Honeycomb sandwich panels are commonly preferred in structural engineering as a design element meant to protect against blast loading, and this owes primarily to the fact that they are light in weight (due to the voids present) whilst carrying high energy absorption capacities. A widespread surge in acts of terrorism, and the resultant threat posed to structures, presents structural engineers with unique challenges pertaining to the design of blast-resistant structures that are both safe and reliable. Researchers worldwide have thus taken to closely studying the effects of sudden loads effected by detonative forces on certain elements and design concepts. To this end, an emergent design concept with proven efficacy is the honeycomb sandwich panel. Due to the practical difficulties associated with the study of explosive materials and replicating blast loads, software-based modeling and simulation may be favorable as a functional and convenient alternative. To this end, this work uses the finite element package ABAQUS® to study the behavior of hexagonal and squared honeycomb steel sandwich panels under the explosive effects of different amounts of trinitrotoluene (TNT). The results of finite element modeling of a specific honeycomb configuration are initially validated by comparing them with the experimental results from literature. Several configurations including different geometrical properties of the honeycomb wall are then investigated and the results are compared. Consequently, an optimization study is conducted with an objective to reduce the plastic strain of the back plate while the wall cell thickness is taken as a variable. Finally, the effectiveness of the core shape and wall thickness is discussed and conclusions are made.


Solar photovoltaic technology is one of main approach to the scale utilization of renewable energy, but it is still limited by its high cost of power generation and material shortage. Dish concentrating photovoltaic technology is promising for lowering the cost of power generation with its advantages of higher concentration and higher photovoltaic conversion efficiency and lower consumption of solar cells. A detailed description of dish concentrating photovoltaic system was given, which include concentrator and photovoltaic device. The application of dish concentrating photovoltaic system was particularized. Finally, a detailed discussion of its future potential.


The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor provides the longest running continuous dataset of moderate spatial resolution remote sensing imagery, dating back to its launch in March 1984. Historically, the radiometric calibration procedure for this imagery used the instrument's response to the Internal Calibrator (IC) on a scene-by-scene basis to determine the gain and offset of each detector. Due to observed degradations in the IC, a new procedure was implemented for U.S.-processed data in May 2003. This new calibration procedure is based on a lifetime radiometric calibration model for the instrument's reflective bands (1-5 and 7) and is derived, in part, from the IC response without the related degradation effects and is tied to the cross calibration with the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus. Reflective-band absolute radiometric accuracy of the instrument tends to be on the order of 7% to 10%, based on a variety of calibration methods.


We propose simple and good approximate equations for the reflectance of the perpendicular and parallel polarizations of light upon an isotropic absorbing medium deduced from the Fresnel coefficients of reflection. We also calculate the principal incidence and the pseudo-Brewster angle by using approximate expressions. These formulas are valid when the optical constants n and k of the surface are such that n2 + k2 ≫ 1 and are more accurate than those used so far in the literature. The excellent agreement between approximate and exact values verifies the high accuracy of the given equations.


In this work, coding for a discrete memoryless broadcast channel with random states and two receivers is studied. Each receiver knows one of the two information messages at the sender and wants to know the other one. Assuming the channel state sequence is noncausally known at the sender, an achievable rate region based on the Gel'fand-Pinsker coding strategy is derived and an outer bound to the capacity region is presented. Further, the capacity region for the special case where in addition one receiver knows the channel state is established. An equivalent characterization of an achievable rate region characterizing convex set is derived using Shannon's concept of transmit strategies. This characterization is used to derive an Arimoto-Blahut-like algorithm including a stopping criterion to compute the weighted rate-sum maxima, which can be used to characterize the whole achievable rate region. The tradeoff between the input distribution and the impact of the channel state, the necessity of the time-sharing operation, and the additive Gaussian channel case assuming Costa's choice of auxiliary random variables are discussed by examples.


The development of a highly sensitive, label-free, multiplexed biosensor platform for point-of-care diagnostics is presented. The sensor surface of a non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) immuno-sensor platform was developed and fully characterised.
Optimisation of the binding of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) towards the model target human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to the OEG self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was carried out. Optimal conditions for immobilisation were found for buffer pH approximately one unit below the pI of the antibody. The same condition resulted in both higher antibody density on the sensor surface as well as higher response to the antigen. At the same time the surface showed good resistance to non-specific adsorption
of proteins.
Based on these principles, a biosensor to detect hCG in full serum was demonstrated. By using the phase of the impedance at 100 mHz as the sensor response, a linear
relationship of the phase shift vs the logarithm of hCG concentration was established between 2.6 x 10�14 M and 2.6 x 10�10 M with a sensitivity of 0.6 degree per decade,
which is a significant improvement over current state-of-the-art biosensor systems.
Finally, The dielectric properties of COOH-terminated hexa(ethylene glycol)undecanethiol (OEG) and 11-mercaptoundecanol (MUD) and mixed MUD:OEG SAMs, at
different ratios, were studied by means of EIS. The study demonstrates that small amounts of MUD in the mixed MUD:OEG SAMs lead to a considerable decrease of the phase of the impedance as well as a significant increase in the resistivity of the SAM at low frequencies, indicating a significant improvement of the dielectric properties.
Furthermore, a considerable change in the formation of clusters of OEG molecules for mixed MUD:OEG SAMs with increasing MUD content was shown by AFM imaging.


Reinforcement learning agents that operate in diverse and complex environments can benefit from the structured decomposition of their behavior. Often, this is addressed in the context of hierarchical reinforcement learning, where the aim is to decompose a policy into lower-level primitives or options, and a higher-level meta-policy that triggers the appropriate behaviors for a given situation. However, the meta-policy must still produce appropriate decisions in all states. In this work, we propose a policy design that decomposes into primitives, similarly to hierarchical reinforcement learning, but without a high-level meta-policy. Instead, each primitive can decide for themselves whether they wish to act in the current state. We use an information-theoretic mechanism for enabling this decentralized decision: each primitive chooses how much information it needs about the current state to make a decision and the primitive that requests the most information about the current state acts in the world. The primitives are regularized to use as little information as possible, which leads to natural competition and specialization. We experimentally demonstrate that this policy architecture improves over both flat and hierarchical policies in terms of generalization.


Background: Upper eyelid retraction in thyroid eye disease may be caused by proptosis, levator and Muller's muscle infiltration with fibrosis or individual fiber enlargement, excessive sympathetic innervation, abnormal adhesions between levator palpebrae muscle and surrounding tissues, or fixation duress. Fixation duress refers to upper eyelid retraction while fixating with an eye with inferior rectus muscle restriction due to excessive simultaneous firing of the ipsilateral superior rectus and levator palpebrae muscles. Methods: The authors prospectively examined six patients with strabismus and thyroid eye disease associated with inferior rectus restriction and upper eyelid retraction in whom the eyelid retraction was suspected clinically to be a result of fixation duress. All six patients underwent recession of both inferior recti ranging from 3 to 6.5 mm (mean, 4.5 mm) to improve the ocular motility and alignment, reduce the diplopia, and mitigate the upper eyelid retraction. Results: Reduction of upper eyelid retraction measured as the preoperative versus postoperative difference in corneal light reflex — upper eyelid margin measurements was achieved in all patients postoperatively, ranging from 1.5 to 5.5 mm (mean, 3.2 mm). Only one patient showed significant residual retraction to warrant consideration of upper eyelid surgery. Conclusion: Fixation duress plays a significant role in upper eyelid retraction of thyroid eye disease in a subset of patients with restriction of the inferior rectus muscle. In this selected group of patients, the upper eyelid retraction may be reduced or eliminated upon proper recession of the tight inferior rectus muscle(s).


The ecological and faunistic research of Odonata in Ukraine has been based on three main pillars. The first are investigations of species composition, habitat preferences, trophic connections, parasites and predators, behaviour patterns, and morphological and physiological peculiarities of dragonflies by expert-odonatologists. The second pillar is the collection and identification of adults for the survey of animals from different regions, especially rare and endangered species for the Red Lists and Red Data Book. Thirdly, there is the study of Odonata larvae as components of freshwater ecosystems, particularly as food of fish. Some present Ukrainian regions belonged to Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and Romania before 1939-1945. Odonatological investigations were held up during the Second World War and the 12 years of post-war rebuilding. The first data on Ukrainian Odonata were published in the second part of the 19th century (Belke, 1859, 1866). Since then, several Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Hungarian and Romanian scientists have made great contributions to the investigation of the odonate fauna and ecology. One of the most famous odonatologists, J. Dziêdzielewicz, worked in the western Ukraine from the end of the 19th to the early 20th century. At the same time G. Artobolevs'ky investigated the northern and central parts of Ukraine and the Crimea peninsula. A. Brauner and A. Bartenev carried out research in the southern Ukraine and Crimea. R. Pavlyuk continued research in the western region of Ukraine. He carried out faunistic, ecological and parasitological investigations. A. Oliger studied faunistic and ecological aspects of dragonflies in the easternmost part of the Ukraine (Donets'k region). Recently, S. Gorb published many papers devoted to the functional morphology of dragonflies. He also provided a study of the species composition and ecological peculiarities of Odonata in northern Ukraine and a catalogue of the Ukrainian species. Today, several odonatologists are actively involved in odonatological research in Ukraine. N. Mathuskina works on the functional morphology of the ovipositor and dragonfly behaviour, L. Khrokalo on faunistics and ecology in the northeastern Ukraine and on aspects of nature conservation, O. Dyatlova on the faunistics in the southwest of the country and some aspects of morphology and behaviour. A. Martynov studies the faunistics in the eastern part of Ukraine.


This report aims to expand on existing logic and knowledge of Living Labs and take into consideration the innovation ecosystems surrounding Living Labs.  Through literature review and the lessons learned from the initiation and implementation of two Living Lab infrastructures in the Building Technology Accelerator Flagship Program (BTA), perspectives are offered focusing on Open Innovation ecosystems, Open Innovation organizational elements, co-creation and data system tools.  The breakdown of the methods as well as the results derived have been synthesized and compiled in this report. Key lessons learned were summarized and categorized using the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL) harmonization Cube. This was done to provide a more comprehensive set of suggestions for organizations connected to Living Labs transitioning towards Open Innovation and developing Next Generation Living Labs. We hope This report is a start towards the development of a comprehensive methodology for Living Lab infrastructures within the BTA network and points to important elements for this development.


Cavity pressure fluctuations induced by flow grazing over a long, narrow, open cavity were investigated. The apparatus stimulated a typical road vehicle door gap/door cavity/primary bulb seal assembly, tested using a wind tunnel. The cavity pressure distribution was measured over a range of flow velocities. Pressure spectra were decomposed into a source spectral distribution function and an acoustic frequency response function, using a system identification method based on dimensional analysis and a linear source‐filter model. The results indicated a weak coupling between the cavity response and the flow excitation. The excitation mechanism was dominated by flow‐edge interactions, i.e., the ''edge tone.'' The characterization method was validated by varying the acoustic properties of the cavity and the excitation strength. The source function was independent of sensor location. The system response was shown to be associated with transverse standing waves. Tapering the orifice trailing edge simultaneously ...


The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of studies details all aspects of the effects of treating people with schizophrenia. It has been gathered over the last 20 years and consists of around 20,000 documents, overwhelmingly in PDF. Document collections of this sort – on a given theme but gathered from a wide range of sources – will generally have huge variability in the quality of the PDF, particularly with respect to the key property of text searchability. Summarising the results from the best of these papers, to allow evidence-based health care decision making, has so far been done by manually creating a summary document, starting from a visual inspection of the relevant PDF file. This labour-intensive process has resulted, to date, in only 4,000 of the papers being summarised – with enormous duplication of effort and with many issues around the validity and reliability of the data extraction. This paper describes a pilot project to provide a computer-assisted framework in which any of the PDF documents could be searched for the occurrence of some 8,000 keywords and key phrases. Once keyword tagging has been completed the framework assists in the generation of a standard summary document, thereby greatly speeding up the production of these summaries. Early examples of the framework are described and its capabilities illustrated.


Aim: To explore parents' experiences of transition from hospital to home with their infant following first stage cardiac surgery for a univentricular heart or systemic shunt dependent cardiac lesion. Background: The process of monitoring a fragile infant at home between stage 1 and 2 of cardiac surgery, takes the philosophical perspective of holistic care beyond the borders and boundaries normally expected of parents going home for the first time with their new baby. This neo-transition of becoming a medical parent is superimposed upon the multiple transitions experienced whilst in hospital. Methods: Parents were recruited between August 2013 and February 2015; mothers (n=13) & fathers (n=4) of 13 infants consented to participate. Data was collected at four time points (before discharge; 2 weeks after; 8 weeks after; after stage 2 surgery) using semi-structured interviews. Results: Qualitative findings regarding the borders & boundaries of going home are presented here. Numerous physical, emotional & social boundaries & borders were evident during transition from hospital to home. Traversing the physical boundary of leaving the hospital for the first time with their infant, was loaded with emotionally traumatic experiences that could not be separated from the specific physical transition of going home. For a while parents were in an uncertain place where they could not visualise what was ahead & how it would feel; this created anxiety & fear, at the same time as excitement to be going home. Conclusion Liminality as a concept emerged during transition from hospital to home; a crossing point from a comfort zone, safety and security (the ward) into the unknown uncertain place (home). Adjusting to the situation; developing confidence; becoming comfortable with new skills was a threshold concept to mastery of a new normal. A conceptual framework emerged 'The rite of passage for parents transitioning from hospital to home'.


Nuclear forensic science or nuclear forensics, is a relatively young discipline which evolved due to the need of analysing interdicted nuclear or radioactive material, necessary for determining its origin. Fundamentally, nuclear forensic science makes use of measurable material properties, referred to as "signatures", which provide hints on the history of the material. As part of the advancement in this multi-faceted field, new signatures are constantly sought after and as well as analytical techniques to efficiently and accurately determine the signatures. The work carried out in this study is part of this fulfilment to investigate new structural and morphological parameters as possible new nuclear forensic signatures for selected uranium compounds.
 The scientific goals have been oriented into three parts for investigations in this study. Firstly, five different compositions of uranium ore concentrates (UOCs) were prepared in the laboratory under well-defined conditions. These materials were subsequently characterized by several techniques such as X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy etc. Such materials were pivotal for comparison with the industrial samples.
Secondly, several uranium compounds, mainly UOCs were measured using Raman spectroscopy. At least three different Raman spectrometers were used and a comparison made in their performance and suitability for nuclear forensics. Raman spectra of industrial uranium materials were interpreted with regard to compound identification and to determination of (anionic) impurities. Anionic impurities that were present were identified and they could provide clues to the processing history of the samples. Statistical techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to several Raman spectra. The analysis showed that different compositions of uranium compounds could be discerned based on their spectra. Apart from bulk analysis of the samples, Raman was also used to measure single particles. Results showed that although particle analysis could be slightly less precise in terms of the peak positions, it could still distinguish the different form of ore concentrates. Raman spectroscopy is therefore, a useful technique for probing the molecular structure of different uranium compounds. It can be used not just for forensic purposes, but for nuclear safeguards as well.
Last but not the least, microstructural fingerprints were investigated as part of the search for ways to differentiate different forms of UOCs. Currently, forensic investigations involve studying the morphology of interdicted samples using scanning electron microscope (SEM). This approach has remained qualitative and more quantitative ways are needed to study the variety of samples available. In this study, the concept of morphological fingerprint was explored by studying the sizes and shapes of dispersed particles. Although this method can be tedious, it can be applied to small number of samples. Two samples were shown to have different sizes but similar shapes and therefore they could be distinguished. A different property of the sample, known as image texture was studied for the first time, using Angle Measure Technique algorithm. SEM images were taken and transformed into numeric data using the algorithm. The data processed by PCA and PLS-DA indicated that image texture could differentiate the samples.
Both structural (Raman spectroscopy) and morphological (using SEM) aspects of UOCs have been studied at great lengths, demonstrating that these signatures may provide useful hints on the history of the material. The data provided in this thesis can serve as a good reference for future nuclear forensic investigations.


Objective Complementary and alternative medicine, or integrative medicine, has become increasingly popular among patients with head and neck cancer. Despite its increasing prevalence, many patients feel uncomfortable discussing such therapies with their physicians, and many physicians are unaware and underequipped to evaluate or discuss their use with patients. The aim of this article is to use recent data to outline the decision making inherent to integrative medicine utilization among patients with head and neck cancer, to discuss the ethical implications inherent to balancing integrative and conventional approaches to treatment, and to highlight available resources to enhance head and neck cancer providers' understanding of integrative medicine. Data Sources Randomized controlled trials involving integrative medicine or complementary and alternative medicine treatment for cancer patients. Review Methods Trials were drawn from a systematic PubMed database search categorized into cancer prevention, treatment, and symptom management. Conclusions Integrative medicine is gaining popularity for the management of cancer and is most commonly used for symptom management. A number of randomized controlled trials provide data to support integrative therapies, yet physicians who treat head and neck cancer may be faced with ethical dilemmas and practical barriers surrounding incorporation of integrative medicine. Implications for Practice In the management of head and neck cancer, there is an increasing demand for awareness of, dialogue about, and research evaluating integrative medicine therapies. It is important for otolaryngologists to become aware of integrative therapy options, their risks and benefits, and resources for further information to effectively counsel their patients.


Time-resolved reflection measurement using broadband, short terahertz pulses can provide cross-sectional images of dielectric materials at different depths. Low-frequency components which have responses over a wide time range may result in inclusion of spurious signals which arise from strong reflections at other depths. Model calculations showed that such spurious signals can be suppressed by application of a frequency filter of an appropriate center frequency. The effect of frequency filtering was investigated in cross-sectional imaging of an IC card. Cross-sectional images were obtained at depth intervals of 0.18i¾?mm, which provided images at five different depth intervals. As a result of frequency filtering, spurious signals resulting from strong reflections at different depths could be reduced in intensity, which resulted in improvement of the measurement resolution of the depth distribution.


TO THE EDITOR: The editorial by Runciman in the Journal was cogent and timely. The Garling report on acute care services in New South Wales public hospitals highlights areas where critical changes need to be made in order to improve patient safety. It is widely recognised that junior doctors play a vital role at the coalface in many key areas, including assessment and escalation of care for deteriorating patients and the handover of patient care, both in hospital between shifts and also from hospital to the community. In NSW, these processes are currently receiving much needed attention in order to ensure patient safety within hospital settings. As Runciman so rightly identifies, junior doctors also play a critical role in "transformational" cultural change. In public hospitals such as my own, it has been fascinating to observe the small ways in which a junior doctor can influence senior clinicians in fields such as compliance with hand hygiene protocols, and in querying transfusion requests which do not conform to National Health and Medical Research Council clinical guidelines. We need to continue to mentor junior doctors so their messages about change and improvement are well delivered and well received. With the move of junior doctor pre-vocational training into community settings (the Prevocational General Practice Placements Program) there are increasing opportunities for change on a larger scale. In the future, patients will not be the only agents who move from community to hospital settings and back again. Junior doctors will be employed across both settings and will be an important vector for change and improvement. We will also need to encourage supervision by senior doctors who engage with and understand the health system, not just the hospital system. Providing junior doctors with appropriate tools to drive change (eg, training in graded assertiveness and situational awareness), encouraging them to view their role in health system improvement at the whole-of-community level, and providing leadership across the system, give us every reason to believe that Runciman's vision of transformational change is possible, and indeed likely.


 Abstract — This research involved the utilization of fluid flow energy to predict power output using Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) piezoelectric stacks. The aim of this work is to extract energy from a controlled level of pressure fluctuation in single-phase flow which forms a part of the energy harvesting technology that powers flow meters. A device- Perspex box was developed and fixed to 50.8 mm rig to induce pressure fluctuation in the flow. An experimental test was carried out using the single-phase water flow in the developed rig in order to measure the power output generation from the piezoelectric stacks. 16 sets of experimental tests were conducted to ensure the maximum output result. The acquired signal of the pressure fluctuation was used to simulate the expected electrical output from the piezoelectric material. The results showed a maximum output voltage of 12 V with an instantaneous output power of 1 µW generated, when the pressure amplitude is 2.6 kPa at a frequency of 2.4 Hz.


We succeeded in powerful noncontact actuation of magnetically driven microtool (MMT) by magnetizing it and focusing magnetic field in a microfluidic chip. Novelty of this paper is summarized as follows. (1) We employed neodymium powder as the main component of MMT. The density of magnetic flux was improved about 100 times larger after magnetization. (2) We fabricated a pair of magnetic sharp needles in the chip by electroplating. MMT was placed between the needles and the density of magnetic flux was improved about 3 times larger. As a result, we succeeded in powerful actuation of MMT in a chip. Drive frequency was improved about 10 times faster (up to 180 Hz). We applied it for sorting of copolymer beads in a chip. The concept of the sorting chip is shown. MMT is put in the microchannel. The principle of the actuation method is also shown. The size of the bead was measured by image processing (15 Hz). Moving frequency of the MMT was made higher than the sampling frequency of measurement and secure sorting was achieved.


A survey study was aimed to find etiopathological status of intestinal helminths and also to accomplish its association with clinical condition Pandu. The survey samples included population of five schools and two localities in and around Jamnagar. The study was conducted on 337 subjects, of whom 36.20% cooperated to give stool samples to pathology laboratory; more than half of the samples surveyed were suffering with various parasitic infestations and one-third of the total subjects were found at risk to develop Pandu. Ascariasis patients were found in 71.14%, a potent cause of Pandu. Enterobius vermicularis was found in 19.05%, while Hymenolepis nana in 6.35%. 77.77% were in the age group of 10 to 20 years, 58.73% were male, 93.65% patients were Hindu, 80.95% of the patients had secondary level of education, dominancy of rural habitat was in 77.77%, and 39.68% each were from lower and lower middle class.


Abstract This Article addresses a common characteristic of antidiscrimination law: To what extent should one antidiscrimination campaign be held accountable for other, related, discriminatory structures that it does not and cannot purport to correct? Plaintiffs in antidiscrimination cases are sometimes expected to account for the larger social context in which their claim is made. Defendants invoke this larger context as a way of rebutting the discrimination claim, by arguing that the plaintiff's claim has "discriminatory residue" that would exacerbate related discriminatory structures. For example, in a case in which same-sex couples seek the right to contract with surrogate mothers, the defendant can argue that accepting the plaintiffs' claim that they are discriminated against on the basis of sexuality might exacerbate the exploitation of surrogate mothers. This Article dubs such rebuttal claims RADARs: reciprocal antidiscrimination arguments. It offers a framework for weighing RADARs' feasibility, by mapping both their potential and their limitations. It concludes that RADARs can be useful analytical tools for legislators and policymakers when assessing the overall impact of specific antidiscrimination measures. RADARs are also helpful for cause lawyers in considering the long term impacts of antidiscrimination litigation. In contrast, courts should be cautious in accepting RADARs made by defendants in antidiscrimination cases due to the inherent institutional and procedural limitations of adjudication.


Introduction Improving our understanding of outbreaks due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their control is critical in the current public health scenario. The threat of outbreaks due to ARB requires multifaceted efforts. However, a global overview of epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks due to ARB and effective infection control measures is missing. In this paper, we describe the protocol of a systematic review aimed at mapping and characterising the epidemiological aspects of outbreaks due to ARB and infection control measures in European countries. Methods and analysis The databases MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge and Cochrane library will be searched using a 3-step search strategy. Selection of articles for inclusion will be performed by 2 reviewers using predefined eligibility criteria. All study designs will be included if they report an outbreak and define the microbiological methods used for microorganism identification. The target bacteria will be methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, ceftazidime-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, ceftazidime-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant and carbapenamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Data will be extracted using a tailored pilot tested form and the quality of reporting will be assessed using the ORION (Outbreak Reports and Intervention Studies Of Nosocomial infections) tool. Data will be synthesised and reported by the type of ARB, setting and country. Infection control measures and bundles of measures will be described. The effectiveness will be reported as defined by the authors. Regression analysis will be used to define independent factors associated with outbreaks' control. Heterogeneity between studies will be assessed by forest plots and I² statistics. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not applicable for this study. Findings will be disseminated through journal publication and conference presentations and talks.


Photolithography is usually the bottleneck process with the most expensive equipment in a semiconductor wafer fabrication system. To improve the performances of the photolithography area with dynamic combination rules, a method of Kohonen neural network (KNN)–based performance improvements is proposed. First, a dynamic scheduling framework based on a KNN model and scheduling rules is proposed. A KNN-based sample learning algorithm for improving the performances is presented. Finally, to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the proposed method, data from a real wafer fabrication system are used to simulate the proposed method. Results of simulation experiments indicate that the proposed method can be used to improve a complex wafer photolithography performance.


On three occasions in his literary career the poet and painter Lucebert (1924-1994) has engaged in writing poetry on the sculptor, painter and poet Hans Arp (1886-1966). One particular poem, 'arp', dates from 1950 and was designed to be a part of a series of poems, 'de getekende naam', on contemporary artists. The authorship of this poem has been questioned in the 1980s as a result of a publication on the poetry of Arp. This article demonstrates that the translation of the poem of Lucebert into German by Ludwig Kunz, published in the catalog of an art exhibition in Cologne in 1960, has been mistaken for a poem of Arp. The mistaken identity of the authors, this contribution proposes, is more than the result of an editorial mishap: the confusion points to a deep-seated kinship between the authors. By comparing Lucebert's and Arp's poems, as well as the extant scholarship on the work of the two authors, it is argued that Lucebert's close affinity with Arp offers valuable insights into the Dutch poet's own work and poetics.


In this contribution the relationship between higher level employees' age and two different types of assessments, i.e. self-ratings and supervisor ratings, of professional expertise is described. In research literature age stereotypes are often reported to influence supervisor ratings. Two hypotheses were tested with original survey data, collected in 1995, from 420 higher level employees and 224 of their direct supervisors. For the measurement of professional expertise, a domain-independent measurement instrument was developed consisting of five different scales, i.e. knowledge, meta-cognitive knowledge, skills, social recognition and growth and flexibility. The instrument consists of 78 items and is very reliable. The outcomes regarding discriminant and convergent validity indicate that the distinctive power of the five scales is satisfactory. Concerning the analyses of the effects of age, our hypotheses have largely been confirmed. We found that employee ratings do not differ by age. By and large, supervisors have a more positive view concerning the capabilities of younger employees. Our data indicate that supervisors make a difference in evaluating the higher level over-fifties compared with the evaluation of the middle-aged (35-49) and the starters (20-34). Pairwise comparisons indicate a leniency effect; in general self-ratings are higher compared to supervisor ratings, in particular in the seniors.


Most men and women are employed in occupations largely dominated by people of their own sex. Since occupational aspirations have proven to predict future labor market behavior it is of importance to study young boys' and girls' occupational preferences. With the use of a survey based on Swedish 15-year-old children this study examines the association between the gender composition of parent's occupation and the gender composition of children's most preferred occupation. Drawing from the sex-role model that emphasizes the importance of the same-sex parents in forming children's preferences, this study has investigated whether the gender composition of mothers' (fathers') occupations has an impact on the gender composition of girls' (boys') occupational aspirations. In line with previous research, the sex-role model received support for girls. But the observed association between fathers and sons disappear upon adding control variables. It was also hypothesized that the mothers' generation entry into high status occupation would make children more likely to also regard their opposite sex parents as a role model. However, this hypothesis did not receive support. The result for girls can be interpreted as a sign that sex-role modeling some extent can be one reason behind the persistent sex segregation in the labor market.


OBJECT
Considerable biological research has been performed to aid bone healing in conjunction with lumbar fusion surgery. Iliac crest autograft is often considered the gold standard because it has the vital properties of being osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic. However, graft site pain has been widely reported as the most common donor site morbidity. Autograft site pain has led many companies to develop an abundance of bone graft extenders, which have limited proof of efficacy. During the surgical consent process, many patients ask surgeons to avoid harvesting autograft because of the reported pain complications. The authors sought to study postoperative graft site pain by simply asking patients whether they knew which iliac crest was grafted when a single skin incision was made for the fusion operation.

METHODS
Twenty-five patients underwent iliac crest autografting with allograft reconstruction during instrumented lumbar fusion surgery. In all patients the autograft was harvested through the same skin incision but with a separate fascial incision. At various points postoperatively, the patients were asked if they could tell which iliac crest had been harvested, and if so, how much pain did it cause (10-point Numeric Rating Scale).

RESULTS
Most patients (64%) could not correctly determine which iliac crest had been harvested. Of the 9 patients who correctly identified the side of the autograft, 7 were only able to guess. The 2 patients who confidently identified the side of grafting had no pain at rest and mild pain with activity. One patient who incorrectly guessed the side of autografting did have significant sacroiliac joint degenerative pain bilaterally.

CONCLUSIONS
Results of this study indicate the inability of patients to clearly define their graft site after iliac crest autograft harvest with allograft reconstruction of the bony defect unless they have a separate skin incision. This simple, easily reproducible pilot study can be expanded into a larger, multiinstitutional investigation to provide more definitive answers regarding the ideal, safe, and cost-effective bone graft material to be used in spinal fusions.


Reablement helps individuals to regain or retain the ability to live independently after an injury and/or exacerbation of an illness. Despite the lack of clear evidence on its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, or on the optimal model for its implementation, reablement is hailed as one solution to the increased demand for long term care. This study systematically reviews, synthesises and critically appraises the economic evidence on reablement, and makes recommendations to improve future research. A total of 13 studies were included. Data were extracted on: decision, context, study design, intervention, comparators, effectiveness, outcomes, resource use and costs, analytic methods, and study findings. Reablement has been shown to be cost-effective; however the reporting on the decision the study aims to inform and the context could typically be improved and there is uncertainty on the costs and benefits of reablement in the longer term, between different models of service delivery and the impact on carers. All studies used only the data on outcomes and costs that was collected within the study and evaluated cost-effectiveness over the data collection follow-up, but this approach was not justified. These methods results should inform future research. Health Economic evaluations on reablement should: (i) include all available evidence on the relevant interventions and comparators over the appropriate time horizon, (ii) compare the benefits of the intervention with its opportunity costs and (iii) consider subgroup analysis to identify the groups of individuals most likely to benefit from reablement and therefore better target interventions and resources. More methodological research and guidance is needed on standardised outcome measures on general wellbeing, on informal carer's burden and on how to trade-off the costs and benefits in different sectors. These recommendations can help improve quality and relevance for decision makers in the future and to guide future economic evaluations and methodological research.


The ability to accurately detect peer-to-peer (P2P) network traffic associated with different applications has not only become crucial for a broad range of network management tasks and capacity planning but also for estimating protocol specific parameters needed for P2P traffic modeling and P2P network simulation. Traditional methods like port-based identification have become highly inaccurate, as P2P applications nowadays tend to camouflage their communications. Earlier work has shown that measurement systems based on application layer signatures can avoid these problems and provide high detection accuracy even for high volume data. In this paper, we propose enhancements to this concept allowing capturing and analyzing the behaviour of P2P protocols in more detail. The feasibility and the benefits of these extensions are demonstrated by presenting results obtained in a field trial in a large university network


Coronary-subclavian steal syndrome represents a reversal of blood flow in left internal mammary artery. The most common cause of the syndrome is atherosclerotic disease in the ipsilateral, proximal subclavian artery. We present a case of 72 years old male, who developed severe anginal and neurological complaints three years after coronary artery bypass graft surgery(CABG).


Azo dyes are widely used in textile finishing, and have become of concern in wastewater treatment because of their color, bio-recalcitrance, and potential toxicity to animals and humans. Thus, wastewater with azo dyes must be decolorized and furthermore mineralized in appropriate systems combining biological and chemical processes. In this study, the potential for sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) to decolorize azo dyes was studied, employing the pure culture of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ( D. desulfuricans ) with varying sulfate levels. Under sulfate-rich conditions, the sulfide produced from sulfate respiration with pyruvate (electron donor) by D. desulfuricans chemically decolorized the azo dyes C. I. Reactive Orange 96 (RO 96) and C. I. Reactive Red 120 (RR 120). Under sulfate-depleted conditions (≤0.1 mmol/L), the decolorization of RO 96 and RR 120 occurred in correlation with the fermentation of pyruvate by D. desulfuricans . It is suggested that the electrons liberated from the pyruvate oxidation were transferred via enzymes and/or coenzymes (electron carriers) to the dyes as alternative terminal electron acceptors, giving rise to decolorization, instead of to the protons (H+), resulting in the production of H2. Both decolorization pathways were compared in light of bioenergetics and engineering aspects.


Applying machine learning techniques to the quickly growing data in science and industry requires highly-scalable algorithms. Large datasets are most commonly processed "data parallel" distributed across many nodes. Each node's contribution to the overall gradient is summed using a global allreduce. This allreduce is the single communication and thus scalability bottleneck for most machine learning workloads. We observe that frequently, many gradient values are (close to) zero, leading to sparse of sparsifyable communications. To exploit this insight, we analyze, design, and implement a set of communication-efficient protocols for sparse input data, in conjunction with efficient machine learning algorithms which can leverage these primitives. Our communication protocols generalize standard collective operations, by allowing processes to contribute arbitrary sparse input data vectors. Our generic communication library, SparCML1, extends MPI to support additional features, such as non-blocking (asynchronous) operations and low-precision data representations. As such, SparCML and its techniques will form the basis of future highly-scalable machine learning frameworks.


Electrophoretic pure lacquer enzymes were obtained from the thick enzyme of Gladiolus Curvularia trifol with grading precipitation and DEAE2-Cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The overall recycling rate of enzyme activity was 14.97% and the purification reached 2.96 times. The relative molecular mass of enzyme was 92.3Kda. The optimal temperature and pH were 40°C and 3.5, respectively. The Km of ABTS catalyzed by laccase was 1.11× 10- 5mol L-1. Alizarin red and Congo red could be degradated by purified laccase effectively without the participation of small molecule amboceptor. Alizarin red could be degradated by 80% with its being affected by 1000U/L of enzyme activity for 70h, which revealed the huge potentiality of Gladiolus Curvularia trifol and laccase in the degradation of dye.


In the last 25 years, India--soon to be the most populous nation in the world--has experienced explosive economic growth that has vaulted it into the ranks of the world's emerging major powers. Long plagued by endemic poverty, until the 1990s the Indian economy was also hamstrung by a burdensome regulatory regime that limited its openness and competitiveness in an increasingly globalized world. Since then, however, the Indian government gradually opened up the economy, moving away from a quasi-socialist import substitution model. The results have been stunning: the middle class has grown by leaps and bounds, Fortune 500 CEOs visit regularly, and the country now occupies an increasingly prominent place on the global stage. From world trade to climate change to democratization, India's position now matters. Yet India has not entirely abandoned its past policies. It remains protectionist in comparison to many other emerging economies and has not fully abandoned its adherence to the foreign policy doctrine of non-alignment. Most experts agree that India is on its way to becoming a great power, but what kind of great power it wants to be remains a mystery. In Cautious Superpower, the India specialist Alyssa Ayres looks at how the tension between India's closed and inward looking past and its ongoing integration into the global economy will shape its trajectory in the foreseeable future. The sheer scale of India-its huge population and $2 trillion economy-means its decisions will have a major global impact. These decisions, though, are not easy to predict. Unlike China, India is a vibrant democracy whose vast array of parties champion dizzyingly disparate policies. Nor is India easily susceptible to foreign influence. As a proud and increasingly assertive nation, it guards against perceptions that it is succumbing to international pressure--especially from the United States. For all of these reasons, India tends to move cautiously and deliberately in the international sphere, always prioritizing its autonomy and independence (behavior that can be attributed, in part, to its long history as a colony of Britain). In Cautious Superpower, Ayres considers the role India is likely to play in global affairs as its prominence grows, taking stock of the risks and opportunities for the US and other nations as the world's largest democracy defines its place in the world. Given that it breaks the mold of the typical "ally" and will instead emerge as a unique power all its own, there is much to consider as America and the world attempt to make sense of India's rise.


Context. The observed signatures of winds from X-ray binaries are broadly consistent with thermal winds, which are driven by X-ray irradiation of the outer accretion disc. Thermal winds produce mass outflow rates that can exceed the accretion rate in the disc.
Aims. We aim to study the impact of thermal wind mass loss on the stability and lightcurves of black hole X-ray binaries subject to the thermal-viscous instability driving their outbursts. Strong mass loss could stop outbursts early, as proposed for the 2015 outburst of V404 Cyg.
Methods. We used an analytical model for thermal (Compton) wind mass loss as a function of radius, X-ray spectrum, and luminosity that was calibrated against numerical simulations. We also estimated the fraction of the X-rays, emitted close to the compact object, that are scattered back to the outer disc in the wind. Scattering in the thermal wind couples irradiation to the disc size and inner mass accretion rate. The disc evolution equations were modified to include this wind mass loss and the varying irradiation fraction.
Results. Scattering in the strong wind expected of long Porb systems enhances the irradiation heating of the outer disc, keeping it stable against the thermal-viscous instability. This accounts very well for the existence of persistently bright systems with large discs, such as Cyg X-2, 1E 1740.7−2942, or GRS 1758−258. Mass loss from the thermal wind shortens the outburst, as expected, but it is insufficient in explaining the rapid decay timescale of black-hole X-ray binary outbursts. However, including the wind-related varying irradiation fraction produces lightcurves with plateaus in long Porb systems like GRO J1655−40. Plateau lightcurves may be a dynamical signature of enhanced irradiation due to scattering in thermal winds.
Conclusions. Mass loss due to thermal winds is not a major driver for the outburst dynamics up to luminosities of 0.1 − 0.2 LEdd. Higher luminosities may produce stronger mass loss but studying them is complicated since the wind becomes opaque. Magnetic winds, which extract angular momentum with little mass loss, seem more promising to explain the fast decay timescales generically seen in black-hole X-ray binaries. Thermal winds can play an important role in the outburst dynamics through the varying irradiation heating. This may be evidenced by relating changes in wind properties, X-ray spectra, or luminosity with changes in the optical emission that traces the outer disc. Simulations should enable more accurate estimates of the dependence of the irradiation onto the disc as a function of irradiation spectrum, radius, and disc wind properties.


Cyberworlds in the era of 'cloud' computing are being created on the Web where data and its dependencies are constantly changing and evolving. The problem of combinatorial explosion in system development inevitably arises when dealing with cyberworlds. To solve the problem, we have developed a data processing system called the Cellular Data System (CDS), based on the Incrementally Modular Abstraction Hierarchy (IMAH) in the cellular model, which offers powerful mathematical reason. In this paper, we design and implement a continuous quantity factor to deal with objects that express continuous quantity and integrate it into the condition formula search, which is the effective data search function of CDS, used to analyze data in cyberworlds without limitation by defining schema. If you take advantage of continuous quantity factors with the condition formula search in business application development, application logic development is made much simpler. In addition, we verify the effectiveness of a continuous quantity factor by taking up examples of core logic development of business applications.


The authors have developed a miniaturized peristaltic pump which is characterized by multi-channel, low pulsation, high pressure resistance and portability. The pump mainly consists of a disposable pumping channel unit and reusable actuating parts. The pumping channel unit, made of silicone elastomers, has eight pumping channels. The operation principle is based on the peristaltic motion of pumping channels that are occluded by the screw shaft. The shaft rotating inside the pumping channel unit has a spirally arranged projection which deforms and closes down the channels. While the shaft rotates, the pinched locations in the channels move either way according to direction of rotation, squeezing out the air inside. The maximum discharge pressure generated was about 160 kPa at rotating speeds of 30 ~ 180 rpm. A micro pneumatic actuator was fabricated to demonstrate the performance of the pump. The validity of the pump for pneumatic actuation was reported.


The problems of SH-wave scattering caused by a subsurface circular lining structure and a beeline crack with arbitrary length at an arbitrary position were studied by using the methods of Green's function, complex variables and multi-polar coordinates. A adaptive Green's function, an essential solution to the displacement field for the elastic space possessing circular lining structure while bearing out-plane harmonic lining loads at an arbitrary point, was constructed firstly, and then a crack was created using "crack-division". Thus the expressions of displacement and stress were established while the crack and the inclusion both existed. Finally, we give some numerical examples to discuss the variety of the horizontal surface displacement in the case of different parameters.


Summary Inbred mice were inoculated with transplantable leukemia, X-irradiated, and given injections of bone marrow and spleen cells from allogeneic donors. Control animals received syngeneic cells after irradiation. On Days 1 to 7 after this treatment, the mice were individually tested for the presence of leukemic cells by transferring from each the spleen, a piece of liver, left kidney, left lung, blood, and bone marrow into syngeneic assay mice. The organs and tissues of mice treated with allogeneic cells were able to transfer leukemia to the assay animals only if removed 1 to 4 days after irradiation and injection of allogeneic cells. With organs and tissues removed on days 4 to 6, the incidence of positive transfers sharply decreased, and on Day 7 the leukemic cells could not be detected in any of the organs and tissues tested. The data are consistent with the view that the acute graft- versus -host reaction destroys leukemic cells before an irreparable damage is inflicted to the host. In additional experiments, cyclophosphamide was used to modify the graft- versus -host reaction. Various treatment schedules suppressed the graft- versus -host reaction to a comparable degree yet differed in the ability to leave unharmed the antileukemic effect of the reaction. If the drug was given in small daily doses starting 4 days after irradiation and injection of allogeneic cells, the reaction was well controlled, and relapses of leukemia were avoided.


This article looks at forty-two decisions in civil pollution cases in China as a window onto judges' political logic and the accompanying implications for environmental enforcement. The starting point is a typology of judicial decision making in one-party states based on two dimensions of decisions: the degree of legal formality (e.g., how closely judges adhere to the letter of the law) and individual autonomy (e.g., judges' power to make decisions in individual cases). Mapping pollution decisions onto this typology highlights shifting judicial strategy. While Chinese judges typically comply with instructions when the political pressure is dialed up, a combination of shifting incentives, uncertainty about the law, and political ambiguity can also allow de facto discretion in low-profile, run-of-the-mill cases. Everyday cases tend to cluster under the rubric of "rough justice" in which judges weigh competing political priorities and aim for a livable compromise that dents but upholds the status quo. This sample of cases also shows judges occasionally innovating at the margins by offering new legal interpretations or validating new types of claims. Although Chinese courts remain weak tools for environmental protection, limited innovation suggests that they can help nudge along local incremental social change.


OBJECTIVE
Household Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs shows the progressive increase in the consumption of hypnotics, alone or in combination with other substances. The aim of the research was to obtain information about the consumption of hypnotics and sedatives in population of Castilla y León treated in emergency medical services of four monitored hospitals between 2009-2013, describing clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the emergencies and what drugs were consumed, to provide information for future interventions.

METHODS
A descriptive cross-sectional study was done by analyzing 3,089 emergencies related to consumption of hypnotics and sedatives, obtained from Emergency Indicator related to the use of psychoactive substances of the National Observatory on Drugs. There were used χ2 test for comparing proportions and t Student test for means.

RESULTS
The total number of emergencies was 3,089, ranging in years of study. In 1,814 cases they were consumed only hypnosedatives; 64.7% women and average age of 41 years. The most frequent diagnosis was overdose/attempted suicide with benzodiazepines (29.3%), being lorazepam the most consumed. In 23.3% of cases it was consumed more than one hypnosedative and 9% was associated with psychiatric disorders.

CONCLUSIONS
The number of emergencies related to the consumption of at least one hypnosedative in the monitored hospitals in the period studied presented high levels especially in middle-aged women with no psychiatric disorder to justify their use. Benzodiazepines were the most consumed hypnotics, cause of overdose/attempted suicide episodes.


The Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads (QDTMR) standard flood immunity criterion for all new bridges is an average recurrence interval (ARI) of 50 years unless there is an appropriate documentation in support of ARI greater than 50 years. Following severe wet weather events associated with ex-tropical Cyclone Yasi and Oswald in late 2010 / early 2011 and early 2013 respectively, Queensland public infrastructure were severely impacted. Apart from pavements, roadway side slopes, causeways and other private assets that were washed away, several roads, railways and bridges including their approaches were also damaged. The level of damage on some of the bridges were such that their post-disaster functionality was zero leading to their closure to public use. The closures required motorists and other stakeholders to embark on long detours of affected bridges. During the closure, inspections were carried out to determine the extent of damage, followed by design and remedial works to restore the bridges to pre-disaster or improved condition. To guide engineers and asset managers towards restoring the damaged public infrastructure, the Transport Network Reconstruction Program (TNRP) design guidelines were put in place to provide guidance in areas where the existing QDTMR design specifications did not cope with the flooding and to ensure consistency in designs put forward for the reconstruction effort. This paper describes the design methodology adopted by QDTMR in fixing scoured (washed) out bridge approaches and foundations that resulted from the severe wet weather events during the 2010/11 and 2013 floods. It also discusses the options in building resilient approaches that can perform satisfactorily in similar extreme wet weather events in the future.


Background: Depressive disorders are a major contributor to disability in the United States and worldwide. They are associated with multiple comorbid conditions including cardiovascular disease, obesity, stroke, and premature mortality. In the US, only 4.2% of primary care patients are being screened for depression and approximately 50% of cases of major depression are being missed. Purpose: Implementation of a nurse practitioner led educational intervention, discussing when, why, and how to screen utilizing the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 screening tools, with the medical assistant staff in order to increase compliance with annual screening. EBP Model/Frameworks: The Iowa model was used to guide implementation of this project (Iowa Model Collaborative et al., 2017). Evidence-Based Interventions: Evidence based interventions include education to medical assistant (MA) staff on administration of the PHQ-2 during check in and subsequent PHQ-9 administration for PHQ-2 scores ≥3, and practitioner review of PHQ-9 scores with patients. Evaluations/Results: Evaluation of results of this project included an increase in the number of patients screened during well visits from 72% to 83%, resulting in a significantly lower number of persons not screened, (x = 8.91, p = 0.003). Implications for Practice: In 2010, $80,377 billion were spent in the US on major depressive disorder. With increased screening and treatment in the primary care setting, unnecessary costs of undiagnosed depression can be avoided, saving approximately $38,101 billion per year. The implementation of a one-time MA educational in-service can increase compliance with screening at well visits. Annual screening helps establish a long-term relationship between patient and provider where patients feel that all their needs are being met. A DNP-led Educational In-Service to Increase Depression Screening in Primary Care 2 Conclusion: Standardizing the screening for unmanaged depressive symptoms can be incorporated into the check-in process. While these primary care practitioners at levels higher than the national average (72% vs 4.2%), the implementation of MA education/training for PHQ2/PHQ-9 assessment during the check-in process significantly increased the number of patients screened at annual well visits. Through increased screening practitioners are able to diagnose patients sooner, provide necessary resources and increase quality of life.


We have derived a general formula for sensitivity optimization of gravimetric sensors and have used it to design a high sensitivity gravimetric sensor using unidirectional carbon fiber epoxy composite (CFEC) waveguide layer on (1 − x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PZN-xPT) single crystal substrate with the carbon fibers parallel to the x1 and x2 axes, respectively. The normalized maximum sensitivity (|Smf|λ)max exhibits an increasing tendency with the decrease of (h/λ)opt and the maximum sensitivity (|Smf|λ)max increases with the elastic constant c66E of the piezoelectric substrate material. For the CFEC/[011]c poled PZN-7%PT single crystal sensor configuration, with the carbon fibers parallel to the x1 axis at λ = 24 μm, the maximum sensitivity (|Smf|λ)max can reach as high as 1156 cm2/g, which is about three times that of a traditional SiO2/ST quartz structure gravimetric sensor. The better design selection is to have the carbon fibers parallel to the direction of propagation of Love wave in order to obtain the best sensitivity.


A new method for analysis of acidic herbicides, mostly phenoxy acids and their esters, in cereals with liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LS-MS/MS) has been developed. Samples were hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide in order to release covalently bound compounds followed by neutralization and finally extraction with acidified ethyl acetate. The extraction efficiency for both ester formulations and acids were studied. Acceptable results (70-120 %) were obtained for 2,4-D, dichlorprop, MCPA and mecoprop for both esters and acids. However, low recoveries were observed for ester formulations of dicamba, fluroxypyr, fluazifop and haloxyfop, possibly due to the complex structure of the compounds in combination with the matrix and/or incomplete hydrolysis step. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for targeted pesticides was 0.01 mg/kg. The method has been tested in the EU Proficiency Test for cereals with good results.


Conversational prosody or tone of voice (e.g. intonation, pauses, speech rate etc.) plays an essential role in our daily communication. Research studies in various contexts have shown that prosody can function as an interactional device for the management of our social interaction (Hellermann, 2003, Wennerstrom, 2001, Wells and Macfarlane, 1998, Couper-Kuhlen, 1996). However, not much research focus has been given to the pedagogical implications of conversational prosody in classroom teaching and learning. Informed by Community of Practice theory (Lave and Wenger, 1991) and Academic Task and Social Participation Structure (Erickson, 1982), which place participation at the core of the learning development, the current research employs an exploratory case study to examine the function of speech prosody during the co-construction of classroom talk-in-interaction in and between different classroom activities (e.g. whole class instruction, group discussion, group presentation, etc.). Audio–video data of classroom lessons were collected over a two-month period. Transcribing conventions described by Atkinson and Heritage (1984) were adopted to note the prosodic features in the recordings. Prosodic features such as pauses, volume, intonation, and speech rate were set as the main criteria for analysing the classroom talk. Analysis of the transcripts showed that speech prosody can function as a coordination tool for language learners to organise their social participation roles in collaborative learning activities (e.g. forming alignment, managing turn-taking, signalling repair sequences, etc.). The research also showed that prosody can function as a pedagogical tool for language teachers to manage classroom interactional ground (e.g. provide scaffolding, align academic task structure and social participation structure, frame classroom environment, etc.). Moreover, the research showed that prosodic analysis can be an effective tool in unfolding the pedagogical importance of classroom interaction (e.g. IRE/F sequences) in classroom teaching and learning. Key words: Prosody, Classroom talk, EFL learning


In a model anesthetic circuit, dehydration of Baralyme[registered sign] brand carbon dioxide absorbent increases degradation of sevoflurane to CF2=C(CF3)OCH2 F, a nephrotoxic vinyl ether called Compound A.In the present study, we quantified this increase using "conditioned" Baralyme[registered sign] in a circle absorbent system to deliver sevoflurane anesthesia to swine. Mimicking continuing oxygen delivery for 2 days after completion of an anesthetic, we directed a conditioning fresh gas flow of 5 L/min retrograde through fresh absorbent in situ in a standard absorbent system for 40 h. The conditioned absorbent was subsequently used (without mixing of the granules) in a standard anesthetic circuit to deliver sevoflurane to swine weighing 78 +/- 2 kg. The initial inflow rate of fresh gas flow was set at 10 L/min with the vaporizer at 8% to achieve the target end-tidal concentration of 3.0%-3.2% sevoflurane in approximately 20 min. The flow was later decreased to 2 L/min, and the vaporizer concentration was decreased to sustain the 3.0%-3.2% value for a total of 2 h (three pigs) or 4 h (eight pigs). Inspired Compound A increased over the first 30-60 min to a peak concentration of 357 +/- 49 ppm (mean +/- SD), slowly decreasing thereafter to 74 +/- 6 ppm at 4 h. The average concentration over 2 h was 208 +/- 25 ppm, and the average concentration over 4 h was 153 +/- 19 ppm. Pigs were killed 1 or 4 days after anesthesia. The kidneys from pigs anesthetized for both 2 h and 4 h showed mild inflammation but little or no tubular necrosis. These results suggest that dehydration of Baralyme[registered sign] may produce concentrations of Compound A that would have nephrotoxic effects in humans in a shorter time than would be the case with normally hydrated Baralyme[registered sign]. Implications: The vapor known as Compound A can injure the kidney. Dehydration of Baralyme[registered sign], a standard absorbent of carbon dioxide in inhaled anesthetic delivery systems, can cause a 5- to 10-fold increase in Compound A concentrations produced from the inhaled anesthetic, sevoflurane, given at anesthetizing concentrations in a conventional anesthetic system. (Anesth Analg 1997;85:1382-6)


Aim: We aimed to investigate the adipogenic effects of adenovirus (Ad) serotypes 5, 36 and 8 in a Colo-320 cell line using histochemical, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. Materials & methods: Ad serotypes were inoculated in a Colo-320 cell line and were cultured for 14 days. They were then collected and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde to analyze their adipogenic effects using histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic methods. Intracellular lipid droplets were detected in the Colo-320 cells inoculated with Ad36 and Ad5 by electron microscopic analyses. Results: After Oil Red O staining, the pink–orange staining was positive intracellularly in Colo-320 cells infected with Ad36 and Ad5. In addition, the leptin immunoreactivity was also positive in these cells. Conclusion: Our results suggested that intracellular lipid accumulation occured after infection with Ad36 and Ad5. The positive staining of Oil Red O and leptin also supported the electron microscopic results; th...


Rheological properties of water films nanoconfined in two parallel Au plates are investigated with the aid of molecular dynamics simulations. The density distribution, velocity profile, and diffusion coefficients of the water film in a Couette flow are studied. Shear viscosity and its dependence on the shear rate of the water film are also examined in the present research. It is found that the density of the water molecules near the plates is much higher than that in the other regions. This indicates that many water molecules are adsorbed by the plates and adsorbed layers are formed in the vicinity of the plates. The diffusion of the whole film increases dramatically as the shear rate becomes greater than 1010 s-1. The shear viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases, especially for the water film with a small thickness, which indicates the shear-thinning behavior for viscosity of the nanoconfined film. Moreover, an increase in shear viscosity with a decrease in the film thickness can also be found in the present study.


Summary

1. In order to assess the future impact of a proposed development or evaluate the cost effectiveness of proposed mitigating measures, ecologists must be able to provide accurate predictions under new environmental conditions. The difficulty with predicting to new circumstances is that often there is no way of knowing whether the empirical relationships upon which models are based will hold under the new conditions, and so predictions are of uncertain accuracy.

2. We present a model, based on the optimality approach of behavioural ecology, that is designed to overcome this problem. The model's central assumption is that each individual within a population always behaves in order to maximize its fitness. The model follows the optimal decisions of each individual within a population and predicts population mortality rate from the survival consequences of these decisions. Such behaviour-based models should provide a reliable means of predicting to new circumstances because, even if conditions change greatly, the basis of predictions – fitness maximization – will not.

3. The model was parameterized and tested for a shorebird, the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus. Development aimed to minimize the difference between predicted and observed overwinter starvation rates of juveniles, immatures and adults during the model calibration years of 1976–80. The model was tested by comparing its predicted starvation rates with the observed rates for another sample of years during 1980–91, when the oystercatcher population was larger than in the model calibration years. It predicted the observed density-dependent increase in mortality rate in these years, outside the conditions for which it was parameterized.

4. The predicted overwinter mortality rate was based on generally realistic behaviour of oystercatchers within the model population. The two submodels that predicted the interference-free intake rates and the numbers and densities of birds on the different mussel Mytilus edulis beds at low water did so with good precision. The model also predicted reasonably well (i) the stage of the winter at which the birds starved; (ii) the relative mass of birds using different feeding methods; (iii) the number of minutes birds spent feeding on mussels at low water during both the night and day; and (iv) the dates at which birds supplemented their low tide intake of mussels by also feeding on supplementary prey in fields while mussel beds were unavailable over the high water period.

5. A sensitivity analysis showed that the model's predictive ability depended on virtually all of its parameters. However, the importance of different parameters varied considerably. In particular, variation in gross energetic parameters had a greater influence on predictions than variations in behavioural parameters. In accord with this, much of the model's predictive power was retained when a detailed foraging submodel was replaced with a simple functional response relating intake rate to mussel biomass. The behavioural parameters were not irrelevant, however, as these were the basis of predictions.

6. Although we applied the model to oystercatchers, the general principle on which it is based applies widely. We list the key parameters that need to be measured in order to apply the model to other systems, estimate the time scales involved and describe the types of environmental changes that can be modelled. For example, in the case of estuaries, the model can be used to predict the impact of habitat loss, changes in the intensity or method of shellfishing, or changes in the frequency of human disturbance.

7. We conclude that behaviour-based models provide a good basis for predicting how demographic parameters, and thus population size, would be affected by novel environments. The key reason for this is that, by being based on optimal decision rules, animals in these models are likely to respond to environmental changes in the same way as real ones would.


Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina are the dominant plant species of Quanzhou Bay Estuarine Wetland. In this study, we had established the four-parametric logistic equations of plant height, tree crown diameter and leaf length versus the time after they were transplanted (sowed). The development pattern of the wetland plants was different among species and locations. The growth parameters estimated using four logistic equations is able to provide detailed plant dynamic growth information for Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina. By comparison, it is difficult to assess the adaptability of Kandelia candel to the environment of the region whether the upstream or downstream. However, we can deduce that Avicennia marina is suitable for growing in the upstream and downstream of Luoyang River, not in the midstream. The results will provide scientific basis for the allocation and arrange on plant species in the wetland.


Most analytical studies focusing on the sliding of building contents usually make an assumption that the friction force-sliding displacement behaviour is elasto- plastic (e.g. friction coefficient remains constant during sliding). This preliminary study uses experimental data to verify if this assumption is reasonable. Shake table tests of a desk on common flooring materials were conducted to investigate the factors influencing friction behaviour, and to observe the behaviour of the contents under sinusoidal motion. Up to a 15% decrease in friction coefficient was observed with either an 80% increase in mass or a 20 times decrease in relative velocity, indicating that the friction coefficient is dependent on these two parameters. A comparison of the experimental and analytical sliding response of the desk under a single sinusoidal loading pattern on carpet flooring was conducted. Results show that the displacement amplitude of a single sliding excursion and the general sliding trend is well approximated using the elasto-plastic assumption. As such, despite the dependence of friction coefficient on sliding mass and velocity, the elasto-plastic behaviour assumption appears to be reasonable for the sinusoidal loading pattern examined in this paper.


In this paper, we aim to present a quantitative modeling for delineating the alteration zones and lithological units in the hypogene zone of Masjed-Daghi Cu-Au porphyry deposit (NW Iran) based on the drill core data. The main goal of this work is to apply Ordinary Kriging (OK) and concentration-volume (C-V) fractal model based on Cu grades in order to separate the different alteration zones and lithological units. Initially, anisotropy was investigated and modeled based on calculating the experimental semi-variograms of the Cu values, and the main variography directions were identified and evaluated. Then a block model of the Cu grades was generated using the kriging, and the estimation obtained for OK was applied to the C-V fractal model. The C–V log–log plot based on the estimation method represents the various alteration and lithological zones via threshold values. The comparison and interpretation of the alteration zones and lithological units based on the C–V fractal modeling proved that the method was acceptable and capable of correctly delineating the alteration and lithological units. Regarding the correlation derived from log ratio matrix (used to compare the geological model with the C-V fractal results), it was observed that Cu values less than 0.4% were obtained for OK overlapped voxels with the phyllic alteration zone by an overall accuracy (OA) of 0.737. The spatial correlation between the potassic alteration zones resulting from a 3D geological modeling and the high concentration zones in the C-V fractal model based on OK indicated that the alteration zone contained Cu values greater than 0.4% with OA of 0.791. Also using this method, trustworthy results were obtained for the rock units.


The purpose of this study is to retrospect the establishment process of specification of modern factory-made traditional Korean roof-tile. Its another purpose is to analyze the specification of watong(??《, a wooden molding frame for roof tile making) which is recorded in the literature of Joseon dynasty. The results of this study are as follows. : First, the specification of modern factory-made Korean roof-tile that currently used was established in 1978. And it did not succeed old traditional specification. Second, in case of construction or repair of main building of palace, it was a principle to use Daewa(鸚㎫벀, the big size roof-tile). And Sangwa(躍며벀, the ordinary size roof-tile) was used when needed. Also, Jungwa(訝?벀, the middle size roof-tile) was used regardless of the size of group building. And Sowa(弱뤹벀, the small size roof-tile) was used in house and wall of royal tomb. Third, it is needed to establish a specification of traditional handmade roof-tile based on the specification of watong through research of the litterateur. So, a standard draft for this was proposed. Finally, one can find the significance that this study has tried to find a specification of traditional roof-tile that can be applied to construction or repair of cultural heritage.


Objective: To identify the proportion of patients in a large idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) cohort with large head circumference (HC) who presumably have congenital hydrocephalus that has not become clinically apparent until late in life. Methods: HC was measured in 158 patients diagnosed with communicating INPH and assigned to HC centile range adjusted for height and sex. The proportion of patients with INPH and HC above the 97th, 90th or 50th centiles was compared with the proportion expected in a normal population. Results: The proportion of patients with HC >90th centile was significantly larger than would be expected in a normal distribution (19.6% vs 10%, p = 0.0001), as was the proportion of patients with HC >97th centile (8.9% vs 3%, p = 0.0001). The relative association between INPH and HC >97th centile was nearly tripled (relative association 2.95; CI 1.36 to 6.41), but the relative association between INPH and HC >50th centile was not significantly higher than predicted (relative association 1.13; CI 0.95 to 1.34). Conclusion: A significantly larger proportion of elderly adults with INPH have a HC greater than the 90th or 97th centile than predicted by population norms, supporting the concept that compensated congenital hydrocephalus that does not become symptomatic until late in life is one aetiology of INPH, but is not responsible for all INPH. The mechanism that leads to the development of INPH in most patients remains elusive.


Innovation and HRM practices are connected, but the nature of these linkages may not be completely understood. Practical examples where knowledge securing practices limit efficiency of creative work, and where rewarding established ways of work prevent new approaches from being tried, suggest that there are challenges. In this study, we examine the relationships between different forms of HRM practices, knowledge sharing and protection (i.e., knowledge activities), and performance outcomes. Our findings from empirical analysis among 150 firms suggest that HRM practices are positively related to subjective overall performance and innovation performance, and that knowledge sharing likewise has such a relationship with performance outcomes. Furthermore, when knowledge sharing is accompanied with HR practices targeted to securing knowledge, innovation performance can be improved. Knowledge securing also comes in play when it is combined with HR practices of personnel compensation and appraisal; in this case subjective performance is diminished. This leads us to suggest that companies might benefit from smart HRM systems.


The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) is listed as vulnerable in Brazil, is included in Appendix I of CITES and is classified as endangered by the IUCN. In Brazil, few viable populations persist outside the Amazon basin and the Pantanal wetland. Furthermore, there is limited information on the distribution and abundance of the existing populations. The aim of this study was to estimate the abundance of giant otters in the Pantanal wetland and to discuss the conservation status of this population. From July 2000 to November 2011 we conducted surveys throughout the Pantanal to detect the occurrence of giant otters by the observations of active dens and latrines and the direct visualization of the otters. We also monitored giant otter population in five rivers, which allowed us to obtain information on number of individuals, group size and linear density. The species was found to occur in almost every river stretch within the Pantanal wetland, as well as in several aquatic habitat types, indicating a remarkable recovery since the over-hunting during the 1960s. The population of giant otter in the Pantanal may reach 3969 (SD = 1103) individuals, based on our estimated number of individual per kilometer of rivers and creeks (0.54 ± 0.15), over a total of about 7350km of rivers and secondary channels occurring in the Pantanal. These results indicate that the Pantanal is an important area to preserve the giant otter and its habitat, despite the many threats that the species still faces in the region, such as increased vessel traffic, pollution and siltation, as well as disruption of the hydrological characteristics due to the construction of dams and river-bed sedimentation.


PERITONEAL DIALYSIS is a relatively safe and effective modern therapeutic procedure. However, complications occur frequently, 1 and we wish to report a new one—life threatening acute hydrothorax developing during peritoneal dialysis. Report of a Case A 68-year-old man entered the hospital with renal failure of unknown cause and duration. No history of preexisting cardiopulmonary or renal disease was elicited. Examination revealed an alert, muscular man who appeared acutely ill. The lungs were clear and no cardiovascular abnormalities were noted. A nontender liver was palpated two fingerbreadths below the costal margin. Neck veins were not distended, and there was no edema. Laboratory studies were consistent with renal failure, blood urea nitrogen 120 mg/100 ml, carbon-dioxide combining power 16 mEq/liter. A chest x-ray examination was within normal limits. Peritoneal dialysis was started, using a plastic peritoneal catheter. This was directed into the pelvis through the midline of the anterior abdominal wall, two


Background Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes exist following many cardiac procedures. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) has grown as an alternative to mitral valve surgery for patients at high surgical risk. The outcomes of TMVR by race and ethnicity are unknown. We aimed to evaluate racial and ethnic disparities in the outcomes of TMVR. Methods and Results We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample database from 2016 to 2020 to identify hospitalizations for TMVR. Racial and ethnic disparities in TMVR outcomes were determined using logistic regression models. Between 2016 and 2020, 5005 hospitalizations for TMVR were identified, composed of 3840 (76.7%) White race, 505 (10.1%) Black race, 315 (6.3%) Hispanic ethnicity, and 345 (6.9%) from other races (Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaska Native, Other). Compared with other racial and ethnic groups, Black patients were significantly younger and more likely to be women (both P<0.01). There were no significant differences between White, Black, and Hispanic patients in in‐hospital mortality (5.2% versus 5.0% versus <3.5%; P=0.89) and procedural complications, including heart block (P=0.91), permanent pacemaker (P=0.49), prosthetic valve dysfunction (P=0.45), stroke (P=0.37), acute kidney injury (P=0.32), major bleeding (P=0.23), and blood transfusion (P=0.92), even after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Adjusted vascular complications were higher in Black compared with White patients (P=0.03). Trend analysis revealed a significant increase in TMVR in all racial and ethnic groups from 2016 to 2020 (P trend<0.05). Conclusions Between 2016 and 2020, Black and Hispanic patients undergoing TMVR had similar in‐hospital outcomes compared with White patients, except for higher vascular complications in Black patients. Further comparative studies of TMVR in clinically similar White patients and other racial and ethnic groups are warranted to confirm our findings.


The Utsira Sand is a major North Sea Saline aquifer. It is currently being utilised as a CO2 sequestration reservoir for the Sleipner project, and its large estimated storage capacity and proximity to suitable infrastructure ensures that it is an attractive prospect for further storage projects. As a forerunning CCS project it is the subject for scrutiny from environmental, industrial and governmental regulatory bodies, with the key concern being the confinement of the CO2 within the reservoir. Regulations are in place to ensure that operators monitor closely the migration of the CO2 plume within storage reservoirs and that they can demonstrate that the plume is behaving as modelled. Any unexpected behaviour of the plume requires escalation of the monitoring program and leakage would involve financial penalties in addition to remediation costs. Diligent site selection and a complete and robust understanding of the reservoir, adjacent units, and the overburden is therefore critical pre-injection. Geological features which have become apparent following CO2 injection into the Utsira Sand would suggest that the injection site was not completely understood before injection commenced. This study has contributed to a better understanding of the storage reservoir, specifically in regards to the deformed base of the Utsira Sand, which has been shown to be the result of sand remobilisation from depth in the form of sand intrusions. These intrusions, hosted within low permeability shales, represent permeable migration pathways from the deeper subsurface to the base of the Utsira Sand. Furthermore, their post-emplacement compaction has facilitated subsidence of the overlying strata. This movement, shown to affect strata up to the top of the Utsira Sand, has formed a ring of faults which projects obliquely upwards from the base of the Utsira Sand to the top of the storage reservoir. Amplitude anomalies within the overburden suggest that these zones of increased permeability have been exploited as paleo-gas migration pathways.
Other amplitude anomalies within the succession overlying the Utsira Sand are also recognised. These include: high amplitude anomalies interpreted as gas accumulations within the Lower Seal, vertically focused 'wipe out zones' and zones of disrupted reflections interpreted as gas chimneys. The gas chimneys in particular, shown to extend to the seafloor, pose a significant leakage risk to sequestered CO2. On the basis of these observations, a plumbing system, from the Mid-Miocene to the seafloor, is presented. Potential CO2 leakage scenarios are proposed and discussed in respect to the storage 'site' and storage 'complex'. It is suggested that potential future operators within this area should be aware of the features observed and appreciate the associated risk to stored CO2. It is also concluded that the viability of carbon sequestration technology as a climate change mitigation option requires that it represents an attractive proposition for those that operate the technology. Therefore it is considered that the regulation of carbon sequestration requires a finely measured balance between careful regulation and appropriate penalties for poor practice and flexibility in the interpretation of a 'storage complex' and 'leakage.'


In this paper, we discuss the feasibility and the performance assessment of a possible MCAO system for E-ELT, based on the novel concept of Global MCAO, which takes advantage of a very wide technical FoV to perform adaptive optics correction using only natural guide stars, with the aim to increase the sky coverage. The technique envisages the definition of Virtual-DMs, as tools for the global reconstruction. This investigation has been carried out during a feasibility study we performed for ESO, in which we combined computations, simulations and literature. The aim of this analysis is to identify and review the main parameters and the technical issues, which would act as error sources in a real GMCAO system, evaluating their contribution to the overall performance. The study involves both issues related to the Pyramid WFS in general, and to the GMCAO case in particular, including the wavelength and FoV size selection, the number of guide stars and reconstructed Virtual-DMs, and actual components parameters.


The rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is a nematode that parasites the lungs of rats - the natural definitive hosts of the nematodes. This nematode can cause Angiostrongyliasis for human when people eat uncooked/undercooked snails infected with infective larvae (L3). In Vietnam, although some suspected Angiostrongyliasis cases have been reported, there has been no investigation for A. cantonensis in natural definitive hosts (rats). This is the first record of A. cantonensis in rats collected from Bac Ninh and Hung Yen provinces, Vietnam based on morphological and molecular identification. A total of 234 rats, including 147 R. norvegicus and 87 R. losea , were examined. The rat lungworms were found in both rat species. The overall infection rates in Hung Yen and Bac Ninh provinces were 40.4% and 21.4%, respectively. The infection rates in R. norvegicus (60.0 and 26.3%) were higher than that of R. losea (14.4% and 2.2%). The description of A. cantonensis and the molecular phylogenetic relationship among Angiostrongylus genus were given and discussed herein.


Despite the popularity of social networks and technologies that intend to enhance social interaction, more Americans feel lonely now than before. This research examines how loneliness affects consumers' responses to consensus-related social cues in marketing contexts. Results from three studies show that lonely consumers prefer minority-endorsed products, whereas nonlonely consumers prefer majority-endorsed products. However, this pattern occurs only when consumers' product preferences are kept private. When product preferences are subject to public scrutiny, lonely consumers shift their preferences to majority-endorsed products. Results also reveal the underlying mechanisms. Minority-endorsed products fit better with the feelings of loneliness, and this fit mediates the effect of loneliness and endorsement type (i.e., majority vs. minority endorsement) on product evaluations in private consumption contexts. Yet, when their preferences are subject to public scrutiny, lonely consumers are concerned about being negatively evaluated by others, and this concern causes them to conform to the majority.


Information and communication are vital for the successful management of outbreaks of infectious diseases. An effective communication strategy has two effects: it prevents the surge of anxious patients who have not been genuinely exposed to the pathogen ("low risk patients") and it prevents the future transmission of the infectious agents by providing the public with relevant information e.g. adopting appropriate infectious control behaviour.What are effective communication strategies? Are people prone to panic in response to health threats? The research presented in this book found a surprising relation between information needs and response: the better people feel informed the less they worry – irrespective of actual exposure. This book merges two studies: one is a literature review about the healthcare seeking behaviour of low risk patients. The second is an empirical investigation during the first days of the Influenza Pandemic 2009 ("Swine Flu") at an international airport. The research findings help to improve preparedness planning and are relevant for future risk communication and health policy decision-making.


Global Health Informatics: How Information Technology Can Change Our Lives in a Globalized World discusses the critical role of information and communication technologies in health practice, health systems management and research in increasingly interconnected societies. In a global interconnected world the old standalone institutional information systems have proved to be inadequate for patient-centered care provided by multiple providers, for the early detection and response to emerging and re-emerging diseases, and to guide population-oriented public health interventions. The book reviews pertinent aspects and successful current experiences related to standards for health information systems; digital systems as a support for decision making, diagnosis and therapy; professional and client education and training; health systems operation; and intergovernmental collaboration.Discusses how standalone systems can compromise health care in globalized worldProvides information on how information and communication technologies (ICT) can support diagnose, treatment, and prevention of emerging and re-emerging diseasesPresents case studies about integrated information and how and why to share data can facilitate governance and strategies to improve life conditions