Chemotherapeutic induction of radiation recall (RR) is a rare event in which a chemotherapeutic agent given days to years after radiation therapy causes an inflammation reaction of the tissues within the irradiated area-"recalling" increased radiation effects to that area. In this unique case, a 14-year-old girl with a synovial sarcoma of the forearm was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Gemcitabine was administered in an adjuvant setting inducing a RR reaction. The severity of the inflammation resulted in a forearm myositis secondarily causing a compartment syndrome that was treated with several prolonged courses of corticosteroids. The symptoms of RR and compartment syndrome have resolved 1 year postonset, although magnetic resonance imaging continues to show myositis and soft-tissue edema. This case highlights the need to maintain a heightened awareness to recognizing the signs and symptoms of RR and the potential severity of RR in pediatric cancer patients in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents used more frequently in adults.


A dc contact and a capacitive contact niobium-based superconducting radio frequency (RF) microelectro-mechanical systems switches are presented for the first time. The switches are amenable to integration with superconducting-micro-electronics technology. A comparison of the RF performance of the switches at room and cryogenic temperatures indicate a significant improvement in the insertion loss of the switch when niobium is superconducting. A niobium-based dc contact single-port-double-throw switch is designed, fabricated, and tested. Two types of switched capacitor banks are also designed each implementing one of the two types of the introduced switches. The measured results of the capacitor bank with capacitive contact switches show variation of the capacitance value from 0.4 to 0.94 pF. The measured results of the capacitor bank with dc contact switches show variation of the capacitance value from 0.2 to 1 pF at 4 K.


Advances in Pediatrics, Volume VI. Edited by S. Z. LEVINE. (Pp. 323; 58s.; $7.00.) Chicago: The Year Book Publishers. Distributed in Great Britain by Interscience Publishers, Ltd. 1953. It is as much a pleasure to welcome the sixth volume of this well-known series as its forerunners. It contains seven monographs by acknowledged authorities and each section can be taken as an up-to-the-minute summary of its subject. The subjects dealt with in this volume are lymphosarcoma in childhood, an interesting excursion into preventive pre-natal paediatrics, intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period, haemolytic disease of the newborn, pulmonary pathology in the newborn, the lipoidoses and megaloblastic anaemia of infancy. On each of these widely divergent topics the same high standard of thoroughness and clarity is maintained and no one could fail to read any of the sections with interest and profit. If one note of regret may be sounded it is that whereas in Volume V three of the six monographs were from Europe, in Volume VI only one out of seven is not a United States product. It is to be hoped that in future volumes of this valuable series a better geographical balance may obtain.


This paper presents the high level Petri nets analyzer Helena. Helena can be used for the on-the-fly verification of state properties, i.e., properties that must hold in all the reachable states of the system, and deadlock freeness. Some features of Helena make it particularly efficient in terms of memory management. Structural abstractions techniques, mainly transitions agglomerations, are used to tackle the state explosion problem. Benchmarks are presented which compare our tool to Maria. Helena is developed in portable Ada and is freely available under the conditions of the GNU General Public License.


Taking the composition of trade into account, this paper shows that an otherwise parsimonious international real business cycle model can account for the international comovement of macro quantities. In disaggregated US trade data the share of non-durable consumer goods in imports and exports is low and remarkably stable from 1989 to 2012. In the model as in the data, trade is mostly in consumer durables and capital goods, and cross-country correlations are consistent with the evidence. Output comoves positively across countries with a higher cross-country correlation than consumption, and the cross-country correlation of investment and employment are both positive. Standard models of international business cycles that ignore the composition of trade flows typically fail to produce these patterns in international correlations.


NEOPLASMA accepted, ahead of print manuscript 1 Cite article as https://doi.org/10.4149/neo_2021_201112N1212 2 3 Running title: HOTAIR regulates anoikis of ovarian cancer cells 4 5 LncRNA HOTAIR regulates anoikis-resistance capacity and spheroid formation of ovarian 6 cancer cells by recruiting EZH2 and influencing H3K27 methylation 7 8 Zhuo-Ya Dai, Shuang-Mei Jin*, Hong-Qin Luo, Hong-Lian Leng, Jun-Dan Fang 9 10 Department of Gynecology 11 12 *Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com 13 14 Received November 12, 2020 / Accepted December 27, 2020 15 16 This study aims to investigate the role of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOX transcript 17 antisense RNA (HOTAIR) in the regulation of anoikis resistance of ovarian cancer c ells, a 18 prerequisite for metastasis and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells. Ovarian cancer SKOV3 19 cells were cultured in an ultralow attachment system to establish an anoikis model. The 20 relationship between cellular anoikis capability and HOTAIR expression level was studied by flow 21 cytometry and RT-PCR. The ability of spheroid formation, migration, and invasion of the suspended 22 cells was assessed following the knockdown of HOTAIR expression. The expression of EZH2, 23 H3K27me3, representative targets of EZH2, and anoikis-related biomarkers was also detected. An 24 increase in the duration of suspension culture time rendered the SKOV3 cells anoikis-resistant with 25 a significantly lower apoptotic rate compared to the adherent cells. HOTAIR expression in the 26 suspension cells increased significantly, while that in the adherent cells did not. Following small 27 interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of HOTAIR expression, the abilities of anoikis 28 resistance, migration, and invasion decreased in the suspension cells. Knockdown of HOTAIR 29 levels also reduced the spheroid forming ability of the tumor cells in continuous suspension cultures. 30 Moreover, EZH2 expression correlated with HOTAIR expression, thus regulating the expression of 31 miR-193a and DOK2 via introducing H3K27me3. Western blot analysis of anoikis-related markers 32 showed that N-cadherin, ZEB1, and TWIST1 were downregulated following inhibition of HOTAIR, 33 while E-cadherin and ErbB3 were upregulated. In conclusion, HOTAIR enhances the anoikis 34 resistance and spheroid forming ability of ovarian cancer cells by recruiting EZH2 and influencing 35 H3K27 methylation that may contribute to migration, invasion, and chemoresistance of ovarian 36 cancer cells. 37 38


Rapid advances in observational cosmology are leading to the establishment of the first precision cosmological model, with many of the key cosmological parameters determined to one or two significant figure accuracy. Particularly prominent are measurements of cosmic microwave anisotropies, led by the first results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) announced in February 2003 [1]. However the most accurate model of the Universe requires consideration of a wide range of different types of observation, with complementary probes providing consistency checks, lifting parameter degeneracies, and enabling the strongest constraints to be placed. The term 'cosmological parameters' is forever increasing in its scope, and nowadays includes the parametrization of some functions, as well as simple numbers describing properties of the Universe. The original usage referred to the parameters describing the global dynamics of the Universe, such as its expansion rate and curvature. Also now of great interest is how the matter budget of the Universe is built up from its constituents: baryons, photons, neutrinos, dark matter, and dark energy. We are interested in describing the nature of perturbations in the Universe, through global statistical descriptions such as the matter and radiation power spectra. There may also be parameters describing the physical state of the Universe, most prominent being the ionization fraction as a function of time during the era since decoupling. Typical comparisons of cosmological models with observational data now feature about ten parameters. 21.1.1. The global description of the Universe: Ordinarily, the Universe is taken to be a perturbed Robertson-Walker space-time with dynamics governed by Einstein's equations. This is described in detail by Olive and Peacock in this volume. Using the density parameters Ω i for the various matter species and Ω Λ for the cosmological constant, the Friedmann equation can be written i Ω i + Ω Λ = k R 2 H 2 , where the sum is over all the different species of matter in the Universe. This equation applies at any epoch, but later in this article we will use the symbols Ω i and Ω Λ to refer to the present values. A typical collection would be baryons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter (given charge neutrality, the electron density is guaranteed to be too small to be worth considering separately). The complete present state of the homogeneous Universe can be described by giving the present values of all the density parameters and the present Hubble …


The awareness of the probability of primary immunodefi ciency in adults has been increased. However, careful diff erential diagnosis is necessary before a fi nal diagnosis of primary immunodefi ciency is made. In this report, a patient with a preliminary diagnosis of primary immunodefi ciency due to recurrent pulmonary infections and selective IgA deficiency who was fi nally diagnosed as chronic lymphocytic leukemia was presented.


The aim of the study was to find out the effects of community participation on access to quality secondary education and post-ordinary level education in Tanzania with specific reference to community secondary schools in Bukoba Municipal Council. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The survey design, particularly the cross-sectional design was used. The instruments that were used to collect data included questionnaires, interview and documentary review. The samples included the heads of community secondary schools, Ward Councillors, Ward Executive Officers, Village Executive Officers, Secondary School Teachers, Students and other Community Members. Purposive, simple random and accidental sampling techniques were used. It was revealed from the findings that in some areas community members participated actively in improving education sector in their respective wards through constructing the school infrastructures. However, in other wards the situation was not so promising because community members' participation was very minimal. This led to insufficient school infrastructures, poor quality education and a few number of students joining post-ordinary level education. The researcher recommended, among other things, the enactment or introduction of by-laws and regulations at the municipality up to village levels to force all community members to give due support to the construction of school infrastructures so as to increase the rate of students' enrolment and improving the quality of education in general.


The call for integrating media literacy into public education is not new. However, with the rise of "fake news" and sensationalism along with technology's ever-growing role in society, media literacy offers teachers and students a set of skills to analyze, critique, and respond to the information that appears before them in the digital texts they read, the television shows they watch, and their social media feeds. As multiple case studies have identified ways teachers are already blending media literacy into their instruction, this case study used a lesson plan assignment coupled with a survey to analyze how pre-service teachers enrolled in an instructional technology class approached media literacy. We found that the pre-service teachers tended to use constructivist teaching methods that required students, not the teacher, to interpret the media messages. In addition, the pre-service teachers used questions as a strategy to facilitate that interpretation, though at times the questions included the pre-service teachers' own viewpoints, values, and perspectives. We conclude with ways teacher educators can develop their pre-service teachers' ability to bring media literacy skills into their content-area instruction.


Geoffrey (Geoff) Burbidge's career spanned the tumultuous years when astronomy was transformed from a purely optical science to a multi-wavelength discipline through the development of new types of astronomy—radio, X-ray, γ-ray, cosmic ray physics. These offered new astrophysical and cosmological challenges, which he grasped with relish. To all of these disciplines, Geoff, often in collaboration with his wife Margaret Burbidge (FRS 1964), made pioneering contributions, particularly in the areas of the synthesis of the chemical elements, the physics of extragalactic radio sources, the rotation curves of galaxies, the dark matter problem in clusters of galaxies, the physics of accretion discs and the origin of cosmic rays. He also espoused less popular causes such as the non-cosmological nature of the redshifts of quasars and was sceptical about the standard Big Bang picture of the origin of the large-scale structure and dynamics of the Universe. He was a flamboyant and outspoken astrophysicist who challenged his colleagues about their deeply held views on all aspects of astrophysics and cosmology. His service to the community included five years as director of the US Kitt Peak National Observatory, based in Tucson, Arizona, and as a most effective editor of Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics for over 30 years and the Astrophysical Journal.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is safe, effective, and was approved for adolescents in 2018. Adolescents and young adults make up 20% of HIV diagnoses in the United States. Our objective was to describe trends in adolescents prescribed PrEP during 2018 through 2021 and characteristics of these adolescents and their PrEP providers.

METHODS
We identified adolescents aged 13 to 19 years with oral PrEP prescriptions during 2018 through 2021 in a national pharmacy database using a validated algorithm. We assessed trends by calculating the overall percentage change and estimated annual percentage change with 95% confidence intervals. We described characteristics of adolescents and their PrEP providers in 2021. We performed χ2 analyses to assess differences by sex and age group.

RESULTS
The number of adolescents prescribed PrEP increased 76.2% from 2018 to 2021 (estimated annual percentage change: 18.0% [95% confidence interval: 16.6-19.5]), despite decreases in 2020. We observed increases among all sex and age groups, with larger increases among older adolescents aged 18 to 19 years. The majority of the 6444 adolescents prescribed PrEP in 2021 were male (82.6%) and aged 18 to 19 years (87.8%). Among 2455 physician PrEP providers, 29.6% were pediatricians, with varying specialty distributions by adolescent age group (P < .001). Among the 217 pediatricians who prescribed PrEP to adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, 67.7% were general pediatricians.

CONCLUSIONS
PrEP provision for adolescents has increased, largely among older and male adolescents. The availability of PrEP provides an important opportunity for pediatric providers to take an active role in HIV prevention.


OBJECTIVE
This study explored how multiple bioecological constructs operate to explain health-risk behaviors in late adolescence and to test for moderator effects of gender.

DESIGN AND SAMPLE
This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 437 predominately Caucasian late adolescents with an average age of 19 years who lived in Northern California.

MEASURES
Parental Attachment, Shyness, Loneliness, Law Abidance, and Youth Risk Behaviors were measured with self-report tools and analyzed using structural equation modeling.

RESULTS
Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the data fit the model well. Analysis of group differences revealed that gender moderated the relationships among the measured variables; thus, data were analyzed in independent gender-based models. Structural modeling demonstrated good model fit for each gender. Shyness and parental attachment each were associated with loneliness. Loneliness was associated with smoking. Loneliness linked the relationship between shyness, parental attachment, and smoking. Parental attachment was associated with law abidance. Law abidance was associated with sexual behaviors for female adolescents only.

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides valuable insights for public health nurses as it pertains to late adolescent health-risk behaviors. Nurses should use screening tools and techniques to ensure appropriate referrals and interventions to meet the needs of at-risk adolescents.


This paper proposes integrated video techniques, cloud computing, and multisensor data fusion for remote services over Internet. The proposed remote service approach includes three levels of different remote diagnoses: Level (1): Video and audio interaction between customer and remote service sites; Level (2): Signal and data collection from customer to remote service sites; and Level (3): Multisensor data fusion at cloud computing server. The proposed remote services have been successfully tested and evaluated for its performance: (1) 85% of technical manpower saving, (2) 90% of service response time saving, (3) 60% of maximum time to recovery (MTTR) saving, and (4) 95% of service cost saving. In the near future, we intend to implement automated diagnosis and repairing suggestion mechanism to further improve the efficiency of technical manpower of the proposed remote diagnosis and maintenance cloud platform.


Sales technology has been touted as a primary tool for enhancing customer relationship management. However, empirical research is sparse concerning the use of information technology (IT) and its effects on the relationship between salespersons and customers. Using an interdisciplinary research approach, we extend task-technology-fit (TTF) theory by examining the mechanisms through which use of IT by the sales force influences salesperson performance. We test a model that incorporates salespersons' customer service, attention to personal details, adaptability, and knowledge---key marketing constructs that could mediate IT's impact on salesperson performance. Results in a pharmaceutical sales setting indicate that IT use can improve customer service and salespersons' adaptability, leading to improved sales performance.


PurposeThis paper aims to discuss a foresight study conducted in Singapore's national R&D agency to help science and technology decision makers identify key capability areas of R&D investment to support the manufacturing industry's growth in the country and the region.Design/methodology/approachUsing horizon scanning, scenario analysis and expert opinion, nine capabilities are identified as core areas to be developed to support the country's future growth of product-service systems.FindingsThe results of a Delphi survey involving 30 industry and academic thought leaders recommend priorities of these capabilities. This paper concludes with a discussion of the study implications for theory, research and practice in the domain of servitisation and product-service systems.Research limitations/implicationsThe foresight study presented here on the future of servitisation in Singapore demonstrates one of the first fully fledged applications of foresight in constructing a coherent vision of future product-service system markets. In this study, the authors applied systemic foresight methodology (SFM) comprising the first six phases: initiation (scoping), intelligence (scanning), imagination (scenarios), integration (priorities), interpretation (strategies) and implementation (action).For future research, an ideal step would be to proceed with the final phase of the SFM, impact, to develop indicators for servitisation and to monitor and evaluate the transition process.Practical implicationsManufacturing and services are no longer distinct concepts with a clear divide. Manufacturing firms not only become more service dependent but also produce and provide services for their consumers. This transformation towards servitisation implies fundamental re-organisation of the production and management practices. Furthermore, through new business models, new and loyal customers will be gained, which will in turn bring additional income, while making the companies less prone to economic and business fluctuations.Social implicationsThe results of this study have practical implications for policymakers of public and private sectors that are interested in playing a key role in future product-service system innovation. These have implications for developing the human and intellectual capital that are required for supporting the future innovation. Institutes of higher learning and vocational institutes should also consider incorporating new curricula and modules to build the capabilities for knowledge creation and transfer.Originality/valueThe findings of the present study on strategic growth areas and relevant critical capabilities provide new directions for research in the field of servitisation. Among the nine capabilities identified, the top three were advanced customer intelligence capability, socio-physical service quality, traceability and maintainability and integrated strategic decision-making. From the results, it is apparent that advanced customer intelligence capability is both an area of importance to Singapore and the world.


Aspirin is extensively hydrolyzed to salicylic acid during absorption after oral administration. This hydrolysis is completed systemically. Salicylic acid, an effective analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent, is eliminated by renal excretion and by metabolic conversion to conjugates with glycine and glucuronic acid, respectively, and to gentisic acid. Two of these metabolic processes are easily saturable, causing systemic clearance of salicylate to decrease with increasing dose. Acetaminophen metabolism during absorption is minor, and the drug is eliminated primarily by conjugation with glucuronic acid and with sulfate to pharmacologically inactive products. These processes become saturated only in the supertherapeutic dose range, thereby causing an increase in the fraction in the dose converted to a minor but potentially hepatotoxic metabolite. In the usual therapeutic dose range, acetaminophen is much more rapidly eliminated from the body than is salicylic acid.


This course enables students to develop knowledge and skills in the areas of graphic
communication, printing and publishing, audio and video production, and broadcast
journalism.


Focusing on provincial furniture of the early 1800s to early 1900s (late Qing Dynasty), this stunning book provides a detailed look at assorted chairs, benches, tables, storage pieces, beds, and screens originally created and used in eight Chinese provinces. Over 550 colour photographs and accompanying text detail the construction and artistic differences characterising these styles. Highly informative to collectors, dealers, and students of Asian furnishings, the book covers types of wood used, construction techniques, lacquer and other finishing processes, and original usage. Restoration and tips for care of antique furniture are also discussed. Descriptive captions include dimensions, circa dates, types of wood, and current market values for all pieces shown. Learning to authenticate classical antiques from China is becoming a necessity as facsimiles begin to appear in the marketplace. This book helps demystify the purchasing process and engenders an appreciation of lovely designs that blend wonderfully into contemporary homes.


My Ph.D. dissertation examines the history and archaeology of the monastic institutions of Thrace between the tenth and the late fourteenth centuries. Primarily concerned with the fundamental aspects of monastic life and its modes of interaction with lay society, I sought to investigate the life-cycle, topography and spatial composition of monastic communities in the western hinterland of the imperial capital of Byzantium, the city of Constantinople. My second objective was the investigation of the cultural, economic, and social aspects of the relationship between Thrace and Constantinople as evidenced in the surviving material culture, which consists mainly of architecture and decorative programmes. I followed an interdisciplinary methodology that brings together the systematic analysis of a large corpus of texts associated with monastic institutions -namely wills, monastic foundation documents, monastic archives, letters and imperial laws- with the results of three seasons of archaeological fieldwork. I conducted extensive surveys and recorded remains of monastic complexes including churches and refectories on Mount Ganos (Turkey), on the southern Rhodope Mountains (Greece) and in the cities of Sozopolis and Mesembria (Bulgaria), and explored the cultural ties with Constantinople and other meaningful centers of the Byzantine world.


The wide variety of summer session formats and strategies that were pursued in the past, are being enacted in the present, and will emerge in the future all reflect the diverse histories and contexts of specific institutions, as well as state and national trends. Exploring historical and present-day contexts that have driven summer session strategies at United States colleges and universities provides a basis for considering how summer session strategies can be developed to address current and emerging changes in higher education. To provide summer session staff and administrators with usable ideas, participants in three conferences for leaders of college and university summer sessions engaged in a small-group activity that focused on ideas for potential long-term strategies that would be responsive to what they viewed as key current and emerging institutional, state, and national developments. A wide range of common issues and trends were identified and linked to both well-accepted and emerging strategies, including alternative summer tuition models and course structures, novel summer-learning experiences, courses packaged to allow completion of minors in the summer, competency-based approaches, segmented and targeted marketing, and an emphasis on the role of summer sessions in on-time degree completion and revenue enhancement. These trends and strategies are presented here and can be adapted to the challenges and opportunities facing a wide range of colleges and universities that are considering how to position summer session as a key element of future institutional success.


Nature represents an amazing source of inspiration since it produces a great diversity of natural compounds selected by evolution, which exhibit multiple biological activities and applications. A large and very active research field is dedicated to identifying biosynthesized compounds, to improve/develop new methodologies to produce/reuse natural compounds and to assess their potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, among others, and also to understand their mechanism of action. Here, the main results presented in each work are highlighted. The applications suggested are mostly related to pharmacological uses and involve mainly pure natural compounds and essential oils. These works are significant contributions and reinforce the dynamic field of natural products applications.


—Since the late 1920's there have been periodic control programs on black-tailed prairie dogs in Wind Cave National Park. The most recent control effort, which began in 1982, resulted in the reduction of total dogtown acreage from 2,000 to 750 acres. Recent studies carried out within the park have provided managers with more soundly based justification for carrying out control programs. The same information also points to the importance of maintaining prairie dog populations at or above certain minimum levels and the need for integrating this control program with several of the other resource management programs being carried out in the area.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify patient-related factors that influence the risk of serious late complications of pelvic radiation therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
The records of 3,489 patients treated with radiation therapy for International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I or II carcinoma of the cervix were reviewed for information about patient characteristics, treatment details, and outcomes. Any complication occurring or persisting more than 3 months after treatment that required hospitalization, transfusion, or an operation or caused severe symptoms or the patient's death was considered a major late complication. Complication rates were calculated actuarially. The median duration of follow-up was 85 months, and 99% of patients were followed for at least 3 years or until they died.

RESULTS
Heavy smoking was the strongest independent predictor of overall complications (multivariate hazard ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84 to 2.87). The most striking influence of smoking was on the incidence of small bowel complications (hazard ratio for smokers of one or more packs per day, 3.25; 95% CI, 2.21 to 4.78). Hispanics had a significantly lower rate of small bowel complications than whites, and blacks had higher rates of bladder and rectal complications than whites. Thin women had an increased risk of gastrointestinal complications, and obese women were more likely to have serious bladder complications.

CONCLUSION
Complications of pelvic radiation therapy are strongly correlated with smoking, race, and other patient characteristics. These factors should be considered before the results of clinical studies are generalized to different cultural and racial groups.


Background: Healing of inflamed dental pulp by stimulating angiogenesis forms the basis of dental pulp regeneration. Dental pulp vitality is paramount for tooth longevity and function. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cell population present in cell rich zone of dental pulp and demonstrate multilineage differentiation potential in healthy and inflamed microenvironment. Platelet rich concentrates (PRCs), a concentrated suspension of growth factors (GFs) are recognised as promoters of tissue regeneration through their paracrine action. Recently, PRCs has been introduced in the field of oral-maxillofacial and implant dentistry as a treatment modality. However, its effect on DPSCs in inflamed microenvironment is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the healing and angiogenic potential of two types of PRCs namely human platelet lysate (HPL) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) on DPSCs in an inflamed state. Objectives: Firstly, the mesenchymal properties of DPSCs isolated from human adult dental pulp were characterised. Secondly, optimal concentration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation in DPSCs was investigated, followed by determination of two types of PRCs to maintain viability and induce angiogenesis in DPSCs. Finally, we compared the effect of the optimized concentrations of PRCs to induce angiogenesis in DPSCs in inflamed state (iDPSCs). Methods: DPSCs were isolated from dental pulp tissue extirpated from healthy premolars of patients indicated for orthodontic extraction and were characterised for their mesenchymal characteristics. Next, LPS was used in different concentrations to induce inflammation in DPSCs. Following this, DPSCs were treated with different concentrations of HPL and PRP to investigate their effect on cell viability and angiogenic effect on DPSCs. Effect of all the treatments given to DPSCs were validated via cell viability assay, gene expression analysis as well as analysis at protein level. Capacity of DPSCs to form tube-like structures after PRCs treatment was investigated by matrigel based functional assay. Results: Isolated DPSCs demonstrated positive mesenchymal characteristics. LPS for 24 hours considered optimum to induce inflammation in isolated DPSCs as evidenced by expression of pro-inflammatory markers at gene and protein level. 10%, 15%, 20% HPL and 5% PRP treatment on DPSCs maintained the cell viability and morphology, as compared to foetal bovine serum (FBS). It was noted that 20% HPL showed highest expression of angiogenic and cell adhesion surface markers, and capacity of DPSCs to form tube like structures. In iDPSCs, 20% HPL demonstrated significantly high cell viability and angiogenic potential. Conclusion: DPSCs could be induced to inflamed state by 1μg/mL LPS treatment for 24 hours. Viability of DPSCs was maintained in-vitro by 5% PRP, 10%, 15%, 20% HPL. Potential angiogenic effect on normal and inflamed DPSCs was demonstrated at 20% HPL. Clinical relevance: PRCs exhibit potential pro-angiogenic effect on DPSCs in inflamed state. Hence, they can be considered for potential pulp regenerative therapy in inflamed pulp.


The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in the milk of cows in the villages of Kayseri province, Turkey. Ninety milk samples were investigated for AFM1 contamination using the enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). The mean value of AFM1 levels was 59.9 ng/L, 95% confidence interval was 54.4-65.5 ng/L, and standard deviation was 26.6 ng/L. For 63 samples (70%) the values were significantly above the limit permitted by European Union criteria (EU) and the Turkish Food Codex (TFC) (P 0.05). In conclusion, since the level of AFM1 in the milk of cows was higher in Kayseri province, this must be seen as a significant public health problem. Further research must be conducted on the levels of AFM1 in milk samples sterilized using ultra high temperature (UHT).


In this study effects of alcohol and passive smoking on certain hematological variables were studied in 137 female and 85 male adult Swiss albino mice. The animals of both sexes were divided into four groups serving as controls, and alcohol (ALC), passive cigarette (PCS) and ALC+PCS exposure traits. Exposures were made with 10%, 20% or 30% v/v alcohol in drinking water, and 4, 8 or 12-lit cigarettes per cage and day for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd to 7th weeks of the experiment, respectively. Blood was collected at the end of the experiment from tail tip for determination of hematological variables. The data were analyzed via M-ANOVA. A p value of


To examine effects of streptozocin (STZ) on pancreatic islets in the absence of a functioning immune system, we examined isolated rat islets cultured for 96 h after a single 1-h exposure to STZ in vitro. In addition to an immediate and sustained suppression of insulin secretion, STZ also induced a progressive decline in insulin content per islet as well as in total islet tissue mass, characterized by a decrease in both islet number and volume. Viability studies show that STZ-induced cell death was also progressive and was not commensurate with loss of secretory function. Furthermore, mediatransfer experiments demonstrate that decline of tissue mass is not due to accumulation of metabolite or degradation products in the media. After 96 h in culture, untreated islets showed a marked insulinogenic capacity that was inhibited more than fourfold by the initial STZ treatment. Progressive loss of glucagon content per islet suggests that STZ causes disruption of islet morphological integrity. These progressive sequelae observed in vitro indicate that several aspects of the time-delayed attack on the β-cell by STZ are independent of a functioning immune system.


Met, either bound in proteins or in its free form is easily oxidized to Met(O) by reactive oxygen species. Met(O)-containing proteins accumulate during ageing and may play a role in degenerative diseases. Because of the chirality of the sulfoxide moiety, Met(O) exists as a pair of diastereomers Met-S-(O) and Met-R-(O). For the reduction of the diastereomers, stereospecific methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) enzymes exist. MsrA reduces free and protein-bound Met-S-(O), while MsrB reduces protein-bound Met-R-(O) with little affinity for free Met-R-(O). The latter is reduced by fRMsr. The aim of the present study was the development of stereospecific CE assays for Msr enzymes in order to study the stereospecificity of the enzymes. The substrates included Met(O), Met(O) derivatives as well as Met(O)-containing peptides. Upon establishment of the separation conditions, the methods were validated and subsequently applied for assaying recombinant human and fungal MsrA and MsrB enzymes. An off-line assay was developed using free Met(O) as substrate. The separation of the Met(O) diastereomers, the product Met as well as β-alanine as internal standard was achieved upon derivatization of the analytes with dabsyl chloride by a MEKC method in a SMIL-coated capillary. The capillary coating consisted of a first layer of polybrene and a second layer of dextran sulfate providing a stable strong cathodic EOF and, consequently, highly repeatable analyte migration times. The assay was subsequently applied to screen the stereospecific activity of recombinant human MsrA and fungal fRMsr enzymes as well as to determine the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. An advantage of the present assay over existing assays is the fact that free Met(O) can be used as the natural substrate. In the assay, DTT was used as reducing agent for Msr recycling instead of using the coupled reaction involving Trx and Trx reductase so that no additional enzymes were required. An in-capillary electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) assay was established using Fmoc-Met(O) as substrate. The separation of diastereomers of Fmoc-Met(O), the product Fmoc-Met and the internal standard Fmoc-s-alanine was also achieved in a SMIl-coated capillary by a MEKC method. The partial filling mode was applied because the BGE contained SDS, which would lead to the denaturation of the enzyme. An injection sequence of incubation buffer-enzyme-substrate-enzyme-incubation buffer was selected. The assay was optimized with regard to the mixing time with a mixing voltage and subsequently applied for the analysis of stereospecificity of human MsrA and MsrB2. The Michaelis-Menten constant, Km, and the maximum velocity, Vmax, were determined. Essentially identical data were determined by the EMMA mode compared to off-line incubations. Compared to the off-line assay, the EMMA assay was fully automated and required smaller amounts of enzyme and substrates, thus, reducing the overall cost of the assay. For the development of an assay using peptide substrates, the C-terminally dinitrophenyl-labeled, N-acetylated pentapeptide KIFM(O)K was chosen. The separation of the KIFM(O)K diastereomers and the reduced peptide KIFMK was achieved in a BGE containing sulfated β-CD and 15-crown-5 as buffer additives. The system was optimized using experimental design with regard to the buffer pH, ionic strength, sulfated β-CD and 15-crown-5, as well as capillary temperature and separation voltage. A fractional factorial response IV design was employed for the identification of the significant experimental factors and a five-level circumscribed central composite design for the final method optimization. The assay was successfully applied for the characterization of the stereospecificity of recombinant human MsrA and MsrB2 including the determination of the Michaelis-Menten kinetic data. Using this peptide substrate, lower Km values but significantly higher kcat constants were observed as compared to literature data reported for the substrates dabsyl-Met(O) and Fmoc-Met(O). Thus, the present pentapeptide-based assay may represent Msr activities towards protein-bound Met(O) in a better way as compared to simple amino acid derivative-based assays. In order to better understand previous results that MsrA enzyme had a preference for peptide substrates with positively charged residues flanking Met(O), a group of peptide substrates was employed in combination with wild-type fungal MsrA and three mutants. The present data were in general agreement with the previous non-stereospecific assay except that the DE mutant (Glu99, Glu134) was not found to be more active than the wild-type enzyme for the reduction of KDM(O)DK. Interestingly, a reversed substrate preference was observed between the mutants DN (Glu99, Asn134) and EQ (Gln99, Asp134) reducing KDM(O)NK and KNM(O)DK. The asymmetric negative charges in the active center may explain this behavior. Molecular modelling was performed to rationalize the specificity and indicated that the conserved residue Glu99 in the active site of MsrA was buried in the Met-S-(O) binding groove, which might contribute to the right placing of Met-S-(O) and, consequently, to the catalytic activity of MsrA. Finally, the dual selector system composing of a CD and a crown ether for the separation of the Met(O) peptide diastereomers was studied systematically using a series of N-acetylated Met(O) pentapeptides with a Dnp label at the C-terminus. Depending on the amino acid sequence and the applied CD, the addition of crown ethers, especially of the Krpytofix® diaza-crown ethers, resulted in a significant improvement of the resolution of the diastereomers of peptides containing basic amino acids. Charged CD derivatives such as carboxymethyl-s-CD and sulfated s-CD were superior compared to native s-CD. In contrast, the diastereomer separation of Met(O) peptides containing uncharged amino acids was found superior in a MEKC system in the presence of CDs.


OBJECTIVE
To describe use of a custom orthotic boot for management of distal extremity and pad wounds in dogs.

STUDY DESIGN
Clinical report.

ANIMALS
Dogs (n = 3).

METHODS
A custom orthotic boot made of lightweight copolymer plastic was used to immobilize the distal extremity and protect full-thickness wounds involving the medial or lateral aspect of the metatarsus including a portion of the metatarsal pad in 3 dogs. Boots were made in a bivalve design with closed-cell foam padding and adjustable straps that allowed for easy application. They were molded with the tarsocrural joint in slight hyperextension and the metatarsophalangeal joints in a neutral position so that the wounds and metatarsal pads were "off weighted" when the dogs were standing. In addition, a "window" was cut out directly over the wounds to minimize direct contact between the boot and the wound.

RESULTS
Wounds healed by contraction and epithelialization in 21, 21, and 45 days. The only complication encountered was mild skin irritation at the top of the boot in 2 dogs that was managed with additional closed-cell foam padding.

CONCLUSION
A custom orthotic boot was effective at immobilizing the distal extremity and reducing contact between the wound and the boot which allowed for complete healing by contraction and epithelialization.


ABSTRACT During initial ethnographic fieldwork among Norwegian long-term visitors in the province of Alicante in Spain, these visitors expressed concern about the manner in which they were portrayed in the Norwegian news media, in contrast to their own images as holidaymakers. This problem is partly epistemological, since 'long-term visitors' were uncertain about their status and role. For instance, on sightseeing tours, sports events or hiking trips, they were tourists. At other times, for instance, when dealing with local authorities, they saw themselves as different from pure tourists. The Norwegian long-termers stated that their stay in Spain was far more multifaceted than what had been portrayed in the media, that they participated in cultural and social activities, and that they had many points of contact with Spanish society. The Norwegian visitors wondered how a more accurate and multi-vocal image of holidaymakers and long-termers could be represented. The concepts of local knowledge, adaptation and discourse will be used here to problematise this timely topic in tourism research on roles and images. Developing a more comprehensive view of long-term visitors will focus not only on their own situation, but also on their relations with other visitors, the host population, and Spanish authorities.


Using data from the Returning Home study of male prisoners returning to Chicago, this policy brief examines the extent of and reasons for residential mobility among released prisoners and how mobility affects reentry outcomes. Findings indicate that residential mobility among this group is not particularly high, and that those who do move are not necessarily at greater risk of relapse and recidivism. In fact, it appears that those who move do so either to avoid family conflict and/or to be more independent. Many change residences in order to reside with an intimate partner or friend. From a policy perspective, there may be little reason to identify movers as a particularly vulnerable population. Indeed, moving could be a sign of increased financial responsibility on the part of the released prisoner.


THE IMPORTANCE OF VALIDATING TREATMENTS The paramount importance of using treatments based on evidence is the focus of the Editorial by Wilkinson and colleagues. Their title mentions children rather than neonates, but though most of their examples are from neonatal or perinatal trials, their argument is relevant to the whole practice of medicine. It is therefore with some pleasure that I draw to your attention that we have 5 randomised controlled trials reported in this issue, four at full length and one as a short report: we are doing our bit to lessen uncertainty, and to validate treatments and practices. Of course, good evidence depends on good trials, and trials are only as good as their methods, so it is useful to have a paper that unpicks the issues that arise when we use the composite of death and disability to measure the outcomes of trials in neonatal care. Parekh and colleagues challenge us to consider the correct way to handle mortality when undertaking trial analysis for composite outcomes, and conclude that no single approach is best in all circumstances. See pages F190 and F193


Apatite helium thermochronometry provides new constraints on the tectonic history of a recently uplifted crystalline mass adjacent to the San Andreas fault. By documenting aspects of the low‐temperature (40°–100°C) thermal history of the tectonic blocks of the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California, we have placed new constraints on the magnitude and timing of uplift. Old helium ages (64–21 Ma) from the large Big Bear plateau predate the recent uplift of the range and show that only several kilometers of exhumation has taken place since the Late Cretaceous period. These ages imply that the surface of the plateau may have been exposed in the late Miocene and was uplifted only ∼1 km above the Mojave Desert in the last few Myr by thrusting on the north and south. A similar range in helium ages (56–14 Ma) from the higher San Gorgonio block to the south suggests that its crest was once contiguous with that of the Big Bear block and that its greater elevation represents a localized uplift that the Big Bear plateau did not experience. The structure of the San Gorgonio block appears to be a gentle antiform, based on the geometry of helium isochrons and geologic constraints. Young ages (0.7–1.6 Ma) from crustal slices within the San Andreas fault zone indicate uplift of a greater magnitude than blocks to the north. These smaller blocks probably experienced ≥3–4 km of uplift at rates ≥1.5 mm/yr in the past few Myr and would stand ≥2.5 km higher than the Big Bear plateau if erosion had not occurred. The greater uplift of tectonic blocks adjacent to and within the San Andreas fault zone is more likely the result of oblique displacement along high‐angle faults than motion along the thrust fault that bounds the north side of the range. We speculate that this uplift is the result of convergence and slip partitioning associated with local geometric complexities along this strike‐slip system. Transpression thus appears to have been accommodated by both vertical displacement within the San Andreas fault zone and thrusting on adjacent structures.


Abstract : The use of three dimensional chip fabrication technologies has emerged as a solution to the difficulties involved with the continued scaling of bulk silicon devices. While the technology exists, it is undervalued and underutilized largely due to the design and verification challenges a complex 3D design presents. This work presents a clock tree insertion and timing verification methodology for three dimensional integrated circuits (3DIC). It has been designed in the context of and incorporated into the 3DIC design methodology also developed within our research group. The 3DIC verification methodology serves as an efficient means to perform all setup and hold timing checks harnessing the power of existing commercial chip design and verification tools. A novel approach is presented in which the multi-die design is temporarily transformed to appear as a traditional 2D design to the commercial tools for verification purposes. Various parasitic extraction algorithms are examined, and we present a method for performing accurate 3D parasitic extraction for timing purposes. We offer theoretical insight into the optimization of a 3D clock tree for power savings and coupling-induced delay minimization. A practical example of the 3DIC design and verification flow is detailed through the explanation of our research groups test chip, a nearly 140,000 cell 3D fast Fourier transform chip currently awaiting fabrication at MIT s Lincoln Labs.


Cells contain hundreds of different organelle and macromolecular assemblies intricately organized relative to each other to meet any cellular demands. Obtaining a complete understanding of their organization is challenging and requires nanometer-level, threedimensional reconstruction of whole cells. Even then, the immense size of datasets and large number of structures to be characterized requires generalizable, automatic methods. To meet this challenge, we developed an analysis pipeline for comprehensively reconstructing and analyzing the cellular organelles in entire cells imaged by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) at a near-isotropic size of 4 or 8 nm per voxel. The pipeline involved deep learning architectures trained on diverse samples for automatic reconstruction of 35 different cellular organelle classes - ranging from endoplasmic reticulum to microtubules to ribosomes - from multiple cell types. Automatic reconstructions were used to directly quantify various previously inaccessible metrics about these structures, including their spatial interactions. We show that automatic organelle reconstructions can also be used to automatically register light and electron microscopy images for correlative studies. We created an open data and open source web repository, OpenOrganelle, to share the data, computer code, and trained models, enabling scientists everywhere to query and further reconstruct the datasets.


ABSTRACT Candida albicans is a diploid human fungal pathogen that displays significant genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity over a range of virulence traits and in the context of a variety of environmental niches. Here, we show that the effect of Rob1 on biofilm and filamentation virulence traits is dependent on both the specific environmental condition and the clinical strain of C. albicans. The C. albicans reference strain SC5314 is a ROB1 heterozygote with two alleles that differ by a single nucleotide polymorphism at position 946, resulting in a serine- or proline-containing isoform. An analysis of 224 sequenced C. albicans genomes indicates that SC5314 is the only ROB1 heterozygote documented to date and that the dominant allele contains a proline at position 946. Remarkably, the ROB1 alleles are functionally distinct, and the rare ROB1946S allele supports increased filamentation in vitro and increased biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting it is a phenotypic gain-of-function allele. SC5314 is among the most highly filamentous and invasive strains characterized to date. Introduction of the ROB1946S allele into a poorly filamenting clinical isolate increases filamentation, and conversion of an SC5314 laboratory strain to a ROB1946S homozygote increases in vitro filamentation and biofilm formation. In a mouse model of oropharyngeal infection, the predominant ROB1946P allele establishes a commensal state while the ROB1946S phenocopies the parent strain and invades into the mucosae. These observations provide an explanation for the distinct phenotypes of SC5314 and highlight the role of heterozygosity as a driver of C. albicans phenotypic heterogeneity. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that colonizes the human oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract but also causes mucosal as well as invasive disease. The expression of virulence traits in C. albicans clinical isolates is heterogeneous and the genetic basis of this heterogeneity is of high interest. The C. albicans reference strain SC5314 is highly invasive and expresses robust filamentation and biofilm formation relative to many other clinical isolates. Here, we show that SC5314 derivatives are heterozygous for the transcription factor Rob1 and contain an allele with a rare gain-of-function SNP that drives filamentation, biofilm formation, and virulence in a model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. These findings explain, in part, the outlier phenotype of the reference strain and highlight the role heterozygosity plays in the strain-to-strain variation of diploid fungal pathogens. Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that colonizes the human oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract but also causes mucosal as well as invasive disease. The expression of virulence traits in C. albicans clinical isolates is heterogeneous and the genetic basis of this heterogeneity is of high interest. The C. albicans reference strain SC5314 is highly invasive and expresses robust filamentation and biofilm formation relative to many other clinical isolates. Here, we show that SC5314 derivatives are heterozygous for the transcription factor Rob1 and contain an allele with a rare gain-of-function SNP that drives filamentation, biofilm formation, and virulence in a model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. These findings explain, in part, the outlier phenotype of the reference strain and highlight the role heterozygosity plays in the strain-to-strain variation of diploid fungal pathogens.


Wood is widely used as a construction material for many applications. To have knowledge about the thermal degradation characteristic of wood could be crucial for indoor and outdoor applications. Chemical treatments could improve the resistance of wood against fire and heat. In this study, to investigate the thermal properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) wood treated with 0,25%; 1% and 4,70% aqueous solutions of boric acid, borax, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and mixtures of and in different proportions, thermogravimetric analysis, differential-thermogravimetry, and differentialthermal analysis were performed. Our results showed that borate treatment decreased the Tmax (maximum degradation temperature) and increased residual char amount. Higher concentration levels of borates resulted in higher char content of Oriental beech wood specimens. Residual char content of borate treated wood samples at fixed concentration of 4,70% ranked as in the following order: disodium octaborate tetrahydrate > boric acid + borax (7:3) > boric acid + borax (1:1) > boric acid > borax >Control. The highest residual char content was achieved for the sample impregnated with 4,70% disodium octaborate tetrahydrate among the all treated samples.


ABSTRACT Conflict is a part of coach-athlete relationships and should be carefully considered as it can have effects on the quality of coaching and the level of performance. Despite its practical relevance, there is a dearth of research around coach-athlete conflict. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the characteristics and topics of conflict, as well as coaches and athletes' emotional, cognitive and behavioural experiences during conflict. A total of 22 independent coaches and athletes participated in semi-structured interviews evolving around the nature of interpersonal conflict. After all interviews were transcribed, a deductive-inductive content analysis was conducted. This was guided by the interview schedule as well as the by the conceptual framework of conflict in sport relationships (Wachsmuth, Jowett, & Harwood, 2017). Data were divided into five main categories: Conflict characteristics and conflict topics, as well as conflict cognitions, emotions, and behaviours. Findings highlighted the variety of ways in which participants understood and interpreted interpersonal conflict and how their impressions of conflict influenced its evolving process. Considering the participants' cognitive, emotional and behavioural expressions of conflict, it became apparent that conflict can be described through uncertain, escalating and problem-orientated responses. Practical applications concerning (mal-) adaptive responses to conflict are discussed. (199/200)


BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are responsible for 5-10% of breast and ovarian cancer cases. However, the vast majority of ovarian and breast cancer cases do not display the hereditary form of the disease. Estrogen-metabolizing genes may also contribute to the predisposition of breast or ovarian cancer. Polymorphic variants of the estrogen-metabolizing gene, CYP17, have been associated with the risk of hormone-related cancers. In this study we investigated the CYP17 polymorphisms in ovarian cancer patients harboring mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, patients displaying familial characteristics but not carrying mutations and patients with sporadic ovarian cancer. Association between the allele frequencies, the CYP17 genotype and tumor characteristics or clinical parameters was evaluated. Our data suggest evidence for an association between ovarian cancer risk and the CYP17 genotype in the subgroup of patients with familial disease in whom no mutations in the BRCA genes are found. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the genotype distribution between the control group and the subgroup of patients with BRCA mutations, the frequency of the CYP17 A2 allele was significantly higher in the subgroup of patients without BRCA mutations. We found a four- to eightfold higher risk in ovarian cancer patients with family history but without BRCA mutations. Our data indicate that the CYP17 A2 allele polymorphism may confer an increased risk and can provide a biomarker for ovarian cancer patients in whom no mutations in the BRCA genes are observed.


National guidelines do not support preoperative body washing to reduce surgical site infections, instead recommending bathing or showering with soap. Yet preoperative body washing continues to be widely used in many hospitals across Europe. This paper suggests that existing trials of preoperative body washing, upon which guidelines are based, are dated and proposes a new investigation of preoperative body washing using modern definitions of surgical site infection with standardised patient follow up, modern surgical techniques and well designed trials. This paper provides a critique of existing guidelines and describes a randomised trial with 60 participants to compare the effect of soap and two antiseptic washing products on colony forming units (CFUs) for up to six hours. Chlorhexidine gluconate and octenidine were significantly more effective than soap in reducing CFUs in the underarm, and chlorhexidine was significantly more effective than soap in reducing CFUs in the groin.


In mice the atrophy of lymph nodes following a whole body X-irradiation with a dose of 800 R is not followed by a depletion of their basophils and mast cells content. Repopulation of irradiated mice with syngeneic bone marrow cells has no significant effect on the basophils and mast cells number in the popliteal lymph nodes.


Exposure to abiotic stresses has become a major threatening factor that hurdles the sustainable growth in agriculture for fulfilling the growing food demand worldwide. A significant decrease in the production of major food crops including wheat, rice, and maize is predicted in the near future due to the combined effect of abiotic stresses and climate change that will hamper global food security. Thus, desperate efforts are necessary to develop abiotic stress-resilient crops with improved agronomic traits. For this, detailed knowledge of the underlying mechanisms responsible for abiotic stress adaptation in plants is must required. Plants being sessile organisms respond to different stresses through complex and diverse responses that are integrated on various whole plants, cellular, and molecular levels. The advanced genetic and molecular tools have uncovered these complex stress adaptive processes and have provided critical inputs on their regulation. The present chapter focuses on understanding the different responses of the plants involved in abiotic stress adaptation and strategies employed to date for achieving stress resistance in plants.


Changes in geographical ranges and spatial extent of outbreaks of pest species are likely consequences of climatic change. We investigated potential changes in spatial distribution of outbreaks of western spmce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, and gypsy moth, Lynumtria dispar (L.), in Oregon and Pennsylvania, respectively, using maps of historical defoliation, climate, and forest type in a geographic information system. Maps of defoliation frequency at a resolution of 2 × 2 km were assembled from historical aerial survey data. Weather maps for mean monthly temperature maxima and minima and precipitation over 30 yr were developed by interpolation. Relationships between defoliation status and environmental variables were estimated using linear discriminant analysis. Five climatic change scenarios were investigated: an increase of 2°C, a 2°C increase with a small increase and a small decrease in precipitation, and projections of two general circulation models (GCMs) after 100 yr at doubled carbon dioxide. With an increase in temperature alone, the projected defoliated area decreased relative to ambient conditions for budworm and increased slightly for gypsy moth. With an increase in temperature and precipitation, defoliated area increased for both species. Conversely, defoliated area decreased for both when temperature increased and precipitation decreased. Results for the GCM scenarios contrasted sharply. For the other, defoliation by budworm was projected to cover Oregon completely, whereas no defoliation was projected by gypsy moth in Pennsylvania. For the other, defoliation disappeared completely for budworm and slightly exceeded that under ambient conditions for gypsy moth. The results are discussed in terms of current forest composition and its potential changes.


Blending cases, notes, and problems with interdisciplinary materials, Modern Family Law: Cases and Materials, Second Edition offers contemporary coverage of the legal issues facing today's families The casebook holds student interest while it covers essential materials: - the text reflects the social diversity of the modern family and examines the women's rights movement, the children's rights movement, changing sexual mores, alternative family formations, and developments in reproductive technology- valuable interdisciplinary perspectives include excerpts, notes, and questions from history, psychology, sociology, social work, medicine, and philosophy- through coverage of family law basics sets the stage for more expansive topics- the text is easily adaptable to various course lengths and teaching methods- to heighten student awareness of the real impact of the law on people's lives, the authors include narratives that look behind the cases and statutes- the authors are highly regarded in both family law and feminist circlesFor the Second Edition, the authors add important material without lengthening the book: - additional cases, problems, and materials throughout the text- coverage of same-sex marriage, - grandparents' rights, illustrated by the Troxel case- extremely thorough Teacher's Manual helps you tailor the book to your course- a host of high-profile cases, such as: Stenberg v. Carhart; State v. Oakley; A.Z. v. B.Z.; and In re marriage of Buzzanca


Radiochemical quality control and purification techniques were developed for 131I-19-cholesterol. The amount of ionic 131I-iodide is rapidly determined using instant thin-layer chromatography. Samples of the labeled steroid that contain greater than 8% of ionic 131I-iodide are purified with one of two techniques, both using a weakly basic ion-exchange resin. The first technique, a batch ion-exchange process, is suitable for removing relatively low concentrations of ionic 131I-iodide; if higher concentrations of this radiochemical contaminant are present, the second or column technique is more suitable.


Abstract Two geological travellers, who clearly differ in their approach to scientific questions and their interpretation, are presented. Goethe was mainly interested in natural phenomenon and linking the interpretation of his observations in a deductive approach to a philosophically and psychologically influenced, more general view of natural mechanisms. Sternberg, on the other hand, chose an inductive approach in his conclusions from geological observations and never inclined to any philosophical explanations behind them. Goethe's natural philosophy behind his scientific concepts was strongly formed by Baruch de Spinoza (1632–1677) and led to his own subjective approach of interpreting scientific phenomena. However, Sternberg's knowledge of geognosy along the formations in the Habsburg region and in Germany is based on numerous observations at various locations and on the comparison of his findings, having a vast general knowledge on the geology of a wide area. Goethe and Sternberg's correspondence between 1820–1832 gives insight into the specific differences between these two travellers and their individual methods of geological investigation.


SiOx and carbon double-layer coated Si nanorods (SNs@SiOx/C) were prepared by acid etching Si–Al alloy microspheres, followed by chemical thermal decomposition vapour deposition (TVD). The SNs@SiOx/C composite with 22.7% carbon delivers a specific capacity of 813.1 mA h g−1 for the first cycle at a current density of 400 mA g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 68.3%. The SNs@SiOx/C composite also exhibits excellent cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 779 mA h g−1 over 300 cycles corresponding to a high capacity retention of 95.8%. The double-layer structure of native SiOx and carbon effectively controls the volume expansion of the SNs, prevents the exposure of SNs to the electrolyte and also enhances electronic conductivity.


This dissertation describes a research project on teaching science students to identify entrepreneurial opportunities, which is a core competence for entrepreneurs that should be emphasized in education. This research consists of four studies. The first case study aims at finding design strategies for entrepreneurship education that is successful in generating new start-ups. This study resulted in five design strategies for a learning environment that includes those elements of entrepreneurship that help students to obtain entrepreneurial competences. Students must be brought into the role of problem solver, work on realistic tasks and activities as entrepreneurs do, in a working atmosphere as in a small company, with entrepreneurs as role models, and be assessed as in entrepreneurship. The second design study aims at developing design strategies for teaching opportunity identification. Three design strategies were derived from theory and built on practical knowledge of developers. The three strategies are: the use of idea generating techniques, the stimulation of conceptualization of opportunities, and the application of concepts in realistic tasks. The strategies were synthesized into a course design, implemented and evaluated. The design strategies proved to be feasible to a large extend, and showed functionality, because after the course students were able to identify entrepreneurial opportunities, as assessed by external assessors. The third study aims at evaluating the previously determined design strategies in various contexts. Expert teachers in entrepreneurship education were asked if they use these strategies, and if they use additional design strategies. The teachers confirmed their use of three strategies, and they applied these in various ways. Three additional strategies were reported: give students an incubation period in the process of opportunity identification, admit students based on an opportunity that students have to find in advance of the course, and stimulate them to find new ways of problem solving. In the fourth study, the strategies for teaching opportunity identification and the strategies for creating an authentic learning environment were combined. As for entrepreneurs, the environment is an important source of knowledge in opportunity identification, and it can be expected that this relation can be used for education. By analysis all strategies proved to be included in the course design, and the majority of strategies were fully realized in the classroom. Students' entrepreneurial opportunities were assessed by a forum of external assessors who used criteria as in entrepreneurship. Scores of the assessors were used to determine the functionality of the course. All student groups were able to provide an opportunity with sufficient innovativeness and market potential in the eyes of the assessors. In conclusion, this research results in two sets of empirically supported design strategies. Students' competence to identify opportunities was fostered by letting them conceptualize and apply opportunities. A learning environment with elements of entrepreneurship that are relevant for learning, contribute to the teaching of opportunity identification. The findings of this research are relevant for all educational programs in higher education that want to teach students to identify opportunities in order to create work.


The voltage level in power transmission systems is increasing in order to transmit energy more efficiently and this requires efficient insulating materials. The dielectric breakdown strength of polymers used as electrical insulation can be increased by the addition of inorganic nanoparticles. A uniform particle dispersion is however important; large agglomerates may have a negative effect on the breakdown strength. The effects of temperature, screw rotation velocity and processing time in a microextruder on the dispersion of neat aluminium oxide nanoparticles in LDPE were studied, and it was possible to obtain an essentially agglomerate-free particle dispersion at optimum extrusion conditions. Smaller particle agglomerates (<; 3 μm) had no significantly negative impact on the AC dielectric breakdown strength. Composites with higher filler fractions (≥ 3 wt.%) containing larger particle agglomerates (>15 μm in diameter) showed a significant reduction in the breakdown strength compared to the neat polymer.


Arthrofibrosis of the knee is common in the setting of polytrauma, especially when early range of motion is limited by a patient's medical status or willingness to participate in rehabilitation. It is clear that manipulation of the knee under anesthesia is an effective treatment for this condition and is considered a safe procedure with minimal risk to improve range of motion and participation in rehabilitation. Unfortunately, no procedure is without risk. The high risk of deep-vein thrombosis in this population means that many of these patients are on medications for prophylaxis and may alter their risk profile for certain procedures. The purpose of the current case study is to present a patient with post-traumatic knee arthrofibrosis on therapeutic anticoagulation for a deep-vein thrombosis who developed acute compartment syndrome after manipulation under anesthesia to highlight a rare but significant complication following this common procedure.


This Article is the first comprehensive study of how American courts have resolved conflicts of laws arising from cross-border torts over the last four decades. This period coincides with the confluence of two independent forces: (1) a dramatic increase in the frequency and complexity of cross-border torts generated by the spectacular expansion of cross-border activity now known as globalization; and (2) the advent of the American choice-of-law revolution, which succeeded in demolishing the old regime in forty-two U.S. jurisdictions, but failed to replace it with anything resembling a unified system. One of the findings of the Article is that, despite using different approaches and invoking varied rationales, courts that have joined the revolution have reached fairly uniform results in resolving cross-border tort conflicts: they have applied the law of the state of either the injurious conduct or the resulting injury, but, in the vast majority of cases (86 percent), they have applied whichever of the two laws favored the tort victim. Another finding is that the vast majority of recent conflicts codifications around the world (a total of 20) have adopted the same solution: they apply whichever law favors the victim, by authorizing either the court or the victim directly to make the choice. The Article concludes by examining whether the results of the American cases can be compressed into new content-sensitive, result-selective choice-of-law rules which would be free of the vices of the old rules and would be easy for judges to apply. It answers the question in the affirmative and, to prove the point, it offers three options for such rules.


Magnesium (Mg) is commonly addressed as the "forgotten ion" in medicine. Nonetheless, hypomagnesemia should be suspected in clinical practice in patients with relevant symptomatology and also be considered a predisposing factor for the development of other electrolyte disturbances. Furthermore, chronic hypomagnesemia has been associated with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Hypomagnesemia as a consequence of drug therapy is relatively common, with the list of drugs inducing low serum Mg levels expanding. Culprit medications linked to hypomagnesemia include antibiotics (e.g. aminoglycosides, amphotericin B), diuretics, antineoplastic drugs (cisplatin and cetuximab), calcineurin inhibitors, and proton pump inhibitors. In recent years, the mechanisms of drug‐induced hypomagnesemia have been unraveled through the discovery of key Mg transporters in the gut and kidney. This narrative review of available literature focuses on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying drug‐induced hypomagnesemia in order to increase the insight of clinicians toward early diagnosis and effective management.


Background 'Recommodification' describes the withdrawal of previously extended social welfare, making living standards more dependent on market position. Since health is influenced by living standards, recommodification is expected to be associated with increased health inequalities. Aim This study investigates the recommodification of two policy domains: unemployment insurance and pensions, and their link to health inequalities between 1991 and 2011. Methods Two case studies were used. Using data from Health Survey for England and the Swedish Study of Income and Living Conditions, the magnitudes of health inequalities between the employed and unemployed, and between high and low educated pensioners, were computed. The magnitudes were then associated with net replacement rates of pensions and unemployment benefits. Results Recommodification had a stronger association with health inequalities in Sweden than in England, and a stronger association with health inequalities between the employed and unemployed than in the retired population. Conclusion The relationship between decommodification is not linear, but is shaped by other factors in the social context. However, recommodification has a positive or negligible association with health inequalities. In no case was there a negative association between recommodification and health inequalities.


OBJECTIVE
To describe a French tertiary referral center experience in the treatment of pregnancies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).

METHODS
Retrospective review of the data of 75 consecutive pregnancies in 47 women.

RESULTS
After exclusion of induced abortions and pregnancies occurring before APS onset, the prior live birth rate was 7.9%. Forty-nine pregnancies occurred in women with history of vascular thrombosis, 17 with history of thrombocytopenia. Heparin was prescribed in 39 pregnancies, associated with aspirin in 35 cases, and aspirin alone was used in 36 as first-line therapy. Corticosteroids were prescribed in 38 pregnancies. Three pregnancies by in vitro fertilization led to one embryonic loss, one full term birth, and one premature birth. Six pregnancies treated with immunoglobulin ended in one fetal death, 2 premature and 3 full term deliveries. The outcome of the other 66 pregnancies was one embryonic loss, 8 fetal deaths, 16 prematurates, and 38 full term births. Use of corticosteroids correlated with severe prematurity (p = 0.005), preeclampsia (p = 0.014), intrauterine growth retardation (p = 0.005), and presence of disease associated to APS (p = 0.009). After exclusion of one fetal death associated with congenital anomaly, live birth rate was 72.9%. There was a trend for higher rate of fetal survival in patients without history of vascular thrombosis (84.6 vs 66.4%; p = 0.11).

CONCLUSION
Obstetrical prognosis in APS was improved by antithrombotic therapy. Studies are needed to define individual risk and specific significance of the various antiphospholipid antibodies, in order to improve the respective indications for aspirin alone or with heparin in women without thrombotic events.


A simple and highly accurate model is presented for the decay of the excited state density of randomly distributed luminescent centers (e.g., rare-earth ions or fluorescent dyes) affected by migration-assisted nonlinear quenching (e.g., upconversion or singlet-singlet annihilation). The model relates quenching efficiency, interpreted in terms of the time-dependent quenching coefficient, to parameters of underlying Forster energy transfer phenomena and to center concentration. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparison with Monte Carlo simulations. The model sets up a rigorous basis for the characterization of nonlinear quenching in Er-doped glasses and disordered organic optoelectronic materials.


SUSURGALUR : Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah  ( Journal o f History Education and Historical Studies ).  This journal, with print-ISSN 2302-5808 and online-ISSN2684-7388, was firstly published on March 24, 2013, in the context to commemorate the BLA ( Bandung Lautan Api or Bandung a Sea of Flames)'s Day in Indonesia. Since edition of September 2013 to date, the SUSURGALUR journal has jointly been organized by the Lecturers of APB UBD (Academy of Brunei Studies, University of Brunei Darussalam) and the Lecturers of International and Historical Study Program FASS (Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences) UBD in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; and published by Minda Masagi Press as a publisher owned by ASPENSI (the Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. This journal is published twice a year i.e. every March and September. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: March 30, 2021. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Haji Awang Asbol bin Haji Mail A Vice Chief Editor of SUSURGALUR Journal in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; and Lecturer at the History Program and International Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences UBD (University of Brunei Darussalam) in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


We explore how socially embedded life courses of individuals within Britain affect the resources they have available and their capacity to apply those resources to start-up. We propose that there will be common pathways to entrepreneurship from privileged resource ownership and test our propositions by modelling a specific life course framework, based on class and gender. We operationalize our model employing 18 waves of the British Household Panel Survey and event history random effect logistic regression modelling. Our hypotheses receive broad support. Business start-up in Britain is primarily made from privileged class backgrounds that enable resource acquisition and are a means of reproducing or defending prosperity. The poor avoid entrepreneurship except when low household income threatens further downward mobility and entrepreneurship is a more attractive option. We find that gendered childcare responsibilities disrupt class-based pathways to entrepreneurship. We interpret the implications of this study for understanding entrepreneurship and society and suggest research directions.


Purpose: Developments in Industry 4.0 technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have enabled data-driven manufacturing. Predictive maintenance (PdM) has therefore become the prominent approach for fault detection and diagnosis (FD/D) of induction motors (IMs). The maintenance and early FD/D of IMs are critical processes, considering that they constitute the main power source in the industrial production environment. Machine learning (ML) methods have enhanced the performance and reliability of PdM. Various deep learning (DL) based FD/D methods have emerged in recent years, providing automatic feature engineering and learning and thereby alleviating drawbacks of traditional ML based methods. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of ML and DL based FD/D methods of IMs that have emerged since 2015. An overview of the main DL architectures used for this purpose is also presented. A discussion of the recent trends is given as well as future directions for research.Design/methodology/approach: A comprehensive survey has been carried out through all available publication databases using related keywords. Classification of the reviewed works has been done according to the main ML and DL techniques and algorithmsFindings: DL based PdM methods have been mainly introduced and implemented for IM fault diagnosis in recent years. Novel DL FD/D methods are based on single DL techniques as well as hybrid techniques. DL methods have also been used for signal preprocessing and moreover, have been combined with traditional ML algorithms to enhance the FD/D performance in feature engineering. Publicly available datasets have been mostly used to test the performance of the developed methods, however industrial datasets should become available as well. Multi-agent system (MAS) based PdM employing ML classifiers has been explored. Several methods have investigated multiple IM faults, however, the presence of multiple faults occurring simultaneously has rarely been investigated.Originality/value: The paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent advances in PdM of IMs based on ML and DL methods that have emerged since 2015.


Congenital lumbar hernia (LH) is a rare abdominal wall herniation and associated with lumbocostovertebral syndrome, including vertebral anomalies, costal defects and LH. There are reports using extraperitoneal placement of mesh, patches, and local flaps for repairing the LH. In this report we present a case of repair of a large recurrent congenital LH with free composite anterolateral thigh flap, tensor fascia lata flap and vastus lateralis flap (ALT‐TFL‐VL flap) and meshes. The patient underwent multiple cutaneous neurofibroma excisions before the treatment of LH. Recurrent neurofibroma and congenital aplasia of lumbar muscles at right flank may contribute to the patient's diffuse congenital LH development. Considering a large fascia defect (12 cm × 15 cm) with absence of lumbar muscles at the herniation site, using mesh alone is not strong enough to stop the herniation of bowel. Transposition of right pedicled ALT‐TFL‐VL flap (35 cm × 12 cm) with mesh was first attempted but proven to be futile, since the right lumbar wall bulged out from the distal border of previous reconstructed fascia. Thus, another free composite ALT‐TFL‐VL flap (35 cm × 15 cm) from left thigh was transferred on top of the previous pedicled flap, followed by delayed free flap advancement and surgical mesh addition. Post‐operative course was smooth without complications. Twenty‐one months after the surgery, computed tomography showed no recurrence of LH. Such case with large recurrent diffuse LH may be treated by a combination of conventional method with meshes and serial reconstruction with pedicled and free flaps for dynamic reconstruction of abdominal wall.


It is often claimed that in normative political theory political imagination should remain unaffected by real-world contingencies: our idea of how the world "ought to be" should be independent from how the world "actually is". According to the practice-dependent thesis, instead, "[t]he content, scope, and justification of a conception of justice depends on the structure and form of the practices that the conception is intended to govern" (Sangiovanni 2008). This methodological approach conceives the relationship between theory and practice as an interplay: normative theory applies to practice, but practices are also able to affect the content of normative theory. In this paper, I argue that the interplay between theory and practices that the practice-dependent method generates has not been fully understood. Though it may – at a superficial look – appear as a method compliant with the status quo, I will show that this method implies an idea of political theory as an activity of continuous critical engagement. Given an extended account of the method, political imagination has boundaries but these are not fixed nor easilydefinable: the real-world fact that constrains practice-dependent principles is the point and purpose of the practice they are meant to apply to, but this fact in itself is partly shaped and critically assessed by the theorist.


This article studies the denoising performance of total variation (TV) image regularization. More precisely, we study geometrical properties of the solution to the so-called Rudin-Osher-Fatemi total variation denoising method. The first contribution of this paper is a precise mathematical definition of the 'extended support' (associated to the noise-free image) of TV denoising. It is intuitively the region which is unstable and will suffer from the staircasing effect. We highlight in several practical cases, such as the indicator of convex sets, that this region can be determined explicitly. Our second and main contribution is a proof that the TV denoising method indeed restores an image which is exactly constant outside a small tube surrounding the extended support. The radius of this tube shrinks toward zero as the noise level vanishes, and we are able to determine, in some cases, an upper bound on the convergence rate. For indicators of so-called 'calibrable' sets (such as disks or properly eroded squares), this extended support matches the edges, so that discontinuities produced by TV denoising cluster tightly around the edges. In contrast, for indicators of more general shapes or for complicated images, this extended support can be larger. Beside these main results, our paper also proves several intermediate results about fine properties of TV regularization, in particular for indicators of calibrable and convex sets, which are of independent interest.


The medicine was given to the target site with a pressurized topical spray (aerosol pharmaceutical) and a non-pressurized topical spray solution by gently pressing the spray container against the skin and initiating the spray. Formulation components consists of product concentrate (one or more pharmaceutical drugs with relevant excipient) and packaging components (valves, pump, actuator, container). After formulation process development various quality control test like spray pattern, spray content uniformity and geometry, particulate matter, droplet size distribution, microbial limit, net content, pH, osmolarity, weight loss, leachability, viscosity, valves, actuators, diptubes, weight checking, leak test, valve discharge rate, dosage with valves, therapeutic activity, and toxicity studies to check the quality and efficacy. The benefit of Topical Spray Life Cycle Management (post-approval adjustments, 30-day supplements, annual report, Food and Drug Administration inspection and enforcement, cover letter, risk management standard and related information from the International Organization for Standardization) is that it covers the entire lifecycle of a topical spray, from conception through formulation design development to marketing. The product lifecycle management data offers regulatory bodies with a significant financial benefit. Topical non-pressurized sprays have been developed for a variety of applications due to their ease of use, environmental friendliness, low cost, and innovative technology. This review give details about meter dose topical spray of Estradiol, 1% tolnaftate, 2% Miconazole nitrate spray, 0.5% w/w Voriconazole spray, Clotrimazole transdermal apray, Lopinavir meter dose transdermal spray are studied by researcher. This review also enlisted patents and marketed formulation on topical spray from year 2007 to 2020.


PURPOSE
This study aimed to describe the perceptions and lived experiences of former psychiatric patients of their own and/or co-patients' behavior that nursing staff has regarded as challenging and that has resulted in behavior management.

DESIGN AND METHODS
An explorative-descriptive qualitative design with video vignettes, semistructured interviews, and abductive content analysis.

FINDINGS
Many reasons for different kinds of patient behavior that were considered challenging by staff were identified. Delivering care based on patients' needs was identified as core staff competence.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Findings can be utilized when pursuing restraint reduction in psychiatric care by enhancing staff competence.


This paper describes a functional fuzzy traffic controller (FTC), which utilizes fuzzy logic algorithm to achieve a smart and a flexible knowledge-based system in hardware design while achieving better efficiency in the traffic control and minimizing traffic jam occurrences at interchange on road area. To develop the system, the behavior level of FTC algorithm has developed using VHDL under MAX+PLUS II CAD environment. The designing part of FTC chip into VHDL program eliminates the shortcomings of other custom facilities and conventional controller design available today. The main goal is to overcome the bandwidth of existing systems. The finite state machine (FSM) of the FTC has coded in VHDL program for controlling the specific traffic flow application. Later on, the FPGA express (synthesis tool) has used to get a fully gate level synthesis architecture for the whole fuzzy based VLSI chip and then the optimization step has been applied for minimizing the VLSI chip's timing delay, clock speed, and area to get the correctness of FTC design. The main features of the FTC chip consist of various operational modes, safety features, capability, and robustness enhancement through fuzzy logic algorithm presented in this paper


Background: Cardiac dyssynchrony refers to a difference in the timing of contractions in different chambers and/or segments of the heart. Left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony is frequently seen in patients with heart failure (HF) and is a poor prognostic marker if left untreated. The impact of cardiac dyssynchrony among HF patients in Nigeria is unknown. We set out to assess the role of electromechanical dyssynchrony in short-term outcomes in terms of readmission and 6-month mortality among HF patients in our hospital. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study among adult HF patients in our hospital. Electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony were measured using electrocardiography and echocardiography, respectively. Data on the outcome of readmission and death within 6 months were collected. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 software. Results: A total of 100 participants were recruited for this study. Electrical dyssynchrony (Duration of QRS complex on ECG > 120ms) was found in 11%, 8 (73%) of them had QRS width between 120 and 150 ms, while in three, the QRS width was >150 ms. The prevalence of interventricular dyssynchrony (LV preejection interval – right ventricular preejection interval ≥40 ms) was found to be 79%, while that of intraventricular (septal to posterior wall motion delay >130 ms) was 75%. Nineteen percent of the study participants were readmitted with worsening HF symptoms, while up to 37% died within the 6 months follow-up period. Electrical dyssynchrony was a significant predictor of short-term readmission and death. There was also a statistically significant difference (P < 0.005) between all forms of dyssynchrony and death. Conclusion: The presence of electromechanical dyssynchrony is associated with a poor short-term outcome of readmission and death. More studies are needed in our country to fully define the burden of dyssynchrony among HF patients in our environment.


The voluntary policies being used by local authorities to deliver Resource Management Act outcomes are considered nonstatutory policy methods under the Act, which does not define them or describe how they might be selected and implemented. One economist has been able to list over 50 different economic methods. A similar list has not been available for policy agents interested in drawing upon the rich and extensive experience of people in other disciplines such as agricultural extension and social marketing. Applied literature in a number of social science disciplines has been used in this paper to put such a list together. The author describes possible voluntary policy methods including those associated with adult learning, communication, networking and engineering. A typology of voluntary policy methods is combined with a knowledge of market segmentation and learning styles to design voluntary policy strategies that can be used to supplement or replace regulatory or market based methods. It is apparent that the standard of voluntary policy design can be improved through a greater awareness of the attributes of the different voluntary policy methods and how they can be combined effectively. Through greater strategic use of voluntary policy methods, and a process of monitoring and continual improvement, the outcomes desired in Resource Management Act legislation could be achieved more effectively without any increase in the number of rules required.


Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been established as a highly accurate diagnostic technique over the past few decades. It is a rapid, reliable, and safe initial diagnostic tool used for both non-neoplastic and neoplastic breast lesions.

Objectives: To study the cytomorphological patterns of various breast lesions diagnosed on Fine Needle Aspiration cytology.

Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 100 patients who presented with palpable lumps in breast in the Department of Pathology, MM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, from October 2012 to September 2014 and were subjected to an FNAC procedure after obtaining a detailed history and conducting a general physical and local examination. Cytological diagnosis was made and histopathological correlation was made, wherever available.

Results: Cytologically, the lesions were categorized as inflammatory 11 (11%), benign 10 (10%), fibroepithelial lesions 30 (30%), atypical probably benign 2 (2%), suspicious (probably malignant) 3 (3%), malignant 39 (39%), and unsatisfactory 5 (5%). Of these 100 cases, 30 cases (30%) were available for histopathological examination. The most common benign lesion in this study was fibroadenoma (26/40; 65%) and the most common malignant lesion was infiltrating ductal carcinoma (33/39; 84.61%).

Conclusion: Diagnosis of breast lump based on FNAC should be practiced as there is high correlation with histopathological finding. FNAC should be used as a routine diagnostic procedure due to its cost effectiveness, thus maximizing the availability of effective health care to patients with breast lesions.