Damage and failure of the fiber reinforced composites remain as a challenging research subject in the area of material science and engineering. In this study a novel particle assembly model is developed using two dimensional Discrete Element Method (DEM) for the purpose of simulating the damage and failure process of the single-fiber composite (SFC) under axial tension. Fiber (SiC) and matrix (Epoxy) are represented by particles bonded together through elastic parallel bonds which are calibrated by a series of numerical tests. The contacts between the fiber particles and matrix particles are directly accounted for the fiber/matrix interface which is represented by the contact softening model similar to the cohesive zone model (CZM) in the continuum mechanics. The single-fiber composite tensile test is carried out using the developed DEM model in order to evaluate the interactions between fiber breakage, interfacial debonding and matrix cracking. The numerical results have demonstrated the capability of the developed DEM model in simulating the entire failure process of each individual constituent of the single fiber composite. This study has also confirmed that the DEM model has unique advantages over the conventionally numerical models in terms of dealing with the evolution of microscopic damages in composite materials.


Comics - born as a mass medium and then slowly transformed into a niche space in which to experiment and almost predict the media and anthropological forms of the future - is a rich field of investigation to better understand the logic of transmedia narrative and to outline a serious and effective proposal for a study that is truly transdisciplinary. The multimedia nature of comics, which has always been able to anticipate and accompany the methods and forms of the current multimedia communications system (Frezza 1999, 2017) means that today comics are almost a 'permeable membrane' for other sectors of the cultural industry (Jenkis 2006). Indeed, low production costs and a relatively marginal position in the entertainment sector have meant that «l'immaginario su carta e stato ambito di riformulazione radicale dei generi della narrazione visiva e potenzialmente filmica. Dall' inizio del cinema digitale […] il filo del rapporto tra film digitali e fumetti non si e mai spezzato, si e incrementato esponenzialmente, man mano che le tecnologie digitali si perfezionavano e integravano con quelle tradizionali dei media audiovisivi» (Frezza 2017, 29). This particular nature of comics, which is nurtured precisely by dialogue with other media, however, puts a strain on the efforts of those who would like to frame comics in a certain taxonomy approved by the community of scholars. The institutional weakness and the scarce disciplinary identity of the studies, therefore, depend, on the one hand, on the enigmatic, stratified and multimedia nature of comics, which constantly involves the most diverse disciplines. The strength of studies on the medium, however, lies precisely in the challenge that they can launch to the compartmentalisation of knowledge typical of the academic world, but to do this a truly transdisciplinary shared workspace is indispensable. With this paper, we intend to try to propose a transdisciplinary research practice that rejects a hierarchy of disciplines and that restores the full complexity of the object of analysis, with the hope of helping to define a new and strong disciplinary identity in which the different theoretical approaches and methodologies, far from operating in a blind autonomy, can dialogue and contribute to strengthening studies on the medium.


The Web is transforming from a merely information dissemination platform towards a distributed knowledge-based platform for supporting complex problem solving. However, the existing Web contains a large amount of knowledge which is only tagged using layout related markups, making them hard to be discovered and used. In this paper, we purpose to model semantic-rich and self-contained knowledge units embedded in a web site as a mixture of bipartite sub-graphs and to extract the subgraphs as the web site abstraction via hyperlink structure and file hierarchy analysis. A recursive algorithm, named ReHITS, is derived which can identify bipartite sub-graphs with a hierarchical organization. Each identified sub-graph contains a set of associated authorities and hubs as its summarized semantic description. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been evaluated using three real web sites (containing ∼ 10000 web pages) with promising results. Detailed interpretation of the experimental results and qualitative comparison with other related work are also included.


In this paper we describe how these physics of failure aging laws influence reliability distributions, not only the type of distribution, but the rate of failure as it relates to the aging rate. We illustrate how one can predict parametric failure rates based on the physics of failure aging laws when known. A number of statements are concluded. We show that when a manufactured part has a key parameter that is distributed normally, and the physics of failure aging for this key parameter ages in log-time, its failure rate is lognormally distributed. When the physics of failure is a power law, we illustrate how the Weibull beta and eta can be obtained from the physics of failure aging law exponent and amplitude in the parametric case. We use the example of creep, and make direct comparisons between the full creep 'rate' curve and the bathtub curve. Although the example of creep is used many aging laws have a similar power law forms and can be applied in a similar manner. Although we work though parametric failure rate statistics, one can relate it to the catastrophic case.


Galactic bars are often suspected to be channels of gas inflow to the galactic center and to trigger central star formation and active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity. However, the current status on this issue based on empirical studies is unsettling, especially regarding AGNs. We investigate this question based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. From the nearby (0.01 < z < 0.05) bright (Mr < −19) database, we have constructed a sample of 6658 relatively face-on late-type galaxies through visual inspection. We found 36% of them to have a bar. Bars are found to be more common in galaxies with earlier morphology. This makes sample selection critical. Parameter-based selections would miss a large fraction of barred galaxies of early morphology. Bar effects on star formation or AGNs are difficult to understand properly because multiple factors (bar frequency, stellar mass, black hole mass, gas contents, etc.) seem to contribute to them in intricate manners. In the hope of breaking these degeneracies, we inspect bar effects for fixed galaxy properties. Bar effects on central star formation seem higher in redder galaxies. Bar effects on AGNs on the other hand are higher in bluer and less massive galaxies. These effects seem more pronounced with increasing bar length. We discuss possible implications in terms of gas contents, bar strength, bar evolution, fueling timescale, and the dynamical role of supermassive black hole.


Community detection is a hot issue in the study of complex networks. Many community detection algorithms have been put forward in different fields. But most of the existing community detection algorithms are used to find disjoint community structure. In order to make full use of the disjoint community detection algorithms to adapt to the new demand of overlapping community detection, this paper proposes an overlapping community detection algorithm extended from disjoint community structure by selecting overlapping nodes (ONS-OCD). In the algorithm, disjoint community structure with high qualities is firstly taken as input, then, potential members of each community are identified. Overlapping nodes are determined according to the node contribution to the community. Finally, adding ∗ Corresponding author 1092 Y. Xing, F. Meng, Y. Zhou, G. Sun, Z. Wang overlapping nodes to all communities they belong to and get the final overlapping community structure. ONS-OCD algorithm reduces the computation of judging overlapping nodes by narrowing the scope of the potential member nodes of each community. Experimental results both on synthetic and real networks show that the community detection quality of ONS-OCD algorithm is better than several other representative overlapping community detection algorithms.


:  The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible antioxidant activity of raisin paste added to raw ground beef, pork, or chicken before cooking to 163 °C. Samples were held at 2 °C for up to 14 d. TBA values were measured using a distillation method, to avoid yellow color interference found in "wet" TBA methods. Sample meat flavor intensity, rancid flavor intensity, and raisin flavor intensity were evaluated by a trained panel (n = 6). Addition of raisin paste lowered (p < 0.05) TBA values and decreased panel scores for rancid flavor scores of all meat samples in a concentration-dependent manner. Highest antioxidant effects were obtained with a minimum of 1.5%, 2.0%, or 2.0% raisin paste in cooked ground beef, pork, or chicken, respectively. There was a high correlation (0.93, 0.94, 0.94) between TBA values and sensory rancid flavor scores in beef, pork, and chicken samples respectively. Addition of a reducing sugar (glucose) was nearly as effective as raisins for maintenance of low TBA values and rancid flavor scores, probably due to antioxidant effects of Maillard browning products. There was no detectable raisin flavor in cooked ground beef samples with added raisins. However, all meats with added glucose had a higher raisin flavor intensity score than controls, indicating that panelists associated sweetness with raisin flavor. Maillard browning (sample darkening) was evident after cooking of ground chicken with either raisins or glucose.


Frequency warping is a modifier that acts on sound signals by remapping the frequency axis. Thus, the spectral content of the original sound is displaced to other frequencies. At the same time, the phase relationship among the signal components is altered, nonlinearly with respect to frequency. While this effect is interesting and has several applications, including in the synthesis by physical models, its use has been so far limited by the lack of an accurate and flexible real-time algorithm. In this paper we present methods for frequency warping that are based on local approximations of the warping operators and allow for real-time implementation. Filter bank structures are derived that allow for efficient realization of the approximate technique. An analysis of the error is also presented, which shows that both numerical and perceptual errors are within acceptable limits. Furthermore, the approximate implementation allows for a larger variety of warping maps than that achieved by the classical (non-causal) first-order allpass cascade implementation.


We present the first openly available corpus for detecting depression in Thai. Our corpus is compiled by expert verified cases of depression in several online blogs. We experiment with two different LSTM based models and two different BERT based models. We achieve a 77.53% accuracy with a Thai BERT model in detecting depression. This establishes a good baseline for future researcher on the same corpus. Furthermore, we identify a need for Thai embeddings that have been trained on a more varied corpus than Wikipedia. Our corpus, code and trained models have been released openly on Zenodo.


The development of coronary atherosclerosis and ischaemic heart disease had been attributed to risk factors that include but not limited to hypertension. These factors were determined without reference to data from autopsy studies. It is likely that there is no significant difference on the grades of coronary atherosclerosis in hypertensive's when compared with the non-hypertensive's. The aim of this study, therefore, is to test this hypothesis by assessing the impact of hypertension on the grades of atherosclerosis. A prospective postmortem study carried out from 1st of June, 2012 to 31st of May 2013. Consecutive sampling technique was employed to recruit the study population. At post-mortem, the coronary artery of each subject was graded on the basis of the percentage of cross-sectional area stenosis. The data obtained was analyzed with the SPSS version 20. There were 142 cases in this study with a male preponderance. Their mean age was 49.86 years. The grades of coronary atherosclerosis increases with age. The grades of coronary atherosclerosis in hypertensive's were more severe when compared with the non-hypertensive's (p=0.0001). The odds of a hypertensive developing grade III coronary atherosclerosis relative to a grade I lesion was 17.655 higher. The grades of coronary atherosclerosis is related to the presence of hypertension, thus we reject the null hypothesis.

 Key words: Hypertensive's, non-hypertensive's, risk factors, grades of coronary atherosclerosis.


Over the past few decades, notions of environmental, ecological or green gentrification in cities have entered the lexicon of critical urban scholars and activists alike, not least in North American and European settings. This happens amidst growing concerns that the current policy and planning emphasis on making cities more sustainable serves in some cases to exacerbate socio-material inequalities in the city via forms of residential displacement. In this critical commentary, I respond to recent calls for expanding the socio-geographical parameters of green gentrification research, and for enriching the agenda via new theoretical approaches, by highlighting one particular avenue of problematisation that seems so far conspicuously lacking. This is the realisation that, in an unequal world of anthropogenic climate change, green gentrification must be grasped not only at local but also, simultaneously, at transnational scales of risk-induced socio-spatial restructuring. My suggested approach to a more multi-scalar and climate-sensitive notion of green gentrification proceeds via sociologist Ulrich Beck's theorising of the intensifying socio-material inequalities of climate change in 'world risk society', along with ethnographic work on urban climate politics in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, and in the North-West Indian city of Surat. While allowing us to analyse the many local ambivalences wedded with urban sustainability politics in the global North and global South alike, Beck helpfully insists that we keep their unequal trans-local interconnectedness in view, yielding a radicalised notion of green gentrification as set in-between and connecting localised and globalised frames of inequality in new ways.


1. Summary
Direct compaction requires a very good flowability and compressibility of the materials. Those parameters become even more critical if the formulation contains large amount of active substance. To overcome these problems, several alternatives have been used. Roller compaction is a very attractive technology in the pharmaceutical industry. It is a fast and efficient way of producing granules, especially suitable for moisture sensitive materials. The intention of this work was to understand the effect of roller compaction on the tablet properties. In the literature it is often shown that after roller compaction a material tend to loose mechanical strength. This phenomenon is affected by deformation behavior of the materials exposed to roller compaction. Plastic deformable materials are particularly sensitive because of the limiting binding potential which may be consumed in the first compression step by increasing particle size and decreasing specific surface area. However, materials which undergo fragmentation under pressure showed less or even no loss of tabletability after roller compaction. The loosing of mechanical strength is called loss of reworkability or loss of tabletability. To diminish or even eliminate loss of reworkability the crucial moment is the development of a correct and robust formulation. If excipients with adequate properties, regarding an active material, are chosen it is possible to hold mechanical strength of the tablets. Another problem that could take place during roller compaction is disruption of crystal lattice and changing of polymorphic form of the material. Polymorphic transformation may occur as a result of applied pressure during roller compaction or even due to double compaction after tableting. Due to the fact that Theophylline exists as two polymorphic forms of anhydrate and as monohydrate, it was used as a model drug. Two grade of Theophylline anhydrate: Theophylline anhydrate powder (THAP) and Theophylline anhydrate fine powder (THAFP) were employed in order to check if there is difference in compactibility and tablet properties produced from the same material with different particle size distribution. There is the risk that during the compaction cycle hydrate looses water and transforms to anhydrate, therefore Theophylline monohydrate (THMO) was compacted. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was chosen as a material to combine with THAP, THAFP and THMO because it is

widely used pharmaceutical excipient and its mechanical properties are well
understood.
Due to the importance of active material and excipientes properties on the process
parameters of roller compaction the materials were characterized in detail.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray analysis confirmed that roller
compaction, milling and tableting did not influence polymorphic / pseudoplymorphic
forms of THAP, THAFP and THMO. It is well known that various materials have a
different behavior under compression pressure. In order to see effect of roller
compaction on compressibility and compactibility of the materials after roller
compaction various mathematical equation were applied. The most used equations
for checking the compressibility of a material are Heckel and modified Heckel
equation. Compactibility of the materials with and without roller compaction was
determined by measuring the tensile strength of the tablets produced from the
granules and the original materials. Leuenberger equation, which connects
compressibility and compactibility parameters and this equation, was also applied in
this study.
According to the equations which are responsible for compressibility measuring,
THAP, THAFP, THMO and MCC belong to the same group and showed plastic
behavior when they were exposed to pressure. However, when tensile strength of
tablets produced by direct compaction and roller compaction was measured,
differences in behavior were occurred. Tensile strength of MCC tablets after roller
compaction was extremely decreased, while THAP, THAFP and THMO tablets
showed slightly decreased tensile strength. The phenomenon of loosing tableting
properties during roller compaction is characteristic for plastic materials and since the
tablets produced from THAP, THAFP and THMO showed almost the same tensile
strength after roller compaction led to the conclusion that these materials showed
significantly less plastic behavior than MCC. Tablets composed of the mixture of 10%
Theophylline and 90% MCC showed the best compressibility and compactibility
properties.
In order to check the influence of roller compaction on disintegration and dissolution
rate, tablets with the same properties were produced from the original materials and
granules produced by roller compaction at pressure of 20 and 30 bars. Tablets of
THAP, THAFP and THMO produced by direct compaction and roller compaction
showed very slow disintegration because these materials do not show any

disintegrant properties and tablets were more dissolvable. Adding MCC to the tablets
formulation extremely improved disintegration, especially if tablets were produced by
roller compaction. During the dissolution process anhydrate underwent
transformation to monohydrate. However, during the dissolution process THAP and
THAFP were transformed to monohydrate and showed slightly higher dissolution rate
than THMO. This could be explained by different particles shape and surface area of
THMO and hydrate which was obtained from initially anhydrate surface. Due to the
faster disintegration rate of the tablets produced by roller compaction, dissolution rate
of these tablets was higher as well. As it was demonstrated that roller compaction
improves disintegration time and dissolution rate of the tablets it could be proposed
as a method of choice for immediate release tablets.


The present paper proposes a new unconditionally stable method to solve telegraph equation by using associated Hermite (AH) orthogonal functions. Unlike other numerical approaches, the time variables in the given equation can be handled analytically by AH basis functions. By using the Galerkin's method, one can eliminate the time variables from calculations, which results in a series of implicit equations. And the coefficients of results for all orders can then be obtained by the expanded equations and the numerical results can be reconstructed during the computing process. The precision and stability of the proposed method are proved by some examples, which show the numerical solution acquired is acceptable when compared with some existing methods.


Following the enactment of the year 2013 Same Sex Prohibition bill into law, it is now illegal to practice homosexuality in Nigeria. With this development, a variety of scholars have come up with a number of papers in reaction to this law from largely the legal, ethical, cultural or spiritual perspective. However, there has been very little from the psychological perspective especially how these homosexuals perceive or experience their state of sexual orientation in Nigeria. Consequently, this study sought to explore some of the experiences and perceptions of these people from a psychological perspective using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Analysis of transcripts explored the extent of the hope, fears and aspirations of homosexuals in terms of their quality of life. They suggest that living as a homosexual in Nigeria is a very daunting experience and it makes life a little more difficult due to the fear of persecution and prosecution. Further implications and areas of further research suggested.


On the basis of old methods of how to resolve the diameter of air bubbles in stationary water, the author uses numerical value certificated that the relation between the diameter of air bubbles and the airflow velocity of aperture is hyperbola. Then the author proves the connection of the volume of air bubbles, gas flux and the diameter of aperture, which the air bubble is forming at the first stage. It is concluded that the volume of air bubbles will expand with the diameter of aperture enlarging when the gas flux is remain unchanged. Furthermore, the volume of air bubbles will expand with the gas flux enlarging when the diameter of aperture unchanged.


Nimodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, has been shown to cause a potentiation of anticonvulsant action of phenytoin (DPH) against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in rats. This crossover study was carried out in rhesus monkeys to determine if any pharmacokinetic interaction was involved in such a potentiation. The steady state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin was examined before and after nimodipine administration. No significant differences were observed in plasma concentration of phenytoin at different time points nor in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters in the two groups. The results reveal that the potentiation of anticonvulsant action of phenytoin by nimodipine is probably due to a pharmacodynamic interaction between the two drugs.


The European ISOBIO project aims to develop new bio-based insulation panels and coatings showing low embodied energy and high hygrothermal efficiency. After optimization of composites, typical walls for new building and retrofitting will be designed, targeting energy saving and indoor comfort. These multi-layers walls will include indoor plaster that will highly contribute to indoor comfort. This paper investigates the moisture buffering capacity of clay-based plasters. Three formulations developed within the ISOBIO Project, are investigated. These formulations are clay-based and include hemp powder and pumice. After weight stability, drying shrinkage is measured and thermal properties are evaluated for densities ranging from about 1250 to 1425 kg/m3. Thermal conductivities are closed to values commonly measured on earthen materials. The measurement of Moisture Buffer Value (MBV) is performed following two type of protocols. After stabilization, specimens are exposed to daily cyclic variation of ambient relative humidity. For each formulation, three thicknesses of specimens are considered. The lower thickness, about 1.3 centimeters, is representative of the plaster in-use. So, the MBV is representative of in-use behavior. The two higher thicknesses are used with the aim to study the effect of thickness on MBV and to identify MBV representative of the material's one. Consequences of protocol modification in MBV measurement is evaluated and discussed. The three tested plasters are classified as good hygric regulators. A slight discrepancy appears between the three formulations (about 6.5 % for the in-use thickness) showing the limited incidence of formulation changes.


The post 2001 'War(s) on Terror' have seen changes to the manner in which war is communicated, and this offers opportunities to those writing the social history of war. These events reflect the contemporary realities of war and communication. Borderlands of scholarship have opened and the community of those at/of war can now be more openly engaged and interrogated by the scholarly community. Past conflicts have been marked by the contest between official government representations of reality and the image presented by the mainstream media. This dual dominance is increasingly challenged by virtual individuals, a challenge that provides scholars fresh space to engage with a community that is too often excluded. Social media offers a remarkable degree of access for scholars to complement official reports and mainstream media accounts of war. This paper explores these areas of scholarly engagement and assesses the development of the new virtual community at war, with an examination of the 2010 case of Richard Strandlof and his fraudulent identity as wounded American war veteran Rick Duncan who was actively opposing war. New media has been used by community activist groups who detect and publicise such impersonations in both Australia and the United States, and in a more prosaic manner by soldiers and their families who just want their voices to be heard.


The wastewater from industrial smelting process contains heavy metals such as arsenic (As) that produce serious environmental pollution and cause actual harm to the health of people. It is necessary to control the pollution at the source and achieve a real-time and online monitoring. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new elemental analysis technique, and has the advantage of rapid detection. An LIBS setup has been established. The Nd : YAG laser beam is focused onto the sample, then the plasmas are produced. The emission spectra of plasmas are dispersed by an Echelle spectrograph and detected by an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD). Experiments have been carried out on the industrial wastewater collected from the scene. The spectral lines of As element were obtained. The calibration curve of the line intensities versus the concentrations of the As element was acquired by the experiment. The calibration curve can be used for the quantitative analysis of arsenic element with an unknown concentration in the industrial wastewater. The results showed that the LIBS technique can be applied in the rapid detection of As element in industrial wastewater, and has wide range of applications.


This study reconciles the findings in recent studies regarding the disappearing accruals anomaly and the sustained cash flows anomaly. We attribute the contrasting results to the firms having both highly negative accruals and cash flows. They exhibit highly negative future stock returns although their accruals level is low. For these firms, aside from the previously documented performance-related delisting effects, it appears that investors expect large losses to reverse but are, in fact, negatively surprised by the persistence of negative cash flows. Our results indicate that investors' different priors of the future earnings behavior of loss versus profit firms partially explain the contrasting results in prior studies. To conclude, we reconcile the findings of this study to those of prior studies (Desai et al. 2004; Dopuch et al. 2010; Hafzalla et al. 2011).


The effect of an aqueous phase on phenol hydrogenation over Pt and Ni catalysts was investigated using density functional theory-based ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. The adsorption of phenol and the addition of the first and second hydrogen adatoms to three, ring carbon positions (ortho, meta, and para with respect to the phenolic OH group) were explored in both vacuum and liquid water. The major change in the electronic structure of both Pt(111) and Ni(111) surfaces, between a gaseous and liquid phase environment, results from a repulsion between the electrons of the liquid water and the diffuse tail of electron density emanating from the metal surface. The redistribution of the metal's electrons toward the subsurface layer lowers the metal work function by about 1 eV. The lower work function gives the liquid-covered metal a higher chemical reduction strength and, in consequence, a lower oxidation strength, which, in turn lowers the phenol adsorption energy, despite the stabilizing influence of the solvation of the partly positively charged adsorbate. At both the solid/vapor and the solid/water interface, H adatom addition involves neutral H atom transfer hence the reaction barriers for adding H adatoms to phenol are lowered by only 10-20 kJ/mol, due to a small stabilizing at the transition state. More importantly, the liquid environment significantly influences the relative energetics of charged, surface-bound intermediates and of proton-transfer reactions like keto/enol isomerization. For phenol hydrogenation, solvation in water results in an energetic preference to form ketones as a result of tautomerization of surface-bound enol intermediates.


The research was commissioned by the Scottish Office in 1997 to map Careers Service (CS) provision across Scotland and consider its effectiveness after a period of major change to its organisation and management. The research defined effectiveness in terms of the extent to which provision met clients' needs rather than whether Careers Service Companies (CSCs) were operating effectively within their existing resources. The research was focused on the core work of the Careers Service and aimed to consider how well provision met the needs of young people, employers and Training Organisations.


: A case is reported of cholesterol crystal embolus in the retina. Up until now, no in vivo demonstration in the form of a printed photograph seems to have been published, showing changes in cholesterol embolus reflection, when the light and gaze incidence is modified.


We have developed a prototype electronic notary system (CYNOS : CYber NOtary System). CYNOS proves facts by providing the evidence (notary token) of events and/or actions that could be used to solve disputes between entities. It is a signature-based system and uses various security techniques to enable the timely certification of entities and fair and highly reliable delivery. It also cooperates with our CA (CANP : Certification Authority for secure Network Platform) through the network. This paper describes CYNOS with regard to its service, functions, and mechanism. The ability of CYNOS to support the nonrepudiation service and some issues on system management are discussed. The additional requirements that are needed if the certification mechanism is to realize practical notarization functions are addressed.


An old Indian traditional medical practice called Siddha developed in South India. The Lord typically serves as the source of the system. It is believed that Goddess Parvathi, represented by Lord Shiva, received the Siddha system's knowledge from the Almighty, who then passed it on to Nandikeswara. Nandikeswara was appointed to set up for the framework to be spread in the midst of humankind thus, he obediently granted the information to Sage Agastya. Agastya gave all of the relevant information to his various disciples, who helped spread the system around the world. Diet and lifestyle play a significant role in both health and disease treatment, according to the Siddha medicine system. Pathiyam and Apathiyam refer to this Siddha medicine concept, which is essentially a rule-based system with a list of "dos and don'ts." The aim of this review article is to explore the scientific literary evidence for the therapeutic usage of Panchadeepakini chooranam for (Silethuma Noi/Kaba Noi) as mentioned in Citta Vaittiya Tirattu and to assign effort to entity the pharmacological activity for the curative nature of the drug. Most of the raw drugs used for the preparation of Panchadeepakini chooranam have bronchodilatory activity, anti-tussive activity, anti-allergic activity, immunomodulatory activity, anti-histamine activity hence justifying its usage in respiratory illness.


The recent financial crisis has highlighted the interconnectedness between macroeconomic and financial stability and has raised the question of whether and how to combine the corresponding main policy instruments (interest rate and bank-capital requirements). This paper offers a characterization of the jointly optimal setting of monetary and prudential policies and discusses its implications for the business cycle. The source of financial fragility is the socially excessive risk-taking by banks due to limited liability and deposit insurance. We characterize the conditions under which locally optimal (Ramsey) policy dedicates the prudential instrument to preventing inefficient risk-taking by banks; and the monetary instrument to dealing with the business cycle, with the two instruments co-varying negatively. Our analysis thus identifies circumstances that can validate the prevailing view among central bankers that standard interest-rate policy cannot serve as the first line of defense against financial instability. In addition, we also provide conditions under which the two instruments might optimally co-move positively and countercyclically.


The determination of the speed of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is usually done by tracking brighter features (such as the CME front and core) in visible light (VL) coronagraphic images and by deriving unidimensional profiles of the CME speed as a function of altitude or time. Nevertheless, CMEs are usually characterized by the presence of significant density inhomogeneities propagating outward with different radial and latitudinal projected speeds, resulting in a complex evolution eventually forming the interplanetary CME. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time how coronagraphic image sequences can be analyzed with the cross-correlation technique to derive two-dimensional (2D) maps of the almost instantaneous plasma speed distribution within the body of CMEs. The technique is first tested with the analysis of synthetic data and then applied to real observations. Results from this work allow us to characterize the distribution and time evolution of kinetic energy inside CMEs, as well as the mechanical energy (combined with the kinetic and potential energy) partition between the core and front of the CME. In the future, CMEs will be observed by two channels (VL and UV Lyα) coronagraphs, such as Metis on board ESA Solar Orbiter mission as well as the Lyα Solar Telescope on board the Chinese Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory mission. Our results will help in the analysis of these future observations, helping in particular to take into account the 2D distribution of Lyα Doppler dimming effect.


Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a highly prevalent condition and its impact will increase further in the future. Due to its poor prognosis, heart failure has been named a "malignant disease". Several prognostic factors have been identified in CHF patients. Comprehensive prognostic scores have been based on clinical and laboratory parameters such as age, gender, comorbidity, ejection fraction, exercise capacity or haemoglobin concentrations.1 These scores have, however, often ignored the prognostic potential of neuroendocrine markers in CHF. B-type natriuretic peptides seem to be the most powerful neuroendocrine markers and their routine application has found increasing support. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated independent statistical effects of BNP and NT-pro-BNP on mortality rates. In a systematic review, Doust et al 2 found that in 23 of 35 multivariable analyses CHF outcomes were predicted by B-type natriuretic peptides at higher significance levels than by any other risk marker. In nine of these analyses, BNP or NT-pro-BNP was the only significant predictor. The observed effect sizes of B-type natriuretic peptides were larger than those of ejection fraction, peak oxygen consumption or a composite score. These findings might stimulate efforts to add B-type natriuretic peptides to conventional prognostic models, although only a few authors have used them in this way. There is, rather, a tendency to replace multidimensional risk assessments with one single laboratory marker, which is thought to facilitate risk assessment in clinical routine. This unidimensional approach might, however, be overly simplistic for a complex disease such as CHF.

In this issue of Heart , Parissis and co-workers3 ( see article on page 585 ) show that the effect of another prognostic marker, namely symptoms of depression, …


Aboveground dry weight (AGDW) and leaf area index (LAI) are indicators of crop growth status and grain yield as affected by interactions of genotype, environment, and management. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based remote sensing provides cost-effective and non-destructive methods for the high-throughput phenotyping of crop traits (e.g., AGDW and LAI) through the integration of UAV-derived vegetation indexes (VIs) with statistical models. However, the effects of different modelling strategies that use different dataset compositions of explanatory variables (i.e., combinations of sources and temporal combinations of the VI datasets) on estimates of AGDW and LAI have rarely been evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three sources of VIs (visible, spectral, and combined) and three types of temporal combinations of the VI datasets (mono-, multi-, and full-temporal) on estimates of AGDW and LAI. The VIs were derived from visible (RGB) and multi-spectral imageries, which were acquired by a UAV-based platform over a wheat trial at five sampling dates before flowering. Partial least squares regression models were built with different modelling strategies to estimate AGDW and LAI at each prediction date. The results showed that models built with the three sources of mono-temporal VIs obtained similar performances for estimating AGDW (RRMSE = 11.86% to 15.80% for visible, 10.25% to 16.70% for spectral, and 10.25% to 16.70% for combined VIs) and LAI (RRMSE = 13.30% to 22.56% for visible, 12.04% to 22.85% for spectral, and 13.45% to 22.85% for combined VIs) across prediction dates. Mono-temporal models built with visible VIs outperformed the other two sources of VIs in general. Models built with mono-temporal VIs generally obtained better estimates than models with multi- and full-temporal VIs. The results suggested that the use of UAV-derived visible VIs can be an alternative to multi-spectral VIs for high-throughput and in-season estimates of AGDW and LAI. The combination of modelling strategies that used mono-temporal datasets and a self-calibration method demonstrated the potential for in-season estimates of AGDW and LAI (RRMSE normally less than 15%) in breeding or agronomy trials.


Analysis of EEG coherence performed in 60 healthy adult subjects revealed some changes in the spatial organization of cortical electrical activity produced by complication of the context of cognitive performance (increasing the working memory load). Changes in the degree of coherence of cortical potentials within the local areas were observed already at the stage of the "operative readiness" immediately after the instruction, i.e., representation of the cognitive task sequence in the explicit working memory. The observed changes were different in the anterior (decrease in the degree of coherence) and posterior (increase in coherence) areas of the cortex. Context-related increase in the local coherence was more pronounced in the temporal, parietal, and occipital areas of the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere.


Recent research suggests that the fertility-education relationship may be mediated by the educational attainment of the partner, especially among the tertiary-educated. However, there are no studies focusing on the couple-educationfertility nexus among couples who achieved only basic educational attainment, even though resource pooling theory predicts differences in family formation by couples' joint levels of socio-economic resources. We address this research gap and investigate how educational pairings among married and cohabiting partners relate to second and third birth transitions across 22 European countries, using data from the EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) panel and discrete time event history models. Our fi ndings show signifi cantly lower second and third birth transition rates among homogamous low-educated couples compared to heterogamous couples with one lowand one medium or highly-educated partner in the Nordic countries, but not across the rest of Europe. However, couples with one or two low-educated partners have signifi cantly lower second birth rates compared with couples with two highly-educated partners in all European regions.


Chagas' disease, which is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, has become a global health problem that is currently treated with poorly tolerated drugs that require prolonged dosing. Therefore, there is a clinical need for new therapeutic agents that can mitigate these issues. The phosphomannomutase (PMM) and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GDP-MP) enzymes form part of the de novo biosynthetic pathway to the nucleotide sugar GDP-mannose. ABSTRACT Chagas' disease, which is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, has become a global health problem that is currently treated with poorly tolerated drugs that require prolonged dosing. Therefore, there is a clinical need for new therapeutic agents that can mitigate these issues. The phosphomannomutase (PMM) and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GDP-MP) enzymes form part of the de novo biosynthetic pathway to the nucleotide sugar GDP-mannose. This nucleotide sugar is used either directly, or indirectly via the formation of dolichol-phosphomannose, for the assembly of all mannose-containing glycoconjugates. In T. cruzi, mannose-containing glycoconjugates include the cell-surface glycoinositol-phospholipids and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins that dominate the cell surface architectures of all life cycle stages. This makes PMM and GDP-MP potentially attractive targets for a drug discovery program against Chagas' disease. To assess the ligandability of these enzymes in T. cruzi, we have screened 18,117 structurally diverse compounds exploring drug-like chemical space and 16,845 small polar fragment compounds using an assay interrogating the activities of both PMM and GDP-MP enzymes simultaneously. This resulted in 48 small fragment hits, and on retesting 20 were found to be active against the enzymes. Deconvolution revealed that these were all inhibitors of T. cruzi GDP-MP, with compounds 2 and 3 acting as uncompetitive and competitive inhibitors, respectively. Based on these findings, the T. cruzi PMM and GDP-MP enzymes were deemed not ligandable and poorly ligandable, respectively, using small molecules from conventional drug discovery chemical space. This presents a significant hurdle to exploiting these enzymes as therapeutic targets for Chagas' disease.


Investigators disagree on the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) released by resting and stimulated alveolar macrophages. The method commonly used to measure H2O2 release involves horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed oxidation of scopoletin by H2O2. We describe an artifact in this method that may explain the seemingly inconsistent data reported by other investigators. Release of H2O2 and luminol-catalyzed chemiluminescence are stimulated in rat alveolar macrophages by type II HRP at concentrations normally used in the HRP-scopoletin method. The amount of H2O2 released depends upon the length of time the cells are preincubated at 37.5 degrees C and the time at which type II HRP is added. After stimulation with type II HRP, the cells do not release additional H2O2 upon exposure to zymosan particles. Myeloperoxidase, an alternative catalyst to type II HRP, does not stimulate H2O2 release and, therefore, can be used to measure H2O2 release from rat alveolar macrophages. Using myeloperoxidase, resting H2O2 release is negligible; after zymosan stimulation, 6.14 (+/- 0.87) X 10(-6) nmoles/cell X 10 min is released. In addition, more pure HRP preparations (types VI, VII, VIII, and IX) do not stimulate alveolar macrophages to release H2O2 and can be used to monitor zymosan-induced H2O2 release. As our data indicate that type II HRP stimulates H2O2 release from rat and guinea pig alveolar macrophages, it is not the catalyst of choice for this assay. In conclusion, our data explain the conflicting results found in the literature and indicate that rat alveolar macrophages release minimal amounts of H2O2 at rest and can be stimulated by zymosan.


A hybrid technique that combines the method of moments (MoM) and the finite element method (FEM) to analyze cavity-backed patch antennas is presented. This technique features the use of FEM in solving the electromagnetic field distribution in the cavity and the use of MoM in solving integral equations outside the cavity. The results of MoM and FEM are combined through the continuity conditions on the boundary of the cavity. Due to the flexibility of FEM, complex cavities filled with inhomogeneous media can be analyzed by this technique. The results obtained by this hybrid technique are compared to the finite difference time domain (FDTD) results and good agreement is found. >


Abstract Based on study of modern foraminifera, changes in test porosity of ancient planktic foraminiferal specimens may be interpreted to reflect primarily changes in water temperature. To test this hypothesis, planktic foraminiferal porosity data (percent pore space per unit area) of Hedbergella delrioensis from three localities in the Cretaceous Western Interior basin were analyzed in the context of basin history (e.g., relative sea-level). These data record spatial and temporal changes in water masses at the average living depth of H. delrioensis. A significant increase in porosity between the upper Cenomanian M. mosbyense biozone and lower S. gracile biozone suggests an increase in water mass temperature, reflecting northward advection of a central core of warmer (less dense) water into the central seaway. The spread of this water mass toward the north, and laterally east and west, correlates with an independent record of rising sea-level. In addition to this secular porosity trend, higher frequency fluctuations may reflect transient oceanographic events related to changes in sea-level or circulation. In this study, porosity measurement was improved utilizing a scanning electron microscope and image analysis software. The work confirms prior results that as few as five foraminifera are required to produce a statistical assessment of average sample porosity. Use of pore concentration (number of pores per unit area), previously suggested as a temperature proxy, was not supported. The major interpretative contribution is a temporally precise record of spatial changes in Western Interior water masses.


The work in this thesis is part of a project led by the Institute of Marine Research (IMR), with partners at the Department of Biomedicine (University of Bergen, UiB), the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), and Department of Chemistry (UiB) financed by the Research Council of Norway. Fish in the North Sea experience exposure to xenobiotic compounds from historic pollution and releases from industry and other human activities. A number of adverse biological effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown, including alterations in the cell membrane. This study is a follow-up of a previously published study from IMR that showed that Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) that were exposed to short-chained alkylphenols had altered lipid composition and fatty acid distribution in the liver and brain compared to un-exposed fish. The study in this thesis consists of two exposure experiments where Atlantic cod were given pollutants in the diet through 4 weeks. In experiment 1 Atlantic cod were exposed to para-substituted nonylphenols (NPs), either the straight-chained isomer 4-n-NP, or a mixture of branched isomers, 4T-NP. In experiment 2 Atlantic cod were given crude oil and/or a mixture of halogenated POPs. The POPs included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), chlorinated pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). The fish were given doses corresponding to chronic pollution or higher doses analogous to acute spill accidents. The main focus of the thesis has been detailed studies of lipid composition, with emphasis on the phospholipids in the membranes, and fatty acid distribution in membrane lipids. Toxicogenomic studies have also been performed on the transcriptional levels, as well as biophysical studies of model lipid membranes as Langmuir monolayers and their interactions with selected POPs. The treatments with NPs or oil/POPs did not induce large changes in membrane composition (lipid class composition and fatty acid distribution) in the liver and brain of male Atlantic cod. However, the transcriptional data suggest that the fish were


Determinants of job mobility and job advancement were motivated from a model of investment in human capital. Least squares and Tobit models were specified and estimated using data from a recent survey of Kansas State University College of Agriculture graduates. Determinants of job turnover and the number of promotions earned were quantified. Job change and job advancement were found to occur early in the careers of agriculture college alumni. Job experience was found to be the most significant determinant of labor mobility and promotion. Personal and occupational characteristics were found to have significant but small impacts on labor mobility and advancement.


In this study, a wave park is analysed from the economic and electrical points of view. The system under consideration goes from each wave energy unit up to the point of common connection with the main grid. Time series are obtained from simulation models for a scaled prototype and include data for mild, medium and strong sea states. The simulation models have been validated against the small scale tank testing of a prime mover, a wave rider buoy and a scaled testing of the power take-off in a land-based test rig. The design of the proposed wave park layout aims to minimise its cost and power losses. A life-cycle analysis of the park is performed showing that around 30 €/MWh will be the share of the electricity price required to install and operate the wave park grid. The power quality of the wave park and its compliance with regulations are also analysed. Special emphasis is put in the study of flicker emissions concluding that the proposed wave park is within the grid code limitations and even a reduction of a 66% in the flicker coefficients is reported when considering the aggregation of several units in one model.


Boyolali is one city in Indonesia with a massive growth in infrastucture development, especially in terms of public and communities space development that became urban planning goals of Boyolali city in the last five years. There are many development programs that have been planned by the goverment, one of them is the plan for building Botanical Garden as a conservation area and public space in 2016. This program is the reason why Boyolali Botanical Garden is choosen as the object design. The design of the Botanical Garden is more focused on the educational recreation purpose that implement fun learning experiences as a learning method. This method has proven to make learning new things, in this case is botany , fun and easier to understand. The architectural approach used to solve the design problems of this Botanical Garden is Fun Design approach, so the design of Botanical Garden tries to direct architectural elements toward a design that gives a pleasant and fun environment to the users because fun environment is the most conductive learning climate for non-formal education. The architectural elements that can help to form a fun environment in Fun Design approach is : Forms, Mass Arragement, Colors, Materials, Aperture and Lighting. These elements can help to create a fun learning environment by emphasizing the design decision on the impression that can be conveyed by each elements. The impression that need to be conveyed by the design to make fun learning environment among others is cheerfullness, energetic, happy, flexible, freedoom, and refreshing. One of the example is the application of bright color (such as yellow, red, blue, ect) to convey cheerfullness and energetic impression on the design.


Recently, neutrino oscillation experiments have unequivocally demonstrated that neutrinos have mass and mix. These experiments have yielded valuable information on the mixing angles and on the mass differences of the three eigenstates but cannot determine the scale of the neutrino mass, which is fixed by the lightest neutrino mass eigenvalue. This can only be directly determined by kinematic measurementsor by the observation and measurement of the neutrinoless double-beta decay (NDBD) half-life. The CUORE experiment is designed with a sensitivity capable of probing the range indicated by oscillation experiments. It consists of an array of 988, 750 g, TeO2 bolometers operating at 8 to 10 mK and arranged in a cylindrical geometry of 19 towers hanging on the bottom of the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator. Each tower consists of 13 4-detector modules for a total of 52 bolometers. One such tower has been successfully constructed and is now operated in the Gran Sasso Laboratory as a test experiment, and also as an independent NDBD experiment called CUORICINO. In fact, the 3 year half-life sensitivity of CUORICINO for NDBD decay of 130Te is 6.1E24 years. Thus far the CUORICINO data demonstrate the technical feasibility of the expanded CUORE array while showing what and where the sources of background are and how to reduce them. A background reduction to 0.01 counts/keV/kg/y in the NDBD energy region is therefore possible. This would allow the full CUORE array to achieve a 5-year sensitivity of the order of 30 meV on the effective neutrino mass. Another order of magnitude reduction (corresponding to a sensitivity of about 15 meV) will present a real challenge, but is also possible. The CUORE experiment will be installed in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Assergi, Italy.


Objectives: A surgical robot (ROBODOC®) is used for total knee replacement. The same system has been in clinical use for total hip replacement at BGU Frankfurt since 1994 and since March 2000 TKR is another clinical application. The presentation intends to give an overview of the system and of the first experiences in clinical use. Background: The outcome of conventional total knee replacement has always been very dependent on the surgeon's individual skills and routine. The most common mistakes have been malpositionings and malrotations of the prosthesis, which postoperatively caused varus and valgus malalignments of the lower limb resulting in an incorrect mechanical axis. The system permits a three-dimensional pre-operative planning of the correct axis and rotation as well as the correct implant size. The introperative cutting is entirely executed by the surgical robot according to the preoperative planning. Design / Methods: The ROBODOC® Surgical Assistant System consists of three major components: The pre-operative planning workstation called ORTHODOC®, the surgical robot and the robot control unit that receives the preoperative planning data and controls ROBODOC®. Presently, four titanium pins have to be implanted at the beginning of the procedure, one in the proximal femur, one in the distal femur, one in the proximal and one in the distal tibia. These pins are the landmarks for the following procedures. A CT scan is made of the femoral head, the distal femur and the proximal tibia including all the pins and the ankle. A rod is laid on the patient's leg to detect the motion during CT scan. The CT data is being transferred to the ORTHODOC® workstation on an optical disk. The ORTHODOC® displays three orthogonal cross-sections of the bone on a high-resolution screen. A manipulation on one of the cross-sections is shown in nearly real-time on the other two cross-sections. The first step is to find all the four pins on the CT scan and to check their position. The next step is to create a femoral and tibial axis using four markers (i.e. proximal and distal femur and proximal an distal tibia). The bone is then aligned along the axis. Once those steps have been performed and implant can be selected from an implant library. The femoral component is the first part of the planning. Once the correct size, alignment and rotation have been found the tibial component is added and adjusted. The final step is to select the tibial liner. Once the planning is finished a synthetic x-ray can be created which shows the postoperative result and helps to determine if the correct axis was planned. After finishing the planning a transfer tape that can be loaded into the ROBODOC® is created. The patient's leg is positioned using a special leg holder and thigh support plate. The patient's knee should be flexed to an angle of approximately 70 to 80 degrees, a gap of 1 to 2 mm should be achieved. The patient is prepared and draped in the normal manner. Surgery proceeds normally and the regular approach for TKA is used. Once the exposure is finished and the four pins are clearly accessible, two Steinmann pins are inserted, one in the femur and one in the tibia. The Hoffmann II Orthopedic Fixation System is used to connect the two Steinmann pins and to distract the knee joint. Now the robot is moved to the OR table. The femur and the tibia must be rigidly fixated to the robot base. Following this two bone motion monitors are attached to the bone, one to the femur and one to the tibia. The registration program is started. Using ROBODOC®'s ball probe the four pins have to be located, including the use of pin extenders so that the robot can find the patient's position on the OR table by comparing the data to the preoperative CT data of that particular patient. First the femoral pins are found, then the tibial pins. If the registration is correct the cutter can be installed, the irrigation system is connected and the robot starts cutting the surface for the planned implant. First the femur is prepared, then the tibia. The final cut is the cruciform in the tibia for which a special cutter is required. Should bone motion occur during any part of the cutting procedure the robot will stop and the pins have to be re-registered. Once the cutting is finished, the robot is moved away from the OR-table, the pins and fixators are removed an the surgeon inserts the planned implant manually – normally using the cementless tecnique. The surgery is finished the traditional way. Fifty patients who had received total knee replacement using the ROBODOC® System were followed up and examined using a pre-defined protocol: 23 patients were male, 27 were female. All cases showed severe signs of osteoarthrosis. In 35 cases we saw a varus deviation, in 13 cases a valgus deviation, in two cases there was no deviation from the axis. four patients were post-traumatic cases, in one case a complex osteotomy had been performed. In 38 patients the cementless technique was used, in eight cases the tibial component was cemented and in four cases both components were cemented due to poor bone quality. We had an obvious learning curve, OR time went down from 130 minutes for the first procedure to 90 minutes average OR time. Due to the three-dimensional pre-operative planning of the correct axis and rotation we saw a good alignment of the femoral and tibial component in all cases. Besides the optimal size of the components could be selected for the patients in this group. Results/Conclusions: The system permits a three-dimensional pre-operative planning of the correct axis and rotation as well as the correct implant size. Due to the exact cut surfaces the cementless technique can be used in the makority of cases. The patients are permitted full weight bearing immediately postoperatively. None of the templates or tools that are needed for manual TKR are necessary when the ROBODOC® system is used which means an immense reduction of surgical tools for that procedure. The OR-time is not significantly longer compared to traditional TKR. The surgeon has total control of the procedure at all times and the procedure can be finished manually if necessary. Correct aligment and rotation are the known preconditions for durability in TKR. The present disadvantages of the system are soft tissue management including ligament balancing, the rigid fixation and the use of pins (markers). By June 2001 about 280 surgeries have been performed using the system. The development of a pinless system is already on its way and clinical testings are abour to start at BGU Frankfurt.


Energy-efficiency in target tracking applications has been extensively studied in the literature of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). However, there is little work which has been done to survey and summarize this effort. In this paper, we address the lack of these studies by giving an up-to-date State-of-the-Art of the most important energy-efficient target tracking schemes. We propose a novel classification of schemes that are based on the interaction between the communication subsystem and the sensing subsystem on a single sensor node. We are interested in collaborative target tracking instead of single-node tracking. In fact, WSNs are often of a dense nature, and redundant data that can be received from multiple sensors help at improving tracking accuracy and reducing energy consumption by using limited sensing and communication ranges. We show that energy-efficiency in a collaborative WSN-based target tracking scheme can be achieved via two classes of methods: sensing-related methods and communication-related methods. We illustrate both of them with several examples. We show also that these two classes can be related to each other via a prediction algorithm to optimize communication and sensing operations. By self-organizing the WSN in trees and/or clusters, and selecting for activation the most appropriate nodes that handle the tracking task, the tracking algorithm can reduce the energy consumption at the communication and the sensing layers. Thereby, network parameters (sampling rate, wakeup period, cluster size, tree depth, etc.) are adapted to the dynamic of the target (position, velocity, direction, etc.). In addition to this general classification, we discuss also a special classification of some protocols that put specific assumptions on the target nature and/or use a "non-standard" hardware to do sensing. At the end, we conduct a theoretic comparison between all these schemes in terms of objectives and mechanisms. Finally, we give some recommendations that help at designing a WSN-based energy efficient target tracking scheme.


We assess anticipated changes in policy and regional climate on agrarian land use development indicators in Austria for the period 2025-2040. A spatially explicit bio-economic integrated assessment quantifies impacts at 1km grid resolution in order to take into account the heterogeneity of Austrian agricultural landscapes. The impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) post-2013 on regional producer surplus are slightly positive and payments shift from intensive to extensive production regions. The economic impact of climate change depends on changes in precipitation patterns. Policy change leads to intensification of land use in favorable cropland and grassland regions and extensification in marginal regions. Regional climate change amplifies land use intensification with increases in crop yields, e.g. in Alpine regions, and land use extensification with declining crop yields, e.g. in eastern cropland regions. Environmental indicators deteriorate at national level in all scenarios. The highly spatially diverging impacts call for more targeted policy measures.


Report and poster completed by students enrolled in HRIR 6304: Employee Development: Creating a Competitive Advantage, taught by Stacy Doepner-Hove in spring 2018.


A new pyrene cored small organic molecule viz. 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-((5-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)pentyl)oxy)phenyl)pyrene (PY-II) was designed and synthesized. The carbazole moiety with an alkyl spacer was introduced at 1, 3, 6 and 8 positions of the pyrene core to improve the charge transport properties and solution processability. PY-II exhibited excellent solubility in common organic solvents and high thermal stability up to 345 °C. The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of PY-II in solution was found to be 0.9 with bright blue emission near 450 nm which is just appropriate for the human eye. The solution processed non-doped OLED device fabricated using PY-II as an emissive layer afforded a pure blue emission with CIE coordinates of 0.16 and 0.16, a power efficiency of 0.17 lm W−1, a maximum current efficiency of 0.41 cd A−1 and a maximum brightness of 202 cd m−2.


BACKGROUND
Anticholinergic medications have been utilized frequently prior to bronchoscopy and are thought to facilitate the drying of secretions to limit the amount of required topical anesthetic on the airway mucosa, prevent cardiac arrhythmias during the procedure, and increase patient comfort.

OBJECTIVE
To determine if atropine or glycopyrrolate, two anticholinergic agents utilized most frequently in this setting, have any significant role for this purpose.

DESIGN
Double-blind, placebo-controlled study, in which patients were randomly selected to receive atropine (0.01 mg/kg body weight, IM injection), glycopyrrolate (0.005 mg/kg, IM injection), or saline solution placebo (approximately 2 mL, IM injection) 15 to 45 min prior to being sedated with midazolam until judged to be lightly sedated.

SETTING
A large academic teaching hospital in the midwestern United States.

PARTICIPANTS
Two hundred seventeen outpatients referred for bronchoscopy who satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
Using a modified visual analog scale (0 to 100 mm), the bronchoscopist and the nurse anesthetist estimated the antisialagogic effect, effectiveness in cough suppression, and overall patient comfort during the procedure. The patients completed a similar questionnaire after recovering from the procedure. Patients were also monitored for complications (cardiac arrhythmias, oxygen desaturation, hypertension, wheezing, or coughing severe enough to curtail the procedure). There was no significant difference found among atropine, glycopyrrolate, and placebo for the primary end point of secretion control. In addition, there was no difference found between either medication and placebo for effectiveness of cough suppression, amount of topical anesthetic used, complication rates, or overall patient comfort.

CONCLUSION
The use of anticholinergic agents prior to bronchoscopy did not affect performance of bronchoscopy or complication rates, and there was no appreciable benefit from the resultant reduction in airway secretions in a population of patients receiving concurrent sedation with benzodiazepines.


The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is hailed as one of the most intact temperate ecosystems in the world. Within the ecosystem the Yellowstone cutthroat trout has been noted as both a keystone species and an indicator of ecosystem health. As anthropogenic induced stress and its effects on natural systems have become more readily apparent, a call has risen for a new holistic form of natural resource policy development and implementation. The Ecosystem Approach, based on the principles of sustainability, is a multidisciplinary, cross-sectoral policy paradigm, which serves that function for this study. This research analyzed the extent to which natural resource policy in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem has transitioned from a traditional reductionist approach to an Ecosystem Approach based on the case study of Yellowstone cutthroat trout. The case study is based on empirical evidence gathered through interviews with state, federal, and non-governmental officials in the Greater Yellowstone and public comments submitted for a twelve-month status review pertaining to the petition to list the Yellowstone cutthroat trout under the Endangered Species Act. Two bodies of theory have been engaged in this study. The first is the theoretical criteria of the Ecosystem Approach, while the second is the Advocacy Coalition Framework that has been utilized as the policy analysis framework for the study. This research concluded that Yellowstone cutthroat trout policy is interrelated with numerous other sector of policy to include, public land management, private property rights, economics, demographics, and a multitude of debates that surround each. While Yellowstone cutthroat trout policy influences, and is influenced by, a number of factors, transition from a traditional approach to an Ecosystem Approach to natural resource policy development and implementation has been severely limited. The limitations of the transition, as reflected in the case study, stem from a lack of, overarching ecosystem-wide goals, inter-agency cooperation, public involvement and education, and the continued effects of historical policies.


Here is a list of selected new and recent acquisitions at the School of Theology Library, and an included list of forthcoming print acquisitions.


This study exploits the existence of various leadership types in a sample of lower secondary school principals across Italy (N=1,073). Information is derived by a questionnaire provided by INVALSI (National Evaluation Committee for Education) about instructional practices and leadership perceptions. Employing a Latent Class Analysis (LCA), we identify three subgroups of school leaders. We then analyze if some principal's individual characteristics and school context factors are statistically correlated with the probability of having a certain leadership styles' attitude. Finally, we provide evidence that schools where the principal is adopting an "instructional" approach report lower academic test scores.


Easy to use, interactive web applications accumulating data from heterogeneous sources represent a recent trend on the World Wide Web, referred to as the Social Web. There however, security standards are often disregarded in favor of interface design or brand new features. This prevents the new services from gaining ground in the enterprise, in medical or e-government environments. We propose the deployment of XML Digital Signatures on web content and demonstrate how an architecture enabling for various security properties would look like. The solution proposed will benefit from the research on security engineering in Service-Oriented Architectures and thus allows for an in-depth analysis on the results.


The macrocyclic ligand DOTP is used to assemble a porous, heterometallic metal-organic framework (MOF). This MOF is miniaturizable down to the nanoscale to form stable colloids, is stable in physiological saline solution and cell culture media, and is not cytotoxic. It shows interesting relaxometric properties with r1 at high field (500 MHz) of 5 mM(-1)·s(-1) and a maximum r1 = 15 mM(-1)·s(-1) at 40 MHz, which remains constant over a wide pH range and increases with temperature.


This thesis is concerned with the extension of Zubov's
method for the determination of domains of attraction. The
basic definitions and theorems of Liapunov and Zubov as well as
a numerical algorithm (due to White) are given in the introductory
chapter.
The application of the method of Zubov to some practical
situations like power systems and control systems of order two
is the subject of chapter two.
Chapter three describes the determination of the domains
of attraction for scalar time varying systems. The series solution
has a similar problem of non-uniform convergence that occurs in
autonomous systems.
Extension of the method to third order non-linear autonomous
systems is included in Chapter four so that it can be applied to second order time varying system which is described in Chapter
five. Results in the form of slices or cross-sections of the
stability boundaries in the various principal planes are obtained.
Systems which have periodic solutions are examined and the
domain of attraction of the stable limit cycle is determined in
Chapter six. Approximate solutions are also used in trying to
determine the domain of attraction of the periodic solutions.
In Chapter seven a technique for solving global
optimization problems is presented. Several one-dimensional and
two-dimensional minimization problems are solved and the results
indicate the accuracy of this technique.


How to design proper training pairs is critical for super-resolving real-world low-quality (LQ) images, which suffers from the difficulties in either acquiring paired ground-truth high-quality (HQ) images or synthesizing photo-realistic degraded LQ observations. Recent works mainly focus on modeling the degradation with handcrafted or estimated degradation parameters, which are however incapable to model complicated real-world degradation types, resulting in limited quality improvement. Notably, LQ face images, which may have the same degradation process as natural images, can be robustly restored with photo-realistic textures by exploiting their strong structural priors. This motivates us to use the real-world LQ face images and their restored HQ counterparts to model the complex real-world degradation (namely ReDegNet), and then transfer it to HQ natural images to synthesize their realistic LQ counterparts. By taking these paired HQ-LQ face images as inputs to explicitly predict the degradation-aware and content-independent representations, we could control the degraded image generation, and subsequently transfer these degradation representations from face to natural images to synthesize the degraded LQ natural images. Experiments show that our ReDegNet can well learn the real degradation process from face images. The restoration network trained with our synthetic pairs performs favorably against SOTAs. More importantly, our method provides a new way to handle the real-world complex scenarios by learning their degradation representations from the facial portions, which can be used to significantly improve the quality of non-facial areas. The source code is available at https://github.com/csxmli2016/ReDegNet.


Background Pain control in chronic pancreatitis is a major challenge; the mechanisms behind analgesic treatment are poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the differences in pain sensitivity and modulation in chronic pancreatitis patients, based on their clinical response (responders vs nonresponders) to placebo or pregabalin treatment. Methods This study was part of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the analgesic effects of pregabalin and placebo in chronic pancreatitis. Post hoc, patients were assigned to one of four groups, ie, responders and nonresponders to pregabalin (n=16; n=15) or placebo (n=12; n=17) treatment. Responders were defined as patients with >30% pain reduction after 3 weeks of treatment. We measured change in pain sensitivity before and after the treatment using electric pain detection thresholds (ePDT) in dermatomes C5 (generalized effects) and Ventral T10 (segmental effects). Descending endogenous pain modulation was quantified via conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm. Results Sixty patients were analyzed in a per-protocol analysis. ePDT change in C5 was significant vs baseline and greater in pregabalin (1.3 mA) vs placebo responders (−0.1 mA; P=0.015). This was not so for ePDT in Ventral T10. CPM increased more in pregabalin (9%) vs placebo responders (−17%; P<0.001). CPM changed significantly vs baseline only for pregabalin responders (P=0.006). Conclusion This hypothesis-generating study provides the first evidence that pain relief with pregabalin is associated with anti-hyperalgesic effects and increased endogenous inhibitory modulation. No such effects were observed in patients experiencing pain relief with the placebo treatment. The mechanisms underlying analgesic response to placebo vs drug treatments are different and, together with their interactions, deserve further study.


A geologic- kinematic model for the evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region is built within a framework provided by a detailed Late Paleozoic (Alleghenian) plate reconstruction and a revised North American (NOAM) and South American (SOAM) relative motion history. From the Middle Jurassic to the Campanian, SOAM migrated east-southeast from NOAM. From the Carapanian to the Eocene. Little or no NOAM-SOAM relative motion occurred, although minor sinistral transpression is suggested. Since the Eocene, minor west-northwest convergence between NOAM and SOAM has occurred along pre-existing fracture zones. Three stages of evolution are recognized which correlate with these phases of relative motion. Stage 1: mainly carbonate shelves fringed the Gulf of Mexico and "Proto-Caribbean" passive rifted margins, during plate separation. Stage 2: the Caribbean Plate (CARIB) progressively entered the NOAM-SOAM gap from the Pacific by subduction of Proto-Caribbean crust beneath the Greater Antilles, Stage 3: CARIB migrated east by 1200 km, subducting Proto-Caribbean crust and forming the Lesser Antilles Arc, Transform faults have dissected the original Greater Antilles Arc, and nappes in the Venezuelan Andes have been emplaced southeastwards onto the northern SOAM margin, diachronously from west to east. Field work done in Dominican Republic, both near Puerto Plata and in the southwest sector, indicates that 1) Cuba and northern and central Hispaniola are parts of one original Greater Antilles arc, 2) this arc collided with the Bahamas in the Late Paleocene=Mid Eocene, and 3) Hispaniola has been assembled by strike-slip juxtaposition of terranes from the west.


Cementitious composites are porous material having complex structure system consist of hydration products, un-hydrated cement particles and pore solutions of various scales. Calcium carbonate whisker is a new type of low cost micro-scale filler fiber gaining popularity in the field of construction materials. However, addition of whisker has effect on physical, mechanical and microstructural characteristics of cementitious composites. Also, the low production cost of whisker will make the use of micro fiber more extensive in large scale construction projects. In this study, the effect of calcium carbonate whisker on physical, mechanical and microstructural properties of cementitious composites with different fiber contents are investigated. The fluidity, drying shrinkage, pore structure, impact resistance, compressive, flexural and splitting-tensile strength of whisker-mortar are considered. The scanning electron microscopy analysis is also performed to examine the microstructural and toughening mechanism of whisker reinforced composites. It was concluded that the addition of calcium carbonate whisker up to 10 % improves the physical and mechanical properties of cementitious composites and is suggested to be the optimize content. The calcium carbonate whisker also resists the crack propagation at micro scale and showed the toughening mechanism with better interfacial properties between whisker and matrix.


In the Great Plains, grassland carbon dynamics differ across broad gradients of precipitation and temperature, yet finer-scale variation in these variables may also affect grassland processes. Despite the importance of grasslands, there is little information on how fine-scale relationships compare between them regionally. We compared grassland C exchanges, energy partitioning and precipitation variability in eight sites in the eastern and western Great Plains using eddy covariance and meteorological data. During our study, both eastern and western grasslands varied between an average net carbon sink and a net source. Eastern grasslands had a moderate vapor pressure deficit (VPD = 0.95 kPa) and high growing season gross primary productivity (GPP = 1010 ± 218 g C m−2 yr−1). Western grasslands had a growing season with higher VPD (1.43 kPa) and lower GPP (360 ± 127 g C m−2 yr−1). Western grasslands were sensitive to precipitation at daily timescales, whereas eastern grasslands were sensitive at monthly and seasonal timescales. Our results support the expectation that C exchanges in these grasslands differ as a result of varying precipitation regimes. Because eastern grasslands are less influenced by short-term variability in rainfall than western grasslands, the effects of precipitation change are likely to be more predictable in eastern grasslands because the timescales of variability that must be resolved are relatively longer. We postulate increasing regional heterogeneity in grassland C exchanges in the Great Plains in coming decades.


The prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is dismal. Hence, advances in multidisciplinary treatment strategies, including surgery, are urgently needed. Early recurrence of distant organ metastases suggests that there are occult metastases even in cases with resectable disease. Several randomized controlled trials on adjuvant chemotherapy have been conducted to prolong survival after resection. CONKO-001 study was the first to demonstrate significant improvement in disease-free survival after surgery with gemcitabine administration. The JASPAC-01 study showed the superiority of adjuvant S1 over gemcitabine in survival after resection. Based on the results, adjuvant S1 therapy is the prescribed standard of care in Japan. Recently, the PRODIGE 24/CCTG PA.6 study showed that survival of patients treated with a modified FOLFIRINOX regimen as adjuvant therapy was significantly longer than those treated with adjuvant gemcitabine therapy. Although the evidence from these trials on adjuvant chemotherapy have been the gold-standard treatment for curatively resected and fully recovered patients, resectable disease at diagnosis is not the status, resected disease after curative resection. Currently, neoadjuvant therapy is considered to be a promising alternative to surgery for pancreatic cancer. Although there are many reports regarding neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, so far there has been no solid evidence proving the advantage of this strategy versus standard up-front surgery. Newly obtained results from the Prep-02/JSAP05 randomized phase II/III study, comparing neoadjuvant therapy with up-front surgery, revealed significant improvement in overall survival with neoadjuvant chemotherapy by intention-to-treat analysis. Thus, neoadjuvant intervention might become a new standard strategy in cases undergoing planned resection for pancreatic cancer.


This study aims at formulating solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of Vinpocetine (VIN) to be used as a brain targeted sustained drug-delivery system. VIN is a derivative of vincamine alkaloid, used for chronic cerebral vascular ischemia. However, it suffers from low bioavailability and short half-life. Its oral bioavailability is recorded to be between 7 and 55%. Its elimination half-life is 1–2 h so it would be a good candidate for a sustained drug-delivery system. VIN SLNs were prepared using modified high shear homogenization followed by ultrasonication technique. The effect of incorporating different lipids at different concentrations of various surfactants was investigated. The VIN SLNs were characterized by entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), particle size distribution, zeta-potential, and cumulative released percent after 96 h. The EE% ranged between 83.34% ± 0.95–94.56% ± 0.11 due to the lipophilic character of VIN. The mean particle size measured ranged from 123 nm–464 nm. The cumulative released percent after 96 h ranged from 23.55% to 75.67% showing a controlled release profile. Formula (F32) composed of 5% glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and stabilized by 2% surfactant mixture [Tween 80, Pluronic F 68 (1:1)] was the most appropriate formula for brain delivery having EE% of 89.09% ± 1.49, zero-order release kinetics with cumulative released percent of 72.12% after 96 h, zeta-potential of –11.3 ± 0.97 mV. It showed a unimodal size distribution with particle size ≈90 nm and polydispersity index of 0.121. The formula of choice in this study exhibited a zero-order sustained release profile and met the requirement for a brain targeted SLN so it could be a promising formula to deliver VIN to the brain.


The reasearch was purposed to find out correlation about body condition score (BCS) of dairy cow on colostrum quality in terms of Solid Non Fat (SNF) and Specific Gravity. The material was used 30 pregnant of dairy cows with 9𝑡ℎ months old. The method that used in the research was using survey and observation methods. Sampling was done by purposive sampling old pregnant dairy cows. The variables measured were Solid Non Fat (SNF) and Specific Grafity. Data were tabulated to SPSS 20 version, then analyzed descriptively and linear regression analysis using the SPSS program to determine the correlation of the old pregnant BCS of dairy cow on quality colostrum. The result showed an average was BCS 4, BCS of the old pregnant dairy cow showed a  significant correlation (P<0.05) on quality of colostrum in terms of Solid Non Fat (SNF)  with a correlation coefficient (r) = 0.749 and the determinantion coefficient (𝑅2) = 56% and BCS of the old pregnant dairy cow showed a  significant correlation to (P<0.05) on quality of colostrum Specific Grafity  with a correlation coefficient (r) = 0.787 and the determinantion coefficient (𝑅2) = 62% . It can be concluded a good BCS is a range of BCS (3-4), so that breeders should be controling the BCS of dairy cattle. If the value of BCS was great it make the higher quality of colostrum, so a new born calf will be grow well because the quality of colostrum was also great.


Many double auction frameworks have been proposed for cloud service negotiations [1]. However, the frameworks are not able to accommodate both the heterogeneous cloud services and multi-attributes negotiation simultaneously. Therefore, this paper proposed a double-auction framework to accommodate heterogeneous cloud services and multi-attributes negotiation. The study postulated four activities namely literature review, cloud service marketplace investigation, data formulation and double auction-based negotiation framework development. The market requirements, auction requirements and two new mechanisms of a double auction framework have been proposed.


Background Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy(OPAT) has been demonstrated to be safe and effective. Therefore, it has widespread application outside our country. Purpose To set up a framework to establish and expand qualitative and safe OPAT care in a regional hospital. Material and methods We conducted a literature analysis and a retrospective analysis (including pharmacoeconomics) of OPAT patients discharged from our hospital. In addition, we conducted a survey questioning healthcare providers' points of view regarding OPAT. We questioned members of the antimicrobial management teams of 94 hospitals, physicians of our hospital and primary care providers in the hospital's region. Based on the results, we developed a structured OPAT service supported by validated tools and information leaflets. Results In 2015, we treated 77 OPAT patients in our 500 bed hospital, mostly for urinary tract, bone and joint, and genital tract infections, most commonly with ceftriaxone or temocilline. The majority of OPAT patients (74%) were treated in the day care hospital. The overall average duration of OPAT therapy was 11 days. 822 hospitalisation bed days were saved. The surveys revealed that despite acknowledgment of the benefits and potential of OPAT, there was only small scale application in hospitals. Lack of procedures, high costs for the patient and restrictive legislation regarding drug delivery were mentioned as the main drawbacks. Key features of our OPAT service were a multidisciplinary approach, criteria based patient selection, delivery of antibiotics and intravenous fluids via community pharmacy, provision of intravenous administration sets and trained nurses via external home care providers and use of validated tools and information leaflets for patients and home care nurses. The hospital pharmacist has a central role in informing patients and caregivers, delivery of hospital restricted antibiotics and as the contact person after discharge. After implementation of this structured OPAT service, more than twice as many patients could be discharged on OPAT at home compared with 2015. Conclusion Based on the international literature and local experience, a structured OPAT programme was implemented at our hospital. Next steps are raising awareness and training health care providers, conducting patient satisfaction surveys and intensifying follow-up and audit of our OPAT service. No conflict of interest


Abstract Species of the hemispheric ovary clade of the Velloziaceae are presented. The Vellozia hemisphaerica group is endemic to the Espinhaço Range in Bahia, Brazil, and is composed of the five species Vellozia canelinha Mello-Silva, V. caudata Mello-Silva, V. hemisphaerica Seub., V. jolyi L. B. Sm., and V. religiosa Mello-Silva & D. Sasaki. The group is a monophyletic assemblage supported by an ovary outline that is broader than long and other plastid and nuclear molecular characters, as well as non-molecular characters. Identification keys for the species group, their morphological and anatomical descriptions, as well as comments on the affinities of the species and character evolution based on previous cladistic analysis, geographical distribution, and conservation status are presented. A new species, V. religiosa, is described, and V. burlemarxii L. B. Sm. & Ayensu and V. campanuloides Mello-Silva are synonymized with V. hemisphaerica and V. caudata, respectively. Lectotypification of the name V. hemisphaerica is also provided.


Understanding players' visual attention patterns within an interactive 3D game environment is an important research area that can improve game level design and graphics. Several graphics techniques use a perception based rendering method to enhance graphics quality while achieving the fast rendering speed required for fast-paced 3D video games. Game designers can also enhance game play by adjusting the level design, texture and color choices, and objects' locations, if such decisions are informed by a study of players' visual attention patterns in 3D game environments. This paper seeks to address this issue. We present results showing different visual attention patterns that players exhibit in two different game types: action-adventure games and first person shooter games. In addition, analyzing visual attention patterns within a complex 3D game environment presents a new challenge because the environment is very complex with many rapidly changing conditions; the methods used in previous research cannot be used in such environments. In this paper, we will discuss our exploration seeking a new approach to analyze visual attention patterns within interactive 3D environments.


The transport mechanisms for the dipeptide glycyl-L-phenylalanine (Gly-Phe) and L-phenylalanine (Phe) were characterized in fish intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Gly-Phe was rapidly hydrolyzed only intravesicularly with almost total hydrolysis occurring even at 10 s. Dipeptide uptake was not stimulated by an inward gradient of Na, K, or H. Phe uptake was stimulated by an inward gradient of either Na or K but displayed an overshoot phenomenon only in the presence of an Na gradient. Kinetic analysis of the effect of substrate concentration on transport rate revealed that transport of both Gly-Phe and Phe occurred by a saturable process conforming to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km for Gly-Phe was 9.8 +/- 3.5 mM, whereas that for Phe in the presence of Na or K, respectively, was 0.74 +/- 0.13 and 1.1 +/- 0.37 mM. Maximum uptake for Gly-Phe and for Phe in the presence of Na and K was 5.1, 0.9, and 0.4 nmol.mg and protein-1.5 s-1, respectively. Gly-Phe and Phe transport displayed different patterns of inhibition by dipeptides and amino acids. These results suggest that Gly-Phe and Phe are transported via different mechanisms, with Gly-Phe being hydrolyzed during a carrier-mediated, cation-independent process and Phe being transferred via a Na+ cotransport process similar to that described in mammals. During conditions of high luminal dipeptide concentrations, the Gly-Phe pathway may make a significant contribution to total Phe uptake.


The first museums on history of nature were opened in early Enlightenment and had originated from baroque curio galleries at most of the European courts. Peter the Great, too, had his "Art Chamber" converted to a universal museum primarily designed to didactic purposes. Much of the space was devoted to anatomic and teratological exhibits. To complete these collections, Peter repeatedly ordered all malformations to be handed over ("Monster Decree"). When travelling abroad, he purchased anatomic, zoological, botanic, and mineralogical collections, such as the famous collection previously owned by Frederik Ruysch in Amsterdam, with injected anatomic specimens with period-style decorations. The Art Chamber collection was later on described by K. W. Burdach, anatomist, and K. E. v. Baer, anthropologist. Many of its exhibits are still at show.


This paper presents some practical aspects regarding heat transfer analysis inside a permanent magnet synchronous machine used in wind conversion systems. Two steady state models were developed using COMSOL Multiphysics software package and compared. The influence of the heat conductivities of component materials and conduction coefficients upon the final results was analyzed. A transient 3D model was developed to study special cases when the generator operates at high intermittent currents (e.g. during harsh winds) and how that influences the heat transfer and temperature distribution inside machine.


In the present work, a finite difference model (FDM) is built to predict the transient temperature field of the aluminum billet in the gradient cooling process. The billet is divided in 5 segments, each of which is corresponding with one water cooling ring, and all of which are water-cooled for different times respectively in order to obtain the target temperature gradient. On the following air cooling stage, the temperature of the outer layers, especially the surface, rises first, then falls slowly. With the rising of the surface temperature, the temperature deviation from the center to the surface is narrowed intensively. In comparison with the commercial finite element method (FEM) software, Deform 3D, the FDM model gets nearly the same prediction results as FEM simulation does.


Economists often argue that economics is a "pure" and "autonomous" discipline. In contrast, the relatively dense institutional and interpersonal networks owned by economists show how the discipline stands at the edge of several social fields and thus can be particularly heteronomous. These networks provide a certain volume and form of social capital which strengthen the discipline, but also highlight its important porousness toward extra-academic powers. Very few studies have focused on the importance of social capital in fields and, to our knowledge, no research has systematically investigated the role of intra-disciplinary and extra-disciplinary social capital in economics. This chapter aims to focus on the structure and evolution of social capital in the Swiss field of economists. It relies on an original prosopographical database of all economics professors at Swiss universities between 1980 and 2000 (n=200). We exploit the data in two ways: First, through multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), we identify two structuring forces among economists. The main opposition is marked by the volume of extra-disciplinary social capital, and the volume of intra-disciplinarity capital only comes in a second place. Second, we show, through class-specific MCA, that, despite the fact that intra-disciplinary social capital gains in importance in the recent period, extra-disciplinary social capital remains the prime structuring logic across time. Although the particularly strong cohesion and autonomy that characterise the discipline, this chapter points out the importance of heteronomous networks, which attest that economics is and stays much less autonomous than economists would argue.