The subject of our study consisted of designing, using a method oriented towards the user's pleasure, a demonstration model (non airborne) for a French aeronautical group. In this article we will explain how we have designed an aircraft cockpit based on the pleasurable aspects of the pilot's activity. Then we tried to compare the notions of pleasure identified in the activity of flying a plane, aspects symbolizing the stronger sensations and the aspects of tranquillity and avoidance. We have attempted to formally translate this analogy, whilst respecting the design rules of ergonomics and current official aeronautical rules.


Nickel-boron coatings were synthesized on mild steel by the electroless deposition method. Some of the coatings were submitted to a hardening heat treatment at 400°C during 1 hour in an atmosphere containing 95% Ar and 5% H2. Uncoated steel, treated and untreated samples were submitted to the Taber abrasion test to assess their wear resistance. The wear track was then examined by SEM and roughness measurement. The Taber Wear Index of untreated samples was slightly better than that of steel but heat treated samples attained TWI as small as 13. The corrosion resistance of the samples was investigated by the way of polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the influence of the heat treatment was observed.


This paper investigates power allocation for minimizing the average bit error probability (BEP) in hybrid communication systems, more specifically hybrid power line/wireless systems (HPWSs). In this regard, a brief discussion of HPWSs is presented in order to point out the complementary characteristics of power line and wireless media. By considering orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing and maximal-ratio combining, optimization problems associated with the minimization of the average BEP in hybrid communication systems are formulated under two distinct transmission power constraints, called sum power and sum power-channel constraints. For both constraints, it is demonstrated that at most one medium should be used for data transmission over subchannels with the same index in order to minimize the average BEP in hybrid communication systems. Based on this finding, power allocation algorithms are derived for this purpose in HPWSs. Numerical analyses are then used to validate the proposed algorithms by comparing them with interior-point-based power allocation algorithms. In addition, performance comparisons show the advantage of the proposals over alternative algorithms from the literature, including previous algorithms proposed for maximizing the achievable data rate.


SACCOs are experiencing wealth maximization challenges which can be attributed to their savings strategy. This paper investigated the influence of savings strategy on wealth maximization of saving and credit cooperatives societies in Meru County, Kenya. The study was guided by dynamic capabilities theory and adopted descriptive research design in collecting data from 11 deposit taking SACCOs in Meru County. The target respondents were 168 loan officers, 17 IT systems administrator and 20 managers from all the SACCOs. A sample size of 155 was obtained proportionally from a total target population of 205 respondents. The study adopted stratified sampling method which ensured proper representation of the different study respondents. Primary data was gathered using structured questionnaires. SPSS version 24.0 was used to analyze collected data where mean and standard deviation were computed, and correlation analysis and regression analysis were also used. The correlation results indicated statistical evidence that savings strategy has a positive and significant relationship with wealth maximization in SACCOs in Meru County (r =.710**, and P = .000). Regression results also revealed that savings strategy explain 50.4% of the variations in the wealth maximization in SACCOs in Meru County. This is supported by R squared of 0.504. It was concluded that savings strategy has a positive and significant influence on wealth maximization in Saccos in Meru County, Kenya. The descriptive results provided essential aspects of savings strategy that are important in enhancing wealth maximization. These are: attraction of new members, interest rates on deposits, use of lotteries, continued savings arrangements as well as products that can easily be converted into cash. These elements are likely to increase savings among the Saccos in Meru County. The paper recommends the need for SACCOs in Meru County to develop strategies for attracting new members such as launching new products. Further, SACCOs should make interest rates on deposits attractive to members and this will increase membership, which will translate into more contributions and savings. The findings of this paper will make significant contributions to practice, policies and trends. In terms of practice, SACCOs will be able to implement the recommendations. For Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Book Publishing Journal of Journal of Finance and Accounting Volume 3||Issue 1||Page 67-78||August ||2019| Email: firstname.lastname@example.com ISSN: 2616-4965 79 68 policies, the government through the Ministry of trade and industrialization will be able to formulate policies that are relevant and in line with the emerging trends in the financial sector.


To try to improve hydrolysis yields at elevated solids loadings, a comparison was made between batch and fed‐batch addition of fresh substrate at the initial and later phases of hydrolysis. Both ethanol (EPCS) and steam‐pretreated corn stover (SPCS) substrates were tested at low (5 FPU) and high (60 FPU) loadings of cellulase per gram of cellulose. The fed‐batch addition of fresh substrate resulted in a slight decrease in hydrolysis yields when compared with the corresponding batch reactions. A 72‐h hydrolysis of the SPCS substrate resulted in a hydrolysis yield of 66% compared with 51% for the EPCS substrate. When the enzyme adsorption and substrate characteristics were assessed during batch and fed‐batch hydrolysis, it appeared that the irreversible binding of cellulases to the more recalcitrant original substrate limited their access to the freshly added substrate. After 72‐h hydrolysis of the SPCS substrate at low enzyme loadings, ∼40–50% of the added cellulases were desorbed into solution, whereas only 20% of the added enzyme was released from the EPCS substrate. Both simultaneous and sequential treatments with xylanases and cellulases resulted in an up to a 20% increase in hydrolysis yields for both substrates at low enzyme loading. Simons' stain measurements indicated that xylanase treatment increased cellulose access, thus facilitating cellulose hydrolysis. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011


Adjustment to a new culture with different people and in an unfamiliar environment mostly brings along some significant challenges. For many years, a number of studies have focused on the issue of culture shock, that is, the negative physical and emotional effects of entering a new culture. Busines people, missionaries, students, and other groups of people who move from one culture to another are prone to facing culture shock. This paper reports on a phenomenological study that was conducted about this topic in an educational institution in the Philippines. The aim of this study was to understand how international students experience and cope with culture shock at this extremely diverse institution of higher education. This paper discusses "culture shock", its phases, causes and symptoms, as well as ideas on how professors in higher education can help their students in coping effectively with their culture shock experience. Participants in this study were six students from six different countries who had to study English before they could take graduate courses at Diversity Institute (pseudonym). The study reports the findings of a focus group interview. Results show that students indeed experience culture shock and use different coping strategies. Some overlap with the the literature. Keywords – Education, culture shock, adjustment process, ESL teacher, coping strategies, phenomenology, international students, descriptive research, Philippines


Abstract Understanding the utility and limitations of molecular markers for predicting the evolutionary potential of natural populations is important for both evolutionary and conservation genetics. To address this issue, the distribution of genetic variation for quantitative traits and molecular markers is estimated within and among 14 permanent lake populations of Daphnia pulicaria representing two regional groups from Oregon. Estimates of population subdivision for molecular and quantitative traits are concordant, with QST generally exceeding GST. There is no evidence that microsatellites loci are less informative about subdivision for quantitative traits than are allozyme loci. Character‐specific comparison of QST and GST support divergent selection pressures among populations for the majority of life‐history traits in both coast and mountain regions. The level of within‐population variation for molecular markers is uninformative as to the genetic variation maintained for quantitative traits. In D. pulicaria, regional differences in the frequency of sex may contribute to variation in the maintenance of expressed within‐population quantitative‐genetic variation without substantially impacting diversity at the genic level. These data are compared to an identical dataset for 17 populations of the temporary‐pond species, D. pulex.


Abstract: This chapter explores how three methods of political text analysis can complement each other to differentiate parties in detail. A word-frequency method and corpus linguistic techniques are joined by critical discourse analysis in an attempt to assess the ideological relation between election manifestos and a coalition agreement. How does this agreement relate to the policy positions presented in individual election manifestos and whose issues appear on the governmental agenda? The chapter discusses the design of three levels of text analysis applying text-as-data analysis; words-as-meaningful-data involving lexical-semantic analysis of subjectivity; and words-in-context analysis for variation in constructions of worldviews. We found that better results can be achieved for party positioning in combinations of qualitative and quantitative approaches.


This thesis addresses the transition from secondary school to university
mathematics at the setting of closed book examinations. I chose a first-year
undergraduate module on Sets, Numbers and Probability, given its
transitional nature from school to university mathematics; and, its coverage
of a variety of mathematical topics. The data of the study includes lecture
notes; worksheets and exercise sheets; six examination tasks; interviews
with the two lecturers who posed the tasks and their solutions to these; and,
twenty-two students' examination scripts. I use Sfard's (2008) theory of
commognition to analyse the examination tasks, lecturers' interviews, and
students' scripts. Specifically, an adaptation of Morgan and Sfard's (2016)
analytical framework enriched by a category regarding students' solutions is
used. The adapted analytical framework is applied to the tasks and student
data focusing on: word and visual mediator use; engagement with routines;
and, participation in varying mathematical discourses. In the lecturer data, I
concentrate on lecturers' assessment practices aimed at students'
engagement with the university mathematics discourse.

The analysis of the lecturers' interviews and examination tasks revealed:
directions on the procedure of mathematical routines and the expectations
of what constitutes a sufficient student response; the gradual structure of
tasks; students' enculturation in the mathematical community (e.g., defining,
proving, justifying). Findings suggest that lecturers, through their experience
in marking students' scripts in coursework and examinations, seem to design
the tasks with awareness of students' difficulties and aim to assist them in a
smooth transition between the different mathematical discourses. However,
the analysis of students' scripts shows evidence of commognitive conflicts
between school and university mathematical discourses or different
mathematical discourses at the university level. Especially, I report cases
concerning conflation of different discourses (e.g., Set Theory and
Probability or algebra) which is visible in students' use of suitable visual
mediators and their engagement with the routines. This insight into students'
transitions suggests that explicit attention needs to be given in the transitions
between these discourses during the teaching period.


In this study, spark plasma sintering (SPS) was applied to prepare α-Si3N4 ceramics of different densities with magnesia, silicon dioxide, alumina as the sintering aids. The sintering behavior and liquid phase sintering (LPS) mechanism were discussed and the factors influencing the density of the prepared samples were analyzed. Microstructures of sintered samples were observed and the phase compositions were analyzed. The results showed that α-Si3N4 ceramics can be sintered by SPS based on the reaction among α-Si3N4 and sintering additives which lead to the liquid phase and the density can be well controlled from 2.48 to 3.09 g/cm3 while the content of the sintering aids changes from 10% to 28.5% and sintering temperature from 1400°C to 1500°C.


Ontologies build the backbone for many life-sciences applications. These ontologies, however, are represented in XMLbased languages that are meant for machine-consumption and hence are difficult for humans to comprehend. For a meaningful visualization of these ontologies, it is important that the display of entities and relationships captures the cognitive representation of the domain as perceived by the domain experts. In this paper we present OntoVista, an ontology visualization tool that is adaptable to the needs of different domains, especially in the life sciences. While keeping the graph structures as the predominant model, we provide a semantically enhanced graph display that gives users a more intuitive way of interpreting nodes and their relationships. Additionally, OntoVista provides comfortable interfaces for searching, semantic edge filtering and quick-browsing of ontologies. To this end, we extended the Jambalaya plugin for Protege to allow for customization and integration of different layouts. As a use case, we demonstrate how the ontology-encoding of complex carbohydrate structures is transformed into a standard graphical representation of carbohydrates familiar to biochemists


As the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), the role of human leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (hLRRK2) in the efficacy of PD treatment is a focus of study. Our previous study demonstrated that mushroom body (MB) expression of hLRRK2 in Drosophila could recapitulate the clinical feature of sleep disturbances observed in PD patients, and melatonin (MT) treatment could attenuate the hLRRK2‐induced sleep disorders and synaptic dysfunction, suggesting the therapeutic potential of MT in PD patients carrying hLRRK2 mutations; however, no further study into the impacts on memory deficit was conducted. Therefore, in the current paper, the study of the effects of MT on hLRRK2 flies was continued, to determine its potential role in the improvement of memory deficit in PD. To achieve this, the Drosophila learning and memory phases, including short‐ and long‐term memory, were recorded; furthermore, the effect of MT on calcium channel activity during neurotransmission was detected using electrophysiology patch clamp recordings. It was demonstrated that MT treatment reversed hLRRK2‐induced long‐term memory deficits in Drosophila; furthermore, MT reduced MB calcium channel activities. These findings suggest that MT may exerts therapeutic effects on the long‐term memory of PD patients via calcium channel modulation, thus providing indication of its potential to maintain cognitive function in PD patients.


Subjects with a history of violent or psychotic behavior while under the influence of alcohol were infused with a 25% alcohol solution. Based on electroencephalograms, blood alcohol concentrations and behavioral observations, the results confirm the probable existence of a discrete syndrome of pathological reaction to alcohol without reference to the amount of alcohol consumed.


A 53-year-old woman was developed congestive heart failure. She was diagnosed as having aortic coarctation, incompetent bicuspid aortic valve and an aberrant right subclavian artery by using echocardiography and enhanced computed tomography. Ankle brachial pressure index(ABI)in the right was 0.71 and 0.69 in the left. Blood pressure of the right arm was 60 mmHg lower than that of the left arm. To avoid perioperative adverse cardiac events due to a 2-staged operation, we performed ascending-descending aortic bypass and aortic valve replacement simultaneously through a median sternotomy. The heart was retracted cranially, and a vascular prosthesis was anastomosed to the descending aorta just above the diaphragm in an end-to-side manner. Then the graft was placed curvilinearly around the right atrium and was anastomosed to the ascending aorta. After the operation, the right and left ABI increased to 0.90 and 0.98 respectively. There was no pressure difference between the arms. The postoperative course was uneventful.


Sequencing at single-nucleotide resolution using nanopore devices is performed with reported error rates 10.5–20.7% (Ip et al., 2015). Since errors occur randomly during sequencing, repeating the sequencing procedure for the same DNA strands several times can generate sequencing results based on consensus derived from replicate readings, thus reducing overall error rates. The method presented in this manuscript constructs copies of a nucleic acid molecule that are consecutively connected to the nucleic acid molecule. Such copies are useful because they can be sequenced by a nanopore device, enabling replicate reads, thus improving overall sequencing accuracy.


It is fascinating to view the evolution of software systems engineering over the decades. At the first glance, it could be perceived that the various approaches and processes are different. Are they indeed different? This paper will briefly discuss such a journey relating to findings from an empirical study in some organisations in the UK. Some of the issues described in the literature and by practitioners are common across different software system engineering approaches over the time. It can be argued that human-element of software development plays an integral part in the success of software systems development endeavour. After all, software engineering is a human-centric craft. In order to understand such issues, we crossed the discipline to other disciplines in order to adapt theories and principles that will help to better understand and tackle such matter. Other disciplines have well established human related theories and principles that can be useful. From Japanese management philosophies, we have adapted Lean and knowledge management theories. From psychology, we have adapted Emotional Intelligence (EI). With such an interdisciplinary view, some of the issues can be addressed adequately. Which bring the question: is it really the process or the people? The second author will reflect on his experience attending the first SQM conference 25 years ago. The reflection will discuss the evolution of software systems engineering, and what was changed since then, if at all changed.


The design and development of an axial-flux permanent-magnet air-cored generator for use as a direct drive generator with small-scale wind and water turbines is described. The generator is designed for simplicity and ease of manufacture and consists of two rotor discs each with permanent magnets located around its periphery. The stator is made of plastic and has a number of bobbin-wound armature coils located around its periphery. A three-phase prototype generator has been designed and built with 16 magnets per rotor disc, 12 armature coils (four per phase) and an overall diameter of 495 mm. The generator produces 1000 W at 300 rpm or 2000 W at 500 rpm with an electrical efficiency substantially greater than 90%. The generator performs as predicted by the design process.


A module integrated antenna with circular polarization for a mobile UHF radio frequency identification reader is presented. In the proposed design, a reader module using a hybrid assemble technique is directly integrated inside the antenna. In order to compensate the degraded radiation efficiency of the reader antenna due to the module integration, a quadruple inverted-f antenna (QIFA), a type of four-port antenna like QIFA, is used. For the compact four-port antenna, we analyze the optimum matching method considering both the reflection coefficient at each port and the mutual coupling among ports simultaneously to improve the performance of the proposed module integrated antenna. Experimental results show that the proposed module integrated antenna of size 80 × 80 × 11.2 mm3 with the shielded module is well matched, and has the peak gain of 3.3 dBic and the axial ratio under 2.5 dB.


Methodology We present 18 cases of arterio-ureteral fistulae that presented with lifethreatening hematuria. 10 patients were treated successfully with ureteral covered stent placement (Allium ureteral stent 200x9 mm) and 8 patients are combined treated with uretral (Allium ureteral stent 200x9 mm) and endovascular (Endovascular Stent Graft) covered stents placement. Mean surgery time was 55 min (16 – 95 min). The position, continuity and sealing of the stent in the ureter and vessel were documented by radiological contrast imaging. Results All patients were treated successfully with ureteral or with combined uretral and endovascular covered stent placement. Conclusion In conclusion, ureteral or with combined uretral and endovascular covered stent placement of covered stents is a feasible minimal invasive therapeutic option for the treat-ment of acute life-threatening hemorrhage due to arterio-ure-tral fistulae.


Application of Maqasid al-Shari'ah to determine and measure the Key Intangible Performance (KIP) in institutional and individual productivity is considered a topical issue in the current era. The shift of emphasis from measuring Key Performance Indicator (KPI) to measuring and quantifying intangible performances is a laudable endeavour. KIP acknowledges the prospective intangible means that contribute to quality productivity of institutions and individuals. Nonetheless, basing the KIP on Maqasid al-ShariNah is near to none. This article reviews the available literature, in an attempt to develop a theoretical framework for measuring Key Intangible Performance (KIP) in research and publication using Maqasid al-ShariNah. This paper employs qualitative methodology, which basically relies on textual analysis. This is then combined with Sekaran's behavioural science operationalization method as a research design to develop a Maqasid based Key Intangible Performance (KIP) measurement framework. The findings show that Research and Publication is essential for the Islamic educational Institutions. It can promote, make impact and integrate Islamic values in contemporary issues. The intangible dimensions are three, preliminaries, regulations & governance, and moral & ethical conducts. All of these correspond to the three levels of maqasid namely, essentials, complements and embellishments.


Gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been studied in mating- type plus cells utilizing several different culture conditions, all of which are shown to depend on the depletion of nitrogen from the medium, and the fine structure of gametes prepared under these conditions has been compared by using thin sections of fixed materials. We document alterations in ribosome levels, in chromatin morphology, in starch levels, in the organization of chloroplast membranes, and in the appearance of nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum membranes during gametogenesis. We also noted the acquisition of two new organelles: a mating structure (Friedman, L., A. L. Colwin, and L. H. Colwin. 1968. j. cell Sci. 3:115-128; goodenough, U. W., and R. L. Weiss. 1975. J. Cell Biol. 67:623-637), and Golgi-derived vesicles containing a homogeneous material. We chart the time course of these morphological changes during synchronous gametogenesis. We note that many of these changes may represent adjustments to nitrogen starvation rather than direct features of gametic differentiation, and we also document that cells can differentiate so that they survive conditions of nitrogen starvation for many weeks after they become gametes. We conclude that metabolic alterations, the acquisition of mating ability, and the preparation for long-term survival are all elicited in this organism by nitrogen withdrawal, and we discuss how the various structural alterations observed in this study may relate to these three interrelated avenues of cellular differentiation.


Introduction The hospice movement often uses the term 'holistic care' to describe what it provides, with it being applied differently depending on the care setting. Personalisation could be considered another version of holistic care. Based on this we took the opportunity of bringing both holistic care and personalisation together, to explore what this means in practice for end of life care. Progress for Providers is a recognised series of self-assessments, to enable providers to see how they are doing in delivering personalisation. There's not something of this nature already available to hospice managers. Personalisation has primarily been a term used by social care, with government plans to integrate health and social care by 2018, its key we start to embed personalisation to hospice care now. Aims The aim is to enable hospice managers, and anyone involved in supporting people at end of life, to know what personalisation looks like in practice and to introduce person-centred thinking tools that can add to the way that hospices can deliver truly personalised services. Approach used The authors met to produce the self-assessment tool using their knowledge, key reports and other sources of information to inform the statements of each area of assessment. The tool will be sent out for comment, refined and tested during the summer of 2013, to be launched in October. Outcomes and applications to hospice practice The use of Progress for Providers: End of Life offers an opportunity to critically examine local practice with a view to taking personalisation further. While the future of hospices has been considered by the Commission, making progress in personalisation is another way to look at service provision to ensure it meets the needs of the people we support.


Paper is a case study of mobile operating systems market, where mobile operating system makers share a distributed knowledge of mobile operating system basics and different levels of information about consumer expectations. According to the basic logics, it is reasonable to expect that if it is commonly known that a choice A is better than a choice B, any agent i will prefer the choice instead of an inferior one. In case the mobile operating system makers some chose a completely different outcome which is rather based on disruptive thinking instead of common knowledge.


The objective of this research was to formulate a policy strategy for integrated pest management by using SWOT AHP methods (case study on vegetable cultivation in Lampung Province). This method used A'WOT; the combination of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) analysis and SWOT (Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat) analysis. The analysis result showed the main strength factors becoming the base for sustainable agricultural business were the availability of good structures and infrastructures both in production and marketing, and the availability of sufficient production structure (seeds) with good quality and quantity. The weakness factors becoming concern were dominantly lack of institutional funding (capital) for vegetable business, many problems in the integrated pest management (IPM) technology implementation stage, many problems in good agriculture practices (GAP), and numbers of families making their life as farmers. The opportunity factors were the availability of IPM and GAP technologies, growing campaign for consuming domestic products reducing import, and high government commitment to improve vegetable farmers' welfare. The threats to concern were no protection operational base and farmer's empowerment, very few institutional funding (capital) for vegetable business, and many problems in the GAP and technology implementation. Six strategies becoming priority in order were drafting the regulation and standard of operation that regulate IPM and GAP implementations; strengthening farmer' institution, capital and agricultural insurance; drafting legality of operational protection and farmer's empowerment; agricultural intensification in order to improve quantity, quality, safety, and environmental insight for food security and independency; optimization of technology transfer by socialization or education of IPM and GAP for vegetable crops; and inexpensive IPM system based controlling technology development and effective and efficient of alternative production structures.


Introduction: Bayesian Belief Networks have been used in medicine to evaluate clinical data and develop predictive and prognostic models. As classification models, they allow us to represent pattern complexity beyond what can be accomplished with traditional Kaplan-Meier or regression models. We sought to evaluate the use of machine-learned Bayesian Belief Networks (ml-BBNs) to develop mortality models in breast cancer and to evaluate classification performance for this method. Methods: A set of 2,300 breast bancer cases from a tumor registry at Thomas Jefferson University were used to train ml-BBNs. The registry set was broken into cohorts for modeling by follow-up times of 1 (n=2,202), 2 (n=2,183), 3 (n=2,157), and 5 (n=2,027) years. Each cohort was then used to train a ***m1-BBN and each model was evaluated for structure. Variables were recoded into categories: biomarkers (ER, PR, Ki67, HER2, p53) as positive or negative; grading, staging, and size were broken in categories; while race was recoded into Caucasian or African-American. Income and poverty level by census tract were also included. Models were evaluated for ability to classify mortality (yes/no) within the follow-up period using 10-fold cross-validation and Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. Results: Area Under the Curve (AUC), Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were calculated for each set of cohort training models and mean values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for mortality (yes/no) within the follow-up period. AUCs (and CIs) for 1, 2, 3, and 5 years were: 0.81 (0.70 — 0.91), 0.74 (0.69 — 0.79), 0.81 (0.77 — 0.86), 0.77 (0.74 — 0.80). PPVs for 1, 2, 3, and 5 years were: 12.3% (7.5% — 17.1%), 18.8% (15.4% — 22.1%), 18.0% (15.1% — 20.9%), 28.2% (24.7% — 31.7%). NPVs for 1, 2, 3, and 5 years were: 99.2% (98.8% — 99.7%), 97.4% (96.9% — 97.8%), 96.4% (95.1% — 97.7%), 91.7% (89.1% — 94.3%). Predictors of mortality at 1 year were Tumor Stage, at 2 years were Estrogen Receptor and Tumor Stage, and at 3 and 5 years were Diagnosis Age, Tumor Stage, Estrogen Receptor status, and Ki-67 receptor status. Discussion / Conclusion: We were able to successfully train ***m1-BBNs to estimate mortality using breast cancer registry cohorts. Cross-validation showed the models to be robust. The structure of the models can inform us how different data elements contribute to the estimate of mortality. These models can be used to calculate individual probabilities for prognostic guidance given age, staging criteria, and biomarkers. Overall 5-year mortality in the study set is 15.2%, however we can derive subject-specific mortality estimates. For example, a 43-year old Stage 3, ER-Negative, Ki-67 Negative subject has a 19.9% probability of 5-year mortality, while the same subject with positive Ki-67 has a 37.8% probability of mortality. Meanwhile, the same probabilities for a 70 year old woman are 67.0% and 59.0%, respectively. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-14-12.


This dissertation focuses on the unique trend of nautch-girl (Indian dancing girl) artworks that emerged in Britain during her colonial clasp on India, which coincided with the increasing exploration of (and changing attitudes towards) the role of women in British society. The nautch girl was considered a controversial figure in Britain, particularly since she was associated (usually erroneously) with sexually immoral behaviour and prostitution, while also being patronised widely by members of Britain's high society within India and Britain. The attention paid towards the body, performance and sexual character of the nautch girl, which spanned across art forms and was particularly resonant and vivid in the visual arts and musical entertainment, appeared to simultaneously promote acts of voyeurism and disparagement. Most notably, however, the process of culturally locating the nautch girl in British artworks not only bolstered (or occasionally condemned) imperialist intentions, but also demonstrated how Britain was susceptible to the processes of transculturality in the adoption of the "art" of the nautch girl within its own artistic and cultural practices.


The fact that the permeability between family and work scopes produces work-family conflict (WFC) is well established. As such, this research aims to check whether the unequal involvement in household chores between men and women is associated with increased WFC in women and men, interpreting the results also from the knowledge that arise from gender studies. A correlational study was carried out by means a questionnaire applied to 515 subjects (63% men) of two independent samples of Spanish men and women without emotional relationship, who lived with their heterosexual partner. As expected, results firstly show unequal involvement in household chores by women and men as it is higher in women that in men, and the perception of partner involvement is lower in women that in men. Secondly, those unequal involvements relate differently to men and women on different ways of work-family interaction. They do not increase WFC in women comparing to men, although there are tangentially significant differences in work conflict (WC) and statistically significant in family conflict (FC). However, perception of partner involvement on household chores increases WFC both in men and in women but not WC nor FC. Nevertheless, increase on marital conflict (MC) by domestic tasks neither affect in a significant way WFC in women nor in men, but increase WC in both women and men and FC only in women. Results also confirm that subject involvement on household chores is not a significant predictor of WFC in women nor in men, and that MC by domestic tasks is a statistically significant predictor in women of WFC and FC, but not in men. Thus, results show that traditional gender roles still affect the way men and women manage the work and family interaction, although the increased WFC due to involvement in housework is not exclusive to women, but also occurs in men. Personal and institutional recommendations are made on the basis of these results to cope with these conflicts.


Abstract Background The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons recently proposed quality measures for the initial surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). One measure addressed avoidance of adjunctive surgical procedures during carpal tunnel release; and a second measure addressed avoidance of routine use of clinic-based occupational and/or physical therapy (OT/PT) after carpal tunnel release. However, for quality measures to serve their intended purposes, they must be tested in real-world data to establish that gaps in quality exist and that the measures yield reliable performance information. Questions/purposes (1) Is there an important quality gap in clinical practice for avoidance of adjunctive surgical procedures during carpal tunnel release? (2) Is there an important quality gap in avoiding routine use of clinic-based occupational and/or physical therapy after carpal tunnel release? (3) Do these two quality measures have adequate beta-binomial signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and split-sample reliability (SSR)? Methods This retrospective comparative study used a large national private insurance claims database, the 2018 Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart. Ideally, healthcare quality measures are tested within data reflective of the providers and payors to which the measures will be applied. We previously tested these measures in a large public healthcare system and a single academic medical center. In this study, we sought to test the measures in the broader context of patients and providers using private insurance. For both measures, we included the first carpal tunnel release from 28,083 patients performed by one of 7236 surgeons, irrespective of surgical specialty (including, orthopaedic, plastic, neuro-, and general surgery). To calculate surgeon-level descriptive and reliability statistics, analyses were focused on the 66% (18,622 of 28,083) of patients who received their procedure from one of the 24% (1740 of 7236) of surgeons with at least five carpal tunnel releases in the database. No other inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied. To determine whether the measures reveal important gaps in treatment quality (avoidance of adjunctive procedures and routine therapy), we calculated descriptive statistics (median and interquartile range) of the performance distribution stratified by surgeon-level annual volume of carpal tunnel releases in the database (5+, 10+, 15+, 20+, 25+, and 30+). Like the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), we considered a measure "topped out" if median performance was greater than 95%, meaning the opportunity for further quality improvement is low. We calculated the surgeon-level beta-binomial SNR and SSR for each measure, each stratified by the number of carpal tunnel releases performed by each surgeon in the database. These are standard measures of reliability in health care quality measurement science. The SNR quantifies the proportion of variance that is between rather than within surgeons, and the SSR is the correlation of performance scores when each surgeons' patients are split into two random samples and then corrected for sample size. Results We found that 2% (308 of 18,622) of carpal tunnel releases involved an adjunctive procedure. The results showed that avoidance of adjunctive surgical procedures during carpal tunnel release had a median (IQR) performance of 100% (100% to 100%) at all case volumes. Only 8% (144 of 1740) of surgeons with at least five cases in the database had less than 100% performance, and only 5% (84 of 1740) had less than 90% performance. This means adjunctive procedures were rarely performed and an important quality gap does not exist based on the CMS criterion. Regarding the avoidance of routine therapy, there was a larger quality gap: For surgeons with at least five cases in the database, median performance was 89% (75% to 100%), and 25% (435 of 1740) of these surgeons had less than 75% performance. This signifies that the measure is not topped out and may reveal an important quality gap. Most patients receiving clinic-based OT/PT had only one visit in the 6 weeks after surgery. Median (IQR) SNRs of the first measure, which addressed avoidance of adjunctive surgical procedures, and the second measure, which addresses avoidance of routine use clinic-based OT/PT, were 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) and 0.86 (0.67 to 1.00), respectively. The SSR for these measures were 0.87 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.88) and 0.75 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.77), respectively. All of these reliability statistics exceed National Quality Forum's emerging minimum standard of 0.60. Conclusion The first measure, the avoidance of adjunctive surgical procedures during carpal tunnel release, lacked an important quality gap suggesting it is unlikely to be useful in driving improvements. The second measure, avoidance of routine use of clinic-based OT/PT, revealed a larger quality gap and had very good reliability, suggesting it may be useful for quality monitoring and improvement purposes. Clinical Relevance As healthcare systems and payors use the second measure, avoidance of routine use of clinic-based OT/PT, to encourage adherence to clinical practice guidelines (such as provider profiling, public reporting, and payment policies), it will be critically important to consider what proportion of patients receiving OT/PT should be considered routine practice and therefore inconsistent with guidelines. The value or potential harm of this measure depends on this judgement.


In the process of product creative design, we advanced the conception of Product Gene (PG) as a result of the thought of genetic engineering applied to product design. In this paper, an effective PG coding method is put forward based on the actual requirement of product information inheritance. Then a Function Surfaces (FS)→Parts→Products configuration system is established based on this coding method and the Object-Oriented technology is adopted to realize product information inheritance. Finally, the paper offers an example of the design of a spurgear to prove the feasibility of our method.


The giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii locally known as udang galah is a favourite and important aquaculture candidate. Their numbers have been declining over the past decades. Hence, maintaining the genetic variability of natural populations and the identification of population structures are the main concerns of any management programme. Among the vast choice of molecular markers available to carry out a population study, microsatellites have a high degree of polymorphism and therefore have great potential for characterizing populations. The present study had three major objectives: 1) to estimate the population genetic structure in four M. rosenbergii populations using microsatellite markers. 2) to cross amplify the microsatellite markers developed for Tor tambroides on M. rosenbergii. 3) to isolate, develop and characterize new microsatellite markers for M. rosenbergii and to test them for polymorphisms.
Twenty one sets of microsatellite primer pairs were used in the initial screening. Fifteen primer pairs produced clear and reproducible amplification products in four populations of this prawn and were used to determine and compare the genetic structures of these populations. Twenty six individuals of each population were analyzed. The number of observed alleles per locus ranged from 1-10 with an average value of 5.88 across all loci. The highest value of the mean effective allele number was 3.20 in the Linggi population and the lowest was 3.04 in the Permatang population. The highest mean observed hetrozygosity was found in the Sedili population with a value of 0.67 while the Linggi population had the lowest value of 0.60. The Fis values indicated heterozygosity excess in three populations of Pahang, Sedili and Permatang whereas the Linggi population showed heterozygote deficiencies. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), based on the 15 polymorphic common loci investigated showed that 7.79% of the variations were among populations and 92.21% of the variations were within populations. The majority of loci showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This might have been resulted from mutation, migration, selection and small population size. The presence of null alleles cannot be the reason for such results since their occurrence was less. The cluster analysis revealed that the Pahang and Linggi populations were the closest that was in accordance with the geographical regions from which the populations were obtained. Cross-phylum amplification studies of Tor tambroides were conducted on M. rosenbergii. The successful amplification demonstrated that microsatellite loci were conserved between these two aquatic species. This conservation of microsatellites in aquatic species may provide a valuable and cost-effective alternative to isolating microsatellite loci in every species of interest. However, in this study 10 new microsatellite loci were isolated from M. rosenbergii using a Random Amplified Microsatellites (RAMs) based technique which was an efficient and reliable method. These newly developed microsatellite loci were tested for polymorphisms.In conclusion these four wild populations of M. rosenbergii consist of Pahang, Linggi, Sedili and Permatang showed high variability of heterozygosity assessed by 15 polymorphic microsatellites. Therefore, the results were informative for the researchers to make sound decisions in managing the wild populations for their future use in broodstock genetic improvement programs and also for the use in constructions. All ten microsatellite loci that were developed should be tested on larger sample sizes of each population and on more populations.


The high prevalence of compassion fatigue contributes to burnout among oncology nurses. Interventions are needed to support individuals across diverse roles and practice settings in oncology. Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology that has been applied in healthcare education and training and is being explored as an intervention to reduce stress and support wellness for healthcare providers. This article reviews recommendations from an implementation project about a VR intervention for oncology nurses.


Asthma is a common life-long chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects children and adults of all ages and whose prevalence is rising in a number of the most-developed countries. It is widely recognised that there is an increasing need for EU member states to consider the scope for a common integrated approach to the asthma problem. This report, carried out by CEPS for Asthma Allergy Inflammation Research (AAIR), critically presents proposals on how the EU's current activities could be streamlined and improved so as to better complement and support member states' activities on asthma. The report identifies gaps and inconsistencies in EU policy-making and argues for more concerted efforts in order to improve the situation of patients across the EU.


We have reported the case of a 26-year-old man who had had intermittent but severe gastrointestinal bleeding over a 30-month period from a Meckel's diverticulum. Meckel's diverticulum should be searched for angiographically, even in the face of normal isotopic scans, in cases of chronic or intermittent gastrointestinal hemorrhage, particularly in younger patients.


Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and incidence of ADHD medication prescribing, by age and gender, from 2005 to 2015 in Canadian primary care. Method: A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the prescribing of ADHD medications between 2005 and 2015 using electronic medical record data. Yearly prevalence and incidence of ADHD medication prescribing were calculated for preschoolers (up to 5 years old), school-aged children (6-17 years old), and adults (18-65 years old) along with a description of the types of ADHD medications prescribed between 2005 and 2015. Results: Between 2005 and 2015, there was a 2.6-fold increase in the prevalence of ADHD medication prescribing to preschoolers, a 2.5-fold increase in school-aged children, and a fourfold increase in adults. There was a corresponding rise in incidence of prescribing although this rise was moderate and estimates were much lower compared with prevalence. The most commonly prescribed medication was Methylphenidate (65.0% of all ADHD medications prescribed). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of ADHD has remained stable over time, this study found an increase in the prescribing of ADHD medications in all age groups between 2005 and 2015. Incidence of new prescriptions was small relative to prevalence, suggesting that longer term treatments are being adopted.


Lignin is potentially an abundant source for the synthesis of energydense fuels, phenolic chemicals, high-performance polymers, carbon fibers and value-added products surrogate to those conventionally obtained from fossil fuels. Low in cost, abundant in existence and product efficiency equivalent to the petroleum-derived products make lignin an excellent naturally occurring feedstock. This review attempts to broadly present the recent advancements in the field of lignin conversion and its applications as an energy resource. The growing popularity of lignin and the comprehensive research that is being conducted on biorefining has led to the inception of compiling this valuable information in the form of a review presented herewith. This review encompasses the vast extensive research towards lignin conversion and the new developments in this field. This paper reviews the chemistry of lignocellulosic biomass and the physicochemical changes occurring during biomass pre-treatment. Several ligninolytic microorganisms responsible for the degradation of lignin are also discussed. In addition, pyrolysis, liquefaction, gasification and microwave treatment for lignin conversion to biofuels and chemicals are elaborated.


Utilizing Baird's theory on triplet state aromaticity, we show that the singlet-triplet energy gaps (DeltaE(ST)) of pentafulvenes are easily varied through substitution by as much as 36 kcal mol(-1). This exploits the fact that fulvenes act as aromatic chameleons in which the dipoles reverse on going from the singlet ground state (S(0)) to the lowest pipi* triplet state (T1); thus, their electron distributions are adapted so as to achieve some aromaticity in both states. The results are based on quantum chemical calculations with the OLYP density functional theory method and the CASPT2 ab initio method, as well as spectroscopic determination of DeltaE(ST) by triplet sensitization. The findings can also be generalized to fulvenes other than the pentafulvenes, even though the effect is attenuated as the size of the fulvene increases. Our studies thus reveal that triplet-state aromaticity can greatly influence the properties of conjugated compounds in the T1 state.


INTRODUCTION
In Mauritania, as in other West African countries, a series of actions has been taken to combat neonatal mortality. Considering the mixed success of these programs, we wondered how health workers are investing in neonatal care.

METHOD
An anthropological study was carried out in a locality in the Senegal River Valley. The surveys consisted of an ethnography of a health center, which resulted in detailed observations of care and interviews with health workers.

RESULTS
Our observations reveal that in the crucial minutes and hours following a normal birth, the attention of caregivers tends to turn away from the newborn. Recommended care such as keeping warm, examining and monitoring the newborn is not provided, while early breast-feeding occurs in a fluctuating manner. The newborn is quickly handed over to the family. Newborn care is thus "forgotten", both in the sequence of actions around childbirth and in the collective distribution of professional responsibilities.

DISCUSSION
Newborn care at birth remains poorly medicalized. We analyze the least involvement of health workers with newborns in two aspects : the perception of the uncertainty of neonatal survival, and the predominance of local childbearing. We are making proposals to put the spotlight back on the newborn in order to promote a better quality of neonatal care.


OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the usability of new Kansei navigation system interface features versus. existing interface design features in automotive navigation system. The Study population consist of participants which are chosen using purposive sampling technique consist of male professional drivers (PD) and non-professional drivers (NPD) of a local University in Malaysia. A total of 60 participant ranging from 18 – 39 years old participated in this study. Participants were tested using a customized driving simulator which participant will drive according to the route shown by the GPS navigation system( GPS system based on Kansei versus existing system) drivers were tested in terms of their 1) completion time for each task given 2) the number of error produce from each task 3) the satisfaction level from each feature in the GPS system using System Usability Scale (SUS) 4) a kansei survey to measure participant understanding and perception towards usability of GPS interface designs. A Counterbalance method was used in order to eliminate order biased participant. A total of 10 minutes was taken to complete the overall task. Wilcoxon Sign Test was used to compare all objectives except for satisfaction level for NPD and Kansei survey for PD.The Result for driving completion time for both PD and NPD, shows that Kansei GPS system (PD, mean = 2.49±0.66 min, NPD, mean = 2.18±0.71 min) had significantly shorter completion time (p=0.013) compared to the existing system (PD, mean = 2.75±0.66 min, NPD, mean = 2.44±0.74 min). For the number of errors, Kansei GPS system showed a significantly lowered driving error (p <0.05) (PD, mean = 8.86±6.55, NPD, mean = 7.23±6.03) compared to existing GPS System (PD, mean = 13.7±7.94 NPD, mean =10.6±7.6). For the satisfaction level showed no significant different in satisfaction for Kansei GPS System both (PD, mean score = 61.7±19.4 NPD, mean score = 66.58±21.9) compared to existing GPS (PD, mean score = 66.58±21.9 NPD, mean score = 63.58±20.9) (p>0.05). In term of Kansei Survey, shows that there is a significantly higher scoring for Kansei GPS system for both (PD, mean score = 3.6±0.99 and NPD, mean score = 3.69±1.44) compared with existing (PD, mean score =3.15±0.88 NPD, mean score = 2.68±0.18) (p<0.05). The conclusion of the was the new Kansei GPS system performed better in reducing the task completion time, reducing the numbers of driving error and easily distinguish features compared to existing GPS system. However, both professional and non-professional were satisfied using Kansei and existing GPS system.


From the Abstract: COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] school closures pose significant operational and financial risks to frontline organizations delivering vital education services, including non-governmental organizations, school operators, and other service providers In this survey, we ask these organizations about the challenges they are facing in light of COVID-19 closures, particularly for girls The responses shed light on how COVID-19 is affecting education service operations--and what providers are doing in response We uncover three major findings First, 69 percent of the respondents believe that girls are at a greater risk than boys from COVID-19 school closures, with more than half of those respondents citing girls' exposure to gender-based violence as a major concern Second, close to half (42 percent) of the respondents report that their organization is experiencing budget cuts, with 73 percent of those respondents citing a drop in funding from private and philanthropic donors Third, despite the financial and operational disruptions due to school closures and lockdowns, 89 percent of the respondents report planning and delivering additional vital interventions during the pandemic It is crucial, now more than ever, that donors and policymakers support and engage with frontline organizations delivering vital services for girls and their communities COVID-19 (Disease);Girls--Education;Schools


The content-based retrieval of Western music has received increasing attention recently. Much of this research deals with mono-phonic music. Polyphonic music is more common, but also more difficult to represent. Music information retrieval systems must extract viable features before they can define similarity measures. We summarize and categorize representation features that have been used for polyphonic retrieval with the aim of laying standardized groundwork for future feature extraction research. Comparisons with and extensions to monophonic approaches are given, and a new feature, an extension of duration-independent pitch slices, is proposed.


For the people of Bangladesh, mostly in rural areas, a new disaster is emerging. Two‐thirds of the deep tube wells installed over the last three decades – roughly 3 million in total – contain arsenic concentrations above the permissible levels set by the WHO. These wells were installed to contribute to a secure and reliable drinking water supply, and put an end to various contagious diseases from the use of surface water. In itself that goal has been reached. It is therefore a bitter observation that it is this very approach that has led to the widespread arsenic poisoning of drinking water. Most rural development programs cannot meet the demand of the community because of the absence of appropriate institutional mechanisms, and most programs simply cannot reach the large low‐income groups. It is time to rethink the existing institutional set‐up and redefine the roles of communities, the private sector, NGOs, local government institutions and the central government. An initiative from several Bangladeshi organisations has resulted in international co‐operation – the Arsenic Mitigation and Research Foundation (AMRF). Participation of the local community is one of the guiding principles of AMRF. Local priorities will be a significant component in the decisions made regarding mitigation activities. Given the institutional weakness of governmental bodies in solving problems within a reasonable time, it is natural to look for local solutions based on local experience, knowledge and capacity. Focuses on institutional development and community participation related to arsenic contamination in drinking water and broadly in sustainable development policy and practice in Bangladesh. Looks into possible comprehensive frameworks for the implementation of sustainable drinking water systems, facilitating a basic development strategy for people's participation. Discusses ways to ensure a greater role for the community in achieving a sustainable rural water management system, involving formal institutions as well as informal networks at village community level.


This paper analyzes and evaluate the current level of Software Project Management And its tolls in practice in IT Industry of Pakistan. 90% IT project in Pakistan are outsourced and many international companies have built their off-shore IT companies in Pakistan due to cheap employment. As mostly projects are from developed countries and are large and complex IT projects so there is high demand of local Software Project Manager to manage these projects. Due to this high demand there are an increase in institutes which start providing Software Project Management courses and certifications and this is how Software Project Management become an integral part of IT industry of Pakistan but in small companies the roll of Project Manager varies. The introduction of this paper describes the importance and essence of Software Project Management and its tools in practice and their characteristics. Our team has collects data to find out success of project implementation, Software Project Management knowledge, reasons for success and failure, trade-off decisions and capability of Software Project Manager and their journey to become project manager.


Corruption is a central topic of political and public debate, as well as of election campaigns in countries transitioning from totalitarianism to democracy. Corruption is viewed as a major obstacle hindering reform to such an extent as to jeopardise the legitimacy of the democratic system, to impair the implementation of market economy mechanisms, and to delay the progress of transition – or even to make it reversible. This paper aims to study the way economic prosperity and quality of life correlate with the level of corruption, the manner in which the stage and pace of democratic and economic reforms in the countries of the formerly Soviet-influenced space correlate with the corruption level perceived by the public, the role played by the elites in the success – or failure – of strategies implemented in order to fight this plague, as well as the possible connection between the cultural dimensions of the Hofstede model and the public perception of corruption. The conclusions point to the importance of cultural and intercultural research in increasing the effectiveness of anti-corruption strategies, to the crucial importance of management performance and of integrity among the elites for the success of reforms and implicitly for the fight against corrupt practices, as well as to the critical contribution the strengthening of democracy and of market economy have in fighting corruption and reducing the opportunity structures favorable for its occurrence in society.


Chemotherapy for melanoma can be divided into four types: (i) intralesional chemotherapy; (ii) systemic chemotherapy to prevent the development of anticipated metastases; (iii) therapy for established disease; and (iv) combined with immunotherapy. Apart from a few general rules, it is difficult to predict the response to treatment. The smaller the bulk of tumour, the more likely is regression under treatment. Metastases in the skin, and to a lesser extent those in lymph nodes and lung, respond better than those in the liver and brain. Any response in established disease is likely to be temporary, although the patient tends to develop fatal disease at sites different from those involved when he or she was first treated. The best agent at present is imidazole carboxamide (D.T.I.C.), and its effect is not enhanced by combining it with other drugs. Combined prophylactic chemotherapy and immunotherapy is still under investigation, but the results are encouraging.


During vertebrate development, neural crest cells are thought to pattern many aspects of head organization, including the segmented skeleton and musculature of the jaw and gills. Here we describe mutations at the gene chinless, chn, that disrupt the skeletal fates of neural crest cells in the head of the zebrafish and their interactions with muscle precursors. chn mutants lack neural-crest-derived cartilage and mesoderm-derived muscles in all seven pharyngeal arches. Fate mapping and gene expression studies demonstrate the presence of both undifferentiated cartilage and muscle precursors in mutants. However, chn blocks differentiation directly in neural crest, and not in mesoderm, as revealed by mosaic analyses. Neural crest cells taken from wild-type donor embryos can form cartilage when transplanted into chn mutant hosts and rescue some of the patterning defects of mutant pharyngeal arches. In these cases, cartilage only forms if neural crest is transplanted at least one hour before its migration, suggesting that interactions occur transiently in early jaw precursors. In contrast, transplanted cells in paraxial mesoderm behave according to the host genotype; mutant cells form jaw muscles in a wild-type environment. These results suggest that chn is required for the development of pharyngeal cartilages from cranial neural crest cells and subsequent crest signals that pattern mesodermally derived myocytes.


Ayurveda, the ancient Indian medical system is a rational and practical way for the systemic study of life through its unique holistic approach It differs from other medical system in the manner it defines health, disease and the systematic enterprises to achieve the healthy life COVID- 19 is an emerging pandemic that ensnared the human race and endangered millions of lives Currently, COVID-19 become the biggest health problem for the society because of its sudden appearance, unknown pathogenesis, difference in the pattern of the disease in different countries, difference in mortality rate, testing variability, absence of unanimous health strategy, difference in sign and symptoms, etc Complexities appears in successful management of the disease because it open two front war: (1) to prevent it from spreading;as it is highly contagious and one contaminated individual has capacity to infect many more at a time by direct or indirect mode of transmission and probably about 10% of cases lead to 80% of the spread;and (2) to manage the disease and its complications Prevention is the greatest challenge in the present pandemic and therefore it is requires to have a practical set of rules that can be followed by mass population irrespective of racial, geographical and cultural variation The article gives a comprehensive review of daily regimen, seasonal regimen, simple spices from the kitchen that works as medicine and moral conduct regimen for the prevention of COVID-19


This research aims to examine the influence of the use of information technology on professional organisations and to identify which policies could be followed by the management of such organisations to apply information systems. Traditional approaches to information technology assume that organisations operate as 'machine bureaucracies' - a top down management style, standardisation of work processes and a high level of interdependency amongst departments. Such assumptions are not relevant to professional organisations. In these organisations professionals perform and control the primary process of the organisation in close interaction with their clients and with a high level of autonomy. With the rise of computers and information technology, such organisations are confronted with the question of how to apply this technology, since conventional models may not be appropriate. The strategy used to accomplish the research objectives was the case study methodology, complemented by a literature study. Two hospitals were chosen as case sites, since hospitals are generally perceived as typical examples of professional organisations which make intensive use of information technology. Interviews and conversations with personnel, observations and hospital documents were the main sources for the case studies. This research indicates that four general strategies can be followed which are captured in a model which is developed throughout this study namely the Professional - Heteronomy model. First, information technology can be utilised by making the support activities more efficient, e.g. by using computers for administration and other office activities, without affecting the professionals directly with such technology [this may imply that professionals develop and use their own information systems relatively autonomously]. Second, information technology can be used for the direct support of professional activities. In this case, the primary goal is to motivate professionals and to help them to improve their work and their level of professionalisation. A third direction might be to use this technology with the objective of substituting professionals by computers, thus reducing the number of professionals needed. Cutting costs or improving services are management motives for introducing such a policy. The fourth direction is to use information technology for management support. This can be practised by deriving management information from data gathered from the primary process. The management may obtain the information to manage and to control the organisation in a more direct and tight way through these systems. A major conclusion is that the states of computing management model (Kraemer et al., 1989) is a useful framework to categorise the state of computing in professional organisations, as well as being a tool to model changes of these states. The study proposes some adaptations to this model in order to make it more refined: in the adapted version the model can reflect several states at the same time. This will be a more realistic representation of computing in many cases. This study also observed in both case study sites what we term multiformity in computing: in other words, various actors influenced decision making with respect to information systems in apparently contrasting ways. The study proposes that a more conscious management of 'multiform computing' may be a more realistic alternative to the uniform approaches which are common.


Automated classification of human anatomy is an important prerequisite for many computer-aided diagnosis systems. The spatial complexity and variability of anatomy throughout the human body makes classification difficult. "Deep learning" methods such as convolutional networks (ConvNets) outperform other state-of-the-art methods in image classification tasks. In this work, we present a method for organ- or body-part-specific anatomical classification of medical images acquired using computed tomography (CT) with ConvNets. We train a ConvNet, using 4,298 separate axial 2D key-images to learn 5 anatomical classes. Key-images were mined from a hospital PACS archive, using a set of 1,675 patients. We show that a data augmentation approach can help to enrich the data set and improve classification performance. Using ConvNets and data augmentation, we achieve anatomy-specific classification error of 5.9 % and area-under-the-curve (AUC) values of an average of 0.998 in testing. We demonstrate that deep learning can be used to train very reliable and accurate classifiers that could initialize further computer-aided diagnosis.


The aim of this register-based longitudinal study was to explore the relationship between exposure to unemployment and sick leave at a young age and later health and work related outcomes. A comparison was also made between immigrants and native Swedes. The study population consisted of all immigrants, born between 1968 and 1972, and a random sample of native Swedes in the same age range. The follow-up period was 15 years, divided into three 5-year periods. Unemployment in 1992 was associated with later ≥60 days of sickness absence, disability pension and, for all subjects except native Swedish women, also mortality during follow-up. The risk of future sickness absence was about the same in all three follow-up periods. There was an increased risk of ≥100 days of unemployment in all three follow-up periods, but the risk declined, however, until the last follow-up period. Higher level of education at baseline as well as education attained between 1993 and 1997 decreased the risk of future unemployment. Participating in active labour market programmes was associated with higher risk of future unemployment. The risk of both future unemployment and future sickness absence increased with the length of unemployment in 1992. Immigrants had a higher risk of unemployment both at baseline and at follow-up compared with native Swedes, but matched the pattern of native Swedes during follow-up. Exposure to ≥60 days of sickness absence in 1993 was associated with increased risk for ≥60 days of sickness absence, ≥100 days of unemployment, disability pension and mortality during follow-up compared with no sick leave at baseline. The income from work, during the follow-up period, among individuals with spells of sick leave ≥60 days in 1993 was around two-thirds of that of individuals not on >60 days of sick leave. There was a rapid increase in future work absence for the first 1–7 days of sick leave claimed. Thereafter there was a lower, but steady increase in days of future work absence for every increase in sick leave. This of course affects the individual in the first place and to a society it means substantial costs in the form of increased welfare payments, and loss of productivity and tax income.


Physically based distributed hydrologic models (DHMs) simulate watershed processes by applying physical equations with a variety of simplifying assumptions and discretization approaches. These equations depend on parameters that, in most cases, can be measured and, theoretically, transferred across different types of DHMs. The aim of this study is to test the potential of parameter transferability in a real catchment for two contrasting periods among three DHMs of varying complexity. The case study chosen is a small Mediterranean catchment where the TIN-based Real-time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS) model was previously calibrated and tested. The same datasets and parameters are used here to apply two other DHMs—the TOPographic Kinematic Approximation and Integration model (TOPKAPI) and CATchment HYdrology (CATHY) models. Model performance was measured against observed discharge at the basin outlet for a one-year period (1930) corresponding to average wetness conditions for the region, and for a much drier two-year period (1931–1932). The three DHMs performed comparably for the 1930 period but showed more significant differences (the CATHY model in particular for the dry period. In order to improve the performance of CATHY for this latter period, an hypothesis of soil crusting was introduced, assigning a lower saturated hydraulic conductivity to the top soil layer. It is concluded that, while the physical basis for the three models allowed transfer of parameters in a broad sense, transferability can break down when simulation conditions are greatly altered.


Unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced resin matrix composite (CFRP) with different fibre volume fraction are stretched dynamically under static load in SEM, initiation and propagation mechanism of crack is in-situ observed, and tensile fracture of specimens is also observed. The results show that: Microscopic cracks are mainly originated from fracture of fibre, numerous fibre cracks transfixion each other in form of matrix or interface cracking, and cause failure of CFRP. Microscopic crack propagation path is related to the thickness of matrix layer between fibres. Propagation of single fibre crack at interface accord with description of microscopic crack deflection criterion for fibre reinforced composite, but the crack deflection criterion cannot descript microscopic crack propagation mechanism of unidirectional CFRP effectively, because distribution discreteness of fibre and its strength are not considered.


Amidst other national and global climate protection initiatives, the new EU Commission under the leadership of Ursula von der Leyen is facing the challenge of concretely following through on previous announcements regarding an ambitious climate policy. Specifically, action must be taken to raise the 2030 climate targets and the 2050 long-term strategy must be revised in adherence with the Paris Agreement. Model calculations by DIW Berlin economists show that it is possible and economically feasible to increase the 2030 emission reduction target from 40 to 60 percent compared to 1990. The considerable environmental cost savings are offset by small increases in energy system costs. When implementing an aggressive climate policy, burden sharing between the member states must be considered. Furthermore, neither nuclear power nor CO2 capture technology is needed to implement these ambitious climate targets, as the results of European model scenarios from the SET-Nav project show.


In situ X–ray diffraction studies of the phase relation of Al2SiO4(OH)2 were conducted within a pressure range of 19.7–32.2 GPa and a temperature range of 800–1600 °C. We observed the coexistence of δ–AlOOH and stishovite at 31.0 GPa and 1500 °C and the formation of phase Egg together with corundum at 30.6 GPa and 1600 °C. Our results indicate that phase Egg is stable at least up to 31 GPa and 1600 °C and should be the important water carrier after the avalanche of the stagnant slab to a depth of approximately 900 km in the lower mantle.


Business process is also a complex area which receives much attention in recent years especially in increasing productivity and saving cost. Meanwhile, situation at the company allows existing business processes to be enlarged. This paper proposed the performance measurement based on coloured petri net simulation of scalable business processes, which has purpose to compare the performance of scalable business processes. For experiments, this paper uses real-world business processes. Then compare it to some business processes that have been enlarged. The result shows that scalable business processes influence the performance of business process. This paper provides feedback to business process developers for determine appropriate business processes based on the performance through coloured petri net simulation.


COVID-19 has urged all sanitary staff in a common effort of solidarity. In Italy, doctors and nurses of all ages, even those not yet entered in or already retired from the National Health System, have answered to the call from hospitals to give their support to face COVID-19 emergency. Pathologists community is involved in this crisis as well; thus, we have to consider what our priority activities are in this moment of dramatic health emergency. First of all, our main duty is to maintain a high level and an optimal turnaround time of routine diagnostic activity. Cancer, as well as other serious diseases, continue to exist and to need pathological diagnoses; transplants continue to request our immediate diagnostic support. Technicians, biologists and medical doctors of the pathology units have to manage the correct workflow of samples to provide diagnoses in due time. Unfortunately, in our Country pathology staff begin to be infected as well. For this reason, we must address crucial technical and organizational aspects to contain the biological risk, preserving as much as possible the quality of tissue/cell samples and the health of staff.(...)
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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This paper describes the steps used in developing and piloting a structured education programme - the Structured Education Reminiscence-based Programme for Staff (SERPS). The programme aimed to prepare nurses and care assistants to use reminiscence when caring for people with dementia living in long-term care. Reminiscence involves facilitating people to talk or think about their past.

BACKGROUND
Structured education programmes are used widely as interventions in randomised controlled trials. However, the process of developing a structured education programme has received little attention relative to that given to evaluating the effectiveness of such programmes. This paper makes explicit the steps followed to develop the SERPS, thereby making a contribution to the methodology of designing and implementing effective structured education programmes.

DESIGN
The approach to designing the SERPS was informed by the Van Meijel et al. (2004) model (Journal of Advanced Nursing 48, 84): (1) problem definition, (2) accumulation of building blocks for intervention design, (3) intervention design and (4) intervention validation.

METHODS
Grounded theory was used (1) to generate data to shape the 'building blocks' for the SERPS and (2) to explore residents, family and staff's experience of using/receiving reminiscence.

RESULTS
Analysis of the pilot data indicated that the programme met its objective of preparing staff to use reminiscence with residents with dementia. Staff were positive both about the SERPS and the use of reminiscence with residents with dementia.

CONCLUSIONS
This paper outlines a systematic approach to developing and validating a structured education programme. Participation in a structured education programme is more positive for staff if they are expected to actively implement what they have learnt. Ongoing support during the delivery of the programme is important for successful implementation.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
The incorporation of client and professional experience in the design phase is a key strength of this approach to programme design.


This short article sorts through and reviews all the arguments surrounding the issue of whether the Anti-Injunction Act, 26 USC §7421 (AIA), bars the federal courts from hearing constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The AIA says that "no suit for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection of any tax may be maintained in any court by any person." If the AIA bars this lawsuit, the Supreme Court will not be able to decide whether the ACA is constitutional and the lower court opinions will be vacated. The parties to this case all want the Supreme Court to decide the ACA's constitutionality. They all argue that the Anti-Injunction Act (AIA) does not bar this lawsuit, but for different reasons. Three amici disagree and argue that AIA bars this lawsuit, but several amici join the parties in arguing that it does not.


High-quality arguments are an essential part of decision-making. Automatically predicting the quality of an argument is a complex task that recently got much attention in argument mining. However, the annotation effort for this task is exceptionally high. Therefore, we test uncertainty-based active learning (AL) methods on two popular argument-strength data sets to estimate whether sample-efficient learning can be enabled. Our extensive empirical evaluation shows that uncertainty-based acquisition functions can not surpass the accuracy reached with the random acquisition on these data sets.


Abstract Māori engagement with the tourism industry, from the nineteenth century to the present, has developed on face value into a 'cultural Disneyland' at Rotorua, where tourists partake in 'native' feasts while gazing at dancers twirling in unison on a timetable governed by bus schedules. Geysers likewise respond to tourist numbers and clicking camera shutters. While some condemn these experiences as inauthentic, others assert that they are based on the traditional concept of Manaakitanga (Māori hospitality). This paper examines Māori struggles to balance the ongoing coherence of their lived culture with exercising their right to benefit from commercial activities in tourism based on cultural resources, while their integrity and strength is constantly under threat from continuing processes of colonialism and globalisation. It uses decolonising methodologies and an Indigenous standpoint encompassing Kaupapa Māori to investigate the transformation of traditional carving by Māori artisans for tourist consumption. I argue that, contrary to the view that Māori have abandoned their traditional cultural values; Manaakitanga and Tikanga have evolved to suit changing circumstances during the past 150 years amid increasingly powerful forces operating within the international tourism marketplace.


To evaluate the relevance of different proposed sources of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to air, their isomer patterns were analyzed in deposition samples collected from five geographical locations: two urban sites in China (>360 km from known operational fluorochemical manufacturing facilities), one remote marine site in the Azores archipelago and two Swedish sites representing urban and background conditions. Despite variable contributions from linear perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the samples, the pattern of branched PFOA isomers was similar to those of technical standards manufactured using electrochemical fluorination (ECF). This indicates that atmospheric fate processes have little influence on the isomer profiles of PFOA and that the relative contribution of PFOA manufactured using ECF (typically 20-26% branched isomers) and telomerization (typically one single linear isomer) can be determined in atmospheric deposition samples by analyzing the proportions of branched and linear isomers. In Chinese samples, branched isomers contributed 15-25% to the total loading of PFOA, indicating that the samples were dominated by ECF PFOA. Samples in the Azores had 8-10% contribution from branched PFOA isomers, indicating an approximately equal influence of ECF and telomer sources. Only three of the samples collected in Sweden displayed a quantifiable contribution from branched PFOA isomers (8-13% of overall PFOA loading in the samples). One branched PFNA isomer was observed in samples from the marine sites. Direct manufacturing discharges, transport of sea spray aerosols and degradation of precursors are all suggested to be contributing sources, albeit to different extents, to PFAAs in air at the different geographical locations where precipitation was sampled.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effectiveness of a quality control program in mammography services of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS).

METHODS
A prospective study using temporal analysis of a health surveillance action was conducted. A total of 35 service providers that had mammography equipment in operation and regularly performed exams between 2007 and 2009 in the state of Goiás, Central-Western Brazil, participated in this study. Services were assessed during three site visits by performance testing of mammography equipment, film processors, and other materials, and image quality and entrance surface dose in a phantom were also assessed. Each service was scored according to the percentage of tests that conformed to standards.

RESULTS
The mean percentage for compliance among the participating service providers were 64.1% (± 13.3%) in the first visit, 68.4% (± 15.9%) in the second, and 77.1% (± 13.3%) in the third (p < 0.001). The main improvements resulted from adjustments to the breast compression force, the automatic exposure control system, and the alignment of the compression paddle. The doses measured were within the conformity range in 80% of the services assessed.

CONCLUSIONS
The implementation of this program in the mammography services was effective at improving the operational parameters of the mammography machines, although 40% of the services did not reach the acceptable level of 70%. This result indicates the need to continue this health surveillance action.


High-Resistance grounded (HRG) power systems have been used in many industries to minimize equipment damage, including, but not limited to mining, petrochemicals, shore-to-ship power supplies and many others. The system charging current value should be known for designing a HRG power system. One method of determining the system charging current is to perform engineering calculations involving the inherent capacitance to ground for each of the power system components. However, this method may not provide accurate data as the sneak capacitance to ground for power system components cannot be determined due to their installation configuration. Therefore, it is essential to have a reliable method of measuring the system charging current. Before describing the proposed method of measuring the system charging current, fundamental concepts of system charging currents and mathematical analysis are provided. In addition, power system arcing faults and the associated damage when a fault remains line-ground faulted, especially in case of a medium voltage power system, is included. Finally, a novel and suitable method of measuring the inherent power system charging current is proposed.


The hybrid input–output iterative algorithm, which solves the phase problem for scattering from non-periodic objects, is reviewed for application to X-ray and electron diffraction data. Desirable convex constraints, including the sign of the scattering potential for electrons, and compact support, are discussed. The cases of complex and real exitface wavefunctions, strong and weak phase objects, various supports, and the use of coherent focussed radiation are reviewed. Reconstruction of general complex objects requires accurate knowledge of the support, which should consist of two holes or a triangle in an opaque mask. The support boundaries should be as sharp as possible. Strong phase objects without absorption can be recovered if the support consists of one hole, is accurately known and has sufficiently sharp boundaries. Real and weak phase objects with absorption can be recovered without accurate knowledge of the support area if the support boundaries are sufficiently sharp and the support consists of one or more holes. A sign constraint on the scattering potential is used to recover weak phase objects. The experimental realization of theoretically desirable support conditions is discussed. A two-stage method of finding the support for complex objects is proposed. Experimental results from applying the Gerchberg–Saxton–Fienup HiO-algorithm to coherent electron diffraction patterns are presented, using specially made e-beam lithographed support structures. Images with a resolution of about 5 nm are thus recovered from the intensities alone in coherent electron diffraction patterns from non-periodic objects. Limitations of the present experiments are identified and suggestions made for development of both X-ray and electron work. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


Skeletal muscle growth of swine differing in rate of growth and muscularity was studied by analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein in the semitendinosus muscle of fast growing domestic lean pigs (Yorkshire) and the slow-growing feral obese pigs (Ossabaw). Both lean and obese strains were fed ad libitum corn and soybean mean diet containing 14% protein. The pigs were slaughtered at 6 months of age. The Yorkshire pig had significantly greater body and muscle weights (P less than 0.005) Total DNA, RNA, and protein in semitendinosus muscles were significantly greater in the Yorkshire pigs (P less than 0.005). RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios were significantly different between the Yorkshire and Ossabaw pigs. These data suggest that the greater muscle growth in the Yorkshire pigs is achieved by greater cell numbers and size. The response of skeletal muscle cells and fiber characteristics to selection was studied in two strains of mice by analysis of DNA, RNA, and histological measurement of muscle fibers. Both strains were fed ad libitum on laboratory rat chow diet. They were sacrificed at 12 months of age. Leg muscle DNA and RNA were significantly greater in the mice selected for rapid growth rate as compared to the control (P less than 0.005 and P less than .10, respectively). Measurements of the semimembranosus muscle reveal that the growth strain had significantly greater muscle weight (P less than .01) and muscle length (P less than 0.005). Histological measurements of the same muscle showed that the growth strain had significantly greater fiber number (P less than 0.005) and larger fiber size (P less than 0.005) than the controls. It would appear that the greater muscle cellularity (DNA) in growth strain mice is accompanied by greater muscle length, fiber number, and fiber diameter.


Introduction: The oral mucosa is distinct in that it demonstrates preferential healing with little/no scarring. In skin/internal organs, repair by scarring can lead to fibrous tissue accumulation, resulting in disability and organ dysfunction. Fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation plays an important role in scarring and is associated with an accumulation of the matrix polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA). This study aims to understand the role of HA in influencing scarring by comparing its metabolism in fibroblasts with a non-scarring phenotype (oral mucosal fibroblasts; OMF) to patient-matched dermal fibroblasts (DF). Methods: OMF and DF (n=4) differentiation to myofibroblasts was induced by TGFb1-stimulation and assessed by a-smooth muscle actin expression (QPCR/immunocytochemistry). A range of techniques were used to asses HA generation, assembly, HA Synthase (HAS) expression, Smad-signalling and proliferation including metabolic radio-labelling, column chromatography, western-blots, 3H-thymidine incorporation and microarray analysis. HA synthesis was inhibited using 4-methyl-umbelliferone depletion of UDP-glucuronic acid and siRNA technology was used to down-regulate Smad3 expression. Results: The fibroblast populations demonstrated distinct differences in their TGFb1-responses. DF readily differentiated to myofibroblasts and demonstrated a proliferative response to TGFb1, whereas OMF were resistant to differentiation and demonstrated an anti-proliferative response to TGFb1. In DF, differentiation was associated with increased HA generation, HA pericellular coat assembly and increased HAS1&2 transcription. In contrast, resistance to differentiation in OMF was associated with reduced HA generation and inability to induce pericellular coat assembly or HAS1&2 transcription. Inhibiting HA synthesis in DF significantly attenuated differentiation, induced an anti-proliferative response to TGFb1 and attenuated Smad3-signalling. IL- 1b stimulation in DF induced HA synthesis and HAS1&2 transcription, however did not induce pericellular coat assembly or differentiation, suggesting that HA coat assembly is specifically required for differentiation. Both fibroblast populations demonstrated Smad3 phosphorylation; however, downregulation of Smad3 (siRNA) led to loss of the TGFb1-mediated proliferative response in DF whereas it led to loss of the TGFb1-mediated anti-proliferative response in OMF. Discussion: Both fibroblast phenotypes respond to TGFb1. However, the levels of HA generated by the cells influences the outcome of this response such that increased HA facilitates TGFb1-mediated proliferation and differentiation. This represents an important target for future anti-scarring research.


Most of the recent compressive sensing (CS) literature has focused on sparse signal recovery based on compressive measurements. However, exact signal recovery may not be required in certain signal processing applications such as in inference problems. In this paper, we provide performance limits of classification of sparse as well as not necessarily sparse signals based on compressive measurements. When signals are not necessarily sparse, we show that Kullback-Leibler and Chernoff distances between two probability density functions under any two hypotheses are preserved up to a factor of M/N with M(<;N)-length compressive measurements compared to that with N-length original measurements when the pdfs of the original-length observation vectors exhibit certain properties. These results are used to quantify the performance limits in terms of upper and lower bounds on the probability of error in signal classification with M-length compressive measurements. When the signals of interest are sparse in the standard canonical basis, performance limits are derived in terms of lower bounds on the probability of error in classifying sparse signals with any classification rule.


Fatigue is emerging as a significant concern in the workplace principally focused on its relationship to accidents and lost productivity. Construction work exposes workers to many hazards and if safety programmes are not effective, accidents will result. Based on the sector's safety performance, workers are not being adequately protected and improvement is needed. Fatigue-related impairment has been identified as a subject of concern for all workplaces yet it is not yet a focus within construction and few operational studies have been undertaken to develop tools to assist with identification and control of this workplace impairment. This research started with an assessment of the management of impairment within the global construction industry as well as an evaluation of tools that might assist in identification and classification of fatigue levels. In particular, cognitive tests were studied and shown to have sensitivity to natural changes in alertness in an operational setting. A small battery of cognitive tests was compared and showed that cognitive tests based on reaction times were possible candidates to help identify fatigue-related impairment in real time. The top performing tests were then used as possible surrogate measures for fatigue. To finally assess their performance capability their output was compared to estimations from an advanced actigraph-fed fatigue model. 100 volunteer workers each wore an actigraph for a month each to collect information on their personal sleep/wake cycles and activity whilst periodically doing the cognitive tests. The data from the actigraphs was analyzed by proprietary software to determine individual performance effectiveness. It was found that output from these simple, quick, and low cost tests significantly correlated with the most advanced actigraph-fed fatigue model. It is concluded that cognitive tests can be used as screens for fatigue-related impairment in the workplace. All primary parameters used for modelling showed extremely high significance (Pr( >Chisq) < 2.2e-16) in correlation to fatigue-based effectiveness results and could be developed into a screening tool for fatigue-related impairment in the construction industry as part of a fatigue management programme.


BACKGROUND AND METHODS
Life in isolated and confined environments (ICEs) is subject to important constraints which can generate psychosociologically impaired outcomes. This study investigated psychological, social, occupational, and cultural variables which are among the most important determinants in adaptation to a one-year wintering in Antarctica for 13 international subjects.

RESULTS
Our findings confirm and give further insight into the role of social (Cohesiveness, Social Support) and occupational (Implementation/Preparedness, Counterproductive Activity, Decision Latitude, and Psychological Job Demands) dimensions of adaptation to ICEs. Relationships between various social and occupational dimensions studies reflected detrimental effects ranging from decrements in cohesiveness (ICE 1, M = 4.44; ICE 7, M = 3.33), social support (ICE 2, M = 4.93; ICE 7, M = 4.28), and work performance (ICE 1, M = 4.33; ICE 6, M = 3.5), which differed across professional status and multicultural factors.

DISCUSSION
These psychosocial issues have important implications for pre-mission selection and training, monitoring and support of crews during the mission, and post-mission readaptation. Operational recommendations are suggested to improve adaptation, success, and well-being for long-duration ICE missions, e.g., to Mars and beyond. Nicolas M, Bishop SL, Weiss K, Gaudino M. Social, occupational, and cultural adaptation during a 12-month wintering in Antarctica. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(9):781-789.