We attempt to interpret existing data on the evolution of the UV luminosity function and UV colours, β, of galaxies at 5 ≤ z ≤ 8, to improve our understanding of their dust content and interstellar medium properties. To this aim, we post-process the results of a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation with a chemical evolution model, which includes dust formation by supernovae and intermediate-mass stars, dust destruction in supernova shocks, and grain growth by accretion of gas-phase elements in dense gas. We find that observations require a steep, Small Magellanic Cloud-like extinction curve and a clumpy dust distribution, where stellar populations younger than 15 Myr are still embedded in their dusty natal clouds. Investigating the scatter in the colour distribution and stellar mass, we find that the observed trends can be explained by the presence of two populations: younger, less massive galaxies where dust enrichment is mainly due to stellar sources, and massive, more chemically evolved ones, where efficient grain growth provides the dominant contribution to the total dust mass. Computing the IR-excess-UV colour relation, we find that all but the dustiest model galaxies follow a relation shallower than the Meurer et al. one, usually adopted to correct the observed UV luminosities of high-z galaxies for the effects of dust extinction. As a result, their total star formation rates might have been overestimated. Our study illustrates the importance to incorporate a proper treatment of dust in simulations of high-z galaxies, and that massive, dusty, UV-faint galaxies might have already appeared at z ≲ 7.


In the critically ill, accurate measurements of left ventricular (LV) filling pressure using pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (Ppao) are important for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In patients receiving positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), Ppao may not reflect LV filling pressure because of elevated pericardial pressure (Ppc). It has been proposed that in humans, Ppc and right atrial pressure (Pra) are equal, so that referencing Ppao to Pra may improve the assessment of LV filling pressure when Ppc is elevated. Similarly, it has also been shown in the dog that nadir Ppao immediately after airway disconnection from PEEP (nadir Ppao), accurately reflects LV filling pressure when LV filling pressure is ⩽ 10 mm Hg. We examined methods of estimating LV filling pressure using Ppao measurements under conditions in which increases in Ppc were the primary determinants of differences in the two measurements. Using left atrial pressure (Pla) relative to Ppc, called transmural Pla (Platm), as LV filling pressure, we compared the accuracy of Ppao, nadir Ppao, and Ppao relative to Pra to reflect Platm in 15 postoperative cardiac surgery patients in whom an air-filled pericardial balloon catheter and a left atrial catheter were inserted during surgery. PEEP was sequentially increased from zero to 15 cm H2O. We found that Pra always exceeded Ppc (p


Details:
The software is co-authored by Professor Clarke (principal researcher, 75% contribution) with Xavier Rodet (25%, IRCAM,
Paris). Together, the source code for the two objects (written in the C programming language) comprises over 2,500 lines of
code. The development of these objects and the underlying research are described in more detail in the fully refereed
conference paper in the portfolio. The objects are distributed by IRCAM internationally as part of the IRCAM Forum.

Context:
These algorithms are developed from Clarke's own earlier FOF and FOG unit-generators for MIT's Csound software package
and were inspired by IRCAM's CHANT software developed by Xavier Rodet et al. The objects were developed to work in the
different environment of Max/MSP, in particular to take advantage of its orientation towards real-time work. This involved
researching methods for optimising code for real-time use and for adapting control parameters to facilitate real-time operation
and their creative use. Although the underlying algorithms remain in many respects unchanged, their implementation in this new
environment involved significant research and recoding. The fog~ object was also significantly extended to incorporate the
potential for use with data derived from Pitch Synchronous Overlap and Add (PSOLA) analyses of the sound being processed.
This approach provides ways of time stretching and pitch shifting sounds, substantially reducing the side effects that normally
arise with granular based approaches. The design permits other data from the analysis to be used to control the
voiced/unvoiced components of the sound, as well as vibrato and transients.


To conduct the revitalization of Integrated Health Service (posyandu), it is a need to consistently involve community empowerment. This study aimed to analyze the community participation, interrelated sectors and private sectors for the revitalization of posyandu that composed of leadership, organizational and contribution aspects of the posyandu. Data were collected by depth interview with questioner guides and secondary data from District Health Offices, Health Centers, and the Posyandu. Respondents were selected purposively in Karanganyar, Mojokerto and Pasuruan Regencies, at 7 (seven) Posyandu by interviewing Health Office staffs of Community Health Services (UKM), Sub Health Office CommunityEmpowerment (PM), Heads of Health Centers, midwives, and nutrition staffs of the Health Centers, cadres/Family Welfare(PKK). The interrelated sectors in Sub Districts Offices were staffs of Field Officer of Planning Family (PLKB), Field Officers of Health Education (PPL), Social Welfare, Head Section of Social Affair, and also staffs of Agriculture Office, Plantation Office and Forest Office. The Private Sectors were represented by the company staffs or company doctors. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results showed that the revitalization of posyandu, especially since the presence of posyandu revitalization fund in 2005, there were increases of some posyandus Activities, The community participation such as presence of cadres, fund collecting by "jimpitan", and providing place of the posyandu were thought to be very supporting. The participation of interrelated sectors in sub district levels such as for health education, empowering of the community and also distributing crop seeds, have been done some years but still incident or that it was usually becoming active if there were competitions. The private companies provided contributions in the forms of money, milk, eggs, place for the posyandu, or providing additional food to posyandu located nearing the companies. The revitalization of posyandu still needs some efforts as for recruiting new cadres, training the cadres routinely, adding incentive for cadres, enhancing roles the interrelated sectors, approach the private companies such by inviting them at interrelated sector meeting and efforts to collect community fund. Key words: revitalization, Integrated Health Post, community participation, interrelated sectors, private companies


Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness studies of crime control and punishment have proliferated since the late-1980s. Especially in relation to crime prevention programs and punishment policies they have been hugely, and regrettably, influential. "Regrettable" because many have relied on exaggerated estimates of "intangible costs" of victimization so unrealistically high that that almost any sanctioning policy no matter how severe could be shown to be effective. Likewise, almost any prevention program estimated to have prevented rapes or robberies could be shown to generate benefits in excess of costs. Estimates for rape and homicide were greatly exaggerated because they were initially based on jury damage awards in civil law suits, the right hand tale of any crime distribution because a successful lawsuit depends on the presence of an egregious crime and one or both of a highly sympathetic victim and a wealthy or well-insured defendant. The latter are not common characteristics of rape and homicide defendants. More recent studies have relied on statistical life valuations ranging from $0.7 to 26.4 million, a range so wide that any number chosen is inherently arbitrary. Recent work, however, has shown that studies relying on estimates of intangible victim costs are fundamentally flawed for the reasons described and others.


A new design methodology for the physical design of analog circuits is proposed. The methodology is based on the automatic generation of constraints on parasitics introduced during the layout phase from constraints on the functional performance of the circuit. In this novel performance-constrained approach, the parasitic constraints drive the layout tools to reduce the need for further layout iterations. Parasitic constraint generation involves 1) generation of a set of bounding constraints on the critical parasitics of a circuit to provide maximum flexibility to the layout tools while meeting the performance constraints; and 2) deriving a set of matching constraints on the parasitics from matched-node-pair and matched-branch-pair information in differential circuits. Constraint generator PARCAR is described and results presented for test circuits.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate use of lufenuron for treating cutaneous fungal infections in dogs and cats.

DESIGN
Retrospective study.

ANIMALS
156 dogs and 201 cats with dermatophytosis or superficial dermatomycoses.

PROCEDURE
Medical records were reviewed for dogs and cats that had been treated for dermatophytosis or other fungal infections by administration of lufenuron and 18 dogs and 42 cats that were not treated and served as a control group.

RESULTS
Dogs were treated once by oral administration of lufenuron tablets at doses ranging from 54.2 to 68.3 mg/kg (24.6 to 31.0 mg/lb) of body weight. Samples of skin, scrapings, and hair were obtained daily from 14 dogs with dermatophytosis; mean durations from time of treatment to time of negative fungal culture results and resolution of gross lesions were 14.5 and 20.75 days, respectively. In all treated dogs, gross lesions resolved within approximately 21 days. Cats were treated once by oral administration of lufenuron suspension in doses ranging from 51.2 to 266 mg/kg (23.3 to 120.9 mg/lb). Samples were obtained daily from 23 cats; mean durations from time of treatment to time of negative fungal culture results and resolution of gross lesions were 8.3 and 12 days, respectively. Time to resolution of lesions in most untreated control animals was approximately 90 days. Adverse effects of treatment were not detected.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results of this study suggest that lufenuron provides an effective, convenient, and rapid method for treating fungal infections in dogs and cats.


Off Baja California (Guadalupe Site) at a water depth of 11,706 ft, drilling penetrated about 560 ft of sediments before entering an olivine basalt flow; 8 sedimentary samples were obtained for the present study. One sample was obtained from the core taken off LaJolla, California, in a water depth of 3109 ft where drilling was to 1043 ft below the sea floor. Two samples for the present study are surface samples from the Guadalupe Site. A pycnometer was used to determine bulk densities of the samples. The sediments examined contain appreciable amounts of clay minerals which lose water from their structure at varying rates and amounts at different drying temperatures. Consequently, bulk densities of the mineral grains vary considerably with the temperature of drying. The densities increase as the temperature of drying is increased. The bulk specific gravity of mineral grains in Guadalupe Site samples varied between 2.75 and 2.47 g/cc; the average of all determinations at 105 degrees C. was 2.59 g/cc.


This Article, originally presented at a symposium, THE WTO AT A CROSSROADS, in 2004 at the Law Faculty of Bar Ilan University in Israel, provides a proposal that responds to the problems posed by the increasing prevalence of regional trade agreements. The Article argues that RTAs have tended to undermine the development of the multilateral trade system. Specifically, they pose an institutional threat to the WTO - they drain states' enthusiasm for multilateral trade negotiations, create conflicts between RTAs and the WTO, and divert resources from the WTO to the RTA process. The Article's proposal would ameliorate those institutional harms through, among other things, greater involvement of the WTO secretariat in the creation of RTAs, as well as through the clear establishment of the supremacy of the WTO over conflicting RTA rules and jurisprudence.


Key words structure and Theory of Mind in communicative interaction Tatiana Petrova St.Petersburg State University Elena Erofeeva Perm State University Tatiana Chernigovskaja St.Petersburg State University Abstract: The study describes the communicative and linguistic characteristics of subjects behavior in the verbal communication processes. Several series of experiments aimed at revealing capability for interaction and distributed attention in the process of joint accomplishment of an experimental task were conducted in different variations of groups of schizophrenic patients and normal controls. This capability is based on deducing the mental state of communicative partner (ToM ability). In our experiments one partner of `a dyad had to follow the instructions of the other partner when visual monitoring was not available. Key words method was used for the analysis of the verbal data. During the interaction, participants, discribing each object, had to go through three phases: Identification, Localization, and Checking. Our results show that schizophrenic patients performed significantly worse than controls in coming through all these phases. Schizophrenic patients use lesser key words set than optimal one; their poor performance could be explained by ToM deficiency.


The multi-label hierarchical prediction of gene functions at genome and ontology-wide level is a central problem in bioinformatics, and raises challenging questions from a machine learning standpoint. In this context, multi-label hierarchical ensemble methods that take into account the hierarchical relationships between functional classes have been recently proposed. Various studies also showed that the integration of multiple sources of data is one of the key issues to significantly improve gene function prediction. We propose an integrated approach that combines local data fusion strategies with global hierarchical multi-label methods. The label unbalance typically occurring in gene functional classes is taken into account through the use of cost-sensitive techniques. Ontology-wide results with the yeast model organism, using the FunCat taxonomy, show the effectiveness of the proposed methodological approach.


Purpose: To evaluate the activity of imatinib in treating advanced, life-threatening malignancies expressing one or more imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases. Experimental Design: This was a phase II, open-label, single arm study. Patients ≥15 years old with malignancies showing histologic or molecular evidence of expression/activation of imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases were enrolled. Patients were treated with 400 or 800 mg/d imatinib for hematologic malignancy and solid tumors, respectively. Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary objective was to identify evidence of imatinib activity with tumor response as the primary end point. Results: One hundred eighty-six patients with 40 different malignancies were enrolled (78.5% solid tumors, 21.5% hematologic malignancies). Confirmed response occurred in 8.9% of solid tumor patients (4 complete, 9 partial) and 27.5% of hematologic malignancy patients (8 complete, 3 partial). Notable activity of imatinib was observed in only five tumor types (aggressive fibromatosis, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, hypereosinophilic syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, and systemic mastocytosis). A total of 106 tumors were screened for activating mutations: five KIT mutations and no platelet-derived growth factor receptor mutations were found. One patient with systemic mastocytosis and a partial response to therapy had a novel imatinib-sensitive KIT mutation (D816T). There was no clear relationship between expression or activation of wild-type imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases and clinical response. Conclusion: Clinical benefit was largely confined to diseases with known genomic mechanisms of activation of imatinib target kinases. Our results indicate an important role for molecular characterization of tumors to identify patients likely to benefit from imatinib treatment.


This paper addresses issues that affect poor urban households in the global south and uses Port Harcourt City Nigeria as its case study. It identified that poverty reduction strategies in Nigeria has always been top-down and generalised. Policy makers and planners have never considered differentiating urban from rural poverty and therefore, the contributions of urban agriculture has not been really appreciated. This paper reviewed urban agriculture from three developmental phases in Nigeria and suggested that to understand what it is and what it does, it should be city specific when defining it. it suggested that this should be done in regards to the features of urban agriculture and in relation to the city's economy. This is because what prompt someone to engage with urban agriculture in London is different from the motivation of those in Port Harcourt City.The paper concluded that three social relations are important in understanding why people engage with urban agriculture in the global south. They are gender, birth right and social network.


Abstract:  Although the majority of hemangiomas of infancy do not require treatment, a subset of patients have complications such as ulceration, functional impairment or severe disfigurement that necessitate intervention. It is often difficult to predict which hemangiomas will lead to permanent disfigurement and medical complications. We present three patients with segmental facial hemangiomas involving the nose which resulted in nasal cartilage destruction. All three patients had a linear gray atrophic crease in the inferior columella visualized on clinical examination prior to the onset of nasal collapse. We propose that this ''nasal crease sign'' in infants with segmental facial hemangioma involving the nose and philtrum may be a premonitory clinical finding of impending nasal cartilage destruction. Dermatologists should be aware of this clinical sign which may help identify patients at high risk of nasal destruction. Unfortunately, aggressive medical intervention may not always prevent devastating disfigurement.


This article examines the choices of Polish households in their decision to consume and the amount spent on four dairy products, i.e., whole milk, skim milk, butter and yogurt. A random utility framework leads to the specification of a system of four participation and four level (expenditure) equations. With the strong substitution effect between the consumption of whole milk and low-fat milk and possible correlation among the purchase decisions of other dairy products, the specification allows for correlation between the consumption decisions among different dairy products. Therefore, the selection of a system approach leads to constructing a multivariate two-part model. A pooled cross-sectional sample used in model estimation has 77,043 observations with non-missing values for the period from 2005 to 2008.


ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to investigate the sleep quality and health related quality of life in children with functional constipation. Fifty patients (7–13 years) attended to our general pediatric outpatient clinic and diagnosed with functional constipation and 50 healthy controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Health-related quality of life was assessed by using Kid-KINDL inventory and sleep quality was assessed by using PSQI. Children with functional constipation had lower scores of quality of life compared to healthy controls. Although the total score was not statistically significant the physical well-being scores of constipated children was significantly lower than control group. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score for children with functional constipation was significantly higher than controls (2.5 ± 2.4 and 0.5 ± 0.6, respectively; p < 0.05). School-aged children with functional constipation had lower quality of life and quality of sleep compared to their healthy peers. Physical well-being was especially impaired in constipated children affecting daily activities negatively. Assessment of quality of sleep as well as quality of life should be a part of management of functional constipation in childhood.


Objective Changes in working conditions give rise to new occupational health risks and work-related diseases (WRDs). Monitoring these new WRDs is essential for their early recognition and prevention and requires a comprehensive approach, using several complementary methods. The aim of this review is to provide an overview and basic typology of different approaches to detect new/emerging WRDs. Methods We conducted an extensive scientific literature search combining terms for the following three concepts: surveillance/reporting systems; occupational/work–related diseases; and new or emerging risks. In addition, a grey literature search was performed of both grey literature databases and relevant EU and research institute websites for additional resources. Results We identified a total of 75 surveillance systems from 26 different countries. We set up a basic typology of these systems dividing them into four main groups. Compensation-based systems (n=22) were designed to gather data for compensation purposes and are insurance-driven. Non-compensation-related systems (n=34) were created with the aim of improving the collection and analysis of data to measure trends in occupational and work-related diseases. Sentinel systems (n=12) were specifically designed to provide a warning signal that will initiate health interventions and preventive actions. Finally, public health surveillance systems (n=7) aim to monitor the health of the general population, but can also be used for work-related surveillance. These four main types further differed in terms of disease coverage, means of data collection, evaluation of work-relatedness, follow-up of new/emerging risks, link with prevention etc. Conclusion Sentinel systems seem to have the most suitable approach to detect and alert to new/emerging WRDs. Nevertheless, systems identified in the other three groups can also contribute to identifying new/emerging WRDs, despite being primarily designed for other purposes.


The fracture behavior of an extruded Al-2.6Li-0.09Zr alloy in a near peak-aged and over-aged condition was found to be primarily intergranular with formation of non-Mode 1, crack-divider delaminations at the crack tip especially in the over-aged temper. This complex, irregular fracture mode results in behavior that cannot be accurately measured using the conventional J- and K-based toughness parameters and testing methods. Other observed fracture characteristics that force reassessment of the traditional testing methodologies include crack length variations, mixed mode fracture from crack deflection, and apparent plasticity. The observed crack length variations through the specimen thickness led to 4 to 8% uncertainty in the K-curve for the specimens used. Furthermore, crack deflection correction lead to an average 4 to 7% and maximum 15 to 18% apparent toughness increase for the material. The alloy exhibited nonlinear load-displacement behavior during fracture that could be corrected by using a plastic zone size modification. The analyses outlined provide insight into the roles the various mechanisms play in the fracture process of this alloy. However, the conventional toughness measures were inadequate in treating the observed fracture behavior.


Introduction: Cogan's syndrome (CS) is a rare clinical entity, of presumptive autoimmune etiology, typically characterized by a non-syphilitic interstitial keratitis (IK) associated with a Meniere-like vestibuloauditory dysfunction.
Objective: Since only few cases have been published to current date and considering the variable presentation, clinical course and absence of specific diagnostic tests, we aim to potentially bring further insight for diagnosis and management.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all cases of CS followed at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Voice and Communication Disorders in Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, from 1992 to 2013. Patient's demographics, otolaryngologic, ophthalmologic and systemic manifestations, presenting symptoms, audiovestibular and laboratory testing, imaging assessment, performed treatment, disease course and hearing outcomes were analyzed.
Results: We review a group of six patients, two with typical and four with atypical CS. Five patients evolved to profound hearing loss, bilateral in two cases. No patient had permanent visual deficit. The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) increase was the most consistent laboratory finding. Only one patient had positive anti- Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 70 antibodies. All patients were treated with corticosteroids. Methotrexate was associated in three, with some hearing loss stabilization. Three patients underwent cochlear implantation.
Discussion and Conclusions: In our series, morbidity was mainly related to the vestibuloauditory dysfunction. In implanted patients, there was a significant improvement of hearing function. We highlight the need of a multidisciplinary approach to this pathology for better therapeutic outcomes and quality of life.


The seamless steel tube continuous rolling process with 8-stand full-floating mandrel is simulated with the aid of commercial FE code MSC. SuperForm. The relationship is analyzed between the distribution of the transverse wall-thickness and the speed schedule of the rollers. The result shows that the transverse evenness of the wall thickness of the tubes can be enhanced by optimizing the speed schedule. Furthermore, by adopting meliorated method to measure the wall-thickness of the shell, the error is reduced while data reliability is increased. When using the existing equipments (mandrel mill), it is an effective way to improve the transverse wall-thickness accuracy of the shell tube by adjusting the speed schedule. Compared with present roll speed schedule, the transverse wall-thickness accuracy can be increased by 10% for the rolling of elongated shell with 152.5mm in OD and 6mm in wall thickness tube under the 3# speed schedule put forward in this paper.


The postnatal development of the occipito-tectal pathway was studied by making single injections of JH~leucine into the striate cortex of rats ranging in age from newborn to postnatal day 50 (P50). After these injections, the earliest age at which autoradiographlc labeling was found in the ipsilateral superior colliculus (SC) was P4. Two main stages were recognized inthe development of the occipito-tectal pathway. Inthe first stage, from P4 to P9, the silver gram pattern over the SC was suggestive of axonal labeling. The label was tangentIally and radially exuberant involving the prospective stratum opticum, the adjacent part of the stratum gnseum superficiale and also the strata Intermediale. A rough topographic order in the projection existed at least from P6, The second stage, from P9 to P17, was characterized by the ingrowth of axonal arbors into the colilcular strata superflciale and by the disappearance of the tangentially exuberant projections. Ouantitative estimations of the degree of tangential exuberancy of the projection showed that It underwent a reduction of almost 50% from P7 to P17. By P17, the radial and tangential patterns of termination of the occipita-tecta I pathway appeared virtually mature. No projections to the contralateral SC were observed at any age. The results of the present study indicate that the mature topographic pattern of the occipita-tecta Iprojection is attained through two separate steps which may Involve a number of different mechanisms. In the first step, occipital axons grow orderly ~although in an exuberant mannertowards their roughly appropriate tectal locations, remaining to a large extent confined to the collicular white matter. In the second step, further refinement of the topographic map is achieved both by selective growing of termmal arbors into tangentially restricted regions of the tectal surface, and, by retraction of tangentially exuberant projections.


FDA has become more knowledgeable about process chromatography - and more demanding about column qualification. In the latest installment of BioPharm International's "Elements of BioPharmaceutical Production," five industry experts share their insights on how to qualify a chromatographic column. Their advice: Write unambiguous SOPs. Focus on reproductibility of column packing. Choose appropriate metrics. And analyze your testing procedures to reduce the chance of erroneous results.


Photoluminescence and magneto-optical measurements are performed on a line peaking at 3.354 eV (labeled as NBX) in electron-irradiated ZnO. Even though the energy position of the NBX line is close to that for bound excitons in ZnO, it has distinctively different magneto-optical properties. Photoelectron paramagnetic resonance measurements reveal a connection and a charge-transfer process involving NBX and Fe and Al centers. The experimental results are explained within a model which assumes that the NBX is a neutral donor bound exciton at a defect center located near a Fe impurity and an Auger-type chargetransfer process occurs between NBX and Fe3þ. While the NBX dissociates, its hole is captured by an excited state of Fe3þ and the released energy is transferred to the NBX electron, which is excited to the conduction band and subsequently trapped by a substitutional AlZn shallow donor.


The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been recognized as an important regulator in the hormonal response by estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, but its impact on ERbeta function is poorly characterized. In the current study, we investigated the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in regulating ERbeta activity and identified regulatory sites within the activation function (AF)-1 domain that modulate ERbeta ubiquitination and nuclear dynamics in a hormone-independent manner. Although both ERalpha and ERbeta were dependent on proteasome function for their maximal response to estrogen, they were regulated differently by proteasome inhibition in the absence of hormone, an effect shown to be dependent on their respective AF-1 domain. Given the role of AF-1 phosphorylation to regulate ER activity, we found that sequential substitutions of specific serine residues contained in MAPK consensus sites conferred transcriptional activation of ERbeta in a proteasome-dependent manner through reduced ubiquitination and enhanced accumulation of mutant receptors. Specifically, serines 94 and 106 within ERbeta AF-1 domain were found to modulate subnuclear mobility of the receptor to transit between inactive clusters and a more mobile state in a proteasome-dependent manner. In addition, cellular levels of ERbeta were regulated through these sites by facilitating the recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase E6-associated protein in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. These findings suggest a role for ERbeta AF-1 in contributing to the activation-degradation cycling of the receptor through a functional clustering of phosphorylated serine residues that cooperate in generating signals to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.


Karangmojo Sub-District, Gunungkidul Regency Is One Of The Minus Areas In Various Aspects Of Life With The Highest Number Of Persons With Disabilities In The Special Region Of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In This Area, The Forerunner Of Inclusive Education In Indonesia Was Born. The Purpose Of This Study Was To Reveal: A) Attitudes Of Teachers Toward Students With Special Needs As A Reflection Of The School's Inclusive Culture, B) Role Of Principals In Creating School Inclusive Culture, And C) School, Parent, And Community Partnership In Promoting Inclusive Culture. Data Collection Techniques Were Interviews, Observation, And Documentation. The Findings Showed That In General The Regular Teacher Showed A Positive Attitude To The Students With Special Needs In The Social Interaction, But Negative Attitudes Could Appear During Classroom Teaching Practices Involving The Presence Of Students With Special Needs. In General, The Support And Ability Of School Principals In Embracing All Parties In The Implementation Of Inclusive Education In Schools Helped To Support Creating Inclusive Culture In Schools. School, Parents, And Community Partnership Also Supported Creating An Inclusive Culture In Schools, But Were Often Constrained By The Social And Economic Conditions Of The Surrounding Community.


We examine the extent to which bid design provides an informative anchor that influences the context in which individuals evaluate willingness to pay questions. We postulate that agents who are uncertain over possible states of nature that may arise when consuming a good use bid design as a means to resolve such uncertainty. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the impact of bid design on estimated WTP is less pronounced for experienced agents that have observed more draws from nature. We use three measure of bid design to evaluate our conjectures; (i) the mean of bid amounts, (ii) the absolute value of the difference between bid amounts, and (iii) the ratio of the mean to the spread. We interact proxies for individual experience with our measure of bid design to evaluate if such characteristics attenuate the impact of bid design on WTP estimates. We find the likelihood an individual says "Yes" to a given bid systematically varies with measures of bid design. This suggests that bid design provides an informative anchor and can be used to identify probabilistic boundaries for WTP.


Given the relatively high frequency of central nervous system infections and considerable mor- tality and morbidity reported to be caused by herpes simplex viruses among the other viral agents, having a clear knowledge about their epidemiological profile seems necessary. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the relative frequency and preva- lence of herpes simplex encephalitis and meningitis in patients tested for viral etiologies. A comprehensive systematic review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, searching for studies on the prevalence and relative frequency of herpes sim- plex virus 1 and herpes simplex virus 2 encephalitis and meningitis. Seventy-one studies were included. Overall, the prevalence of herpes simplex virus encephalitis among patients tested was 8% (95% confidence interval, 6%-11%; I2 = 98%) and the prevalence of herpes simplex virus meningitis among aseptic patients tested was 4% (95% confidence interval, 3%-7%; I2 = 95%), and a significant difference was observed by region. The results of our subgroup analysis for herpes simplex virus encephalitis revealed a prevalence of 8% for pediatric patients and ado- lescents and 12% for adults. The results for herpes simplex virus meningitis showed a prevalence of 4% for pediatric patients and adolescents and 9% for adults. We observed significant differ- ences in the frequency of herpes simplex virus 1 and herpes simplex virus 2 detection rates by region. Having high rates of missed cases due to inadequate, highly sensitive paraclinical tests performed on patients with suspected viral central nervous system infection is one of the pos- sible factors. More studies are needed to detect the possible flaws in the process of diagnosis in different regions.


Wavelet stretching due to NMO correction of seismic gathers causes problems in AVO analysis. Coupled with the degrading action of wavelet stretching is offset-dependent tuning for thin beds. Even though tuning is inherent in the data before NMO correction, its effect on AVO is more obvious on NMO-corrected data. Studies have been carried out for an analytical understanding of NMO stretching and offset-dependent tuning and their correction to improve AVO fidelity. Based on these studies, we have implemented the NMO stretching and thin-bed tuning corrections in a practical fashion for production AVO analysis. Both synthetic and real-data examples show that these corrections are necessary for performing reliable AVO analysis.


Purpose: To explore what are the consumers' attitudes towards mobile advertising in a social media context.Research questions: What are the consumers' attitudes towards entertainment, credibility, irritation and informativeness in mobile advertising? What are the consumers' attitudes towards permission-based advertising and incentivebased advertising in mobile advertising in social media context?Theoretical framework: This study was based on theories that helped to understand what are the consumers' attitudes towards mobile advertising, what are the attitudes towards the dimensions of mobile advertising and the types of mobile advertising. A model was presented in order to have a clear picture of the existing theories in this field.Methodology: The authors used a qualitative research and the method chosen for data collection was semi-structured interviews and a case study, Snapchat (mobile application).Conclusions: After this process the authors could conclude that consumers' attitudes towards mobile advertising in social media were negative. The strongest feeling among consumers that would influence their attitudes was irritation. The consumers' negative attitudes can be related to control. When giving them control their attitudes can be positive. Rewards can positively influence consumers' attitudes as well. According to the findings in this study high rewards should be given to consumers in high engagement situations.


This paper reflects on the Marikana massacre of August 2012, subsequent violent strikes and responses by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as a case study, and provides an analysis about whether these interventions bring transformative change or maintain the status quo in times of crisis. Events associated with Marikana are seen to be embedded in social structures of the time and part of deeper frictions and fractures of social transformation (Alexander, 2013). The role that NGOs might play in this context, must be interrogated as to their facilitation or hinderance of such social transformation. Interviews were conducted with representatives of NGOs intervening in Marikana that provided services of humanitarian assistance, and legal and psychosocial interventions and with mine workers and residents of Marikana about their experiences and views of these services. Findings from the study are illustrative of how NGOs were not primarily motivated to bring about lasting, transformative change but rather attempted to address immediate or short-term needs which, while important, did not account for underlying causes of the crises that they set out to address. Both ideological underpinnings of NGOs and structural conditions produced by state and capital, impact on outcomes of interventions. Given these limitations, it is argued that there is a need for deep critical interrogation through praxis, for NGOs to intervene differently in times of crisis to bring 'real' change and transformation in the lives of those who are marginalized.


Multipliers for binary Galois field GF (2n) hardware complexity allows to implement in FPGA an operational device with multiple multipliers. But because of large structural complexity for some combinations of large degrees n of field and the multipliers number to make it is practically impossible. One of the possible choices of this problem solving is the move to using Galois fields with the base d, greater than 2. Multipliers for such extended Galois field GF (dm) with approximately the same number of elements
dm  2n are estimated in the article in terms of their time complexity to determine the fields in which the multiplier will have the least time complexity.


The issue of enterprise learning might be regarded as marginally relevant to the core topic of this book, namely this of Enterprise Information Systems in SMEs. Based on our experience, several success and quite many failure stories, we derived enough knowledge on the role of corporate learning in general and the importance of introducing scalable learning processes that extend the already existing business processes of the enterprise. Especially for SMEs that have traditionally limited access not only to financial, human and technology but also to intellectual capital resources, this issue takes a higher priority as it may act as a disabling factor for their growth and sustained development. We draw our experiences from the DERN (Digital Enterprise Research Network) project that has aimed at building a research network among some of the most important academic, research and technological Bodies and Enterprises of Greece.


The aerosol semi-direct effect is generally explained as follows: aerosols, such as black carbon (BC) and mineral dust, absorb solar radiation, which warms and stabilizes the atmosphere, resulting in reduced cloudiness and cloud formation. However, the present study suggests that BC can intensify atmospheric instability and thus increase cloud water and precipitation if the BC is concentrated near the surface. Simulations using a global aerosol climate model, based on a general circulation model, show decreased cloud water over biomass-burning regions where BC is emitted to the free troposphere through the boundary layer. In con-trast, increased cloud water is indicated over East and South Asia where BC from urban and industrial activities is concentrated near the surface. While the global mean change in the radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere due to the semi-direct effect of BC is estimated to be as small as +0.06 W m −2 , regional changes in cloud water, precipitation, and shortwave radiation are suggested to be large enough to modify meteorological conditions in urban and biomass-burning regions.


This study was conducted to evaluate the benefits of the Saudi gum (propolis) by reduction of the toxic substances in rats that target the liver and affect its performance. The chemical components of propolis were identified. The study included 42 Albino male rat of a healthy weight ranged from 255-287 g, and they were divided into six equal groups. The first group was fed the standard diet (negative control group), while the other 35 rats were injected with carbon tetrachloride under the skin (1.5 ml/ kg) in order to infect them with acute hepatitis. After 24 h, the groups of infected rats were divided and the second group (positive control group) was also fed a standard meal, while the other groups infected which were the third, fourth, fifth and sixth were fed on a diet with access to a standard concentration of Saudi bee gum of 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, through the mouth for 4 consecutive weeks. The results showed that propolis contains 41 compounds and out of these 17 compounds have been identified. Volatile oil was in proportion of 20.37%, aliphatic acids in 16.87%, and esters in 15.48% and alcohols in 13.98%. The results showed a significant improvement in the biochemical parameters in hepatitis rats which were treated with propolis. Results also showed that propolis increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of hepatitis rats treated with propolis. The study concluded that propolis plays an effective role in protecting the liver from damage and inflammation that can be caused by the components of antioxidation and inflammation.


Morphological, immunologic, and functional properties of peripheral blood cells from two patients with chronic proliferations of granular lymphocytes are described. Cells from both patients showed a heterogeneous pattern from both a morphological and immunologic standpoint, indicating a polyclonal, rather than a monoclonal, expansion of these cells. In fact, both large and small-to-medium-sized granular lymphocytes were observed, and different percentages of positivity were found in the analysis with a large panel of monoclonal antibodies. Serologic and histologic features support the hypothesis that this lymphocytosis could be secondary to bacterial or viral infections rather than a primary event, suggesting that these patients may have chronic reactive immunoregulatory disorders.


This Teaching Tip will explain an initiative, Global Book Hour, that engages families in a global literature read aloud. GBH integrates social studies, the visual and performing arts, healthy eating, and vocabulary development as children travel the world through high quality global children's literature. The program is a non-traditional, rich literacy experience, and has multiple, strong community partners that include a grocery store and a laundromat. Because many of the children who attend GBH are immigrants and refugees, an added benefit of the read aloud and discussions is helping the children identify with characters in the story. Though this program is located in the community, it can be easily replicated in a school setting. In this article, the program is described, connections to the Common Core State Standards are identified, and suggestions for starting a GBH are included.


The University of Benin (Uniben) students have shown more desire in internet search than the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). OPAC has been the most common tool for library users and librarians recently, and it will be also commonly used in electronic libraries. Google search engines have become the preferred tool over the library online public access catalogue for finding information. Few academic libraries in Nigeria can boast of OPAC system, while the few with the systems are losing ground to online search engines. Students and faculty are accustomed to the usability, flexibility, and performance of the internet best web applications when they logon into the Internet. This usability is preferable when compared to the libraries that have meager information resources as well as few search options in accessing the OPAC. This view point highlight the; current OPAC interface and searching capabilities, as well as a more modernized OPAC interface built on Web 2.0 which many academic libraries lack in Nigeria. The purpose of the study is to find answers to the current debate: Why is the Uniben OPAC ineffective? What can libraries, librarians and programers do to deliver an OPAC that is as good as search engines to better serve our users? The case study is on University of Benin Library state of the art, where their OPAC is less effective and cannot be built on the web.


Christians living in the Roman empire during the first four centuries after Christ struggled with the extent to which they should recognize and accept imperial authority. In the fifth century A.D., Augustine of Hippo definitively enabled Christians to support Roman power directly by showing how the purpose of the state could be consistent with the purpose of Christianity. Christians could and should submit to the rule of Roman law and live within a society characterized by a plurality of religions. But as David Lopez demonstrates in Separatist Christianity, the four centuries before Augustine witnessed a very different and far less nuanced doctrine. Through a close reading of canonical writings from the second and third centuries, he finds a Christianity that advocated a complete separation from the material and pagan Roman world. Incited by state persecution and cognizant of the fragility of their communities, church leaders and prominent Christian thinkers exhorted their followers to reject any accommodation with the Roman empire. To recognize imperial authority, they contended, would be to apostatize from the truth of Christianity. Examining how ideas of martyrdom, apocalypse, and separation from the social and political world of Rome developed between the destruction of the Temple in 70 and Constantine's conversion in 312, Lopez finds a coherent and consistent anti-Roman sentiment in early Christianity. This radical agenda appears not only in the works by and about martyrs but also in the exegetical, disciplinary, and apologetic texts. By establishing the coherence and ubiquity of this separatist philosophy, Lopez offers a fresh new interpretation of the history of the early church.


Our knowledge of Thales of Miletus is fragmentary. We only have very short passages attributed to him by ancient sources, and those passages are not always clearly consistent with each other. In this paper, I analyze some of the most representative ancient fragments with theses assigned to Thales of Miletus by means of a methodology based on the general framework of the unified theory of mental models. My intention in doing that is to try to clarify what he truly thought about water, the soul, and gods, and my conclusions refer to the fact that it is very possible that Thales' philosophy was much closer to myth than sometimes assumed.


We investigated the possibility that the prolongation of the ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) by amiodarone might be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of thyroid influence on the heart. VERP values were measured in vitro in isolated septal preparations obtained from control, thyroidectomized and thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine; T4)- or triiodothyronine (T3)-treated rats. Differences in thyroid influence on the heart between these groups were assessed by changes in the myosin isozyme (V1, V2, V3) pattern. VERP measurements were also done in similar groups treated with amiodarone for 7 days (50 mg/kg/day i.p.). VERP tended to be increased by thyroidectomy and was significantly reduced by T4 or T3 treatment when compared with the control group. Amiodarone treatment significantly prolonged VERP in control (33.4 +/- 1.9 to 45.0 +/- 4.5 msec), thyroidectomized (39.9 +/- 1.7 to 48.3 +/- 2.8 msec), T4-treated (26.2 +/- 1.0 to 37.4 +/- 1.3 msec) and T3-treated rats (25.6 +/- 1.1 to 34.3 +/- 1.3 msec). However, the magnitudes of the VERP prolongation by amiodarone were not significantly different among the four groups. The action of amiodarone on action potential duration was similar to its action on VERP. The myocardial concentrations of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were not significantly different among the four groups. Amiodarone treatment produced a significant reduction of serum T3 levels in the control and in the T4-treated groups and an increase in reverse T3 levels. Thus, the class III action of amiodarone was not affected, in the present model, by experimental modification of thyroid influence on the heart.


The success of medicine in the treatment of patients brings with it new challenges. More people live on to suffer from functional, chronic or multifactorial diseases, and this has led to calls for more complex analyses of the determinants of health and illness.

While these factors do not require a radical paradigm shift, they do give us cause to develop a new narrative, to add to existing narratives that frame our thinking about medical care. The increased focus on lifestyle and shared decision making requires a new narrative of agency, to supplement the narrative of "the patient". This narrative is conceptually linked to the developing philosophy of person-centred care.

The adoption of this narrative will have numerous benefits, helping practitioners work with patients to their mutual benefit, harnessing the patients' motivation, shifting the focus from treatment to prevention and preventing unnecessary and harmful treatments that can come out of our preoccupation with the patient narrative. It will also help to shift research efforts, conceptual and empirical, from "treating" and "battling" diseases to understanding complex contributing factors and their interplay.


Abstract Social infrastructure requires a consistent and measurable definition and more evidence is needed to demonstrate why it is important to health, wellbeing and the liveability of a community. In this paper, social infrastructure is defined as life-long social service needs related to health, education, early childhood, community support, community development, culture, sport and recreation, parks and emergency services. These services are needed to promote health and wellbeing and underinvestment and poor planning of social infrastructure has been linked to area-based health inequities. Current methods used to plan infrastructure delivery in communities were analysed and a new conceptual framework of social infrastructure developed and empirically tested using geocoded health survey data linked to spatial social infrastructure measures. Both accessibility and mix of social infrastructure were associated with higher Subjective Wellbeing. Residents were most likely to have close access to childcare services, dentists, doctors and sport facilities and least likely to have access to services of culture and leisure including cinemas, theatres, libraries, museums and art galleries. Results provide evidence of direct associations between social infrastructure planning and public health, the need for alternative social infrastructure urban planning methods and policies, and areas for future research.


This research work presents a Chaotic Self Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (CSAPSO) algorithm in order to solve the Combined Economic Emission Dispatch (CEED) problem. The main purpose of the work is to derive a simple and effective method for optimum generation dispatch to minimize the fuel cost and emission of power networks by considering several non-linear characteristics of the generator such as valve point effect, prohibited operating zones and ramp rate limits. A chaotic local search operator is introduced in the proposed algorithm to avoid premature convergence. Simulation studies are carried out, using MATLAB software, to show the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method. The applicability and high feasibility of the proposed method is validated on IEEE 30 bus, six generator systems. The CSAPSO based approach has been extended to evaluate the trade-off curve between the fuel cost and emission according to the bi-criterion objective function. In order to see the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, it has been compared with other algorithms in the literature. Results show that the CSAPSO is more powerful than other algorithms.


The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services needs safeguards to ensure that all of the $6.6 billion in payments it expects to make through its EHR incentive program from 2011 to 2016 are justified, according to an Office of Inspector General report.


A vivid debate about the intensity of competition in mobile telecommunications markets has recently emerged in many jurisdictions. Given that radio spectrum is a scarce resource which limits the number of mobile network operators (MNOs) that can use their own radio spectrum to provide services, one idea has been to require MNOs to sell or lease spare spectrum capacities to so-called mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), i.e. operators that provide mobile communications services without their own radio spectrum. One aspect of this policy debate is on the appropriate regulatory framework: Should MNOs be required by regulation to open up their networks for MVNOs and if so, under which terms and conditions? Or, are the MNOs' incentives to rent out their spare capacities sufficient to facilitate entry by MVNOs? In January 2006, for example, the European Commission has answered the latter question with a "no" and endorsed a measure proposed by the Spanish national regulator, CMT, to regulate access to the networks of the three Spanish MNOs (Telefonica, Vodafone, and Armena) by MVNOs (see European Commission, 2006). Both the European Commission and the Spanish regulator CMT consider the current state of competition in the Spanish mobile telecommunications market to be unsatisfactory, and both authorities expect MVNOs to intensify competition in that market.


The ability of firms, industries, and regions continually to translate information and knowledge into viable new products, services, and production processes in the face of constantly changing technology and market conditions is increasingly at the core of competitive success in the contemporary economy. Such economic learning is ultimately dependent on the ability of individuals to learn, and yet most of the literature in this area has focused on firms and organizational learning processes, and is only beginning to engage seriously with people's learning processes. This paper explores the links between social learning processes and dynamics of innovation in Silicon Valley, arguing that cross-firm, occupationally based, 'communities of practice' provide a critical context for individuals to learn and maintain the competencies they need to be successful in the region's dynamic but volatile economy. These cross-firm occupational learning communities in many cases are being built through the activities of formal professional associations, which are playing an increasingly important role in providing the organizational infrastructure to sustain these learning communities. Using a case study of an association of women in Internet design and development occupations, the author illustrates the value of such communities in supporting individual and collective learning processes. These findings suggest that economic development strategies could productively be focused on identifying, strengthening, and expanding access to such cross-firm occupational learning communities.


The actions of angiotensin II can be described in terms of the three paradigms listed in Table 1. According to the first paradigm (organ physiology), angiotensin II is a pressor, while the second (cell biochemistry) views it as an extracellular messenger that, by promoting Ca2+ release within cells, causes vasoconstriction and a weak positive inotropic response by the heart. However, neither of these paradigms fully explains the remarkable ability of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to improve the prognosis for patients with heart failure. To account for these clinical effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, we will probably need to invoke the third paradigm (gene expression), which views angiotensin II as a growth factor that promotes and modifies protein synthesis. Angiotensin II, therefore, should probably not be viewed simply as a vasoconstrictor with a side effect to promote hypertrophy, but instead as a growth factor that, because it utilizes Ca2+ to mediate its effects on gene expression, also increases smooth muscle tone and myocardial contractility. This view of angiotensin II as a growth factor helps us to understand the clinical benefit of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors as arising from inhibition of maladaptive changes in the failing heart (gene expression) as well as from the reduced afterload (organ physiology) that results from decreased smooth muscle tone (cell biochemistry).


: The dietary habits are a determining factor in the health status of the population and eating habits are a part both of the etiopathogenicity and of the treatment of the diseases with the greatest morbido-mortality in our current society. Primary care is the first level of contact between the individual and the National Health System, and as this integrates the promotion, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of health problems, eating habits and nutrition have to be included in the activities carried out by health care professionals in the global treatment of the individual and the community's health care problems. Even though most health care professionals in primary care recognize the importance of dietary treatment and advice in their daily practice, there are studies that indicate that only a third actually do so. There are several reasons for this situation, especially the scant knowledge of nutrition held by family practitioners despite the fact that their training in this area is included in the teaching program of the Family and Community Medicine specialization program; the lack of motivation, time and material resources to do this, and the lack of confidence in the individual ability of give the advice. One of the aspects to be noted in the tasks of the health care professional in primary care is that he or she must not only assess and rapidly treat any nutritional problem that he or she may detect, but he or she must also, given his or her strategic position in the National Health System, emphasize the task of prevention and give advice regarding healthy eating habits in order to decrease all those risk factors that are related to eating habits despite there not being any guidelines at present as to how to give dietary advice to make this effective over time. We have to note the great importance of carrying out activities, studies, and projects that increase the primary care physician's knowledge about nutrition, as this, in short, improves the global health of the population.


Background A small group of dental professionals interested in the Oral Health Care of people with Huntington's disease were invited by the European Huntington's Disease Network to provide guidelines for Oral Health. Aim To provide guidelines which would be an initial part of an evolving process in the improvement of Oral Health. Methods Guidelines was produced during two meetings based on: A literature review, information from other oral health organizations, the professional clinical opinion of the group. Results A review of the literature found little evidence in this field. A structured approach described the provision of Oral Health Care under prevention and treatment proposing recommendations related to early, middle and late stages of the condition. The importance of interdisciplinary work was stressed. Outcome A strategy for oral health was defined. The overall strategy for oral health care will be based on the principles of achieving a disease free, pain free, and safe mouth The standards of care referred to in the guidelines will seek to provide the care and treatment that is no less a standard than an individual that does not have this condition. Such care and treatment will take into account the health and safety of each individual within the context of their condition. Conclusions The group recognized the need for further quality research. Interdisciplinary work was considered to be a vital part of the guidelines, and it was intended that the group should establish such links.


Abstract. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) compiles
anthropogenic emissions data for greenhouse gases (GHGs), and for multiple air
pollutants, based on international statistics and emission factors. EDGAR data
provide quantitative support for atmospheric modelling and for mitigation
scenario and impact assessment analyses as well as for policy evaluation. The
new version (v4.3.2) of the EDGAR emission inventory provides global
estimates, broken down to IPCC-relevant source-sector levels, from 1970 (the
year of the European Union's first Air Quality Directive) to 2012 (the end
year of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, KP). Strengths of
EDGAR v4.3.2 include global geo-coverage (226 countries), continuity in time,
and comprehensiveness in activities. Emissions of multiple chemical
compounds, GHGs as well as air pollutants, from relevant sources (fossil fuel
activities but also, for example, fermentation processes in agricultural
activities) are compiled following a bottom-up (BU), transparent and IPCC-compliant methodology. This paper describes
EDGAR v4.3.2 developments with respect to three major long-lived GHGs (CO2,
CH4, and N2O) derived from a wide range of human activities
apart from the land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector and
apart from savannah burning; a companion paper quantifies and discusses
emissions of air pollutants. Detailed information is included for each of the
IPCC-relevant source sectors, leading to global totals for 2010 (in the
middle of the first KP commitment period) (with a 95 % confidence
interval in parentheses): 33.6(±5.9) Pg CO2 yr−1, 0.34(±0.16) Pg CH4 yr−1, and 7.2(±3.7) Tg N2O yr−1. We provide uncertainty factors in emissions
data for the different GHGs and for three different groups of countries: OECD
countries of 1990, countries with economies in transition in 1990, and the
remaining countries in development (the UNFCCC non-Annex I parties). We
document trends for the major emitting countries together with the European
Union in more detail, demonstrating that effects of fuel markets and
financial instability have had greater impacts on GHG trends than effects of
income or population. These data (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2658138,
Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019) are visualised with annual and monthly global emissions grid maps
of 0.1∘×0.1∘ for each source sector.


Financial inclusion is the process of expanding access to financial services to those currently not accessing them which is an important objective in many developing countries. This study represents an investigation into financial inclusion innovations adopted by commercial banks in Kenya. The study majored on use of technology such as Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), mobile phone banking internet banking and agency banking and its impact on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya and how these inclusion innovations have moved us closer to branchless banking. The study was based on the fact that there is ground to cover in expanding access to financial services, given that about 25% of the population remains totally excluded and Financial services touch points are located away from areas of high poverty levels, with 69% of all financial access touch points being located in areas with the least likelihood of poverty. The threat posed by cybercrime to individuals, banks and other online financial service providers is real and serious hence the need for the study. The target population of the study was 42 commercial banks licensed in Kenya by 2010. The study used time series data from central bank of Kenya (CBK) and Kenya bankers' association (KBA) annual bank supervisory reports (2010-2016). Through multiple regressions and correlation analysis the study found out that there is a strong positive relationship between financial inclusion strategies and financial performance. Based on these results, the study recommends that financial inclusion innovations should be emphasized in the financial sector through regulatory and advisory bodies since it leads to improved financial efficiency. In addition, the study also recommends that financial institutions to embrace agency, internet banking and ATM banking to include the excluded people in financial services and products throughout the country since they proved significant in influencing financial performance. The study recommends further research on financial inclusion on microfinance institutions in Kenya and their impact on micro and small business organizations.


We discuss modulation of metallic spin torque oscillators (STOs) based on single and double nano‐contacts. The modulation behavior of both types of devices is characterized by equally spaced multiple sidebands, which can be ascribed mostly to a frequency modulation phenomenon. However, quantitative examination reveals that amplitude modulation is also present in both types of devices. We also show the feasibility of modulating the synchronized state of a double nano‐contact STO. The synchronized state can be treated as a single oscillator, which is a very promising feature for future applications of STO arrays.z


Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important legume crop in eastern and central Africa. The crop is low yielding and underutilized due to several factors such as biotic and abiotic stresses and poor seed quality attributes. Therefore, breeders must consider production and utilization constraints when developing new bean varieties. Bean growers want bean varieties to be high yielding and tolerant to production constraints such as drought and diseases. Bean consumers want beans that cook fast and have good sensory qualities. Processors of beans are constrained by the consumer preferences, but they also want beans to meet specific processing standards. In addition, to contribute in fight against micronutrient malnutrition among poor population, new bean varieties should have high nutritional quality. This research was therefore undertaken to identify bean cultivars of different grain types with superior agronomic performance, good culinary, canning and nutritional quality from the available germplasm. Field trials were conducted for two seasons during long-rain 2012 and short-rain 2012/2013. In the first season, 427 lines from seven market classes and local check varieties were planted at Kabete and Thika under irrigated and rainfed conditions in asplit plot design. Selections from the first season were evaluated under rainfed conditions in four sites including Kabete, Nakuru, Thika and Tigoni using 5x5 lattice design. Data on days to flowering, days to maturity, reaction to major diseases under field conditions and grain yield were recorded. Water regimes and site significantly affected days to flowering and maturing of the genotypes. Genotypes matured earliest in Thika and latest in Tigoni. In both seasons, local varieties KATB9, KATB1, GLPx92, GLP1004 and Miezi Mbili were early maturing compared to test lines. During the first season, Kabete experienced severe disease breakout. Anthracnose was the most severe with 24% of the genotypes succumbing to the disease (7-9 score). Red mottled and speckled sugar lines were affected the most by the disease with over 40% of the genotypes succumbing to the disease. Nearly all local varieties succumbed to the disease. Results showed that Thika site had drier conditions and rainfed plots had 30% less yield compared to irrigated plots. At Kabete, effect of water regime was concealed by the diseases which infected severely the genotypes under both treatments. Lines which performed well under both rainfed and irrigated treatmentsat Thika were selected for drought tolerance during the first season. Most of the local check varieties were low yielding and very susceptible to diseases under different conditions. Mexican142 was the best check in terms of yield and reaction to diseases. One hundred fifty lines were selected and evaluated for cooking time, water absorption and hard-shell defect to identify lines combining good agronomic and culinary traits that are suitable for household preparation and food processing industry. The most agronomically superior variety, Mexican142, was used as control. Mattson bean cooker was used to determine cooking time. Results showed that around 30 lines from different market classes were fast-cooking ( 90%) and zero percent hard-shell defect. Lines combining good agronomic and, fast cooking time, high water absorption and zero hard shell defect traits included: BCB11-324 (Red mottled), BCB11-158 and BCB11-196 (Red kidney), BCB11-386 and BCB11-414 (Speckled sugar), BCB11-108 and BCB11-94 (navy bean), BCB11-184 (small red), BCB11-448, BCB11-274 and BCB11-508 (pinto and carioca) and BCB11-263 from mixed colour market class. Based on results from the first season and visual selections during second season, 29 lines from different market classes were selected for canning quality evaluation to identify lines combining superior agronomic traits and processing qualities. Mexican142 was used as control. Beans were canned in brine. Sensory quality evaluation was done by panelists in two food processing factories. Results showed that lines BCB11-182 (small red), BCB11-108 (navy) BCB11-98 (navy), BCB11-162 (red kidney) and BCB11-324 (red mottled) had better canning and sensory qualities than Mexican142, and met the requirements of both processors and consumers. Iron and zinc concentration analysis was done on grain of 31 advanced lines selected during short-rain season and 18 lines from biofort nursery which was previously bred for high iron and zinc. The red mottled line BCB11-145 had the highest iron concentration (136 ppm). However, this line had long cooking time and high percentage of hard-shell seeds (16%). In general, results showed that lines bred for high iron and zinc had higher concentration of these nutrients. Selected lines were ranked using critical weighting factors which included yield, cooking time, hard-shell defect, hydration coefficient and overall acceptability (sensory). Lines BCB11-108 (navy), BCB11-62 (navy),BCB11-344 (small red),BCB11-324 (red mottled),BCB11-80 (navy) and BCB11-303 (speckled sugar) were the best 6 lines in that order.Mexican142 was ranked 15th out of 30 genotypes. Therefore, the crop improvement strategy deployed in this study showed that significant improvement in beans can be made by selection from the available genetic variation.


Long-acting injectable formulations of antipsychotics have been an important treatment option to increase the compliance of the patient with schizophrenia by monitoring drug administration and identifying medication noncompliance and to improve the long-term management of schizophrenia. Risperidone, a serotoninergic 5-HT2 and dopaminergic D2 receptor antagonist, was developed to be a long-acting sustained-release formulation for the treatment of schizophrenia. In this study, 12-week subchronic toxicity study of risperidone-loaded microspheres (RMs) in rats by intramuscular injection with an 8-week recovery phase was carried out to investigate the potential subchronic toxicity of a novel long-acting sustained-release formulation. The results indicated that the dosage of 10–90 mg/kg of RM for 2 weeks did not cause treatment-related mortality. The main drug-related findings were contributed to the dopamine D2 receptor and α1-adrenoceptor antagonism of risperidone such as elevation of serum and pituitary prolactin levels and ptosis and changes in reproductive system (uterus, ovary, vagina, mammary gland, testis, seminal vesicle, epididymis, and prostate). In addition, foreign body granuloma in muscle at injection sites caused by poly-lactide-co-glycolide was observed. At the end of the recovery phase, these changes mostly returned to normal. The results indicated that RM had a good safety profile in rats.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the genetic effect of a new mutation found in exon 17 of the myophosphorylase (PYGM) gene as a cause of McArdle disease (also known as type 5 glycogenosis). Patients A Spanish patient with McArdle disease was screened for 3 common mutations in the PYGM gene (R49X, W797R, and G204S), as previously described. The patient was heterozygous for R49X. To find other mutations, the coding sequence of the entire PYGM gene was sequenced. The carrier status of his relatives was also studied.

RESULTS
A novel rare mutation was found in codon 691 of exon 17. This is an insertion/deletion (indel) and consists simultaneously of a deletion of 2 bases and an insertion of 3 bases (691delCC/insAAA). A restriction analysis was designed to simplify the detection method.

CONCLUSIONS
The 691delCC/insAAA is the third indel described in the PYGM gene. Indels represent 0.95% of the total reported mutations in the Human Gene Mutation Database. The molecular origin of this mutation is not fully understood. These findings point again to the allelic heterogeneity of McArdle disease.


This paper considers the problem of blind joint channel estimation and data detection for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in a fading environment. Employing a regression model for a time-varying channel, we convert the problem into one that finds the data sequence x whose associated least-squares (LS) channel estimate z(x) is closest to the space of some regression curves (surfaces). We apply the branch-and-bound principle to solve the nonlinear integer programming problem associated with finding the curve that fits a subchannel in the LS sense. A recursive formula for fast metric update is obtained by exploiting the intrinsic characteristic of our objective function. The impacts of reordering the data sequence and selective detection are addressed. By employing a preferred order along with a selective detection method, we greatly reduce the detector complexity while giving up little performance loss. Both the complete and the reduced-complexity algorithms can be used for blind and semiblind detections of OFDM signals in a subchannel-by-subchannel manner. To further reduce the complexity and exploit the frequency-domain channel correlation, we suggest a two-stage approach that detects a few selected positions in some subchannels first, and then, treating the detected symbols as pilots, determines the remaining symbols within a properly chosen time-frequency block by a two-dimensional model-based pilot-assisted algorithm. The proposed methods do not require the information of the channel statistics like signal-to-noise ratio or channel correlation function. Performance of differential modulations like differential quaternary phase-shift keying and STAR 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation are provided. Both blind and semiblind schemes yield satisfactory performance.


Forgiveness is considered to play a key role in the maintenance of social relationships, the avoidance of unnecessary conflict, and the ability to move forward with one's life. But why is it that some people find it easier to forgive and forget than others? In the current study, we explored the supposed relationship between forgiveness and forgetting. In an initial session, 30 participants imagined that they were the victim in a series of hypothetical incidents and indicated whether or not they would forgive the transgressor. Following a standard think/no-think procedure, in which participants were trained to think or not to think about some of these incidents, more forgetting was observed for incidents that had been forgiven following no-think instructions compared with either think or baseline instructions. In contrast, no such forgetting effects emerged for incidents that had not previously been forgiven. These findings have implications for goal-directed forgetting and the relationship between forgiveness and memory.


Abstract The exposome is defined as the totality of environmental exposures from conception onwards. It offers a conceptual leap towards understanding the environmental causes of human disease through comprehensive studies of the internal chemical environment using repeated blood and other biological samples taken during critical life stages (Rappaport, S.M. and M.T. Smith, Science, 2010. 330:460-1). It augments the chemical-by-chemical approach to finding causes of disease as it includes both endogenous and exogenous exposures. From a toxicological viewpoint it is the chemicals present in biological fluids, such as the plasma, that the body's cell and tissues encounter that then cause aberrant health conditions. Hence, it is the internal exposome that represents the total target dose of chemical agents in the body, no matter what their source or how they are derived. This includes chemicals arising from inflammation, oxidative stress and other endogenous sources. Several 'omic' technologies can be applied to characterize the exposome of specific diseases and may promote discovery of the key exposures responsible for chronic diseases. Characterizing the human exposome represents a challenge similar to the human genome project, which began when DNA sequencing was in its infancy and has generated by some accounts $140 for every $1 invested. Given the magnitude of the exposome challenge international participation is of paramount importance. Thus, we have formed the Exposome Alliance (http://www.exposomealliance.org) to promote investment in a human exposome project. The European Union recently took the first steps in this regard by funding a European Exposome initiative that will support several international projects. Citation Format: Martyn T. Smith. Characterizing the exposome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA08.


This paper is dedicated to a free boundary system arising in the study of a class of shape optimization problems. The problem involves three variables: two functions $u$ and $v$, and a domain $\Omega$; with $u$ and $v$ being both positive in $\Omega$, vanishing simultaneously on $\partial\Omega$ and satisfying an overdetermined boundary value problem involving the product of their normal derivatives on $\partial\Omega$. Precisely, we consider solutions $u, v \in C(B_1)$ of $$-\Delta u= f \quad\text{and} \quad-\Delta v=g\quad\text{in}\quad \Omega=\{u>0\}=\{v>0\}\ ,\qquad \frac{\partial u}{\partial n}\frac{\partial v}{\partial n}=Q\quad\text{on}\quad \partial\Omega\cap B_1.$$ Our main result is an epsilon-regularity theorem for viscosity solutions of this free boundary system. We prove a partial Harnack inequality near flat points for the couple of auxiliary functions $\sqrt{uv}$ and $\frac12(u+v)$. Then, we use the gained space near the free boundary to transfer the improved flatness to the original solutions. Finally, using the partial Harnack inequality, we obtain an improvement-of-flatness result, which allows to conclude that flatness implies $C^{1,\alpha}$ regularity.


The affiliated hospital of Guiyang Medical University was the first organization using the application of sewage heat pump system to cool and heat. After its emergency building took the new sewage heat pump to replace the original geothermal heat pump, there was obvious effect on the energy saving. Compared with the previous year in which the sewage heat pump was not improved, the new sewage heat pump not only reduced the cooling and heating energy consumption costs, but also substantially reduced emissions of air pollutants. The new sewage heat pump played a very good example in the application of clean energy, and it is of great significance on the recycling economy and environmental protection.


We present a case of pericardial effusion in the setting of Takosubo Cardiomyopathy. Our case is instructive in highlighting the importance of careful clinical observation in the setting of decreased left ventricular function and also in challenging out understanding of the pathophysiology of Takosubo Cardiomyopathy. This case demonstrates how Takosubo Cardiomyopathy can extend beyond the myocardium into the pericardium where the inflammatory response can present in the form of a pericardial effusion. Here we report an incident of Takosubo Cardiomyopathy with the development of pericardial effusion.


Colonic mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma is an extremely rare entity, presenting as small colonic polyp, associating with no clinical symptoms and harboring no clinical significance. However, its mimics, such as GI neurofibroma/neurofibromatosis,  ganglioneuroma, etc. are possible GI manifestations of hereditary syndromes and therefore are integral part of the patient workup and disease diagnosis. Here we report a case of mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma, with description of its morphology and immunophenotype. We also reviewed literature and differentially described some important mimics. [N A J Med Sci. 201 8 ;11(1):19-21.  DOI: 10.7156/najms.2018.110119 ]


A species of haplochromine cichlid fish of the genus Diplotaxodon Trewavas, endemic to Lake Malaŵi is described: Diplotaxodon dentatus, new species. All eight type specimens were trawled together off Thumbi East Island in the Southeastern arm of the lake at 73 meters in 1985. They were initially identified as D. argenteus because the teeth on the oral jaws were fully exposed with a closed mouth. The shorter snout length of D. dentatus (26.6-29.2 % HL) clearly separates it from D. argenteus (31.7-34.2 % HL). A plot of a principal components analysis further supports the separation of D. dentatus from D. argenteus.


We report three new cases of ablepharon-macrostomia syndrome (AMS) and give a 10-year follow-up on a newborn reported in an abstract. These four patients, as well as those previously reported, all had absent hair, brows, and lashes, absent or short eyelids, macrostomia, ear anomalies, redundant skin, and abnormal genitalia. Many have persistent visual problems, often related to early corneal exposure. Hearing loss, poor hair growth, finger contractures, and growth retardation were also chronic problems. Developmental impairment was present in two-thirds of patients but was usually mild. This report contributes to our knowledge regarding the natural history of AMS and includes the first report of an adult patient. It also adds further evidence that AMS is distinct from Barber-Say syndrome, which has similar features.


The research is conducted to analyze the micro structure of TiC/7075, a composite material and to study its wear properties. TiC/7075 composites produced under different sintering temperatures and with different particle contents are prepared with the help of the powder metallurgy technology. The result shows that with the increase of the TiC content, the microstructure of TiC/7075 composites tend to have the form of equiaxed crystal. The microstructure of the composite material with 8% of TiC shows the uniform and fine properties, making it have the properties of the equiaxed crystal. The hardness and the wear resistance increase with the increase of the content of TiC. Also with the increase of the sintering temperature, the sharp edge of the hole becomes smooth. The wear resistance of TiC/7075 composites is superior to 7075 matrix alloy, and the wear mechanism of TiC/7075 composites is adhesive wear and abrasive wear.


Two monoclonal antibodies (TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81) recognizing distinct cell surface antigens on human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells were produced and characterized. These antibodies reacted strongly with undifferentiated human EC cells in indirect radioimmunoassays (RIA) and immunofluorescence (IF) assays, but only weakly or not at all with cells derived from pluripotent EC cells differentiating in vitro or in xenograft tumors, nor with other germ cell tumor cell lines that did not also express the typical features of human EC cells. They did not react with murine teratocarcinoma cell lines. A survey of other human tumor cell lines and normal human tissues disclosed that molecules recognized by these antibodies are not confined to human EC cells but that cross-reacting epitopes appear on several neoplastic and normal tissues, although in a different anatomical pattern for each antibody. Both antibodies immunoprecipitated a major polypeptide (apparent molecular weight approximately 240,000) and a minor polypeptide (apparent molecular weight approximately 415,000) from lysates of 125I surface-labeled human EC cells, in this respect resembling another monoclonal antibody, 8-7D, previously described by Blaineau et al. (1,2) However, sequential immunoprecipitation revealed that each of the three antibodies reacted with different molecules of slightly different molecular weights. The epitopes defined by the present antibodies differ from those recognized by the other human EC cell-specific monoclonal antibodies that have been described and provide new markers for studying the differentiation of pluripotent human EC cells.


Although solutions of hydrogen chloride in ethereal solvents like diethyl ether or dioxane are commonly employed in the laboratory, the solution structure of these reagents has yet to be firmly established. Here, we analyze solutions of ethereal hydrogen chloride or deuterium chloride in toluene, in dichloromethane, or in the absence of a co-solvent by in situ infrared spectroscopy. The resulting spectra are inconsistent with free HCl or often-proposed 1:1 HCl-ether complexes but closely match the predicted spectra of oxonium ions generated via protonation of diethyl ether. Molecular dynamics simulation of the oxonium chloride complexes provides evidence for an outer-sphere contact ion pair. These results suggest new approaches for tuning the acidity of strong Brønsted acids in organic solvents and demonstrate the importance of conducting spectroscopic measurements under reaction-relevant conditions.


Elafin (peptidase inhibitor 3 [PI3]) and its biologically active precursor, pre-elafin, are neutrophil serine proteinase inhibitors with an important role in preventing excessive tissue injury during inflammatory events. Recently, we reported an association between single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2664581 in the PI3 gene, increased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pre-elafin circulating levels. This study aims to validate the legitimacy of this association by using a cohort of patients who met the criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome and were at risk of developing ARDS (n = 840). A comprehensive functional study of SNPs in PI3 gene was also performed. Luciferase assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were conducted to determine the functional relevance of promoter region variants. The effect of the coding SNP rs2664581 on the neutrophil elastase inhibitory activity and transglutaminase binding properties of pre-elafin was also investigated. The variant allele of rs2664581 (C) was significantly associated with increased ARDS risk, mainly among subjects with sepsis (odds ratio = 1.44; 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.99; P = 0.0276, adjusted by age, sex, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III). Pre-elafin recombinant protein carrying the amino acid change associated with rs2664581 (Thr34Pro, mutant protein [MT]) had greater capacity to undergo transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking to immobilized fibronectin than wild-type protein in vitro (P < 0.003). No differences were observed in the neutrophil elastase inhibitory activities of wild-type versus MT proteins. In addition, the risk allele-promoter construct had significantly lower cytokine-induced transcriptional activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay results indicated a differential binding of nuclear proteins to the G and A alleles of SNP -338G > A. Our results confirm the association between SNP rs2664581 and enhanced risk of ARDS, further supporting the role of PI3 in ARDS development. SNPs in the PI3 locus may act synergistically by regulating PI3 gene expression and pre-elafin biological functions.


When the idea of service has redefined the way that a warehouse is operated and facilitated the emergence of public warehouse as a new logistic mode, in recent years, the maturity of RFID technology and its applications have brought deeply impact to the warehouse once again. In this paper, a conceptual framework about how to use RFID in the public warehouse is proposed. The main functions of the framework, working flow of a public warehouse and its management style of are illustrated. At last, some key enabling technologies are described in detail, that is, RFID tag and reader configuration, task pool model and task implementation mathod.


ABSTRACT This research aimed to investigate the use of teaching vocabulary using Scrabble Game on the students' achievement. The method applied in this research is Pre-experimental research. Pre-experimental research use three group Pre-test and Post-test. The sample of this research is the first grade students of SMP Negeri 1 sungai Raya Kepulauan.The experimental group was given a pre-test consisted 20 items of test (that was initially tried out before at the same class). After the Pre-test was done, it was continued with three times of treatments where the researcher used 20 words as the screabble material, antonym and synonym words. After the treatments were given, a Post-test with the same test items was administered. The result of Pre-test and Post-test were calculated and compared to determine significant increase by using the matched t-test formula. The research finding the t observed value is 3.66 indicated that the treatments have an effect on performance. Since the value of the observed t value is 3.66 exceeds the t critical value of 2.262 at the intersection of 9 df and .05, it shows that the students' scores differ significantly from Pre-test to Post-test. This research shows that teaching vocabulary using scrabble game increases the students' achievement onvocabulary. Scrabble game is basically suggested and considered good and appropriate as technique at teaching vocabulary. Keywords : scrabble game, vocabulary, pre experimental.


Introduction The considerable GI toxicity experienced by patients during and after cancer therapy is an increasing problem as more patients survive cancer, yet struggle to obtain adequate assessment or treatment. Method A financial model was derived from a prospective evaluation of patients referred to a GI consequences of cancer treatment clinic, where patients are investigated and treated using an algorithm proven to be effective. The costs of assessment, investigations and prescriptions was calculated using the National Tariffs 2013/14. The clinical team includes a Consultant Gastroenterologist, a Nurse Consultant and a specialist dietetic service. This model does not include overhead costs such as administrative support, clinic space and laboratory staff costs. Results The figures are based on the profiles of 326 consecutive patients discharged from our GI and Nutrition Team service between 01 April 2013 and 31 March 2014. This was a mixed cohort of men and women previously treated for urological (43%), gynaecological (21%), colorectal (12%), upper GI (10%) and other (14%) cancers. Initial out-patient consultation costs £192, investigations with related prescription costs (e.g. bowel preparation, SeHCAT capsule) £890 and follow up and treatment costs £438 (mean £1520 per patient). Annual NHS costs for cancer services are £5 billion, but the cost to society as a whole – including loss of productivity – is £18.3 billion (DoH, 2013). The NHS tariff for a person diagnosed with prostate cancer and treated with radiotherapy lies between £6,000 and £9,000. The tariff paid per woman treated with chemoradiation for cervical cancer is £14,800. Treatment for colon cancer with a right hemicolectomy followed by adjuvant capecitebine costs £8,300; anterior resection costs £10,800; long course chemoradiation (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) followed by surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy (capecitebine) costs >£45,000. Surgery for upper GI cancer costs £10,500 while additional chemotherapy adds £2,000-£6,000. A pylorus preserving Whipple procedure followed by adjuvant chemoradiation with epirubicin, cisplatin and capecitebine for pancreatic cancer costs £15,900. These are acute costs and do not include the costs of follow up or investigating and treating relapse. Conclusion Specialist assessment and treatment of GI consequences of cancer therapies seems extremely good value in comparison to the cost of treating the cancer. So it is unclear why it has proven so difficult to obtain funding for specialist services to manage these issues which can have a devastating effect on daily activity. Lack of adequate assessment and treatment not only leads to a burden to the patient and their family, but potentially unnecessary ongoing costs to society and other clinical services. Disclosure of interest None Declared.


The purpose of this study is to build a framework to explain the relationships among compound attitudes (i.e., affective attitudes, cognitive attitude), customer engagement and eWOM(electronic word of mouth) behaviors in the context of WeChat. Based on the relevant theories and practices of compound attitudes, customer engagement, and eWOM, we proposed a conceptual model. This research enhanced the understanding of compound attitudes, customer engagement, and eWOM. These finding will not only help to better understand the mechanism of eWOM communication in the context of social media, but also help the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) marketers to develop effective social media marketing strategies and build strong consumer – brand (product) relationships.


The Global Working Group on Health Promotion Research (GWG HPR) of the International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE) presents a collection of four articles illustrating innovative avenues for health promotion research. This commentary synthesizes the contributions of these articles while attempting to define the contours of research in health promotion. We propose that innovation in research involves the adoption of a reflexive approach wherein consideration of context plays different roles. The reflexive process consists of questioning what is taken for granted in the conceptualization and operationalization of research. It involves linking research findings and its theoretical foundations to characteristics and goals of the field and observed realities, while orienting reflection on specific objects. The reflexive nature of the research activity is of paramount importance for innovation in health promotion. With the publication of this series, the GWG HPR wishes to strengthen health promotion research capacity at the global level and reaffirm health promotion as a specific research domain. (Global Health Promotion, 2013; 20(2): 64–69)


Consciousness has always been linked to the nervous system or rather the brain, but there recorded conscious behaviors in organisms without nerve cells have changed the perspective of consciousness. A living cell is a blend of resonant frequencies, due to degrees of freedom that make it vibrate as a harmonic oscillator supporting the progression of vibrations as waves in and out of the system; to the neighboring cells, to the body, to other bodies and ultimately to the Universe; all of which connects. Quantum generated consciousness is energy; emerges in each and every living cell and traverses by means of resonating vibrations; which utilizes the cellular structures to flow by means of a coherent, obscured, robust, recoverable process.