This research measures human performance in inferring the functional types (i.e., home, work, leisure and transport) of locations in geo-location data using different visual representations of the data (textual, static and animated visualizations) along with different amounts of data (1, 3 or 5 day(s)). We first collected real life geo-location data from tweets. We then asked the data owners to tag their location points, resulting in ground truth data. Using this dataset we conducted an empirical study involving 45 participants to analyze how accurately they could infer the functional location of the original data owners under different conditions, i.e., three data representations, three data densities and four location types. The study results indicate that while visual techniques perform better than textual ones, the functional locations of human activities can be inferred with a relatively high accuracy even using only textual representations and a low density of location points. Workplace was more easily inferred than home while transport was the functional location with the highest accuracy. Our results also showed that it was easier to infer functional locations from data exhibiting more stable and consistent mobility patterns, which are thus more vulnerable to privacy disclosures. We discuss the implications of our findings in the context of privacy preservation and provide guidelines to users and companies to help preserve and safeguard people's privacy.


Explicitly representing a business model facilitates the understanding, analysis, and innovation of its underlying logic. For representing business models, numerous approaches have been suggested in the literature. They differ greatly in their understanding of the business model concept, the approach for representation, the terminology, and the notational elements they use. This impedes the diffusion of the representational approaches in business practice and the development of a cumulative research tradition. Our contributions are twofold: Based on a comprehensive literature review, we provide (I) a synthesizing framework for classifying approaches for business model representation, and (II) a terminological and conceptual synthesis of the notational elements. Thereby, practitioners are supported in selecting the most suitable representation for a specific purpose. For researchers, our work provides the basis to develop a more cumulative stream of research.


Responding to an emerging health threat often requires rapid deployment of behavior change communication. Health communication best practices include developing and testing draft messages and materials to ensure that they resonate with and inspire priority groups to act. However, when faced with an emergency health threat, the timeline for these activities can be compressed from months to weeks. This article discusses the rapid development and implementation of a Zika virus prevention campaign for pregnant women in Puerto Rico. The goal of the campaign was to increase knowledge among and motivate pregnant women, their partners and family members, and the community to follow Zika virus prevention recommendations. The steps in campaign development include environmental scanning, concept development and testing, and message testing to ensure development of campaign materials that resonated with and were well-received by key audience groups. The materials adhere to principles of behavior change communication, and offer our insights for development of future campaigns when under time constraints.


Between the notions of image and time there obtains an intrinsic connection. Images are incomplete unless they are moving ones – unless, that is, they happen in time. On the other hand, time cannot be conceptualized except by metaphors, and thus ultimately by images, of movement in space. In my talk I will suggest not only that Wittgenstein provides substantial insights that help us to come to terms with the connection between image and time, but also that grasping the philosophical strategy he applies here can make us realize what the later Wittgenstein was actually up to. In two previous Kirchberg papers of mine, I have dealt with Wittgenstein's philosophy of images (2001) and touched on his philosophy of time (2005). I will now bring together, and radically expand, the arguments of those papers. In so doing, a crucial issue I have to face is the later Wittgenstein's view on metaphors – his views on what figurative language philosophically amounts to. Those views have undergone a change between the 1920s and the 1940s, and it is essential that we should understand the precise direction of this change. Did the mature Wittgenstein still believe that metaphors, in order to make sense, have to be reducible to their literal meanings? I do not think he did, and will attempt to spell out the momentous consequences of this development.


Most modern NLP systems make use of pre-trained contextual representations that attain astonishingly high performance on a variety of tasks. Such high performance should not be possible unless some form of linguistic structure inheres in these representations, and a wealth of research has sprung up on probing for it. In this paper, we draw a distinction between intrinsic probing, which examines how linguistic information is structured within a representation, and the extrinsic probing popular in prior work, which only argues for the presence of such information by showing that it can be successfully extracted. To enable intrinsic probing, we propose a novel framework based on a decomposable multivariate Gaussian probe that allows us to determine whether the linguistic information in word embeddings is dispersed or focal. We then probe fastText and BERT for various morphosyntactic attributes across 36 languages. We find that most attributes are reliably encoded by only a few neurons, with fastText concentrating its linguistic structure more than BERT.


The passive hamstring stretch test is described. Using a modified goniometer it is shown that independent measurements taken by trained examiners approximate very closely to each other. This establishes the test as a valid objective measurement. The possible value of this test as a research tool in low back pain problems is discussed.


NICCACCI, A., La Casa della Sapienza. Voci e Volti della Sapienza Biblica (Milan: Edizioni San Paolo, 1994), pp. 186. Paper, L 24,000. ISBN 88-215-2758-1. Written for a popular audience, this introduces themes of biblical wisdom, illustrated with many line-drawmgs of Egyptian artifacts. N. starts with the invitation to banquet, followed by 'Experience', the wisdom teacher (featuring the comparison of Amenemopet and Proverbs 22-23). There are chapters on Job, Qoheleth and the Song of Songs and finally the 'search for wisdom' featuring Wisdom, Ben Sira and 2 Baruch, culminating m the teaching and person of Jesus. The Egyptian illustrations are sometimes more apt than others (Job, Jesus?) but the volume is on the whole quite delightful. PRD


Background: Unprotected heterosexual sexual act has been correlated with unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) especially HIV/AIDS, which still has a high endemicity in Africa. This study aimed to determine the association between socio-demographic variables (SDVs), sexual experience, and the use of condom. Setting and Design: This was a cross-sectional study comprising 542 undergraduate students, randomly selected from three Nigerian universities. Methodology: Well-structured open-ended questionnaires were administered to respondents. Bivariate analysis was used to determine the association between SDVs and attitude to condom use and between the SDVs, sexual experience and the use of condom. Data were analyzed using Epi6 6.04 and SPSS 10.0 software packages. Pearson's Chi-square (χ[2]) and Fisher's exact tests were used as applicable. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Approximately 46% of the respondents were sexually active (consisting of about 71% of those 25–29 years old and 58% of the males [P < 0.001]). About 50.4% had a single sexual partner and 86.7% had "ever used" condom. The most common reasons given for use of condom were prevention of pregnancy (91.7%) and STDs (89.1%). All the SDV except religion significantly (P < 0.05) accounted for the disparity in sexual attitudes of the students. Those aged 25 years and above, males and Tiv tribe were more likely to indulge in sexual activities (P < 0.001). More females (98%) compared to males (83%) had ever used condom in their sexual experience (P = 0.010), while there was no significant association between any of the SDVs and use of condom in the last sexual exposure (P > 0.05). Conclusion: SDVs play a role in determining the attitude of students towards condom use and sexual experiences. Programs regarding sexual and reproductive health including safe sex education especially among young Nigerian students should be developed or strengthened.


There is need to characterize the impact of the integration crop-livestock on weed infestation in production fields; higher infestation would result in lower system sustainability mainly due to the increased demand for agrochemicals, especially herbicides. Thus, we aimed with this study to assay weed dynamics in a farmer's managed, long-term crop-livestock system, through a case study adopting the phytosociological perspective. The monitored fields measured 282 ha at the municipality of Amambai-MS, Brazil. Each area was sub-divided into two sections ("1" and "2") for organization of quadrat distribution. A complete monitoring, which included both instantaneous infestation and soil seed bank studies, was conducted in both areas, which were managed under long-term crop-livestock integration, cycling every two years between soybean-corn succession and cattle raising (livestock). Phytosociological characterization of weed species was accomplished in 2011 based on the Ecological Approach. Estimations of relative density, frequency, dominance and Importance Value Index were obtained. Areas were also intra-characterized by the diversity coefficients of Simpson and modified Shannon-Weiner, and then grouped by cluster analysis. Crop-livestock integration proved to be efficient in suppressing some troublesome weed species, but others still prevail in integrated production fields; for Center-West region of Brazil, pigweed, beggartick and sourgrass tend to be preponderant weed species in crop-livestock areas; weed management should go beyond cultural practices, demanding the right herbicide to be applied at the right time aiming to control the weed species which were able to prevail even in the integrated production environment.


In this paper, we consider the problem of transmitting classical and quantum information reliably over an entanglement-assisted quantum (EAQ) channel. Our main result is a capacity theorem that gives a 3-D achievable rate region. Points in the region are rate triples, consisting of the classical communication rate, the quantum communication rate, and the entanglement consumption rate of a particular coding scheme. The crucial protocol in achieving the boundary points of the capacity region is a protocol that we name the classically enhanced father (CEF) protocol. The CEF protocol is more general than other protocols in the family tree of quantum Shannon theoretic protocols, in the sense that several previously known quantum protocols are now child protocols of it. The CEF protocol also shows an improvement over a timesharing strategy for the case of a qubit dephasing channel-this result justifies the need for simultaneous coding of classical and quantum information over an EAQ channel. Our capacity theorem is of a multiletter nature (requiring a limit over many uses of the channel), but it reduces to a single-letter characterization for at least three channels: the completely depolarizing channel, the quantum erasure channel, and the qubit dephasing channel.


Iatrogenic bile duct injury continues to be an important clinical problem, resulting in serious morbidity, and occasional mortality, to patients. None of the classification system is universally accepted and worldwide used as each has its own limitation. This article reviews the various classification systems of bile duct injury. Traditionally, biliary injuries have been classified using the Bismuth's classification. This classification does not encompass the whole spectrum of injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Strasberg's classification made Bismuth's classification much more comprehensive by including various other types of extrahepatic bile duct injuries. Our own classification is simple enough, embraces the majority possible variants of bile duct injuries and convenient in clinical use.


A68, or PHF-tau, is an abnormally phosphorylated form of the microtubule-associated protein tau, which is a primary protein constituent of paired helical filaments (PHFs) and, ultimately, of Alzheimer's disease-associated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Previously, we have shown that in heat-shocked neuronal PC12 cells, tau is hyperphosphorylated and transformed to an A68-like state as determined by immunologic and biochemical criteria. In the present study, we investigated the role of heat shock protein of 72 kDa (hsp72) in the protection of tau against hyperphosphorylation during heat shock. Neuronal PC12 cells were exposed either directly to a heat shock (45 degrees C for 30 min) or to a conditioning heat stress (43 degrees C for 90 min followed by a 4 hr recovery at 37 degrees C) followed by the heat shock. Hsp72 was maximally induced immediately after heat shock in conditioned (acquired thermotolerant, ATT) cells, while unconditioned (nonacquired thermotolerant, non-ATT) cells required 9 hr of recovery to exhibit maximal hsp72 induction. The differential time course of hsp72 induction during recovery of ATT and non-ATT cells correlated with the presence of normal tau. Immediately after the heat shock, when hsps were maximally induced, ATT cells exhibited the normal form of tau. With longer recovery times, the levels of hsp72 were reduced and tau was hyperphosphorylated. A similar correlation was observed in non-ATT cells. In the presence of L-azetidyl 2-carboxylic acid, ATT cells synthesized nonfunctional hsp72, as exhibited by the inability of the cells to recover from the effects of heat shock.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Morocco is one of the most prominent emigration countries with about 3 million Moroccan citizens living abroad, mainly in European countries. Since the 1960s, when the "guest worker" programs leading to large numbers of migrants to Europe was in full swing, the Moroccan government established strong ties with its citizens abroad. However, this relationship has not been an easy one. Up until the beginning of the 1990s, the Moroccan government aimed to control Diaspora members and strived to prevent them from integrating in the destination countries as well as from participating in the political field in Morocco (de Haas 2007). Morocco's attitude towards its emigrants has changed considerably over the years. In the early 1990s, Morocco acknowledged the permanent settlement of Moroccans in the destination countries which consequently led to a reconsideration of Morocco's relationship with its Diaspora. Accordingly, the focus shifted from controlling the Diaspora to including it in a Diaspora engagement policy (de Haas 2007). The main implication of this shift is that the Moroccan government started to put emphasis on the successful integration of Moroccans abroad, while encouraging them to stay in contact with Morocco through economic, social and cultural activities. The change in vision was also reflected in institutional arrangements, policies and programs developed in the recent years concerning Diaspora engagement. In this policy brief, we aim to map the current state-of-art in Morocco considering Diaspora engagement based on desk research and interviews conducted with government officials and international organizations in Morocco in December 2010.


In the last years the number of electronic control systems has increased significantly. In order to stay competitive more and more functionality is integrated into more and more powerful and complex computer hardware. Due to these advances in control systems engineering new challenges for analyzing the timing behavior of real-time computer systems arise. The two identified main challenges are execution-time modeling of the hardware and the path problem that forbids capturing the worst-case execution time (WCET) by end-to-end measurements due to limits in computational complexity. This work presents the cornerstones of our new measurement-based WCET analysis method that successfully addresses these problems. We clearly identify our research goals and the relevance of our research. Especially, the novel aspects of our approach are emphasized. The conclusion is formed by a brief presentation of an industrial-size case study application.


This paper reviews the NTIRE 2022 Challenge on Super-Resolution and Quality Enhancement of Compressed Video. In this challenge, we proposed the LDV 2.0 dataset, which includes the LDV dataset (240 videos) and 95 additional videos. This challenge includes three tracks. Track 1 aims at enhancing the videos compressed by HEVC at a fixed QP. Track 2 and Track 3 target both the super-resolution and quality enhancement of HEVC compressed video. They require x2 and x4 super-resolution, respectively. The three tracks totally attract more than 600 registrations. In the test phase, 8 teams, 8 teams and 12 teams submitted the final results to Tracks 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The proposed methods and solutions gauge the state-of-the-art of super-resolution and quality enhancement of compressed video. The proposed LDV 2.0 dataset is available at https://github.com/RenYang-home/LDV_dataset. The homepage of this challenge (including open-sourced codes) is at https://github.com/RenYang-home/NTIRE22_VEnh_SR.


BACKGROUND
Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a well-recognized complication in patients undergoing posterior instrumented fusion procedures for adult spinal deformity. Strategies that reduce rates of PJK have the potential to improve the safety of these operations and decrease cost by eliminating the need for revision surgery.

OBJECTIVE
To present a set of surgical techniques that can decrease rates of PJK in adults undergoing surgery for spinal deformity.

METHODS
We summarize the use of vertebroplasty, transverse process hooks, terminal rod contouring, and ligament augmentation as means to reduce rates of PJK.

RESULTS
We present PJK prevention strategies and a video technique guide that are safe, technically feasible, and add minimal operative time to these surgical procedures. When applied to appropriate high-risk patients, these techniques have the potential to dramatically reduce rates of PJK, which improves quality of life and decreases the cost associated with this treating adult spinal deformity.

CONCLUSION
PJK prevention strategies represent a critical area for improvement in surgery for adult spinal deformity. We present a summary of techniques that are safe, feasible, and add minimal time to the overall procedure. These techniques warrant investigation in a thoughtful, prospective manner, but are supported by existing data and compelling biomechanical rationale. Our hope is that these strategies can be applied, particularly in high-risk patients, to help reduce rates of PJK.


This paper describes our research efforts aimed in the analysis of the humanoid robot feet role during walking gait. To improve the humanoid robot walking performances, a dynamic simulation using ADAMS software is carried out. To analyze the foot model effects virtual locomotion system has been built. Four foot models are compared through two criteria: the total energy consumption and the normal contact force component. These models are plate, flexible, active and hybrid flexible active feet parts. Simulation results show the relative effects of the flexibility and the introduction of the active joint at the toes level. The results prove the efficiency of the flexible active foot model


Stability studies are a routine procedure for ensuring the maintenance of pharmaceutical product safety, quality and efficacy throughout the shelf life. These pharmaceutical products are followed by the guidelines issued by Regulatory bodies like ICH, WHO or other regulatory agencies. Stability testing provides evidence that the quality of a drug product under the influence of various environmental factors changes with time. Stability Studies of Pharmaceutical Product Capacity of a pharmaceutical product in a given packaging system to remain within established specifications to maintain its Quality and deliver the desired Performance throughout the retest or expiration period. This review article includes introduction about stability studies, types of stability studies, and guidelines issued for shelf life estimation of pharmaceutical products.


The purpose of this study is to establish the impact of social network-based marketing on the turnover of retailers in the Polokwane area of Limpopo Province South Africa. Primarily the study tests three hypothesis related to digital marketing. The study adopted the quantitative research design, utilising self-complete, likert scale questionnaires to generate the relevant quantitative data. The data from the questionnaires was analysed using frequency diagrams and hypothesis tested by determining averages and standard deviations. Critically, the study found that social media networks as a form of digital marketing had a positive impact on the turnover of retailers in Polokwane. Further-more, it was found that the majority of the retailers who participated in the study utilised social networks in one form or another as a digital marketing tool and viewed it as a viable marketing approach. Ultimately, this paper recommends that retailers who have not integrated social media as part of their integrated marketing communications strategy do so in order to strengthen their online brand presence given the positive impact of digital marketing tools on turnover. More-so as a result of this study, the paper recommends that retailers in Polokwane continue to utilise social networks in their marketing efforts. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n9p307


The new headrace tunnel at the water power station at Rossaga will be constructed with TBM and the project will thereby have Norway´s first TBM-tunnel since 1993. The tunnel is located in Nordland with a lot of calcareous rock types and the risk of encountering karst and water inflow is therefore present. It has therefore been performed an engineering geological evaluation of the possible water problems in the headrace tunnel. The analysis is based on a review of the possibility of meeting karst in the tunnel, review and discussion of experiences with former tunnel projects in karst areas for both international projects and projects from Nordland, and a review of the engineering geological conditions at Rossaga. Possible methods for detecting karst during pre-investigations and during construction have been discussed. Karst ground is very complex ground to investigate. The focus during pre-investigation should therefore be on providing enough information to be able to predict the ground conditions so appropriate planning for the tunnel construction can be done. Surface mapping of karst features and boreholes in critical sections can be possible methods for predicting karst at tunnel level. Since karst is difficult to predict before excavation it is important that investigation during construction is performed. Probe drilling during excavation is a possible method for detecting karst, but karst can be difficult to reveal also with this method. A review of the possibility of encountering karst has been performed. Karst can occur in almost all rock types that are calcareous. For the headrace tunnel this means that karst can occur in limestone, marble, calcareous skarn, mica schist and mica gneiss. Karst is observed in some places along the tunnel alignment and has occurred in tunnels in the same geological region, but from the information that is now available it is not possible to conclude with whether karst will occur or not in the tunnel. It is necessary to perform more investigations to give a more certain answer to this. What can be said for sure is that the possibility of karst in the area is present and some sections along the tunnel have higher probability of encountering karst than the others. This is taken into consideration in the prognosis. A prognosis has been performed for the possibility of encountering water inflow in the tunnel. The tunnel is divided into four sections and evaluated on a scale of: Very small, Small, Moderate, Large and Extremely Large possibility of encountering water inflow. The evaluation is done with respect to the possibility of encountering karst and the other engineering geological conditions that can lead to water inflow. One section with marble is evaluated to have Large possibility of water inflow and a section with mica schist is evaluated to Moderate possibility. The two last sections consist of different rock types and are evaluated to have Low and Low-Moderate possibility. The largest amount of water inflow is expected to be in relation to karst. The amount of water inflow that can occur if karst is encountered is very uncertain, but experiences indicate that extremely large water inflow can occur. Small to moderate water inflow along the tunnel alignment can occur though open joints and in weakness zones. Possible consequences of karst for the construction of the TBM-tunnel are discussed with respect to water inflow. An open TBM is used at Rossaga. The TBM can stand a lot of water and it is a water pump available. The most likely consequence for water inflow into the tunnel will be poor working conditions with muck and water spreading out in the working area. Water inflow can cause instable conditions and difficulty with installing rock support. An open TBM, which are used at Rossaga, is particular sensitive to these conditions because the machine does not have a shield and is open to the rock mass in the working area. Implementation of measures against water inflow is time consuming and will hamper the progress of the TBM. Measures against karst and water inflow can be probe drilling and implementing pre-injection if karst is detected. This is recommended as a method for stopping water inflow, also for TBM. In the TBM-tunnel at Rossaga only one probe hole will be drilled in the tunnel face at the time. The possibility of detecting karst with one probe hole is small. It is recommended that more investigations is performed to reveal critical sections with respect to karst and that more thorough probe drilling will be performed in these sections. In this way a good balance is maintained between progress of the tunnel and the investigations. Also more drill hammers can be installed, to be able to perform probe drilling more efficiently. Generally, it is important to have planned measures against all possible eventualities, and that the necessary equipment is available and staff with experience from similar conditions.


The article discusses problems of representative views of data and elaborates a concept of the performativity of data. It shows how data used for surveillance contributes in creating suspect subjectivities. In particular, the article focuses on the inductive or explorative processing of data and on the decoupling of data generation and analysis that characterize current use of data for surveillance. It lines out several challenges this poses to established accounts of surveillance: David Lyon's concept of surveillance as social sorting and Haggerty and Ericson's "surveillant assemblage". These problems are attributed to a representationalist view, which focuses on the veracity of data. This can lead to ignoring problematic consequences of surveillance procedures and the full scope of affected persons. Building on an idea by Rita Raley, an alternative account of data as performative is proposed. Using Judith Butler's concept of "citationality," this account shows how surveillance is entangled with the production of subjects through data in general. Surveillance is reformulated as a particular way in which subjects are produced that is parasitical to other forms of subjectivation.


Abstract. Suranto, Wahyuni D, Edy Purwanto E. 2019. Evidence of pollen features and peroxidase isozymes in their morphological complexity of ten local cultivars of sweet potato from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2511-2518. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) has been recorded to have many cultivars and variations in the morphological characters not only for the leaves but also for the tubers. Sweet potatoes had economically significant role, especially as an additional food due to its high content of carbohydrate and other nutrient values. In order to test whether the morphological variation in this species was also expressed at the micro character; such as pollen morphology and enzyme activity, ten sweet potato cultivars were used in this study. The morphological characters such as shape and structure of the pollen features were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Accordingly, Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to look-at the banding pattern of peroxidase isozymes. Morphological characters of leaves, flowers, and tuber were observed qualitatively both for the typical shape and colors. More detail of flower shapes was drown manually especially their petal edges. The results showed that there was variation among the ten sweet potato cultivars confirmed not only on their morphological characters but also the isozyme banding patterns of ten cultivars tested. At least, two cultivar Antin 3 and Papua Solossa had uniques characters especially the purple stem and yellow tuber and dark skin on the tuber, respectively. In addition, the structural analysis of pollen showed that Beta 1 cultivar has very large pollen; 116,50 μm (axis polar) and the contour surface of exine pollen was concave with the aperture shape and ornamentation were prolate spheroidal and echinate respectively. This unique character was also shown by its peroxidase isozyme bands. Eleven bands of leaf and 13 bands of stem samples were detected respectively. The typical Rf values of 0.31, 0.48 and 0.41 were detected for the leaf, while for stem samples were 0.14, 0.20 and 0.26. The Beta 1 cultivar showed very thick bands in between Rf values of 0.13 and 0.26. Meanwhile, the unique band pattern of Papua Salosa was the absence of band at 0.38.


Temporal difference learning with linear function approximation is a popular method to obtain a low-dimensional approximation of the value function of a policy in a Markov Decision Process. We give a new interpretation of this method in terms of a splitting of the gradient of an appropriately chosen function. As a consequence of this interpretation, convergence proofs for gradient descent can be applied almost verbatim to temporal difference learning. Beyond giving a new, fuller explanation of why temporal difference works, our interpretation also yields improved convergence times. We consider the setting with $1/\sqrt{T}$ step-size, where previous comparable finite-time convergence time bounds for temporal difference learning had the multiplicative factor $1/(1-\gamma)$ in front of the bound, with $\gamma$ being the discount factor. We show that a minor variation on TD learning which estimates the mean of the value function separately has a convergence time where $1/(1-\gamma)$ only multiplies an asymptotically negligible term.


This guide presents selected print and electronic resources in media management available through the University of Miami Libraries and open access web sites.


The formation of an active dinitrogenase requires the synthesis and the insertion of the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) into a presynthesized apodinitrogenase. In Azotobacter vinelandii, NafY (also known as γ protein) has been proposed to be a FeMo-co insertase because of its ability to bind FeMo-co and apodinitrogenase. Here we report the purification and biochemical characterization of NafY and reach the following conclusions. First, NafY is a 26-kDa monomeric protein that binds one molecule of FeMo-co with very high affinity (Kd ≈ 60 nm); second, the NafY-FeMo-co complex exhibits a S = 3/2 EPR signal with features similar to the signals for extracted FeMo-co and the M center of dinitrogenase; third, site-directed mutagenesis of nafY indicates that the His121 residue of NafY is involved in cofactor binding; and fourth, NafY binding to apodinitrogenase or to FeMo-co does not require the presence of any additional protein. In addition, we have obtained evidence that suggests the ability of NafY to bind NifB-co, an FeS cluster of unknown structure that is a biosynthetic precursor to FeMo-co.


The emergence and significance of transnational adolescents at school and in society have recently been recognized, and yet, little is known about how their transnational lived experiences affect their literacy learning and identity construction. Thus, the study reported in this paper explored transnational literacy options and practices that two Korean transnational adolescents had experienced and addressed how their online literacy practices served them while negotiating their transnational identities. The findings show that the participants engaged in multiple literacy practices and forged transnational identities through online activities involving "creating and constructing a transnational and transcultural community" and "communicating via instant messaging." The findings suggest that we should re-conceptualize the teaching and learning of students who share multilingual, transnational lived experiences and that we should re-examine what it means to be good, educated students and global citizens in the 21st century.


This paper presents a study carried out to first assess the impact of the Panama Canal expansion (PCE) on selected Caribbean ports, and thereafter, to examine how the ports can adapt in order to seize new opportunities created by the expansion. An applied case of long-term dynamic planning and flexibility in engineering design is presented for a new port terminal in Barranquilla, Colombia. Furthermore, this paper presents the results of a stochastic method for quantifying opportunities from containerized traffic using dynamic forecasting, real options analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation, within the framework and spirit of adaptive port planning under uncertainty.


A liquid jet can break up into a stream of droplets as a result of the Plateau-Rayleigh instability. The droplet formation decreases the jet's surface area and hence its free energy. Here we present the results of experiments in an unconventional geometry where this instability can be observed: a toroidal section. We discuss the formation of these polystyrene toroids with nanometer length scales. The constraints imposed by this geometry affect its observed instability in comparison to a simple linear jet. Specifically, we show that the additional curvature imposed by the torus can have a significant impact on the energy minimization route.


PURPOSE
To analyze the social meaning of the American system of education for nursing practice.

METHODS
Historiographical analysis to compare and contrast the relative educational level of different self-reported groups of American women with that of nurses in the later decades of the 20th century.

FINDINGS
Early 20th century social support for efforts to improve the overall educational level of some nurses planning careers in education, administration, or public health nursing lent credence to the belief in nursing as a vehicle for upward social mobility. This promise of mobility was particularly apparent in the educational backgrounds of African American, Hispanic, and Asian American nurses. However, the late 20th century decreased average educational level of U.S. nurses relative to that of all U.S. women jeopardizes the clinical and social roles of the profession.

CONCLUSIONS
The language of class and community status is needed in addition to that of science, knowledge development, and clinical excellence to increase social and political support for educational initiatives.


Advancements in mobile phones and technologies, have forced the mobile software community to develop smart applications which can help users in general purposes. During the pandemic, people have shifted their focus onto Video chatting and conferencing applications for conducting business, schools, and universities. The current software's available provide several useful functions like live transcripts, allow users to create notes and providing third party application support. But there are certain areas where, video conferencing applications can improve upon primarily in interns of language support. This application will provide a new video conferencing feature which is live translation of speech which could help conduct business and conducting lectures.


Pulse-chase feeding and multi-labeled radiotracer techniques were employed to measure the assimilation of 6 trace elements ( l l O m ~ g , 2 4 1 ~ m , '09Cd, 5 7 ~ o , '$Se and " ~ n ) from ingested diatoms in the mussel Mytilus edu l~s feeding at different rates (0.1, 0.49 and 1.5 mg dry wt h-'). Uniformly radiolabeled diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana were fed to mussels for 0.5 h, and the behavior of the radiotracers in individual mussels was followed for 96 h in a depuration seawater system. Assimilation efficiency (AE) of each element declined with increasing ingestion rate and increased with gut passage time. The importance of extracellular digestion relative to intracellular digestion increased with ingestion activity, which, when coupled with a decline in AE, suggested that extracellular digestion is less efficient in metal absorption. Zn assimilation was most affected by ingestion rate, suggesting that AE may play a role in the physiological regulation of this metal in M. edulis. In an experiment to simulate the effects of an acidic gut, lowered pH (5.5) enhanced the release of elements from intact diatom cells, especially at low particle concentration. These results indicate that both feeding components of the mussel (i.e. gut passage time, digestive partitioning) and metal chemistry (i.e. metal release at lowered pH within the bivalve gut) are responsible for the difference in the assimilation of trace metals at different food quantities observed in mussels.


A new syndrome is which immunoallergic interstitial nephropathy is associated with nephrotic syndrome has recently been described. The interstitial nephropathy is usually due to the consumption of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and it is characterized by interstitial lesions associated with minimal glomerular lesions. The typical clinical complex includes nephrotic syndrome, renal impairment, eosinophilia, microscopic haematuria, leucocyturia and, more rarely, clinical signs of hypersensitivity. The outcome is favourable as a rule, with recovery of the renal function ad integrum and complete recession of the nephrotic syndrome. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is no entirely clear, but it probably implies a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Treatment consists of withdrawing the responsible drug(s) and applying medical intensive care methods. Whether or not corticosteroids influence the rapidity and quality of recovery remains uncertain.


A signage system is much more than just a set of signposts and symbols. As well as its practical application, it helps to create an identity for a space and can add decorative flair to any built environment. Here, Andreas Uebele calls on his own wealth of design experience to explore signage as a point where graphic design and architecture come together. The book showcases great examples of signage design worldwide, ranging from museums and schools to transport systems, with an emphasis on the most original approaches to tackling the task. This is not only an indispensable handbook for communications designers but a must for architects, interior designers and graphic artists who are keen to get a better insight into this fascinating but often overlooked aspect of modern design.


Automatic evaluation remains an open research question in Natural Language Generation. In the context of Sentence Simplification, this is particularly challenging: the task requires by nature to replace complex words with simpler ones that shares the same meaning. This limits the effectiveness of n-gram based metrics like BLEU. Going hand in hand with the recent advances in NLG, new metrics have been proposed, such as BERTScore for Machine Translation. In summarization, the QuestEval metric proposes to automatically compare two texts by questioning them. In this paper, we first propose a simple modification of QuestEval allowing it to tackle Sentence Simplification. We then extensively evaluate the correlations w.r.t. human judgement for several metrics including the recent BERTScore and QuestEval, and show that the latter obtain state-of-the-art correlations, outperforming standard metrics like BLEU and SARI. More importantly, we also show that a large part of the correlations are actually spurious for all the metrics. To investigate this phenomenon further, we release a new corpus of evaluated simplifications, this time not generated by systems but instead, written by humans. This allows us to remove the spurious correlations and draw very different conclusions from the original ones, resulting in a better understanding of these metrics. In particular, we raise concerns about very low correlations for most of traditional metrics. Our results show that the only significant measure of the Meaning Preservation is our adaptation of QuestEval.


Macro and micro nutrients enrichment from poultry litter amendment, tillage, and crop rotation have been in- vestigated to determine their impacts on crop yield, soil and environmental sustainability. This study was conducted to evaluate the soil arsenic (As), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) enrichment that could result from the long term effect of poultry litter amendments and tillage practices on selected soil properties at the Alabama Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Belle Mina, AL. Soil samples were collected in 2006 from plots established in 1996 that received yearly poultry litter applications with three tillage systems, conventional-till (CT), no-till (NT), and mulch-till (MT); and at three depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm) that received poultry litter based on 100 kg total N ha -1 yearly. An untreated control was also included in the study. Soil pH values at the 0-10 cm were greater or equal to the lower depths. Copper and Zn concentrations were significantly higher for all tillage systems at the 0-10 cm depth compared to the 10-20 and 20- 30 cm depths and decreased with increasing depth. For example, at 0-10 cm depth Cu concentrations were 58, 66 and 65 and Zn were 13, 24 and 22 percent higher than the control for the CT, MT and NT tillage practices respectively. These re- sults demonstrated that Cu and Zn did accumulate in the surface soil after 10 annual applications of poultry litter but not at phytotoxic levels in contrast to As, Pb, and Ni regardless of the tillage practices.


We see the world through language; but how should we understand this metaphor? Is language a medium that simply reproduces for the mind, or accurately records, what is out there? Or is it so dense there is no telling what the world is really like? Perhaps language is somewhere in between, a translucent material, so that the world bears the tint and focus of the particular language we speak.


Strong emotions underlie many telepathic events. Brain waves, the basis for electroencephalography, were discovered by Dr. Hans Berger after he suffered a serious accident and his sister, hundreds of miles away, who could not have known about this sent a telegram to ask if he was okay. Attempting to figure out how this could have happened, Dr. Berger ultimately recorded the first brain electrical activity, from his son. Similarly, a wife bolts upright from a deep sleep the moment her husband is killed in battle, on another continent. A murder victim's life is later remembered by a child, unrelated and totally removed from the event. A lecturer suddenly experiences a pain in his knee so severe that he cannot continue his talk; simultaneously, it turns out, his twin brother has been hit in the leg by a car.
            Emotions are instinctive and form the core of human nature. Michael A. Jawer, the author of Sensitive Soul, sees them as a "fundamental binding source" that connects humanity and makes the world turn. He applies this thesis to a wide range of medical and paranormal topics. Post-traumatic stress disorder is seen as an emotional sensitivity rather than a pathology. Migraines can be precipitated by emotions. Autism is seen as an engulfing and terrifying bombardment of the senses. Emotional stress may modify genes, via epigenetics, allowing transmission of fear across generations.


SUMMARY
There is a growing realization among purchasing managers that sourcing from minority business enterprises (MBEs) results in more than just window dressing for public relations. MBE suppliers bring value and innovation to the supplier base. Furthermore, sourcing from MBE suppliers can help strengthen the economic outlook of the overall minority community. The authors used a combination of case studies and a mail survey to identify the key factors that can result in successful MBE purchasing programs.


Among numerous pattern recognition methods the neural network approach has been the subject of much research due to its ability to learn from a given collection of representative examples. This paper concerns with the optimization of a weightless neural network, which decomposes a given pattern into several sets of n points, termed n-tuples. A population-based stochastic optimization technique, known as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), has been used to select an optimal set of connectivity patterns to improve the recognition performance of such .n-tuple. classifiers. The original PSO was refined by combining it with a bio-inspired technique called the Self-Organized Criticality (SOC) to add diversity in the population for finding better solutions. The hybrid algorithms were adapted for the n-tuple system and the performance was measured in selecting better connectivity patterns. The aim was to improve the discriminating power of the classifier in recognizing handwritten characters by exploiting the criticality dispersion in the swarm population. This paper presents the implementation of the hybrid model in greater detail with the effect of criticality dispersion in finding better solutions.


Lidar odometry has attracted considerable attention as a robust localization method for autonomous robots operating in complex GNSS-denied environments. However, achieving reliable and efficient performance on heterogeneous platforms in large-scale environments remains an open challenge due to the limitations of onboard computation and memory resources needed for autonomous operation. In this work, we present LOCUS 2.0, a robust and computationally-efficient lidar odometry system for real-time underground 3D mapping. LOCUS 2.0 includes a novel normals-based Generalized Iterative Closest Point (GICP) formulation that reduces the computation time of point cloud alignment, an adaptive voxel grid filter that maintains the desired computation load regardless of the environment's geometry, and a sliding-window map approach that bounds the memory consumption. The proposed approach is shown to be suitable to be deployed on heterogeneous robotic platforms involved in large-scale explorations under severe computation and memory constraints. We demonstrate LOCUS 2.0, a key element of the CoSTAR team's entry in the DARPA Subterranean Challenge, across various underground scenarios. We release LOCUS 2.0 as an open-source library and also release a lidar-based odometry dataset in challenging and large-scale underground environments. The dataset features legged and wheeled platforms in multiple environments including fog, dust, darkness, and geometrically degenerate surroundings with a total of $\text{11}~h$ of operations and $\text{16}~km$ of distance traveled.


The transport of the herbicide chlortoluron (3-(3-chlor-p-tolyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) was monitored in Northern Germany in a sandy soil between November 1994 and March 1995. On a 0.86-ha grid, soil cores were taken down to a depth of 0.3 m and analyzed for total chlortoluron concentrations at 0.03-m intervals. A bromide (Br - ) transport experiment was carried out at the same site. Thirty-three, 61, and 136 d after application, corresponding to 54, 115, and 305 mm of precipitation, chlortoluron was found almost exclusively in the upper two, four, and six layers, respectively. In these layers, coefficients of variation (CVs) varied from about 50 to >200%. At the first sampling, about 1% of applied chlortoluron was detected in the layer just above the plow-sole. Mean travel depths of chlortoluron were distinctly more variable than those of Br - , showing no spatial correlation. The retardation factor of chlortoluron, expressing its displacement relative to that of Br - , considerably increased during the experiment, on the average from 11.5 at the first sampling to 26.3 at the third sampling. Only then, the local mean travel depths of chlortoluron showed a significant (positive) correlation with those of Br and a significant (negative) correlation with organic C contents. Sorption kinetics of chlortoluron were investigated in laboratory sorption-desorption (SD) experiments at 3 and 20°C. Sorption-desorption isotherms showed pronounced hysteresis. The influence of experimental temperature was small. The collected data are intended as a basis to evaluate the ability of different modeling approaches to represent pesticide displacement at the field scale.


ABSTRACT While it has been well documented in the previous studies that upwelling events in the southern Makassar Strait (MAK) during the Southeast Monsoon (SEM) period are associated with low sea surface temperature (SST) and high chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in the seawater, the dynamic and physical processes that trigger these upwelling events are still less well understood. In the present study we proposed a mechanism of the upwelling event using a numerical model of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS).  Model validations showed a high correlation of SST climatology between the model and the NOAA-AVHRR satellite data. Moreover, velocity fields of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) Makassar in Libani Channel was well reproduced by proposed model, revealing an intensification of the flow centered near 120 m depth, which is in good agreement with the observation data. The model demonstrated that during the SEM period strong southeasterly winds that blow over southern Sulawesi Island can increase high vertical diffusivity and heat loss through heat flux. Hence, these physical processes lead to increased vertical mixing that, in turn, generates low SST, as a proxy of upwelling event. Furthermore, the upwelling process is enhanced by the ITF Makassar jet that creates large circular eddies flow due to complex topographic within the triangle area of southern Makassar - eastern Java Sea - western Flores Sea. The eddies generate the area of convergence offshore along the ITF pathways and divergence area in the coastal waters close to southern Sulawesi Island.  Model experiment with closing/opening Selayar Strait revealed a change of intensity and area of upwelling, suggesting that the Selayar Island forms a barrier for the outflow from MAK to northern part of Flores Sea. Keywords: Upwelling, ITF Makassar, SE monsoon winds, ROMS-AGRIF, Makassar Strait.


Although fraught with complexity, the self is a central phenomenon of discussion and analysis within sociology. This article contributes to this discourse by introducing the Buddhist ideas of anatta (no-self) and prattyasamutpāda (interdependence) as analytic frameworks to deconstruct and rethink the self within sociology. We argue that the sociological self, most clearly articulated by symbolic interactionism, is premised on a self-other dualism. This dualism leads to a conceptualization of the self as constantly threatened and anxious. Using these Buddhist concepts we propose an alternative interpretive schema, a sociology of no-self, for analyzing social interaction and understanding the roots of social angst.


It is estimated that by 2011, 20 percent of bio-energy needs of India should be met by biodiesel. To meet these expectations it would require 12 to 13 million hectares of biodiesel feed stock plantations. Currently biodiesel is produced using non-edible oil from trees like Jatropha. This strategy of propagating jatropha as primary bio diesel feed stock has certain drawbacks. This paper addresses the shortcomings in the present strategy and suggests few alternatives. Farmers can be encouraged to grow short duration annual crops like Castor, Sweet sorghum which can be used to produce biodiesel and ethanol. Alternate plantation in wasteland with more oil yielding trees like Calophyllum inophyllum (undi) with 50-73 % oil, Diploknema (Aisandra) with 60% oil and Simarouba glauca (Lakshmi tharu) with 60-75 % oil. In addition, Microalgae have much faster growth-rates than terrestrial crops. The per unit area yield of oil from algae is estimated to be from between 4.6 to 18.4 l/m 2 per year. There is a need to develop a holistic view of encouraging alternate multipurpose crop plantation strategies and methods of producing biofuels with out affecting the local ecology and farmer's needs of food, fodder and fuel wood for cooking.


Chitinases have the potential to control many pathogen species, such as fungi containing chitin on their cell walls. In the present study, chitinase from novel isolate Serratia marcescens MO-1, isolated from Poecilimon tauricola (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in Turkey, was investigated. The optimum pH and temperature for the chitinase activity were found to be pH 7.0 (36.6 U/mL) and 50 °C (37.1 U/mL), respectively. Moreover, the activity was still high in acidic (23.0 U/mL at pH 3.0) and basic (17.3 U/mL at pH 11.0) conditions as well as at lower (29.5 U/mL at 20 °C) and higher (28.7 U/mL at 80 °C) temperatures. The enzyme was highly thermotolerant, keeping 63.7% (23.5 U/mL) of its activity after incubation at 90 °C for 15 min. Antifungal activity of the chitinase against Alternaria citri, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus oryzae was determined. In addition, chitinase production by immobilized S. marcescens MO-1 cells was monitored over 10 days; the enzyme activity was found to be 36–41 U/mL during this period. Our results showed that the chitinase from S. marcescens MO-1 seems to be valuable in terms of its biotechnological applications; it can be produced using immobilized cells and can be used against fungal pathogens as an alternative to chemical pesticides.


The popularity and adoption of smart phones has greatly stimulated the spread of mobile malware, especially on the popular platforms such as Android. In light of their rapid growth, there is a pressing need to develop effective solutions. However, our defense capability is largely constrained by the limited understanding of these emerging mobile malware and the lack of timely access to related samples. In this paper, we focus on the Android platform and aim to systematize or characterize existing Android malware. Particularly, with more than one year effort, we have managed to collect more than 1,200 malware samples that cover the majority of existing Android malware families, ranging from their debut in August 2010 to recent ones in October 2011. In addition, we systematically characterize them from various aspects, including their installation methods, activation mechanisms as well as the nature of carried malicious payloads. The characterization and a subsequent evolution-based study of representative families reveal that they are evolving rapidly to circumvent the detection from existing mobile anti-virus software. Based on the evaluation with four representative mobile security software, our experiments show that the best case detects 79.6% of them while the worst case detects only 20.2% in our dataset. These results clearly call for the need to better develop next-generation anti-mobile-malware solutions.


Human serum paraoxonase (PON1) is a calcium-dependent organophosphatase. To identify residues essential for PON1 activity, we adopted complementary approaches based on chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis. To detect 45Ca2+ binding to native and chemically modified PON1, we performed nondenaturating gel electrophoresis. The environment of calcium-binding sites was probed using the Ca2+ analogue, terbium. Tb3+ binds to calcium-binding sites as shown by displacement of 45Ca2+ by Tb3+. Binding of Tb3+ is accompanied by a complete loss of enzyme activity. PON1 chemical modification with the Trp-selective reagent, N-bromosuccinimide, and the Asp/Glu-selective, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, established that Trp and Asp/Glu residues are components of the PON1 active center and calcium-binding sites. Additional evidence for the presence of a Trp residue in the PON1 calcium-binding sites was a characteristic fluorescence emission at 545 nm from the PON1-Tb3+ complex and abolishment of that fluorescence upon modification by N-bromosuccinimide. The importance of aromatic/hydrophobic character of the residue 280 was demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis: the W280F mutant was fully active while the W280A and W280L mutants had markedly reduced activity. Twelve amino acids among conserved His and Asp/Glu residues were found essential for PON1 arylesterase and organophosphatase activities: H114, H133, H154, H242, H284, D53, D168, D182, D268, D278, E52, and E194. Finally, the cysteines constituting the PON1 disulfide bond (C41 and C352) were essential, but the glycan chains linked to Asn 252 and 323 were not essential for PON1 secretion and activity.


ABSTRACT This article contributes to the growing body of research in teacher professional development that involves teachers of writing as creative writers. The authors draw on the discussions and reflections generated from one teacher professional learning initiative to address the question of why writing teachers may not write creatively and for enjoyment. They further seek to understand the possible impact this might have on the effectiveness of creative writing instruction. Teacher and researcher reflections on their writing practices are analysed to explore the connections and tensions between writing and the teaching and learning process. The themes emerging from this data include the different positioning of teachers' identities on a spectrum from 'teacher writer' to 'writer teacher', as well as the ways that self-efficacy impacts creative writing instruction. The authors propose that engaging teachers as creative writers can enhance their professionalism and rejuvenate their practices as authentic meaning-makers and risk-takers.


The realization of conservation goals requires strategies for managing whole landscapes including areas allocated to both production and protection. Reserves alone are not adequate for nature conservation but they are the cornerstone on which regional strategies are built. Reserves have two main roles. They should sample or represent the biodiversity of each region and they should separate this biodiversity from processes that threaten its persistence. Existing reserve systems throughout the world contain a biased sample of biodiversity, usually that of remote places and other areas that are unsuitable for commercial activities. A more systematic approach to locating and designing reserves has been evolving and this approach will need to be implemented if a large proportion of today's biodiversity is to exist in a future of increasing numbers of people and their demands on natural resources.


Vibrio cholerae O1 are classified into two biotypes, classical and El Tor, each encoding a biotype-specific cholera toxin. However, El Tor strains have recently emerged with a classical cholera-toxin genotype (El Tor variant). We characterized El Tor strains of V. cholerae O1 from travel-associated cases of cholera in Japan isolated from 1991 to 2006 by cholera toxin B subunit gene (ctxB) typing and by molecular epidemiological methods. ctxB in the biotype El Tor shifted from the El Tor-specific type to the classical-specific type around 1993, and this type fully dominated the later half of the 1990s. Based on the results of PFGE and multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis, strains of the classical biotype remained diverse from those of El Tor biotype. The El Tor biotype strains formed multiple minor clusters and intermingled with each other irrespective of their origins and toxin types. El Tor variant strains are widespread in Asian countries and show significant genetic diversity, indicating that their spread is a result of multiclonal expansion rather than spread from a single clone.


In the traditional measurement theory, precision is defined as the dispersion of measured value, and is used as the basis of weights calculation in the adjustment of measurement data with different qualities, which leads to the trouble that trueness is completely ignored in the weight allocation. In this paper, following the pure concepts of probability theory, the measured value (observed value) is regarded as a constant, the error as a random variable, and the variance is the dispersion of all possible values of an unknown error. Thus, a rigorous formula for weights calculation and variance propagation is derived, which solves the theoretical problem of determining the weight values in the adjustment of multi-channel observation data with different qualities. The results show that the optimal weights are not only determined by the covariance array of observation errors, but also related to the model of adjustment.


A theoretical aspect of Prony's algorithm is presented, and the choice of analysis parameters and the achieved spectral resolution are briefly discussed. The analysis system itself is described, including frequency detection, component matching, and amplitude estimation. The problems connected with the analysis of complex signals are explored and some solutions proposed and developed. Three examples of musical sound analysis are then presented. It is concluded that the use of Prony's method to model musical sounds is efficient when applied to highly damped signals: its very good frequency resolution makes it possible to use small analysis windows and to follow efficiently the evolution of each sinusoidal component. The algorithm proposed for computing amplitudes avoids the problems due to biases in damping factor estimation. In the case of complex sounds, the analysis performed after presegmentation of the signal also yields good results. Future developments in this field are discussed.<<ETX>>


Although patients with semantic deficits can sometimes show good performance on tests of object decision, we present evidence that this pattern applies when nonsense-objects do not respect the regularities of the domain. In a newly designed test of object-decision, 20 patients with semantic dementia viewed line drawings of a real and chimeric animal side-by-side, and were asked to decide which was real. The real animal was either more typical (real > nonreal) or less typical (nonreal > real) than the chimera. Performance was significantly better in the real > nonreal condition, and success in both conditions was modulated by patients' degree of semantic impairment. A similar effect of item typicality was revealed in a subset of items selected from a standard test battery. Object-decision scores were highly correlated with other pictorial and verbal assessments of conceptual knowledge, suggesting that impaired performance on all tasks resulted from the degradation of a unitary underlying system.


Breathing is silent in health but audible at a distance in chronic bronchitis and asthma. This clinical observation was tested by measurements of the intensity of the inspiratory breath sounds at the mouth at flow rates up to 60 1./min. There was a higher rate of increase in the intensity of the sound for equal increments in flow rate in these two diseases than in healthy subjects. Bronchodilator drugs reduced the intensity of abnormally loud inspiratory sounds. The noise is generated by turbulent flow of air in the upper respiratory tract, the trachea, and the central bronchi. Reduction of bronchial calibre increases flow velocity and intensifies turbulence. The intensity of the inspiratory sound in chronic bronchitis and asthma reflects calibre changes in the trachea, the principal bronchi, and their lobar and segmental branches. An inverse correlation exists between the intensity of the inspiratory sound, the forced expiratory volume in one second, and the peak expiratory flow rate in chronic bronchitis and asthma, but not in primary emphysema. Discrepancies between sound, airway resistance, and forced expiratory measurements may indicate the site and mechanism of airway obstruction in individual patients. The sound of inspiration heard with the unaided ear close to the patient's mouth is an important clinical sign. Noisy inspiration is common in chronic bronchitis and asthma, and the degree of narrowing of the central bronchi can be inferred from the loudness of the noise. Silent inspiration in the presence of severe expiratory obstruction is a sign of primary emphysema.


Recent patterns of land cover and vegetation dynamics on the Euasian continent have been linked to changes in the global carbon cycle. Our study was conducted to evaluate patterns in a 19-yr record of global satellite observations of terrestrial vegetation from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) as a means to characterize major trends in both vegetation egreenness and ecosystem disturbance. The fraction absorbed of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) by vegetation canopies worldwide has been computed from the AVHRR at a monthly time interval from 1982 to 2000 and gridded at a spatial resolution of 8 km globally. Unlike previous studies of the AVHRR multiyear time-series of vegetation dynamics, the 8-km spatial resolution makes it possible to compare disturbance events and greenness trends at the same level of spatial detail. Positive trends in FPAR were detected throughout a major greenbelt of central-eastern Europe starting in the mid-1980s. This Eurasian greenbelt extended in a wide swath over the Urals, into the vicinity of Lake Baykal south of the central Siberian plateau, mainly along a latitude belt from 55°.N to 65°N. There was also significantly positive greening in relatively large areas of Great Britain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, the Caucasus and southern India. Nonetheless, a strong downward trend in the FPAR time-series over most of Eurasia was observed by the end of the 1990s. Throughout the 19-yr time period, Eurasia was also impacted by many notable droughts and other disturbance events that could have substantially offset decadal carbon gains attributed to satellite-observed greening. Large-scale ecosystems disturbance events were identified in the FPAR time-series by locating anomalously low values (FPAR-LO) that lasted longer than 12 consecutive months at any 8-km pixel. We find verifiable evidence of numerous disturbance types across Eurasia, including regional patterns of severe droughts, forest fires and insect outbreaks.


Cecile Vogt, nee Mugnier, was a French neurologist who worked all her life in Germany in collaboration with her German husband, Oskar Vogt. A pioneering woman in medicine and especially in brain research, she contributed substantially to the elucidation of the cellular structure of the brain and its functional interpretation. With her husband, she established the world's largest interdisciplinary brain research institute in the 1930s, which became the forerunner of the Institute for Brain Research of the German Max Planck Society. Cecile and Oskar Vogt had to leave the institute in 1937 under Nazi pressure, but they continued to work in Germany at a private institute in the Black Forest. Their daughters Marthe and Marguerite became pioneering scientists in neuropharmacology and genetics.

Keywords:

brain research;
neurology;
thalamus;
corpus striatum;
cortex;
cytoarchitectonics;
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research;
Oskar Vogt


Taxonomy is a classification effort for establishment of learning/teaching operational objectives. There are some famous taxonomies, Bloom's being the most quoted. In spite of the fact that some researchers have tried to explain the position of elearning in already known taxonomies, this subject was not too much in the general attention. In the paper the authors intend to go deeply and to analyze the position of the new methodology-remote experiment-in the actual taxonomies. In addition they have also some remarks about psychological implications of remote experiment, taking into account the fact that remote experiment networks contains some peculiarities regarding cultural barriers, language barriers and so on.


As the markets are continually developing, people must also keep up with updated skills and knowledge. Lifelong learning is an important issue of European Union educational programs, the European Council from Lisbon setting it as base component of the European social model. Through lifelong learning, the cognitive barriers, forbidding the access of different members of society to the workforce market, are lowered or eliminated. The professional progress is encouraged through lifelong education and training. In this context, online non-formal education is a very convenient and affordable method for a large share of the population. This form of education presents a series of advantages that make it particularly suitable for those that are already engaged in the work field and wish to further develop their careers. Organic agriculture is a field of activity registering an increase in popularity both in numbers of consumers and in the numbers of those involved in the production and selling of respective products. To this purpose, organic agriculture is very well suited as an area of expertise in which online software can be successfully used to acquire up to date information and knowledge. The present paper brings in discussion the use of an interactive software that will act as step by step guide for those who wish to learn and apply the methods of organic crop culture. The software integrates the legal European Union requirements in the field of organic agriculture in a way that is both user friendly and adequate for non-experts willing to learn.


The paper studies a generic bilateral trade model with relationship-specific investments. Only the seller invests, and subsequent trade becomes inefficient if his investments are too low. We show that the seller may defect strategically under a fixed-price contract even though he attains any arbitrary surplus when expending the (second-best) investment. In this case, no general mechanism facilitates trade and the parties should not start their relationship. Also, the defection problem may be more severe when the parties trade after the buyer's valuation has been disclosed, as compared to a situation where the parties have to complete trade under uncertainty.


Private tutoring in English is a major phenomenon in Bangladesh. A large number of students receive private supplementary tutoring in English in Bangladesh. Payment-based private supplementary tutoring has also spread all over the world, both in developed and developing countries-from east to the west. The aim of this study is to find out the reasons and necessity of private tutoring in English for Bangla medium school students in Bangladesh. Besides, It will be also investigated that private tutoring has any positive effects or not. To conduct this research, thirty five respondents were surveyed successfully with a written questionnaire. And classroom observation was done successfully to find out where there was any lacking in English teaching or not. The findings from the survey show that most of the primary level learners receive private tutoring and they are satisfied with the English lesson provided by their private tutor rather than their school teacher. But learners should not fully depend on private tutor. Private tuition has both positive and negative effects. Parents and learners should recognize the importance of private tutoring in English and also be aware about negative effects of it.


One of the major objectives for developing ecosystem models is their application as tools of analysis for complex systems which otherwise would be difficult to analyze using conventional tools such as field experimentation and inventory monitoring. In view of this, the AQUASMAT model, which was developed based on existing ecosystem models theories and coded using the C-sharp language, was used to conduct a modeling study on a static concrete fish tank, to demonstrate its managerial and analytical capabilities. The input variables for model execution were site specific parameters, fish/feed parameters, water quality parameters and management options from selected fish farm in Nigeria. The model simulation was for concrete tanks with surface area of 1 m 2 and 50 m 2 respectively, run for a period of 151 using various management techniques and varied feeding rates. Series of simulations were used to evaluate the ability of the model to predict the effects of different feed regimes, management intensities, and budgetary requirements (solely based on cost of fish and feed), and interaction of parameters over a range of fish production levels. The model was used to gain insight into the dynamics and interactions of major water quality parameters with respect to feed loading and fish growth in a 1m 3 fish tank. The result of the simulation was compared to a farmer's production output and best management practices which provide the user (farmer) with optimal feeding techniques and practices with lower FCR within recommended range. The results of the water parameters relationships and interaction with respect to feed loading and fish growth were used to gain insight in sizing biofilter for aquaponics systems.


In this paper, we develop a greedy algorithm for sparse learning over a doubly stochastic network. In the proposed algorithm, nodes of the network perform sparse learning by exchanging their individual intermediate variables. The algorithm is iterative in nature. We provide a restricted isometry property (RIP)-based theoretical guarantee both on the performance of the algorithm and the number of iterations required for convergence. Using simulations, we show that the proposed algorithm provides good performance.


Public open spaces are vital elements of urban fabrics that animate communities in cities. They are appropriate spaces for performing cultural gathering or declaring political freedom. These significant places provide people with different facilities as well as social and health-promoting opportunities. Successful public open spaces meet the needs of people of different social classes, ethnicities, and in general different backgrounds. These substantially beneficial spaces in cities endow urbanites with physical, social, and psychological comfort. Investigating the visions of the City Hall Kuala Lumpur shows that the City Center lacks successful public open spaces that meet users' needs. Therefore, the main question raised in this research is 'what are the components of a successful public open space in the City Center of Kuala Lumpur?' This research aims to enhance the quality of public life in the City Center of Kuala Lumpur through identifying the characteristics of a sociably successful public open space.
The research employed a quantitative approach. Accordingly, the self-administered questionnaire surveys collected the data. The sampling method used was the mix of systematic and time-interval methods. Followed by that, the structure interviews with Landscape Architects, Academicians, and Town Planners verified the results of the public surveys and assisted the research in reaching the methodological triangulation. The findings showed that the public facilities play a more significant role in attracting people to the public open spaces than social and health-promoting benefits. The research disclosed that old people prefer passive activities such as sitting, talking to their friends, and watching people, while young people do activities and explore the places and mingle with both their peers and others. The findings uncovered that the physical, personal, managerial,
iv
and social factors influence social interactions in the public open spaces of the City Center of Kuala Lumpur. In summary, the physical factors, meanings attached, social activities and events, inclusiveness and social interactions, and design features are the urban factors contributing to the creation of a successful public open space. Overall, the findings of this research are beneficial to designers in choosing the factors to ameliorate the viability of social interactions among different groups of urban dwellers. This assists them in determining the features and characteristics of successful public open spaces that enliven the public life in City Centers.


The paper provides a representation theorem for the class of all stationary preferences in a stochastic environment. A notion of ambiguity aversion applicable to such preferences is also proposed. The analysis helps discriminate between dynamic models of ambiguity aversion and expected utility models with endogenous discounting, which, as has been observed in both applied and decision-theoretic work, share a number of predictions concerning intertemporal behavior.


Infectious disease epidemics such as influenza and Ebola pose a serious threat to global public health. It is crucial to characterize the disease and the evolution of the ongoing epidemic efficiently and accurately. Computational epidemiology can model the disease progress and underlying contact network, but suffers from the lack of real-time and fine-grained surveillance data. Social media, on the other hand, provides timely and detailed disease surveillance, but is insensible to the underlying contact network and disease model. This paper proposes a novel semi-supervised deep learning framework that integrates the strengths of computational epidemiology and social media mining techniques. Specifically, this framework learns the social media users' health states and intervention actions in real time, which are regularized by the underlying disease model and contact network. Conversely, the learned knowledge from social media can be fed into computational epidemic model to improve the efficiency and accuracy of disease diffusion modeling. We propose an online optimization algorithm to substantialize the above interactive learning process iteratively to achieve a consistent stage of the integration. The extensive experimental results demonstrated that our approach can effectively characterize the spatiotemporal disease diffusion, outperforming competing methods by a substantial margin on multiple metrics.


The fused in sarcoma (FUS) protein combines prion-like properties with a multifunctional DNA/RNA-binding domain and has functions spanning the regulation of RNA metabolism, including transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA transport and translation. In addition to its roles in RNA metabolism, FUS is implicated in the maintenance of DNA integrity. In this review, we examine the participation of FUS in major DNA repair pathways, focusing on DNA repair associated with poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation events and on how the interaction of FUS with poly(ADP-ribose) may orchestrate transient compartmentalisation of DNA strand breaks. Unravelling how prion-like RNA-binding proteins control DNA repair pathways will deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of some neurological diseases and cancer as well as provide the basis for the development of relevant innovative therapeutic technologies. This knowledge may also extend the range of applications of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases related to RNA-binding proteins in the cell, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.


The focus on rail transportation has shifted in recent years to be a viable alternative to road based
means of travel and freight distribution. With a finite stockpile of the world's natural hydrocarbon
based fuels and ever increasing road congestion, rail research has become a prime topic of late. In this
thesis the focus has been on the wheel/rail contact and the measurement of rail head
friction.
The initial project was the development of an alternative technique to measure railhead friction.
Adhesion loss is a major problem on railways around the world and is common during the autumn, at
times for no obvious reason. Currently there are hand-pushed Tribometers which are used by rail
networks to periodically measure and record friction on their rails. These devices however, are large
bulky items and due to their design can only measure friction over a relatively large distance.
However, most adhesion loss problems are caused by localised phenomena. A pendulum tester was
chosen as a potentially viable alternative to the Tribometer as it could measure over shorter lengths of
track (i. e. 13 cm compared to 3 in as in the case of the Salient Systems Tribometer). The pendulum is
also relatively small and hence is convenient to transport. After a series of laboratory and field based
tests the pendulum has been shown to match very well with Tribometer and twin-disc data.
Friction modifiers are commonly used on railways around the world and are promoted to have many
benefits such as reduced fuel consumption, reduced wear and damage to wheels and rails and
reductions in operating noise. These products have been adopted in many different countries. It was
noticed in the literature that very little study had been done on how the performance of these products
is affected by varying atmospheric conditions or levels of railhead contamination. Another aspect of
this thesis has been the measurement of one of the leading brands of top of rail friction modifier using
a pin-on-disc tester with attached atmospheric chamber. It was found that humidity and the presence
of iron oxide have a far greater effect on the friction modifier than temperature.
In the final two chapters a study was carried out to measure the performance of traction enhancing
products. These are intended to restore traction in cases of adhesion loss from, for example, leaves on
the line. It is critical that correct levels of adhesion/traction are maintained for braking and
acceleration purposes. A twin-disc tester was used in this study and a technique for forming a crushed
leaf layer on the discs was developed. The traction enhancers consist of sand particles of uniform size
suspended in a water based gel. There were four products tested each using a different sand grain size.
The first series of tests measured the performance of each product in terms of traction compared to
that of a leaf layer alone. It was found that the smaller particles showed the best performance by
restoring the traction to uncontaminated levels in the shortest time. The second series of tests focused
on the impact these products had on wheel and rail wear and track signalling. Wear was also
measured in terms of mass lost from the discs. An A. C. circuit operating at 2 kHz was used to
simulate a T121 track circuit which is used in the UK as part of the signalling system. Impedance
caused by each product was measured and compared to impedance levels for uncontaminated discs. It
was found that the impedance of a leaf layer plus the product was lower than the impedance of the
leaf layer alone. There also seemed to be no correlation between particle size and impedance. The
impedance levels seen with the products were not deemed to be enough to cause a significant issue to
the signalling system.


This article is concerned with two responses to recent discourses on the classification of welfare regimes. The first is a rising interest in constructing different types of typologies based on different criteria such as health care decommodification, education decommodification, and defamilisation. The second response is the concern that East Asian countries are under-represented in the 18 OECD members studied by EspingAndersen (1990). This article contributes to these two responses through the implementation of two analytical tasks. The first task is to expand the health care decommodification index developed by Bambra (2005a) to cover the 18 OECD members studied by Esping-Andersen (1990) and five additional East Asian countries. The second task is to demonstrate how the health care decommodification index can be used to contribute to the analysis of the view of Walker and Wong (2004, 2005) on the marginalisation of East Asian countries in comparative welfare studies.


In her best-selling 1992 novel, Possessing the Secret of Joy, Alice Walker opened a painful door: she brought the issue of female genital mutilation, a practice that affects one hundred million of the world's women, to the attention of the reading public. For many readers, this first encounter with a subject previously unfamiliar to them was shocking and unforgettable. Alice Walker decided early in the process of writing her novel that she had not yet done enough to help stop this age-old practice. She resolved to make a documentary film that would further educate people about the harmful, sometimes deadly process of removing the clitoris - and often the remaining outer genitalia - as a means of maintaining tradition and ensuring a woman's "cleanliness" and fidelity. To make the film, Alice Walker teamed up with Indian-British filmmaker Pratibha Parmar, whose credits include several widely acclaimed documentaries focusing on issues of race, gender, and sexuality. This book chronicles their odyssey together. Warrior Marks describes a unique filmmaking journey, from Alice Walker's first letter to Pratibha Parmar proposing the idea of the film to the many journal entries and observations each of them made along the way. From California to England to Senegal, The Gambia, and Burkina Faso, Warrior Marks follows Walker and Parmar as they interview people who are concerned with and affected by the practice of female genital mutilation. The text includes transcripts of their interviews, three new poems by Alice Walker, and over fifty photographs offering a vivid and poignant portrayal of the people and places they visited. For its insights into the collaborative creative process, as well as itsperceptions about the politics of filmmaking and the politics of feminism, Warrior Marks is an extraordinary volume. It is also the adventure of two remarkable women who together fulfilled a dream.


Abstract The evolution of organometallic chemistry during the second half of the 20th century has transformed chemical science and technology to a degree and in ways that have rarely been matched throughout the history of chemistry. These include the discovery of radically new types of chemical compounds; novel structures and bonding modes; unprecedented reactivity patterns; unsuspected roles of organometallic chemistry in biology; powerful new synthetic methodologies; new materials; and whole new classes of catalysts and catalytic processes of extraordinary versatility and selectivity. The impact of these developments, which still are unfolding, has been truly revolutionary. Some milestones in this remarkable chapter of chemical history, as well as challenges and opportunities confronting organometallic chemistry today, will be examined.


Fulminant myocarditis (FM) is characterised by a rapid onset of heart failure, usually following a flu-like illness.1 Intensive cardiovascular support including mechanical assist devices can be lifesaving; however, reports of experience with providing mechanical circulatory support to paediatric patients with FM is quite limited.2 In addition, the clinical presentation has rarely been described in detail. We report our experience treating paediatric patients with FM who were rescued by the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during the acute stage of the illness. We describe their clinical courses and treatment strategies in detail.

From June 1997 to March 2005, nine children (three boys and six girls with a mean age of 9.1 (SD 3.3) years, range 5–15 years) with FM were identified in our institute. Each patient had a clinical picture compatible with FM and had ECMO instituted because of a clinical presentation of imminently lethal cardiogenic shock, pulseless ventricular arrhythmia or cardiac arrest.

The ECMO circuit consisted of a centrifugal pump and a hollow-fibre, microporous-membrane oxygenator with an integrated heater (CB2505; Medtronic Inc, Anaheim, California, USA), similar to the rapid deployment ECMO that was described by Jacobs et al .3 The ECMO pump blood flow was started initially at 50–70 ml/kg/min. …


Abstract. The spin-up of land models to steady state of coupled carbon–nitrogen processes is computationally so costly that it becomes a bottleneck issue for global analysis. In this study, we introduced a semi-analytical solution (SAS) for the spin-up issue. SAS is fundamentally based on the analytic solution to a set of equations that describe carbon transfers within ecosystems over time. SAS is implemented by three steps: (1) having an initial spin-up with prior pool-size values until net primary productivity (NPP) reaches stabilization, (2) calculating quasi-steady-state pool sizes by letting fluxes of the equations equal zero, and (3) having a final spin-up to meet the criterion of steady state. Step 2 is enabled by averaged time-varying variables over one period of repeated driving forcings. SAS was applied to both site-level and global scale spin-up of the Australian Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model. For the carbon-cycle-only simulations, SAS saved 95.7% and 92.4% of computational time for site-level and global spin-up, respectively, in comparison with the traditional method (a long-term iterative simulation to achieve the steady states of variables). For the carbon–nitrogen coupled simulations, SAS reduced computational cost by 84.5% and 86.6% for site-level and global spin-up, respectively. The estimated steady-state pool sizes represent the ecosystem carbon storage capacity, which was 12.1 kg C m−2 with the coupled carbon–nitrogen global model, 14.6% lower than that with the carbon-only model. The nitrogen down-regulation in modeled carbon storage is partly due to the 4.6% decrease in carbon influx (i.e., net primary productivity) and partly due to the 10.5% reduction in residence times. This steady-state analysis accelerated by the SAS method can facilitate comparative studies of structural differences in determining the ecosystem carbon storage capacity among biogeochemical models. Overall, the computational efficiency of SAS potentially permits many global analyses that are impossible with the traditional spin-up methods, such as ensemble analysis of land models against parameter variations.


How can patient learn to control their diabetes? The author believes that this important work happen by right training of reporting. Since accurate reporting in the nursing profession is a skill, have you ever though that you teach this skill to their patients? Reporting about people with chronic disease especially diabetes is beneficial for the following reasons: determination dose of insulin, of food they can eat, the amount of activity that they can do, avoided from reactions to insulin, to avoid of complications due to hyperglycemia and finally sense of responsibility about themselves and their conditions.


November 2009 to June 2010 Imperial College Short Courses in Allergy. A range of 2 day short courses in allergy including Allergic Gastrointestinal Disease; Food Hypersensitivity; Rhinitis and Hayfever; Allergic Airways Disease and Asthma; Allergic Skin Disease; Paediatric Allergy. Venue: Imperial College London. Further information: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/ cpd/courses/subject/medical/allergy or contact Course Director Dr Jill A. Warner at email@example.com


Empirical evidence suggests that voters in states with direct democracy feel better prepared to cast competent votes and that they do so at a greater rate than voters elsewhere. What causal mechanism explains why the presence of direct democracy leads to better civic citizenship and differences in political behavior? We use a survey experiment in which we randomly vary the text used to describe the policy proposals to consider one possible pathway that explains higher levels of political competence among voters in initiative states. In contrast to the focus on campaign mobilization in the existing literature, we rely on insights from consumer decision theory to derive testable hypotheses about voter behavior. We find evidence that voters in initiative states approach political campaigns in a fundamentally different way than voters in non-initiative states. In particular, we show that individuals in initiative states are less susceptible to framing effects - in our experiment, strategic efforts to craft a ballot measure's title and summary.


Background Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) guidelines for cardiac computed tomography (CCT) were developed to limit testing to reasonable clinical settings. However, significant testing is still done for inappropriate indications. This study investigates the impact of AUC on evaluability of CCT to determine if inappropriate tests result in a greater proportion of nondiagnostic results. Methods Investigators reviewed the medical records of 2417 consecutive patients who underwent CCT at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute. We applied the 2010 AUC and classified them as appropriate, inappropriate, or uncertain. Unclassifiable tests, as well as those with uncertain appropriateness, were excluded from the final analysis. Cardiac computed tomography results were classified as diagnostic if (1) all coronary segments were visualized, evaluable, and without obstructive stenosis; or (2) obstructive coronary artery disease with greater than 50% diameter stenosis in at least 1 coronary artery. All other test results were considered nondiagnostic. Results Of the 1984 patients included in the final analysis, 1522 patients (76.7%) had indications that were appropriate, whereas the remaining 462 (23.3%) were inappropriate. Inappropriate tests resulted in a higher rate of nondiagnostic results compared with appropriate CCT (9.0% vs 6.2%, P = 0.034). Inappropriate tests also had significantly more studies with nonevaluable segments than appropriate tests (24.5% vs 16.4%, P < 0.001) and were more likely to reveal obstructive coronary disease than appropriate CCT (50.5% vs 32.7%, P < 0.001). Conclusions Cardiac computed tomography done for inappropriate indications may be associated with lower diagnostic yield and could impact future downstream resource utilization and health care costs.


The use of serum visceral protein concentrations as predictors of nitrogen balance was assessed during the first 4 weeks following thermal injury. The correlation between nitrogen balance and serum albumin was not significant. Statistically significant correlations were found between nitrogen balance and serum prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, and transferrin. However, even the best correlation (retinol-binding protein, r = 0.388) was too weak to permit prediction of nitrogen balance on the basis of the visceral protein concentration. The correlation between change in direction of nitrogen balance and change in direction of protein concentration over time showed all four visceral proteins to be poor predictors of change in nitrogen balance. The efficiency was less than 50% for each visceral protein. Stepwise multiple regression analysis performed to determine which indices were most closely correlated with nitrogen balance showed that a calculation using readily available information (nitrogen intake, postburn day, percent total body surface burned, and age) provided better prediction of nitrogen balance (r = 0.765) than any of the visceral protein concentrations. In view of these findings, measurement of serum visceral protein concentrations to monitor adequacy of nutritional support seems an unwarranted expense in patients with thermal injury.