What happened to the Swedish problem drug users of the 1960's and 1970's? AimS & DESIGN – In this study we follow a Stockholm birth cohort born in 1953 (n= 14 294) from youth to middle age. The cohort members were in their teenage years when drug abuse was established as a considerable threat to Swedish society and some of the cohort members themselves became drug abusers (n=431). Results – As expected, life became dramatically worse for those with documented drug abuse when young, than for the rest of the cohort members. While 72 percent of those without documented drug abuse were socially included at the age of 56, the corresponding share among those with documented drug abuse was 18 per cent. And while 5 percent in the former group were diseased at 56, this was true for 38 percent in the latter group. Supplementary analyses showed that social inclusion was also less stable among those with documented drug abuse than among the rest of the cohort, and that the flow from exclusion to inclusion was virtually nonexistent, which was not the case for those without experience of drug abuse. Conclusions – Gender specific analyses showed that the situation, at least in absolute terms, tended to be even worse for male drug abusers than for women. Gender differences in alcohol abuse, criminality, and with respect to parenthood are suggested as possible explanations to be further studied in future research.


Nondeterminism in discrete-event systems may occur as a result of partial modeling. For the adequate description of nondeterministic systems and nondeterministic phenomena, Heyman's trajectory-model formalism (1990, 1991) is employed. In the present paper we develop a theory of supervisory control for nondeterministic discrete-event systems subject to trajectory-model specifications. We show how well known algorithms for supervisory control (of deterministic systems) under partial observation can be adapted for synthesis of supervisors for nondeterministic systems.


Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is based on the nuclear reaction that occurs when 10B loaded tissue is irradiated with thermal neutron yielding high linear energy transfer alpha particles and recoiling 7Li nuclei. Neutron sources for BNCT are currently limited to research nuclear reactors. However most reactors are not in close proximity to hospitals and their use for clinical trials can be difficult. High energy photon beams from medical Linear accelerators produce undesirable neutrons, beside the clinically useful electron and photon beams, neutrons are produced from the photonuclear reaction of high energy photons with high Z-materials making the accelerator head. Such neutrons have been studied extensively, both in measurements and Monte Carlo calculations mainly from the point of radiation protection. In this work the neutron component from high energy medical linear accelerator, dose, and fluence had been studied for the purpose of shielding patient, staff and the general public from the contaminant neutrons. In this work one major finding is the increase of neutron yield from the medical linac head when jaws are open compared when jaws are closed. Making use of already installed high energy linacs in hospitals used primarily for high energy electron and photon (bremsstrahlung) therapy for neutron production for use in BNCT will be advantageous in the sense that their use is much more acceptable to the public than the use of reactors. It will also mean fewer complications with respect to patient movement and management and will be cost effective. To consider the feasibility of this Monte Carlo simulation of a voxalized head phantom have been undertaken, comparing a reactor source to a medical linac source and comparing different moderator modalities.


An 11-y-old spayed female German Shepherd was presented for a second opinion of ventral cervical swelling of 3-mo duration. On examination, the dog had significant dependent ventral cervical swelling. Enlarged lymph nodes with cystic changes and severe edematous facial swelling were noted on computed tomography. Fine-needle aspiration of the ventral cervical swelling revealed yellow-tinged fluid, with a predominance of lymphoid cells noted on cytologic examination. On cervical exploratory surgery, the left mandibular lymph node was surrounded by a large fluid pocket; biopsies of the lymph node were obtained. Impression smear cytology, flow cytometry, PCR for antigen receptor gene rearrangements, and histopathology were performed on samples from the left mandibular lymph node. Impression smear cytology revealed a population of atypical discrete cells. Flow cytometry identified a population of CD34+/CD45– large cells. A tumor of endothelial origin within the medulla of the lymph node was identified by histopathology, and lymphangiosarcoma was confirmed based on prospero-related homeobox gene 1 (PROX1) immunoreactivity. Our study describes the challenges in the diagnosis of a rarely reported entity and highlights that neoplastic endothelial cells should be considered as a differential when high proportions of CD34+/CD45– cells are present in flow cytometry.


Grant, Linda: RothenbeLq, James Charting Educational Futures: Interaction Patte,-ns ire First and Second Grade Reading Groups. National inst. of Education (DHEW) , washington, D.c.: National Inst. of Mental Health (DHEW) , Rockville, Md. Apr 81 NIE-G-79-0099 NIMH-5T32-MH-14598-04 32p.: Paper presented at the Annual Meeti'_j of tae American Educational Research Association (Los Angeles, CA, April 13-17, 1981) . MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. *Ability Grouping: *Classroom Environment: Classroom Techniques; Grade 1: Grade 2 *Group Dynamics: *Interaction Process Analysis; *Performance Factors: Primary Education: Reading Ability: *Reading Instruction: Reading Research: Student Teacher Relationship Qualitative methods were used to analyze the social environments--or webs of interaction--in reading groups of varying ability levels. Ethnographic observations were conducted for 15 to 30 hours in each of eight first and second grade classrooms with ability-divided reading groups. A code scheme was developed to .categorize the quantity and quality of time devoted to each reading-ability group; the discipline patterns in each group; the patterns of praise, criticism, and stated expectations for performance in each group: and personal relationships among children and teachers. The findings supported the notion that children in top reading groups, in comparison to children in lower ranking ones, had more opportunities (1) to learn academic skills, (21 to demonstrate personal competence, (3) to participate in autonomous, self-directed learning, and (4) to develop expectations for future academic success. The findings also suggested that students in top groups enjoyed more trust in their interactions with teachers, engaged in more equal status relationships with teachers, and had more opportunities to form close personal relationships with teachers. Collectively, the results indicate that internal social processes themselves contribute to subsequent differential opportunities for children placed in different ability-graded reading groups. MA _*************_********** ********** *********** ***************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made -* * from the original document. ******************************************** ****** ********** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION %ATIONAL i,4. -IITUTL OF EDIJCA7ON EL:LA ATIONA, HESLIOPCLS INFOHVAriur;


In stereo vision, the epipolar geometry is the intrinsic projective geometry between the two views. The essential and fundamental matrices relate corresponding points in stereo images. The essential matrix describes the geometry when the used cameras are calibrated, and the fundamental matrix expresses the geometry when the cameras are uncalibrated. Since the nineties, researchers devoted a lot of effort to estimate the fundamental matrix. Although it is a landmark of computer vision, in the current work, three derivations of the essential and fundamental matrices have been revised. The Longuet-Higgins' derivation of the essential matrix where he draws a mapping between the position vectors of a 3D point; however, the one-to-one feature of that mapping is lost when he changed it to a relation between the image points. In the two other derivations, we demonstrate that the authors established a mapping between the image points through the misuse of mathematics.


[Abstract]: This paper is based on a research project with the aim for analyzing costs and benefits of Telehealth system from the different stakeholders' perspective and finding the best method for forecasting the number of patients for a given set of data environment. The research is based on a case study of Telehealth system in Kingaroy in Queensland, Australia.

It was found that having Telehealth system in place would benefit patients financially even without considering the intangible benefits. From the outsiders' (researchers) perspective, the benefits are even greater. However, from the Government's point of view there are no financial gains due to overlooking the patients' benefits. Considering the scattered nature of population in Australia and the apparent shortage of healthcare professionals, the Government may redefine costs and benefits. The net benefit of the system is directly related to the number of service recipients. The existence of a positive trend with regard to the usage of Telehealth system suggests that this type of technology will have a secure position within the Health Services in the future. Finally, using a Statistical forecasting technique such as Winters appears to be a suitable approach for the current information level. However, having additional information on unforeseen events such as occurrence of incidents (epidemic diseases) and relevant policies in a particular month would make the use of Multiple Regression more attractive than the Winters' method. These features can only be addressed by Multiple Regression and appropriate dummy variables.


The persistent and switchable polarization of ferroelectric materials based on HfO2-based ferroelectric compounds, compatible with large-scale integration, are attractive synaptic elements for neuromorphic computing. To achieve a record current density of 0.01 A/cm2 (at a read voltage of 80 mV) as well as ideal memristive behavior (linear current-voltage relation and analog resistive switching), devices based on an ultra-thin (2.7 nm thick), polycrystalline HfZrO4 ferroelectric layer are fabricated by Atomic Layer Deposition. The use of a semiconducting oxide interlayer (WOx<3) at one of the interfaces, induces an asymmetric energy profile upon ferroelectric polarization reversal and thus the long-term potentiation / depression (conductance increase / decrease) of interest. Moreover, it favors the stable retention of both the low and the high resistive states. Thanks to the low operating voltage (<3.5 V), programming requires less than 10−12 J for 20 ns long pulses. Remarkably, the memristors show no wake-up or fatigue effect.


The land degradation in Benin becomes a major concern for the durability of the production systems. For a better maize productivity in the North of the country, the experimentation was carried out during the production season 2012-2013, on two soil types: concretionned ferruginous tropical soil and hydromorphic ferruginous tropical soil. The objective was to validate in farmer's condition, the different mineral and organo-mineral formulas simulated by DSSAT model in order to improve EVDT-ETR- 97 maize grain yield in northern Benin. The experimental design for this experiment was a complete randomized bloc design with four replications. The ten treatments of experiment were essentially the N-P-K formula (115- 30-75; 88-30-35; 88-30-35-manure; 42-30-35-manure; 74-20-23; 74-20-23- manure; 51-20-23; 51-20-23-manure; 0-0-0; 0-0-0-manure). Maize grain yields were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (soil type and fertilizer formula). The results show that compared to hydromorphic tropical ferruginous soils , the concretionned tropical ferruginous soils have increased yield grain harvest by 16.50%. In addition, the simulated doses of N, P and K (88-30-35 and 42-30-35-dung-manure) have induced the high yields respectively 5353.67 ± 844.39 and 3391 ± 533 65 kg / ha. The contribution of organo-mineral fertilizers through cow dung was positive on the improvement of the maize yield. The formula N88P30K35-manureinduced an increase of 10.51% compared to the N88P30K35 combination. On the other hand, the N42P30K35F treatment increased the yield of 13.06% compared to N42P30K35. Also, the results indicated that the yield of maize grain varied significantly depending on the soil type and applied treatments. In conclusion, the contribution of organic manure improved the fertility level of soils studied and the maize productivity.


Conventional wisdom suggests that immigrants are forced into selfemployment. Although there is veracity in this assertion, it is equally probable that there is a certain level of entrepreneurial drive and spirit exhibited when an individual departs from his or her homeland. This article provides a much-needed and critical second look at the realm of ethnic entrepreneurship and in particular, the two-way relationship between the immigrant entrepreneur and the established business community. Isomorphism is seen to ebb and flow among newcomers and existing institutions. Mimetic behaviour as well as the introduction of innovations is seen to occur on both sides of a bilateral exchange.


Objective: To assess the effectiveness of trans obturator tape (TOT) for the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinance (SUI) on female sexuel function. Methods: We evaluated 34 sexualy  active patients, who had stress urinary incontinance. Patients sexuel function evaluated preoperative and 6 months after operation with Female Sexuel Function Index (FSFI) scores. Results: Statistically significant improvements were seen in daily pad use from 2.4±1.1 to 0.2±0.4 (p value <0.001) and incontinence episodes daily number from 3.3±1.3 to 0.5±0.7 (p value <0.001).  FSFI and pain score were compared and results were smiliar (from 4.8 ± 0.7 to 4.6±0.8 p value 0.52). Preoperative Female Sexuel Function Index was compared with after the six months results and significant imporovement was carried (from 15.4±2.5 to 19.4±5.5 p value:0.02). Conclusions: TOT sling placement was associated with improvements in validated measures of sexual function.


Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Understanding the pathological and molecular hallmarks from its first description to definitions of disease entities, classifications and molecular phenotypes is crucial for both appropriate clinical management and research in this complex disease. We provide an overview through almost two hundred years of clinical research from the beginnings as a nebulous disease entity of unknown origin in the 19th century to the most frequent and vigorously investigated liver disease today. The clinical discrimination between alcohol-related liver disease and NAFLD was uncommon until the 1950s and likely contributed to the late acceptance of NAFLD as a metabolic disease entity for long time. Although the term 'fatty liver hepatitis' first appeared in 1962, it was in 1980 that the term 'non-alcoholic steatohepatitis' (NASH) was coined and the histopathological hallmarks that are still valid today were defined. The 2005 NASH Clinical Research Network scoring was the first globally accepted grading and staging system for the full spectrum of NAFLD and is still used to semiquantify main histological features. In 2021, liver biopsy remains the only diagnostic procedure that can reliably assess the presence of NASH and early fibrosis but increasing efforts are made towards non-invasive testing and molecular classification of NAFLD subtypes.


A Thesis Submitted to The College of Business & Economics of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Business administration in Finance.


Abstract Lowland temperate grasslands dominated by Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) are an endangered ecosystem in southeastern Australia. Grass biomass must be removed frequently to maintain plant diversity, but few studies of the impacts of different biomass removal techniques have been undertaken, and no rapid monitoring schemes have been developed. Low species densities in many reserves (due to past stock grazing) make it difficult to assess the effects of management regimes on plant diversity. Management impacts could be assessed by planting indicator species in replicated enhancement plots and subjecting these plots to adaptive management trials. A protocol for selecting potential indicator species is described, based on a regional quadrat database, using clearly defined criteria. Potential indicator species need to be conspicuous, easy to identify and abundant in high quality diverse grassland remnants, to have relatively broad ecological tolerances, to occur in sites that are relatively species rich and have a comparatively low cover of dominant exotic species, to commonly persist at low densities in long‐grazed reserves, to be responsive to changes in management, and to have been studied ecologically. Only three species from western Victorian grasslands satisfied these criteria: Calocephalus citreus (lemon beauty‐heads), Chrysocephalum apiculatum (common everlasting), and Leptorhynchos squamatus (scaly buttons). All are widespread, herbaceous, hemicryptophytic daisies. Despite a number of caveats, the scheme has the potential to provide a more clearly focused framework for grassland ecosystem management than currently exists.


Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Existing therapies present limitations, and other therapeutic alternatives are sought, such as sonothrombolysis with microbubbles (STL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the change induced by STL with or without recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA) on the acoustic and elastic properties of the blood clot by measuring its sound speed (SoS) and shear wave speed (SWS) with high frequency ultrasound and ultrafast imaging, respectively. An in-vitro setup was used and human blood clots were submitted to a combination of microbubbles and rtPA. The results demonstrate that STL induces a raise of SoS in the blood clot, specifically when combined with rtPA (p < 0.05). Moreover, the combination of rtPA and STL induces a hardening of the clot in comparison to rtPA alone (p < 0.05). This is the first assessment of acoustoelastic properties of blood clots during STL. The combination of rtPA and STL induce SoS and hardening of the clot, which is known to impair the penetration of thrombolytic drugs and their efficacy.


Five seaweed species belonging to Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta were analyzed to determine the proximate composition and fatty acid profiles. Seaweeds were collected from ?skenderun Bay, the northeastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The Brown seaweeds (Sargassum acina-rum, Halopteris scoparia, Taonia atomaria, Dictyota dichotoma) and only one red seaweed (Liagora sp.) were used for the analysis. The highest protein content was obtained for D. di-chotoma (15.41 % dry wt) followed by T.atomaria (12.57 % dry wt). Lipid contents of sea-weeds ranged from 12.7 % for D. dichotoma to 0.02 % dry weight for H. scoparia. The ash contents of all algae species were found to be in the range of 15.15% and 63.55 % on a dry we-ight basis. The fatty acid compositions of seaweed species were in the range of 18.51-63.96 % saturated (SFA), 15.25-23.02 % monounsaturated (MUFAs) and 14.62-29.04 % polyunsatu-rated fatty acids (PUFAs). The highest dihomogammalinolenic acid (C20:3 n6, DGLA) content (.76) were determined in the brown seaweed, S. acinarum.


The paper analyzes the ways of reporting other comprehensive income (OCI) and their relationships with three different variables, i.e. the volatility, the sign and the total amount of such accounting items. In order to investigate the reasons of such relationships, the study considers the final annual financial statements approved for the accounting periods from 2009 (i.e. the first year in which the 2007 revision of IAS 1 was applied) to 2012 by Italian companies which are required to apply the International Financial Reporting Standards and to follow their updates since 2005. The choice of this specific sample is due to the willingness of verifying the ways of departing from a strong Italian accounting traditional culture which does not consider other comprehensive income (OCI items have never been mentioned by Italian civil code and have not been included in Italian financial reporting). Some preliminary results emphasize the relevance of OCI items. In each accounting period, the majority of the analyzed financial statements show a significant impact of OCI on net income (each amount in absolute value) over a materiality threshold of 10%. In some years also the difference between ROE measured with net income (NI) and ROE measured with comprehensive income (CI) is statistically significant. It demonstrates that the prominence of OCI in evaluating firmsO performance potentially should not be ignored. Moreover, the median of changes in OCI is greater than the one of changes in net income, showing that OCI is more volatile than NI. After such preliminary analysis, a logistic analysis has been implemented by considering the above-mentioned variables. Such study brings some important results confirming the significance of the relations between the ways of reporting other comprehensive income and both the sign and the total amount of such accounting items. The analysis has been implemented by using also different versions of the dependent variable in order to investigate the impact of the OCI presentation in two statements which are positioned in two different (i.e. following) pages. So, while the predominance in the use of two statements for OCI presentation shows the willingness to emphasize the traditional profit or loss section and may be related to the influence of a strong Italian accounting traditional culture, the reasons of the use of two different pages for such presentation may represent the signal of Oaccounts managementO.


Even in her very early work, Zaha Hadid made innovative use of graphic techniques such as penetration, distortion, curvature, strongly reduced perspectives, to portray her architectural designs from a refreshing new angle. In this way her unmistakeable concepts of architectural space originated, and it is no surprise that the London architect makes full use of the full range of possibilities afforded by today's electronic design tools to create her inimitable forms. This present publication documents the most important of her recent projects, revealing how Zaha Hadid has risen to the digital challenge. Patrik Schumacher teaches at the Architectural Association in London.


AIM OF THE STUDY
Several CT-procedures exist to determine rotational variances of the femur. However, solely on the basis of few CT-scans and without a three-dimensional reconstruction of the femur, it is impossible to define the exact course of the femoral neck axis. Looking for determination of the exact course of the femoral neck axis, auxiliary constructions need to be called upon. Aim of the study was to validate several existing CT-procedures and analyse their respective error rates.

METHOD
Fourty-five femora were CT-scanned and subsequently reconstructed three-dimensionally in this study. Femoral anteversion was measured using three different CT-methods in each of these femora and in addition, the respective anatomical anteversion was determined in each femur. In order to test the reliability of such methods, flexion of the femora around the center of the femoral head as well as a varus deformity of the longitudinal axis of the femora were simulated and anteversion measurements were repeated in such simulated positions. Results were statistically analysed using SPSS.

RESULT
All tested CT-methods, when compared to the anatomical anteversion of a femur, showed differing anteversion-angles with statistical significance (p < 0.001). Equally, the results of the individual methods tested differed with significance. Due to a high correlation with the anatomical anteversion, all methods examined expressed trend of anteversion. Under simulated hip flexion, the "Ulmer Method" produced different values with statistical significance which were, however, without correlation to anteversion values in joint extension. With statistical significance, the "Essener Method" produced different anteversion values when the longitudinal axis of the femur was modified; however, these values highly correlated to anteversion values of femora with unchanged longitudinal axis.

CONCLUSION
Our results lead us to conclude that the "Essener Method" being an interindividual method and independent from positioning, is the most suitable procedure as it allows for the correction of errors with respect to anatomical anteversion.


A spatial orientation of angular momentum vectors of galaxies in six dynamically unstable Abell clusters (S1171, S0001, A1035, A1373, A1474 and A4053) is studied. For this, two-dimensional observed parameters (e.g., positions, diameters and position angles) are converted into three-dimensional (3D) rotation axes of the galaxy using the 'position angle - inclination' method. The expected isotropic distribution curves for angular momentum vectors are obtained by performing random simulations. The observed and expected distributions are compared using several statistical tests. No preferred alignments of angular momentum vectors of galaxies are noticed in all six dynamically unstable clusters, supporting the hierarchy model of galaxy formation. These clusters have a larger value of velocity dispersion. However, local effects are noticed in the clusters that have substructures in the 1D-3D number density maps.


When an aircraft is operating in static or near static conditions during taxiing or take-o
a vortex can form between the ground and the intake. With engine diameters increasing,
intakes are moving non-dimensionally closer to the ground and as a consequence
the likelihood of vortex formation during the aircraft operating envelope is set to increase.
To date there is little quantitative knowledge therefore a greater understanding
is required. This research is aimed at providing an extensive quantitative parametric
study of vortex formation leading to advanced design rules for future engines.
A 1/30
th
scale generic model intake was operated in the Cranfield University 8 ′
×
6 ′
wind tunnel to examine ground vortex formation under quiescent, headwind and crosswind
conditions. Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry and total pressure measurements
have been extensively taken to assess the external and internal flowfields. For
the first time experiments with a rolling ground plane have been performed to provide
insight into the formation and characteristics of ground vortices during take-o .
As the velocity ratio reduces a characteristic trend is established whereby the vortex is
initially weak, increases in strength to a local maximum and reduces to zero thereafter.
The operating points that generate the strongest vortex for a given configuration have
been determined and an empirical model has been developed which can predict the vortex
strength and fan face distortion for any configuration. Under headwind conditions
a new vortex formation criterion has been established which also includes contours of
vortex circulation. An a priori prediction of the vortex strength under headwind conditions
has also been developed which considers the approaching and intake induced
vorticity sources, the latter of which is determined empirically. Good agreement is
found between the model and the experimental dataset. The rolling ground plane experiments
demonstrate significant sensitivities illustrating that the correct conditions
must be simulated properly.


The 1992 eighth grade mathematics test of the National Assessment of Educational Progress reveals a low average level of achievement, wide variation across states, and a large difference in average scores of white and black students. Multiple regression analysis across states indicates that the characteristics of children (such as readiness to learn in kindergarten) and of the households in which they live (such as mother's education) have much larger effects of NAEP test scores than do variables (such as the student/teacher ratio) that measure school characteristics. White-black differences in the levels of child and household variables account for much of the white- black difference in NAEP test scores.


Government in America has gone through three distinct fiscal systems in the last two hundred years. Each system utilized a dominant revenue source, and had a distinctly active level of government. The changing structure of government by level seems to be related to changing revenue structures. When new taxes become important, the relative importance of each level of government changes. On the other hand, growth in the overall size of government is not directly related to the structure of revenues or the distribution of activity by level of government. Government growth is the result of long term commitments to provide education, transportation, social welfare services, old age security, and military forces.


In Italy, the fundamentals of the influence of private interests on public decisions may be detected right after the unification, in the late 19th and the early 20th Century. At that time, personal participation in political life was the most immediate channel through which private interests influenced public decisions. Therefore, the purpose of the introduction of incompatibility between political functions and business and its content are a touchstone for describing the relation between private interests and public decisions, at the time. Using the example of one of the most prominent entrepreneur, Giuseppe Colombo (who had several relevant political offices, while managing the Societa Edison, probably the most important Italian energy company), and the parliamentary debates concerning the laws on political incompatibility and ineligibility, the essay illustrates that private interests were not debarred from Parliament. On the contrary, political offices were open to businessmen (and their interests), because their expertise was considered pivotal to take better decisions.


According to Michal Kalecki, the imperialist system of the Keynesian era rested on a triangular structure that was composed of (a) state-financed military production (i.e., the military-corporate complex, often called the "military-industrial complex"), (b) media propaganda (media-corporate complex), and (c) a putative full-employment/welfare-oriented superstructure (Keynesianism) underpinned by the war machine, serving to justify it. Building on Kalecki's work, John Bellamy Foster, Hannah Holleman, and Robert W. McChesney provided an updated version of the theory of imperialism of the monopoly-capital tradition by laying emphasis on the primary role of the above triangle in the restructuring and preservation of the contemporary imperialist system.. Expanding on their work, I argue that one of the most significant changes in the triangular structure of contemporary imperialism is in its third pillar, particularly with the abandonment of the welfare-oriented paradigm and the adoption of the neoliberal globalization project.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Background/Aims Patients with untreated achalasia frequently complain of heartburn and regurgitation. The diagnosis of achalasia might be delayed because these symptoms are misinterpreted as gastroesophageal reflux. We aim to evaluate the clinical, radiologic, and manometric findings in patient with untreated achalasia. Methods The records of patients diagnosed with primary achalasia between July 2004 and January 2012 at Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea were evaluated. We reviewed their clinical history and the findings of barium esophagogram, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and esophageal transit scintigraphy. We also compared the clinical, radiologic, and manometric findings of patients according to heartburn symptoms and proton pump inhibitor use. Results Our study included a total of 64 patients with a median age of 44.5 (interquartile range, 31.5–54.0). The median duration of symptoms was 23.5 (interquartile range, 5.3–57.0) months. Sixty-four patients (100%) had dysphagia, 49 (76.6%) had regurgitation, 35 (54.7%) had chest pain, and 38 (59.4%) had heartburn. Typical clinical features of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) such as regurgitation, heartburn, and chest pain were observed in more than 50% of achalasia patients. Proton pump inhibitors were prescribed for 16 patients (25%) on the assumption that they had GERD. Patients with heartburn were more likely to experience weight loss (P = 0.009), regurgitation (P = 0.001), or chest pain (P = 0.019). Conclusions Heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain were commonly observed in patients with untreated achalasia. Therefore, these findings suggest that achalasia should be suspected in patients with refractory GERD.


Purpose: The aim of the researchers in this effort is to identify the challenges and barrier faced by teachers in colleges of Pakistan regarding their professional development. The study also discovers realistic implication and adaptation which can be used in order to have highly professionally developed teachers in colleges. Objective of the study: The current research is conducted to find the different professional development characteristic and different factors which are beneficial in professional development of college teachers as well as the factors which are the root cause of creating deficiencies in professional development programs of teachers, especially for college teachers. Methodology: In conducting the current research study the researchers had used the qualitative method and quantitative method. In quantitative method Likert scale or in other words summated rating scale is used; as it is easiest to construct and by the definition of this scale each statement on the scale have equal importance or weight.  Sample taken to conduct this research study is 120 teachers from both the sectors as 60 public and 60 private respectively. Besides the questionnaire, interview technique is also been used to carry out the mention research. Findings: The major findings of research has reveled that professional development programs at institutional level are not carried in its required intensity moreover these programs if executed properly then could increase teachers' satisfaction, student learning and learning output. However such programs are aimless as these programs are run without any definite purpose. Moreover it is found that there are inadequate course contents and trainers are mostly untrained. Also seminars are not conducted due to insufficient allocated funds and if seminars are conducted these results to be unproductive. Employee in educational institutions are not provided some sort of scholarship programs


The present chapter will review theoretical and empirical work on how people explain their own and others' behavior. In the two decades following Heider's (1958) analysis of lay psychology, attribution theorists developed normative models of attributional inferences (Jones & Davis, 1965; Kelley, 1967), identified systematic violations of these models (e.g., Ross, 1977), and examined the emotional, motivational, and behavioral consequences of attributional inferences (e.g., Weiner, 1979). Based on conceptual and methodological developments in the general area of social cognition, the focus of attribution research in the last two decades has shifted to the investigation of the cognitive processes underlying attributional inferences. The primary objective of the present chapter is to review this relatively new research. The review will be organized around three interrelated topics: (1) perceivers' pre-existing models of the determinants of behavior, (2) the use of these models in drawing inferences from concrete behavioral episodes, and (3) the influence of perceivers' goals and motivation on inference.
The first section of the chapter will review research on perceivers' mental models of behavior. These models specify how personal forces (abilities, traits) and situational forces (task difficulty, incentives) combine to determine behavior. Several lines of research have found systematic differences in these models as a function of type of ability or trait, culture, developmental stage, and individual differences. Thus, some traits are believed to be sufficient conditions for the corresponding behavior, whereas other traits are believed to be necessary conditions for the corresponding behavior. In some cultures, personal traits are believed to be the primary determinant of the behavior, whereas in other cultures situational contingencies are believed to be the primary determinants of behavior. And within cultures, mental models of behavior have been found to vary across individuals and stage of development.
The second section will review research on the use of such pre-existing mental models for processing immediate behavioral episodes. Two modes of processing have been distinguished, associative and analytic. In the analytic mode, behavior is identified in terms of a behavior category and attributed to an associated dispositions. In the analytic mode, the reliability, base-rates, and alternative explanations are taken into account. The associative mode is fast, resource independent, and uncontrollable, whereas the analytic mode is slow, resource-dependent, and controllable. Errors and biases in attribution and person perception will be discussed in terms of the distinction between associative and analytic thinking.
The third section will review research on motivational influences on attribution and person perception. This research distinguishes between nondirectional motivation, namely, motivation to reach an accurate conclusions and directional motivation, namely, motivation to reach a specific conclusion, one that promotes the self, the ingroup, or positively valued individuals. The chapter will review research that has examined the cognitive mechanism that mediate the influence of these motives on attribution and person perception.


Lianas are an important component of tropical forests; they alter tree mortality and recruitment and impact biogeochemical cycling. Recent evidence suggests that the abundance of lianas in tropical forests is increasing. To understand and predict the effect of lianas on ecosystem processes in tropical forests, it is important to understand the mechanisms through which they compete with trees. In this study, we investigated the functional traits of lianas and trees in a lowland tropical forest in northeast Queensland, Australia. The site is located at 16.1 degrees south latitude and experiences significant seasonality in rainfall, with pronounced wet and dry seasons. It is also subject to relatively frequent disturbance by cyclones. We asked the question of whether the canopy liana community at this site would display functional traits consistent with a competitive advantage over trees in response to disturbance, or in response to dry season water stress. We found that traits that we considered indicative of a dry season advantage (xylem water delta O-18 as an indicator of rooting depth; leaf and stem tissue delta C-13 and instantaneous gas exchange as measures of water-use efficiency) did not differ between canopy lianas and canopy trees. On the other hand, lianas differed from trees in traits that should confer an advantage in response to disturbance (low wood density; low leaf dry matter content; high leaf N concentration; high mass-based photosynthetic rates). We conclude that the liana community at the study site expressed functional traits geared towards rapid resource acquisition and growth in response to disturbance, rather than outcompeting trees during periods of water stress. These results contribute to a body of literature which will be useful for parameterising a liana functional type in ecosystem models.


Empirical work on visual aesthetics has found a strong preference for smooth curvature. The use of different tasks and exposures can clarify whether such a preference reflects immediate visual responses or higher cognitive processes, such as semantic associations. In three experiments, we used abstract irregular shapes and manipulated the contour (polygons vs. smoothed versions of polygons) but matched the stimuli for number of protrusions (vertices or curvature extrema) and number of concavities. In Experiment 1, shapes were presented for 120 ms, and observers produced a two-alternative forced-choice response (like or dislike). In Experiments 2 and 3, we used rating scales measuring liking and attractiveness, respectively, and the stimuli were presented until a response was made. Overall, smooth curved contours were preferred over angular contours, especially with immediate responses (Experiment 1). Moreover, shapes were preferred when they contained a balance between number of vertices and concavities (i.e., a lower proportion of concavities for a large number of vertices). However, a preference for shapes with the highest number of vertices and the least number of concavities occurred in the two-alternative forced-choice task (Experiment 1). In contrast, the reverse combination (i.e., star-like shapes) emerged with rating scales (Experiments 2 and 3). We conclude that the curvature effect is stable across tasks, although it is modulated subtly by some parametric variations (vertices and concavities) related to visual complexity.


The Rotorua Lakes have been described as the Jewels in the Crown of the Rotorua District. They play a large role in the economy, environment, culture, recreation and tourism potential of the area. However, since human settlement in the region, the water quality and ecology of the lakes has deteriorated. Introductions of exotic flora and fauna, combined with the impact of a large population in the lake catchments, have increased the problem. Over the last half century, concern over the water quality of the lakes has grown, and many studies on the subject have been undertaken. This selective annotated bibliography seeks to identify and locate the reports and publications produced from this research, providing a solution to the lack of bibliographic information on the topic. The primary aim of this bibliography is to provide information for researchers on what studies have already been carried out, and to present a chronological view of the perceived problems in the lakes. The bibliography contains four hundred entries, arranged chronologically by author, and indexed by subject, author and organisation. The primary format of the bibliography is digital, as this provides advanced retrieval features and the ability to easily update the study, but it is also supported by a paper-based format for easy reference for those who prefer it.


The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and the tolerability of the Charme™ system, a hand-held device that electrolyzes a water-based sodium chloride solution and delivers electrolyzed oxidized water (EOW) to the skin, in the treatment of mild to moderate acne. A total of 31 patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris were enrolled in this 8-week, open-label, split-face pilot study. Acne lesion counts and physician global assessments were taken at each visit, as well as patient satisfaction and global assessments and high-resolution digital photographs. Statistical analysis of the results for treatment versus baseline scores was performed using a Hotelling T test and repeated measures analysis of variance. Values of .04 or less were considered statistically significant. A total of 25 patients (mean age, 24.7 years, ranging from 15 to 47.years) completed the study. The mean reduction in total acne lesion counts from baseline to the end of treatment was 40.9 for the EOW treated side (right side) and 18 for the untreated side (Heft side) (P=.04). Investigators observed a significant mean reduction in inflammatory lesions, both papules and pustules (P<01), as well as in the number of individual papules (75.7 vs 19.4) and pustules (42 vs 7.38) on the treated side versus the untreated side (P=.Q2). The mean reduction of the noninflammatory lesions, however, was not significant (P=.336). Physician global assessment indicated that 100 of the patients showed clinical improvement of 25 or more, while 50 of the patients observed a moderate improvement of 50 or more at the end of the treatment period. Interestingly. 75 of the patients preferred the EOW delivery system to other conventional treatment modalities. Only 5 patients had transient, cutaneous adverse effects, such as pruritus, erythema, buming/stingfng, and/or peeling, that ceased by week 2. Patient satisfaction with the EOW system was rated high, with 80 of the patients in the study assessing the EOW device as good or excellent, while 16 rated the device as fair. Only 4 of the patients were dissatisfied with the device. The pilot study demonstrated that the EOW system is an effective and well-tolerated method of treatment for patients with acne. The device appeared to be effective primarily on inflammatory acne lesions. This is most likely attributed to the antimicrobial properties of the EOW that reduce the Propionibacterium acnes populations.


Ceramic and metal composites, known also as cermets, may considerably improve many material properties with regards to that of initial components. Hence, cermets are frequently applied in many technological fields. Among many processes which can be employed for cermet manufacturing, thermal spraying is one of the most frequently used. Conventional plasma spraying of powders is a popular and cost-effective manufacturing process. One of its most recent innovations, called solution precursor plasma spraying (SPPS), is an emerging coating deposition method which uses homogeneously mixed solution precursors as a feedstock. The technique enables a single-step deposition avoiding the powder preparation procedures. The nanostructured coatings developed by SPPS increasingly find a place in the field of surface engineering. The present review shows the recent progress in the fabrication of cermets using SPPS. The influence of starting solution precursors, such as their chemistry, concentration, and solvents used, to the micro-structural characteristics of cermet coatings is discussed. The effect of the operational plasma spray process parameters such as solution injection mode to the deposition process and coatings' microstructure is also presented. Moreover, the advantages of the SPPS process and its drawbacks compared to the conventional powder plasma spraying process are discussed. Finally, some applications of SPPS cermet coatings are presented to understand the potential of the process.


Cytosol treated with guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPgammaS) destroys the dextran-loaded lysosomes (J. Biochem., 123, 637 (1998)). The transfer of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) from the cytosol to the lysosomal membrane is necessary for this lysis to occur. The role of ARF in the biogenesis of the Golgi complex is to generate high-affinity membrane-binding sites for the heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex in Golgi membranes. We have found that ARF also recruits the adaptor protein to lysosomes. The recruitment of protein coats for vesicles is necessary for the GTPgammaS-stimulated lysis of lysosomes. The GTPgammaS-induced lysis proceeded via a process similar to that for the assembly of coated proteins to coated vesicles, which serve to transport proteins between intracellular organelles.


Rationale: Narrow-spectrum antimicrobial therapy is recommended for children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the 2011 Paediatric Infectious Diseases Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America CAP guideline. However, few studies have compared the effectiveness of narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum antibiotics in children hospitalised with pneumonia.

Setting: Forty-three tertiary children's hospitals in the USA using data from the Pediatric Health Information System.

Patients: In total, 15 564 children aged 6 months to 18 years, hospitalised with CAP over a 6-year period fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Children with potentially severe pneumonia, those with complex chronic conditions, interhospital transfers and children hospitalised within the previous 30 days or for <2 days were excluded. Children with any …


The effects of dry cleaning of a HfO2 gate stack using NF3 only and a NF3/NH3 gas mixture plasma were investigated. The plasma dry cleaning process was carried out after HfO2 deposition using an indirect down-flow capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) system. An analysis of the chemical composition of the HfO2 gate stacks by XPS indicated that fluorine was incorporated into the HfO2 films during the plasma dry cleaning. Significant changes in the HfO2 chemical composition were observed as a result of the NF3 dry cleaning, while they were not observed in this case of NF3/NH3 dry cleaning. TEM results showed that the interfacial layer (IL) between the HfO2 and Si thickness was increased by the plasma dry cleaning. However, in the case of NF3/NH3 dry cleaning using 150 W, the IL thickness was suppressed significantly compared to the sample that had not been dry cleaned. Its electrical properties were also improved, including the low gate leakage currents, and reduced EOT. Finally, the finding show that the IL thickness of the HfO2 gate stack can be controlled by using the novel NF3/NH3 dry cleaning process technique without any the significant changes in chemical composition and metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor characteristics.


In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive beamforming algorithm with enhanced noise suppression capability. The proposed algorithm incorporates the sound-source presence probability into the adaptive blocking matrix, which is estimated based on the instantaneous direction of arrival of the input signals and voice activity detection. The proposed algorithm guarantees robustness to steering vector errors without imposing ad hoc constraints on the adaptive filter coefficients. It can provide good suppression performance for both directional interference signals as well as isotropic ambient noise. For in-car environment the proposed beamformer shows SNR improvement up to 12 dB without using an additional noise suppressor.


Objectives: To determine if a consistently retroverted or retroverted retroflexed uterine position is associated with pelvic pain. Methods: 969 sequential gynecological sonograms were reviewed by a radiologist on-line. Uterine position on transvaginal examination was categorized as anteverted (746–77%), retroverted (129–13%), axial (49–5%), anteverted retroflexed (40–4%), and retroverted anteflexed (5−.5%). 118 of the retroverted uteri had transabdominal and transvaginal examinatons. 41, anteverted on transabdominal exam, became retroverted on transvaginal exam (''variable''), 77 were retroverted on transabdominal and transvaginal views (''fixed''). The gynecological referral indication was compared between the ''variable'' and ''fixed'' groups. Results: Pelvic pain as an indication was commoner in the ''fixed'' group (27%) than in the ''variable'' group (14%). IUD issues (either malposition or ''lost string'') were more common in the variable group (24%) than in the fixed group (8%). Other indications such as abnormal uterine bleeding, abnormal uterine bleeding with pain, postmenopausal bleeding, retained products of conception, adnexal mass or ''miscellaneous'' were the equivalent in both groups. Conclusions: A consistently retroverted or retroverted retroflexed uterine position on both transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound views is assocaited with pelvic pain. IUD issues occur more commonly if the uterine position changes from anteverted to retroverted between the transabdominal and endovaginal ultrasonic examinations.


This study examined the semantic and syntactic abilities of monolingual versus bilingual children with concurrent LI and ADHD in English. Sixteen children aged 4 to 7 years of age presenting with concurrent LI and ADHD participated in the study, eight were in the monolingual group and eight in the bilingual group.A story retell task was used to elicit narratives from each participantwhich were then analyzed for various syntactic and semantic productions. No differences were found between the 2 groups in useof grammatical morphology, percentage of mazes produced, and mean length of utterance. The bilingual group had higher rates of complex sentences and lexical diversity, while the monolingual group produced a higher number of utterances per narrative sample.The study concluded that bilingualism presents no disadvantage for children with concurrent LI and ADHD and, in this particular study, indicated an advantage for sentence complexity and vocabulary diversity.


STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to quantify the difference in precision of risk estimates in epidemiology between the situations where misclassification of exposure is corrected for by external validation and where it is corrected for by internal repeat measurement. Precision was measured in terms of the expected width of the 95% confidence interval on the odds ratio. DESIGN--In a hypothetical case-control study, first with 100 cases and 100 controls, then with 100 cases and 1000 controls (the latter to approximate the cohort study situation), expected estimated odds ratios and confidence intervals were calculated based on postulated underlying true odds ratios and misclassification error rates. The sizes of the confidence intervals using the two design strategies were compared, based on the same number of subjects receiving internal repeat measurements as were used in the external validation study. MAIN RESULTS--Confidence intervals obtained using internal repeat measurement were considerably narrower than those using external validation. Both methods yielded approximately correct point estimates. CONCLUSIONS--In terms of precision, it is preferable to correct for misclassification using internal repeat measurement rather than external validation.


Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) are diseases related to weakness of supportive tissues of the pelvic floor due to altered collagen production in middle-aged women and traumatic processes in younger women such as pregnancy and vaginal delivery.
Currently there is no recommended material for use in the surgical management of these disorders. Synthetic non-absorbable materials, such as polypropylene mesh produce a vigorous inflammatory response followed by dense fibrosis and have been associated with serious complications such as exposure. By contrast acellular biological materials have a tendency toward rapid absorption with questionable long-term mechanical integrity and concerns regarding early failure.

Our approach aims to develop a tissue engineered repair material (TERM) to provide the long-term durability of synthetic non-absorbable materials whilst avoiding complications such as exposures and pain. The TERM is composed of a scaffold designed to degrade slowly whilst the inclusion of autologous cells is anticipated to produce a new extracellular matrix (ECM) to remodel fascial tissue for long-term restoration of the mechanical properties.

Biodegradable poly-(L)-lactic acid (PLA) scaffolds were identified as the candidate material being more cell compatible in vitro than materials currently used to treat SUI and POP, and with mechanical properties close to the range of native tissues of the pelvic floor.
A comparison of oral fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) showed similar results when these cells were cultured on PLA scaffolds to develop a TERM in terms of metabolic activity, ECM production and mechanical properties. Of the two, ADSCs were chosen for further experiments since these cells have been shown in the literature to have regenerative potential and also to be immunosuppressive and to stimulate angiogenesis. The number of cells seeded on the scaffolds, the period of culture and culture conditions were optimized for the production of the best TERM candidate. On the other hand, no significant effects were found when exploring chemical and mechanical stimulation with the aim of increasing ECM production.
The host response against the PLA scaffolds implanted cell-free and with ADSCs was studied in rats. The acute host response showed that after an inflammatory response,
new collagen ingrowth and blood vessels were developed in all samples. Work was then focussed on the modification of the electrospinning rig to develop a variety of PLA scaffolds with different mechanical properties due to different fibre configuration. Finally, the potential of ADSCs to develop the TERM was assessed using cells from different donors, as well as examining whether this potential was preserved when these cells were rapidly isolated from fat using an enclosed system.

In summary, we identified a suitable candidate material, cell candidate and culture conditions to develop a TERM designed for pelvic floor repair. Then, an initial animal
study suggested a host response against our TERM leading to constructive remodelling for integration into the native tissues. Finally, a range of PLA scaffolds were produced with improved mechanical properties and preliminary data showed the potential to rapidly isolate ADSCs which were used to develop a TERM in vitro.


The paper aims to conduct a study regarding the manner in which corporate governance principles are applied in Romania, in both public and private sector. In the first part of the paper, the corporate governance principles are presented as they are defined in Romania, in comparison with the main international sources of interest in the domain (OECD corporate governance principles, UE legal framework). The corporate governance (CG) principles refer to issues regarding board composition, transparency of scope, objectives and policies; they define the relations between directors and managers, shareholders and stakeholders. The research methodology is based on both fundamental research and empirical study on the implementation of corporate governance principles in companies from Romania. The main instrument of research is a corporate governance index, calculated based on a framework proposed by the author. The corporate governance principles are transposed in criteria that compose the framework for the CG index. The results of the study consist of scores for each CG principles and calculation of CG index for seven companies selected from the public and private sector in Romania. The results are analyzed and discussed in order to formulate general and particular recommendations. The main conclusion of this study is that that a legal framework in the area of corporate governance regulation is needed in Romania. I consider that the main CG principles should be enforced by developing a mandatory legal framework.


: Between 1991 and 1996 three cases of MCAD-deficiency (medium-chain-acyl-Co-A dehydrogenase deficiency) were diagnosed in the Vestische Kinderklinik. All patients showed hypoketotic hypoglycaemia with hyperuricaemia. In the group of hypoketotic hypoglycaemia without lactat acidosis MCAD-deficiency is the only metabolic disease presenting regularly with hyperuricaemia. Thus, hyperuricaemia in a patient with hypoketotic hypoglycaemia is a strong indicator for MCAD-deficiency. Measurement of uric acid is easily available before sophisticated metabolic analysis are completed.


Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of functional development in geriatric patients with hemiplegia after stroke and to compare them with non-geriatric patients' results. Materials and Method: The medical records of 214 patients with hemiplegia after stroke who were admitted to rehabilitation were retrospectively reviewed. The functional state and ambulatory status of the patients were recorded at admission and at discharge, using Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) instrument and Functional Ambulation Scale (FAS). The patients were divided into two groups, under and over 65 years of age, and comparisons were made between the groups in terms of clinical features and functional status. Results: Ninety nine (46.3 %) patients were under 65, and 115 patients (53.7 %) were over 65 years of age. The comparison of FIM and FAS scores revealed that the patients under 65 years of age had significantly higher total (p=0.002), cognitive (p=0.040) and motor (p=0.002) FIM scores at discharge, and their gained total (p=0.016) and motor (p=0.016) FIM scores, and FAS values (p=0.002) at discharge were significantly higher. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the view that age has a negative impact on functional rehabilitation outcomes.


To our knowledge, this is the first reported clinicopathologic study of a patient with acquired inflammatory Brown's syndrome. The superior oblique tendon, trochlea, and anterior superior oblique muscle were surgically removed en bloc and studied by light microscopy. Surprisingly, the entire specimen was normal, without signs of inflammation or intrasheath scarring. The only abnormal finding was found during surgery, which consisted of perisheath adhesions anterior to the trochlea. These findings indicate that the cause of acquired inflammatory Brown's syndrome may, in many cases, be from scarring around the tendon sheath rather than an intrasheath pathologic condition, as proposed by recent literature.


Since the end of the 1967 Six Day War, successive Israeli governments - both Labor and Likud - have actively promoted or passively allowed settlement construction in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Increasingly, however, many Israelis are coming to see the settlements as a major obstacle to lasting peace with the Palestinians, and as the linchpin of questions about the character of the Jewish state. The following monograph explores the legal aspects of a possible future evacuation or relocation of some Israeli settlements and settlers from the territories. The monograph reviews the existing legal framework in the territories and explores the multi-layered complexities of the law of the land. It distinguishes between areas annexed to Israel proper and non-annexed areas. The paper further distinguishes between the possibility of physical evacuation, and severance of the legal connections among the settlers, the land, and the land's structures. Finally, the paper addresses the question of fair compensation for settlers and concludes that any compensation would best be disbursed by a body created through primary legislation.


PURPOSE
This study was done to identify the effects of individual postpartum breast-feeding education on adaptation, attitude and practice of breast-feeding in primiparas.

METHODS
A quasi-experimental nonequivalent design was used to examine the effects of individual postpartum breast-feeding education among primiparas. The data were analyzed using chi2-test, Fisher's exact test and paired t-test.

RESULTS
There was a significant difference in breast-feeding adaptation (t=-12.94, p<.001), breast-feeding attitude (t=-2.71, p=.011) and breast-feeding practice (chi2=16.47, p<.001) between the group education (experimental group I) and individual education after group education (experimental group II).

CONCLUSION
The results indicate that individual education on breast-feeding compared to group education has more positive effects on increasing breast-feeding adaptation, attitude and practice in primiparas. This result also indicates that many primiparas should be given opportunities of various types of education to improve breast-feeding practice such as individual approaches and postpartum breast-feeding education programs.


This report gives a comparison of the accuracy of the three methods for calculating the compressive strength of flat sheet and stiffener combinations such as occur in stressed-skin or monocoque structures for aircraft. Of the three methods based upon various assumptions with regard to the interaction of sheet and stiffener, the method based upon mutual action of the stiffener and an effective width as a column gave the best agreement with the results of the tests. An investigation of the effect of small curvature resulted in the conclusion that the compressive strength of the curved panels is, for all practical purposes, equal to the strength of flat panels except for thick sheet where non-uniform curvature throughout the length may cause the strength of the curved panel to be 10 to 15 percent less than that of a corresponding flat panel.


Background/introduction Reported sexual assaults have increased in England & Wales since operation Yewtree. Sexual health services are ideally placed to manage and support victims of sexual assault. Clear patient pathways underpin the quality of care victims of sexual assault receive. Aim(s)/objectives To assess our outcomes against the 2011 BASHH guidelines on the management of complainants of sexual assault. Methods We undertook a case note review of all SA attendances to the CNC between August 2014 and July 2015 Results 114 sexual assault patients were seen, 87% (99/114) were female, the median age was 23 years (13–66) and 96% (110/114) were white British or white other. 41% (47/114) were referred by the Sexual Assault Referral Centre (SARC), 49% (56/114) self-referred. 24% (27/114) reported being assaulted in an outside area, 16% (18/114) at a public venue and 20% (23/114) at the accused's home. 35% (40/114) attended within 72 hours of the assault, 22% (2/114) within 7 days, 17% (19/114) within 2 weeks, 21% (24/114) within 3 months and 4% (5/114) within a year. 99% (43/44) were appropriately assessed for PEPSE, 89% (64/72) were offered prophylactic antibiotics, 50/51 (99%) of women were assessed for emergency contraception. 63% (72/114) reported the assault to the police, 37% (9/28) who didn't report were offered third Party Reporting. STI infection rate was 6/114 (5%). Discussion/conclusion Our results suggest that our current management is in keeping with BASHH guidelines and that local referral pathways support patient care.


Addressee identification is an element of all language-based interactions, and is critical for turn-taking. We examine the particular problem of identifying when each child playing an interactive game in a small group is speaking to an animated character. After analyzing child and adult behavior, we explore a family of machine learning models to integrate audio and visual features with temporal group interactions and limited, task-independent language. The best model performs identification about 20% better than the model that uses the audio-visual features of the child alone.


Abstract VevoVitall® is a feed additive consisting of benzoic acid. It is currently authorised as a zootechnical additive for weaned piglets and pigs for fattening. This opinion concerns the renewal of the authorisation of benzoic acid as a zootechnical additive in feed. In 2005 and 2017, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) adopted two opinions on the safety and efficacy of VevoVitall® as a feed additive for weaned piglets and pigs for fattening, respectively. The applicant has provided data demonstrating that the additive currently in the market complies with the conditions of authorisation. Furthermore, according to the information provided in the technical dossier, no new evidence has been identified that would make the FEEDAP Panel reconsidering the previous conclusions on the safety of the additive. The Panel confirms that the additive is safe at the maximum authorised concentrations of 5,000 and 10,000 mg/kg feed for weaned piglets and pigs for fattening, respectively; a margin of safety cannot be determined for weaned piglets while a margin of safety of less than 1.5 is established for pigs for fattening. The use of VevoVitall® in feeds for weaned piglets and pigs for fattening at the maximum authorised concentrations does not pose any safety concern for consumers and the environment. The use of VevoVitall® does not pose a risk by inhalation to users and is not a skin sensitiser. The new available data confirm that the additive is a skin irritant and a severe eye irritant. A recommendation concerning the potential toluene residues in the additive has been posted.


This paper uses linked apprenticeship-family reconstitution records to explore the influence of family structure on human capital formation in preindustrial England. We observe a small but significant relationship between birth order, resources and human capital investments. Among the gentry, eldest sons were almost never apprenticed. Outside the gentry, a large number of apprentices were eldest sons, even from farming families. This Implies a relatively large place for a child's aptitude and interest in shaping their career compared to custom or inheritance practices, making the "middling sorts" behave much more as families do in presentday labour studies than the contemporary elites. We also find a surprisingly high rate of return migration, questioning the emphasis on neo-locality and suggesting that parents could anticipate benefiting directly from positive externalities arising from the training provided to children. This interpretation also fits well with our finding that if parents had died before indenture, apprentices were significantly less likely to return home.


Revealing atomic-scale distributions of energy and stress in defective or complex systems, based on the behavior of electrons, should contribute much to materials science and engineering, while only few practical ab initio methods were developed for this purpose. Thus, we developed computational techniques of local-energy and local-stress calculations within the plane-wave PAW (projector augmented wave)-GGA (generalized gradient approximation) framework. This is natural extension of ab initio energy-density and stress-density schemes, while the inherent gauge dependency is removed by integrating these densities in each local region where the contained gauge-dependent terms are integrated to be zero. In this overview, we explain our scheme with some details and discuss the concepts or physical meanings of local energy and local stress via the comparison with related schemes using similar densities, LCAO (linear combination of atomic orbitals) methods, Green ' s function formulation implemented by multiple scattering or TB (tight-binding) methods, or EAM (embedded-atom method) potentials. We present recent applications to metallic surfaces, grain boundaries (GBs) with and without solute segregation, tensile tests of metallic GBs, local elastic constants of microstructures in alloys, and machine-learning based GB-energy prediction, where the local-energy and local-stress analyses provide novel aspects of phenomena, deep insights into the mechanism, and e ff ective data for novel machine-learning based modelling. We discuss unsettled issues and future applications, especially for large-scale metallic systems. [doi:10.2320 / matertrans.MT-M2020291]


Pharmacological inhibition of uncontrolled cell growth with small molecule inhibitors is a potential strategy against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most malignant primary brain cancer. Phenotypic profiling of the neurogenic small molecule KHS101 revealed the chemical induction of lethal cellular degradation in molecularly-diverse GBM cells, independent of their tumor subtype, whereas non-cancerous brain cells remained viable. Mechanism-of-action (MOA) studies showed that KHS101 specifically bound and inhibited the mitochondrial chaperone HSPD1. In GBM but not non-cancerous brain cells, KHS101 elicited the aggregation of an enzymatic network that regulates energy metabolism. Compromised glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) resulted in the metabolic energy depletion in KHS101-treated GBM cells. Consistently, KHS101 induced key mitochondrial unfolded protein response factor DDIT3 in vitro and in vivo, and significantly reduced intracranial GBM xenograft tumor growth upon systemic administration, without discernible side effects. These findings suggest targeting of HSPD1-dependent oncometabolic pathways as an anti-GBM therapy.


From Jec Aristotle Ballou, author of Storey's best-selling "101 Dressage Exercises", comes "Equine Fitness", a guide to getting a horse in shape and maintaining his overall fitness, regardless of age or discipline. A horse's health is a critical concern for every equestrian - from the backyard owner who wants to enjoy her mount for many years to the show rider who needs her horse to perform at consistently high levels. Conditioning will improve soundness, stamina, quality of motion, and longevity. "Equine Fitness" provides owners and riders with expert instruction for assessing, monitoring, and maintaining the health of their horses. In addition, "Equine Fitness" features individual and group exercise routines specifically designed to enhance strength and agility, geared to horses of differing ages and abilities. Clear step-by-step instructions and detailed illustrations make the information easy to follow and implement. There is even a set of handy, pocket sized cards for owners and riders to consult directly while working with their horses.


We examine how product market competition affects the disclosure of innovation. Theory posits that product market competition can cause firms to increase their disclosure of innovation to deter product market competitors. Consistent with this reasoning, we find that patent applicants in more competitive industries voluntarily accelerate their patent disclosures, which are credibly disclosed via the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Our inferences are robust to using changes in industry-level import tariffs as sources of plausibly exogenous variation in product market competition in differences-in-differences designs. Consistent with patent disclosure deterring product market competitors, we find that timelier patent disclosures are more strongly associated with declines in the similarity of competitors' products than are less timely patent disclosures. In total, our results suggest that product market competition increases patent disclosure timeliness, which is consistent with firms using the disclosure of innovation to deter product market competition.


Objective. The NeuroFlexor is a novel method incorporating a biomechanical model for the measurement of neural and nonneural contributions to resistance induced by passive stretch. In this study, we used the NeuroFlexor method to explore components of passive movement resistance in the wrist and finger muscles in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods. A cross-sectional comparison was performed in twenty-five subjects with PD with clinically identified rigidity and 14 controls. Neural (NC), elastic (EC), and viscous (VC) components of the resistance to passive extension of the wrist were calculated using the NeuroFlexor. Measurements were repeated during a contralateral activation maneuver. Results. PD subjects showed greater total resistance (P < 0.001) and NC (P = 0.002) compared to controls. EC and VC did not differ significantly between groups. Contralateral activation maneuver resulted in increased NC in the PD group but this increase was due to increased resting tension. Total resistance and NC correlated with clinical ratings of rigidity and with bradykinesia. Conclusions. The findings suggest that stretch induced reflex activity, but not nonneural resistance, is the major contributor to rigidity in wrist muscles in PD. The NeuroFlexor is a potentially valuable clinical and research tool for quantification of rigidity.


To comprehensively characterize the functions of a transcription factor (TF), it is required to analyze the interaction of this TF with its targeted loci. Several methods such as β-glucuronidase (GUS) or luciferase reporter, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) assays have been developed. Of these, EMSA is an in vitro method which can prove the direct interaction between TF and targeted DNA fragment. This protocol is to provide a detailed procedure for a safe EMSA assay (without using any radioisotope).


This research is motivated by problems that arise from observations made by researchers, namely the lack of motivation of students in learning. This can be seen from the fact that there are students who lack enthusiasm in participating in learning activities, students often do not do homework (PR), when given assignments some students are more likely to wait for their friends' assignments that have been completed, and imitate their friends'assignments. This is due to lack of parental attention. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the influence of parents' attention to the motivation of students of class XI SMA Negeri 5 Pekanbaru. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of parental attention on the learning motivation of students of class XI SMA Negeri Pekanbaru. This research method is quantitative descriptive. The population in this study were all students of class XI SMA Negeri 5 Pekanbaru with a total of 438 students. The sample in this study were 66 students with proportional random sampling technique. Data collection techniques are observation, questionnaire, documentation and literature. Data collection instruments used in this study were questionnaires consisting of 18 statements about student learning motivation. Data analysis techniques using simple linear regression and processed using SPSS version 16. The results showed that the learning motivation of class XI SMA Negeri 5 Pekanbaru was categorized as "high" (55,65%). Whereas the attention of parents is categorized as "adequate" (67,87). It is known that a simple linear regression analysis is obtained Fhitung ≥ Ftabel or 75,129 ≥ 3,99 and simple linear regression equation that is Y=18,259 0,825X then H0 rejected. This means that there is an influence of parents' attention to of class XI SMA Negeri 5 Pekanbaru.

Keywords: Student Learning Motivation, Influence Of Parental Attention


The importance of agriculture is decreasing all over the world. The aim of the paper is to compare the ownership structure and land use in some selected former Central and Eastern European countries. The property structure and land use is in dichotomy, the production is performed simultaneously on small-size farms which produce primarily for self-consumption. The importance of farm land leases is increasing. The present paper tries to identify the main differences and similarities in land ownership and property structure, the changes in the last fifteen years, what happened and whether the expectations had been met. Furthermore the paper compares the main regulations of land ownership and tenancy in different countries, explains land market protection, and the need of a real valuation system of land.


Since the Aga Khan Award for Architecture was begun in 1977 it has been in the forefront of recognising the full impact of social and environmental upheaval on the built environment in Third World countries. In this volume the jury's selection for the fourth cycle of the awards is presented. The selected projects, which deal with issues pertinent to both the developing and developed world, demonstrate their timeless relevance. The visionary philosophy behind the awards has been to seek to encourage architects, builders, clients and users to learn from and add to the Muslim heritage. All the award-winning projects included are described in detail, discussing not only the development and design, construction methods and technology, but also the historical background of the site. Projects range from the restoration of the Great Omari Mosque, Lebanon. to the Grameen Bank Housing Project, Bangladesh, and from the Gurel Summer Residence, Turkey, to the Arab World Institute, Paris.


This paper examines how contextual and institutional factors are associated with individual subjective well-being, which is measured by individuals' happiness, during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data collected in the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of Korea, Japan, Italy, the United Kingdom (UK), and the four biggest states of the United States (US) in April 2020, we find that the financial effects (represented by employment and income change) and nonfinancial effects (represented by experiencing negative nonfinancial effects including mental health issues and enjoying positive benefits) caused by nonpharmaceutical measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 are associated with individual subjective well-being. Moreover, positive benefits could reduce the likelihood of becoming unhappy for those who have experienced negative nonfinancial effects or those who have lost their jobs. The results also suggest that the degree to which people agree with their government's approach to dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic is positively correlated with their happiness. The risks associated with the pandemic, however, are only slightly associated with people's happiness. We also find that the correlation between the above factors and individual well-being varies from country to country.


Epidemiological aspects of malaria in the State of S. Paulo, Brazil, based on the cases motified between 1983 and 1992 are presented. In the period 20,200 cases, of which 65.7% presented Plasmodium vivax (P.v.) and 27.3% P. falciparum (P.f.), were confirmed. No differences as between the years was observed. No differences in the distribution by sex (85.4% male) or age (63.6% whit ages between 20 and 39 years) were noted. The epidemiological investigations demonstrated that in 2.0% the transmission of malaria has occurred in two different areas of the State of S. Paulo. One of these areas is covered with Atlantic forest where malaria is considered endemic, with a predominance of P. vivax and low parasitaemias associated with Kerteszia. The other area is the Paulista plateau, where Nyssorhynchus and patients with imported malaria were responsible for pochets P.V. and P.f. It was noted that 91.6% of the cases came from other regions of the country, 89.0% of them from Rondomia, Mato Grosso and Pará. The increase in the number of cases from Mato Grosso, corresponding to 51.7% of the total in 1992, was verified over this ten-year period. Malaria induced by blood transfusion and among drug users represented 27 and 58 cases, respectively. The lethality rate was 5.0/1,000 patients and occurred among patients with first time and late diagnosis of P. falciparum malaria. The study of this information adds its contributions for malaria surveillance.


Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2008 pilot, this paper analyzes the patterns and correlates of intergenerational transfers between elderly parents and adult children in Zhejiang and Gansu Provinces. The pilot is a unique data source from China that provides information on the direction as well as amount of transfers between parents and each of their children, and clearly distinguishes transfers between parents and children from those among other relatives or friends. The paper shows that transfers flow predominantly from children to elderly parents, with transfers from children playing an important role in elderly support. Taking advantage of the rich information available in this survey, the authors find strong evidence that transfers are significantly affected by the financial capabilities of individual children. Educated and married children have a higher tendency to provide transfers to their parents; and oldest sons are less likely to provide transfers than their younger brothers. With future continued rapid economic growth in China, the income disadvantage of the elderly will persist and upward generational transfers will likely remain the most common form of private transfers. In the absence of some other source of elderly support (such as a public pension or own savings), the dwindling number of children implies that the financial burden associated with supporting the elderly is likely to increase.


OBJECTIVE
Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital disease which results in hypopituitarism. Patients with PSIS often exhibit short stature due to their deficiency of growth hormone (GH).

CASE PRESENTATION
Here, we present two rare cases of adults males with PSIS, in which the patients were of normal height and did not take any GH supplements. Sterility and multiple hormone deficiencies including GH were seen in both of them. Through whole exome sequencing of their DNA, we found novel mutations they shared, three in MUC4 (c.7815G>T, c.3548C>T, c.3399C>G) and one in NBPF10 (c.536C>A).

CONCLUSION
The present cases suggest that there are exceptions in GH deficient patients where a select few can attain normal heights without GH therapy. Genetic screening can be a predictor for prognoses of rare types of hypopituitarism.


This chapter aims to show significant progress that our group has been developing and the applications of several doped semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), as nanopowders or embedded in glass systems. Depending on the type of dopant incorporated in the nanocrystals, the physical, chemical, and biological properties can be intensified. However, it can also generate undesired toxic effects that can potentially compromise its use. Here we present the potential of zinc oxide NCs doped with silver (Ag), gold (Au), and magnesium (Mg) ions to control bacterial diseases in agriculture. We have also performed biocompatibility analysis of the pure and Ag-doped sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7) NCs in Drosophila. The doped nanocrystals embedded in glassy systems are chrome (Cr) or copper (Cu) in ZnTe and Bi2Te3 NCs for spintronic development nanodevices. Therefore, we will show several advantages that doped nanocrystals may present in the technological and biotechnological areas.


Soils have an important role to play in supplying and receiving contaminants from the atmosphere, and in the global cycling of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs). A microcosm study was conducted, in which some aspects of air-soil exchange likely to be important for the global cycling of POPs were simulated. HCB and PCBs were introduced into a sealed chamber, which contained soils of varying organic matter content, and in which soil mixing was a variable. Uptake of these compounds on to the soils was monitored over time. Subsequently, the primary chemical source was removed and further changes in the residues retained on the soils were monitored. The rates of uptake onto the different soil treatments are compared and the influence of the soil organic matter content and mixing evaluated. The implications for the global cycling of POPs are discussed.


Mixed reality games combine interactive digital content with real world environments, objects, and actors by utilizing a multitude of different sensors. While offering plenty of opportunities for designers, they are also notoriously difficult to design. This is in part due to them still being a relatively new form of gaming with only very few examples of commercially successful games. This means that the majority of aspiring designers lacks knowledge about the design space of these games – something that is crucial in order to create new and exciting experiences. While there exist several authoring tools to facilitate the development of mixed reality games, these tools do not provide guidance on the game design aspects. The design of mixed reality games is likewise bringing together experts from different domains (e.g. game design, technology, locales). In order to support this multifaceted and collaborative design process I have developed the Mixed Reality Game Cards. These are a deck of ideation cards that encapsulate the design space of mixed reality games in the form of physical playing cards. The cards can be used for rapid idea generation (i.e. creating a multitude of ideas from scratch in a short time) and in-depth idea development (i.e. further expanding and refining an idea). The Mixed Reality Game Cards consist of four types of cards to support idea generation as well as idea development. Opportunity Cards are the building blocks of an idea and describe potential elements of a design. Question Cards prompt the design group to consider the experience from different angles to refine the design. Challenge Cards surface typical design issues and problems that might occur. These domain-specific cards are supported by Theme Cards that are taken from the board game Dixit in order to provide additional domain-extrinsic sources of inspiration. I developed the Mixed Reality Game Cards iteratively over the course of seven studies following a Research through Design approach. This provided valuable insight into what makes ideation cards such powerful facilitators of collaborative design sessions. I identify content, appearance, and rules as crucial elements under direct control of an ideation card designer and tangible as well as playful interactions as dynamics that emerge during an ideation session.
This thesis describes the development of the Mixed Reality Game Cards and uses the insights gained from this process to reflect on ideation cards as design tools in general, expanding our understanding of them.


THIS PAPER is concerned with some aspects of the role of women workers in India's development since Independence. Although one sees an increasing number of women nowadays working in diverse fields and in positions of importance, official statistics indicate that the two decades of development have not been very kind to women workers in general. The percentage of women in the work force has declined. In the organised sector, while the number of women employees in the public sector has more than doubled during the 60's, their number in the private sector has not increased particularly significantly. In the factory sector it actually declined between 1964 and 1971. In the unorganised sector also, women are being forced to work at consistently lower wage rates in jobs which do not provide a living and there are significantly more women working as unpaid family workers than men.' Although the general conclusion from these facts would be that the contribution of women to India's economic growth is a shrinking one, I want to argue that the peculiar character of women's economic activities has had a crucial effect on the process of development. Hitherto it has worked as a check to the disruptive and polarising effects of development as it has taken place in India. There are, however, indications that, in future, the effects of the nature of women's work as


The collapse of the American subprime mortgage market and the global financial crisis and recession essentially came to an end in 2009 and yet these events continue to haunt the global economy. They raise difficult to answer challenges and questions regarding whether enough has been done to prevent another global financial crisis in the near to medium term future, to compensate for the substantial harm incurred by consumers, smaller businesses and other market participants, and to re-instill confidence in the global financial regulatory system. The major argument of this paper is that changes in national and global financial sector markets and regulatory regimes since the collapse of the American subprime mortgage market and global financial crisis provide the boundedly rational but willing to learn financial consumer with somewhat better protection. However, these changes by themselves are not sufficient to prevent another regulatory debacle that would cause as much or even more harm to the financial consumer in the future – including in countries like Canada and Australia that were less affected by the last calamity. The monetary and psychic payoffs from gaming the financial regulatory system are still too attractive, and the culture of high risk, reckless, irresponsible, myopic, and pushing the envelope conduct is too entrenched, to respond to traditional top-down laws, regulations and enforcement practices of governments and their financial regulatory authorities. Moreover, the further globalization of financial markets; the growing complexity of financial products, transactions and contracts; and the integration of emerging market economies into global financial markets; pose new and unfamiliar dangers to national and international financial markets and financial consumers. These trends suggest that countries like Canada and Australia that were less influenced by the 2007 crisis may be less fortunate in the future. The paper's major conclusion is that the likelihood of another financial crisis of similar magnitude can be diminished if there is concerted systematic action under a sustainable governance mode which involves inter-governmental and governmental bodies, the private sector, civil society, and individual consumers. Each actor has unique capabilities and energies. In some respects, the polycentric and distributed governance approach proposed here involves enhanced collaboration among all actors. In others, it involves recognition of the need for enhanced mechanisms to provide "checks and balances" on the powers and capabilities of any one actor or instrument. Harnessing the insights, capabilities and energies of all actors, including those of the financial consumer, will better ensure that: (i) the corporate culture of gaming the regulatory system will be reduced, (ii) the global contagion that characterized the last financial crisis will be mitigated and stopped at more national borders, and (iii) over time the current too big to fail approach to large international banks and other financial service providers will be recognized as unnecessary and a false hypothesis. This approach is referred to in this paper as "sustainable governance" because of our conclusion that both top-down and more organic bottom-up approaches will be needed, given the complexity and magnitude of the governance task. We recommend that more research should be focused on the self-actualization governance capabilities of individual consumers to protect themselves, and on the ability of civil society organizations to provide independent research, consumer information, "checks and balances" oversight functions, and strong advocacy on behalf of consumers. These two aspects appear to be under-studied in the financial reform research and literature conducted to date.


Interaction of polyoma virus, specific antibody, and complement has been studied. Firm evidence has been gathered that C1 through C3 and not C5 through C9 enhance neutralization of virus-antiviral antibody (V-Ab) complexes. C enhancement of neutralization occurs primarily by agglutination of V-Ab complexes and not by virion lysis or attachment of large protein molecules to the V-Ab complex. In this model, binding of C1, 4, 2, 3 to the V-Ab complex may explain why some viruses concentrate in or infect certain cells bearing C3 receptors such as B lymphocytes, macrophages, and monocytes.


In our busy lives, almost all of us have to walk with a cup of coffee. While often we spill the drink, this familiar phenomenon has never been explored systematically. Here we report on the results of an experimental study of the conditions under which coffee spills for various walking speeds and initial liquid levels in the cup. These observations are analyzed from the dynamical systems and fluid mechanics viewpoints as well as with the help of a model developed here. Particularities of the common cup sizes, the coffee properties, and the biomechanics of walking proved to be responsible for the spilling phenomenon. The studied problem represents an example of the interplay between the complex motion of a cup, due to the biomechanics of a walking individual, and the low-viscosity-liquid dynamics in it.


Infection due to Fusarium species is an increasing cause of serious potentially fatal disease in patients with cancer. We described 9 patients with infection caused by Fusarium species during a 4-year period at the M. D. Anderson Hospital. The spectrum of infections included disseminated disease in 4 patients, skin or soft-tissue infections in 3, pneumonia in 1, and fungemia in 1. All 4 patients with disseminated infection had culture- and biopsy-proven skin lesions caused by Fusarium species and the blood cultures yielded the organism in 3 of these 4 patients. Maxillary sinusitis was the presenting manifestation of Fusarium infection in 2 of these 4 patients, suggesting that paranasal sinuses are potential portals of entry for the infection. Eight patients had a hematological malignancy and 7 were neutropenic at the onset of their infection. Patients with deep-seated infections remained neutropenic and died from infection despite treatment with amphotericin B. All 5 isolates tested in vitro showed resistance to ketoconazole and miconazole, whereas 3 were susceptible to amphotericin B. Fusarium species could play a role in producing myelosuppression and fungal cultures are required to differentiate it from the more commonly encountered Aspergillus species. Fusarium species are emerging as a serious, potentially fatal, pathogen in patients with cancer.