This superb documentary collection illuminates the history of witchcraft and witch-hunting in seventeenth-century New England. The cases examined begin in 1638, extend to the Salem outbreak in 1692, and document for the first time the extensive Stamford-Fairfield, Connecticut, witch-hunt of 1692-1693. Here one encounters witch-hunts through the eyes of those who participated in them: the accusers, the victims, the judges. The original texts tell in vivid detail a multi-dimensional story that conveys not only the process of witch-hunting but also the complexity of culture and society in early America. The documents capture deep-rooted attitudes and expectations and reveal the tensions, anger, envy, and misfortune that underlay communal life and family relationships within New England's small towns and villages.Primary sources include court depositions as well as excerpts from the diaries and letters of contemporaries. They cover trials for witchcraft, reports of diabolical possessions, suits of defamation, and reports of preternatural events. Each section is preceded by headnotes that describe the case and its background and refer the reader to important secondary interpretations. In his incisive introduction, David D. Hall addresses a wide range of important issues: witchcraft lore, antagonistic social relationships, the vulnerability of women, religious ideologies, popular and learned understandings of witchcraft and the devil, and the role of the legal system. This volume is an extraordinarily significant resource for the study of gender, village politics, religion, and popular culture in seventeenth-century New England.


Not many studies, in reference to the Roman situation, have examined the way in which social groups are distributed within the urban space. As far as we have an evident framework about the socioeconomic profile of the areas that deploys the city, it is mostly on the residential models of the upper-middle class, the «bourgeois Rome», in which the historical studies has achieved appreciable results; the studies pursued by the working class appears to be less analyzed. This paper tries to analyze the residential choices of the workers of Breda through the information transcribed in the companies register. This reflection face a period of great changes for the Capital such as the one between the two World Wars, deals with urban history themes - particularly regarding the survey about the features of the residences, the formation of social identities in the urban environment and the role played by public politics, and labour history - in the wake of the experiences in this field of research with the opening of the company archives.


[Context] Collaborative programming is achieved when two or more programmers develop software together. Pair Programming and Coding Dojo Randori are two increasingly adopted practices for collaborative programming. While the former encourages the collaboration in pairs, the latter promotes collaboration in groups. However, there is no broad understanding about the impact of these practices on the acquisition of programming skills. [Goal] In this study, we empirically compare the influence of both collaborative practices on two essential aspects of skill acquisition: motivation and learning. [Method] We conducted a controlled experiment with novice programmers applying solo programming and both collaborative practices to three different programming exercises using a crossed design. [Results] Our results showed that, while both practices outperformed solo programming, they also presented complementary benefits on acquiring programming skills. For instance, the programmers inserted less code anomalies in Coding Dojo Randori sessions than in Pair Programming sessions. On the other hand, the motivation was often considered to be stronger in the latter than in the former. [Conclusions] Our results suggest that the use of collaborative practices is particularly promising for acquiring programming skills, when programmers have little or no practical experience with software development.


Title The mechanism for the maintenance of a color polymorphism in the myrmecophilous aphid, Macrosiphoniella yomogicola. [an abstract of dissertation and a summary of dissertation review] Author(s) 渡邊, 紗織 Citation 北海道大学. 博士(農学) 甲第13159号 Issue Date 2018-03-22 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/70145 Rights(URL) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Type theses (doctoral abstract and summary of review) Additional Information There are other files related to this item in HUSCAP. Check the above URL. File Information Saori_Watanabe_abstract.pdf (論文内容の要旨)


Crop elicitation: innovative approach for the valorization of grain legume functional properties.
In Italy grain legume cultivation has encountered a drastic decrease due to several causes (productive, economic, social). In this regard, studies aimed at the setting up of agronomic techniques able to guarantee high and constant in planta yields of health-promoting compounds may concur at re-launching legume production. In this context, 22 accessions of grain legumes (17 Phaseolus vulgaris, 3 Phaseolus coccineus, 1 Vigna unguiculata and 1 Glycine max genotypes) were screened with the aim of identifying genotypes rich in health beneficial phytochemicals (α-amylase inhibitors, α -glucosidase inhibitors, polyphenols) and with low anti-nutritional compounds (lectins). A wide variability was observed among investigated accessions. Four genotypes (Verdone, Kidney Cina, Roviotto and DG) showed a α -amylase inhibitory activity significantly higher (approximately 30% more) than all other tested accessions. The α -amylase inhibitory activity was not correlated neither with the protein nor with the polyphenol contents. Conversely, the α -glucosidase inhibitory activity was positively correlated with grain color and polyphenol content: dark-colored seeds had a mean inhibitory activity of 83.64 ± 22.07%, whereas light-colored seeds had mean values of 21.11 ± 9.36%. As regards the anti-nutritional compounds, out of all common bean accessions, only DG showed no erythro-agglutination activity (lectins).
Preliminary experiments, performed in controlled environment, permitted to highlight that different germination conditions markedly affect the synthesis and accumulation of functional compounds in legume seedlings. Those findings were confirmed with field trials performed in two different locations (Bologna and Pisa), on two bean genotypes (Verdone and Zolfino), during the 2004-2005 cropping season. Results showed that the application of abiotic stresses (no fertilization and /or no irrigation) lead to a significant increase of flavonoids in grains, but a decrease (up to 50%) in legume yields was also observed. Crop elicitation, even if valuable for boosting health-promoting compound synthesis in crops, must necessary cope with economically acceptable crop yields.


This study describes an investigation of collagen sponge mechanically reinforced through the incorporation of poly(glycolic acid)(PGA) fiber. A collagen solution with PGA fiber homogeneously dispersed was freeze-dried, followed by dehydrothermal cross-linking to obtain collagen sponges incorporating PGA fiber. A collagen sponge without PGA fiber was prepared similarly by using the collagen solution. By scanning electron observation, the collagen sponges exhibited isotropic and interconnected pore structures with an average pore size of 180 µm, irrespective of PGA fiber incorporation. As expected, PGA fiber incorporation enabled the collagen sponge to significantly enhance the compression strength. In vitro cell culture studies revealed that the number of L929 fibroblasts initially attached was significantly greater for the collagen sponge incorporating PGA fiber than for the collagen sponge. In vitro cell proliferation studies revealed that the proliferation of cell was higher for the collagen sponge incorporating PGA fiber, by day 21, than the collagen sponge without PGA fiber. It is possible that shrinkage suppression results in the superior cell attachment and proliferation of sponge incorporating PGA fiber. After subcutaneous implantation into the backs of mice, the residual volume of collagen sponge incorporating PGA fiber was significantly large compared with that of collagen sponge. We concluded that the incorporation of PGA fiber is a simple way to reinforce collagen sponge without impairing the biocompatibility.


PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Somali immigrant women access breast and cervical cancer screenings at a significantly lower rate than other women in the United States and face unique barriers and facilitators to cancer screening.

LITERATURE SEARCH
A literature search was performed using CINAHL®, PubMed®, EBSCOhost, PsycINFO®, MEDLINE®, and Google ScholarTM. Articles included qualitative studies that explored the barriers and facilitators to breast and cervical cancer screening in Somali immigrant women.

DATA EVALUATION
10 articles were summarized using a standardized data matrix. Evidence was integrated into a synthesis of evidence and organized by theme.

SYNTHESIS
According to the literature reviewed, Somali immigrant women face knowledge, cultural, and healthcare system barriers to screening for breast and cervical cancer. Recommendations to increase screening included providing culturally tailored education, increasing community involvement, and improving provider education.

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH
Understanding the barriers and facilitators that are unique to Somali immigrant women can assist nurse researchers and practitioners in developing evidence-based interventions that will provide support to this underserved population.


This paper reports a preliminary study on the development and characterization of a porous calcium phosphate glass-ceramic for tissue engineering application. To obtain porous glass scaffolds, a mixture of 3CaO.P2O5-SiO2-MgO glass (grain size below 20 'm) and NaCl with 200- 300 'm of particle size was taken in the volume proportion 1:1. The mixture was shaped into cylindrical samples (10 mm diameter x 10 mm thick) by using unidirectional pressing. The sintering thermal cycle was selected by means of thermal analyses (DTA/TG and dilatometry) in order to attain a high enough cohesion among the glass particles. After thermal consolidation, the salt was dissolved in water, resulting in highly porous materials. The effect of the sintering thermal cycle on the structure and microstructure characteristics of the scaffolds was investigated in this paper.


Aspergillic acid, the antibiotic isolated from cultures of the mould Aspergillus flavus, was shown by Dutcher end Wintersteiner to have structure (I) or (IA). Later, Dunn, Newbold and Spring identified the side-chains and showed that aspergillic acid must be either (I; R= Bus, R' = Bui) or (I; R = Bui, R' = Bus). The investigations described in this Thesis were directed towards establishing methods for the synthesis of pyrazine cyclic hydroxamic acids with the synthesis of aspergillic acid as the ultimate objective. Reduction of aspergillic acid gives deoxyaspergillic acid (II), a 2-hydroxy-3:6-disubstituted pyrazine. Thus it appeared possible that oxidation of a suitably substituted pyrazine would lead to a synthesis of aspergillic acid. This route was shown to be impracticable by Baxter, Newbold and Spring who found that when a 2-ethoxy-3:6-disubstituted pyrazine was oxidised, oxidation occurred at the nitrogen remote from the ethoxy group and hence hydrolysis to give a hydroxyl group in the 2-position gave a compound which was not a hydroxamic acid. Although the direct oxidation method had proved unsuccessful for a synthesis of aspergillic acid there was a possibility that it could be used to prepare a pyrazine cyclic hydroxamic acid by the following route:- The oxide (IV) was obtained in low yield. The scheme however, had to be abandoned when difficulty was experienced in hydrolysing the nitrile groups of the oxide as a preliminary to the formation of the required hydroxyl groups. An account is given of the experiments with aminoiminosuecinonitrile (III) which extend its application as a synthetic intermediate. An entirely different approach, namely the formation of the pyrazine ring by ring-closure of an acyclic hydroxamic acid proved more successful. The following general method for the synthesis of 3:6-disubstituted pyrazine cyclic hydroxsmic acids has been developed. This method was applied successfully to three cases including that of a homologue of aspergillic acid (R = R'' = Et) which was isolated in very low yield. The synthesis of one of the possible structures of aspergillic acid (I; R = Bui, R' = Bus) was attempted by this route. After a number of methods for the synthesis of unsaturated alphabeta-aldehydes had been investigated, the required Schiff's base was prepared as follows: A satisfactory cyclisation of the Schiff's base to give (I; R = Bui, R' = Bus) was not achieved. An ultra-violet absorption spectrum showed that the cyclic acid had been formed but only to the extent of 30% of a resinous reaction product isolated in low yield. The difficulties encountered at this ring-closure stage are discussed. An alternative route to 3:6-disubstituted pyrazine cyclic hydroxamic acids has been developed. An a-keto-hydroxamic acid is condensed with an aminoketone to form the cyclic acid in one step thus: In the first instance pyruvchydroxamyl chloride was converted into the bisulphite compound of pyruvohydroxamic acid (V; R = Me). This was condensed with aminoacetone (VI; R' = Me) to give an aspergillic acid homologue (VII; R = R' = Me) in good yield. The structure of the cyclic acid was completely defined when reduction gave 2-hydroxy-3:6-dimethylpyrazine, a known compound. Application of the above method to the aspergillic acid case (VII; R = Bus, R' = Bui) proved less successful. A cyclic acid was not formed when the bisulphite compound of the alpha-keto-hydroxamic acid (V; R = Bus) was treated with the aminoketone (VI; R' = Bui). An experiment in which the alpha-keto-hydroxamic acid was formed by hydrolysis of the hydroxamyl chloride (VIII) with sodium acetate in acetic acid showed more promise. The acid was not isolated but treated directly with the aminoketone. A non-crystalline reaction product had an ultra-violet absorption spectrum from which it was evident that it contained a small proportion of the cyclic acid (VII; R = Bus, R' = Bui).


The aim of this paper is to model the trading intensity of the US Treasury bond market which has a unique expandable limit order book which distinguishes its structure from other asset markets. An analysis of tick data from the eSpeed database suggests that the US bond market displays a greater degree of clustering in trade durations than is evident in other asset markets. Duration is affected by the presence of news particularly in the hour following the release of scheduled news to the markets. Finally, the length of time taken to complete a given transaction, or 'workup', has a measurable impact on the trade duration


Ten years have elapsed since penicillin was introduced in the treatment of syphilis. In order to appraise recent trends in syphilotherapy in the world, WHO carried out a detailed study of treatment practices in early syphilis. A questionnaire was circulated to leading venereologists and clinics in the world, and 277 replies were received from 55 countries giving particulars of 294 schedules.A total of 65.3% of the participants used penicillin alone and 28.9% used it in combination with other drugs. In North America all clinics relied solely on penicillin as against 52.2% in Europe; and procaine penicillin G in oil with aluminium monostearate (PAM) was used in 91% of clinics in the Americas and Asia and in 60.6% of European clinics. The most common dosage of penicillin in all stages of early syphilis was 4.8-6.0 million units; but appreciably larger doses were used in Europe than elsewhere, some 39.4% of schedules using 10.8 million units or more. There were single instances of 36 million units being given. Consolidation treatment was given in none of the North American clinics; seldom in Asia; by about one-third of the participants in Central and South America; and, for secondary syphilis, in 59% of European schedules.This study shows that with intensive treatment with PAM the saving in drug cost to clinics over the classical courses of arsenic and bismuth may be as much as pound4 per case, but the overhead expenses are, of course, not reduced.


Although many opponents of welfare reform predicted that it would increase hardship, the official poverty rate for female headed families with children fell from 42 percent in 1996 to 34 percent in 2002. Skeptics have nonetheless argued that declines in official poverty rates may have been accompanied by increases in material hardship, since single mothers who entered the labor market often incurred new expenses and lost valuable noncash benefits. We investigate this possibility using the Current Population Survey's Food Security Supplement. Food-related problems declined among mother-only families between 1995 and 2000 and rose between 2000 and 2002, but the decline was far larger than the subsequent increase. These changes parallel changes in the official poverty rate during the same years. In contrast to previous economic expansions, the proportional decline in poverty during the late-1990s was at least as large among mother-only families as among two-parent families. We argue that this change was linked to welfare reform and other social policy changes that encouraged single mothers to enter the labor force. As a result, single mothers' material standard of living probably improved more during this economic expansion than during earlier ones.


Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is one of the most important fruit crops of Sapindaceae family. As far as export of agricultural products is concerned, by virtue of its delicious taste, excellent flavour, attractive appearance and high nutritional value, it has gained popularity in many parts of the world. Litchi peels changes so quickly to brown colour within 1-2 days of harvesting. Post-harvest browning in litchi fruit is mainly associated with degradation of anthocyanin due to aerobic oxidation. However, to stay in global market, which is turning more and more competitive day by day, it is of paramount importance to maintain high standard in the qualities of fruits produced and providing longer shelf life. Many polyamines and SO2 fumigation reduces browning but leaves undesirable residue in fruit that are health hazardous and even neurotoxicity of chemicals has been reported. Keeping the seriousness in the problem and to avoid glut in the market, the present review explores the advances in technology to manage pericarp browning and to maintain overall fruit quality. Edible coating is widely applicable in fresh fruit, vegetable or their fresh-cut materials which are quite safe, environment friendly and economically acceptable. Many types of edible coatings such as polysaccharide-based coatings, cellulose and its derivatives, protein-based coatings are available to overcome losses of economic value, reduces the respiration rate as well as the physiological loss of fruit weight.


This thesis investigated differences in foraging behaviour, personality and parasitic infection, using behaviour experiments, traditional parasitology and molecular ecology. Five fish species, and a directly-transmitted ectoparasite, were used as model organisms. Evidence for a conservative foraging strategy was found in the four tropical fish species (Poecilia reticulata, P. sphenops, Xiphophorus maculates, X. hellerii) and in a temperate species (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In the latter, this behaviour was unaffected by social context, with no significant differences between isolated fish and shoals. Also, guppies showed a reduced acceptance of novel, conspicuously-coloured prey. Furthermore, using molecular scatology techniques, both prey and host species-specific DNA were detected in fish faecal samples so this methodology can be used in the future to examine diet in the wild. When considering the personality trait, boldness, guppies from two wild populations differed significantly in their relative boldness, but individuals within a single population were similar in their relative boldness. Boldness of fish was affected by mating, with virgin and pregnant females being bolder than their mated counterparts. Also, boldness impacted on shoaling behaviour, shy fish formed larger and tighter shoals than bold conspecifics. This had consequences for parasite transmission, with shy fish having higher parasite loads and a greater change in parasite load across an infection period than their bold counterparts. Furthermore, host contact was the main factor influencing transmission of a directly-transmitted ectoparasite within a group-living host species. Significantly more parasites were transmitted between hosts when hosts had more frequent and more prolonged contact with each other. Clearly, monitoring individual differences in various aspects of an animal's behaviour can answer many questions of ecological relevance, as well as discovering the evolutionary origins of such individual behavioural traits.


With a looming shortage of skilled craft workers forecast to exceed 2 million by 2017, prefabrication may become a necessity for many U.S. contractors attempting to remain competitive with a smaller, lower-skilled workforce. Building components manufactured in a controlled, offsite environment have proven to reduce time, cost and site logistics while improving productivity, quality, safety and sustainability. However, entry-level workers, including more than 765,000 recession displaced manufacturing workers, often lack the basic skills necessary to retrain for jobs in manufactured construction. As a result, a $ 6.3M U.S. Department of Labor grant was awarded to an institutional consortium to develop online, contextualized training in manufactured construction and related manufacturing industries. Of more than 1,020 participants from 2012-16, learning outcomes from a focus group of 70 participants were statistically analyzed to compare the effectiveness of contextualized training among non-traditional student cohorts (e.g. older adults, veterans, women, minorities, etc.). Results indicate that graphic oriented, online training used in conjunction with traditional instruction, improved access and learning outcomes particularly among older adults, ethnic minorities and women.


Swimming cells and microorganisms are a critical component of many biological processes. In order to better interpret experimental studies of low Reynolds number swimming, we combine experimental and numerical methods to perform an analysis of the flow-field around the swimming nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We first use image processing and particle tracking velocimetry to extract the body shape, kinematics, and flow-fields around the nematode. We then construct a three-dimensional model using the experimental swimming kinematics and employ a boundary element method to simulate flow-fields, obtaining very good quantitative agreement with experiment. We use this numerical model to show that calculation of flow shear rates using purely planar data results in significant underestimates of the true three-dimensional value. Applying symmetry arguments, validated against numerics, we demonstrate that the out-of-plane contribution can be accounted for via incompressibility and therefore simply calculated from particle tracking velocimetry. Our results show how fundamental fluid mechanics considerations may be used to improve the accuracy of measurements in biofluiddynamics.


The influence of cavitation on the average characteristics of a Francis turbine or of a Francis type pump-turbine is studied beyond the normal operating range examining the following areas : (a) instability area during operation as a pump ; (b) zero flow pump mode ; (c) area of reduced flow as a turbine ; (d) runaway speed ; (e) turbine-brake ; (f) reverse pump quadrant. This study, which has been carried out on the basis of laboratory measurements on model, clearly shows that the critical sigma values found in the 5 areas mentioned above are higher than those of standard sigma values for the areas of the machine in normal operating conditions. Particular importance is placed on two observed cases of hydraulic instability, the first is a pump-turbine operating as a partial flow pump, the other is a turbine of average specific speeed : instability is a function of the cavitation coefficient which determines the shift from one hydraulic behaviour to another at runner outlet. The influence of cavitation on the instantaneous characteristics is examined in a turbine at full load, at a low rate of flow and at runaway speed, referring particularly to pressure pulse and to shaft torque pulse : also, in this case, the decrese in cavitation coefficient towards values corresponding to those in plant operation causes an increase of the fluctuations both at partial flow and at runaway speed for some of the magnitudes examined. To conclude, when designing a hydraulic machine, the laboratory check on the model should be extended to a wide range of sigma values covering the values projected for the prototype so as to extend the prototype expectations in operation to all the ranges involved both in steady state and transient conditions.


Critical thinking is the most commonly listed of British university graduate attributes. However, its assessment in graduate students' work in the disciplines remains underexplored in the literature. In the university, critical thinking is assessed within a disciplinary context and is synonymous with distinction or excellence. However, the discourse of 'generic skills' currently dominant in higher education has served to dissociate it from this base. The result is a single, generic understanding that may obscure crucial differences. Indeed, the often ignored question in discussions of critical thinking in student writing is 'critical thinking about what?' Karl Maton argues that overlooking 'the what' is prevalent in higher education research more broadly, resulting in what he terms 'knowledge blindness' (Maton, 2014c, p. 3). Knowledge, and its recontexualisation and reproduction in the curriculum, and teaching, sit at the heart of university practice. However, what knowledge practices are assessed as 'critical thinking' has remained mostly obscured in higher education research. The effect of 'knowledge blindness' is an unclear articulation of practices considered as 'critical thinking' in student writing in the disciplines. It is the central concern in this study.

The primary aim of this study was to bring into view what is recognised as enacted or demonstrated critical thinking practices in student writing in different disciplines by disciplinary assessors, with the purpose of informing pedagogy. The study was motivated by the problem of having to teach 'critical thinking' in writing in a professional capacity without clear writing directives from the disciplines. Coupled with this is lack of empirical evidence of demonstrated 'critical thinking' practices in student writing in published literature, evidence that might have guided my teaching practices. The research employed a qualitative case study approach that drew on the expertise of senior lecturers' 'habituated' (Bourdieu, 1990) or 'cultivated gazes' (Maton, 2014a), as they assessed Masters-level essays in two different fields of practice: Political Science and Business. A single broad question anchored the study:

• What practices are assessed as 'critical thinking' in student writing tasks?

It was conceptualised as the Bourdieurian question:
• What are 'the rules of the game'?

The research design comprised three phases: mapping and profiling of University and programme documents where critical thinking is conceptualised, and selection of participants; piloting interviews and analysis of student essays; actual interviews and analysis of student essays. The explanatory framework used for the study drew primarily on Karl Maton's Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) Semantics. Genre theory based on Systematic Functional linguistics was also used as a framework for initial organisation of student essays.

The study brought into view four key findings of critical thinking that pertain to the movement of knowledge across texts, having the right stance, using the right theory, and being able to master the right forms of knowledge. First, analysed in terms of Maton's Legitimation Code Theory Semantics, more successfully 'critical' students in Political Science and Business moved knowledge smoothly across their texts in ways that resemble 'waves of meaning' – or what in LCT is termed as semantic waving. These successfully critical thinking texts created bigger waves, demonstrating greater semantic range. Less successful texts moved knowledge across the pages in ways that did not flow as smoothly and produced smaller waves – or less semantic range. Second, in the Political Science thinking task, a particular political stance was preferred over others, revealing a value charging or ideological preference of one political argument over another. A key finding, therefore, was that stances are unequal: some are more privileged than others. Further, while the personal stance was irrelevant in Political Science, it was a requirement in the Business task. A third key finding is that there is a hierarchy of theories in Political Science. Some theories are seen as having more power to solve political problems than others, and are hence more preferred. The fourth key finding is that there are differences in the forms of knowledge that students are required to master. The Political Science thinking task required a mastery and weaving together - termed semantic weaving in LCT - of more complex and abstract knowledge forms, or rhizomatic codes, with more complex and context-dependent knowledge forms, or worldly codes. The Business thinking task required mastery and semantic weaving of simpler context-independent knowledge forms, or rarefied codes, with simpler context-dependent knowledge forms, or prosaic codes. This study argues that teaching critical thinking in writing involves being able to see and analyse knowledge – their movements across texts, their forms, and knowing how disciplinary stances and theories are differentially valued in different fields of practice.

There are three contributions to knowledge in this thesis: empirical, theoretical, and methodological. The findings, presented as a set of 'rules of the game', provide empirical insights into critical thinking practices in student writing currently unavailable in the mainstream literature about student writing. The findings provide 'thicker' descriptions and 'thicker' explanations of knowledge practices which also contributes theoretically to writing literature. The utility of Legitimation Code Theory Semantics to see and to analyse knowledge as meanings in texts, along with Systemic Functional Linguistics genre based theory as an organising principle, also makes a unique methodological contribution.


Abdominal obesity and specifically intrabdominal adiposity leads to increase in cardiometabolic risk factors (CMR), independently of body mass index (BMI). In order to examine CMR factors associated with the presence of visceral fat (VF) in individuals with different degrees of overweight/obesity, 154 men, 20 to 60 years of age, attending a at an Industrial Clinic in Venezuela, were evaluated. Ultrasound was used to establish the presence and amount of VF. As expected, VF values were higher as the BMI increased. It was observed that VF was associated positive and significantly with age, abdominal circumference and the degree of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in subjects with normal weight as well as in those with overweight and obesity. However, BMI was correlated with VF only in those with normal weight or overweight. In the obese a positive correlation was observed between VF with glycemia and triglycerides, while insulin was correlated with VF only in the subjects with normal weight. Based on the ROC curves, and taking as cut-off point for VF a value of 6 cm, it was possible to predict the presence of hyperglycemia with a 58.6% of sensitivity and 77% of specificity, presence of insulin resistance with 54 % of sensitivity and 78 % specificity, hypertriglyceridemia with 39% of sensitivity and 78% specificity and low HDLc with 45% sensitivity and 77% specificity. The area under the curve for the ROC analysis was greater for visceral fat compared with abdominal circumference for hyperglicemia (0.727 vs. 0.693, p < 0.05) and hypertrigliceridemia (0.678 vs. 0.621, p < 0.05) while the opposite was observed for HOMA-IR (0.74 vs. 0.788, p < 0.05) and for low HDL-c (0.651 vs. 0.668, p < 0.05). We conclude that ultrasound measure of VF, was better in predicting hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, while abdominal circumference was better predicting insulin resistance and low HDLc and could be useful in the preventive evaluation of individuals at risk for diabetes or cardiovascular disease.


This chapter presents an investigation of the effectiveness of water cooling a battery module using a heat-sink prototype in the form of a thin copper helix tube within an aluminium block. A thermal model for the module containing six single cells is developed and numerically solved by coupling the heat energy transport equation with the fluid governing equations. The rate of generation of heat from the cells is calculated using a 2D model of a single cell with the resulting heat flux used as a Neumann boundary condition for the energy equation within a computational fluid dynamics code. Particular attention is given to the battery module operating in extreme ambient temperature conditions. The cooling strategy used is shown to satisfy two of the main concerns when managing the thermal performance of a battery module, that is, a suitable operating temperature range is maintained, and there is reasonable uniformity of temperature across the battery mod- ule. This should increase the battery cell life cycle together with enhancement of the charge and discharge performances. Variation of parameters such as the velocity of water within the tube and the number of turns used for the helix were investigated.


The debates about what to do with collections from colonial contexts, and how to deal with them, have developed pace and unexpected momentum in the last three years. This is especially true for artifacts from the African continent, whether they are in museums or collections in Europe, North America, or elsewhere outside the continent. But the same is true under different circumstances, and we do not want to pass over this, for colonial collections and museums in Africa. Let's take a closer look at both in light of recent debates.

The discussions about whether, to whom and when under which circumstances a return, or rather indeed: an unequivocal restitution is appropriate or not, have recently experienced differentiations. This applies already to the preconditions of most restitutions, namely the opening and making accessible of the inventories. While some think that in principle everything should be put online, another opinion maintains that whenever possible, the creators or original holders should have their say beforehand, especially in the case of 'sensitive' objects such as those containing human remains, of a sacred nature, or photographs of contexts of violence. This has also brought other issues into focus – questions about the various forms of rights of disposal, about the forms and functions of museums in Africa, and in Europe and elsewhere.


AIMS
The primary aim was to compare the efficacy of smoking cessation treatment using a combination of active nicotine patch plus active nicotine gum versus therapy consisting of active nicotine patch plus placebo gum in a sample of alcohol-dependent tobacco smokers in an early phase of out-patient alcohol treatment. A secondary aim was to determine whether or not there were any carry-over effects of combination nicotine replacement on drinking outcomes.

DESIGN
Small-scale randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with 1-year smoking and drinking outcome assessment.

SETTING
Two out-patient substance abuse clinics provided a treatment platform of behavioral alcohol and smoking treatment delivered in 3 months of weekly sessions followed by three monthly booster sessions.

PARTICIPANTS
Participants were 96 men and women with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence and smoking 15 or more cigarettes per day.

INTERVENTION
All participants received open-label transdermal nicotine patches and were randomized to receive either 2 mg nicotine gum or placebo gum under double-blind conditions.

FINDINGS
Analysis of 1-year follow-up data revealed that patients receiving nicotine patch plus active gum had better smoking outcomes than those receiving patch plus placebo gum on measures of time to smoking relapse and prolonged abstinence at 12 months. Alcohol outcomes were not significantly different across medication conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
Results of this study were consistent with results of larger trials of smokers without alcohol problems, showing that combination therapy (nicotine patch plus gum) is more effective than monotherapy (nicotine patch) for smoking cessation.


Abstract : The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) allows extremely accurate and global determination of time, as well as position and velocity. An STI Time Transfer Unit (TTU) developed for the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) has consistently demonstrated the transfer of time with accuracies much better than 100 nanoseconds. A new STI Time Transfer System (TTS), the TTS 502, is currently in development and will be available on the market by the end of 1981. The TTS 502 will be a relatively compact microprocessor-based system with a variety of options that will meet each individual's requirements, and will have the same performance as the USNO system. This paper summarizes the time transfer performance of that USNO system and presents the details of the new system.


The expanding westernization, urbanization and automation happening in many nations around the globe is related with changes in the eating routine towards one of high fat, high vitality thick nourishments and an inactive way of life. This move is additionally connected with the current fast changes in adolescence and grown-up heftiness. Indeed, even in many low salary nations, corpulence is currently quickly expanding, and regularly coincides in a similar populace with constant under nourishment.


Recurrent group A Streptococcus (GAS) tonsillitis and associated autoimmune diseases indicate that the immune response to this organism can be ineffective and pathological. TGF-β1 is recognized as an essential signal for generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th) 17 cells. Here, the impact of TGF-β1 induction on the T-cell response in mouse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) following intranasal (i.n.) infections is investigated. ELISA and TGF-β1-luciferase reporter assays indicated that persistent infection of mouse NALT with GAS sets the stage for TGF-β1 and IL-6 production, signals required for promotion of a Th17 immune response. As predicted, IL-17, the Th17 signature cytokine, was induced in a TGF-β1 signaling-dependent manner in single-cell suspensions of both human tonsils and NALT. Intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry demonstrated that CD4+ IL-17+ T cells are the dominant T cells induced in NALT by i.n. infections. Moreover, naive mice acquired the potential to clear GAS by adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells from immunized IL-17A+/+ mice but not cells from IL-17A−/− mice. These experiments link specific induction of TGF-β1 by a bacterial infection to an in vivo Th17 immune response and show that this cellular response is sufficient for protection against GAS. The association of a Th17 response with GAS infection reveals a potential mechanism for destructive autoimmune responses in humans.


The history of the taxonomy of  Pleurothallis  R.Br. subsection  Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae  and recent descriptions in that group are summarized. The phylogenetic position of the group based on preliminary molecular data and the appropriateness of the proposed genera  Acronia  C.Presl. and  Zosterophyllanthos  Szlach. & Marg. for this group are discussed. Three new species from northern South America are described:  Pleurothallis rubrifolia  from southeastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru;  Pleurothallis nangaritzae  from southeastern Ecuador; and  Pleurothallis castanea . Labellar micromorphology examined by scanning electron microscopy for  P. rubrifolia  and  P. nangaritzae  is discussed in relation to taxonomy and possible pollinator interactions.


The recent Cooper Review (Cooper 2010) attempted to address governance, structure, efficiency and operational problems by recommending changes without pinpointing the root causes and systematic design flaws of the Australian Superannuation System. Despite overwhelming evidence that members' disengagement was a root cause of the problems, little attention was paid to the motivation and background of members to facilitate participation and decision-making. For instance, a very small percentage of members take their role in the superannuation industry seriously. This is evidenced by the fact that a very small percentage of members (2.5% in 2007) actively changed superannuation fund and most new fund members 'defaulted' into employer-selected funds (Bateman 2009). This may be that they are serious but lack the ability or time to monitor investments in a way required by a sophisticated system. This paper explores the drivers of switching superannuation funds of those working-age Australians. It also analyses the presentation of fund information to the sample population to examine how members use information in their superannuation decisions. This may add insight to the ways fund information is made available and also to the types of members who may need more protection, support or education.


Foreign languages can be employed in advertising to draw attention to the persuasive message. Such a foreign language may be effective because of the symbolic value that it represents, such as attractiveness or beauty. In that case, the comprehension of the foreign language is not important; it functions purely as a symbol. This study examined whether the appreciation of French slogans was affected by their comprehension. The participants (N=120) judged three slogans that were pretested as difficult to understand, and three slogans that were pretested as easy to comprehend. The slogans were presented in advertisements of six different cars of three different French car brands. The literal meaning of the slogans appeared to be important. The slogans that were well understood were more appreciated than those that were difficult to understand. At the same time, French proved to have a symbolic value: participants preferred the French slogan to the Dutch slogan if the slogan was understood. Future research could focus on the exact symbolic meaning of French in Dutch advertising.


Despite a development in Swedish patient safety work in recent years, unambiguous results are missing. Here we propose some activities that will result in improved patient safety. Patients and employees are a strong driving force, and should be given a more important role. The level of education in patient safety must be raised in all levels in the system. Effective systems for learning, sharing and follow-up need to be reinforced. The understanding on how the health-care system adapts to varying circumstances, resilience, needs development. The knowledge basis of what constitutes and creates safety in psychiatry, paediatric care, primary care, and in care of the elderly must be developed.


Background and Aim: Genu varum and genu valgum are two most common deformities of the knee joint in children and adults. In these deformities knee muscles function maybe affected by the alteration in mechanical axis of lower limb. The aim of this survey was to provide some basic knowledge about the function of knee muscles in patients with genu varum and genu valgum deformities. Materials and Methods: Studies were identified by searching in the Pub-Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar databases and authoritative references available on the internet and library for articles and books published after 1990,with the key words such as genu varum, genu valgum, knee muscles, bow leg, knock knee and knee frontal angle. Results: Among 102 papers and 10 books resulted from the first search, only 30 papers and 5 books were related to this literature review and just10 papers and 2 books among them were about changes in knee muscles. Conclusion: The results of this survey indicated that patients with genu varum and genu valgum deformities have architectural and functional alteration in their knee muscles. According to the results most of these studies have noticed the basic changes in quadriceps muscle function and architecture. It is necessary to study more about the function of other knee muscles.


IMPORTANCE
Macular edema (ME) prognosis and treatment response vary according to the underlying abnormalities. Biomarkers of visual acuity (VA) improvement could influence management decisions in different types of ME.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) and other spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)-derived variables are associated with subsequent VA after ME resolution in both nondiabetic and diabetic ME.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
A retrospective, longitudinal cohort study in which Snellen VA testing and SD-OCT macular imaging were performed, was conducted at a tertiary referral eye center for retinal diseases. The medical records of all patients with ME from December 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012, were reviewed. The date of the last follow-up was June 1, 2013. Participants included 55 patients (70 eyes) with center-involved ME that had resolved during an 8-month period. Patients were grouped based on the source of ME (diabetic vs nondiabetic). Exclusion criteria included significant media opacity interfering with good-quality SD-OCT image acquisition. Masked graders analyzed the central 1500-μm macular region for changes, including cysts, DRIL length and extent, and outer retinal layers disruption. Intragrader and intergrader agreement Spearman rank correlation coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.93 for quantitative measurement, and κ values ranged from 0.88 to 1.00 for qualitative grading.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Visual acuity and morphologic changes measured on SD-OCT.

RESULTS
In both groups, VA after ME resolution correlated with baseline VA. In diabetic ME involving a multivariable model including baseline VA and DRIL, total length was associated with subsequent VA as determined by a parameter estimate (PE) of 0.0003 (95% CI, 0-0.0006) (P = .03). The VA change during the 8-month period, after adjusting for baseline VA, was best associated with DRIL change (PE, 0.0002 [95% CI, 0-0.0003]; P = .04). Participants whose DRIL resolved, both early and late, showed improvement in their VA deficit at 8 months (least squares mean [SE], 41.3 [28.5] and 40.9 [37.5], respectively) compared with nonresolvers, whether inconsistent or persistent, whose VA worsened. After adjustment for baseline VA, eyes with persistent DRIL showed the largest difference in VA deficit compared with those with no baseline DRIL (-89.6 [27.2] vs 49.7 [19.6], respectively; P = .006).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The presence of DRIL at baseline and its resolution pattern may be associated with subsequent VA after resolution of center-involved diabetic ME.


This paper addresses the implementation architecture and protocol procedure of the dedicated broadband network TV broadcast system. According to application-oriented quality of service (QoS), two alternative rate control schemes for multiple DTV programs transmission are proposed collaborating with MPEG-2 system strategy and IP-base network multiplexing mechanism. As to the network bandwidth utilization, a flexible RTF-based encapsulation scheme for VBR transport stream (TS) transmission is realized to ensure the time synchronization requirement for MPEG-2 standard. As to the statistical multiplexing gain, moreover, a parallel VBR transcoding/encoding rate control algorithm for CBR TS transmission could achieve a consistent picture quality for multiple DTV programs under a constrained network bandwidth. For adapting the variable access network bandwidth, the system main control module can flexibly schedule the available rate control scheme for multiple slave service multiplexers


Technological developments over the past decade have had a strong impact on education bringing significant opportunities for changing teaching models. This has led to an interest in the development of shareable, scalable and reusable learning objects. This paper builds on the ideas of Parrish (2004) and other recognised theorists in this area who suggest that the production of educational materials needs to promote adaptive learning strategies. We broaden Parrish's work by testing some of his propositions for object oriented instructional design in the domain of information systems. The contribution of this paper is an extended set of principles for creating multimedia building blocks and aggregating them into learning objects as well as engaging students in the development process. The principles can be used for creating and reusing multimedia building blocks for teaching in many discipline areas. We illustrate the use of these principles by developing and testing a set of learning objects for learning programming. We find that the high cost of creating learning objects noted by Parrish can be ameliorated by using readily available software and Web 2.0 technologies. This approach supports academics developing learning objects without involving professional educational designers and without the added overhead of learning complex software packages.


Drawing on the work of Lawrence Abu Hamdan, a British-Lebanese artist and researcher currently based in Beirut, this essay examines the juridical and conceptual field of critical forensis which is situated at the juncture of security studies, art, and architecture. Abu Hamdan extends forensics to the area of "new audibilities," with a focus on the politics of juridical hearing in situations of legal-identity profiling and voice authentication (the "shibboleth test"). Abu Hamdan's projects investigate how accent monitoring and audio surveillance, voice recognition, translation technologies, sovereign acts of listening, and court determinations of linguistic norms emerge as so many technical constraints on "freedom of speech," itself a malleable term ascribed to discrepant claims and principles, yet taking on performative force in site-specific situations.


Exhibitor in the 2nd international Copenhagen Design Week was held in Copenhagen from 1st to 6th September 2011.

With the theme "Think Human", Copenhagen Design Week showed the DNA in Danish design thinking; formed and founded by the Danish human tradition that descends from our constitution and our democratic society. The human tradition has for decades been the basis for Danish product design, e.g. the well-known furniture architects of the 1950's and is now a driving force for the role of the designer in a complex world. The programme demonstrated how design can contribute solving both local and global challenges – in relation to the indvididual, the society and globally.

Copenhagen Design Week brought together activities from the world's largest design award: INDEX:Award to exhibitions and conferences showing Copenhagen as a living lab of sustainable urban development. The week offered an exciting programme with exhibitions, conferences, talks, guided architecture tours etc. – all in a "Think Human" context.


A mass-fusion splicer for single-mode four-fiber ribbon has been developed with an accurate splice loss estimation function capability. Measurements in two orthogonal directions are used to obtain a high axis offset resolution of 0.3 microm. An average splice loss of 0.05 dB and an average splice loss estimation error of -0.002 dB are achieved.


Although a number of methodologies exist for business process redesign (BPR), supply chain redesign (SCR), and e-business process design, there is a lack of an integrated BPR methodological framework to support supply chain integration (SCI). This paper proposes a detailed framework based on integrating a number of different methodological strands from the literature. A literature review was conducted in three different domains – business process redesign , supply chain redesign and e-business process design. The literature review revealed the potential for integrating elements of a number of different methods and techniques found in different methodological strands into a framework for conducting BPR to support SCI. Accordingly a number of relevant methodologies were identified, decomposed and compared at their stage and technique/method level to identify a combination for development of the integrated framework. The proposed BPR methodology can be applied in any company or sector; methods and techniques incorporated are not specific to any sector. The proposed BPR methodology proposed constitutes an aid for supply chain practitioners in the construction of SCI.


Tourism is booming and generates millions of jobs for women around the world. Yet the hotel industry exemplifies the vast inequality of today's world. The women who make hotel beds and clean hotel toilets labour long hours for meagre pay, face sexual harassment and intimidation, are exposed daily to toxic chemicals and live in fear of arbitrary dismissal. Meanwhile, the top-earning hotel CEOs can earn more in an hour than some housekeepers do in a year. Such systematic exploitation is not inevitable. The hotel industry, consumers and governments must all be part of the solution to end the economic exploitation of women. This report examines the working lives of housekeepers in Toronto, Canada, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic and Phuket, Thailand. In dozens of interviews with hotel housekeepers, representatives of workers' organizations and hotel managers, Oxfam found five overarching trends common to the three locations: in non-unionized hotels, extremely low wages that are not sufficient to live on; serious health risks and high rates of injury; high rates of sexual harassment; difficulty organizing due to employer resistance and bad management practices; and a lack of adequate child care.


Ultrafast dynamical processes in photoexcited molecules can be observed with pump-probe measurements, in which information about the dynamics is obtained from the transient signal associated with the excited state. Background signals provoked by pump and/or probe pulses alone often obscure these excited state signals. Simple subtraction of pump-only and/or probe-only measurements from the pump-probe measurement, as commonly applied, results in a degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio and, in the case of coincidence detection, the danger of overrated background subtraction. Coincidence measurements additionally suffer from false coincidences. Here we present a probabilistic approach based on Bayesian probability theory that overcomes these problems. For a pump-probe experiment with photoelectron-photoion coincidence detection we reconstruct the interesting excited-state spectrum from pump-probe and pump-only measurements. This approach allows to treat background and false coincidences consistently and on the same footing. We demonstrate that the Bayesian formalism has the following advantages over simple signal subtraction: (i) the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly increased, (ii) the pump-only contribution is not overestimated, (iii) false coincidences are excluded, (iv) prior knowledge, such as positivity, is consistently incorporated, (v) confidence intervals are provided for the reconstructed spectrum, and (vi) it is applicable to any experimental situation and noise statistics. Most importantly, by accounting for false coincidences, the Bayesian approach allows to run experiments at higher ionization rates, resulting in a significant reduction of data acquisition times. The application to pump-probe coincidence measurements on acetone molecules enables novel quantitative interpretations about the molecular decay dynamics and fragmentation behavior.


Abstract Background: This study sought to identify challenges surrounding peer programming in Ottawa and to provide realistic recommendations for reducing these barriers. Methods: In-person, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with managers of peer programming initiatives and people with lived experience of drug use who had previously been or were currently engaged in peer programming in Ottawa. Interviews were transcribed and coded for emergent themes using thematic analysis informed by grounded theory. Results: Eleven interviews were held with peer workers and six were held with program managers between January and March 2016. A number of emergent themes were identified, but an overarching message emerged about peer workers' difficulties separating their identities as people who use drugs and require harm reduction services from their identities as peer workers working in harm reduction to help others who use drugs. This manifested in difficulty reporting issues of triggering, reluctance to use the agency's harm reduction services, and feeling 'stuck' in positions that were dependent on a 'drug user' identity. Conclusion: The themes explored by peer workers in this study, particularly those of conflicting identities and the pressure to perform, contribute substantially to the evidence base on peer workers in harm reduction. We explore these themes through a symbolic interactionist lens, which notes that one's sense of self-worth is often intrinsically linked with one's ability to successfully perform a given identity. Collaboration between agencies in supporting peer workers and reminding them of their ongoing ability to use agency services as a client at the agency where they are employed or elsewhere, along with offering training sessions to help peer workers develop skills outside of harm reduction work may be beneficial in alleviating these challenges.


Abstract Aircrewmembers (ACMs) enter a mortally hostile environment when they take off from Earth in their flying machines. Their physiological adaptation has been augmented and supported through ergonomics, avionics, and engineering, but no such technological aid helps them adapt their minds to that atypical condition. They must rely upon their own psychic resources, i.e. "aeronautical motivation" in the three levels of consciousness, and defense mechanisms to counteract their "aeronautical anxiety." Various relationships of motivation and defense give rise either to the flying adaptation syndrome or the various forms of the secondary flying disadaptation syndrome when ACMs must face the dangers of flight. These alterations of the ACMs' psychic balance may cause temporary or permanent medical disqualification due to the impairment of safety which they provoke. This paper proposes an analysis of the interplay between motivation, psychic defenses, and aviation stress to explain the manifestations of flight adaptation and disadaptation seen in some aircrewmembers.


Abstract Objective The correct "dosing" of neuropsychological assessment is of interest for the purposes of cost management and the personalization of medicine/assessment. In this context, embedded IQ screening, rather than routine comprehensive IQ testing, may be useful in identifying youth at risk for Intellectual Disability (ID) for whom further assessment is needed. This retrospective, cross-sectional study examined subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-5) needed to identify youth with Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) ≤75. Method Data were obtained from a large pediatric clinically referred sample (N = 4,299; Mean Age = 10.7 years; Range = 6-16y; 66% male; 54% White; 29% receiving Public Insurance), divided into training (n = 2149) and test (n = 2150) samples. Results In the training sample, sequential and additive regression-based models for predicting FSIQ comprised of one (Block Design [BD]), two (BD + Similarities [SI]), three (BD + SI + Matrix Reasoning [MR]), and four (BD + SI + MR + Digit Span [DS]) subtests of the WISC-5 explained 61.3%, 82.7%, 88.5%, and 93.0% of FSIQ variance, respectively. Using a predicted FSIQ ≤ 80 as a cut score to identify persons with observed FSIQ ≤75, the two subtest (BD + SI) model showed strong sensitivity (83.4), specificity (90.5), and negative predictive value (96.2) in the test sample; however, positive predictive value was low (65.3%). Three and four subtest models provided incremental, but modest gains in classification metrics. Conclusions Findings suggest the first several subtests of the WISC-5 can be used to identify clinically referred youth at risk for ID who subsequently require full administration of the WISC-5 for consideration of an ID diagnosis.


The goal of this project was to invent a new way of combining artistic practice (in the studio) with psychopathology. As a sculptor, I aimed to find a novel artistic direction which would allow me to create sculpture, as a practitioner in a Postmodernist context, influenced by psychology and more specifically psychosis. Initially I examined the concept of psychosis both as a medical and psychological condition, by looking at its symptoms, categories, and causes, from ancient times to the present. I also examined psychosis, or mental illness in a more general sense, as a social condition by exploring the effects of institutionalisation, and the upkeep of patients from the ancient times to the present. This served as an introduction to the condition in order to enable me to refer to various of its characteristics (both psychological and social) later on in the study. As a next step I investigated the history of psychotic artistic creation by looking at the establishment of the concept of Psychotic Art, and its psychological bases. I then approached the interrelationship of art and psychosis by looking at the effects of art on psychosis. For this I examined some common artistic characteristics (elements and principles of design, and subject mater) of artwork by patients who were previously (to the onset of the disorder) untrained in art. Following that, I approached the interrelationship from the opposite angle by looking at the effects of psychosis on art, and investigated the artworks of previously trained artists who continued to produce work after the onset of psychosis. The next step was to explore the effects of Psychotic Art on Modernism by looking at the influence it has exerted upon certain Modernist movements (Expressionism, Surrealism, and Art Brut) who I named 'Simulators' of Psychotic Art, and its similarities with other forms of 'marginal' art. With this I introduced the concept of Simulation. Afterwards I examined the Simulation of Psychotic Art by Postmodernist artists and the changes it went through due to the differences in Postmodernist artistic practices. Finally, I adopted certain psychological features of the psychotic condition and, utilising the concept of Simulation, combined them with Postmodernist practices (for example conceptual art) in order to create my own blend of contemporary artistic practice directly linked to psychopathology. It resulted in the creation of a series of descriptions of potential sculptural pieces which were inscribed on walls (and other environmental surroundings) of the educational institution where I undertook the study. This was in fashion with early artistic creation of institutionalised patients (which was also on walls) and placed me in the category of contemporary Simulators of Psychotic Art. The artistic process I have utilised for the creation of the sculptural pieces can ideally be replicated by other contemporary art practitioners in order to create art influenced by other psychopathological or pathological states.


A sectionalized structure-oriented model is used for the description of the DC behavior of a multicollector integrated injection logic (I/SUP 2/L) gate. The model includes high-injection effects in the p-n-p transistor base and lateral base resistance in the n-p-n transistor. Methods for measuring the base resistance are outlined. The validity of the obtained model is demonstrated by measurement and simulation of two methods of measuring upward current gain.


Research into generational differences in the workplace is limited. Academic studies range from
being robust to those which portray generational differences in more generalised terms, omitting
characteristics such as age, life-stage, gender or profession. Studies into a career style,
progression and career success, are likewise varied, being studied from a range of different
perspectives, including gender, life-stage or age; however, to date, there has been no research
conducted from a generational perspective. There has also been an acknowledgement that there
have been only a few studies conducted that have a clear theoretical and empirical underpinning.
With the majority being quantitative-centric; these studies do not have the rich insight into
understanding the complexities surrounding a generation and / or of an individual's career that a
qualitative study would offer. Reflecting this existing gap, the aim of this study to investigate the
role of generational differences in an individual, British manager's career type, progression and
perception of career success. The main study using an interpretivist methodology in the form of
semi-structured interviews, investigated the careers of 42 British managers across three
generations. The participants' CVs were analysed using a documentary analysis approach, while
the findings were interpreted using content analysis.
The study's first key finding is the acknowledgement that there is theoretical and empirical
evidence to support the contention that a generation is a reliable means for grouping individuals.
The second key finding of the study using, Verbruggen et al.'s (2008) Career Categorisation
model, relates to the career types and progression are influenced by a generational grouping. This
study contends that career styles and career progression are influenced by determinants such as
age, life-stage, gender, profession but also by their generation. The final key finding is that the
Kaleidoscope Career model provides a means to view differences towards career success from a
generational perspective, but also reveals that a generation does not operate in isolation; rather,
an individual's profession, life-stage and gender are also significant. In conclusion, this thesis
provides a deep and rich conceptual insight, knowledge and understanding for Human Resource
practitioners and academia as to how a career is influenced when viewed through a generational
lens.
The first contribution of the study sets out the extent to which theoretical and empirical evidence
demonstrates that a generation is a reliable means to group individual managers. The second
contribution, relates to the extent to which career types and progression are influenced by a
generational grouping. The final contribution extends Mainiero and Sullivan's (2005, 2006)
original Kaleidoscope Career model to more accurately depict career success when individual
managers are grouped generationally, by introducing a new "glass chip" to represent the need for
a 'subjective challenge,' which is reflective in the shift to careers becoming more protean.


This study updates an article published a decade ago by the same authors. It presents a systematic analysis of decisions in which EPA or its administrator was a named party in the federal courts of appeals during the 1990s. Relying on a data base of over 300 cases, the main topics of the study are judicial review of statutory interpretation and of EPA's use of science in its rulemaking proceedings. In both the statutory interpretation and scientific areas, one of our most significant findings is evidence that the federal courts have embraced what Tom Grey has termed the new formalism. As a feature of that judicial approach, courts evidence a reluctance to overrule agency decisions when doing so requires disagreeing with the agency on questions of degree or questions of trading off different policy considerations against one another. In the scientific area, this reluctance manifests itself in decisions declining to second-guess agency decisions about whether the data upon which EPA relied was inferior to data proposed by petitioners, whether EPA adequately assessed the weight of the evidence and whether models used by EPA were inferior to other models. In the statutory interpretation area, this reluctance manifests itself in declining to second guess the agency at Step Two of the Chevron analysis, i.e., when the question is whether or not the agency's resolution of conflicting policy considerations was reasonable. On the other hand, when attacks on EPA's reasoned decision making with respect to scientific issues could be characterized as pointing to a conclusion reached without any factual support, to a technical model unsuited to the issue, to a link in its reasoning process left completely unexplained, to internally inconsistent reasoning, or to a relevant factor left unanalyzed, those attacks were more successful. In each instance, identifying a categorical failure made judicial reversal more common. Likewise, cases in which statutory interpretation issues were made at Chevron Step One - i.e., the court found that the statutory meaning was clear - EPA was much more vulnerable to reversal than at Step Two. The article investigates why EPA and the courts may systematically and in good faith disagree over the location of the boundary between Steps One and Two of Chevron. Our study also provides the first comprehensive picture of the kinds of challenges brought under the reasoned decision making doctrine espoused by State Farm, and of the specific sorts of disagreements in statutory interpretation between the agency and the courts that produce judicial reversals at Chevron Step One. It provides evidence that overall, EPA is much more successful in it statutory interpretations than other studies have suggested, with the differences in results attributable to selection bias in other studies. Finally, examining an issue first raised by the Schuck and Elliott study of Chevron - and contrary to the conventional wisdom that courts are second-guessing agency interpretations more often in recent years - our study finds that the "Chevron effect" of increased deference to agency interpretation, has persisted into the 1990s, at least with regard to EPA.


Simultaneous dual-plane PIV experiments, which utilized three cameras to measure velocity components in two differentially separated planes, were performed in streamwise-spanwise planes in the log region of a turbulent boundary layer at a moderate Reynolds number (Res 1100). Stereoscopic data were obtained in one plane with two cameras, and standard PIV data were obtained in the other with a single camera. The scattered light from the two planes was separated onto respective cameras by using orthogonal polarizations. The acquired datasets were used in tandem with continuity to compute all 9 velocity gradients, the complete vorticity vector and other invariant quantities. These derived quantities were employed to analyze and interpret the structural characteristics and features of the boundary layer. Sample results of the vorticity vector are consistent with the presence of hairpin-shaped vortices inclined downstream along the streamwise direction. These vortices envelop low speed zones and generate Reynolds shear stress that enhances turbulence production. Computation of inclination angles of individual eddy cores using the vorticity vector suggests that the most probable inclination angle is 35 to the streamwise-spanwise plane with a resulting projected eddy inclination of 43 in the streamwise-wallnormal plane.


The performance degradation as a result of acoustical environment mismatch remains an important practical problem in speech recognition. The problem carries a greater significance in applications over telecommunication channels, especially with the wider use of personal communications systems such as cellular phones which invariably present challenging acoustical conditions. In this work, we introduce a vector quantization (VQ) based compensation technique which both makes use of a priori information about likely acoustical environments and adapts to the test environment to improve recognition. The technique is progressive and requires neither simultaneously recorded speech from the training and the testing environments nor EM-type batch iterations. Instead of using simultaneously recorded data, the integrity of the updated VQ codebooks with respect to acoustical classes is maintained by endowing the codebooks with a topology and using transformations which preserve the topology of the reference environment. We report results on the McCaw Cellular Corpus where the technique decreases the word error for continuous ten digit recognition of cellular hands free microphone speech with land line trained models from 23.8% to 13.6% and the speaker dependent voice calling sentence error from 16.5% to 10.6%.


Potato is an important food crop in the world as well as in India. It is being affected by different pathogens, viz. fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes. These pathogens may cause significant yield losses of the crop, if proper protection measures have not been applied. Among potato pathogens, Phytophthora infestans , Alternaria solani , Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp. are the major pathogens in the fungal group, whereas Ralstonia solanacearum , Pectobacterium spp. and Streptomyces spp. are in the bacterial group. For management of these pathogens, various methods, that is, chemical control, biological control, resistant varieties, cultural control and physical control, are applied. Resistant varieties are the best and cheapest method for managing the diseases. However resistant varieties are break down their resistant over the years and moreover against some pathogen absolute resistant are not available. Chemical management is the second best option for managing the diseases, due to continuous and irrational use of the chemicals; pathogens have developed resistance against certain class of fungicides/bactericides. Moreover, these chemicals also assist in environmental pollution and toxicity in the produce. Bio‐agents are naturally occurring living organisms, which are found in rhizosphere, phylloplane, etc. These bio‐agents help in not only managing the diseases but also increasing the crop yield. Therefore, the use of bio‐agents for biological management of potato crops is the focused research area worldwide. scabiei isolates when they were inoculated field suggest that Rice bran increases the levels of antagonistic bacteria against pathogenic strain of Streptomyces the rhizosphere


The incidence of infections caused by extraintestinal Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is rising globally due to their increasing resistance to standard antibiotics. This results in the use of broader-spectrum drugs, prolonged patient ill-health and more nosocomial infections. E. coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is the predominant ExPEC clone worldwide. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene repertoire of ST131 is evolving rapidly due to the widespread use of β-lactam (bla) antibiotics. Here, we performed a genomic investigation of an ST131 outbreak in a long-term care facility (LTCF) to describe transmission, within-host clonal diversity, genetic diversity of antibiotic resistance and the evolution of ST131 in the LTCF over a seven-year period. We analyzed the population structure and inferred the genealogical history of the LTCF isolates in the context of local hospital and global collections of ST131 to elucidate the epidemiology of ST131. We confirmed our initial hypotheses by reconstructing the evolutionary history of a much larger population consisting of >4000 global ST131 genomes This provided a deeper resolution of their evolutionary trajectories and the adaptive mechanisms of AMR driven by their ESBL genes, particularly cefotaximase (blaCTX). We further investigated the intersection of the AMR genes (AMRGs) found in ST131 with that of the human microbiome to understand the extent of their loss, gain and spread across different bacterial species. Across all strains, a large number of ST131's AMRGs were found in a total of 794 genes in the human microbiome. Various gene families were represented, including transporters, transcription factors, β-lactamases and cell wall biosynthesis enzymes. To establish the main culprit for the dynamic nature of the blaCTX-M genes, we performed long read sequencing using a GridION X5 instrument. Analysis of long read-only assemblies revealed a clear and robust result on the genetic flanking context of blaCTX-M genes in both plasmid and chromosomes. Overall, our findings underpin the tremendous potential power for improving our current treatment of bacterial infections using high-throughput analysis of whole genome sequence data.


Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has been widely employed in a variety of scenarios due to its capability of inducing semantic part-based representation. However, because of the non-convexity of its objective, the factorization is generally not unique and may inaccurately discover intrinsic "parts" from the data. In this paper, we approach this issue using a Bayesian framework. We propose to assign a diversity prior to the parts of the factorization to induce correctness based on the assumption that useful parts should be distinct and thus well-spread. A Bayesian framework including this diversity prior is then established. This framework aims at inducing factorizations embracing both good data fitness from maximizing likelihood and large separability from the diversity prior. Specifically, the diversity prior is formulated with determinantal point processes (DPP) and is seamlessly embedded into a Bayesian NMF framework. To carry out the inference, a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) based procedure is derived. Experiments conducted on a synthetic dataset and a real-world MULAN dataset for multi-label learning (MLL) task demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.


The information criterion (IC) rule and the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) have been usually considered to be two rather different approaches to model order selection. However, we show here that a natural implementation of the GLRT is, in fact, equivalent to the IC rule. A consequence of this equivalence is that a specific IC rule, such as Akaike IC or Bayesian IC, can be viewed as a more direct way of implementing a GLRT with a specific threshold. Another consequence of the equivalence, which is emphasized herein, is a possibly original way of exploiting the information provided by the local behavior of an IC for selecting the structure of sparse models (the parameter vectors of which comprise "many" elements equal to zero).


We report results from an economics experiment that examines the role of financial literacy in retirement savings. In the experiments, participants make decisions in a retirement savings game, in which income during working years is uncertain. Participants are nudged to varying degrees with automatic savings in each period of the game. Some participants receive financial literacy training in the form of training to compute the expected savings needed at retirement to smooth consumption over the entire life cycle. We find ev-idence that literacy increases savings and improves efficiency. Our finding has implications for choice architecture for retirement savings.


Apoptosis is an important process in normal mammary gland physiology and has been implicated in mammary gland involution. In breast cancer cells, apoptotic resistance is an acquired feature that can promote tumour growth and progression. In order to assess the importance of apoptosis in these processes, caspases were directly inhibited by conditional expression of baculovirus p35 protein, a pan-caspase inhibitor, in the mammary glands of mice (rtTA/p35 mouse model). Inhibition of caspases during the first phase of involution in rtTA/p35 mice increased the number of sloughed luminal bodies which stained negatively for cleaved caspase-3. However, the total number of sloughed luminal bodies between mice with and without p35 expression was not changed. This suggests that caspase activation is not essential for the sloughing of mammary epithelial cells into lumen of alveoli and the initiation of involution may be a caspase-independent event. The importance of apoptotic resistance in breast cancer progression was also addressed by crossing rtTA/p35 mice with mice over-expressing the ErbB2 oncogene (Neu). Expression of p35 in established Neu mammary tumours did not affect the growth rates of tumours relative to un-induced controls. However, an increased number of mice with lung and liver metastases were observed when p35 was induced. This result substantiates the importance of apoptotic resistance in promoting metastasis and warrants the targeting of apoptosis regulators as an anti-metastatic therapy.
 The NF-κB signalling pathway regulates a range of anti-apoptotic genes and can also induce the expression of a variety of metastatic promoting genes. Accordingly, the role and potential of the NF-κB p52 subunit as a therapeutic target was investigated. Firstly, this was addressed by silencing the Nfkb2 gene, which encodes p100/p52, in mammary cancer cell lines. Interestingly, assessment of these cells in in vitro assays measuring motility and tumour initiating potential revealed opposing effects in differing cell lines upon Nfkb2 knockdown. In N202.1A cells (ER-ve/ErbB2+ve), therapeutically beneficial effects were seen whereas in the 4T1 cell line (ER+ve/ErbB2-ve), malignancy was exacerbated. One explanation for the differential effects observed is that the negative regulatory subunit p100 and the transcriptional subunit p52 alternately have dominant roles in the respective cell lines. Although these results demonstrate a role for p52 in regulating tumour initiating potential in particular cell lines, the contextual outcomes indicate that targeting p52 at the gene level may be detrimental in cases where the loss of p100 outweighs the loss of p52. This indicates that strategies aimed at disrupting p52 activity should circumvent the loss of p100. Therefore, we addressed the possibility of diminishing p52 transcriptional activity via promotion of repressive transcriptional complexes. As the formation of repressive complexes is favoured by phosphorylation of Ser-222 in p52, we addressed the effects of over-expressing the S222D p52 mutant in 4T1 cells. In in vitro assays assessing proliferation, colony forming potential, tumour initiating potential and motility, we did not observe any differences upon expression of S222D p52. However, over-expression of S222A p52 did increase the motility of 4T1 cells and this demonstrates that the lack of Ser-222 phosphorylation (promoting transcriptionally active complexes) can contribute to the malignancy of breast cancer cells.
 Due to the context dependent effects of Nfkb2 silencing, it was important to identify the particular subtypes of breast cancer which are dependent on p52 activity. We assessed a cohort of BRCA2-/- p53-/- tumours for nuclear p52 staining along with markers for respective breast cancer subtypes by immuno-histochemistry and found a positive correlation between p52 and p63. This suggests that aberrant p52 activity may be common in basal-like breast cancers which typically express p63 and could benefit most from p52 targeted therapies. In summary, our results indicate that targeting p52 in breast cancer cells can be therapeutically beneficial but only in particular subtypes of breast cancer and by certain therapeutic strategies.


Statements appearing here are those of the writers and do not represent the official position of The American Surgeon. Comments on any topic are invited; those accepted for publication will not be subject to major editorial revision but generally must be no more than 500 words in length. The editor reserves the right to publish replies and may solicit responses from authors and others. Letters should be submitted in duplicate in double-spaced typing on plain white paper with name and address of sender(s) on the letter. Send letters to Talmadge A. Bowden, Jr., M.D., Editor, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 5th Street, BIW 440, Augusta, GA 30912.


With the proliferation of high-performance, large-screen mobile devices, users' expectations of having access to high-resolution video content in smooth network environments are steadily growing. To guarantee such stable streaming, a high cellular network bandwidth is required; yet network providers often charge high prices for even limited data plans. Moreover, the costs of smoothly streaming high-resolution videos are not merely monetary; the device's battery life must also be accounted for. To resolve these problems, we design an optimal multi-interface selection system for streaming video over HTTP/TCP. An optimization problem including battery life and LTE data constraints is derived and then solved using binary integer programming. Additionally, the system is designed with an adoption of split-layer scalable video coding, which provides direct adaptations of video quality and prevents out-of-order packet delivery problems. The proposed system is evaluated using a prototype application in a real, iOS-based device as well as through experiments conducted in heterogeneous mobile scenarios. Results show that the system not only guarantees the highest-possible video quality, but also prevents reckless consumption of LTE data and battery life.


This review addresses the role of lipids and membranes in biologic calcification and examines their regulation during endochondral ossification. The close association of lipids with mineral deposition has been well established. Early observations indicated that lipids, particularly phospholipids, can not be totally extracted from calcified tissues until the tissues are decalcified. Phospholipids associated with mineral are also enriched in extracellular membrane vesicles, called matrix vesicles. Numerous studies indicate that mineral deposits in calcifying cartilage are first seen in these phosphatidylserine and alkaline phosphatase enriched vesicles and that the process of endochondral calcification of epiphyseal growth plate is possibly mediated by them. Matrix vesicles, and the phospholipids present in them, appear to be involved in initial formation of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals via the interaction of calcium and phosphate ions with phosphatidylserine to form phospholipid:Ca:Pi complexes (CPLX). CPLX is present in tissues which are undergoing initial mineral deposition but are absent from nonmineralizing tissues. Evidence suggests that CPLX resides in the interior of matrix vesicles where the earliest mineral crystals are formed in association with the vesicle membrane. More recently, it has been determined that specific membrane proteins, called proteolipids, participate in CPLX formation and hydroxyapatite deposition, in part by structuring phosphatidylserine in an appropriate conformation. Phosphatidylserine involvement in the initiation of mineralization has been extensively investigated because of its extremely high binding affinity for Ca2+. In addition to structuring a specific phospholipid environment, proteolipids may also act as ionophores, promoting export of protons and import of calcium and phosphate, both requirements of biologic calcification. In cartilage, enzyme activity, phospholipid and CPLX content and composition, and ability of proteolipids to support in vitro hydroxyapatite formation, are all part of the initial calcification cascade and are regulated by metabolites of vitamin D.


Abstract Brandom is one of the main advocators of the idea that meaning is instituted within basic linguistic practices through mutual exchanges. The aim of this paper is to show that such framework cannot do the required job if the dynamics of mutual exchanges is understood in interpretational terms. After arguing that the interpretational framework does not work, the paper presents an alternative second-personal conversational model capable of meeting the challenge.


We propose an effective color filter array (CFA) interpolation method for digital still cameras (DSCs) using a simple image model that correlates the R,G,B channels. In this model, we define the constants K/sub R/ as green minus red and K/sub B/ as green minus blue. For real-world images, the contrasts of K/sub R/ and K/sub B/ are quite flat over a small region and this property is suitable for interpolation. The main contribution of this paper is that we propose a low-complexity interpolation method to improve the image quality. We show that the frequency response of the proposed method is better than the conventional methods. Simulation results also verify that the proposed method obtain superior image quality on typical images. The luminance channel of the proposed method outperforms by 6.34-dB peak SNR the bilinear method, and the chrominance channels have a 7.69-dB peak signal-to-noise ratio improvement on average. Furthermore, the complexity of the proposed method is comparable to conventional bilinear interpolation. It requires only add and shift operations to implement.


Using the Landauer approach for carrier transport, we analyze the impact of defects induced by ion irradiation on the transport properties of nanoscale conductors that operate in the quasi-ballistic regime. Degradation of conductance results from a reduction of carrier mean free path due to the introduction of defects in the conducting channel. We incorporate scattering mechanisms from radiation-induced defects into calculations of the transmission coefficient and present a technique for extracting modeling parameters from near-equilibrium transport measurements. These parameters are used to describe degradation in the transport properties of nanoscale devices using a formalism that is valid under quasi-ballistic operation. The analysis includes the effects of bandstructure and dimensionality on the impact of defect scattering and discusses transport properties of nanoscale devices from the diffusive to the ballistic limit. We compare calculations with recently published measurements of irradiated nanoscale devices such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene, and deep-submicron Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors.


Multiconfigurational, intermediate valent ground states are established in several methyl-substituted bipyridine complexes of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ytterbium, Cp2*Yb (Me(x)-bipy). In contrast to Cp2*Yb(bipy) and other substituted-bipy complexes, the nature of both the ground state and the first excited state are altered by changing the position of the methyl or dimethyl substitutions on the bipyridine rings. In particular, certain substitutions result in multiconfigurational, intermediate valent open-shell singlet states in both the ground state and the first excited state. These conclusions are reached after consideration of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), the temperature dependence of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS), and magnetic susceptibility data, and are supported by CASSCF-MP2 calculations. These results place the various Cp2*Yb(bipy) complexes in a new tautomeric class, that is, intermediate-valence tautomers.


In recent decades, the development of a large number of chemical processes has been carried out following the principles of "green chemistry", which among other goals seeks to minimize the use of volatile and potentially toxic solvents. Not too long ago, the thought of carrying out chemical processes in the absence of solvent was considered impossible. However, nowadays there exist several mechanical activation techniques such as high-speed ball milling (HSBM) that may enhance substantially the efficiency of a chemical synthesis under more sustainable reaction conditions. In particular, the HSBM technique is a powerful tool to carry out solvent-free organic reactions with concomitant optimization of the use of energy. Indeed, HSBM activation may well be the "greenest" mechanical activation technique. In this chapter, we will review the use of the HSBM technique in asymmetric organocatalytic reactions under solvent-free conditions.


Lava flow mapping is both an essential component of volcano monitoring and a valuable tool for investigating lava flow behavior. Although maps are traditionally created through field surveys, remote sensing allows an extraordinary view of active lava flows while avoiding the difficulties of mapping on location. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, in particular, can detect changes in a flow field by comparing two images collected at different times with SAR coherence. New lava flows radically alter the scattering properties of the surface, making the radar signal decorrelated in SAR coherence images. We describe a new technique, SAR Coherence Mapping (SCM), to map lava flows automatically from coherence images independent of look angle or satellite path. We use this approach to map lava flow emplacement during the Pu'u 'Ō'ō‐Kupaianaha eruption at Kīlauea, Hawai'i. The resulting flow maps correspond well with field mapping and better resolve the internal structure of surface flows, as well as the locations of active flow paths. However, the SCM technique is only moderately successful at mapping flows that enter vegetation, which is also often decorrelated between successive SAR images. Along with measurements of planform morphology, we are able to show that the length of time a flow stays decorrelated after initial emplacement is linearly related to the flow thickness. Finally, we use interferograms obtained after flow surfaces become correlated to show that persistent decorrelation is caused by post‐emplacement flow subsidence.


The limited information about how descending inputs from the brain and sensory inputs from the periphery use spinal cord interneurons (INs) is a major barrier to understanding how these inputs may contribute to motor functions under normal and pathologic conditions. Commissural interneurons (CINs) are a heterogeneous population of spinal INs that has been implicated in crossed motor responses and bilateral motor coordination (ability to use the right and left side of the body in a coordinated manner) and, therefore, are likely involved in many types of movement (e.g., dynamic posture stabilization, jumping, kicking, walking). In this study, we incorporate mouse genetics, anatomy, electrophysiology, and single-cell calcium imaging to investigate how a subset of CINs, those with descending axons called dCINs, are recruited by descending reticulospinal and segmental sensory signals independently and in combination. We focus on two groups of dCINs set apart by their principal neurotransmitter (glutamate and GABA) and identified as VGluT2+ dCINs and GAD2+ dCINs. We show that VGluT2+ and GAD2+ dCINs are both extensively recruited by reticulospinal and sensory input alone but that VGluT2+ and GAD2+ dCINs integrate these inputs differently. Critically, we find that when recruitment depends on the combined action of reticulospinal and sensory inputs (subthreshold inputs), VGluT2+ dCINs, but not GAD2+ dCINs, are recruited. This difference in the integrative capacity of VGluT2+ and GAD2+ dCINs represents a circuit mechanism that the reticulospinal and segmental sensory systems may avail themselves of to regulate motor behaviors both normally and after injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The way supraspinal and peripheral sensory inputs use spinal cord interneurons is fundamental to defining how motor functions are supported both in health and disease. This study, which focuses on dCINs, a heterogeneous population of spinal interneurons critical for crossed motor responses and bilateral motor coordination, shows that both glutamatergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) dCINs can be recruited by supraspinal (reticulospinal) or peripheral sensory inputs. Additionally, the study demonstrates that in conditions where the recruitment of dCINs depends on the combined action of reticulospinal and sensory inputs, only excitatory dCINs are recruited. The study uncovers a circuit mechanism that the reticulospinal and segmental sensory systems may avail themselves of to regulate motor behaviors both normally and after injury.