cancer even though this results in overtreatment and evidence about a possible reduction in the mortality from prostatic cancer is lacking. Therefore the initiation of new studies and extension of current studies must be stopped. A paradoxical situation exists in Belgium. Despite the European guidelines on screening for breast cancer2 the initiation of a national screening programme for breast cancer is discouraged because of insufficient support by the national and regional health authorities. On the other hand, a lot of money is spent on so called pilot projects on screening for prostatic cancer.


This book is a clear and concise introduction to all aspects of research viewed from a midwifery perspective. It gives equal weight to quantitative and qualitative approaches, describes principles underlying the previous approaches used in midwifery research, and offers midwifery and neonatal examples throughout. The reader is guided through the practical considerations of research as well as helped to critique research literature. --This text refers to the Paperback edition. Synopsis
Building on the strengths of the first edition, this new edition of "Principles and Practice of Research in Midwifery" clearly and concisely examines evidence based practice and research from a midwifery standpoint. This book provides an excellent introduction to the subject and looks at various methods and principles from practical and theoretical perspectives. Equal weight is given to the quantitative and qualitative approaches. New chapters on evidence based research and interviewing in qualitative research ensure that this edition is fully relevant to current research and practice. Written by authors with clinical and research experience, this book is intended for midwives and student midwives participating in Diploma, Advanced Diploma and first level degree programmes. It aims to increase research awareness and develop the skills of critical appraisal of research evidence that are essential to evidence based practice. Used in conjunction with other texts, Principles and Practice of Research in Midwifery will give confidence to those undertaking research projects by helping to bridge the reality gap between research and theory and its application to midwifery practice.


Abstract: Peter Martyr Vermigli and John Calvin differed in significant ways in their attitudes toward Greek philosophy, notably toward Aristotle, who was chiefly of interest for his remarks on the structure of human nature and ethics. Peter Martyr was more reverential, perhaps more positive, in his use of Aristotle, and studied him for theological purposes. Calvin distinguished between Aristotle's excellence at metaphysics and his ethics, which was handicapped by his lack of conception of the fall and its effects on human nature. In Vermigli this distinction was present but not pronounced or controlling. The effect of Vermigli's scholastic training is evident. KEYWORDS:


The problem of allocating exploration tasks to a team of mobile robots was addressed in this paper. Each task consists of a site location that needs to be explored by a robot. The objective of the allocation is to minimize the maximum path cost of the robots. Auction-based methods are efficient for decentralized mobile robots to allocate tasks. However, the quality of allocation cannot be guaranteed. This paper presents a decentralized allocation algorithm which combines a sequential single-task auction and task transfer among the robots. After all of the tasks are auctioned off, the robots of the same sub-team transfer tasks to improve the quality of allocation. In order to increase the efficiency of task transferring, the tasks allocated to the sub-team are clustered using an orthogonal genetic algorithm. Each robot determines which tasks should be transferred, and to which robots the tasks should be transferred according to the clusters. The validity of the proposed algorithm was verified with some benchmarks of vehicle routing problem and traveling salesperson problem. The results showed that the proposed algorithm decreased the robot path costs 40% more than that of a well-known auction-based algorithm in most cases.


This paper provides an update on a paper presented at the 2006 BPSSPS conference.

Social-sexual behaviour in the workplace is a widespread occurrence. However, to date psychological research has tended to adopt a functionalist approach using survey methods or third party approaches to ask about antecedents, processes and outcomes in relation to romantic and sexual relationships in the workplace. Drawing on popular social psychology literature and qualitative research methods, this research looks at how workplace romances are initiated, maintained and evolve in different professional groupings. The research paper presents initial research findings based on first hand accounts of workplace relationships resulting from research interviews conducted with 58 men and women currently or recently involved in a romantic or sexual workplace relationship.

The research continues to offer a fresh perspective on emotional and sexual intimacy in the workplace. Focus will be upon the outcomes of sexual and romantic relationships in the workplace, with particular emphasis on emerging 'Conflicts of Interest' episodes. Finally, the author will highlight the development of a process-orientated typology of sexual and romantic relationships and then conclude by highlighting the implications of the research for organisations. Through better understanding of emotional and sexual intimacy in the workplace, guidance for practitioners is offered via the development of a relationship typology and framework to assist practitioners manage this issue and respond effectively.


BACKGROUND
We aimed to clarify whether differences in food group intake according to household income have changed over the last decade in Japanese people aged 20 years or older.

METHODS
This cross-sectional study was based on the 2010, 2014, and 2018 National Health and Nutrition Surveys in Japan. Food intake was assessed using a one-day semi-weighed household dietary record. The participants were categorized into three groups based on their income. The mean of each food intake according to the income group was estimated by adjusting for age, occupation, and number of participants from the same household. The significance of the interaction terms between income and survey year was evaluated to assess the change in income-related differences in food intake over time.

RESULTS
Cereal intake was lower in the middle- and the highest-income groups than in the lowest-income group, regardless of sex, and the interaction between income and year was insignificant for cereal intake. In the former two surveys, vegetable intake was higher among the highest-income women, while in the 2018 survey, the vegetable intake decreased in the women in the middle- and the highest-income groups. The interaction between income and year was significant for vegetable intake among the women. For other foods, the differences in intake among the income groups did not significantly change over time.

CONCLUSIONS
The tendency for lower cereal intake in the higher-income groups was consistent over time in both the sexes and the tendency for higher vegetable intake in the highest income women disappeared over time.


This study aims to explore the relationship between entrepreneurial role models (ERM) and entrepreneurship education (EE) on individual entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and its consequences for entrepreneurial intention (EI). Data is obtained through a survey method on 255 management and business university students who had completed the entrepreneurship education program. To evaluate the research model, the data is processed using PLS-SEM. The results of this study indicate that the existence of entrepreneurial role models and entrepreneurial education programs for students affects the components of individual entrepreneurial orientation, namely individual innovativeness, individual proactiveness, and individual risk-taker. However, ERMs do not have a direct effect on EI. The main finding of this research appears on the influence of individual EO on EI, which indicates that only individual innovativeness impacts entrepreneurial intention. Meanwhile, personal proactiveness and risk-takers are proven to have no impact on EI. This study succeeded in filling the research gap, namely, examining the influence of ERMs on each of the components forming an individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) and its EI. This research model also provides a comprehensive research model on the influence of pre-entrepreneurial exposure on IEO and its


The sensorless application of predictive control in drive applications has been investigated for a decade. Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is one of the easy and practical methods in the predictive category. Several methods have been investigated for the sensorless application of FCS-MPC. Since the sensitivity of the predictive method to the speed error is more than that of the classical control methods, sophisticated speed estimators should be used in this method. The model reference adaptive system (MRAS) has been the most successful estimator. The main problem of this estimator is tuning the coefficients in different operating points and the stability of the adaptive function. The finite position set technique is a very recent solution. In this method, the adaptive function is used as the cost function and the optimum rotor position is selected by minimizing that. However, the numerous iteration is a barrier for application to the predictive method. Also, the application of the method for the synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) is a challenge because of the lack of the rotor model as the adaptive function. In this paper, the finite position technique is modified for the predictive application. The number of iterations is reduced by an optimization method based on sensitivity analysis. Also, a new and simple function is used as the adaptive error function in order to apply the method to the sensorless control of the SynRM. The proposed method is evaluated by simulation and experiment.


This paper considers the problem of robust fault detection for Lipschitz nonlinear systems impaired by faults and unknown inputs in both process and sensors. The purpose of the proposed strategy is to estimate both the system states and the considered faults existing in actuators as well as sensors while minimize the influences from disturbances. An innovative robust observer design methodology is developed through an integration of fault estimation approach and unknown input observer (UIO). In contrast to previous studies, the considered unknown inputs do not only exist in system process but also sensors. Moreover, to meet the practical engineering situations, they are not assumed to be decoupled completely. With the assist of linear matrix inequality (LMI) method, observer parameters are determined to attenuate the influences of unknown inputs which cannot be decoupled, as well as guarantee the stability of the estimation dynamics. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed observer scheme performs reasonably well.


The interaction between a viscous fluid and an elastic solid is modeled by a system of parabolic and hyperbolic equations, coupled to one another along the moving material interface through the continuity of the velocity and traction vectors. We prove the existence and uniqueness (locally in time) of strong solutions in Sobolev spaces for quasilinear elastodynamics coupled to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Unlike our approach in [5] for the case of linear elastodynamics, we cannot employ a fixed-point argument on the nonlinear system itself, and are instead forced to regularize it by a particular parabolic artificial viscosity term. We proceed to show that with this specific regularization, we obtain a time interval of existence which is independent of the artificial viscosity; together with a priori estimates, we identify the global solution (in both phases), as well as the interface motion, as a weak limit in srong norms of our sequence of regularized problems.


An experimental and theoretical investigation of the flow at the outlet of a Francis turbine runner is carried out in order to elucidate the causes of a sudden drop in the draft tube pressure recovery coefficient at a discharge near the best efficiency operating point. Laser Doppler anemometry velocity measurements were performed for both axial and circumferential velocity components at the runner outlet. A suitable analytical representation of the swirling flow has been developed taking the discharge coefficient as independent variable. It is found that the investigated mean swirling flow can be accurately represented as a superposition of three distinct vortices. An eigenvalue analysis of the linearized equation for steady, axisymmetric, and inviscid swirling flow reveals that the swirl reaches a critical state precisely (within 1.3%) at the discharge where the sudden variation in draft tube pressure recovery is observed. This is very useful for turbine design and optimization, where a suitable runner geometry should avoid such critical swirl configuration within the normal operating range.

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/139266/files/Analysis of the Swirling Flow Downstream a Francis Turbine Runner.pdf


Over the past several decades, the field of invasion biology has rapidly expanded as global trade and the spread of human populations have increasingly carried animal and plant species across natural barriers that have kept them ecologically separated for millions of years. Because some of these nonnative species thrive in their new homes and harm environments, economies, and human health, the prevention and management of invasive species has become a major policy goal from local to international levels. Yet even though ecological research has led to public conversation and policy recommendations, those recommendations have frequently been ignored, and the efforts to counter invasive species have been largely unsuccessful. Recognizing the need to engage experts across the life, social, and legal sciences as well as the humanities, the editors of this volume have drawn together a wide variety of ecologists, historians, economists, legal scholars, policy makers, and communications scholars, to facilitate a dialogue among these disciplines and understand fully the invasive species phenomenon. Aided by case studies of well-known invasives such as the cane toad of Australia and the emerald ash borer, Asian carp, and sea lampreys that threaten US ecosystems, Invasive Species in a Globalized World offers strategies for developing and implementing anti-invasive policies designed to stop their introduction and spread, and to limit their effects.


Little is known of the temporal and quantitative relationships between emptying of the stomach and of the gall bladder in patients with duodenal ulcer before and after vagotomy. A non-invasive double isotope technique was used to investigate these relationships in 27 patients with a duodenal ulcer, before and after operation-truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TV + P; n = 15) and highly selective vagotomy (HSV; n = 12). A further 25 patients were studied after operation (TV + P, n = 20: HSV, n = 5). 99Tcm-EHIDA was used as the biliary tracer and 113Inm bran as the gastric content tracer. In patients with a duodenal ulcer before surgery and in 16 of the 17 patients studied after HSV, the patterns of gall bladder emptying were similar to those previously found in normal subjects. In 60% of patients after TV + P, patterns of gall bladder emptying were altered and the onset of gall bladder emptying was significantly delayed (p less than 0.001) compared with unoperated patients and patients with a HSV. The rate of gall bladder emptying did not correlate with the rate of gastric emptying in any of the patients studied. These observations suggest that TV + P, but not HSV, causes considerable alteration in coordination of gall bladder and gastric emptying.


The importance of foreign direct investment in transition economies has significantly increased over the last several decades. Foreign investors are recognized as important drivers shaping the local entrepreneurial ecosystem. This paper aims to explore investors' satisfaction with the factors previously identified as important for improving entrepreneurial ecosystems, that is, factors that both positively contribute to the development of local businesses as well as generate further foreign investment flow. Empirically we draw upon small case studies with managers of 38-42 key foreign investor companies in Latvia conducted in 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018. In the first data collection wave, we identify key challenges that foreign investors face in Latvia. In the following data collection waves, we measure the development in the identified areas of concern and thus the overall entrepreneurial ecosystem of Latvia. Given that Latvia is a transition country in the advanced stage of development, the focus is on issues related to productivity and value added, including the availability of high quality labor force, the efficiency of public sector, and favorable tax regimes as well as challenges posed by unethical and illegal behavior, labor shortages, and elements of uncertainty. Our results suggest that foreign investors see a number of challenges within the all afore-mentioned areas that are important parts of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Moreover, our findings suggest that progress with regards to the improvement of certain areas such as those mentioned previously from the viewpoint of foreign investors, was relatively slow during the period of 2015-2018. Our key contribution is providing with an in- depth analysis of factors shaping the entrepreneurial ecosystem in an advanced transition economy-from the viewpoint of foreign direct investors. We explore investors' opinions with regard to the investment climate to summarize investors' suggestions on how the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Latvia could be further developed. Our findings provide a scope for tailor-made, targeted policy recommendations to achieve these goals.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of substance P (SP) on parkinsonian syndrome and the generator of pathologically enhanced excitation (GPEE) in the caudate nuclei (CN). Repeated i. p. administration of MPTP in 12 month rats induced oligokinesia and rigidity followed by the high amplitude slow and rapid waves in both CN. The changes of electrical activity in CN were more prominent than in the sensorimotor cortex. The bilateral intracaudate injection of SP (5 micrograms) resulted in an increase in motor activity and almost completely abolished the rigidity. The reduction of extrapyramidal symptoms was considered as a result of the inhibition of GPEE. The changes of the SP balance in nigro-striatal system was suggested to be one of the pathogenetic links of parkinsonian syndrome.


— The spread of invasive species can have far-reaching environmental and ecological consequences. Understanding invasion spread patterns and the underlying process driving invasions are key to predicting and managing invasions. — We combine a set of statistical methods in a novel way to characterize local spread properties and demonstrate their application using simulated and historical data on invasive insects. Our method uses a Gaussian process fit to the surface of waiting times to invasion in order to characterize the vector field of spread. — Using this method, we estimate with statistical uncertainties the speed and direction of spread at each location. Simulations from a stratified diffusion model verify the accuracy of our method. — We show how we may link local rates of spread to environmental covariates for two case studies: the spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), and hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in North America. We provide an R-package that automates the calculations for any spatially referenced waiting time data.


ABSTRACT The national insurance system of contributory work-related benefits was designed for a 'core' workforce in continuous full-time employment. It provides incomplete coverage for the rising numbers of people in the peripheral workforce: part-time jobs, temporary work and self-employment. National estimates are presented for workers whose earnings are below the national insurance threshold, and who are thus excluded from social security benefits such as unemployment, sickness and retirement benefits—roughly 2 million in the period 1985–87. It is estimated that another million workers at least are within the NI net, but outside the income tax net. In addition, there are up to 2 million non-working people who have trivial earnings that leave them outside the NI and tax nets. Homeworkers are found in both these groups. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for claims about the size of the black economy and the characteristics of people participating in the black economy, and for the future development of the social insurance system.


Developing efficient onsite damage detection and safety evaluation methods for glass curtain wall is still a challenging task. In this work, a simple approach to predict the failure and risk of falling down of curtain wall glass was developed through the relationship between the natural frequency changes and the declined reliability of the structures. Natural frequencies of the curtain wall glass under various clamping conditions were determined using dynamic tests. It was discovered that, with the decrease of the clamping force at the boundary of the glass specimen, the measured natural frequencies decreased linearly. Thus, the in-service capacity in edge clamping (e.g. boundary is loosed or failure of the supporting structure) of the curtain wall glass can be identified by its natural frequency changes. The expected lowest safety natural frequency of a curtain wall glass (given elastic parameters, shape and size) is given. The implementation of this detection method is described, and the practicability and feasibility validated.


The theory of deterrence has been concerned primarily with situations in which individuals consider whether to commit a single harmful act (whether to discharge a pollutant into a lake, whether to steal a car) rather than with situations in which individuals decide which of several harmful acts to commit (whether to discharge one pollutant or another pollutant into a lake, whether to engage in car theft or in burglary). In the latter situations, the threat of sanctions plays a role in addition to the usual one of deterring individuals from committing harmful acts: it influences which harmful acts undeterred individuals choose to commit (it accomplishes "marginal deterrence"). It is shown in the present note that sanctions may increase more with harm when individuals choose among harmful acts than when individuals choose only whether to commit single harmful acts. The reason is that a higher gradation of sanctions encourages the undeterred to commit less harmful acts. The assumption necessary for this conclusion is that probabilities of apprehension for different acts are equal, being determined by a general level of enforcement effort. If enforcement effort is specific to the act, the conclusion does not hold; optimal sanctions for different acts are then equal to each other.


Background People who smoke with serious mental illness carry disproportionate costs from smoking, including poor health and premature death from tobacco-related illnesses. Hospitals in New Zealand are ostensibly smoke-free; however, some mental health wards have resisted implementing this policy. Aim This study explored smoking in acute metal health wards using data emerging from a large sociological study on modern acute psychiatric units. Methods Eighty-five in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff and service users from four units. Data were analysed using a social constructionist problem representation approach. Results Although high-level smoke-free policies were mandatory, most participants disregarded these policies and smoking occurred in internal courtyards. Staff reasoned that acute admissions were not the time to quit smoking, citing the sceptres of distress and possibly violence; further, they found smoking challenging to combat. Inconsistent enforcement of smoke-free policies was common and problematic. Many service users also rejected smoke-free policies; they considered smoking facilitated social connections, alleviated boredom, and helped them feel calm in a distressing environment – some started or increased smoking following admission. A minority viewed smoking as a problem; a fire hazard, or pollutant. No one mentioned its health risks. Conclusion Psychiatric wards remain overlooked corners where hospital smoke-free policies are inconsistently applied or ignored. Well-meaning staff hold strong but anachronistic views about smoking. To neglect smoking cessation support for people with serious mental illness is discriminatory and perpetuates health and socioeconomic inequities. However, blanket applications of generic policy are unlikely to succeed. Solutions may include myth-busting education for service users and staff, local champions, and strong managerial support and leadership, with additional resourcing during transition phases. Smoke-free policies need consistent application with non-judgemental NRT and, potentially, other treatments. Smoking cessation would be supported by better designed facilities with more options for alleviating boredom, expressing autonomy, facilitating social connections, and reducing distress.


In an agile development environment, project planners continuously prioritize work tasks so requirements that provide the most value are delivered first. This strategy is based on Value Based Software Engineering principles that different requirements deliver different levels of value and diverse stakeholders view the importance of the value of various requirements differently and thus, will prioritize them differently. However, we found that there are several core values that stakeholders have more agreement in terms of relevancy and importance than others. By knowing these core values, project planners have increased insights as to which requirements should be prioritized higher, hence, hopefully increasing overall stakeholder satisfaction and reducing project risk.


Introduction Mutations in the alpha one subunit of the glycine receptor (GLRA1) cause the majority of genetic (hereditary) hyperekplexia. Three-quarters of cases show autosomal recessive inheritance and some ethic variation has been described. Methods We undertook a review of all published cases of hyperekplexia with a genetic cause alongside mutations identified as part of our research. Ethnicities were defined by the referring clinician and then subgrouped into five categories—Caucasian, Asian, Arabic, Turkish and Afro-American. Results 37/53 cases from the literature had a published ethnicity; we included an additional thirty unpublished cases. Homozygous deletions of exons one to six are exclusively seen in people of Turkish descent (n=12, p<0.00001). In contrast mutations of the arginine residue at point 271 are seen in people of Asian, Caucasian and African-American heritage (n=15) but not yet in people with Arab or Turkish ethnicities (p<0.0005). Some backgrounds had no published cases yet—including Polynesian, Slavic and North African heritage. Conclusion No clear founder effect was seen in R271 cases. Hyperekplexia does show regional and ethnic variation but is it present but recognised in populations where it is less prevalent? Hyperekplexia due to R271 mutations shows dominant inheritance and the deletions of exons one to six are recessive; meaning that the inheritance pattern can be in part predicted by someone's estimated ethnicity.


Many patients with lung cancer are symptomatic from diagnosis, and quality of life (QoL) may be maximised through the use of specialist palliative care in parallel with other treatments. This study explored anxiety, depression, and QoL in five patients, predominantly male (n=4) and with mean age 74 years, using a 'Breathing Space' clinic over a 4-week period. Breathing Space is a nurse-led multidisciplinary outpatient clinic using integrative care with lung cancer patients. The patients received weekly interventions to improve their wellbeing. Qualitative data were collected to explore their expectations and experiences of the clinic, and quantitative data were captured using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status Rating (ECOG-PSR), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the EQ-VAS, and the EQ-5D. These data were analysed using thematic content analysis and SPSS respectively. It was found that preconceived ideas about clinic attendance were replaced with positive impressions. Anxiety and EQ-VAS scores improved for all patients, and depression scores improved for four of the five patients, although no tests of significance were made. The qualitative data indicated that there were psychosocial benefits to attending the clinic.


The paper focuses on the distinct characteristics in Malaysian Chinese primary schools and their influence on character building. The operational definition of 'characteristics' in this study are the eight independent variables namely: 1) Dong Jia Jiao (DJJ董家教), an abbreviation of School Boards of Governors (SBGs) and Parent-teacher Associations (PTAs), 2) Mother tongue education, 3) Trilingualism, 4) The thoughts of Confucianism and school discipline, 5) Teachers and Pedagogy, and 6) Environment at home and in school. The sole dependent variable is Character building of which the operational definition encompasses the eagerness to study, practising good values and having a sense of shame (Chen, 1966).
The historical development, present condition, and future challenges of Chinese primary schools are discussed to give an overview of an education system that is unique not only in Malaysia but also to the world. The study design of this paper comprises of descriptive statistics, inferential statistics involving both the parametric and non-parametric methods, and triangulation statistics with qualitative data acquired from government documents and literature reviews.
The 431 teachers from all over Malaysia who answered the questionnaires in full have agreed that there is close relationship between school characteristics and character building of pupils. The teachers and pedagogy stands out distinctively and its generous contributions and efforts towards the building of new classrooms instilled in the minds of pupils the virtue of self-sacrifices and the importance of paying back to society.
The mother tongue education is of paramount importance to many parents because of the character building element in the school learning environment. The survey shows that the noble intention of the Chinese community in establishing mother-tongue primary schools has been initiated principally on Chinese community's efforts. They have to struggle for survival against constant controversies and obstacles as the country undergoes the changing political scenarios after each election.
Trilingualism, however, has not been of much efficacy with 80% of the respondents saying that pupils generally could not master three languages well. This argument however is not true in elite city schools where majority of parents are professionals and speak English at home. The teaching of the thoughts of Confucianism has been found to be instructed subtly through stories of Chinese proverbs and idioms. The perception that Chinese primary schools are famed for being very strict in discipline has been proven to be true. Though the Ministry of Education has banned caning in class except by the authorised Senior Assistants and with witnesses, some teachers are vocal in disciplining their pupils. As more than 30% of teachers have indicated their desire to retire early, the effort in character building has been weakened by that much. The general perception that the pedagogy used in Chinese primary schools centres on 'spoon-feeding' method has not been indicated in the survey. Majority of teachers have agreed that character building must begin at home and continue in school.
In conclusion, the survey confirms the close relationship between schools characteristics and character building of pupils in Chinese primary schools. The stakeholders in DJJ, schools and teachers have crystallised their goal in education as being the nurturing of pupils who are eager to learn, practise good values and have a sense of shame. These are the values expounded by Confucius education and are in consonant with the global objective of character education. The future research study on developing educational innovations towards character building, better national integration and racial harmony in Malaysia will be a vital research to pursue.


Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for the histological diagnosis of occupying lesions in the pancreas as opposed to tru-cut needle biopsy to obtain tissue for analysis has been associated with a lower incidence of post-procedure complications, with almost immediate recovery and no need for hospital stay. Nevertheless, the question of the diagnostic effectiveness of percutaneous computed axial tomography (CT)-guided FNA in solid pancreatic lesions has been raised. The aim of this study was to confirm the diagnostic effectivity of percutaneous CT-guided FNA in pancreatic space-occupying lesions and to assess short-term complications. All percutaneous CT-guided FNA with real-time monitoring, performed between April 2010 and December 2015, were retrospectively analyzed. In all cases 21-gauge needles were used. All FNA were performed in the presence of a pathologist who immediately stained and reported as adequate for analysis in all cases. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological evaluation. Of 54 FNA performed, final histopathological evaluation revealed neoplastic cells compatible with adenocarcinoma in 52 patients (96%) and was negative for neoplastic cells in two patients (4%). The sensitivity was 94%, and the specificity 100%. Post-FNA morbidity was observed in four patients, consisting of epigastric pain in two and abdominal wall hematoma in two other patients. Percutaneous CT-guided FNA of pancreatic space-occupying lesions was found to be a good, minimally invasive and safe method with low morbidity. The presence of the pathologist in the procedure allowed for immediate cytological diagnosis.


In patients with diabetes, impaired activity of ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats, member 13), the plasma metalloprotease that cleaves highly thrombogenic von Willebrand factor multimers, is a major risk factor of cardiovascular events. Here, using Adamts13−/− mice made diabetic by streptozotocin, we investigated the impact of the lack of ADAMTS13 on the development of diabetes-associated end-organ complications. Adamts13−/− mice experienced a shorter life span than their diabetic wild-type littermates. It was surprising that animal death was not related to the occurrence of detectable thrombotic events. The lack of ADAMTS13 drastically increased the propensity for ventricular arrhythmias during dobutamine-induced stress in diabetic mice. Cardiomyocytes of diabetic Adamts13−/− mice exhibited an aberrant distribution of the ventricular gap junction connexin 43 and increased phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), and with the consequent CaMKII-induced disturbance in Ca2+ handling, which underlie propensity for arrhythmia. In vitro, thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) promoted, in a paracrine manner, CaMKII phosphorylation in murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes, and ADAMTS13 acted to inhibit TSP1-induced CaMKII activation. In conclusion, the deficiency of ADAMTS13 may underlie the onset of lethal arrhythmias in diabetes through increased CaMKII phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes. Our findings disclose a novel function for ADAMTS13 beyond its antithrombotic activity.


Efficient IPv6 packet forwarding still is a major bottleneck in todays networks. Especially in the internet core we face very large routing tables and a high number of high-speed links. In addition, economical restrictions exist in terms of manufacturing and operation costs of routers. Resources are limited and network providers reluctantly change their infrastructure. On the other hand the number of internet hosts keeps exploding. Not only PCs and mobile computers, but all kinds of mobile devices want to connect to the internet. With low-cost end-user flatrates the number of households connecting to the net also increases. Economically emerging countries do their share. Unbalanced distribution of IPv4 addresses leads to local service shortages. The address space IPv4 provides is close to getting exhausted. Demand is high for efficient IPv6 packet forwarding mechanisms. In the last few years a lot of work has been done on hash tables and summaries that allow compact representations and constant lookup time. The features sound attractive for IPv6 routing, however, no evaluation exists for tables with millions of entries and no applications are known to make use of the proposed data structures. Furthermore, the structures are usually designed to fit generic applications. A survey and evaluation considering applicability in IPv6 routing seems appropriate. In addition we will explore new ways of exploiting the harsh conditions prevailing in the internet core to design a deployable data structure specialized for IPv6 lookup applications. Our design achieves an improvement in size by the factor of 10. Moreover, it is easily adjustable to fit different cost functions and the behavior is highly predictable.


Demographic processes play a key role in shaping the patterns of social relations among individuals in a population. Social network analysis is a powerful quantitative tool for assessing the social structure formed by associations between individuals. However, demographic processes are rarely accounted for in such analyses. Here, we summarize how the structure of animal social networks is shaped by the joint effects of social behavior and turnover of individuals and suggest how a deeper understanding of these processes can open new, exciting avenues for research. Death or dispersal can have the direct effect of removing an individual and all its social connections, and can also have indirect effects, spurring changes in the distribution of social connections between remaining individuals. Recruitment and integration of juveniles and immigrant into existing social networks are critical to the emergence and persistence of social network structure. Together, these behavioral responses to loss and gain of social partners may impact how societies respond to seasonal or catastrophic turnover events. The fitness consequences of social position (e.g., survival and reproductive rates) may also create feedback between the social network structure and demography. Understanding how social structure changes in response to turnover of individuals requires further integration between long-term field studies and network modeling methods. These efforts will likely yield new insights into the connections between social networks and life history, ecological change, and evolutionary dynamics.


The trace element composition of whole blood has been investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The blood samples of 80 individuals of adult population in Taiwan were analyzed. The samples were lyophilized, irradiated together with synthetic standards, and determined gamma-spectrometrically. The concentrations of 7 elements, Cr, Co, Fe, Rb, Sc, Se and Zn were simultaneously determined. The reliability of the analysis was checked with NBS bovine liver reference standard material. The frequency distributions of all the elements measured are presented and the results are compared with available data.


A parallel-prefix adder gives the best performance in VLSI design. However, performance of Ladner-Fischer adder through black cell takes large area. So, gray cell can be replaced instead of black cell which gives the Efficiency in Ladner-Fischer Adder. The proposed system consists of three stages of operations they are pre-processing stage, carry generation stage, post-processing stage. The pre-processing stage focuses on propagate and generate, carry generation stage focuses on carry generation and post-processing stage focuses on final result. In ripple carry adder each bit of addition operation is waited for the previous bit addition operation. In efficient Ladner - Fischer adder, addition operation does not wait for previous bit addition operation and modification is done at gate level to improve the speed and to decreases the area.


The initiation of cell-mediated immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been analyzed with cells from EBV-seronegative blood donors in culture. The addition of dendritic cells (DCs) is essential to prime naive T cells that recognize EBV-latent antigens in enzyme-linked immunospot assays for interferon γ secretion and eradicate transformed B cells in regression assays. In contrast, DCs are not required to control the outgrowth of EBV-transformed B lymphocytes from seropositive donors. Enriched CD4+ and CD8+ T cells mediate regression of EBV-transformed cells in seronegative and seropositive donors, but the kinetics of T-dependent regression occurs with much greater speed with seropositives. EBV infection of DCs cannot be detected by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for mRNA for the EBNA1 U and K exons. Instead, DCs capture B cell debris and generate T cells specific for EBV latency antigens. We suggest that the cross-presentation of EBV-latent antigens from infected B cells by DCs is required for the initiation of EBV-specific immune control in vivo and that future EBV vaccine strategies should target viral antigens to DCs.


Treatment effects may vary with the observed characteristics of the treated, often with important implications. In the context of experimental data, a growing literature deals with the problem of specifying treatment interaction terms that most effectively capture this variation. Some of the results of this literature are now implemented in Stata. With non-experimental (observational) data, and in particular when selection into treatment depends on unmeasured factors, treatment effects can be estimated using Stata's treatreg command. Although not originally designed for this purpose, treatreg can be used to consistently estimate treatment interactions parameters. In the presence of interactions, however, adjustments are required to generate predicted values and estimate the Average Treatment Effect (ATE). This paper introduces commands that perform this adjustment for the case of multiplicative interactions and shows the adjustment that is required for more complicated interactions.


The experience from the EU demonstration project was used for a cost analysis of different sanitation systems with regard to nutrient recycling. The analysis was made for an existing residential area, for which the different sanitation systems have been applied. The cost calculations were made for a lifetime of 50 years. The multiple sewer systems cause higher investment costs, mainly for the installation of the additional facilities; the investment costs for the treatment are lower. The cost analysis did not prove lower costs for the new sanitation concepts in this special case in comparison with the conventional system. Economic benefits are demonstrated for the operation costs. The result will be reinforced by the consideration of an increase of the energy costs. The revenues for the nutrient related products have only a very small impact on the result.


Our understanding of Beethoven9s initial effort in opera, the 1805 version of Fidelio, is significantly clouded by certain difficulties in establishing its text. An especially obscure point is Florestan9s aria at the beginning of the third act. Simply put, no surviving source transmits the aria as it was performed in 1805. In order to publish a complete, performable text for the opera, the editors of the Ur-Leonore, Erich Prieger and Willy Hess, present the aria in a version that conflates 1805 and 1806 sources. To shed some light on the lost 1805 version of the aria and on Beethoven9s understanding of the piece, the present paper turns to the so-called Leonore sketchbook of 1804-5. The latest stages of 1805 sketches reveal a version that comprises three sections corresponding to basic shifts of perspective in the poem: an Adagio in A♭ major for Florestan9s reflections on the meaning of his suffering; a Moderato in F major for the remembrance of his life with Leonore; and an Andante in F minor for his stoic advice to the distant beloved. Was this three-tempo version in fact performed at the premiere? This question cannot be answered definitively, but various bits of evidence, including the overture of 1805, sources for the 1806 revision, and the testimony of the tenor who sang the part of Florestan in 1806, suggest that the version performed in 1805 may have approximated the three-tempo version in the Leonore sketchbook. Further, the sources for the 1806 version suggest that the limitations of the tenor who sang the role of Florestan in 1805 lay behind a number of revisions.


Recent studies on the behavior of nematic liquid crystals (LC's) in two basic configurations are described. The phase rate of change Δϕ/Δt is studied for the case of parallel aligned nematic cells. It is shown that Δϕ/Δt of approximately 3 rad/msec can be obtained with a 4-μm E-7 LC at λ = 0.63 μm. The optical transmission of a 900 twisted-nematic cell is studied with regard to its dependence on the polarization angle of incidence.


English commercial contract law is undergoing its own 'interpretative turn'. According to Lord Hoffmann, disputes concerning implied terms in contracts and the extent of the defendant's liability for loss on breach are resolved by searching for the meaning of the parties' agreement. The process is one of contextual interpretation of the contract (understood in a broad sense which regards the contractual agreement as incorporating more than just the text), rather than the external application of autonomous legal rules derived from authoritative precedents. On the one hand this agreement-centred approach can be regarded as the natural consequence of a definitive principle of contractual liability—obligations are assumed by the parties, rather than imposed on them. On this basis, Lord Hoffmann is simply reasserting the facilitative character of commercial contract law. On the other hand this approach raises questions about the scope and limits of the legal regulation of commercial activity by courts. At its most extreme, the interpretative approach espoused by Lord Hoffmann admits of only an attenuated commitment to commercial contract law as a repository of non-instrumental normative values. Instead, commercial contract law is perceived only as a loose grouping of pragmatic considerations, given a superficial veneer of coherence by reference to a substantively empty concept of interpretation. The article traces the development of this interpretative turn and assesses some of its positive and negative implications, both for the operation of other rules of contract law and for our general understanding of the role of the law in regulating commercial activity.


ABSTRACT The tremendous success of Staphylococcus aureus as a pathogen is due to the controlled expression of a diverse array of virulence factors. The effects of host environments on the expression of virulence factors and the mechanisms by which S. aureus adapts to colonize distinct host tissues are largely unknown. Vertebrates have evolved to sequester nutrient iron from invading bacteria, and iron availability is a signal that alerts pathogenic microorganisms when they enter the hostile host environment. Consistent with this, we report here that S. aureus senses alterations in the iron status via the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) and alters the abundance of a large number of virulence factors. These Fur-mediated changes protect S. aureus against killing by neutrophils, and Fur is required for full staphylococcal virulence in a murine model of infection. A potential mechanistic explanation for the impact of Fur on virulence is provided by the observation that Fur coordinates the reciprocal expression of cytolysins and a subset of immunomodulatory proteins. More specifically, S. aureus lacking fur exhibits decreased expression of immunomodulatory proteins and increased expression of cytolysins. These findings reveal that Fur is involved in initiating a regulatory program that organizes the expression of virulence factors during the pathogenesis of S. aureus pneumonia.


Minamata patients in Japan were found to have middlebut not lowfrequency deficits (high frequencies were not tested) with little or no constriction of visual fields (16). Although deficits in peripheral vision, especially constriction of visual fields, may be the most conspicuous and extensive visual lesion in methylmercury poisoning, other visual changes seem to occur at the same time and possibly earlier under certain conditions. DEBORAH C. RICE STEVEN G. GILBERT Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OL2


Historically, two components of immunity were identified, innate and adaptive. Innate receptors recognise molecular patterns common for groups of pathogens or for common pathological changes in host cells. All animals are protected by innate immunity. In addition, in vertebrates, adaptive immunity evolved that is based on the limitless somatic diversification of lymphoid receptors and selective expansion of those receptors that match the antigen/pathogen. Moreover, somatic hypermutation of antibodies combined with antigen selection allows fine-tuning of an antibody sequence to match the antigen.

The repertoire of adaptive immune receptors in each individual differs in dependence on its life history and provides a basis for a strong memory response. Adaptive immune systems in jaw and jawless vertebrates are built on completely different receptors; immunoglobulin superfamily in jaw vertebrates and molecules with leucine-rich repeats in jawless vertebrates. However, they are strikingly similar functionally pointing to similar evolutionary forces shaping these systems.

Key Concepts:

Both adaptive and innate strategies are used in organisms from bacteria to humans.

Innate mechanisms provide basic protection based on evolutionary conserved features of pathogens whereas adaptive mechanisms provide immunity that is shaped by the life history of every individual.

Adaptive immunity of jaw and jawless vertebrates is based on different receptors but functionally similar pointing to the same evolutionary driving forces.

Combination of adaptive and innate mechanisms is necessary to provide the most comprehensive immune protection.

Genome duplications played a crucial role in the origin of the adaptive immune system.

Adaptive immune system coevolve with innate immune mechanisms.

Keywords:

T cell;
B cell;
antibody;
rags;
AID;
VLR;
rearrangement;
diversification;
thymus


Introduction: Atherosclerosis is characterized by ongoing chronic inflammation, cell damage, apoptosis and scar formation all of which can initiate plaque growth and arterial occlusion. These proteases are controlled by serine protease inhibitors, or serpins, which regulate apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. Complex DNA viruses, such as myxomavirus, have developed highly active immune defense systems which include viral serpins that inhibit inflammation at picogram to microgram doses. Serp-1, a secreted serpin, significantly reduces inflammatory cell activation, invasion and plaque growth in animal models and is in clinical trials. One cross-class serpin, Serp-2, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in a variety of animal models. M-T7, a secreted non-serpin chemokine binding protein, reduces vascular plaque and inflammation. Previous microarray experiments detected no significant changes with viral protein treatment alone, underscoring a need for activated cells. This study assesses the effects of viral proteins with anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic activity on atherosclerosis-related gene expression changes in activated human monocytes. Methods: Triplicate samples of THP-1 human monocytic cells were incubated with saline, 10μM camptothecin alone or in combination with individual serpins (500ng/million cells) for 30 mins at 37°C. Real-time RT-PCR analysis was performed. Results: At 30m, the viral proteins elicited significant expression changes in THP-1 monocytes for genes in purported atherosclerotic pathways. CCL2 was upregulated by Serp-1 (P = 0.0031). PDGFB was significantly increased by Serp-1 (P = 0.0203) and to a lesser extent by Serp-2 and M-T7. M-T7 significantly upregulated L-Selectin (P = 0.0023). Serp-2 significantly downregulated Lipoprotein(a) (P =0.0500). Conclusion: Significant expression changes were detected in human monocytic cells after treatment with three unique anti-inflammatory viral proteins. Differential regulation of genes such as PDGFB underscores the multifaceted approach viral proteins take toward controlling inflammation. Altering atherogenic responses in monocytic cells represents a new potential therapeutic target for inflammatory vascular diseases.


Low-complexity data analysis is the area that addresses the search and quantification of regions in sequences of elements that contain low-complexity or repetitive elements. For example, these can be tandem repeats, inverted repeats, homopolymer tails, GC biased regions, similar genes, and hairpins, among many others. Identifying these regions is crucial because of their association with regulatory and structural characteristics. Moreover, their identification provides positional and quantity information where standard assembly methodologies face significant difficulties because of substantial higher depth coverage (mountains), ambiguous read mapping, or where sequencing or reconstruction defects may occur. However, the capability to distinguish low-complexity regions (LCRs) in genomic and proteomic sequences is a challenge that depends on the model's ability to find them automatically. Low-complexity patterns can be implicit through specific or combined sources, such as algorithmic or probabilistic, and recurring to different spatial distances, namely local, medium, or distant associations.This paper addresses the challenge of automatically modeling and distinguishing LCRs, providing a new method and tool (AlcoR) for efficient and accurate segmentation and visualization of these regions in genomic and proteomic sequences. The method enables the use of models with different memories, providing the ability to distinguish local from distant low-complexity patterns. The method is reference- and alignment-free, providing additional methodologies for testing, including a highly-flexible simulation method for generating biological sequences (DNA or protein) with different complexity levels, sequence masking, and a visualization tool for automatic computation of the LCR maps into an ideogram style. We provide illustrative demonstrations using synthetic, nearly synthetic, and natural sequences showing the high efficiency and accuracy of AlcoR. As large-scale results, we use AlcoR to unprecedentedly provide a whole-chromosome low-complexity map of a recent complete human genome and the haplotype-resolved chromosome pairs of a heterozygous diploid African cassava cultivar.The AlcoR method provides the ability of fast sequence characterization through data complexity analysis, ideally for scenarios entangling the presence of new or unknown sequences. AlcoR is implemented in C language using multi-threading to increase the computational speed, is flexible for multiple applications, and does not contain external dependencies. The tool accepts any sequence in FASTA format. The source code is freely provided at https://github.com/cobilab/alcor.


The transport sector accounts for large proportions of greenhouse gas emissions and energy usage in Sweden, about 40% and 30%, respectively. Most of this, 93%, comes from road transports. There is, therefore, a strong political desire to reduce the use of fossil fuels in road transport. Several alternatives to fossil fuels have been discussed and, more recently, interest in electrically driven vehicles has increased substantially. Numerous studies have been made with respect to electric cars, but there is insufficient knowledge about the use of electrically assisted bicycles. With increased knowledge of the potential of these new bicycles, society can better meet the new trend. The main aim here is to present the effects of pedelec (in this paper referred to as e-bike) usage on CO2 emissions. Based on a web questionnaire sent to users of /e-bikes, this paper also attempts to gain insight into the actual usage and users' motives for buying e-bikes. The survey uses a sample consisting of customers who bought e-bikes through a retailer in Sweden. The results indicate that, contrary to other European studies, the majority of users switched from using their cars to e-bikes. Furthermore, most of the users were men with a driver's license and good access to a car. Calculations suggest that there are large gains to be made in terms of decreased CO2 emissions through a reduction in car mileage. Considering the CO2 reduction potential, and that e-bikes seem to attract men with good access to a car, the results are very interesting indeed. However, the survey is based on a small sample from a single retailer, and to what extent these users mirror the average e-bike user in Sweden is open to question. On the other hand, there is scant evidence to suggest that this would not be the case if standardized e-bikes are focused on. (Less)


Background: Motherhood is a unique phenomenon and not uncommon in women with severe mental illness (SMI). However, little attention has been paid to the voices of these mothers with SMI as to how they navigate it. A qualitative exploration with a social constructivist paradigm was used to understand lived experiences of mothers with SMI during the child-rearing period. Methods: The study used a qualitative design with social constructivist paradigm to obtain data from 30 mothers with SMI who had children <5 years of age. One-to-one in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with transcription, and inductive thematic analysis was used to explore transcripts using Charmaz's grounded theory. Triangulation and respondent validation were used to ensure rigor. Results: Emergent categories (themes) were thoughts/feelings about childbearing (considering children as prized and long-awaited possession, motherhood as "therapeutic," concerns about child's mental health), the impact of mental illness (problems in emotional bonding, separation from children, improved healthcare to serve the maternal role), unmet needs (support groups, empathy, responsibility-sharing, home-based treatment), and caregivers' reactions (blame, discrimination, institutionalization for mental healthcare, custody-related threats). Motherhood as a central part of their identity and burden of balancing "childcare and mental illness" was the overarching categories. Conclusion: The complex emotional journey of a mother with SMI from child-bearing to child-rearing is fraught with many challenges. Developing sensitive and tailored mental health care interventions and policies for them needs to include their own voices, which will improve maternal-child bonding as well as service utilization.


Modern object detection methods based on convolutional neural network suffer from severe catastrophic forgetting in learning new classes without original data. Due to time consumption, storage burden and privacy of old data, it is inadvisable to train the model from scratch with both old and new data when new object classes emerge after the model trained. In this paper, we propose a novel incremental object detector based on Faster R-CNN to continuously learn from new object classes without using old data. It is a triple network where an old model and a residual model as assistants for helping the incremental model learning on new classes without forgetting the previous learned knowledge. To better maintain the discrimination of features between old and new classes, the residual model is jointly trained on new classes in the incremental learning procedure. In addition, a corresponding distillation scheme is designed to guide the training process, which consists of a two-level residual distillation loss and a joint classification distillation loss. Extensive experiments on VOC2007 and COCO are conducted, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively learn to incrementally detect objects of new classes, and the problem of catastrophic forgetting is mitigated in this context.


Our research program explores the opportunities and challenges for engaging learning raised by emerging multiuser virtual environments such as Second Life and There. Students need an engaging learning environment that stimulates their self-efficacy and their outcome expectations. This paper focuses on exploratory research regarding students' preference to learn in a virtual world environment vs. classic text-based learning management systems. Three in-depth interviews were conducted with undergraduate students after using the virtual world called "There." Our preliminary findings indicate that there is some preference for using virtual worlds over the learning management systems. However, there were some issues encountered that could hamper the use of virtual worlds for teaching college courses. This research contributes to the design and use of computer-support learning environments.


In this paper I will use Game of Thrones (the TV series) and its oath of the Night's Watch to discuss some basic questions related to the nature and functioning of law. This will serve a dual goal: assessing the concept of law used in the series (making the paper part of a long-thriving academic field, law and literature, or law and film), but, more importantly, also to present theoretical questions in a friendly way – something I also tested in introduction to law classes. It is not easy to draw students into discussing questions of the right interpretation or functionalist understandings, but by driving them to a friendly (if deadly) territory, one can engage with them and show how the discussion is intimately related to fundamental dilemmas of legal theory.


The main purpose of learning English is to be able to communicate with other people either orally or written. One of the communication forms is writing. The role of writing is very important in many aspects. Realizing how important writing is, this paper explains innovation in teaching writing folktales, its organization and sentence structure. The purpose of the study is to know the organization and sentence structure in teaching writing at the university students. Students mostly don't pay attention to the sentence structures used in writing. In this study, the writer wants to describe sentence structure to build up a good writing particularly in writing folktales. Some related theories used by the writer to analyse writing. In this study, the writer uses descriptive approach. All the words, phrases, and sentences are described by the writer based on their organization and sentence structure. The analysis of writing is done through collecting, classifying, reducing, selecting, displaying, and concluding some related theory on how to build up an excellent sentence structure. The writer hopes that this study will be able to help the students to make a good writing folktales easily.


Psychological needs dissatisfaction has been identified as hindering adaptive development, in which autonomy need dissatisfaction, as one core component, may be associated with adolescents' maladaptive online behaviors. Sporadic research has examined the association between autonomy need dissatisfaction and problematic mobile phone use (PMPU). Boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming were suggested to be linked to this association. This study aimed to examine the mediating effects of boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming in the association between autonomy need dissatisfaction and PMPU. A total of 358 secondary school students completed questionnaires at three waves; autonomy need dissatisfaction was measured in time 1 (T1); boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming were measured one year later (time 2, T2); PMPU was measured two years later (time 3, T3). The structural equation model results showed that T1 autonomy need dissatisfaction not only directly predicted T3 PMPU, but also exerted effects via the mediating role of T2 boredom proneness and the chain mediating role of T2 boredom proneness and T2 mobile phone gaming. These findings reveal the unique role of specific psychological need in engaging PMPU, which provides support to targeted interventions, such that promoting autonomy need satisfaction may be an instrumental procedure to prevent adolescents from addiction-like online behaviors.


BACKGROUND
Cerebral folate deficiency may be amenable to therapeutic supplementation. Diverse metabolic pathways and unrelated processes can lead to cerebrospinal fluid 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) depletion, the hallmark of cerebral folate deficiency.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze cerebral folate abundance in a large prospective series of children diagnosed with any neurologic disorder for which a diagnostic lumbar puncture was indicated.

DESIGN
We studied the spectrum and frequency of disorders associated with cerebral folate deficiency by measuring cerebrospinal fluid 5-MTHF, biogenic amines, and pterins. Direct sequencing of the FOLR1 transporter gene was also performed in some patients.

SETTING
Academic pediatric medical center.

PARTICIPANTS
We studied 134 individuals free of neurometabolic disease and 584 patients with any of several diseases of the central nervous system.

RESULTS
Of 584 patients, 71 (12%) exhibited 5-MTHF deficiency. Mild to moderate deficiency (n = 63; range, 19-63 nmol/L) was associated with perinatal asphyxia, central nervous system infection, or diseases of probable genetic origin (inborn errors of metabolism, white matter disorders, Rett syndrome, or epileptic encephalopathies). Severe 5-MTHF depletion (n = 8; range, 0.6-13 nmol/L) was detected in severe MTHF reductase deficiency, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, biotin-responsive striatal necrosis, acute necrotizing encephalitis of Hurst, and FOLR1 defect. A strong correlation was observed between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma folate levels in cerebral folate deficiency.

CONCLUSIONS
Of the 2 main forms of cerebral folate deficiency identified, mild to moderate 5-MTHF deficiency was most commonly associated with disorders bearing no primary relation to folate metabolism, whereas profound 5-MTHF depletion was associated with specific mitochondrial disorders, metabolic and transporter defects, or cerebral degenerations. The results suggest that 5-MTHF can serve either as the hallmark of inborn disorders of folate transport and metabolism or, more frequently, as an indicator of neurologic dysfunction.


Insufficient rate of NADPH regeneration often limits the activity of biosynthetic pathways. Expression of NADPH-regenerating enzymes is commonly used to address this problem and increase cofactor availability. Here, we construct an Escherichia coli NADPH-auxotroph strain, which is deleted in all reactions that produce NADPH with the exception of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. This strain grows on a minimal medium only if gluconate is added as NADPH source. When gluconate is omitted, the strain serves as a "biosensor" for the capability of enzymes to regenerate NADPH in vivo. We show that the NADPH-auxotroph strain can be used to quantitatively assess different NADPH-regenerating enzymes and provide essential information on expression levels and concentrations of reduced substrates required to support optimal NADPH production rate. The NADPH-auxotroph strain thus serves as an effective metabolic platform for evaluating NADPH regeneration within the cellular context.


The Main Donegal Granite is described in its regional setting and details are given of the envelope of Dalradian metasediments and the relation to the earlier members of the granite complex. A separation is made into the Main Granite Proper and the structureless Trawenagh Bay Granite, covering areas of 140 and 20 square miles respectively. The Main Granite Proper is a biotite-granite showing a medium-grained, grey, apparently marginal type in the south-east of its outcrop, and a coarser, lighter-coloured variety in the north and west. Pegmatite forms a roof facies in the south-west. Flow structures are shown by mineral orientation and a perfect banding ; the latter is produced by granites of varying grain and biotite content, the finer-grained biotite-richer type being of earlier consolidation and possibly constituting a roof phase. Banding is everywhere steep and along the NE.–SW. length of the Main Granite Proper. Within the Granite, perfectly aligned trains of free-swimming rafts of country rocks, seen to be derived from roofs or walls, extend for some dozen or more miles in the Granite and agree perfectly with its flow pattern. The contact-zones of the Main Granite Proper show marked sheeting by granite and, in these zones, high-grade contact schists are produced with staurolite and garnet—deformation, and heating have acted together. The marginal parts of the Granite and the adjacent contact-zones show an intense shoar structure, lineation and mullioning, the planar structures running vertically NE.–SW. and the linear elements plunging gently north-eastwards in the north-eastern part of the outcrop and south-westwards in the south-western. The production of these structures was contemporaneous with that of the contact schists and is related to the emplacement of the Main Granito Proper. The phenomena shown by the Main Granite Proper and by its roof and walls are consistent with the almost horizontal flow, from north-east to south-west, of viscous magma in a long narrow body beneath a pronged roof and between steep walls. A broad divergence of raft-trains as they are followed into the granite shows that it cannot be of replacement origin, nor can the room problem be solved by major stoping. The authors propose that lateral magmatic wedging is the mechanism of emplacement this great granite body.


A system has been developed for verification of multiaxis NC programs with dynamic display of the in-process part in real-time. Such a system is needed because it is time-consuming and expensive to verify an NC program for machining a complicated part. Based on the concept of solid modeling, this system models a "machined" part by taking the Boolean difference of the tool swept volumes from the workpiece. Two key features contribute to the real-time performance of the system: an analytical method for computing swept volumes, and a scan-rendering algorithm for displaying images of solid models. Experience from implementing the system for industrial applications will be discussed. Also presented is a practical method for verifying NC programs with positional tolerances.


At the start of this work in 1988, apart from bulk relaxation experiments four authors had reported discrimination of oil from water in core samples under static conditions by MRI, and only one, Baldwin (1986) had reported visualisation of flowing oil and water using doping agents Mn++. The aim of this research was to develop the application of MRI to petroleum engineering and in particular to develop Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques. A synergistic approach was adopted involving collaboration with AGIP Oil, Italy and the Petroleum Engineering Department of Imperial College. A systematic study of properties of the fluids and their interaction with rock types was mounted, to investigate suitable contrast mechanisms. This was followed by static and dynamic imaging experiments. The chemical shift imaging technique has been used to measure oil and water saturations during flooding experiments with Portland Limestone. For the first time MRI has been used to generate relative permeability, and fractional flow curves for a core plug. The capillary pressure gradient was also determined from the data. The new method was compared to the results of traditional core analysis. Miscible displacements in Lochaline Sandstone were then studied using D2O, glycerol and polymer solutions. The spin echo imaging technique was used to determine the angle of the interface between the fluids. This angle is determined by the ratio of viscous to capillary forces. From this information the core permeability (liquid) and polymer viscosity were measured. These measurements compared well with conventional methods and the results break new ground for MRI. The polymer viscosity measurements are of particular interest since the fluid is non-Newtonian. In separate experiments tertiary chemicals were identified directly during displacement experiments by MRI for the first time. Finally a new model system was developed for image calibration.


Summary Most readings of American playwright Lillian Hellman's The Children's Hour (1934) focus on the psycho-social power of adolescent-driven gossip, rumours and slander, and the frightening outcomes that can emerge when people lose their ability to reason, question, analyse and criticise the world around them. This article argues that the drama also serves as a cultural and political commentary on the social anxieties of a changing America seeking a "return to normalcy" after war in the 1910s, cultural upheaval in the 1920s, and financial collapse in the 1930s. Mary's "evil" behaviour suggests that she is caught in a net of shifting social values concerning sexuality and gender roles and uses wickedness as a strategy to order and control her chaotic world. As an orphan, an outcast, and a young woman grappling with her own developmental issues, Mary desires to gain status within Lancet, Massachusetts, by exposing and attempting to eliminate cultural anxieties about gender and sexuality, as well as changes in social mores and challenges to the family unit. Populated by narrow-minded, heterosexist and self-righteous matrons, oblivious and self-serving adults, and spoiled children who seem unscathed by the Great Depression devouring the nation, the conservative denizens of Lancet succumb to Mary's "big lie" (i.e., that her teachers are lesbians) because it allows them to label and purge the "problematic" and independent women. Thus, Lancet willingly surrenders to the hysteria created by a group of children who, led by Mary Tilford, derive vicarious pleasure and status from the fall of Karen Wright and Martha Dobie – two promising, self-sufficient, educated women who challenge its rigid definitions of womanhood.


Studies involving coastal sediment resuspension have shown that trace metals could be released to the water column due to changes in physical-chemical conditions. Therefore, if environmental agencies adopt screening protocols with insufficient evaluations of contaminant mobilization risks for a given area, the prediction of environmental impacts caused by dredging may be limited. This work evaluates the influence of spatial variation on the geochemical mobility of trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) after artificial sediment resuspension, using as study case the Iguaçu River estuary (Guanabara Bay, Brazil). The Iguaçu River drains the industrial complex of the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro State, besides the presence of agriculture and the input of untreated domestic wastes. Surface estuarine sediments were submitted to resuspension experiments in an open system, during 1h and 24h of agitation on local water. A clear tendency of metals' solubilization was observed after resuspension, especially considering the dissolved concentrations of Cu (average: 8.0 μg L-1) and Zn (average: 0.9 mg L-1), especially for the samples from the transects 2 and 3. However, evaluations of water quality changes due to sediment resuspension are not requested by the legislation regulating the dredging activities. In the sediments, the results suggested a higher geochemical mobility of Cu, indicated by the massive increase on the bioavailable fraction after resuspension, mainly on the transect number 3, on the river's mouth. The effects of resuspension were distinct between samples, suggesting that even in a small scale, important differences on metals' mobility are found. Thus, the combined assessment of changes in metal concentrations in water and in the metal partitioning linked to the solid-phase was demonstrated to be a promising tool for predicting the environmental risks of dredging due to changes in the bioavailability of metals. AbstrAct Christiane do Nascimento Monte1,2* , Ana Paula de Castro Rodrigues3, Alexandre Rafael deFreitas1, Aline Soares Freire4, Ricardo Erthal Santelli4, Bernardo Ferreira Braz4, Wilson Machado1


Case study research into the mandatory veterinary requirements on Dutch exports of live animals and animal products provides empirical evidence on the trade effects of nontariff measures (NTMs). The paper discusses the analytical approach to assess how veterinary health attestation may create (temporary) obstacles for Dutch exports, what these obstacles are, and whether competing exporters in EU countries have encountered similar barriers. We have a dataset on 166 cases in 2004-06 where the process of issuing veterinary certificates for Dutch exports to non- EU destinations was disrupted. Products covered are animal-based products, live animals and feed. We use a sample of 30 cases that continued after 2006, the 'longlasting problems', and 39 cases that came up and got solved between 2004 and 2006, the temporary problems. The main challenge is to link the available record of recognition problems to the disruptions in exports. In order to assess trade disruptions, statistical tests of outliers and trend breaches are performed on detailed monthly trade data, and the issue of not-observed trade needs to be addressed. This raises the need to address disruption patterns around the imposition of measures in trade. The alternative patterns under examination are (i) measures that have an immediate trade impact, (ii) measures due to which trade gradually expands or reduces, and (iii) measures that divert trade to alternative export destinations. Finally, we want to examine whether the impact of veterinary health attestation on trade can be specified towards the type of trade barrier. For that, we suggest to introduce a distinction between three different types of barriers, based on whether obstacles relate to the non-conformity of products to import requirements or a failure in the conformity assessment or both.


In Mayan civilization, collective imagination about the origin of human beings follows its own patterns. Quichean mythology tells of the hazardous process that, after various failed attempts, ended in the creation of first human beings from corn. Men of Maize (Hombre de maíz), by Miguel Ángel Asturias (1949), allows us to delve into this myth of anthropogony: the fight between indigenous people and exploiters of the land is presented as a metaphor for those difficult beginnings and for the commercial corruption of a particularly symbolic food. This article highlights two important debates: that of Deféric and Elda, and that of Hilario Sacayón and Ramona Corzantes; both allow to investigate the mythical themes of magic and nahual, indispensable in the construction of a great central myth in the novel: the creation of man.


Mutants of Escherichia coli which overproduce alcohol dehydrogenase were obtained by selection for the ability to use ethanol as an acetate source in a strain auxotrophic for acetate. A mutant having a 20-fold overproduction of alcohol dehydrogenase was able to use ethanol only to fulfill its acetate requirement, whereas two mutants with a 60-fold overproduction were able to use ethanol as a sole carbon source. The latter two mutants produced only 25% of the wild-type level of nitrate reductase, when grown under anaerobic conditions. Alcohol dehydrogenase production was largely unaffected by catabolite repression but was repressed by nitrate under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The genetic locus responsible for alcohol dehydrogenase overproduction was located at min 27 on the E. coli genetic map; the gene order, as determined by transduction, was trp tonB adh chlC hemA. The possible relationship of alcohol dehydrogenase to anaerobic redox systems such as formate-nitrate reductase is discussed.


After the Cold War, the 'Hot War' has made its comeback in Afghanistan and Iraq. Exhuming Kipling's 'Great Game', we have gone back to the clash between Islam and Christianity. The ghost of the Yellow Peril has been resurrected, the nineteenth-century anti-Darwin debate has been reopened, right-wing governments predominate. It almost seems like history, tired of the big steps forward it has taken in the past two millennia, has gone into reverse. With his customary sharpness and wit, Eco proposes, not so much that we resume a forward march, but at the very least that we cease marching backwards.


Introduction Health insurance is one of the important approaches that can help in boosting universal healthcare coverage through improved healthcare utilisation and financial protection. This objectives of this review are to identify various interventions implemented in India to promote awareness of health insurance, and to provide evidence for the effectiveness of such interventions on the awareness and uptake of health insurance by the resident Indian population. Methods and analysis A systematic review will be carried out based on the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. The review will include experimental and analytical observational studies that have included adult population (>18 years) in India. We will include any intervention, policy or programme that directly or indirectly affects awareness or uptake of health insurance. The following outcomes will be eligible to be included: awareness or health insurance literacy, attitude such as readiness to buy health insurance or decision making, uptake of health insurance, demand-side and supply-side factors for awareness of health insurance, and awareness as a factor for uptake and re-enrolment in health insurance. Databases such as MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, 3ie impact evaluation repository and Social Science Research Network will be searched from January 2010 to 15 July 2020. Additionally, important government websites and references of the included studies will be scanned to identify potential records. Three authors, independently, will carry out screening and data extraction. Studies will be categorised into quantitative and qualitative, and mixed-methods synthesis will be employed to analyse the findings. Ethics and dissemination This review will be based on published studies and will not recruit human participants directly, therefore, ethical clearance is not applicable. We will disseminate the final review findings in a national or international conference and publish in a peer-reviewed journal.


Biodiesel has attracts worldwide attention due to its potential of replacing fossilbased
fuel. In order to conform the stringent international standard, downstream
purification is an essential section in the overall process. The feasibility of crude
glycerin as biodiesel purifier was investigated. Crude biodiesel was washed with
refined glycerin under conditions that have been close to commercial operating
practice possible. The correlation of the extraction variables; temperature, glycerin
concentration and weight ratio of glycerin to biodiesel were investigated. Three basic
parameters were investigated; glycerin concentration, extraction temperature and
ratio of glycerin to biodiesel. Experiments were performed in order to determine the
optimum condition of the glycerin-wash using Taguchi method. The pretreated
biodiesel was further purified with water. Characterization on the biodiesel was done
to ensure the standard requirement was fulfilled. The result show that glycerin wash
can significantly remove the soap content. The integrated glycerin wash (60%
glycerin purity, 85°C and 15wt% ratio of glycerin to biodiesel) followed by 15wt%
water wash is proved to be a better method for biodiesel purification.


Objective: Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression has been linked to tumor cell invasion and metastasis, but its role in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has not been addressed. The goal of this study was to investigate FAK expression in ICC and to assess whether its expression is correlated with clinicopathological factors or prognosis in patients with ICC. Methods: FAK expression was examined using immunohistochemistry with sections from 56 resected ICC specimens. The correlations between FAK expression and clinical outcome were assessed. Results: The patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of FAK expression: high FAK group (n = 16) and low FAK group (n = 40). A lower expression of FAK was correlated with tumor size, poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, and intrahepatic metastasis. In the low FAK expression group, multiple recurrence and distant metastases were more prevalent than in the high FAK expression group. The overall and disease-free survival analysis indicated worse outcomes of the low FAK expression group (p < 0.01). Conclusions: A low expression of FAK in ICC is associated with a poor outcome after a surgical resection.


The current study aims at identifying the best types of learning aids in micro-learning environments via mobile web and determining the best level that is appropriate for presenting these types and examining the interaction between them, concerning their impact on learning programming skills with Visual Basic.NET language and its cognitive and performance aspects, in addition to the usability of the female students of the educational technology to use these environments. It is relied upon the experimental design (2 × 2) to include two independent variables: First: Learning aids type in micro-learning environments, and it has two types, namely (Continuous learning aids versus on-demand learning aids). Second: The delivery level of learning aids in the micro-learning environment, which includes two levels of aids, namely: (Brief aid versus detailed aid) The study included three dependent variables: Achievement related to the cognitive aspect of programming skills, performance rate and the usability of the micro-learning environment via the mobile web. The research sample consists of (40) students from the third level students, Department of Educational Technology, College of Education, Dammam University, and they were distributed into (4) groups. One-way, two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test are used to analyze the data. The results show that the on-demand aid type in micro-learning environments via mobile web is better than the continuous aid type and that the brief aid is better than the detailed aid. Moreover, the best experimental treatment resulting from the interaction between the type and level of learning aid is for the treatment that uses brief learning aids on-demand. Abstract:


Background: Volunteers are integral to the history of hospices and continue to play a vital role. However, economic, policy and demographic challenges in the twenty-first century raise questions about how best to manage this essential resource. Aim: This narrative review explores the recent literature on end-of-life care volunteering and reflects upon the issues pertinent to current organisational challenges and opportunities. Design: The parameters of the review were set deliberately wide in order to capture some of the nuances of contemporary volunteer practices. Articles reporting on research or evaluation of adult end-of-life care services (excluding prison services) that use volunteers and were published in English between 2000 and 2011 were included. Data sources: Seven electronic databases, key journals and grey literature databases. Results: Sixty-eight articles were included in the analysis. The articles were drawn from an international literature, while acknowledging that volunteer roles vary considerably by organisation and/or by country and over time. The majority of articles were small in scale and diverse in methodology, but the same topics repeatedly emerged from both the qualitative and quantitative data. The themes identified were individual volunteer factors (motivation, characteristics of volunteers, stress and coping, role boundaries and value) and organisational factors (recruiting for diversity, support and training and volunteers' place in the system). Conclusions: The tensions involved in negotiating the boundary spaces that volunteers inhabit, informality and regulation, diversity issues and the cultural specificity of community models, are suggested as topics that merit further research and could contribute to the continuing development of the volunteer workforce.


Angle domain common image gathers (ADCIGs) from reverse-time migration (RTM) provide new tools for imaging complex geologic structures, such as salt flank or subsalt areas, characterized by multiarrivals. Compared with common image gathers from Kirchoff or Beam migration, the ADCIGs from RTM have the advantage of relying on wave propagation, providing a more reliable input for tomography or amplitude analysis. In practice however, most current wide azimuth surveys (e.g., deep-water regions of the Gulf of Mexico) are acquired with coarsely sampled shot and receiver locations on the surface, which leads to severe angular undersampling. This phenomenon is frequently observed on shallow seismic events in high-resolution 3D ADCIGs from common-shot RTM. In addition, because small offsets are frequently not recorded, seismic events are missing at small incidence angles in angle gathers. We have made a detailed study of the angular sampling issue in 3D angle gathers. We then used plane-wave RTM to generate 3D angle gathers. Plane-wave RTM, with its low-cost and automatic angular interpolation, is a promising solution for improving the quality of 3D angle gathers.


This thesis explores the question of why health development, indicated by a reduction in maternal and infant mortality rates, has been relatively slow in the district of East Lombok, in the province of Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. It describes the political, economic, social and cultural character of Sasak village life, and the historical and wider politico-economic context in which it is embedded. The thesis fulfils the requirements of the emerging field of critical medical anthropology, paying attention not only to culture, but also to political economy; not only at the local (or micro) level, but also at the macro and intermediary levels. The objective of part one is to offer a broad analysis which demonstrates the local, regional and national political and economic constraints upon reducing maternal and infant mortality rates in rural East Lombok. Part two critically examines international and national health development discourses, which, it is argued, depoliticise the issue of health inequalities, and represent local people as sole cause of their poor health status. It also discusses the political effects of the process of medicalisation.

This thesis is based on ethnographic research, the focus of which is the interface between rural Sasak women and local government health staff, who deliver medical interventions through the national family planning and primary health care programmes. At the local level economic, political, social and cultural factors determine the everyday decisions women make about where and when to seek preventative and curative treatment for themselves and their infants. It is at this local level that the disjuncture between Sasak theories of illness causation and healing practices, and those of biomedicine which inform the policies and interventions of government health development planners, are revealed. Similarly, it is at this level that the disjuncture between the planned and the actual quality and quantity of health interventions delivered can be observed. Part three of the thesis describes the specific effects of these disjunctures in limiting the impact of health development interventions in reducing maternal and infant mortality in rural East Lombok.


The light- and electron-microscopic investigation performed in order to study the elastic cartilage ultrastructure in the human concha auriculae has demonstrated that a peculiar feature of the later is abundance of elastic fibers both in its perichondrium and in the cartilagenous tissue. In the perichondrium the fibrillar elements (collagenous and elastic fibers) are oriented in parallel with the cartilagenous plate surface. There is not any definite regularity in the arrangement of the fibers of the cartilagenous tissue. As demonstrates the light microscopy, homogeneity of the ground substance is connected with a very compact arrangement of its fibrillar elements. Spaces between the fibers and fibrillae are filled with an amorphous ruthenium-positive substance of the proteoglycane nature.


Datacenters have a growing need to monitor and maintain complicated computing machines and verify their systems are functioning at a high level. In order to achieve this goal, it is critical that administrators are able to readily verify basic user operations and survey system performance, quickly discerning when a configuration is sub-optimal. We have created a system health and performance monitoring tool that enables tracking both health and historical performance. The tool presents this data visually and enables the identification of realized and potential problems intuitively. This tool leverages Slurm, a workload manager common in, yet critical to High Performance Computing workflows. We construct the tool around Jenkins, a popular and well-supported testing automation framework which has been used in recent system health and regression testing, as well as PyTest, an assertion-driven Python unit test framework, after evaluating several potential automation tools and testing frameworks. This project develops a test harness for the Texas Advanced Computing Center to run multiple extendable suites of benchmarking and system health applications demonstrated on the Stampede2 and Lonestar5 HPC systems. The applications chosen to run within the test harness include existing in-house benchmarks, such as the Performance Assessment Workbench, and community benchmarks, e.g. STREAM, in addition to newly created system health monitoring scripts.


Epstein Barr virus (EBV)+ Hodgkin's disease (HD) expresses clearly identified tumor antigens derived from the virus and could, in principle, be a target for adoptive immunotherapy with viral antigen–specific T cells. However, like most tumor-associated antigens in immunocompetent hosts, these potential targets are only weakly immunogenic, consisting primarily of the latent membrane protein (LMP)1 and LMP2 antigens. Moreover, Hodgkin tumors possess a range of tumor evasion strategies. Therefore, the likely value of immunotherapy with EBV-specific cytotoxic effector cells has been questioned. We have now used a combination of gene marking, tetramer, and functional analyses to track the fate and assess the activity of EBV cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines administered to 14 patients treated for relapsed EBV+ HD. Gene marking studies showed that infused effector cells could further expand by several logs in vivo, contribute to the memory pool (persisting up to 12 mo), and traffic to tumor sites. Tetramer and functional analyses showed that T cells reactive with the tumor-associated antigen LMP2 were present in the infused lines, expanded in peripheral blood after infusion, and also entered tumor. Viral load decreased, demonstrating the biologic activity of the infused CTLs. Clinically, EBV CTLs were well tolerated, could control type B symptoms (fever, night sweats, and weight loss), and had antitumor activity. After CTL infusion, five patients were in complete remission at up to 40 mo, two of whom had clearly measurable tumor at the time of treatment. One additional patient had a partial response, and five had stable disease. The performance and fate of these human tumor antigen–specific T cells in vivo suggests that they might be of value for the treatment of EBV+ Hodgkin lymphoma.


Bromo-adjacent homology (BAH) domains are commonly found in chromatin-associated proteins and fall into two classes; Remodels the Structure of Chromatin (RSC)-like or Sir3-like. Although Sir3-like BAH domains bind nucleosomes, the binding partners of RSC-like BAH domains are currently unknown. The Rsc2 subunit of the RSC chromatin remodeling complex contains an RSC-like BAH domain and, like the Sir3-like BAH domains, we find Rsc2 BAH also interacts with nucleosomes. However, unlike Sir3-like BAH domains, we find that Rsc2 BAH can bind to recombinant purified H3 in vitro, suggesting that the mechanism of nucleosome binding is not conserved. To gain insight into the Rsc2 BAH domain, we determined its crystal structure at 2.4 Å resolution. We find that it differs substantially from Sir3-like BAH domains and lacks the motifs in these domains known to be critical for making contacts with histones. We then go on to identify a novel motif in Rsc2 BAH that is critical for efficient H3 binding in vitro and show that mutation of this motif results in defective Rsc2 function in vivo. Moreover, we find this interaction is conserved across Rsc2-related proteins. These data uncover a binding target of the Rsc2 family of BAH domains and identify a novel motif that mediates this interaction.