Individualised Learning has attracted the attention of curriculum developers, psychologists and educationalists during the last two decades. These studies have looked at different aspects of it. However individualised learning as it is practised in secondary school classrooms, has been one of the less widely investigated manifestations. The study presented in this thesis was concerned with the identification of different elements which characterise individualised learning in Physics classrooms. The combination of classroom environment and individualised learning material represents a highly complex situation which requires a broad approach in investigation. Bearing in mind the exploratory nature of the research presented here, it would not have been appropriate to test pre-established models or ideas. The research approach used led to a greater degree of understanding of classrooms using individualised learning, rather than to the validation of pre-established hypothesis. Although these classrooms are affected by both internal and external factors the ones which were taken into consideration in this study were those that appeared to influence the occupants' day-to-day behaviour. The overall aim was to study individualised learning in operation, to discover the changes which have taken place in teachers' and students' behaviour as observed in practice. This research has found that; a) According to the teachers there is no unique way of defining a particular approach to individualised learning. The variety of interpretation led to a variety of practice which did not depend on the quality of the material used but rather on the personal qualities and beliefs of the teacher. b) Teachers described changes in their behavioural role in the classroom in four areas; preparation, control, interaction and motivation. These factors have taken on a new importance in the classroom. c) Greater student participation in the classroom activities has introduced a new social order, where the "resource status" of each participant is a fundamental factor in interactions. d) Teachers and students expressed opinions of the lab. work that showed that experiments included in individualised learning should mainly be used to reinforce knowledge learned rather than to introduce new concepts. Furthermore they agreed that students should be trained to take the best advantage of the experimental situation. By considering the aspects mentioned above, it was possible to suggest some guidelines for the training of Physics teachers in the use of individualised learning.


Objective: to study the effect of co-inoculation with Ensifer meliloti and Halomonas maura of the leguminous Medicago sativa L., on growth, nutritional and functional value, grown under salinity conditions. Methods: plants of M. sativa were grown in a solution with a mixture of salts (CaSO4, MgCl, NaCl and NaHCO 3) and were co-inoculated with its specific rhizobium and the halophilic moderated bacterium H. maura. Different physiologic parameters were determined, as well as, nitrogen and minerals content. Furthermore, an assay of in vitro digestibility was carried out. Results: salinity had a negative effect on the plants; however, co-inoculation increased yield, nitrogen content, total minerals, Ca and Mg. Moreover, physiologic parameters as water potential and leghemoglobin content in fresh nodules were higher compared to those of plants inoculated only with E. meliloti. Both, salinity and bacterial treatment with E. meliloti and H. maura increased the antioxidant capacity of the legume, in dialyzates and retentates collected after an in vitro digestibility assay. Conclusion: co-inoculation of plants with E. meliloti and H. maura could improve the alfalfa yield under specific salinity conditions, increasing the nutritional and functional value of the plants. M. sativa could be considered in the formulations of nutritional supplements for the human diet.


During fall 2008, 10 roundtable discussions involving 70 practicing dermatologists and a physician assistant were conducted across the United States to address patient considerations and treatment strategies for acne vulgaris. A case study format was used to initiate discussion. This supplement is based on the issues raised during the roundtable discussions and at a final working session among the authors where suggestions, trends, and the consensus from each of the 10 roundtable discussions were reviewed regarding published, evidence-based recommendations for treating acne vulgaris. Effective treatment of acne vulgaris can prevent adverse emotional sequelae and physical scarring. We hope that the information presented herein will help guide our colleagues in improving the care of patients with acne vulgaris.


: A conception of ++non-ulcerative dyspepsia is suggested. Relevant symptoms and their pathogenetic mechanisms are outlined. Basing on clinical aspects, separate forms of the syndrome, therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to each of the forms with special emphasis on pilot chemotherapy are considered.


The Epstein-Barr Virus is a human herpesvirus that is associated with African endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL) and several other cancers of lymphoid/epithelial origin. The capacity of this virus to regulate the expression of cellular adhesion molecules, such as CD44, has important implications in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated malignant disease. CD44 is a multifunctional cell surface adhesion olecule involved in cell-cell nd cell-matrix interactions. Many isoforms of CD44 exist, some of which have been mplicated in metastasis. These are generated primarily as a result of complex alternate NA splicing within the CD44 operon. In this thesis, CD44 expression was analysed in I) EBV-positive BL-cell lines and (II) EBV negative derived cell lines that express iral latent proteins either after superinfection with virus, or after stable transfection of ingle viral genes. The results obtained illustrate that the expression of EBV latent roteins correlates with the induction of standard/variant isoforms of CD44 RNA/protein in a BL cell background. When expressed as sole viral proteins, neither f the two principal viral effectors of cell transformation, the EBV latent membrane rotein 1 (LMP1) nor the EB nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), were sufficient to induce CD44 expression. As part of this research a novel method for detecting CD44 mRNA splice variants was developed. Labelled antisense riboprobes derived from CD44 cDNA sequences were used in Ribonuclease Protection Assays (RPA) to analyse standard/variant exon usage in a range of cell lines including EBV-infected cells. The results obtained with this assay also indicated that the pattern of CD44 standard and variant exon usage is very complex but similar in type-III latency BL cell lines and lymphoblastoid cell lines.


The language of tap dancing is as rich and varied as that of any art, and different choreographers, teachers and performers often use totally different terms for exactly the same step. The various names of all steps and clear descriptions of them are collected for the first time in this reference work. The emphasis is on all variations of a name, from universally recognized terms to simple pet names that individual performers and choreographers have created, with extensive cross-references provided. Each of the steps is fully described, with appropriate counts, explanations and history. Many antique and unusual steps such as the Patting Juba, the Quack, and the Swanee Shuffle are included.


Lately, brand communities have been a heavily researched topic in marketing science. Prior work on brand communities has proved that community participation has a positive influence on brand loyalty. One of the key factors is the concept of identification with the brand community (Algesheimer et al., 2005). However, the leading factor for identification with the community has seldom been investigated (Miyazawa, 2011). Additionally, while previous empirical researches were focused on brand community of consumer goods such as car clubs, there is no research about brand community of professional sports clubs. Thus, the purpose of our study is to (1) verify a conceptual model of how different aspects of members' relationships with the brand community of professional sports club influence their intentions and behaviors, based on Algesheimer et al. (2005), (2) construct and estimate a conceptual model of the leading factor of identification with the community.


At a time when more than half of the U.S. population lives within fifty miles of the coast, tidal wetlands are a critical and threatened natural resource. The purpose of this book is to introduce the world of tidal wetlands to students and professionals in the environmental fields and others with an interest in the subject. Illustrated with maps, photographs, and diagrams, this volume provides a clear account of the factors that make these habitats unique and vulnerable. It discusses their formation, the conditions affecting their plant and animal life, and the diversity of types across North America, as well as their history, use by wildlife and humans, current status, conservation, restoration, and likely future. The emphasis is on vegetated wetlands - marshes and swamps - with additional discussion of eelgrass meadows, rocky shores, beaches, and tidal flats. Ralph Tiner's previous field guides to coastal wetland plants in the Northeast and Southeast have been widely praised. Tidal Wetlands Primer joins Tiner's earlier publications as an authoritative and user-friendly guide that should appeal to anyone with a serious interest in coastal habitats.


Increasing interest in mammalian species conservation necessitates synthesis of diffuse sources of information to supply useful synopsis to land managers. The Alaska Marmot ( Marmota broweri ) is arguably one of the most sensitive of Marmot species to anthropogenic distur-bance, including climate change. Marmota broweri is endemic to an isolated range in the Brooks Mountains of northern Alaska, United States, but home range may extend to the Ray Mountains, and Kokrines Hills of northern interior Alaska. Marmota broweri inhabits the per-manently frozen grounds of mountain slopes, boulder fields, rock slides, and rock outcroppings by utilizing the subsurface space provided by the rocks and boulders to create a living space by burrowing into the permafrost soil. Tundra vegetation that grows on the sides of mountains is the primary source of nutrition available to M. broweri . Due to general lack of knowledge of this species, little can be contributed in terms of improved management and/or preparedness for future natural and anthropogenic change, suggesting an immediate need for studies result-ing in improved planning and population related management strategies of this sensitive species.


In this study, we seek to further delineate the reasons for the existence of shortfalls in the level of formal and material harmonization regarding the accrual-based rules in International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) by analyzing the law, the executive order and the Turkish Central Government Public Reports from2010to 2014 (using a mixed method approach).We highlight that coercive pressure itself is insufficient for improving substantive performance and changing the internal structures of organizations, instead, such pressures cause decoupling in financial reporting. As a new finding in the context of a developing country, we suggest that there are several discrepancies between the law and the executive order. Moreover, we conclude that there are emerging country-specific reasons affecting the gap in the harmonization levels, including a lack of social pressure which tends to be prominent in developed countries, state domination over both civic matters and the private sector, and translation problems that arise during the adoption process.


The American Academy of Pediatrics issued its last statement on homosexuality and adolescents in 2004. Although most lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth are quite resilient and emerge from adolescence as healthy adults, the effects of homophobia and heterosexism can contribute to health disparities in mental health with higher rates of depression and suicidal ideation, higher rates of substance abuse, and more sexually transmitted and HIV infections. Pediatricians should have offices that are teen-friendly and welcoming to sexual minority youth. Obtaining a comprehensive, confidential, developmentally appropriate adolescent psychosocial history allows for the discovery of strengths and assets as well as risks. Referrals for mental health or substance abuse may be warranted. Sexually active LGBTQ youth should have sexually transmitted infection/HIV testing according to recommendations of the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based on sexual behaviors. With appropriate assistance and care, sexual minority youth should live healthy, productive lives while transitioning through adolescence and young adulthood.


Collaborative work between the UMASS-Marine Renewable Energy Center, the Town of Edgartown, and the Coastal Systems Program is focused on developing the tidal energy potential of Muskeget Channel. The authors have undertaken detailed oceanographic and environmental surveys to optimize in-stream turbine power generation and to quantify potential environmental effects. In 2011 and 2012, tidal turbine demonstration projects were conducted in Muskeget Channel to determine the combined effects of blade strikes, shear stress, turbulence, and cavitation on zooplankton. Single turbines may minimally impact zooplankton populations; however, full-scale projects may potentially alter zooplankton populations forming the base of coastal food webs. Static plankton tows were performed up- and downstream of the operating turbine axis. Integral flow meters allowed adjustment of tow duration to optimize zooplankton density in the concentrate. Samples were held at in situ temperatures, and sequential photomicrographs and video images were taken to determine particle density, size distribution, and the number of live organisms in samples taken up and down gradient of the operating tidal turbines within 3 h of collection. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the total number or size distribution of motile zooplankters, indicating tidal turbine operation did not cause significant mortality and suggested that impacts of commercial size tidal energy projects upon zooplankton populations in Muskeget Channel may be negligible.


ABSTRACT Productive infection of oligodendrocytes, which are responsible for the formation of myelin sheath in the central nervous system, with the human neurotropic virus JC virus (JCV) causes the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). In addition to encoding T antigen and the capsid proteins, which are produced at the early and late phases of the infection cycle, respectively, JCV encodes a small regulatory protein named agnoprotein that is important for successful completion of the virus life cycle. Here we used bipotential CG-4 cells to examine the impact of agnoprotein on oligodendrocyte differentiation and survival in the absence of JCV lytic infection. We demonstrate that the expression of agnoprotein delayed the formation of complex outgrowth networks of the cells during oligodendrocyte differentiation. These alterations were accompanied by high levels of DNA damage, induction of proapoptotic proteins, and suppression of prosurvival signaling. Accordingly, apoptosis was significantly increased upon the induction of CG-4 cells toward differentiation in cells expressing agnoprotein. These observations provide the first evidence for the possible involvement of agnoprotein, independent from its role in viral replication, in a series of biological events that may contribute to the pathological features seen in PML lesions.


Clusters of standard components are becoming a viable alternative to traditional supercomputers. The typical architecture of these clusters is standard PCs connected by a high performance network. Another rising interest is in the use of idle computers for computation. The operating system used on this kind of platform is generally Linux because it is stable, and flexible: it can be studied, modified and tuned. When using a parallel architecture two important points are fault tolerance and load-balancing of activities scheduling. This is especially true in the context of clusters shared between users and applications and that relies on hardware not as robust as dedicated parallel machines. To provide these two services it is necessary to have a mechanism to stop, freeze, activities in a preemptive manner and, of course, one to restore them in the state they were when frozen. In this paper we present our proposal to modify the LinuxThreads library to provide this service. We do an analysis of how this library works and also give some performance results of the modified library.


This study investigates the Jewish and Christian influences in the eschatological imagery of one of Islam's major sources of tradition literature, the compendium known as Al-Jami' al-Sahid h or Sahid h Muslim. The focus will be on five main areas: the intermediate state between death and resurrection, the second advent of Jesus Christ, the Antichrist, The Last Days, and Resurrection and Heaven. The broad methodology will be to analyse the language of the Qur'an without dogmatic refraction, and then compare that document's world view against the later Hadith. If a difference is noted, Jewish and Christian literature will be examined for provenance. Given the fluidity of the Judaisms and Christianities in the Muslim lands of the first three centuries of Islam and the resultant difficulty in identifying any belief as being peculiar to a particular source, attempts will only be made at identifying concepts as generally Jewish and/or Christian, and examples will be cited to support this contention. In conclusion, after a summary of the eschatological perspectives of the Qur'an and the Hadith, an attempt will be made to identify the specific genre of eschatology imaged in the latter.


ABSTRACT:Yasir Qadhi is a well-known Sunni Muslim-American scholar and theologian in the US, Canadian, and Western European Muslim communities, who has established himself as a changed public figure by denouncing anti-Shi͑i remarks he has made in the past. In this essay, I examine Yasir Qadhi's rhetoric surrounding offense in two texts: (a) during an interview discussing his thoughts on sectarianism with the Iranian-based news agency Press TV which took place in June 2014 in London, and with (b) a Friday sermon that he delivered in January 2015 in Memphis, Tennessee regarding the attack on the French publication Charlie Hebdo in which 12 people, including cartoonists and staff, were killed. Drawing on Salman Sayyid's 'Heideggerian-Witgenstinian' approach to Islamophobia to define 'Shiaphobia', the purpose of this comparative analysis is to illustrate how Shiapbhobia emerges within the US, Canada, and Western Europe through the subtle and normalized use of rhetorical tropes – which are often, if not entirely, rooted in matters of theological differences – by analysing how Qadhi employs one trope – in particular, what I call the 'the trope of offense'. I also argue that generally within the regions I am discussing, these rhetorical tropes grant the Sunni majority permission to silence, ignore, or entirely erase the realities of systematic violence occurring against Shi͑i populations on a global scale, and further erases the geo-socio-political and economic factors that situate the emergence of anti-Shi͑ism today, specifically. This essay is meant to be an exploratory piece in which my aim is not to provide a holistic definition of Shiaphobia, but rather to offer an analysis that will be able to provide further insight into what I am naming as 'Shiaphobia.'


Present atrial fibrillation research focuses on three different fields of interest: Basic research to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to atrial fibrillation, epidemiological studies to learn about the time course, the risk factors and the complications of atrial fibrillation, and clinical trials to further improve existing treatment strategies and develop new ones. The focus of this manuscript was the mechanisms, the epidemiology, the diagnosis and the treatment of the arrhythmia per se. Therefore, the field of prevention of stroke and systemic embolism is mostly excluded for the purpose of this article.


The time-course of 45Ca2+ influx into yeast cells was measured under non-steady-state conditions obtained by preincubating the cells in a Ca2+-free medium containing glucose and buffer. Two components were distinguished: a saturable component which reached a steady-state after about 40 s of 45Ca2+ uptake and a linear increase in cellular 45Ca2+ starting after 60-90 s. Using differential extraction methods it was determined that after 20 s of uptake, 45Ca2+ was localized in the cytoplasmic pool and in bound form with no 45Ca2+ in the vacuole. After 3 min most of the cellular 45Ca2+ was concentrated in the vacuole and in bound form. The initial rate of 45Ca2+ uptake under non-steady-state conditions thus measured 45Ca2+ transport across the plasma membrane without interference by vacuolar uptake. The effect of membrane potential (delta psi) on this transport was investigated in cells depleted of ATP. A high delta psi was produced by preincubating the cells with trifluoperazine (TFP) and subsequently washing the cells free from TFP. Substantial 45Ca2+ influx was measured in the absence of metabolic energy in cells with a high delta psi. Below a threshold value of -69.5 mV the logarithms of the initial rate of 45Ca2+ influx and of the steady-state level of the first component were linear with respect to delta psi. It is suggested that 45Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane is mediated by channels which open when delta psi is below a threshold value. The results indicated that Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane was driven electrophoretically by delta psi.


The interest of the automotive industry on biodegradable and green composites is increasing dramatically due two environmental legislation that obliges automakers to reduce the disposal of waste from vehicles [1]. As an answer to this recent demand several research groups are working on the development of these composites. This work shows the development of a loudspeaker front made of two different biodegradable composites: PLA (polylactic acid) and SCA (blend of starch and cellulose acetate) reinforced with different percentages of cellulose spent fibres. The composites were previously extruded on a counter-rotating twin screw extruder and injection moulded into tensile specimens. The mechanical properties of the produced tensile specimens were assessed with an Instron Universal Testing Machine as well as the morphological aspects of the materials, studied with optical and scanning electron microscopies. After these preliminary set of tests, the best composites were chosen to produce the final parts (loudspeaker front). These parts were injection moulded on a Ferromatik Milacron K85 injection moulding machine (850 kN clamping force) and subjected to a wide set of automotive tests to evaluate their performance. The best materials for this application proved to be the PLA reinforced composites, although there is still a large window for improvement of properties, based on the engineering of the matrix/reinforcement interface and also on the improvement of the thermal properties of the PLA material.


38th European Regional Science Association ? Congress 1998 August 28th ? September 1st Topic H: Services, Small Firms, Employment Creation and Regional Development A b s t r a c t Farming Initiatives ? A base in Rural Development? by Elisabeth Loibl As agricultural policy has failed to ensure sufficient income, some farm women and farmers try new ways in order to invent new economic bases to improve their household income. The ideas and their way of implementation are often very original, the combining of agricultural and non-agricultural activities innovative. The Federal Institute for Less-favoured and Mountainous Areas has carried out a study on different innovative projects in rural areas which have their roots in agriculture connected with non-agricultural business. The central issues are: Which circumstances lead to the idea and innovative improvement? How is the idea implemented? Is there any support by public and private institutions (extension service, promotion)? The possibilities of alternative income sources on farm units are very manifold. The wide range reaches from selling special products over cooperative trading agricultural products to different services including social services by alternative use of farm resources. Nearly every initiative made use of the existing extension services which lead to the conclusion that consulting is a decisive factor for initiatives. One of the consulting's crucial part is to act as a mediator between the administration and other public institutions on the one hand and the participants in rural areas on the other hand in order to connect the institutions of promotion with the entitled rural population. In general, farm women provide a big sensitivity for the changes in life. Thus they are often open-hearted towards readjustment and new alternative income prospects. However, they can suffer from the opposition within the farm family starting new occupations. In most cases the first impediments have to be overcome already before the activity starts. The initiative was taken for various reasons, the alternative income source develops step by step and sometimes has already become an own enterprise. During innovative processes the participants' activity and commitment is accompanied with recognizing and perceiving their circumstances, chances, and the impact of certain general settings concerning their activities. With regard to changing activities it is very essential to team up with other people in order to create capable organisation structures and to give each other human support. Most of the participants working in rural initiatives have further plans for the future. At the end it was given the impression that one step is following the other and it seems as if the road is made on the move.


We discuss the circularly polarized light (of amplitude $A_0$ and frequency $\omega$) driven thermo-electric transport properties of type-I and type-II multi-Weyl semimetals (mWSMs) in the high frequency limit. Considering the low energy model, we employ the Floquet-Kubo formalism to compute the thermal Hall and Nernst conductivities for both types of mWSMs. We show that the anisotropic nature of the dispersion for arbitrary integer monopole charge $n>1$ plays an important role in determining the effective Fermi surface behavior; interestingly, one can observe momentum dependent corrections in Floquet mWSMs in addition to momentum independent contribution as observed for Floquet single WSMs. Apart from the non-trivial tuning of the Weyl node position $\pm Q \to \pm Q- A_0^{2n}/\omega$, our study reveals that the momentum independent terms result in leading order contribution in the conductivity tensor. This has the form of $n$ times the single WSMs results with effective chemical potential $\mu \to \mu -A_0^{2n}/\omega$. On the other hand, momentum dependent corrections lead to sub-leading order terms which are algebraic function of $\mu$ and are present for $n>1$. Remarkably, this analysis further allows us to distinguish type-I mWSMs from their type-II counterparts. For type-II mWSMs, we find that the transport coefficients for $n\geq 2$ exhibit algebraic dependence on the momentum cutoff in addition to the weak logarithmic dependence as noticed for $n=1$ WSMs. We demonstrate the variation and qualitative differences of transport coefficients between type-I and type-II mWSM as a function of external driving parameter $\omega$.


Background and Objective : Cancer pain can affect many adverse consequences. The internship doctors have a major role in cancer pain management at rural and general hospital. The internship doctor must have good/correct/adequate knowledge and good attitudes toward pain relief for effective pain management. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, limitations and suggestions of physicians regarding cancer pain management Methods : A questionnaire was sent to all internship doctors who work at general hospitals in the northeastern region of Thailand and informed consents were also obtained from all participants. The demographic data, previous pain management education, clinical experience, knowledge of pain management (20 points), attitude towards cancer pain management and other relating variables were collected and analyzed. The Chi square and Mann-Whitney test were used to test for significant differences and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results : The response rate of questionnaires is 43.1% (122 of 283). Most internship doctors (76.2%) who participated this study have 1-3 months of doctor career experience after graduation. The majority of internship doctors (69.7%) have been already educated pain management from their graduated medical schools. Additionally, most of them (81.1%) had an experience of pain management of malignant patients. The mean (SD) score of pain management among these doctors is 11 (2.66). There are 5 questions of pain assessment, however, only 55.7% can give correct answers for just 2 or 3 questions and only one-third of them have the knowledge of opioids dependence. Question which has the lowest proportion is that vital signs is an accurate indication for pain severity (33.6%). Data analysis showed that there is a statistically significant between the scores from questionnaires and previous education of pain management from their medical schools (p= 0.03). The attitude about pain management among these doctors is moderately satisfied and there is no limitation in pain treatment. In addition, these doctors suggested that they required the clinical practice guideline for cancer pain management and also further pain management training. Conclusions : The knowledge of cancer pain management is required to be improved among the internship doctors especially in aspects of pain assessment and dependence relating to opioids usage. Hence, regular pain management training should be provided for the internship doctors and the standard clinical practice guideline should be also developed to effectively improve the quality of cancer pain management. Keywords : internship doctors, knowledge, attitude, cancer pain


[1] What is a useful and proper role for scientists in the public arena? How can we best discriminate where the boundary lies between expert knowledge and values or political opinion, and how can we properly honor that line? What can we expect in the way of reception for our interventions, and how can we increase their efficacy? Involvement in public policy debates is a common and accepted role for scientists in many disciplines. In the sciences related to public health, it is taken for granted that experts will talk about the implications of their research for public policy, whether in regard to smoking, diet, or disease spread. There is also a remarkable track record of geoscientists taking a lead role in the public arena and actually affecting public policy—F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina collaborated on ozone depletion research at the Department of Chemistry at University of California, Irvine and then went on to make outstanding public contributions, as have James Hansen (at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies); Robert Watson (first at NASA, then at the University of East Anglia); and, of course, the late Stephen Schneider (first at the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research, then Stanford) on climate. Some "public" geoscientists have restricted their activities to interpreting science for the wider public, while others have endorsed specific policy initiatives (see Figure 1). I firmly believe that the quality of public discourse and the information reaching policy makers were better for their interventions.


Turbulent plasmas form a variety of mesoscale structures, which affect the level of anomalous transport in fusion plasmas. A streamer is a poloidally localized, radially elongated vortex, which increases convective transport. We have carried out numerical simulations of resistive drift wave turbulence in a linear configuration, as a minimal model for analysing the structural formation mechanism in magnetized plasmas by mode coupling. A three-field reduced MHD model is extended to describe the resistive drift wave turbulence in cylindrical plasmas. A poloidally localized turbulent structure, which has the typical temporal scale of the streamer, is formed by the self-bunching of a couple of unstable modes in nonlinear saturation states. The formed structure depends on the magnitude of the ion–neutral collision frequency, which is the damping parameter of the zonal flow, and the streamer is formed when the damping of the zonal flow is stronger than that of the intermediate mode for the streamer formation. We found that the streamer is selectively formed to keep the particle balance as long as the drift wave is unstable.


Aim and Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the need of orthodontic treatment among young where orthodontic treatment would be sought by a sample of Dental and Law students. Materials and Method: Using the 10-grade esthetic component (AC) scale of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), 165 university students (100 dental and 65 law students) selected the level of esthetic impairment that represented the point at which they would seek orthodontic treatment. A questionnaire was answered by both the sample populations. The results obtained were compared between both groups. Results: The AC photograph Grade 4 and Grade 5 were found to be the most commonly selected threshold photographs by the law students and the dental students, respectively. Subjects who visited the dentist every 6 months, in both groups, were more likely to choose a threshold photograph closer to the attractive end of the scale. Conclusion: The information regarding the need and demand of orthodontic treatment allows a treatment priority to be set up to allocate appropriate resources. The results indicate that the aesthetic expectations of the dental and non-dental professionals differ so when using the AC of the IOTN the "no need for treatment" category should be Grades 1–3 of the AC, rather than Grades 1–4.


Since 1950 to 1968 in the Nikolaevsk Province Oncological dispensary 1006 breast cancer patients were radically operated upon. 943 patients were followed up, primary multiple tumors being observed in 52 of them (5.5%). Primary multiple tumors in stage I were noted in 2.3% of cases, in stage II--in 7.7%, in stage III--in 4.2%. A second tumor appeared in different terms following the cure of mammary gland cancer: in the other gland--in 28 cases, in the uterus--in 7, in the stomach--in 4, in ovaries--in 1, 7 patients developed skin cancer, 1--cancer of the lower lip and 2--lymphogranulomatosis.


We have previously reported that endometrial expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-26 mRNA comes to a maximum in the early secretory phase. Since tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-4 is a potent inhibitor of MMP-26, the objective of this study was to identify the pattern of TIMP-4 mRNA expression in the normal endometrial cycle. We also evaluated hyperplastic, pre-malignant (atypical hyperplasia) and malignant endometrial tissue. Endometrial TIMP-4 mRNA was localized in tissue sections using in situ hybridization, and quantified in tissue extracts using real-time PCR. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) was assayed in the same set of samples using immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization demonstrated TIMP-4 mRNA in the stroma of both normal and pathological tissues. TIMP-4 mRNA increased in the proliferative phase to a maximum in the early secretory phase, and then decreased in the late part of the cycle. Expression was comparable in normal and hyperplastic (including atypical) endometrial samples, whereas lower levels were detected in malignant tumours. Since this general pattern of expression suggests estrogen dependence, we evaluated ERalpha in our samples. Tissue sections from the normal proliferative phase, hyperplasia and pre-malignant atypical hyperplasia tissue stained strongly for ERalpha, whereas weak staining was seen in the secretory phase and in malignant tumours. Thus, low level of ERalpha was accompanied by down-regulated TIMP-4 mRNA, supporting the hypothesis that ERalpha contributes to regulation of the TIMP-4 gene. In addition, we identified a putative estrogen response element (ERE) in the promoter region of the TIMP-4 gene at position -930 to -916. Similarities in the cyclic patterns of TIMP-4 mRNA and MMP-26 mRNA, together with the fact that TIMP-4 is a potent inhibitor of MMP-26, suggest a functional relationship, and furthermore a role in human implantation.


Solutions Group SA is a Colombian SMEs engaged in the design and production of POP material, which seeks to implement a new product line in order to reduce its dependence with the FMCG industry and maximize their resources. Through the method of weighting factors were shortlisted three product lines: Interior Design, Digital Printing Packaging and POP Standardized material. In first place, the interior design line aims to offer men and women between 22 and 35 years of age innovative solutions for interior decoration, based on digital printing on rigid substrates. Second, the packaging line using digital printing offers large consumer market and service companies a product that could make a differentiation at the time of purchase by the consumer. Finally POP Standardized Material Line seeks to reduce the gap between producers of FMCG and retailers by renting advertising spaces, producing and selling POP items. For each of the three alternatives was conducted a feasibility analysis that took into account market trends, segmentation and positioning, financial statements and scenarios, concluding that the best alternative is to implement interior decoration not only because it has positive VNA but also venturing into a new market fulfilling the objectives.


This title is from Africa with love. From the ancient Egyptian inventors of the love lyric to contemporary poets, "Bending the Bow: An Anthology of African Love Poetry" gathers together both written and sung love poetry from Africa. This anthology is a work of literary archeology that lays bare a genre of African poetry that has been overshadowed by political poetry. Frank Chipasula has assembled a historically and geographically comprehensive wealth of African love poetry that spans more than three thousand years. By collecting a continent's celebrations and explorations of the nature of love, he expands African literature into the sublime territory of the heart. "Bending the Bow" traces the development of African love poetry from antiquity to modernity while establishing a cross-millennial dialog. The anonymously written love poems from Pharaonic Egypt that open the anthology both predate Biblical love poetry and reveal the longevity of written love poetry in Africa. The middle section is devoted to sung love poetry from all regions of the continent. These great works serve as the foundation for modern poetry and testify to love poetry's omnipresence in Africa. The final section, showcasing forty-eight modern African poets, celebrates the genre's continuing vitality. Among those represented are Muyaka bin Hajji and Shaaban Robert, two major Swahili poets; Gabriel Okara, the innovative though underrated Nigerian poet; Leopold Sedar Senghor, the first president of Senegal and a founder of the Negritude Movement in francophone African literature; Rashidah Ismaili from Benin; Flavien Ranaivo from Madagascar; and Gabeba Baderoon from South Africa. Ranging from the subtly suggestive to the openly erotic, this collection highlights love's endurance in a world too often riven by contention. "Bending the Bow" bears testimony to poetry's role as conciliator while opening up a new area of study for scholars and students.


To address the problem of low achieving math students, a cross-age math tutoring intervention paired middle school tutors with kindergarten and first grade students with low math skills.  This instrumental group case study explored the effects of the intervention on the math skills of the students through teacher interviews and the testing program of Aimsweb Plus (Pearson, 2017) before and after the tutoring intervention. Most of the teachers of the tutees reported measurable math gains possibly from the tutoring and most of the teachers observed improved attitude towards math work for the young tutees.  Most teachers of the tutors did not report any measurable math gain from tutoring young students.  All the teachers of the tutors recommended the cross-age tutoring experience as the middle school students seemed to show increased leadership skills, confidence, or found helping others a positive experience.


Mexican Chicago builds on previous studies of Mexicans in the United States while challenging static definitions of \u201cAmerican\u201d and underlying assumptions of assimilation. Gabriela F. Arredondo contends that because of the revolutionary context from which they came, Mexicans in Chicago between 1916 and 1939 were not just another ethnic group working to be assimilated into a city that has a long history of incorporating newcomers. Suggesting a new understanding of identity formation, she argues that Mexicans wielded tools of identification forged in revolutionary Mexico to collectively battle the prejudices of ethnic groups that included Poles, Italians, and the Irish, as well as African Americans. By turning inward, however, Mexicans also highlighted tremendous differences among themselves, such as gender and class. In discussing this distinctive process of becoming \u201cMexican\u201d in Chicago during the early twentieth century, Arredondo not only explores how that identity was constructed but also provides telling insight into the repercussions of that identity formation process.


Advances in design are transforming the means and methods of production and assembly by impacting how we approach a project from conception. Pushing the industry to rethink how we perceive design and explore working digitally.

Contemporary architectural thinking is heavily influenced by the digital workspace and the overall expression. Through modularization, this thesis has approached design from a small scale perspective to consider the design potentials in details, structure, and processes of construction by incorporating manufacturing and assembly into design from conception to gain a closer relationship between architecture and construction. This is done through the intimate knowledge of assembly and its production, which will then inform modular design, and relate to its method in modular construction. Designing with manufacturing and assembly in mind, means every process will demand a design environment that cannot remain in abstract or neutral states.

This strategy has enabled systems of design, manufacturing and assembly to become a new integrated hybrid for creative design which allows the architect to maintain focus over the digital to physical transition and embrace design intent. The stress on design development and the application of small scale detailed design decisions from conception are necessary in order to achieve accuracy and precision during the digital to physical transition that will assist in the constructability of the design.

This will be shown through devising solutions in modular design and construction to an existing buildings, project parameters. In this regard, there are a number of benefits that can be applied to current and future issues of construction and design which has opened a new window for fresh context where architects may re‐engage with the broader culture to benefit society.


Fulvic acid (FA) is class of compounds of humic substances formed through the degradation of organic substances by chemical and biological processes. FA has been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and possesses various pharmacological properties. Previously, we reported that FA extracted from solubilized excess sludge (SS-FA) had an inhibitory effect on β-hexosaminidase release in human leukemia basophilic (KU812) cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of SS-FA on the immediate-type allergic reaction and studied its possible mechanisms of action in KU812 cells following activation with phorbol myristate acetate (20 nmol L) plus calcium ionophore A23187 (1 μmol L) (PMACI). The inhibitory effect of SS-FA on degranulation in PMACI-stimulated KU812 cells was examined using histamine release assay. SS-FA significantly decreased the histamine release in KU812 cells at concentrations of 0.1-10.0 μg mL. To gain more information regarding the mechanism of the suppression of degranulation following SS-FA treatment, microarray was conducted to determine which genes were differentially expressed in response to SS-FA in PMACI-activated KU812 cells. From a total of 201 genes in the DNA chip, 28 genes were up-regulated and 173 genes were down-regulated in cells pretreated with SS-FA for 15 min and stimulated with PMACI. From the 71 genes that showed more than 2-fold change in expression, 16 genes were significantly down-regulated that were subjected to hierarchical clustering. SS-FA affected the expression of genes that were involved in the following pathways: signal transduction, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, immune response, cell adhesion molecules and IgE receptor β subunit response. Keywors Immediate-type allergy · Histamine release · Microarray analysis · Fulvic acid · Solubilized excess sludge


The tourism development in Kilim Karst Geoforest Park (KKGP) in Langkawi has brought many changes to the local community. These changes regarded as an important benefit to them. A household survey based on sample of 302 respondents in 3 villages around KKGP and a face to face was conducted in for 2 weeks. A Factor analysis was carried out to identify the respondents' perception of economic impacts from ecotourism development in KKGP. Finding from data analysis show positive perceptions towards ecotourism development, it has been group into 6 factors which explained for 40% of variance extracted from 56 variables in the data namely: 1. Income Opportunities, 2. Entrepreneurial Opportunities, 3. Community Facilities, 4. Benefits to woman and youth, 5. Qualified boat operators, 6.Cottage industry from ecotourism development. Finally finding from data analysis show that ecotourism development bring more economic benefits towards local community, but if the development were carried out without properly strategy and planning, could influence perception local community vice versa. On the others hands the local authorities are responsible to plays as a vital role to bring a successful tourism development in KKGP and to maintain the increasing number of tourist that will keep coming to the destination and at the same time local community be able to get benefit from it.


In this paper, we present theory and evidence on the link between wage inequality and foreign competition in concentrated industries. We develop a simple model in which the impact of foreign competition on the relative wages of an economy depends on the market structure of the industry penetrated. We show that the more concentrated is the industry, the greater is the impact of trade on general wage inequality. We use the theory to argue why import competition in an industry such as automobiles is much more deleterious to the wages of the less educated than import competition in an industry such as apparel. We then test our hypothesis using a panel data set on relative wages across SMSAs. We reinterpret our model as a model of local economies, and test it using both the cross-sectional and time- series variation across labor markets.


Objective To evaluate the effect of Zhigancao decoction on reversal of right atrial myocardial fibrosis after rapid atrial pacing (RAP)-induced atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation group (Group A: implanted electrodes, no RAP), pacing group (Group B: RAP-induced AF), Zhigancao soup water decoction Yin group (Group C: RAP-induced AF followed by Zhigancao soup Yin prescription twice a day for 30 days), and Zhigancao soup group (Group D: RAP-induced AF followed by Zhigancao water decoction twice a day for 30 days). The atrial myocardium was then examined for myocardial fibrosis by Masson staining, and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was immunohistochemically assessed. The right atrial appendage tissue field action potential duration (fAPD) was measured by microelectrode arrays. Results RAP successfully induced AF. Myocardial fibrosis was more severe in Groups B and C and less severe in Group D. Protein expression of MMP-9 was strongly positive in Groups B and C and weakly positive in Group D. The fAPD was significantly decreased in Groups B and C, but the decrease in Group D was not significant. Conclusion Zhigancao decoction can reverse AF-induced myocardial fibrosis in rabbits and shorten the fAPD.


Student attrition is a major concern of nursing college administrator's science application of university preparatory year, the attrition rate become very high so; The Aim of the Current Study is to assess factors affecting Attrition Rate among College of Health Sciences, Yanbu Campus, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia., The current study follow descriptive and correlative study Design. This study is conducted at College of Health Sciences, Yanbu Campus, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. Total proposed subjects were 300 students covering all levels of the nursing college, using convenience data collected according to participant willingness structured interview questionnaire had been developed by the researcher to collect data from the study subject. The tool includes 2 parts presented as followings: Part one include Socio demographic and academic data for students while Part two interview questionnaire sheet developed by the researchers after review of literatures composed of possible factors contributing to increase in attrition rate. Pilot study was carried out on 10% of nursing students who attended the classes to test the clarity and relevance of the tool .Data was collected duration three months from (September 2015 to December 2015)In conclusion, there are as false expectations of the curriculum content, image of nursing and academic workload, So the current study recommend , explanation session about curriculum content , requirements and commitment is imperative and recommended in the beginning of the first semester to alleviate the student's stressors and raise retention rate


SUMMARY An attempt was made to determine whether 36 long-term kidney homograft recipients and their donors were compatible for 7 major leukocyte groups. It was found that 21 of these recipients were surviving 2 to 3 years in spite of incompatibility for 1 or 2 major leukocyte antigens. Survival of mismatched grafts does not itself indicate that the antigens being measured are not transplantation antigens, for it was shown that the 15 recipients with no groups of mismatch were clinically superior to those with group incompatibilities. Moreover, histopathologic scores given to biopsy specimens taken 2 to 3 years after transplantation were significantly correlated with the number of group mismatches. Because the leukocyte groups were determined by cytotoxicity reactions of peripheral blood lymphocytes, the results may have been influenced considerably by chimerism in chronically dialyzed uremic patients or change in lymphocyte antigenicity or susceptibility to lysis upon prolonged immunosuppressive treatment. Although the possibility of these complications could not be ruled out in all instances, it was shown that 52 dialyzed uremic patients and 49 patients who had been treated with immunosuppression for over 1 year did not possess more or less antigens than a random population of normal individuals. It is concluded that: (1) the major leukocyte antigens are histocompatibility antigens, and (2) since survival can be attained at times despite mismatches for these groups, the antigens are of intermediate strength and kidney homograft rejection may occur if excessive numbers of antigens are incompatible or if particular combinations of antigens are mismatched.


This article is the result of a qualitative research following the characteristics of hermeneutical research aims to understand the training process of the English university professor, taking into account factors that affect and surround the social, economic, and cultural environment; in which the experience and the story of life, shape the professor. A historicity that allows the subject to be an actor of her own life, and from her experiences narrated, it is analyzed and a training path by which the subject under study obtained academic and life skills. All times and spaces in which the professor is exposed are interpreted to understand the whole process of training. Finally, it is evidenced how the professor's training transcends beyond a simple classroom. The experience of life, lifestyle, family background, socio-cultural context are inseparable part of the training processes.


Feed ingredients used in swine diets are often processed to improve nutritional value. However, (over-)processing may result in chemical reactions with amino acids (AAs) that decrease their ileal digestibility. This study aimed to determine effects of (over-)processing of soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) on post-absorptive utilization of ileal digestible AAs for retention and on body AA composition of growing pigs. Soybean meal and RSM were processed by secondary toasting in the presence of lignosulfonate to obtain processed soybean meal (pSBM) and processed rapeseed meal (pRSM). Four diets contained SBM, pSBM, RSM or pRSM as sole protein source. Two additional diets contained pSBM or pRSM and were supplemented with crystalline AA to similar standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA level as the SBM or RSM diet. These diets were used to verify that processing affected AA retention by affecting ileal AA digestibility rather than post-absorptive AA utilization. The SID AA levels of the protein sources were determined in a previous study. In total, 59 pigs were used (initial BW of 15.6±0.7 kg) of which five were used to determine initial body composition at the start of the experiment. In total, 54 pigs were fed one of six experimental diets and were slaughtered at a BW of 40 kg. The organ fraction (i.e. empty organs plus blood) and carcass were analyzed separately for N and AA content. Post-absorptive AA utilization was calculated from AA retention and SID AA intake. An interaction between diet type, comprising effects of processing and supplementing crystalline AA, and protein source was observed for CP content in the organ fraction, carcass and empty body and for nutrient retention. Processing reduced CP content and nutrient retention more for SBM than for RSM. Moreover, processing reduced (P<0.001) the lysine content in the organ fraction for both protein sources. Supplementing crystalline AA ameliorated the effect of processing on these variables. Thus, the data indicated that processing affected retention by reducing digestibility. Correcting AA retention for SID AA intake was, therefore, expected to result in similar post-absorptive AA utilization which was observed for the RSM diets. However, post-absorptive AA utilization was lower for the pSBM diet than for the SBM diet which might be related to an imbalanced post-absorptive AA supply. In conclusion, processing negatively affected nutrient retention for both protein sources and post-absorptive utilization of SID AA for retention for SBM. Effects of processing were compensated by supplementing crystalline AA.


A study of the sources of nutrients supporting the consumer community in Deep Bay, a shallow mangrove-fringed embayment in the eastern Pearl River estuary, was conducted using the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. The δ 13 C and δ 15 N signatures of the potential natural (3 spe- cies of mangroves, macroalgae, benthic microalgae, seston in mangrove creeks and in Deep Bay) and anthropogenic (POM from a local river) nutrient sources were measured, as were those of 22 species of consumers from 20 stations in 4 zones (mangrove forests, inner and outer bay, the estuary) at different distances from the mangroves. While the stable-isotope signatures of the nutrient sources (except the macroalgae Enteromorpha spp.) are sufficiently different to allow their use in tracing trophic relationships, the consumers studied had generally uniform δ 13 C (-20 ± 1 ‰) and δ 15 N (+12 ± 1‰) signatures. There is, however, a significant increasing trend in the δ 13 C values of consumers at increasing distance from the head of the bay, with the inner-bay consumers having a significantly more negative mean value than their counterparts in the Pearl River estuary. By con- trast, δ 15 N signatures were generally not significantly different among the 3 sampling zones, proba- bly reflecting the similar trophic positions of the species studied. Species that are known to feed at other trophic levels did, however, demonstrate considerable deviations from the overall mean for all consumers. Data from this dual isotope study suggest that the consumer community in Deep Bay and the Pearl River estuary was probably supported mainly by anthropogenic POM input from the local catchment and benthic algae on the mudflat, with a dominance of the latter in the food chains starting from short distances offshore. The results of this study generally agree with the estimations made in a previous mass-balance calculation, which indicated that the contribution from mangrove carbon played a minor trophic role in the system, although the importance of benthic algae as sources of carbon have been under-estimated in the mass-balance calculations. The extensive mudflats in Deep Bay therefore form the basis of not only the feeding habitat for shorebirds utilising the bay as a refueling ground, but also the actual energy source for the system.


Advances in basic neurobiology and neuropharmacology over the past two decades have shown that specific receptor molecules in the brain are the major targets of neurotransmitters and many psychopharmacological agents. New research disciplines dealing with the physiology and pharmacology of brain neuroreceptors have emerged. Although these developments have been of great theoretical and heuristic value to clinical psychiatrists, methodological limitations hitherto precluded the application of this new knowledge in the clinical field to the benefit of individual patients. Recent developments of brain imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and positron-emission tomography (PET) undoubtedly have been instrumental in narrowing the gap between experimental and clinical research in neurobiology. 1-3 Computed tomography and NMR have already proved their value by demonstrating alterations of brain structure in neurodegenerative disorders and schizophrenia. Positron-emission tomography may have an even greater potential, since this technique makes it possible to examine biochemical


The aim is to review a patented method and apparatus for treating tumor diseases (cancer) with a combination of ionizing radiation and pulsed electric fields that might open a new regime of radiation therapy fractionation with a short intensive treatment with high radiation dose fractions combined with pulsed electric fields. Sub-optimal radiation treatment was administered separately or in combination with electric pulses of field strength (1200 V/cm) to subcutaneous implanted rat brain tumors on both hind legs. The treatment was repeated four consecutive days and evaluated by recording tumor growth rate and microscopically examination. Tumors were stained for Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor to investigate effects on the tumor vasculature and for T-lymphocytes CD4 and CD8 to study their infiltration into the treated tumors. Radiation and pulsed electric fields applied concomitantly resulted in rapid tumor regression with significantly (P 80 days after treatment) and an average cure rate of 67%. Animals treated with either just radiation or just Pulsed electric fields showed no significant enhanced survival. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of tumors treated with RAD and PEF showed instant and severe deteriorating effects on tumor vasculature and enhanced infiltration of T-lymphocytes.


TGF-β1 is a master cytokine in immune regulation, orchestrating both pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions. Recent studies show that whereas TGF-β1 induces a quiescent microglia phenotype, it plays a pathogenic role in the neurovascular unit and triggers neuronal hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis. In this study, we show that, in primary glial cultures, TGF-β signaling induces rapid upregulation of the cytokine IL-6 in astrocytes, but not in microglia, via enhanced expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of SMAD2/3. Electrophysiological recordings show that administration of IL-6 increases cortical excitability, culminating in epileptiform discharges in vitro and spontaneous seizures in C57BL/6 mice. Intracellular recordings from layer V pyramidal cells in neocortical slices obtained from IL-6–treated mice show that during epileptogenesis, the cells respond to repetitive orthodromic activation with prolonged after-depolarization with no apparent changes in intrinsic membrane properties. Notably, TGF-β1–induced IL-6 upregulation occurs in brains of FVB/N but not in brains of C57BL/6 mice. Overall, our data suggest that TGF-β signaling in the brain can cause astrocyte activation whereby IL-6 upregulation results in dysregulation of astrocyte–neuronal interactions and neuronal hyperexcitability. Whereas IL-6 is epileptogenic in C57BL/6 mice, its upregulation by TGF-β1 is more profound in FVB/N mice characterized as a relatively more susceptible strain to seizure-induced cell death.


The purpose of this investigation is to increase the accuracy of the ITTC-57 powering performance method by splitting the incremental resistance coefficient into a sum of several terms. Analyses of published trial trip results indicate that the incremental resistance coefficient for model ship correlation of the ITTC-57 method depends also on hull form parameters. Low block coefficient ships and ships with buttock flow stern or transom stern have lower values of incremental resistance coefficient for model ship correlation than other ships of the same size and speed. On the basis of this observation a set of formulae is proposed, from which the incremental resistance coefficient of the ITTC-57 method can be calculated. The contributions to the incremental resistance coefficient due to hull roughness, ship size and speed are assumed to be conceptually similar to those used in the ITTC-78 method. The set of formulae has been applied to seventeen ships. Twelve ships have been used as the database for developing the method, and five ships as validation cases. Special scaling procedures may be needed for ships with large bow sonar domes or with other appendages of similar form. Waterjets as the propulsor and strongly cavitating conventional propellers seem to have considerable influence on the incremental resistance coefficient as derived from trial trip results.


In this paper, an in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer embedded in a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is fabricated by a tiny offset-core splicing technique and inserted into a fiber ring laser to effectively improve the detection limit and discrimination of sensing. Through fine power adjustment, the stable operation of dual-wavelength lasing is completed in a single FBG for the first time to our knowledge, and simultaneous measurement of refractive index (RI) and ambient temperature is achieved with high discrimination due to the RI immunity of the FBG. The experimental results indicate that the sensitivities of RI and temperature are -30.57  nm/RIU and 131.1 pm/°C, respectively, with very low intensity drift. Furthermore, the over 20 times improvement of the RI detection limit is obtained owing to the large extinction ratio (>30  dB) and small linewidth (≤0.13  nm).


Abstract. This paper is a review which briefly describes a selection of acoustic observation techniques and certain aspects of underwater video technology suitable for observations in an underwater environment. The review is divided into two sections, one for each subject, where each section concludes with a discussion of the current challenges within the respective fields. The acoustic section of the review covers bathymetric and geometrical measurements, imaging sonars, subsurface penetrating profilers, positioning methods, acoustic underwater communication and sensor networks, and water speed measurements. The section ends by considering temperature measurements by ocean acoustic tomography and passive acoustic monitoring. The underwater video section initially deals with questions of acquisition including underwater visibility, the type of platform, and video formats, image sensors and specialized cameras. This is followed by notes on processing techniques including mosaicking, stereo video, structured light, recording and transmission, image enhancement techniques and ends with a short discussion of underwater holographic cameras.


We propose a design of terahertz refractive index sensing based on the multi-metal-wire (MMW) hybrid-cladding hollow waveguide. The proposed terahertz hybrid-cladding hollow waveguide comprises one air core in the center surrounding MMW surrounded dielectric. The central air core is used for filling lossless measurands and transmitting terahertz light. In particular, the refractive index sensing is realized by measuring the mode field area (MFA) variation of radially polarized mode. The modal effective refractive index, mode field intensity distribution, and mode field area properties responding to the measurand refractive indexes for different operating frequencies and structure dimensions are investigated, respectively. Simulations show that the proposed terahertz refractive index sensor can realize easily the measurement of the measurand refractive index. Meanwhile, the effects of operating frequency and structure parameters on sensitivity and measurement accuracy are also studied. In view of the trade-off between sensitivity and measurement accuracy, the reasonable choice of the operating frequency and structure parameters can optimize appropriately the sensitivity and measurement accuracy, and the sensitivity can reach approximately 0.585 mm2/RIU (RIU is short for refraction index units) with the proper frequency and structure parameter.


The effect of human interferon alpha on the differentiation of functional populations of lymphocytes during the human allogeneic response in vitro was studied. Interferon alpha inhibited the generation of allospecific suppressor T lymphocytes that normally develop from lymphocytes primed in vitro against allogeneic cells. This effect was not the result of the destruction by interferon of precursor suppressor cells but rather to inhibition of their differentiation into active suppressor T lymphocytes. This inhibition was reversible and could be overcome by repeated allogeneic stimulation even in the presence of interferon. Inhibition of the generation of allospecific suppressor lymphocytes by interferon might play an important role in the allogeneic response. Interferon inhibited the proliferation of lymphocytes after allogeneic stimulation in a primary mixed lymphocyte reaction but enhanced their cytotoxicity. Despite the inhibitory effect in the primary mixed lymphocyte reaction, the specific secondary proliferative response of lymphocytes primed against a single HLA-DR antigen was only slightly affected by interferon. On the other hand, the nonspecific secondary proliferative response of lymphocytes primed in the presence of interferon was significantly reduced, indicating that interferon might decrease the recruitment of nonspecific "irrelevant" clones of responding cells during the sensitization period.


Fluctuations of the piedmont lobe of Bering Glacier and its sublobe Steller Glacier over the past two millennia are reconstructed using 34 radiocarbon dates and tree-ring data from 16 sites across the glaciers' forelands. The general sequence of glacial activity is consistent with well-dated fluctuations of tidewater and land-terminating glaciers elsewhere along the Gulf of Alaska. Extensive forested areas along 25 km of the Bering ice margin were inundated by glacio-lacustrine and glacio-fluvial sediments during a probable ice advance shortly before 500 cal yr A.D. Regrowth of forests followed the retreating ice as early as the 7th century A.D., with frequent interruptions of tree growth due to outwash aggradation. Forests overrun by ice and buried in outwash indicate readvance about 1080 cal yr A.D. Retreat followed, with ice-free conditions maintained along the distal portions of the forefield until the early 17th century after which the ice advanced to within a few kilometers of its outer Neoglacial moraine. Ice reached this position after the mid-17th century and prior to 200 yr ago. Since the early 20th century, glacial retreat has been punctuated by periodic surges. The record from forests overrun by the nonsurging Steller Lobe shows that this western ice margin was advancing by 1250 A.D., reaching near its outer moraine after 1420 cal yr A.D. Since the late 19th century, the lobe has dominantly retreated.


Both pro-establishment Christians, who support 'obeying the authority' (Romans 13), and pro-democracy Christians, who participated in the 2014–20 protests, want what is best for Hong Kong and truest to their Christian faith, but they understand those aims differently. The former believe social stability is a way to create space for Christian faith to flourish, while the latter judge that we need to break the current unjust system for Christian faith to begin flourishing. After conducting interviews with lay Christians, we found that both sides can struggle to communicate their vision for faithful Christian political theology. One reason, which we explore here, is that the key theo-political concepts at issue—namely, protest, democracy, and rights—derive from the historical context of post-Christendom societies rooted in the Western Enlightenment tradition. Hong Kong is adjacent to that tradition, but not at home in it. Using the method of 'narrative portraiture,' we endeavor to explore their respective theologies. This method uses the participants' own stories, so that we, as researchers, are not speaking for Hong Kong Christians, but instead illuminating their own ideas. Presenting these lived theologies can remind us, as church leaders, that our congregations are a source of God's revelation to us, even when they may lack the terms to communicate effectively, which is why we should not forget to listen to the "average Jane."


Background: This study was conducted to compare the analgesic efficacy of 10 ml versus 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine in nerve stimulator guided interscalene brachial plexus block, in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Methods: A total of 70 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classes 1 and 2 patients, aged 18–65 years, undergoing unilateral arthroscopic shoulder surgery, were randomized into two groups. Group A received single shot inter-scalene block with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine whereas Group B received the same with 10 mL. The primary outcome was difference in the total postoperative fentanyl consumption over 24 h. Secondary outcomes were difference in block onset, intra-operative hemodynamic parameters, intra-operative fentanyl consumption, duration of effective analgesia, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at various time intervals, duration of motor block, and incidence of hemidiaphragmatic (HD) palsy. Results: Total 24 h fentanyl consumption was significantly higher in Group B (558 ± 112 mcg) compared to Group A (296 ± 88 μg). Block onset was slower in Group B than Group A. There was no difference in intra-operative fentanyl consumption. Postoperative VAS scores were significantly higher in Group B compared to Group A, at 6 h and thereafter. Duration of motor block was significantly shorter in Group B (6.25 ± 1.25 h) compared to Group A. HD palsy was seen in all the cases in both the groups. Conclusion: Single shot nerve stimulator guided interscalene block with 10 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine was inferior to 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine with respect to postoperative analgesic efficacy.


Conventional wisdom says that integration into the global marketplace tends to weaken the power of traditional faith in developing countries. But, as Meera Nanda argues in this path-breaking book, this is hardly the case in today's India. Against expectations of growing secularism, India has instead seen a remarkable intertwining of Hinduism and neoliberal ideology, spurred on by a growing capitalist class. It is this "State-Temple-Corporate Complex," she claims, that now wields decisive political and economic power, and provides ideological cover for the dismantling of the Nehru-era state-dominated economy. According to this new logic, India's rapid economic growth is attributable to a special "Hindu mind," and it is what separates the nation's Hindu population from Muslims and others deemed to be "anti-modern." As a result, Hindu institutions are replacing public ones, and the Hindu "revival" itself has become big business, a major source of capital accumulation. Nanda explores the roots of this development and its possible future, as well as the struggle for secularism and socialism in the world's second-most populous country.


Magnesium complex of Acetaminophen was synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, melting point, X-Ray diffraction analysis and conductivity measurements. On the basis of this study, it is proven that acetaminophen acts as a bidentate ligand coordinated to the metal ion through phenol and carbonyl oxygen atom. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of magnesium complex and acetaminophen were determined against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeroginesa and Candida albicans. The results indicate that acetaminophen showed sensitivity against Pseudomonas aeroginesa. Magnesium complex of acetaminophen showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeroginesa. The lethal dose determination (LD50) of magnesium complex was 1265 mg/kg. The complex was considered to be slightly toxic. Anti-Inflammatory activity of the synthesized complex has been carried out by paw edema method in rats. The Maximum Percentage inhibition of Magnesium complex was 18.9%.


Recent research has found an association between insomnia and both negative affect and weakened attention control, yet despite this association and the high prevalence of sleep difficulties to be found in the general population, very little research has explored the association between these factors as a result of acute sleep loss in a healthy population. The literature review therefore explores the existing evidence base for relationships between poor sleep and both emotional and cognitive functioning, by drawing upon research pertinent to insomnia and anxiety disorder. The review concludes and supports an association between attentional control and reduced emotional regulation in poor sleep, with a particular significance of increased hyperarousal, reduced inhibition of negative schema and thought intrusions as a result of sleep loss. However, further studies are needed to clarify these relationships, particularly in healthy individuals experiencing transient, acute or chronic sleep disturbance. An improved understanding of these relationships is imperative for developing better recognition, diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in the general population. Consistent with this suggestion, the empirical paper describes a study which examined whether specific components of acute sleep loss were associated with attentional deficits observed in anxiety; specifically a reduced ability to focus attention, and an increase in difficulties inhibiting negative thoughts. The study used a cross sectional research design involving 112 undergraduates, who all completed self-report measures of insomnia severity, trait anxiety, attentional control and cognitive failures. Participants also completed a 3-stage worry task, during which thoughts were sampled, including: an initial 5-minute breathing interval, a 5-minute worry period and a 5-minute post-worry breathing interval. Results found that increased insomnia severity, independent of anxiety, was significantly associated with increased deficits in attentional control and increased negative thought intrusions during a five-minute breathing focus period in a healthy population. Considering this impact of sleep loss, the findings recommend that a better awareness of sleep difficulties is established in both health professionals and in the general population, to enable earlier recognition and diagnosis, with the aim of preventing the development of more complex forms of insomnia and improving available treatment protocols.


ABSTRACT Due to the fact that ferrocene and furan derivatives have long been known to be one of the most biologically active compounds, preparation of their new derivatives might serve a very important purpose. Herein, five furoyl ferrocenes were synthesized via EAS reaction utilizing AlCl3-EtAlCl2 Lewis acids. The compounds 1–5 were obtained in moderate yields and characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry. Although toxicity increases with concentration, at 100 µg/mL concentration, the protection of cell viability was observed to be 70% level. At 50 µg/mL concentration, apoptosis in cancer cells observed was 63 ± 4% leading to high apoptosis ratio for the compound 3. For the compounds (1–5), the necrotic effects were found to be between 21% and 39% at 50 µg/mL concentration.


Reported attack rates from different batches of icterogenic serum-containing material administered parenterally vary considerably one from another, as shown in Table 1. These data were selected because they represent essentially complete follow-up studies on all known individuals receiving units of icterogenic substances from the common lots indicated. Specificity of Attack Rates Are the above differences in attack rates due more to volume of icterogenic material administered than to concentration of virus particles (assuming no difference in the qualitative capacity of a viable virus particle to infect), or is there a wide variation in the natural or acquired immunity (or both) in an otherwise fairly homogeneous healthy population? The only existing body of data large enough to be usefully applied to these questions is contained in the carefully prepared follow-up studies of Sawyer et al. (1944) on the outbreaks of serum hepatitis following the administration of 2 batches of the serum-containing


The thermal bridges constitute critical regions in building envelopes and they are created due to the interruption of the insulation layer. One of the many structural thermal bridges in building envelopes is created in balcony junctions because of the required structural continuity of the concrete slab. The detrimental effects of such thermal bridges are minimized, by using thermal breaks that interrupt the heat flow towards the external environment by adding an intermediate insulation layer between the internal floor and the balcony slab. For the majority of these thermal breaks, the load transfer from the balcony's cantilever to the main structure occurs through stainless steel bars, which penetrate the insulation layer and still have a high thermal conductivity. The current research proposes a new thermal break composed of fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials (FRP) that have much better thermal properties than the conventional materials and investigates its short- and long-term structural and thermal behavior. The tensile force from the cantilever moment is transmitted by an aramid-FRP (ARFP) loop, whose thermal conductivity is about 170 times smaller than that of stainless steel. The compression component of the moment is transferred by a short glass-FRP (GFRP) element while the shear compression diagonal is transmitted by a FRP-PU hexagonal foam sandwich. The insulation layer is composed of a thin layer of aerogel granulate. All the components are assembled in a polymer box. The thermal performance of the above-mentioned thermal break was validated by estimating its impact on the energy balance of a traditional building, using three different building envelopes (a MINERGIE envelope, a MINERGIE-P envelope and an optimum envelope). Furthermore, 3d finite element steady-state thermal simulations were performed in order to define the true losses through the optimized thermal break. Finally, the thermal behavior of the thermal break was compared with that of traditional thermal breaks. The structural validation of the FRP thermal break included the mechanical characterization of the components through static, long-term and durability experiments. The static experiments of the components comprised tensile experiments (AFRP loop) and compression experiments (FRP-PU hexagonal foam sandwich and GFRP bar). The long-term behavior was evaluated through tensile and compression creep experiments, while its simulation and prediction were achieved by applying traditional creep methods and two new proposed models that were able to predict the secondary creep stage (Gradient regression and Gradient regression with NHPP). The durability was evaluated by their immersion in alkaline environment, simulating that of the concrete. Finally, the total behavior of the balcony junction was examined through full scale beam experiments that led to the analytical modelling of the system.


AREVA NP Uddcomb AB wants to replace the material used for a specific valve seat used in boiling water reactors, BWR. Their solution is a weld overlay of different stainless steels composed of two buffer layers of the steel 309 MoL followed by two layers of the filler material SKWAM welded on type 316 stainless steel or carbon steel. The report focuses on the long term structural effects in the weld overlay due to the operating temperature in BWRs, in this case 270 °C. To investigate the thermodynamic stability in the weld overlay the computer software Thermo-Calc was used and a metallographic examination was carried out. The results from these procedures were compared and possible long term effects were discussed. Most likely spinodal decomposition is the most severe structural change that may appear in the material. At equilibrium conditions at the operating temperature ferrite is decomposed into Fe-rich and Cr-rich ferrite but since the kinetics is not included in the calculations it is not possible to determine the rate of decomposition.


Research within Indigenous communities has been criticised for lacking community engagement, for being exploitative, and for poorly explaining the processes of research. To address these concerns, and to ensure 'best practice', Jamieson, et al. (2012) recently published a summary of principles outlined by the NHMRC (2003) in "one short, accessible document". Here we expand on Jamieson et al.'s paper, which while commendable, lacks emphasis on the contribution that communities themselves can make to the research process and how culturally appropriate engagement, can allow this contribution to be assured, specifically with respect to engagement with remote communities. Engagement started before the research proposal is put forward, and continued after the research is completed, has integrity. We emphasise the value of narratives, of understanding cultural and customary behaviours and leadership, the importance of cultural legitimacy, and of the need for time, not just to allow for delays, but to ensure genuine participatory engagement from all members of the community. We also challenge researchers to consider the outcomes of their research, on the basis that increasing clinical evidence does not always result in better outcomes for the community involved.


While there has been much discussion of libertarians' (generally although not universally favorable) attitudes toward liberal immigration policies, the attitudes of immigrants to the United States toward libertarian values have not previously been examined. Using data from the 2010 General Social Survey, we asked how American-born and foreign-born residents differed in attitudes toward a variety of topics upon which self-reported libertarians typically hold strong pro-liberty views (as described by Iyer et al., 2012). The results showed a marked pattern of lower support for pro-liberty views among immigrants as compared to US-born residents. These differences were generally statistically significant and sizable, with a few scattered exceptions. With increasing proportions of the US population being foreign-born, low support for libertarian values by foreign-born residents means that the political prospects of libertarian values in the US are likely to diminish over time.


AIM
To describe processes for the adoption of trastuzumab in four countries in the use of health technology assessment (HTA): Poland, Albania, Brazil and Colombia.

MATERIALS & METHODS
Mixed methods were used for collection and triangulation of data. Data were examined following a conceptual framework connecting HTA process steps and key principles.

RESULTS
Trastuzumab was generally assessed following well-structured HTA processes. Nonetheless, areas of improvement were detected in terms of transparency and inclusiveness, as well as in methods used. The extent to which different criteria influenced decisions was unclear.

CONCLUSION
This study covers an area in which information may not always be available, and sets the example for emerging countries interested in HTA. Further studies to gain a better understanding on decision-making across settings are warranted.


Cloud&client computing uses both cloud resources and user-terminal resources, resulting in more efficiency then traditional cloud computing. But when implemented with Mobile agent technology, the mobile agents which moved to user terminal nodes are faced with single point attacks or co-attacks. We propose a safe and efficient task allocation algorithm, which not only ensures the subtasks' safety, but also is efficiency and with better load balancing.


The circadian clock controls number of behavioral and physiological processes during daily light/dark cycle including inflammation and vascular injury. However, how reciprocal interaction of dietary fats and light/dark cycle affects postprandial inflammation is currently unknown. To this end, effects of various dietary fats given to rats by gavaging either in light or dark phase on postprandial inflammation were compared. Sunflower oil load activated greater number of inflammatory CD markers in passive phase whereas the butter load in active phase compared to their counter phase. The inflammatory influence of fish oil load appeared to be mostly confined to passive phase. Differences found between the levels of some of the inflammatory markers in active and passive phases of normal fed rats were altered by fat/oil administrations. We conclude that influences of dietary fats/oils on postprandial inflammatory changes might depend not only on their fatty acid compositions but also on their ingestion times.


The paper is concentrated on an applied research, developed over the year 2016, using transversal methods, on the field of the perceptions of forensic science professionals related to the influence, in time, of the technology versus learning efficiency in the area of forensic science. It is well known that during last two decades, aspects related to the procedures of operational behavior related to crime scene, as well as the laboratory analysis have evolved. Furthermore, the learning process has changed, as it was determined by the evolution related to the usage of technology within practical situations. In this context, current paper was focused in evaluating the perception of few target groups, all of the originating from the field of forensic science. The research was focused on the questionnaire method (both "open" and "closed" questionnaire), and it tackled some key groups: first, a group of students from last year of studies (from "Forensic" profile), originating from Romanian Police Academy, as the only institution to train forensic scientists; second, a group of forensic operatives with no more than 5 years in the field of forensic science. Third, a group with 15 to 25 years in the field of operational work, and forth, a group of operatives close to retirement. All of these groups were subject to the study, which contained questions directly related to the use of technology in direct training - be there initial or continuous - related to the field of forensic science. As such, the graphics and the results are interpreted and are accompanied by a section of conclusions of the authors.


Background: There are various studies on coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) from globally which are mainly focused on respiratory and other medical manifestations of the disease. There are few studies on ocular manifestations in COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 patients. Objectives: We aim to investigate the ocular manifestations of hospitalized post-COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care institute in the North Eastern part of India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among hospitalized post-COVID-19 patients 18 years and above during July 1, 2021–December 31, 2021. A universal sampling method was employed. A structured pro forma was used for data collection along with detailed ocular examination. Descriptive statistics were generated from collected data. Approval of the study was obtained from the institutional ethics committee. Results: A total of 105 patients were included in the study with ages ranging from 18 to 85 years and males constituting 63.8%. Around two-thirds of the patients (70, 66.7%) had not received any vaccination. Chest X-ray showed bilateral moderate consolidation in 59 (56.2%) patients. Twelve (11.4%) patients developed ocular signs and symptoms. Dry eye, redness of the eye, dimness of vision, itching, blurring of vision, and discharge from the eyes are some of the symptoms encountered. Two patients developed subconjunctival hemorrhage, one patient had a retinal hemorrhage and exposure keratopathy was detected in one patient. Conclusion: In this study, 11.4% of hospitalized post-COVID-19 patients have ocular manifestations. Post-COVID-19 syndrome could affect the eyes thus necessitating meticulous follow-up of patients who recovered from COVID-19.


Sn-Cu-Ni alloy solders have attracted considerable attention from electronic packaging manufacturers and suppliers owing to silver- and lead-free feature and low-cost advantage of the solders. However, there is still a lack of in-depth understanding on composition optimization and microstructure control of the solders. In the present study, the influences of the addition of a minute amount of mixed rare earth La-Ce, in the range of 0.05-0.50wt%, on melting characteristics, undercooling behavior and solidification microstructure evolution of Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni-xMRE (x=0.05, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50wt%) alloy solders were investigated. The results show that the addition of rare-earth La-Ce has brought about an obvious decrease of the undercooling for Sn-Cu-Ni series of solders, consequently the growth of primary solidification phase of Cu(Ni)-Sn type intermetallic compound has been suppressed and the β-Sn phase has exhibited a microstructural transition from dendritic grain to equiaxed grain with increasing the amount of La-Ce added to the solder.


The primary objective of this study was to determin e the relationship between organizational justice a nd job burnout in employees of Sport and Youth Head Of fice of Tehran in Iran. This was a population based study (N= 180). Data were collected using tw o questionnaires including organizational justice inventory- Todd and Chester (2007) and burnout inve ntory- Maslach and Hezel (1977). The face and content validity of questionnaires were confirmed w ith corrective feedback from experts and professors in the sports management field, and Cronbach's alph a reliability test of organizational justice and burnout were 0.94 and 0.72, respectively. Descripti ve statistics, Kolmogorov Smirnoff, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple reg ression were used to analyze data. Results showed a significant negative association between organizati onal justice and employee burnout (r= -0.19, p= 0.04). In addition, among the subscales of organiza tional justice, procedural justice was the only subscale that showed the significant negative relat ionship with burnout (r= -0.28, P= 0.003). Moreover , regression analysis showed that the distributive ju stice subscale can be considered as a predictor for job burnout. In conclusion, the findings of this study showed if organizational managers show more equity in their performance, it reduces job burnout among emp loyees and consequently improvement in their job effectiveness, efficiency and performance.


Abstract Studies of the new growth and re-distribution of Cu-rich phases in chondrites of different petrologic subtypes can potentially provide insights into post-accretionary parent-body processes. We present a systematic study of the distribution of Cu-rich phases and metallic Cu in Ornans-like carbonaceous chondrites (CO3) that underwent little aqueous alteration or shock (most with shock stages of S1) but exhibit a range of thermal metamorphism (subtype 3.0–3.7). A comparison to ordinary chondrites (OCs), which have undergone a larger range of shock levels, allows us to constrain the relative roles of radiogenic and shock heating in the origin of Cu distribution in chondrites. We found that the Cu content of Ni-rich metal and calculated bulk Cu content of CO3 chondrites (based on mass-balance calculations) show an increase from CO3.0 to CO3.2 chondrites. We speculate that some unidentified phases in the matrix account for a significant portion (nearly ~100 ppm) of the Cu budget in bulk samples of CO3.0 chondrites, while Ni-rich metal is the main Cu-carrier for CO3.2–3.7 chondrites. Within CO3.2–3.7 chondrites, Cu and Ni contents of Ni-rich metal are positively correlated, showing a systematic decrease from lower to higher subtype (~0.41 wt% Cu and ~45.0 wt% Ni in CO3.2 Kainsaz; ~0.28 wt% Cu and ~38.8 wt% Ni in CO3.7 Isna). Metallic Cu grains were found in every sample of CO3.2–3.7 chondrites, but not in any CO3.0–3.1 chondrites. Metallic Cu is: (1) present at metallic-Fe-Ni-pyrrhotite interfaces; (2) associated with fine irregular pyrrhotite grains in Ni-rich-metal-pyrrhotite nodules; (3) associated with fizzed pyrrhotite (fine-grained mixtures of irregularly shaped metal grains surrounded by pyrrhotite); (4) present at the edges of metallic Fe-Ni grains; and (5) present as isolated grains. In some metallic-Cu-bearing mineral assemblages, pyrrhotite has higher Cu concentrations than adjacent Ni-rich metal and shows a drop in Cu concentration at the interface between metallic Cu and Cu-rich pyrrhotite. This implies that the precipitation of metallic Cu grains could be related to the local Cu enrichment of pyrrhotite. We consider that radiogenic heating is mainly responsible for the formation of opaque phases in CO chondrites based on the relatively slow metallographic cooling rate (~0.1–5 °C/Ma), the increasing uniformity of Ni contents in Ni-rich metal with increasing CO subtype (44.3 ± 17.3 wt% in CO3.00 to 38.8 ± 3.4 wt% in CO3.7 chondrite), and the relatively narrow range of pyrrhotite metal/sulfur ratios (~0.976–0.999). Metal/sulfur ratios of pyrrhotite grains in most CO3.2–3.7 chondrites (mean = ~0.986–0.997; except Lancé) are slightly higher than those in CO3.0–3.1 chondrites (mean = ~0.981–0.987; except Y-81020), possibly indicative of a release and re-mobilization of sulfur during progressive heating as previously reported for type-3 chondrites. In this regard, we suggest most metallic Cu grains in CO3 chondrites may have precipitated from Cu-rich pyrrhotite due to sulfidation of Fe-Ni metal during parent-body thermal metamorphism. Locally, a few metallic Cu grains associated with fizzed pyrrhotite could have formed during transient shock-heating. Both thermal and shock metamorphism could be responsible for the formation of metallic Cu. Although the systematic decrease in the Ni contents of Ni-rich metal from subtype-3.2 to subtype-3.8 also occurs in OCs, the average Cu contents of Ni-rich metal grains are indistinguishable among type-3 OCs of different subtypes. The paucity of metallic Cu in weakly shocked type-3 OCs could be related to: (1) the relatively low-bulk Cu contents of OCs, and/or (2) the relatively rapid metallographic cooling rates at <500–600 °C (~1–10 °C/Ma for LL chondrites), possibly resulting from early disturbance of OC parent bodies. The intergrowth of metallic Cu and irregular pyrrhotite more commonly occurs in shocked type-4 to type-6 OCs than in CO3 chondrites. This could be due to S in type-4 to type-6 OCs being more mobilized due to shock heating than in unshocked CO3 chondrites. We predict that some other groups of carbonaceous chondrites (e.g., CI and CM) are less likely to produce metallic Cu due to the: (1) relatively low amount of metallic Fe-Ni; (2) relatively low parent-body temperatures of ~100–300 °C; (3) high mobility of Cu in solution for aqueously altered samples; and (4) the short heating duration for metamorphosed samples.