriarchy, Donald E. Hall suggests that feminism at mid-century posed intertwined social, economic, political and psychological threats to patriarchy. Hall explores the metamorphic nature of Victorian definitions of masculinity and femininity through an analysis of male authors such as Dickens, Tennyson, Kingsley, Thackeray, Hughes, Collins, and Trollope in dialogue with Victorian feminists and other women writers. Synthesizing historical research with pertinent queer, feminist, post-structuralist, and materialist theories, Hall locates both startling admissions of moral fallibility and violent strategies of retrenchment and containment of this perceived threat to the male social body. Fixing Patriarchytraces parallels among Victorian discourses of religion, science, economics, and aesthetics, as it explores a cultural dynamic of un-fixedness and heightened desires for fixity.


The environmental stress theory (EST) suggests that stress-induced biochemical changes will make an organism more susceptible to predation relative to unstressed individuals. Bleaching represents a stress response in marine invertebrate host-zooxanthellae symbiont associa- tions, including those species that rely on chemical defenses to reduce predation pressure. We exam- ined the EST in the context of a natural soft coral bleaching event, and then by use of a 3 mo trans- plant/shading field experiment that also resulted in bleaching. Feeding experiments using an omnivorous pufferfish indicated that extracts of bleached soft corals were more palatable to preda- tors than were those from unbleached individuals. Two biochemical constituents were significantly reduced in naturally- and experimentally-bleached soft corals: lipid and defensive metabolite (pukalide) concentration. While a sunscreen (palythine) was significantly lower immediately after a natural bleaching event, it recovered and even exceeded pre-bleached levels in experimentally- bleached soft corals. Feeding assays with pukalide and lipid at concentrations representative of unbleached and bleached soft corals indicate that pufferfish are not deterred by bleached levels of the defensive metabolite, but that pufferfish are less attracted to food with bleached levels of lipid. Nonetheless, field observations of up to 4 times higher predation on bleached soft corals suggest that defensive metabolite concentration may have a greater influence on predation than food quality. This study indicates that a stress response (bleaching) has an indirect effect on predator deterrence in the soft coral Sinularia maxima due to changes in biochemical constituents that affect food quality.


Abstract. Three-dimensional electron phase-space holes are shown to have positive charges on the plasma background, which produce a radial electric field and force the trapped electron component into an azimuthal drift. In this way electron holes generate magnetic fields in the hole. We solve the cylindrical hole model exactly for the hole charge, electric potential and magnetic field. In electron holes, the magnetic field is amplified on the flux tube of the hole; equivalently, in ion holes the field would be decreased. The flux tube adjacent to the electron hole is magnetically depleted by the external hole dipole field. This causes magnetic filamentation. It is also shown that holes are massive objects, each carrying a finite magnetic moment. Binary magnetic dipole interaction of these moments will cause alignment of the holes into chains along the magnetic field or, in the three-dimensional case, produce a magnetic fabric in the volume of hole formation. Since holes, in addition to being carriers of charges and magnetic moments, also have finite masses, they behave like quasi-particles, performing E × B, magnetic field, and diamagnetic drifts. In an inhomogeneous magnetic field, their magnetic moments experience torque, which causes nutation of the hole around the direction of the magnetic field, presumably giving rise to low frequency magnetic modulations like pulsations. A gas of many such holes may allow for a kinetic description, in which holes undergo binary dipole interactions. This resembles the polymeric behaviour. Both magnetic field generation and magnetic structure formation are of interest in auroral, solar coronal and shock physics, in particular in the problem of magnetic field filamentation in relativistic foreshocks and cosmic ray acceleration.


Virtual reality technology is used nowadays in various areas of science, and psychology, in particular. Successful work with virtual reality systems requires that a sense of presence emerges in the user, i.e. the subjective experience of the reality of being located in the artificially created environment and interacting with it. The lack of this experience or its insufficiency result in the interaction possibilities a virtual environment being unexploited. As a psychological phenomenon the sense of presence is caused by various psychological factors besides technological factors. In this paper, the reference literature review shows that the sense of presence is conditioned by demographic, cognitive, personality, and motivational variables. In particular, the sense of presence is dependent on differences in cognitive abilities and personal features, although in the last case the evidence is contradictory. The paper highlights a special role of cognitive control, i.e. metacognitive processes that are responsible for adjusting cognition to the context of the current task, thus emerging the sense of presence. The usage of expertise of psychological factors of the sense of presence in the development of virtual environments allowing effective user interaction is considered. The usage of psychological factors of the sense of presence as criteria for selecting users to operate in virtual environments is discussed. The directed research of various psychological factors that affect the sense of presence will not only support the development of general psychological theory of the sense of presence but also will allow to create effective solutions for fundamental and applied problems using virtual reality technology.


MOTIVATION
The Automated Mass Spectral Deconvolution and Identification System (AMDIS) is freeware extensively applied in metabolomics. However, datasets processed by AMDIS require extensive data correction, filtering and reshaping to create reliable datasets for further downstream analysis. Performed manually, these processes are laborious and extremely time consuming. Furthermore, manual corrections increase the chance of human error and can introduce additional technical variability to the data. Thus, an automated pipeline for curating GC-MS data is urgently needed.

RESULTS
We present the Metab R package designed to automate the pipeline for analysis of metabolomics GC-MS datasets processed by AMDIS.

AVAILABILITY
The Metab package, the AMDIS library and the reference ion library are available at www.metabolomics.auckland.ac.nz/index.php/downloads.

CONTACT
firstname.lastname@example.com.


Interrupt-driven real time control software is difficult to design and validate. It does not line up well with traditional state-based, timed-transition specification formalisms, due to the complexity of timers and the pending interrupt queue. The present work takes a new approach to the problem of modeling and tool-supported reasoning about such systems based on infinite-state modeling of the temporal event queue. This approach, RTEQ, can be used in any formalism or tool set supporting function rich modeling. The present paper describes the approach, explores its expressive power and semantics, and describes a significant industrial case study applying it to the design of a novel network medium access controller for wireless communications.


A substantial portion of energy consumption by buildings is through its dissipation via building facade. All over the world, relatively 50% of the energy resources are utilized to create a "comfort zone" inside buildings; a splendid goal that, if realized, can play a significant role in reducing energy waste. This is the underlying idea which prompted the present study to search for systematic solutions for energy waste by buildings. In Iran, designer architects have restricted the design of building facade solely to the placement of openings and selection of material type regardless of the fact that building facade plays a major role as a mediator for energy exchange between interior and exterior spaces of a building. The present study aims at obtaining practical solutions for designing facade in high-rise buildings in Tehran through emphasizing on energy saving, which is one of the three main categories associated with designing in sustainable architecture. To do so, related literature and studies in different climates and similar buildings in this regard are reviewed initially and technical and theoretical strategies and propositions are, then, dealt with. In order to improve and adapt the proposed strategies to the available technologies and climatic conditions, these two variables are studied more exclusively. The method adopted as the major method of investigation is case study in addition to a combination of techniques which is discussed later. To analyze the obtained data, multiple document sources are used which account for qualitative research method. Therefore, existing potentials are evaluated to be adapted to the new strategies. These potentials as asserted in upstream documents and laws, specify the possibility of adjustment to the technical and theoretical strategies and predict the outcomes. By analyzing the case study and creating adaptability between the obtained results, it became clear that installing PV windows not only reduced heat consumption by 30%, but also it lowered the need for consuming electricity up to 54% via controlling building illumination. Moreover, it was realized that a series of variables such as: window type, building orientation, area under cover of the building units, placement of internal windows, in addition to electricity consumption and environmental load on each unit determine the amount of cooling load in summer. Therefore, the type of glass applied was assessed and it was concluded that glazed glass with shading coefficient of 0.025 is expected to reduce the cooling load significantly. It means that by using glass with a low index of shading coefficient, fewer amount of energy would be required during hot seasons.


Gestational diabetes (GD) it is a dysfunction in the metabolism of the carbohydrates, considered as a presage factor to expose the susceptibility to the later development of diabetes mellitus type 2. Recently, has it been determined that each woman acquires the risk for DG from the fetal life, where an adverse intra-uterine environment avoid normal organogenesis developed, and the cells of the pancreatic islands have a limited function. This way when taking into account the weight at birth there was a proportion to GD of up 25% for the women that had low birth weight, the association with the type of neonatal feeding showed also that the nursing at least during 2 months takes to a smaller diabetes incidence (30.1%), in contrast with the feeding absence to the maternal breast (43.6%). The experimental studies have demonstrated that the prolactin and lactogen placental have direct effect on the islands of Langerhans, where diminish the transport of glucose, other results indicate that the plasm contains some factors able to decrease the metabolism of glucose in muscle. The mass of pancreatic cells also increases to compensate the metabolic changes of the pregnancy, this increase could be affected if restriction will be presented in the diet that would hinder the normal development of the islands in consequence. The above-mentioned points to that the main problem could be the pancreatic islands, which lose its mechanisms to regulate the physiologic secretion of insulin for some reason. As factors of risk that at the present time are studied with growing interest they are the low birth weigh, the nursing, the quantity and the feeding type in the first childhood.


Towers, corsairs and smugglers in Calabria Ultra during the French Decade (1806-1815)At the beginning of the nineteenth century, even if the phenomenon of running war had subsided, the watch towers still had an active role in controlling the coasts of Southern Italy. Under the French administration some of them were assigned to customs posts, others continued to report the corsair boats always ready to carry out incursive actions. Merchant ships, fishermen and peasants were still struck by the devastating Turkish-Barbarian cruises, but also by corsairs armed by the British in an eternal struggle against the French. The towers are regularly guarded by sentinels armed with non-military weapons, which are not functional to the increasingly sophisticated assaults of the Corsair marines. The people in charge of the customs had to manage a staff often absent from the guardhouse due to malarial fevers, especially during the summer when the coasts were excessively hot. The customs documentation shows the economy of a Southern Italy still rooted in the classic export products: oil, dried figs, cotton, cheese, wine and coarse wool cloths. Raw silk is absent from the market, one of the most exported products until the second half of the eighteenth century and supplanted by the olive tree.


Background Exosomes -– nano-sized, lipidvesicles released by cells into the blood – can protect the myocardium against ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) injury.1 This cardioprotection is mediated by heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) on the exosome surface interacting with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) on cardiomyocytes and activating intracellular protective signalling kinases.1 Polymersomes are synthetic nanovesicles with a structural similarity to exosomes, and the capacity to function as drug delivery vehicles. Aim The aim of this project was to develop polymersomes functionalized with HSP70 peptides as "synthetic exosomes" with a potential therapeutic application against IR injury. Methods POEGMA-PDPA polymersomes were synthesised from hydrophilic poly[oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylate] and poly[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate] blocks, and covalently functionalized with either KSTGKANKITITNDKGRLSK ("KST") or TKDNNLLGRFELSG ("TKD") peptides from HSP70. They were analysed using Nanosight LM10-HS nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were pre-treated with polymersomes, then subjected to simulated IR. Percentage cell death was assessed using a vital dye and fluorescent microscopy. Results In line with previously published data, pre-incubation with recombinant HSP70 protected cardiomyocytes from simulated IR injury, significantly reducing cell death from 74+-4% to 44+-1% (P < 0.001) with maximal protection observed at 1 ng/ml HSP70 equivalent to molar concentration of 14.3 pM. Cytoprotection was blocked in the presence of TAK-242, an inhibitor of TLR4 (83+-3%). The average size of polymersomes was ~70 nm (DLS) or 80–90 nm (NTA), and they expressed ~145 peptides per polymersome. Pre-incubation with KST- or TKD- functionalized polymersomes reduced death of cardiomyocytes exposed to simulated IR from 62+-3% to 38+-4% or 42+-4% respectively (P < 0.001). Significant protection was observed even at 108 particles /ml, representing a concentration of 0.17 pM particles, or 0.025 pM of HSP70 peptide. No protection was recorded with non-functionalized polymersomes. Conclusion Polymersomes with HSP70-derived peptide sequences are non-toxic to cardiomyocytes and powerfully cardioprotective in a cell model of acute IR injury. Future ex vivo and in vivo experiments are required for pre-clinical assessment of these novel nanoparticles, before potential translational application. Reference Vicencio et al. Plasma exosomes protect the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury, J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(2015):1525–36


History and Objectives: Due to the significance of Iron deficiency anemia, its known complications and unknown status, this study was performed on female students at third degree level of high school in Kashan in 1376. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 350 individuals selected by random sampling from 1750 female students at third degree level of high school in Kashan. Their demographic characteristics, height and weight were recorded on the data sheets. Then their blood samples were collected. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as hemoglobin less than 12 gr/dl, hematocrit less than 36%, MCV less than 80 femtoliters, MCH less than 26 picograms and serum ferritin less than 10 picograms per liter. Results: According to hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH and serum ferritin 15.4%, 11.2%, 10.3%, 12.2% and 17.8% of the population under study were affected by Iron deficiency anemia respectively. Conclusion: Considering the results of this research, Iron deficiency anemia is relatively common among female students at high school level. Further analytic studies to find out its cause or causes are recommended.


Every earthquake provides new lessons for the earthquake engineering profession. Most naturally occurring earthquakes are related to the tectonic natu re of the earth. Such earthquakes are called tectonic earthquakes. Earthquake is a shake in earth crus t that causes of a sudden high energy that release from the ear th. This energy maybe causes of a tectonic force in the earth crust. The earth crust is made from a cold and fragile rock and it is different from the layer under it where it is hotter than earth crust. The crack earth crust will wreck and form to piece of rock. This piece of rock will collide each other and ca use a pressure that produce a shake and known as earthquake. This shake will produce a seismic wave that can be transforming to kinetic force and next will cause damage to structure when it can't absorb or control this kinetic energy. The method to absorb and control the kinetic force before it damage the structure is equipped the structure with seismic isolator. This paper describes the ATC – 21. The method wh ereby buildings can be rapidly identified via a "sidewalk survey from the exterior" as seis mically acceptable or potentially seismically hazardous. In generally, a Structural Score which cons ists of a series of "s cores" and "modifiers" based on building attributes that can be seen from the street. The Structural Score S is related to the probability of the building sustaining life-threaten ing damage should a severe earthquake in the region occur. A low "S" score suggests th at the building requires additional study by a professional engineer experienced in seismic desi gn (further investigatio n) and a high "S" score indicates that the building is pr obably adequate. Finally, a location map of Putrajaya Precint 1 is developed to show all buildings weat her its need ATC – 21 or ATC – 22


Purpose Administration of aerosolised drugs to the lungs represents an effective route for local and systemic drug administration, with advantages such as large surface area, good permeability, optimum blood perfusion and avoidance of the first pass effect. However, the fate of an inhaled particle upon deposition remains unclear. Factors such as aerodynamic particles size, surface area of inhaled particulates and site of delivery may directly affect dissolution rates and thus pharmacological effects for dissolution limited drugs (Davies and Feddah, 2003). For solid oral dosage forms, pharmacopoeias describe standard tests for the dissolution of solid and semisolid formulations for in-vitro quality control, as well as comparisons between pharmaceutical dosage forms and predictive estimates of in-vivo behaviour. There is not, however, a standardized method for dissolution studies of inhaled products. Several previous studies have focused on dissolution for aerosols, but appear to be limited by experimental difficulties related to aerosol dose collection (Niemiec et al 2014; Son and McConville 2009). This study attempts to address these issues and understand the fate of inhaled particles within the respiratory tract. A specific dissolution test for aerosols, which integrates particles deposition and dissolution studies in sink conditions, was developed. In our study an in-vitro dissolution method that can be applied for discrimination as well as bio relevant studies and having a novel membrane holder was developed and validated for inhalation products. Methods From a Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) containing Fluticasone Propionate (FP) as active ingredient (Flixotide 250ig), aerosolized particles were collected on a glass fibre filter (i.e. GF/D 25 mm diameter Whatman®) using a NGI apparatus modified on stage 2 with a novel sample holder and vacuum pump set at 60 L/min for 4s. This novel modification of the stage 2 allowed collection of particles under a uniform air stream, resulting in even distribution of aerosolised particles on the filters surface. Increased doses (1, 2, 5 and 10 doses) from DPI were loaded upon GF/D filters using the novel membrane holder on NGI stage 2. Each filter was then placed in a flow through cell and dissolution testing was performed with USP IV apparatus (Erweka DFZ 720) operating as an open system. During dissolution a constant flow of fresh solvent through the cells at a flow rate of 2 or 4 ml/min was set at 37°C. The media used was phosphate buffer saline solution (Tomaszewska et al., 2013) with 0.2% w/w SLS. Samples were collected every 15 minutes for 240 minutes. After dissolution the total recovery was also measured by washing filters in defined quantities of mobile phase and sonicating. All quantification measurements were carried out by HPLC-UV (Agilent Technologies, 1200 Series). All experiments were run in triplicate. Results The flow through cell dissolution apparatus (USP IV) provides sink conditions, during the whole test period being particularly suitable for poorly soluble drugs such as FP. Powder dissolution profiles of Flixotide 250ig at 2 mL/min loaded with 1 dose released >90% within the first 60 minutes and reached 100% release after 120 minutes. Whereas at the same flow rate (2 mL/min) samples loaded with higher doses (2, 5, 10 doses) showed a similar dissolution performance but slower compared to the performance of the lower dose under these conditions and the % dissolved reached >90% in 240 minutes of dissolution. This dissolution conditions used were able to estimate dissolution rates of this inhalation product and to provide discrimination between the different doses. Using a higher flow rate (4mL/min) all samples (1, 2, 5 and 10 doses) reached 100% dissolution after 60 minutes, with negligible differences between the loaded doses providing the biorelevance of the selected conditions. Conclusion A novel deposition model has been developed for the evaluation of in-vitro dissolution behaviour of an aerosol formulation and the dissolution performance of a commercial product with an open flow through cell system was successfully estimated. The method developed would be suitable for quality control studies of DPIs and for prediction of their in vivo performance.


"The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme," hereafter called "The Spandrels," is an article written by Stephen J. Gould and Richard C. Lewontin published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London in 1979. The paper emphasizes issues with what the two authors call adaptationism or the adaptationist programme as a framework to explain how species and traits evolved. The paper is one in a series of works in which Gould emphasized the role of development in evolutionary theories. The article suggests that constraints on how organisms can develop and constraints on how species can evolve from others play a central role in explaining how species and traits evolve. The authors note that organisms from different species develop as embryos through stages similar across species, genera, and higher classes. Gould and Lewontin hypothesize that those stages constrained the possible pathways of evolution [5] and has therefore guided the history of life. Throughout the paper, the authors rely on analogy of some parts of organisms to architectural structures called spandrels, marked in this image as 'a' [6].


Mycotoxins are poisonous chemical compounds produced by certain fungi. There are many such compounds, but only a few of them are regularly found in food and animal feedstuffs. Nevertheless, those that do occur in food and feed have great significance in the health of humans and livestock. The effects of some mycotoxins are acute, with symptoms of severe illness appearing very quickly. Other mycotoxins have longer term chronic or cumulative effects on health, including the induction of cancers and immune deficiency. Information about mycotoxins is far from complete, but enough is known to identify them as a serious problem in many parts of the world, causing significant economic losses in addition to their negative health effects. "The mycotoxin factbook" is aimed at the latest developments to combat the mycotoxin problem. The book contains the peer-reviewed papers of the third conference of the World Mycotoxin Forum. The various chapters focus on mycotoxin food and feed risks in the context of human nutrition and animal feeding. Topics dealt with in "The mycotoxin factbook" are: regulatory issues, international developments and the impact on worldtrade; the latest information on major mycotoxins and emerging problems in the food chain; the impact of mycotoxins in the feed chain; new developments in mycotoxin prevention; and, trends in mycotoxin analysis. "The mycotoxin factbook" is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals from the food and feed industry as well as from the scientific community. This book is an ideal supplement to "Meeting the mycotoxin menace" as published in 2004.


Democracy in the 21st century is exhibiting some radical discontinuities in terms of its forms and institutions and needs to be rethought, if we wish to have a sustainable future. Democracy increasingly will be shaped by three realities: the demise of the nation state; the failure of representational liberal democracy; and the radical impacts of resource insufficiency and climate change. Yet if no government, however tyrannical, survives for long except by consent of the people, then that consent can serve as the starting point for rethinking what is meant by "democracy." Three terms are offered as functional categories that allow for an assessment of democratic forms and institutions: subsistence, operational and systemic. Each describes how and why the population acquiesces to governance and under what conditions. Essays Philos (2015)16:70-88 | DOI: 10.7710/1526-0569.1522 Published online: 27 January 2015. © Peter H. Denton 2015 Contact author: email@example.com


This study investigated differences between asthmatic outpatients and a control group of healthy individuals in their responses to trait measures of anxiety and the experience and expression of anger. The Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety (ISRA) and a Spanish adaptation of State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) were administered to outpatients diagnosed as suffering from bronchial asthma and healthy persons closely matched for age and gender. The asthma patients had significantly higher ISRA trait anxiety scores, and reported more thoughts of insecurity and higher levels of anxiety in interpersonal and daily life situations. The asthma patients also reported experiencing anger more frequently and without provocation than healthy persons as reflected in STAXI T-Anger, Angry Temperament, and Anger-Out scales. The results were discussed in terms of the importance of dealing with negative emotions in the treatment of bronchial asthma patients


This paper proposes an access control method for composite multimedia content in which only a single key is delivered to a user. The proposed method simultaneously controls access to each medium in one composite multimedia content in which a medium can be hierarchically encoded. This method introduces recursive hash chains for key generation so that the number of delivered key is reduced to one, whereas the conventional method having the above mentioned features has to deliver multiple keys to a user. The managed key in the proposed method is also reduced to one.


The purpose of this project was to create a Round Robin Study Guide for the youth members of the Monterey County 4-H Youth Development Program. It is intended to be used a curriculum resource for youth members eligible to compete in Round Robin at the local county fairs. The guide provides information about each species of livestock commonly shown in Round Robin, as well as techniques on how to show each species. It is hoped that the guide will reduce the amount of time taken to research and prepare for Round Robin and provide Monterey County 4-H members a competitive advantage against other counties.


his paper describes and reflects on the implementation of a Knowledge Based Holistic Design Support System – termed "HolD" – into a business environment. The paper introduces the rationale and development behind the system, a consciously different approach to traditional knowledge based systems in engineering in order to meet the requirements of a small business, producing bespoke low volume products. Typical knowledge based engineering systems rely on explicitly codified knowledge which often supports product optimisation rather than creative design activities. Such a system would provide little benefit to a business producing bespoke products. Instead, the system presented here, supports the creativity of designers through codified tacit knowledge input by designers as meta?data for past designs. The problem of individual inertia in adopting the system and sharing knowledge was approached early in the construction of the system. The steps taken to lower user barriers and encourage day?to?day use are detailed, including the design of a multi?stage input process designed to interact at key stages of users' existing processes. The immediate results after a six month trial period are presented and the results show slower than anticipated usage. In particular designers were found to be reluctant to input detailed information beyond common identifying data and did not attempt to seek information from the system. The reasons for this slower usage are discussed and possible solutions presented. The paper therefore provides industrial based evidence of the inertia encountered when implementing a knowledge system and argues that technology alone is insufficient to overcome this inertia.


Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are the most popular motors being used as traction motors in the electric drive-train due to their high torque-per-ampere characteristics and potential for wide flux-weakening operation to extend the constant power range. This paper classifies and overviews the state-of-the-art flux-weakening control strategies for PMSMs. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed. The benefits of this research work are to lay down a foundation for future improvements, and help researchers choose the appropriate flux-weakening control algorithm for traction application.


This article explores the complex position of Kristina, a refugee, in Graham Swift's 2003 novel The Light of Day. She has been overlooked in criticism of the novel which has tended to focus on the narrator George. I argue that Kristina, in her role as both proximal and distant to the text, allows us to ask pressing questions about the nature of hospitality in relation to the contingent and unstable position of asylum seekers and refugees within British national space. Drawing on Jacques Derrida's work on hospitality, I argue that the novel's self-conscious mode of narrative expression both situates and problematises the imagination as a potential space of accommodation for asylum narratives.


This issue of the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education features the 2013 CAPE outcomes that were unveiled at the 114th American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy annual meeting.1 The impetus for a review and update of the CAPE outcomes came from the 2010-2011 Academic Affairs Committee recommendation to convene a taskforce to develop outcomes related to traits in the affective domain.2

The CAPE panel is to be congratulated on a document that reflects the evolution of pharmacy education and practice while maintaining focus on the essential knowledge and skills required of a pharmacist in the 21st century. Inclusion of traits such as collaborator, includer, innovator, promoter, and leader capture traits and skills required for practice in the current and developing healthcare system. As with the 2004 revision of the outcomes, the 2013 document is timely given the revision of the ACPE Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Degree Program in Pharmacy currently underway. The 2013 CAPE outcomes document provides a structured framework yet is customizable to suit the unique characteristics of individual colleges and schools.

This document represents the fourth iteration of a process that began more than 20 years ago. A brief review of the history reveals that the Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education with its series of background papers guiding the evolution of pharmacy education in the 1990s was prescient.3-5 Among the recommendations of the Commission was to move to the 6-year PharmD as the sole professional degree in pharmacy. The Commission's Background Paper II suggested general outcomes including thinking abilities, facility with values and ethical principles, personal awareness and social responsibility, self-learning abilities and habits, and social interaction and citizenship.4

Subsequent to the work of the Commission, AACP established the Center for the Advancement of Pharmaceutical Education (CAPE) to assist colleges and schools in transforming their curricula to train the practitioners of the future. Building on the 1980s outcomes-based education movement, an advisory panel of educators and practitioners released the first set of CAPE outcomes in 1994. The document contained 12 ability-based outcomes statements including 5 professional outcomes (provide pharmaceutical care, manage the practice, manage medication use systems, promote public health, and provide drug information and education), and 7 general abilities (critical thinking, communication, ethical decision making, contextual awareness, social responsibility, social interaction, and self-learning).6

In 1997, due to the "continued evolution of pharmacy practice and the roles and functions of pharmacists," the CAPE panel was reconvened and the second version of the CAPE outcomes was released in 1998. The 1998 document maintained the 12 outcomes from the original document.7

The 2001-02 AACP Academic Affairs and Professional Affairs Committees both urged reconvening the CAPE panel for a review and revision of the 1998 Educational Outcomes.8,9 These calls for action were based partly on Institute of Medicine reports on patient safety and quality of health care delivery10,11 and the evolution of scientific knowledge, specifically pharmacogenomics.10 The 2004 CAPE Outcomes document was a greatly streamlined version that used language common to documents from other health professions and the Institute of Medicine core competencies. The Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners 2015 Future Vision of Pharmacy Practice was developed concurrently with the 2004 outcomes. Both the JCPP 2015 Vision and the 2004 AACP CAPE Outcomes reaffirmed patient-centered care as the basis of pharmacy practice.12,13

The forward thinking work of the Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education has stood the test of time. Background Paper II stated:

A number of the outcomes cannot be taught by discrete courses; many are inculcated into students across the curriculum through a variety of techniques. Professional pharmacy students must learn … by solving patients' drug-related problems… Most students enter health professional schools, including pharmacy schools, as dependent learners; that is, they enter with the perception that it is the teachers' responsibility to teach students while de-emphasizing, if not ignoring, the responsibility of students to learn on their own. Students come to health professional schools adept at memorizing facts and the teaching methods at most professional schools readily focus on this ability… in practice, the responsibility to learn must reside with the learner/practitioner. And so it must be while in school: the responsibility to learn must rest with the learner/student, not with the teacher. It follows, then, that a major responsibility of pharmacy educators is to shift the burden of learning from the teacher to the student. The transition from a dependent learner to an independent learner must occur as the student progresses through the pharmacy curriculum. Students must understand that to become educated is to know what questions to ask and where the answers may be found. Teaching must be achieved through educational processes which involve students as active learners. Teachers must view themselves as coaches and facilitators rather than merely as providers and interpreters of information.4

In 2013, we have reaffirmed the wisdom of the Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education. Pharmacy educators must assist students in becoming independent learners who have a firm grounding in the science of pharmacy as well as the "soft skills," those personal and professional skills, attitudes, and attributes that pharmacists need to practice team-based, patient-centered care in the 21st century.


Author(s): Lee, James J. | Advisor(s): Kahn, Victoria | Abstract: This dissertation challenges the over-familiar Christian dualism of the corrupt body and the redeemed soul, and completely rethinks the significance of the term "soul" in Renaissance culture. I argue that sixteenth and seventeenth century poets and philosophers uneasily defined the human as possessing two contradictory souls, and that the anxiety provoked by the contradiction of the Aristotelian and Christian souls led to a basic redefinition of the early modern subject. The dissertation begins with an intellectual history describing how 16th century theologians came to realize that the presence of two souls in man, Aristotelian and Christian, represented a major crisis for Christian doctrine. Reading the work of Pietro Pomponazzi, Philipp Melanchthon, and John Woolton, I argue that the paradox of two souls became a problem of political obedience and a rationalization of the Christian subject's passive relation to law. The dissertation then tracks the critical response of prominent English poets, such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, and John Davies, who argued that the paradox of two souls could not be understood as a fictional justification of law and political obedience, and that 16th century theologians were telling the wrong fiction to explain the two souls. All of these English poets turned to the resources of poetic language and dramatic plot as the most potent means to understand and resolve the two souls paradox as a basis for a novel Christian poetics of freedom, and not an abject servility to law. In all of these English poets, I identify a sustained work of contesting and redefining the parameters of the word "soul" as the basis of the Christian subject, and a reconfiguration of the two souls paradox into a problem rendered comprehensible by literary narrative and the craft of poetry.


The results of the direct numerical integration
of the Navier-Stokes equations are evaluated against experimental data for problem
on a flow around bluff bodies in an unstable regime. Experiment records several
stable medium states for flow past a body. Evolution of each of these states, after
losing the stability, inevitably goes by periodic vortex shedding modes. Calculations
based on the Navier-Stokes equations satisfactorily reproduced all observed stable
medium states. They were, however, incapable of reproducing any of a vortex shedding
modes recorded experimentally. The solutions to the classic hydrodynamics equations
successfully reach the boundary of instability field. However, classic solutions
are unable to cross this boundary. Most likely, the reason for this is the Navier-Stokes
equations themselves. The classic hydrodynamics equations directly follow from the
Boltzmann equation and naturally contain the error involved in the derivation of
classic kinetic equation. Just the Boltzmann
hypothesis, which closed kinetic equation, allowed us to con- struct classic hydrodynamics on only three lower
principal hydrodynamic values. The use of the Boltzmann hypothesis excludes higher
principal hydrodynamic values from the participation in the formation of classic
hydrodynamics equations. The multimoment hydrodynamics
equations are constructed using seven lower principal hydrodynamic values. The numerical
integration of the multimoment hydrodynamics equations in the problem on flow around
a sphere shows that the solutions to these equations cross the boundary and enter
the instability field. The boundary crossing is accompanied by appearance of very uncommon acts in scenario of system
evolution.


Several sol solutions were synthesized by using two kinds of nanosized boehmite and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) according to the changing amount of MTMS at different reaction time. To understand their physical and chemical properties, sol-gel coating films were fabricated on glass. The sol solutions were prepared from boehmite of spherical shape (boehmite1)/MTMS and mixed boehmites of spherical and fibrous shapes (boehmite2)/MTMS. The soluble stability of boehmite1/MTMS was observed in the sol solution left for 24 h, however, that of boehmite2/MTMS was observed in the sol solution left for 48 h. The contact angle of sol-gel coating films from boehmite/MTMS increased with MTMS contents and reaction time. The films formed a flat surface with the increasing MTMS contents and decreasing reaction time. The electrical resistivity of films increased with MTMS contents. The thermal degradation of films occurred at approximately 400 oC.


The rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of cold, high pCO2 groundwaters was studied in springs and boreholes in the Primorye region of the Russian Far East. The gas phase in these waters is dominated by mantle-derived CO2 (up to 2.6 atm.), being introduced to shallow groundwaters along major fault systems. The aggressive nature of these moderately acidic groundwaters has led to unusual trace element characteristics with high concentrations of relatively immobile elements such as Al, Be, heavy REEs and Zr. They are also marked by extremely high concentrations of Fe and Mn, up to 80 mg 1−1 and 4 mg 1−1, respectively. The REE patterns generally show enrichment in the middle to heavy REEs and low concentrations of the light REEs (La-Nd). Most groundwaters show relatively flat shale-normalised middle to heavy REE profiles, with the exception of Eu, which may form positive or negative anomalies depending on local mineralogy. A characteristic of many of the groundwaters is the presence of positive Sm-Eu anomalies. A range of potential ligands is present in the groundwaters and model calculations show that the dominant species are Ln3+, carbonate complexes (i.e., predominantly LnCO3+), and LnF2+. Concentrations of Cl− and SO42− are very low in most waters and nitrate and phosphate are below detection limit. The role of organic completing is not known due to lack of data, but such complexes may be important since limited TOC data show that organic contents may be high. The middle to heavy REE enrichment found in the groundwaters is consistent with dissolution of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides and release of adsorbed REE. Positive Eu anomalies in some groundwaters correlate with high Ca and Sr, pointing to control by plagioclase dissolution. High Y/Ho ratios and positive Y spikes on REY plots in high-F− waters suggest an important control by F− completing, which is confirmed by speciation calculations. Extreme enrichments in the heavy REEs are found in two groups of mineral waters with Yb/La ratios up to 9.8. The extreme enrichments in heavy/light REEs present in these areas are too high to be simply controlled by speciation fractionation and it is suggested that a weathering phase with heavy REE enrichment is responsible. The source is suggested to be zircon, which typically displays such heavy REE enrichments. Although zircon is generally stable during low-temperature weathering, it is know to break down in acidic carbonated solutions. This is supported by high Zr concentrations (as well as high U, Be) in these groundwaters and a correlation between Zr and heavy REE enrichment.


The development of a sensitive and specific enzymatic assay for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase has enabled us to measure the activity of this enzyme in several tissues where it has previously been measured. The administration of reserpine leads to an increase in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the rat adrenal, heart, salivary gland, and in sympathetic ganglia. The increase in the heart is preceded by a small but significant fall. We have confirmed the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase which follows the administration of reserpine and have found that the activity of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase also increases after administration of this drug. The activities of two enzymes not involved in the synthesis of catecholamines, monoamine oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase, are not affected by reserpine treatment. The rise of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the sympathetic ganglia is blocked by surgical decentralization.


Simulated Annealing is a family of randomized algorithms used to solve many combinatorial optimization problems. In practice they have been applied to solve some presumably hard (e.g., NP-complete) problems. The level of performance obtained has been promised [5, 2, 6, 14]. The success of its heuristic technique has motivated analysis of this algorithm from a theoretical point of view. In particularly, people have looked at the convergence of this algorithm. They have shown (see e.g., [10]) that this algorithm converges in the limit to a globally optimal solution with probability 1. However few of these convergence results specify a time limit within which the algorithm is guaranteed to converge(with some high probability, say). We present, for the first time, a simple analysis of SA that will provide a time bound for convergence with overwhelming probability. The analysis will hold no matter what annealing schedule is used. Convergence of Simulated Annealing in the limit will follow as a corollary to our time convergence proof.
In this paper we also look at optimization problems for which the cost function has some special properties. We prove that for these problems the convergence is much faster. In particular, we give a simpler and more general proof of convergence for Nested Annealing, a heuristic algorithm developed in [12]. Nested Annealing is based on defining a graph corresponding to the given optimization problem. If this graph is 'small separable', they [12] show that Nested Annealing will converge 'faster'.
For arbitrary optimization problem, we may not have any knowledge about the 'separability' of its graph. In this paper we give tight bounds for the 'separability' of a random graph. We then use these bounds to analyze the expected behavior of Nested Annealing on an arbitrary optimization problem. The 'separability' bounds we derive in this paper are of independent interest and have the potential of finding other applications.


Background: Alcaligenes xylosoxidans can result in opportunistic infections in patients who are immunocompromised. Alcaligenes xylosoxidans keratitis is a rare infection, almost always occurring in a compromised cornea. Few reported cases have occurred as contact lens–induced keratitis. The purposes of this report are to report a case of A. xylosoxidans keratitis in an immunocompetent contact lens wearer (2-week disposable) and to review the related literature. Methods: A 30-year-old man developed acute keratitis in the right eye. He was a 2-week disposable contact lens wearer. He did not report any ocular or systemic illness. Corneal scraping, contact lens, and conjunctiva cultures were performed. Results: 0.5% moxifloxacin eye drops were started hourly with quick recovery and healing of the ulcer and epithelial defect noted within a few days. Culture of the contact lens was positive for A. xylosoxidans. The organism was sensitive to penicillins, third-generation cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones but resistant to aminoglycosides. Conclusions: Alcaligenes xylosoxidans is a potential pathogen in compromised corneas. It has high susceptibility to extended-spectrum penicillins and current generations of fluoroquinolones but rarely responds to aminoglycosides. Alcaligenes xylosoxidans should be considered in the differential diagnosis of contact lens–induced keratitis.


Over the past several decades, progress in VLSI technology has been characterized by an ever-decreasing feature size with optical lithography being the dominant manufacturing technique. Optical lithography is about to enter the fundamentally new regime of printing dense features at dimensions appreciably smaller than the wavelength. Imaging interferometric lithography (IIL) has been introduced as an innovative and powerful approach to optical lithography to realize this promise. IIL is based on a detailed understanding of the ultimate capabilities of optical lithography derived from a spatial frequency space perspective. This paper describes the application of digital image processing techniques in the Fourier domain applied to IIL.


Introduction: Sexual disorders are common among women. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pelvic exercises on women›s sexual satisfaction.Methods: Fifty subjects among 20-40-year-old women referring to the counseling center No. 1 of Rafsanjan Health Department were selected using convenient sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The participants completed Linda Berg›s Sexual Satisfaction Scale in pretest and posttests. Five training sessions wereheld on pelvic muscle (Kegel) exercises for the experimental group. The control group received no training.The collected data were analyzed using independent t-test, chi-square test and covariance analysis.Results: Sexual satisfaction did not differ between the two groups in pretest (P = 0.614). No high rate of sexual satisfaction was observed for both groups in the pre-test; however, the difference was significant between the pre- and post-test sexual satisfaction scores for the experimental group (P = 0.02). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the sexual satisfaction scores in the post-test for both groups (P < 0.001).Conclusions: The Kegel exercise has an impact on women›s sexual satisfaction; therefore, gynecologists, midwives, and psychologists can also benefit from this exercise to improve women›s sexual function.


PURPOSE
To study the feasibility of anterior vitreal oxygenation for the treatment of acute retinal ischemia.

METHODS
Twenty rabbits were randomized into an oxygenation group, a sham treatment group, and a no treatment group. Baseline electroretinography (ERG) and preretinal oxygen (Po(2)) measurements were obtained 3 to 5 days before surgery. Intraocular pressure was raised to 100 mm Hg for 90 minutes and then normalized. The oxygenation group underwent vitreal oxygenation for 30 minutes using intravitreal electrodes. The sham treatment group received inactive electrodes for 30 minutes while there was no intervention for the no treatment group. Preretinal Po(2) in the posterior vitreous was measured 30 minutes after intervention or 30 minutes after reperfusion (no treatment group) and on postoperative days (d) 3, 6, 9, and 12. On d14, rabbits underwent ERG and were euthanatized.

RESULTS
Mean final (d12) Po(2) was 10.64 ± 0.77 mm Hg for the oxygenation group, 2.14 ± 0.61 mm Hg for the sham group, and 1.98 ± 0.63 mm Hg for the no treatment group. On ERG, scotopic b-wave amplitude was significantly preserved in the oxygenation group compared with the other two groups. Superoxide dismutase assay showed higher activity in the operated eyes than in the nonoperated control eyes in the sham treatment group and no treatment group only. Histopathology showed preservation of retinal architecture and choroidal vasculature in the oxygenation group, whereas the sham-treated and nontreated groups showed retinal thinning and choroidal atrophy.

CONCLUSIONS
In severe total ocular ischemia, anterior vitreal oxygenation supplies enough oxygen to penetrate the retinal thickness, resulting in rescue of the RPE/choriocapillaris that continues to perfuse, hence sparing the retinal tissue from damage.


The study aimed to determine fowering and production of corn planted in sandy soil. The study is based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in Jangkaran Village, Temon, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta The data were analyzed by ANOVA with SPSS advanced analysis of LSD. Treatments were plastic and bio mulch (feedstuff used), and planted with Pioneer® seed corn. Plant spacing was 25 x 50 cm. Litter manure waste was used as basal fertilizer by spreaded over the beds at the level 7.5 t/ha. Chemical fertilizers, Urea and SP-36 are given and water irrigation each day. Number of flower was observed since the first time of flowering up to harvested (10 weeks). Production was determined from total weight of whole plant harvested. Corn plant with bio mulch produced significantly higher number of flower and total whole plant compare with control but not significantly with plastic mulch. Bio mulch always has highest number of flower 34.4% compare with plastic mulch 17.7% and control 9.2. The highest production level of fresh whole plant 13.3, plastic mulch 12.93 and 3.91 t/ha


Focusing on book 4 of Dante's Convivio (The Banquet), this article analyzes the complexity of the unfinished poetic and philosophical treatise that the poet wrote at the beginning of his exile. The relevance of the Convivio within Dante's overall production can be attributed to the presence of numerous themes dear to the poet, which sometimes emerge only in nuce and sometimes already in a mature form in the treatise. Nonetheless, Dante took many of these subjects and linguistic experimentations and elaborated on them in his later works. In particular, book 4 functions as a precedent for some of the choices, themes, and styles subsequently developed in the Commedia. However, when the inspiration for the Convivio as a vehicle for both poetic and prose production is supplanted by the larger and even more ambitious project of his Commedia, Dante abandoned the treatise and left its linguistic mission unfinished.


Rotator cuff tears of the shoulder are common in the middle age and elderly population and can cause chronic pain. The prevalence of rotator cuff tears in people in their 50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s is 12.8%, 25.6%, 45.8% and 50% respectively. Etiological theories for tear evolvement are divided into intrinsic (e.g. recurrent microtrauma) and extrinsic (e.g. subacromial impingement). The subacromial bursa is probably the source of pain in symptomatic patients with rotator cuff tear. It is uncertain whether the tear itself can produce pain because of the high prevalence of asymptomatic tears. The symptoms are of gradual increase in shoulder pain and weakness, however, it can happen acutely due to an injury. Difficulties in overhead activities and night pain are common. Evaluation of shoulder muscle strength can imply on cuff tear. Shoulder radiograph is essential specifically to rule out other diagnosis. Imaging such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance can further define the tear, however they should be used only if they will affect the management of the condition. Common indications for surgical repair are acute tear in a relatively young and active patient or when the treatment of symptomatic patient with chronic tear had failed. Most repairs are currently performed in an all arthroscopic technique which is minimally invasive with easier rehabilitation and less pain.


Nuclear tourism is rapidly becoming a popular industry that attracts a diverse international audience with interests in history, militarism, and anti-war activism. In some sites, nuclear tourism emphasizes the devastation of the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, while, at others, it draws on the past to present a future of environmental stewardship, technological achievement and scientific mastery of the earth's energy. In so doing, nuclear tourism becomes a well crafted strategy to stimulate sentiments of nationalism and civic pride, while authenticating a particular perspective of history, science and identity. This article discusses efforts to use cultural heritage of the Manhattan Project both as a marketing strategy to bring tourist dollars to the city of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and as a way to celebrate the community's past as a 'Secret City' and its central role in the development of the atomic bomb. This construction of cultural heritage, however, may disregard cultural rights in respect to environmental justice, health and human rights, and serve to authenticate the history of the atomic bomb as having a single moral imperative, divorced from the international arena in which nuclear science is currently being developed and debated.


Many South African high schools are under-performing with poor pass rates, particularly in mathematics and physical science. Although the country's state of education would seem to be dire, pockets of excellence thrive in many local schools. Given this available expertise, a free and open education resource (OER) base adapted to local conditions and the necessary will, it may be possible to grow vibrant local open education communities and thus promote more equitable access to better quality education. This descriptive study sought to examine the attitudes of a sample of South African high school teachers towards OERs with the aim of gauging their willingness and capacity to use and/or develop these materials within an open economic model/framework. The study established that, in spite of respondents' recognition of the potential advantages of OERs, and even some significant reported use of these instructional tools, there appear to be serious doubts as to the level of institutional support for such open education initiatives. This is unfortunate since teachers appear to be sympathetic to the philosophy of open education and are prepared to donate regular time and effort to the business of developing these resources. The study concludes that policy, at both school and departmental levels, should be sharply realigned to embrace and actively promote the development and more widespread use of open resources. Only then is the economics of open education likely to be unleashed on a transformative scale.


This paper deals with the problem of active sensing control for nonlinear differentially flat systems. The objective is to improve the estimation accuracy of an observer by determining the inputs of the system that maximise the amount of information gathered by the outputs over a time horizon. In particular, we use the Observability Gramian (OG) to quantify the richness of the acquired information. First, we define a trajectory for the flat outputs of the system by using B-Spline curves. Then, we exploit an online gradient descent strategy to move the control points of the B-Spline in order to actively maximise the smallest eigenvalue of the OG over the whole planning horizon. While the system travels along its planned (optimized) trajectory, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to estimate the system state. In order to keep memory of the past acquired sensory data for online re-planning, the OG is also computed on the past estimated state trajectories. This is then used for an online replanning of the optimal trajectory during the robot motion which is continuously refined by exploiting the state estimation obtained by the EKF. In order to show the effectiveness of our method we consider a simple but significant case of a planar robot with a single range measurement. The simulation results show that, along the optimal path, the EKF converges faster and provides a more accurate estimate than along other possible (non-optimal) paths.


1. Reservoir creation and management can enhance many ecological services provided by freshwater ecosystems, but may alter the natural conditions to which aquatic biota have adapted. Benthic macroinvertebrates often reflect environmental conditions, and this community may be particularly susceptible to water-level changes that alter sediment exposure, temperature regime, wave-induced sediment redistribution and basal productivity. 2. Using a before–after control–impact experimental design, we assessed changes in macroinvertebrate community structure corresponding with changes in water-level management in two lentic systems in the Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, U.S.A. Littoral zone (depths 1–5 m) benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled in Rainy Lake (control system) and Namakan Reservoir (impact system) in 1984–85, and again in 2004–05 following a change in water-level management that began in January 2000. The new regime reduced the magnitude of winter drawdown in Namakan Reservoir from 2.5 to 1.5 m, and allowed the reservoir to fill to capacity in late May, a month earlier than under the prior regime. Rainy Lake water levels were not altered substantially. 3. We found changes in macroinvertebrate community structure in Namakan Reservoir relative to Rainy Lake at 1–2 m depths but not at 3–5 m depths. These shallower depths would have been most directly affected by changes in sediment exposure and ice formation. 4. In 2004–05, Namakan Reservoir benthos showed lower overall abundance, more largebodied taxa and an increase in non-insect invertebrates relative to 1984–85, without corresponding changes in Rainy Lake. 5. Changes in the benthic community in Namakan may reflect cooler water in spring and early summer as well as lower resource availability (both autochthonous production and allochthonous inputs) under the new regime.


This study investigated the association between positive psychological attributes and retirement satisfaction using a sample of 5,146 retired individuals from the 2006 and 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Utilizing Seligman's (2012) well-being theory, positive psychological attributes, as represented by the acronym PERMA, were measured by dispositional optimism (Positive emotion), reading the newspaper daily and having a hobby (Engagement), family support (Positive relationships), purpose in life and religiosity (Meaning), and perceived mastery (Accomplishment). Significant evidence was found supporting the association between positive psychological attributes and retirement satisfaction. Specifically, results of the ordinal logistic model revealed that, holding all else constant, dispositional optimism, family support, purpose in life, and perceived mastery were each positively associated with retirement satisfaction. Relevant implications for financial planners, counselors and educators include learning and developing optimism, cultivating family relationships, fostering purpose in life, discovering accomplishment during retirement, and structuring a phased transition to retirement.


High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the most recent video codec coming after currently most popular H.264/MPEG4 codecs and has promising compression capabilities. It is conjectured that it will be a substitute for current video compression standards. However, to the best knowledge of the authors, none of the current video steganalysis methods designed or tested with HEVC video. In this paper, pixel domain steganography applied on HEVC video is targeted for the first time. Also, its the first paper that employs accordion unfolding transformation, which merges temporal and spatial correlation, in pixel domain video steganalysis. With help of the transformation, temporal correlation is incorporated into the system. Its demonstrated for three different feature sets that integrating temporal dependency substantially increased the detection accuracy.


The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the integrity of collagen and biomechanical properties of bone. In this study, age (range, 5-26 years old) and gender related changes in cortical bone samples from 33 baboon femurs (15 males and 18 females) were examined. The percentage of denatured collagen was determined using a selective digestion technique. The fracture toughness, elastic modulus, yield and ultimate strength, and energy to fracture of bone were determined in three-point bending configurations. The porosity and weight fractions of the mineral and organic phase also were measured. A two-way analysis of variance showed that age dependent changes were reflected primarily in the amount of denatured collagen, fracture toughness, energy to fracture, and elastic modulus, whereas gender had effects on the fracture toughness, elastic modulus, and porosity of bone. In addition, regression analyses indicated that the percentage of denatured collagen had an inverse correlation with the toughness of bone and a positive correlation with its elastic modulus, whereas mineral content had positive correlation with the strength and elastic modulus of bone. The results of this study suggest collagen influences the toughness of bone, whereas mineral content predominantly contributes to bone stiffness and strength.


In this work, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the effect of rippling on the Poisson's ratio of graphene. Due to the atomic scale thickness of graphene, out-of-plane ripples are generated in free standing graphene with topological defects (e.g. heptagons and pentagons) to release the in-plane deformation energy. Through MD simulations, we have found that the Poisson's ratio of rippled graphene decreases upon increasing its aspect ratio η (amplitude over wavelength). For the rippled graphene sheet η = 0.188, a negative Poisson's ratio of -0.38 is observed for a tensile strain up to 8%, while the Poisson's ratio for η = 0.066 is almost zero. During uniaxial tension, the ripples gradually become flat, thus the Poisson's ratio of rippled graphene is determined by the competing factors of the intrinsic positive Poisson's ratio of graphene and the negative Poisson's ratio due to the de-wrinkling effect. Besides, the rippled graphene exhibits excellent fracture strength and toughness. With the combination of its auxetic and excellent mechanical properties, rippled graphene may possess potential for application in nano-devices and nanomaterials.


Video quality assessment plays a fundamental role in video processing and communication applications. In this paper, we study the use of motion information and temporal human visual system (HVS) characteristics for objective video quality assessment. In our previous work, two types of spatial distortions, i.e., detail losses and additive impairments, are decoupled and evaluated separately for spatial quality assessment. The detail losses refer to the loss of useful visual information that will affect the content visibility, and the additive impairments represent the redundant visual information in the test image, such as the blocking or ringing artifacts caused by data compression and so on. In this paper, a novel full-reference video quality metric is developed, which conceptually comprises the following processing steps: 1) decoupling detail losses and additive impairments within each frame for spatial distortion measure; 2) analyzing the video motion and using the HVS characteristics to simulate the human perception of the spatial distortions; and 3) taking into account cognitive human behaviors to integrate frame-level quality scores into sequence-level quality score. Distinguished from most studies in the literature, the proposed method comprehensively investigates the use of motion information in the simulation of HVS processing, e.g., to model the eye movement, to predict the spatio-temporal HVS contrast sensitivity, to implement the temporal masking effect, and so on. Furthermore, we also prove the effectiveness of decoupling detail losses and additive impairments for video quality assessment. The proposed method is tested on two subjective quality video databases, LIVE and IVP, and demonstrates the state-of-the-art performance in matching subjective ratings.


Modeling the interaction of light with real-world environments is a difficult problem. In particular, the geometric and lighting complexity required to approximate reality are huge challenges. The "Ray Tracing" algorithm is well-suited to deal with geometric complexity since its performance is sub-linear in the number of geometric primitives. However, its computational cost is linear in the number of light sources. This leads to poor performance in environments with complex lighting.
In this thesis we present two algorithms that accelerate the rendering of direct lighting for complex environments within the context of a ray tracer. The first algorithm, "Local Illumination Environments" addresses direct lighting acceleration in scenes with up to a few dozen light sources. The second algorithm, "Hierarchical Light Clusters" accelerates direct lighting in models with hundreds to thousands of light sources.
The "Local Illumination Environments" algorithm reduces the cost of computing light visibility, the most expensive part of the direct lighting computation. It does so through an asynchronous process that caches, in a spatial data structure, the geometric primitives required to evaluate light visibility. This approach completely eliminates the cost of light visibility for fully visible and fully occluded light sources. It also substantially reduces the time to evaluate visibility from partially visible light sources by eliminating the cost of a traditional acceleration structure.
The "Hierarchical Light Clusters" algorithm reduces direct lighting computation in environments with very large numbers of light sources. This is done by using a single bright light to approximate the contribution of a group of lights. We present a locally adaptive technique that determines when this approximation is valid. We also introduce three algorithms that make use of this approach to provide varying levels of quality and performance.
"Local Illumination Environments" and "Hierarchical Light Clusters" both provide order-of-magnitude acceleration in the computation of direct lighting over traditional ray tracing approaches. Together, they can be used to interactively generate images of models of widely varying geometric and lighting complexity.


Early postwar Czech travel writing was mainly concerned with representations of countries from the newly emerging Soviet Bloc and former European colonies in the developing world. In this way, travel writing played a role in nation-building and the creation of new cultural identity. However, following the slow process of political liberalization, the United States became an increasingly visible feature of travel narratives, concomitant with interest and reception of American literature in the second part of the 1950s and throughout the 1960s. While focusing on the analysis of space and articulation of the identities of travelers/narrators, the article tracks the re-emergence of the image of America in various types of travel narratives in order to depict a trajectory from the representation of a strictly bipolar world in political reportage from the early 1950s, to its subversion in the travel writing of the 1960s.


In this study using poly(vinylalcohol) (PVOH) membranes cross-linked with tartaric acid (Tac) desorption experiments were performed for selected concentrations of binary ethyl acetate (EtAc)-water mixture at temperatures of 30°, 40°, and 50°C to determine sorption of components. Sorption values measured were compared with those estimated by the Flory-Huggins approach. Additionally, desorption results were compared with pervaporation results of another study in terms of solution-diffusion theory, and the effect of thermodynamic interactions on selective transport of the binary mixture and membrane system was investigated. The results obtained show that selective transport of EtAc-water mixture was influenced by increasing temperature and water content in the feed. It is shown that preferential sorption is more effective for pervaporation selectivity than diffusion selectivity.


Dental caries is a transmissible pathologic infectious process in which a cariogenic biofilm, in the presence of a more pathological than protective oral status leads to demineralization of the hard dental tissues. The occlusal surface of posterior teeth represents, due to its anatomy, the most exposed place to dental caries. Even if the global ratio of such disease decreased in industrialized countries, the situation is different for occlusal caries. Nowadays, one of the main reasons for a lower ratio in the control of occlusal caries is represented by the fact that, in the so-called "post-fluorization" generation, fluoride has better controlled the caries from the smooth than from the occlusal surfaces. The term of fissural caries has been previously employed for describing the carious lesions occurring in pits and fossae. The definition was bsed on the assumption that the high incidence of carious lesions in the pits and fossae of molars was directly related to the low accessibility of these zones to the usual hygiene measures. Two factors are evaluated as to plaque accumulation and caries initiation on occlusal surfaces: the stage of dental eruption or the functional utilization of the occlusal surface and the specific surface anatomy. The scope of this review study is to synthesize the existing knowledge on the evolution of occlusal caries and the available methods of control and treatment.


Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid methyl esters (HETEs) are lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid that are generated along with prostaglandins (PGs) during acute inflammatory reactions. Whereas it is well known that ovarian PG levels increase during the ovulatory process, little is known about ovarian HETEs. This report compares the ovarian changes in 5-, 12-, and 15-HETE with ovarian PGE and PGF, along with progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone, and 17 beta-estradiol. Ovulation was induced in immature Wistar rats by sequential treatment with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Follicles began rupturing 10 h after hCG treatment. The greatest correlation was among 12-HETE, 15-HETE, and progesterone, which increased to peak levels at 10 h after hCG. In contrast, the ovarian levels of 5-HETE, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, and 17 beta-estradiol all declined sharply beginning 4 h after hCG. 2 alpha,4 alpha,7-4,5-Epoxy-17-hydroxy-4,17-dimethyl-3-oxo-androstane-2- carbonitrile (epostane), a potent inhibitor of steroid synthesis and ovulation, sharply reduced the synthesis of all five steroids within 30 min after its injection at 3 h after hCG. Among the five eicosanoids, epostane mainly inhibited 15-HETE. The results suggest that 15-HETE, along with progesterone, may have an important role in ovulation.


The paper looks at the effects of real actuator dynamics in a railway suspension. With the actuators are placed in the front and rear of the secondary suspensions vehicle body, the performance of real actuators in secondary suspension is investigated. The performance of an electromechanical actuator (EMA) in the active railway secondary suspension for ride quality improvement is also addressed. The degradation in ride quality is highlighted when the actuator dynamics is included in the active suspension system regardless of the suspension control strategy used.


Little is known about how the methane source inventory and sinks have evolved over recent centuries. New and detailed records of methane mixing ratio and isotopic composition ( 12 CH 4 , 13 CH 4 and 14 CH 4 ) from analyses of air trapped in polar ice and firn can enhance this knowledge. We use existing bottom-up constructions of the source history, including "EDGAR"-based constructions, as inputs to a model of the evolving global budget for methane and for its carbon isotope composition through the 20th century. By matching such budgets to atmospheric data, we examine the constraints imposed by isotope information on those budget evolutions. Reconciling both 12 CH 4 and 13 CH 4 budgets with EDGAR-based source histories requires a combination of: a greater proportion of emissions from biomass burning and/or of fossil methane than EDGAR constructions suggest; a greater contribution from natural such emissions than is commonly supposed; and/or a significant role for active chlorine or other highly-fractionating tropospheric sink as has been independently proposed. Examining a companion budget evolution for 14 CH 4 exposes uncertainties in inferring the fossil-methane source from atmospheric 14 CH 4 data. Specifically, methane evolution during the nuclear era is sensitive to the cycling dynamics of "bomb 14 C" (originating from atmospheric weapons tests) through the biosphere. In addition, since ca. 1970, direct production and release of 14 CH 4 from nuclear-power facilities is influential but poorly quantified. Atmospheric 14 CH 4 determinations in the nuclear era have the potential to better characterize both biospheric carbon cycling, from photosynthesis to methane synthesis, and the nuclear-power source.


The present paper comparatively analyzes English translations of Urdu fiction by Umer Memon and Saeed Naqvi to identify translational stylistic features. The data for this paper consists of two corpora; the first corpus comprises Memon's translations (TR1) and the second corpus consists of Naqvi's translations (TR2). To validate the results, the paper takes Corpus of Canons of Western Literature (CCWL) as a reference corpus. Open class lexis is taken as a stylistic marker. All the three corpora are tagged through Stanford tagger (Toutanova, 2003), and the frequencies of open class lexis are acquired by using AntConc (3.4.4). It is found that TR1 and TR2 show almost the same stylistic qualities on the use of proper nouns, lexical verbs, past tense, comparative and superlative adjectives, and comparative and superlative adverbs. However, the variance occurs in the use of count nouns and proper plural nouns. This paper will contribute to better understand the stylistic features of English translations of Urdu fiction and the trending modes of English translation itself.


The relative location of 2 repetitive DNAs, i.e. ribosomal (rDNA) and a tandemly repeated satellite DNA (satDNA), with respect to the centromere, suggested that B chromosomes in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans derived intraspecifically from the X chromosome. To test this hypothesis, we microdissected X and B chromosomes and amplified the obtained DNA by 2 different procedures, the conventional DOP-PCR method and the single-cell whole-genome amplification GenomePlex® method. We then generated DNA probes to perform chromosome painting. Our results have confirmed that X and B chromosomes share many DNA sequences between them and with most of the autosomes, especially at locations where the satDNA and rDNA reside, in consistency with previous information. This supports the hypothesis of an intraspecific origin of B chromosomes in E. plorans. Nevertheless, the present results did not help to clarify whether Bs were derived from the X chromosome or else from 1 or more autosomes.


Deep tillage of compacted soils can improve potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber yield and quality if no other production factors are limiting. We hypothesized that within-row subsoiling and N placement would affect tuber yields and availability of plant nutrients. Potato (cv. Russet Burbank) was grown after winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 1989 and after dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 1990 on a furrow irrigated Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthid). Fall tillage treatments (disking, chiseling, and moldboard plowing) were split with zone subsoiling after planting. Nitrogen was broadcast before planting or banded beside the seed piece at planting across all tillage combinations. We estimated plant nutrient status and uptake each year with whole-plant and petiole samplings during tuber growth. Final tuber yield and quality were determined in early October. Fall tillage did not influence nutrient concentration and uptake, tuber yield, or quality. Zone subsoiling increased average plant dry weights 9%, total tuber yields 10% (4 Mg ha '), and quality, and increased P uptake an average of 11.6% (1.8 kg P ha- ') without appreciably changing whole-plant or petiole P concentrations. Banding N increased average plant dry weight 6.4%, total tuber yield 9%, and N uptake 28% compared with broadcast N. Petiole NO 3-N, P, K, and Zn concentrations were higher where N was banded. There were no consistent zone subsoiling x N placement interactions. Higher nutrient applications may be required with zone subsoiling or to compensate for soil compaction problems.


Government of India launched a 'Swadesh Darshan Scheme' in January 2015 that pinpoints 13 designated circuits including Ramayana circuit, Krishna Circuit, Buddhist Circuit, and Spiritual Circuit to promote religious and cultural tourism in the country. Kurukshetra is a 'Holy City' of State of Haryana that is recently been added in 'Krishna Religious Tourism Circuit'. 'Krishna Circuit' embraces inherent mythology and beliefs pertaining to Lord Krishna and includes different place of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujrat, and Odisha for tourism facilitation. This scheme is alleged to contribute significantly in increasing the attractiveness of certain religious tourist destinations. Tourism entrepreneurs like hoteliers, restaurant owners, tour operators, travel agencies as well as religious entrepreneurs (Shinde, 2010) such as religious gurus, priests and managers of temples and ashrams are expected to get benefited from the initiatives proposed in the scheme in varied ways. Given the significant role of this scheme for growth of entrepreneurs, the present study aims to highlight the challenges faced by entrepreneurs that deserve attention of policy makers.


The nature of acidic and basic (alkaline) oxides can be easily illustrated via a series of three straightforward classroom demonstrations for high school and general chemistry courses. Properties of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and magnesium oxide are revealed inexpensively and safely. Additionally, the very different kinetics of hydration of SO2 (rapid) and CO2 (slow) are evident. The pH changes observed by use of universal indicator provide striking visual evidence that makes the concepts of acidic and basic oxides less abstract and more concrete than verbal or written descriptions alone. By using the MgO solution for the SO2 hydration reaction, one can mimic environmental interactions that lead to the neutralization of alkaline and acidic species. Interestingly, the SO2 and CO2 demonstrations can easily be adapted to environmental chemistry courses and especially the very relevant realm of climate change science. The difference in hydration rates explains why CO2 is a greenhouse gas, but SO2 is not ...


Abstract Kelp beds worldwide are under pressure from ongoing climate and environmental change. Along European coastlines increases in seawater temperature and changes in nutrient conditions occur where upwelling events are disrupted and also along eutrophicated coasts. In addition, seaweed responses to change may interact with seasonal daylength cycles. We performed a factorial experiment to examine the combined effects of seawater temperatures, nutrient regimes and photoperiod (long and short days) in order to better understand how latitudinal or seasonal differences in daylengths affect the sensitivity of transient microscopic kelp stages of Laminaria digitata from the North Sea to warming and eutrophication. While the optimal temperature range for vegetative gametophyte growth was 10°C–18°C under long summer photoperiod conditions, gametogenesis was induced at lower temperatures between 5°C and 15°C, with maximum sporophyte development under long photoperiods and enriched nutrient regimes, which represent local late spring conditions. Although gametogenesis was fastest at 10°C–15°C, sporophyte recruitment was highest at 5°C. As these particular early life cycle processes in L. digitata have different temperature optima, this may drive the seasonal cycle of recruitment in the field. Increasing summer temperatures due to global warming will increase gametophyte size due to enhanced vegetative growth and inhibition of gametogenesis. This will probably lead to delayed but enhanced recruitment of new sporophytes under cooler autumn to spring conditions over a wide geographical scale, preventing the formation of juvenile sporophytes under stressful summer conditions and possibly changing annual recruitment patterns.


Achieving high-speed network I/O on distributed-memory systems is difficult because their architecture is in general ill-suited for communication processing. Some of the common problems are: inability to do protocol processing, inefficient handling of data distribution, and poor management of the I/O. The authors present an I/O architecture that addresses these problems and supports high-speed network I/O on distributed-memory systems. The key to good performance is to partition the work appropriately between the system and the network interface. The authors perform some communication tasks on the distributed-memory parallel system since it is more powerful, and less likely to become a bottleneck than the network interface. Tasks that do not parallelize well are performed on the network interface and hardware support is provided for the most time-critical operations. They emphasize the use of simple I/O mechanisms that can be used by programming tools that map applications on the distributed-memory system to implement efficient I/O for the class of applications they support. This architecture has been implemented for the iWarp distributed-memory system. The authors describe this implementation and present performance results.<<ETX>>