Large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs), MPAs greater than 100,000km2, have proliferated in the past decade. However, the value of LSMPAs as conservation tools is debated, in both global scientific and policy venues as well as in particular sites. To add nuance and more diverse voices to this debate, this research examines the perspectives of stakeholders directly engaged with LSMPAs. We conducted a Q Method study with forty LSMPA stakeholders at five sites, including three established LSMPAs (the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, United States; the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Kiribati; the National Marine Sanctuary, Palau) and two sites where LSMPAs had been proposed at the time of research (Bermuda and Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Chile). The analysis reveals five distinct viewpoints of LSMPAs. These include three more optimistic views of LSMPAs we have named Enthusiast, Purist, and Relativist. It also depicts two more cautious views of LSMPAs, which we have named Critic and Skeptic. The findings demonstrate the multi-dimensionality of stakeholder viewpoints on LSMPAs. These shared viewpoints have implications for the global LSMPA debate and LSMPA decision-makers, including highlighting the need to focus on LSMPA consultation processes. Better understanding of these viewpoints, including stakeholder beliefs, perspectives, values and concerns, may help to facilitate more nuanced dialogue amongst LSMPA stakeholders and, in turn, promote better governance of LSMPAs.


This study analyzed the use pattern of imipenem following the restructuring of the antimicrobial audit system at a University Hospital. It was an observational study before and after the restructuring of the antimicrobial audit system in a University Hospital from May to August and then from September to December 2006. The criteria of the rational use of imipenem were obtained from a non-systematic revision of the literature. The collection of data on the general characteristics and clinical state of the patient, the infection and the established therapy was carried out in a previously tested instrument. Data was recorded, revised and analyzed in a database built with the software SPSS® for Windows® PC, version 10.0. The statistical analysis had a descriptive character: frequencies, mean, median and standard deviation. No differences were encountered in relation to the appropriate indication, consumption and clinical outcomes of patients. However, there was a reduction of 4 to 1 (75.0%) in the number of associations with spectrum superposition and an increase of 4 to 8 (50.0%) in the change of therapy. The restructuring of the antimicrobial audit system in the studied hospital did not reflect significantly the increase of the appropriate indication of imipenem. It contributed, however, to the reduction of the inappropriate associations of this antibiotic and to changes of therapy, without, however, compromising the quality of services rendered to patients. Key-Words: Imipenem, drug use review, drug use evaluation, audit system, antimicrobial policy.


The role of aerosols remains a major uncertainty for climate and climate change. For the direct radiative forcing by mineral aerosols, the uncertainty in the refractive index m has been regarded as the most important error source, while the impact of aerosol non‐sphericity has been considered a minor issue and is neglected in climate models. Here, the errors caused by the spherical particle approximation (SPA) are evaluated by comparing radiative fluxes based on (i) Mie simulations and (ii) laboratory measurements of aerosol optical properties. Furthermore, they are contrasted with the errors related to the uncertainty in the refractive index. These two error sources are found to be of comparable magnitude, although they are strongly dependent on optical depth, surface albedo, and particle size. Thus, our results provide evidence that, contrary to common beliefs, the use of spherical model particles in radiative transfer simulations is probably among the major sources of error in quantifying the climate forcing effect of mineral aerosols. This stems from misrepresentation of the scattering phase function and the asymmetry parameter. Aerosol single‐scattering computations based on non‐spherical model particles are expected to reduce the shape‐related errors and thus significantly improve the accuracy of radiative forcing simulations. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society


Sunda Strait Bridge (SSB) is a mega-infrastructure project offered by the Indonesian government, expected to contribute to national economic growth by bridging economic connectivity between two major islands in Indonesia. At first, SSB construction was offered as a US$10 billion project in 2010. Then in 2011 it was revised into a US$25 billion project with additional scope of work, i.e., industrial area development along the site. Yet it was still unattractive to private investors due to a lack of technical and financial feasibility. Thus, the Value Engineering (VE) approach was used to increase and improve the project's feasibility by generating innovative ideas. Innovation through additional functions for SSB development is comprised of: 1) development of renewable energy-based power plant by using tidal and wind power; 2) integration of oil and gas pipelines; (3) fiber-optic pipelines; 4) tourism development in Sangiang Island accessed by either road bridge or hanging train; and 5) development of industrial area. The life-cycle cost analysis by IRR and NPV approaches confirmed that SSB development with additional functions increased the internal rate of return of the overall project up to 7.26% and had a positive NPV.


Cattle rearing is a norm in communal areas of Zimbabwe and that is why most developmental strategies that are aimed at improving in these areas have targeted cattle projects as interventions. However, these projects have long concentrated on production factors at the expense of socio-economic values and marketing aspects of communal farmers. Communal farmers are characterised by poor resource base such as little use of modern technology, undeveloped infrastructure, weak institutional support and low production levels. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of introducing improved beef breeds in Bulilima District of Matabeleland South in Zimbabwe. The study was conducted in Masendu Ward comprising of Luvuluma, Mambo, Tjeboroma, Makumbi, Thandawani and Masendu Central (with one sub village, Muke) villages. The villages were selected on the basis of the Kellogg Foundation donation of improved beef bulls donated in the year 2007 to traditional leaders. The intervention had the objective to improve the genetic merit of the communal cattle. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The tracer study used a sample size of 13 farmers (An informant and beneficiary from each village plus the chief) to trace the fate of the improved beef bulls in the low management system. To arrive at the results the data was analysed using SPSS and descriptive statistics. The results show that the improved bulls survived in the first three years but died from drought and diseases (the major constraints to cattle production in the area). The surviving breed is the Afrikaner while the Tuli and Nguni died. The Tuli and Afrikaner both have offspring within the communal herds. Farmers from the study area all recommended further donation of improved breeds because they believe significant impacts could be noted with more similar donations. They also believe better prices were achievable at the market if the communal herd genetic merit was improved. Therefore, the key conclusion is that communal farmers had a positive perception on improving the communal herds using improved beef breeds. For effective interventions and for improved cattle production there is need for linkages between social, economic, political and environmental matters or the use of a multi-sectoral approach to address different challenges that are facing communal farmers so that even on introduction of improved breeds into the communal setup their adaptability is not restricted by poor management strategies. Reinforcements in terms of infrastructure and institutional support are also required to improve communal cattle production therefore positively influencing marketing in the future.


This article comments on Professor Geoffrey Miller's article about pleading under Tellabs and goes on (1) to use Tellabs, Bell Atlantic Corp. v Twombly, and Iqbal v. Hasty (in which the Court has granted review) to illustrate the limits of, and costs created by, certain foundational assumptions and operating principles that are associated with the Rules Enabling Act's requirement of general rules, and (2) more generally, to illustrate the costs of the complex procedural system that we have created. Thus, for instance, the argument that the standards emerging from Twombly should be confined to antitrust conspiracy cases confronts the foundational assumptions that the Federal Rules are trans-substantive and that they cannot be amended by judicial interpretation. Similarly, in Iqbal, the Government presumably denies that it is calling for the imposition of a heightened fact pleading requirement in cases involving high government officials entitled to an immunity defense because the Court seems to have made it impossible for the judiciary openly to impose such a requirement other than through The Enabling Act Process. The Court may, however, take a different view of the appropriate contextual plausibility judgment than did the lower court in Iqbal. If so, however, the Court would thereby confirm the view that Twombly is an invitation to the lower courts to make ad hoc decisions reflecting buried policy choices. I therefore argue that, if the Court is persuaded that the changes already made to pleading jurisprudence are insufficient to accommodate the needs of the immunity defense, it should forthrightly require fact pleading as a matter of substantive federal common law.


Have you got a compelling story that describes what you do and why it matters? Do your students understand how their studies today can equip them for a wide range of future careers, including in business and technology as well as in teaching and research? There's a very public story in the spotlight right now about maths and science that focuses on Australia's skills shortage. A worrying underperformance in international benchmarks has prompted the Australian Government to invest in its Ideas Boom campaign. Businesses of all kinds are joining a national call to action to boost STEM capability. But what are the issues for those at the coalface? To inspire the next generation of STEM graduates, and as maths and science educators, you should be part of the national conversation. Develop a personal story that positions you as a valued professional and savvy mentor. Tailor your own elevator pitch and tap into channels that will help raise your profile as a respected educator. Encourage your students to do the same by participating in programs that will help them develop their own science communication skills.


Y noise /dt| term approaches zero, resulting the |nIF| approaching 0.5. Furthermore, small change in mock-up data value may often lead to contrasting values of |nIF| at ~0 and ~1. This partly explains some of the sharp fluctuations of estimates by |nIF| in our results. Nevertheless, an approximately proportional relationship between the causal sensitivity and |nIF| still holds. This is because most significant causal contributions occur when |nIF| is around 0.5. Comparing these outcomes to regression, in reression the range of |m|/maximal|m| lies from 0 to 1while the corresponding rang is 0 to 0.5 for |nIF|. The calibration factor for |nIF|, alpha, should hence be approximately equivalent to the 2 x maximal|m| when R 1. We have also explored the results by removing the |dH


Anomaly detection system plays an important role in network security. Anomaly detection or intrusion detection model is a predictive model used to predict the network data traffic as normal or intrusion. Machine Learning algorithms are used to build accurate models for clustering, classification and prediction. In this paper classification and predictive models for intrusion detection are built by using machine learning classification algorithms namely Random Forest. These algorithms are tested with KDD-99 data set. In this research work the model for anomaly detection is based on normalized reduced feature and multilevel ensemble classifier. The work is performed in divided into two stages. In the first stage data is normalized using mean normalization. In second stage genetic algorithm is used to reduce number of features and further multilevel ensemble classifier is used for classification of data into different attack groups. From result analysis it is analysed that with reduced feature intrusion can be classified more efficiently.


The fundamental problem in the design of the geometry component of the mathematics curriculum is simply that there is too much interesting geometry, more than can be reasonably included in the mathematics curriculum. The question that taxes curriculum designer is what to include and what to omit. This paper does not seek to resolve the disagreements over the geometry curriculum as, given the nature of the problem, such an endeavour is unlikely to be successful. Rather, the aim is to identifying and review critical issues concerning the design of the geometry curriculum. These issues include the nature of geometry, the aims of geometry teaching, how geometry is learnt, the relative merits of different approaches to geometry, and what aspects of proof and proving to accentuate.


Enjoyment has been implicated as a determinant of physical activity among children and adolescents. However, the effect of different sport activities on children's enjoyment remains largely unexplored. This study examined whether children's enjoyment in physical education (PE) varied as a function of learning activities. Participants were 210 third- through sixth-grade children who had a 30 min PE class every week. Participants responded to a standardized self-report enjoyment survey measuring their enjoyment level in a PE class during which they participated in tag games. Students completed the same questionnaire when involved in interactive dance games in PE. The results revealed that children reported significantly higher scores in enjoyment toward interactive dance games than they did toward traditional games (p < .01). Also, girls exhibited higher enjoyment toward interactive dance games than boys did (p < .05). However, no gender difference emerged on enjoyment toward traditional games. In conclusion, it is practical and meaningful to integrate interactive dance games into PE.


We have constructed a Watt balance using a laboratory balance and HeNe laser. The balance is calibrated using a position sensitive detector and allows measurements of the absolute mass without the need of calibrated masses. The signals are measured using National Instruments data acquisition board, Agilent measuring unit, and a LabView program. We have performed test measurements of masses in the range from 5 mg to 300 mg. We find that the accuracy of the Watt balance is 3% and that it is limited by the mechanical stability of the laboratory optical table, measurement of the distance and position of the laser beam, and the current measured in the amperometer.


Ruthenium metal complexes consisting of various functionalized carbene-pyridyl anchoring ligands were synthesized, characterized, and tested for their power conversion capabilities. Carboxylate (DC101), hydroxamate (DC107), and acyl azide (DC108) groups were explored as anchors to identify a suitable and efficient binding functionality for the unique characteristic carbene-pyridyl ligand. The hydroxamate anchoring group was shown to be the most efficient anchoring group for the carbene-pyridyl ligand and the device based on dye DC107 exhibited the best efficiency (η) of 4.97% compared to those of the other prepared sensitizers. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies on the devices based on these dyes justified their performances. This is the first case of an investigation utilizing σ electron donating carbene-pyridine as the anchoring ligand and it was found to be more suitable for use as an ancillary group.


Banana chips are one of the fried snacks which preparation are very simple and have been made by most housewives, fried foods cottage level industries or even restaurant's owners. The Goroho banana chips preparation process up today still carried out using conventional frying method using poured fried oil and carried out over and over until the oil colour change. The aims of this study was to investigate the safety of used repeatedly in frying process of banana chips until the fried chips contained nutritive value as well as good taste and aroma, attractive colour and the used fried oil still have a good  quality. The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used as experimental design in this study with 7 kind of different fried intensity and the parameters observed on fried oil included Free Fatty Acids (FFA), Peroxide number and on the banana chips samples included organoleptic test and proximate analysis (moisture, ash, fat, crude fiber, protein an carbohydrate contents). The research results showed that lowest FFA value was observed in control treatment namely 0.16% and the highest value was found in the ninth frying treatment i.e. 0.58% and the highest peroxide number was also found in samples prepared in the twelve frying treatment namely 22.10 meq/kg. While the proximate analysis of banana chips sample showed that the samples contained moisture 3.57%, ash 1.49%, fat 39.44%, crude fiber 0.74%, protein 4.48% and carbohydrate 52.02% respectively. However the organoleptic test showed that panelists acceptability level score as like (5) until very like (6) was for the first frying intensity treatment. Keywords: frying intensity, FFA, peroxide number


The disparity between memory and CPU have been ameliorated by the introduction of Network-on-Chip-based Chip-Multiprocessors (NoC-based CMPS). However, power consumption continues to be an aggressive stumbling block halting the progress of technology. Miniaturized transistors invoke many-core integration at the cost of high power consumption caused by the components in NoC-based CMPs; particularly caches and routers. If NoC-based CMPs are to be standardised as the future of technology design, it is imperative that the power demands of its components are optimized. Much research effort has been put into finding techniques that can improve the power efficiency for both cache and router architectures. This work presents a survey of power-saving techniques for efficient NoC designs with a focus on the cache and router components, such as the buffer and crossbar. Nonetheless, the aim of this work is to compile a quick reference guide of power-saving techniques for engineers and researchers.


Snoring, a symptom which may indicate the presence of the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSA), is also common in the general population. Recent studies have suggested that the acoustic characteristics of snoring sound may differ between simple snorers and OSA patients. We have studied a small number of patients with simple snoring and OSA, analysing the acoustic characteristics of the snoring sound. Seventeen male patients, 10 with OSA (apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) 26.2 events x h(-1)) and seven simple snorers (AHI 3.8 events x h(-1)), were studied. Full night polysomnography was performed and the snoring sound power spectrum was analysed. Spectral analysis of snoring sound showed the existence of two different patterns. The first pattern was characterized by the presence of a fundamental frequency and several harmonics. The second pattern was characterized by a low frequency peak with the sound energy scattered on a narrower band of frequencies, but without clearly identified harmonics. The seven simple snorers and two of the 10 patients with OSA (AIH 13 and 14 events x h(-1), respectively) showed the first pattern. The rest of the OSA patients showed the second pattern. The peak frequency of snoring was significantly lower in OSA patients, with all but one OSA patient and only one simple snorer showing a peak frequency below 150 Hz. A significant negative correlation was found between AHI and peak and mean frequencies of the snoring power spectrum (p<0.0016 and p<0.0089, respectively). In conclusion, this study demonstrates significant differences in the sound power spectrum of snoring sound between subjects with simple snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea patients.


The strain amplitude dependent internal friction at room temperature and the transition temperatures of CuAlMn-shape memory alloys with Al contents from 8.9 wt.% to 12.7 wt.% and Mn contents from 4.7 wt.% to 9.3 wt.% were investigated. The investigated strain range was 10-6 - 10-3. Rods of various compositions were die cast and machined to single clamped damping bars. Their transition temperatures and amplitude dependent damping was determined in as cast and homogenized state. The damping in the investigated shape memory alloys was found to be generally much higher than in metals without martensitic transition. In as cast state some alloys exceeded the damping of a Sonoston type alloy measured in comparison for strains higher than 3 x 10-5. The influence of grain size on damping was investigated by additional sand casting and the use of Boron for grain refinement. It was found that only the material with the biggest grains had a noticeable higher damping over the whole measured strain range. Homogenization heat treatment can still extremely increase the damping of CuAlMn alloys. After homogenization this extremely high damping decreases slowly to medium values in the order of as cast alloys.


The Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) is the most endangered sea turtle species in the world, largely due to the limited geographic range of its nesting habitat. There has been limited research regarding the connection between beach geomorphology and Kemp's ridley nesting patterns, but studies concerning other sea turtle species suggest that certain beach geomorphology variables, such as beach slope and width, influence nest site selection. This research attempts to address the literature gap by quantifying the terrestrial habitat variability of the Kemp's ridley and investigating the connection between beach geomorphology characteristics and Kemp's ridley nesting preferences on Padre Island, TX, United States. Geomorphology characteristics, such as beach width and slope, were extracted from lidar-derived digital elevation models and associated with Kemp's nest coordinates and pseudo-absence points randomly created within the study area. Generalized linear models and random forest models were used to assess the significance of variables for nesting preferences. Kemp's ridley nest presence was successfully modeled using beach geomorphology characteristics, and elevation, distance from shoreline, maximum dune slope, and average beach slope were the most important variables in the models. Kemp's ridleys exhibit a preference for a limited range of the study area and avoid nesting on beaches with beach characteristics of extreme values. The results of this study include new information regarding Kemp's ridley terrestrial habitat and nesting preferences that have many applications for species conservation and management.


Twenty years after the demise of apartheid, a typical South African city remains bifurcated. The mushrooming of squatter camps, mekhukhu , in our big cities, symptomises a history that defined the majority of South Africans as sojourners and vagabonds in their motherland. Destined to die in the rural reserves after the extraction of their labour and confined to 'locations' in-between the 'city' and the rural 'home', black experience in the post-1994 city continues to be a manifestation of a life disintegrated from an integrated vision of ikhaya (oikos) − household − and urban life in democratic South Africa. By critiquing the policies of the post-1994 government on urbanisation, the article argues that for inclusion in the city, the colonial and apartheid polis is not adequate redress to the black experience of urbanisation in South Africa. The quest for the transformation of a city in order for an integrated city in the post-1994 South Africa to be achieved is ostensibly the best starting point, this article argues.


Artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by neurobiology for enhancing and testing computational analogues of neurons. In a feedforward neural network (FFNN), data processing occurs in only one forward interconnection from the input layer to the output layer without any backward loop. Unsupervised FFNN (UFFNN) clustering has great capabilities such as inherent distributed parallel processing architectures, adjusting the interconnection weights to learn and divide data into meaningful groups with special goals, classifying related data into similar groups without using any class label, controlling noisy data and learning the types of input data values based on their weights and properties. Generally in real environments, dynamic data is high volume and dimensional, therefore, the online dynamic UFFNN (ODUFFNN) clustering methods should be developed to have online incremental learning capability. Incremental learning refers to the ability of repeatedly training a network using new data or deleting unnecessary data, without destroying outdated prototype patterns. The ODUFFNN should also be compatible with the changes that occur in continuous data and should be able to control noisy data. We reviewed and investigated current ODUFFNN clustering methods and identified their limitations, main problems such as high training time, low accuracy and high time complexity and memory complexity of clustering, and some reasons of these problems.
In order to overcome the problems, we developed a dynamic UFFNN (DUFFNN) clustering model with only one epoch training. Dynamically after each entrance of the online input data, the DUFFNN learns and stores important information about the current online data, such as the non-random weights and consequently completes a codebook of the weights. Then, a unique and standard weight vector is extracted and updated from the codebook. Subsequently, a single layer DUFFNN calculates the exclusive distance threshold of each data based on the standard weight vector, and clusters the data based on the exclusive distance threshold. Based on the literature, after learning in order to improve the quality of the DUFFNN clustering result, the model assigns a class label to the input data through the training data. The class label of each initially unlabeled input data is predicted by considering a linear activation function and the exclusive distance threshold. Finally, the number of clusters and the density of each cluster are updated.
For evaluation purposes, the clustering performances of the DUFFNN were compared with several related clustering methods using the various datasets from the University of California at Irvine Machine Learning Repository, which illustrated great results. For example, the accuracy of the proposed model was measured through the number of clusters, the quantity of corectly classified nodes and also an F-measure which was 97.71% of the Breast Cancer, 97.24% of Iris, 73.41% of Spam, 90.52% of SPECT Heart, 86.62% of SPECTF Heart, 52.57% of Musk1, 84.31% of Musk2, 66.07% of Arcene, and 27.25% of Yeast datasets respectively, and the superior F-measure results between 98.14% and 100% accuracies for the breast cancer dataset from the University of Malaya Medical Center to predict the survival time of the patients.


To understand applications of Rem Koolhaas's concept of "Bigness," I place it alongside concepts from science fiction criticism and Gestalt perception theory. There are multiple connections between methods used by OMA and means employed in science fiction: collection of diverse programs within ambiguous figures, overwhelming of critical faculties with wonder and scale, extrapolation of complications from first order technological change, and the proliferation of new forms of independent existences in the world. The history of the use, in architecture of the figure-ground drawing, first popularized by Danish psychologist Edgar Rubin, and Danish architect Steen Eiler Rasmussen, provides a backstory for the political effects of both "Bigness" and the science fictional Big Dumb Object. I show that there is an isomorphism between the way OMA's work is presented, in S,M,L,XL and subsequent books, and in the presentation and reception of the book itself.


The author studied cortical mechanisms of the perception of subconscious motivationally meaningful word "vodka" in patients with chronic alcoholism. Clear-cut diffuse activation of the cerebral cortex in response to a subconscious verbal stimulus was identified through recording evoked cortical potentials which are a sensitive indicator of reactivity of the cerebral structures to alcohol. The elucidated cortical activation may be one of the nervous mechanisms of stable craving for alcohol which is poorly controlled by the patient's conscious experience.


A type-indexed function is a function that is defined for each member of some family of types. Haskell's type class mechanism provides collections of open type-indexed functions, in which the indexing family can be extended by defining a new type class instance but the collection of functions is fixed. The purpose of this paper is to present TypeCase: a design pattern that allows the definition of closed type-indexed functions, in which the index family is fixed but the collection of functions is extensible. It is inspired by Cheney and Hinze's work on lightweight approaches to generic programming. We generalise their techniques as a design pattern. Furthermore, we show that type-indexed functions with type-indexed types, and consequently generic functions with generic types, can also be encoded in a lightweight manner, thereby overcoming one of the main limitations of the lightweight approaches.


Fashion today is doing something that has never been done before: it is going for information and inspiration to the street and to the sports field. Perhaps it is the workman in his boiler suit, the garage mechanic, the welder on the building site, or the footballer who can provide the 'look' for our present-day needs.
Cecil Beaton, Introduction to Fashion: An Anthology by Cecil Beaton, 1971

Invisible Men displays over 180 garments exclusively drawn from the Westminster Menswear Archive. It covers the last 120 years of mostly British menswear organised into twelve thematic sections. It explores the design language of menswear by presenting designer garments alongside military, functional and utilitarian outfits.

The replication of archetypal functional garments intended for specific industrial, technical or military use dominates menswear design. The exhibition illustrates how designers have disrupted these conventions through minimal, yet significant modifications to produce outcomes that both replicate and subvert their source material. The endless replication, appropriation and interpretation has meant that the original meaning and function has faded through each reiteration.

Through this approach, the language of menswear has developed an almost fetishistic appreciation of the working man in all his heroic iterations. Designs constantly reference the clothing of seafarers, soldiers, athletes, firefighters, road workers, and explorers.

This design strategy has largely allowed men and what they wear to avoid scrutiny. These garments have remained largely invisible within fashion exhibitions in favour of presenting menswear primarily as the story of the dandy or the peacock male.

This exhibition aims to shine a light on these invisible men.


An algorithm that computes the best matching of two trees is described. The degree of mismatch, i.e., the distance, is measured in terms of the number of node splitting and merging operations required. The proposed tree distance is a more appropriate measurement of structural defonnation than the tree distance measure in terms of the number of insertions, deletions, and substitutions of tree nodes, as defined in previous studies. An algorithm that uses a divide-and-conquer strategy is presented. The analysis shows that the time complexity is O(NM2) where N and Al are the number of nodes of the two trees, respectively. The algorithm has been implemented on a VAX 11/780.


where ^, IID(O.CT^) denote the random country (time-invariant) effects and vit ~ IID(0,ff?) denote the remainder effects. These error components are assumed to be independent of each other and among themselves. Our interest is focused on the estimates of the trend coefficient /?, and the estimators to be considered are ordinary least squares (OLS), first difference (FD), the fixed effects (FE) estimator, assuming the /t,'s are fixed effects, and the generalized least squares estimator (GLS), knowing the true variance components, which is the best linear unbiased estimator in this case.


Influences of additives on the physicochemical characteristics and technologies of binder are researched, and a new compound phosphate heat-cured foundry binder coded B8M15 is developed. The binder is made from environmental friendly inorganic materials such as phosphoric acid, aluminum hydroxide, B-ion additive and Mg-ion additive. Laboratory results indicate that combined effect of B-ion additive and Mg-ion additive can improve the storage stability of the binder and its sand mold or core, as well as they can increase the dry strength of its sand mold or core from 0.77MPa to 2.51MPa. This binder has low gas evolution and good collapsibility.


The FMCG sector (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) is one of the largest industries in the world wherein the brands are reliant on the customer attraction and product sales worldwide. It is important for brands to maintain the quality and color consistency of these products. FMCG labels printed with Spot colors by Flexography process is not cost-effective due to higher job changeover times and wastage. The most effective way of ensuring spot color reproduction is implementing Expanded Color Gamut (ECG) printing by using a fixed set of colors with four process colors namely Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black (CMYK) along with three colors Orange, Green and Violet (OGV). These seven colors provide eye-catching graphics and a larger gamut so as to reproduce maximum number of Pantone® colors. The evaluation of spot color reproduction was carried on a Nilpeter FB-430 Narrow Web Flexo press that included runs viz. Initial, Optimization, Fingerprinting, Characterization and Validation on Polypropylene substrate with UV based inks. The runs were carried as per Idealliance® specifications. The aims and tolerance as per ISO 12647-2 with CRPC 6 GRACoL 2013 for CMYK while ISO 20654 Spot Color Tonal Value (SCTV), Chroma and Hue for OGV were achieved. The customized Characterization Test Chart with 2016 patches for CMYKOGV for profile generation and Verification Test Chart with 799 patches of Pantone® Solid Coated from the Digital Library was created in CGS Oris XGamut. These Test Charts were measured using X-Rite EyeOne iO automated device. The magnitude of color match for Spot Colors by expanded gamut printing was verified on a narrow web flexography press. The gamut analysis between CRPC 6 and CMYKOGV showed that from the geometric region of Pantone® Colors Inside CMYKOGV Gamut and Outside CRPC6 Gamut, 85% of the Pantone colors were reproduced below Delta E 2.5.


Introduction: The reduction of follicular hormones concentration as it appears in menopause leads to a considerable abnormalities in the calcium-phosphate economy as well as to halosteresis. The most rapid progress of idiopathic scoliosis occurs prior to as well as immediately after menarche, whereupon the "hormonal play" shows changes that manifest themselves through different follicular hormones levels. In both cases follicular hormone release disturbances affect the calcium-phosphate economy. Materials and method: The study encompassed 109 girls, 50 of whom had idiopathic scoliosis (group A) aged 11-14 years and 59 of whom were healthy controls (33-group B1 as well as 26- groupB2) within the same age range. The size of the curve upon examination amounted to the Mean Value of 310±110 (min.=100, max.=600) as established on the basis of Cobb method. Within the group of scoliotic girls 26 had not had menarche, while 24 had already undergone menarche. Within the group of healthy girls 19 had not had menarche, while 40 had already undergone menarche. Results: The result analysis indicates that estradiol level in healthy girls (groups B1 and B2) is markedly higher as opposed to scoliotic girls (group A) regardless of whether they are pre- or postmenarchal. The statistical tests performed pointed to statistically significant discrepancies between healthy and scoliotic girls, be they pre- or postmenarchal. Likewise, PTH concentration proved pronouncedly higher in healthy in contrast with scoliotic girls. The analyses conducted manifested statistically significant discrepancies between healthy and scoliotic girls. In all examined groups calcium level was within norm. The calcium ions concentration assay manifested no statistically significant discrepancies between healthy and scoliotic girls, whether pre- or postmenarchal. Conclusions: Drawing on the data obtained, it was stated that in girls with diagnosed idiopathic scoliosis there occurs a decreased level of estradiol in comparison to their healthy peers of the same sex. Similar conclusions were reached as regards parathormone. The detected hormone release disturbances are an upshot of a metabolic system resembling that of postmenopausal women who experience an active destruction of the osseous tissue.


Cast-in-place pile with its strong adaptability, cost moderate, construction simple and its high bearing capacity, can penetrate through the soft soil layer, facilitate underwater construction and the settlement is small and other characteristics are widely used in bridge engineering field. But the changeful gulf climate, tidal fluctuations bring a lot of inconvenience to bridge foundation construction, and sea water features affect the durability of the bridge foundation, so cast-in place pile foundation construction are difficult technical at gulf environment. This paper introduces a successful practice about cast-in-place pile engineering in the bay bridge. Combined with the Fanhe Harbor Bridge engineering practice, based on the special hydrological, geological conditions, this paper expounds the gulf cast-in-place pile construction and key technology.


Variable speed drives employing induction motors have been widely used in industry for decades. Today there is a continually increasing demand for more precise and flexible speed control usually with close attention to energy efficiency. The inverter is used because of its reliability, flexibility and relatively low cost. However its output a.c. voltage is not sinusoidal so the core losses in the induction motors consequently increase. This research is centred on the design and testing of the stator winding configuration of three phase induction motors with various coil pitches and measure the dynamic performance under sinusoidal and PWM supplies. Measurements were carried out to determine the behavior of harmonic losses and the efficiency of four identical three-phase 746 W induction motors with stator coil pitches of 180 , 160 , 140 and 120 . The motors were fed from either a three-phase inverter or a three-phase sinusoidal voltage supply. The switching frequency was varied from 4 kHz to 16 kHz and the modulation frequency was varied between 30 Hz to 60 Hz. Simulations were carried out using OPERA 2D software under sinusoidal voltage supply. The phenomenon of chording by l/n* of pole pitch to suppress the n* harmonic was particularly followed by motors with 120 and 160 coil pitches under sinusoidal voltage supply. This phenomenon was also followed by 120 , 140 and 160 coil pitch motors under PWM voltage supply at all the switching frequencies and modulation * frequencies. The motor with 120 coil pitch showed a drastical increase in the lower order voltage harmonic components with simulation under sinusoidal supply when compared to full pitch motor. The total voltage harmonic distortion due to the third, fifth and ninth harmonics was less for the motor with 120 coil pitch under PWM voltage at higher switching frequencies and under over modulation condition. The efficiency of the same motor was higher at full load and over loads under all the switching frequencies and modulation frequencies. The measurement results and discussion enable motor manufacturers to consider 120 coil pitch motor under PWM voltage supply and 160 coil pitch motor under sinusoidal voltage supply for the 746 W induction motors as the increase in the efficiencies were 12% and 5% respectively when compared to full pitch motor.


Optical and near-infrared light curves of the Type IIn supernova SN 1999el in NGC 6951 are presented. A period of 220 days (416 days in the near-infrared) is covered from the first observation obtained a few days before maximum light. Spectroscopic observations are also discussed. Using as a distance calibrator the Type Ia SN 2000E, which occurred some months later in the same galaxy, and fitting a blackbody law to the photometric data, we obtain a maximum bolometric luminosity for SN 1999el of ~1044 ergs s-1. In general, the photometric properties of SN 1999el are very similar to those of SN 1998S, a bright and well-studied Type IIn supernova, showing a fast decline in all observed bands similar to those of Type II-L supernovae. The differences with SN 1998S are analyzed and ascribed to the differences in a preexisting circumstellar envelope in which dust was already present at the moment of the SN outburst. We infer that light echoes may play a possibly significant role in affecting the observed properties of the light curves, although improved theoretical models are needed to account for the data. We conclude that mass loss in the progenitor RG stars is episodic and occurs in an asymmetric way. This implies that collapsing massive stars appear as normal Type II supernovae if this occurs far from major mass-loss episodes, whereas they appear as Type IIn supernovae if a large mass-loss episode is in progress.


According to architecture characteristics of the motor control digital signal processor (MCDSP), we select standard boundary scan test which is compatible with IEEE 1149.1 as main method, and full scan test as complementary method to test whole chip. Adopted self-definition address registers, data registers, control registers together, boundary scan test makes the use of the original core circuit of MCDSP, and uses MARCH B algorithm to test RAM, ROM and registers stacks, reducing the hardware expense; full scan technique establishes a single scan chain which has function of multi-chains, reducing test application time. Compared to traditional test methods, the combined methods come to a good equilibrium between hardware expense and test application time.


This work presents an adaptive approach for fault tolerant control of singularly perturbed systems, where both actuator and sensor faults are examined in presence of external disturbances. For sensor faults, an adaptive controller is designed based on an output-feedback control scheme. The feedback controller gain is determined in order to stabilize the closed-loop system in the fault free case and vanishing disturbance, while the additive gain is updated using an adaptive law to compensate for the sensor faults and the external disturbances. To correct the actuator faults, a state-feedback control method based on adaptive mechanism is considered. The both proposed controllers depend on the singular perturbation parameter e leading to ill-conditioned problems. A well-posed problem is obtained by simplifying the Lyapunov equations and subsequently the controllers using the singular perturbation method and the reduced subsystems yielding to an e-independent controller. The control scheme, designed based on the Lyapunov stability theory, guarantees asymptotic stability in presence of additive faults and external disturbances provided the singular perturbation parameter is sufficiently small. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the obtained results. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.44.4.8532


The purpose of this study is to analyse the development of the tourism industry in Maluku, focusing on tourist destinations in the city of Ambon. In general, Maluku province is blessed with natural charm, especially the beautiful beaches that make Maluku is famous with maritime tourist attraction. With the spread of many beautiful beach destinations, it should have made tourism industry in Ambon, the capital of Maluku blossom, but on the contrary, this sector is still not developed optimally. The researcher conducts this conceptual research to analyse the factors that influence the development of the tourism sector. Data obtained from secondary references along with personal experiences of the researcher are used to make the analysis. The results is tourism sector in Ambon will be more developed when local government able to develop and implement a comprehensive tourism strategy with the involvement of local residents.


The versatile type IV secretion system (T4SS) nanomachine plays a pivotal role in bacterial pathogenesis and the propagation of antibiotic resistance determinants throughout microbial populations. In addition to paradigmatic DNA conjugation machineries, diverse T4SSs enable the delivery of multifarious effector proteins to target prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, mediate DNA export and uptake from the extracellular milieu, and in rare examples, facilitate transkingdom DNA translocation. ABSTRACT The versatile type IV secretion system (T4SS) nanomachine plays a pivotal role in bacterial pathogenesis and the propagation of antibiotic resistance determinants throughout microbial populations. In addition to paradigmatic DNA conjugation machineries, diverse T4SSs enable the delivery of multifarious effector proteins to target prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, mediate DNA export and uptake from the extracellular milieu, and in rare examples, facilitate transkingdom DNA translocation. Recent advances have identified new mechanisms underlying unilateral nucleic acid transport through the T4SS apparatus, highlighting both functional plasticity and evolutionary adaptations that enable novel capabilities. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms underscoring DNA translocation through diverse T4SS machineries, emphasizing the architectural features that implement DNA exchange across the bacterial membrane and license transverse DNA release across kingdom boundaries. We further detail how recent studies have addressed outstanding questions surrounding the mechanisms by which nanomachine architectures and substrate recruitment strategies contribute to T4SS functional diversity.


Polypropylene (PP) fiber reinforced concrete is an important composite. In order to improve the mechanical properties of PP fiber reinforced concrete, polyacrylamide (PAM) was grafted onto the PP surface by the UV irradiation to enhance the hydrophilic property of PP in this study. IR spectra showed the existence of carboxylic acid functional groups on the treated PP surface. AFM images depicted that the treated PP surface had the lower height fluctuation, roughness, and had the acicular appearance. Contact angles of the treated PP were reduced in comparison with that of the original PP. All of these experimental results gave the evidences that PAM had been successfully grafted onto the treated PP surface. Furthermore, OM images depicted that the treated PP adhered to cement hydrate products (C-S-H) more tightly than that of the original PP did. We therefore expect that PP grafted with PAM can enhance mechanical properties of PP fiber reinforced concrete.


Ultra-short pulsed lasers are known for their ability to precisely machine materials including human hard and soft tissues while minimizing the amount of thermal energy deposited to the surroundings. Non-thermal ablation produced by ultra-short pulsed lasers in the femtosecond to picosecond range is very effective for dental applications. As shown in Figure 1, most decay occurs in the dentin, which is found between the outer surface (enamel) and the inner region containing the nerve endings (pulp) [1]. Caries removal and the preparation of cavities in dentistry are primarily performed by the use of mechanical drills. The current techniques are invasive and cause patient discomfort. Due to the vibrations of the drills it is necessary to use local anesthetic for the majority of dental procedures. A continuous water spray is used in conjunction with the drills to balance the temperature rise produced by mechanical vibrations. Drills are somewhat limited in precision causing a large amount of healthy tooth to be lost during any restoration process. Replacing a multitude of mechanical tools with one non-invasive, accurate and painless laser treatment will be a huge advancement to the current dental techniques.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


The development of high level skills across the workforce is expensive and requires major investment from individuals, governments and employers. Traditionally, employers view training as an expensive solution that is implemented to fix problems. This paper brings forward a research project that is designed to develop a theory of Web-mediated learning reinforcement as a better basis for investigating qualities of training in context. Currently, the usefulness of online mentoring is largely misunderstood. Online mentoring should not remain stationary; instead it should respond to the context and progressive knowledge development between the mentor and the mentee. Employers need to know the impact of their continual investments in human capital development on institutional effectiveness. Furthermore, with people remaining in the work-force beyond the traditional retirement age; we need to know - what are the consequences of retraining that involves online facilitation, and what are the consequences for retaining a paper-based facilitator-led training program.


Methyl isocyanide, CH3NC, is a key compound in astrochemistry and astrobiology. A combined theoretical and experimental investigation of the single photon ionization of gas phase methyl isocyanide and its fragmentation pathways is presented. Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation based experiments are used to measure the threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) spectra between 10.6 and 15.5 eV. This allowed us to experimentally determine the adiabatic ionization energy (AIE) and fragment ion appearance energies (AE) of gas-phase methyl isocyanide. Its AIE has been measured with a precision never achieved before. It is found to be AIEexp = 11.263 ± 0.005 eV. We observe a vibrational progression upon ionization corresponding to the population of vibrational levels of the ground state of the methyl isocyanide cation. In addition, four fragment ion appearance energies (AEs) were measured to be AE (m/z 40) = 12.80 ± 0.05 eV, AE (m/z 39) = 13.70 ± 0.05, AE (m/z 15) = 13.90 ± 0.05 eV, AE (m/z 14) 13.85 ± 0.05 eV, respectively. In order to interpret the experimental data, we performed state-of-the-art computations using the explicitly correlated coupled cluster approach. We also considered the zero-point vibrational energy (ZPVE), core-valence (CV) and scalar relativistic (SR) effects. The results of theoretical calculations of the AIE and AEs are in excellent agreement with the experimental findings allowing for assignment of the fragmentations to the loss of neutral H, H2, CN and HCN upon ionization of CH3NC. The computations show that in addition to the obvious bond breakings, some of the corresponding ionic fragments result from rearrangements - upon photon absorption - either before or after electron ejection.


One of John Stuart Mill's primary aims in On Liberty is to establish that power is illegitimate when used for paternalistic reasons. According to Mill, the individual's independence is "of right, absolute" when the conduct of the individual is purely self-regarding (On Liberty 8). There is, however, a tension between Mill's blanket rejection of paternalism and his commitment to utilitarianism: it is not clear that complete freedom from a paternalistic authority would generate maximal happiness in all cases. Assuming that classical utilitarianism is the relevant evaluative standard, the utility of such interference involves some degree of contingency. That is, whether paternalistic interference would promote maximal happiness in any given case depends, to some extent, on the particulars of that case. Why, then, is Mill's anti-paternalism so uncompromising? In this paper, I propose an interpretation of Mill's conception of happiness that renders his absolute rejection of paternalistic interference more plausible. Specifically, I argue that the perfectionist elements in Utilitarianism and On Liberty substantially reduce the tension between the antipaternalist principle and the contingency of utilitarian assessments of paternalistic interference. I then argue that the proposed interpretation yields a satisfactory answer to the question of why Mill excludes the creation of slavery contracts from the protected domain of liberty generated by the anti-paternalist principle. I conclude by considering whether the principle can be properly regarded as absolute when the slavery contract exception is taken into consideration. 1 Guido: Mill on Paternalism and Happiness Published by JHU Macksey Journal, 2020


We present near-infrared photometry of the globular cluster systems of the early-type galaxies NGC 4472, NGC 4594, NGC 3585, and NGC 5813. We combine these near-infrared data, obtained with PANIC at the Magellan Baade 6.5 m telescope, with archival optical HST and FORS/VLT data, and use the optical to near-infrared colors to constrain the ages and metallicities of the globular clusters around the target galaxies. For NGC 4472 we have the most extensive near-infrared and optical photometric data set. These colors show that the NGC 4472 globular cluster system has a broad metallicity distribution and that the clusters are predominantly old (i.e., ages of about 10 Gyr or more). This result agrees well with earlier spectroscopic work on NGC 4472, and is evidence that the combination of optical to near-infrared colors can identify predominantly old systems and distinguish these from systems with a substantial intermediate-age component. Based on the smaller sample of combined optical and near-infrared data, NGC 4594 and NGC 3585 appear to have predominantly old globular cluster systems, while that of NGC 5813 may have a more significant age spread. We also match our sample of globular clusters with near-infrared and optical photometry to Chandra X-ray source detections in these galaxies, and discuss how the probability that a globular cluster hosts a low-mass X-ray binary depends on metallicity and age.


The treatment of emergencies in a hospital or in private practice is subject to a common set of rules, but each setting presents its own particularities. These specificities include the prevalence of different pathologies, the possibility of hospitalisation and the length of the observation period, and these are illustrated by pertinent case histories. The effect of different prevalence is well illustrated by the thrombolytic treatment of myocardial infarction. The cost/benefit ratio of this treatment is entirely different when administered to a population seen in private consultation, in which myocardial infarction makes up only 5% of patients presenting with thoracic pain, as opposed to a hospital setting in which the prevalence of myocardial infarction is much higher. The possibility of hospitalizing patients is illustrated by community-based pneumonia, in which knowledge of the epidemiology and prognostic factors are guides in choosing appropriate antibiotics and in rapidly selecting the patients requiring admission to hospital. Finally, the length of observation is illustrated by patients presenting with abdominal pain. Certain symptoms and signs can indicate a surgical affection, but often a certain period of observation is required before the correct diagnosis can be made. To improve physicians' performance in emergency medicine will require better knowledge of areas up till now often ignored, such as epidemiology, decision analysis, a probabilistic approach to different pathologies, unfavourable prognostic factors of known illnesses, and simple clinical and paraclinical factors which serve to discriminate between those cases requiring hospitalisation and those which may be followed on an ambulatory basis.


This paper presents a flexible 2/spl times/2 matrix multiplier architecture. The architecture is based on word-width decomposition for flexible but high-speed operation. The elements in the matrices are successively decomposed so that a set of small multipliers and simple adders are used to generate partial results, which are combined to generate the final results. An energy reduction mechanism is incorporated in the architecture to minimize the power dissipation due to unnecessary switching of logic. Two types of decomposition schemes are discussed, which support 2's complement inputs, and its overall functionality is verified and designed with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The architecture can be easily extended to a reconfigurable matrix multiplier. We provide results on performance of the proposed architecture from FPGA post-synthesis results. We summarize design factors influencing the overall execution speed and complexity.


. The basic motivation of this work is to attempt to explain the rapid primordial inflation and the observed slow late-time inflation by using the Brans– Dicke theory of gravity. We show that the ratio of these two inflation parameters is proportional to the square root of the Brans–Dicke parameter ω ( ω (cid:1) 1). We also calculate the Hubble parameter H and the time variation of the time dependent Newtonian gravitational constant G for both regimes. The variation of the Hubble parameter predicted by Brans–Dicke cosmology is shown to be consistent with recent measurements: the value of H in the late-time future is predicted as 0.86 times the present value of H .


Abstract This study aims to assess (1) changes in severity of needs among 204 individuals with severe mental disorders (SMD) at 5-year follow-up and (2) predictors of the overall change in severity of needs. Severity of needs in 26 areas was compared at three different times. A repeated mixed design ANOVA model was used to assess predictors of the overall change in severity. Over the 5-year period, the severity of needs decreased significantly in five areas and increased significantly in only one. Predictors of overall change in severity of needs were related mostly to clinical and healthcare service variables (e.g., schizophrenia, without substance abuse disorder, efficient social functioning, high amount and adequacy of help, and continuity of care). To better respond to needs, healthcare services should focus on more disadvantaged individuals with SMD and dual diagnosis, especially those who require basic education and help in securing food.


The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. Among the diverse signaling outcomes associated with ubiquitination, the most well-established is the targeted degradation of substrates via the proteasome. During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation.


Ecthyma contagiosum, or orf, is a viral zoonosis of sheep and goats that can be transmitted to humans. In humans, it generally manifests as a solitary skin lesion, although rarely it can have an unusual course or be accompanied by systemic symptoms or complications. We present a case of giant orf lesion on the nose of a 9-year-old. The lesion grew rapidly and measured 5 cm by 4 cm and was attached to the right ala nasi by a base 2 cm round in diameter. The diagnosis was suggested by clinical and histopathologic appearance and confirmed by electron microscopic visualization of the virus. The lesion resolved spontaneously with minimal scarring and the entire cycle lasted about 3 months.


This paper investigates a production lot sizing problem where defective items produced during a production run can be reworked after inspections conducted during and at the end of production. The rework process is considered to produce a fixed proportion of scrapped items. Shortages are allowed and completely backordered. In process industries such as semiconductor manufacturing, understanding of the influence of rework on inventory is needed for effective and controlled planning. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal production quantity and maximum shortage level to maximize the expected total profit per unit of time. A mathematical model is presented along with a proof of the concavity of the expected total profit function. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, as well as a sensitivity analysis of optimal solutions with respect to major parameters.


Yeast mitochondria, incubated with radioactive amino acids in a "protein-synthesizing mixture" containing an oxidizable substrate and an ATP regenerating system, have been shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to incorporate label into polypeptides equivalent in molecular weight and relative amount ot those made in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide. The ability of these isolated mitochondria to synthesize "native" polypeptides was assessed by examining the incorporation of label into subunits of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 18.104.22.168). An analysis of immunoprecipitates formed by incubating cholate extracts of labeled mitochondria with an antiserum against holocytochrome c oxidase revealed that label was incorporated into three polypeptides of sizes equivalent to those of cytochrome c oxidase subunits I, II, and III, shown from earlier studies in vivo to be translated on mitochondrial ribosomes. Further evidence that these polypeptides made in vitro are "native" and identical to subunits I, II, and III was provided by the observation that labeled polypeptides equivalent in size to subunits I-III- ARE ALSO IMMUNO-PRECIPITATED BY ANTISERUM AGAINST SUBUNITS V plus VII, an antiserum that can precipitate subunits I, II, and III only when they are complexed to the cytoplasmically synthesized subunits, V and VII, of the enzyme. These results suggest that isolated mitochondria are capable of synthesizing three subunits of cytochrome c oxidase and assembling them into a holoenzyme.


The article shows the scale and reasons of regional disparities in the development of selected activities in multifunctional farmers in Poland, which are a an example of the diversification of farm activities. Moreover, they presented the benefits for farmers as a result of taking up and pursuit of selected multifunctional activities. Empirically, the paper is based on primary and secondary data. The primary data is derived from the findings of a survey carried out among farmers (interview with a questionnaire), whereas the secondary data comes from the Central Statistical Office of Poland. The findings of the research show high regional diversification of the development level of farmers' nonfarming activity. The highest discrepancy was observed in the case of the percentage of organic farms in the total number of farms. Less intense were those in the case of the share of agritourism farm households, whereas the lowest regional differences were recorded for the farm households holding its own direct sales scheme of farm produce. Another important finding from the survey of the farmers running nonfarming economic activity is that the highest advantages of such activity are the increase in farm household income and improvement of the farm family living standard. However, farmers found it difficult to observe any advantages of nonfarming economic activity in rural areas.


The preservation of a community's cultural heritage is a challenge for neighborhood organizations, city boards, and planning committees. Bloomfield College, along with our community partners in Newark, used a Capstone course to revitalize a cultural history and create a transformation for a community that is in need of change. Focusing on the history of Newark, New Jersey from 1925 into the 1970s, we sought to combine oral history with creative writing and technology to provide Newark's youth and the Bloomfield College community with an appreciation of the City's rich cultural heritage, to encourage action by political leaders, and to foster a desire to further pursue cultural preservation.


This special issue of Karib includes authors with different disciplinary backgrounds in conversation with the Martinican philosopher and poet Édouard Glissant (1928–2011) and with each other. Glissant has inspired and challenged us to use his essays and imaginary as a vantage point, a base from which to view the world and create the schema of belonging and relational rootedness. The focus is on how Glissant's work continues to be interpreted in new ways in disciplines other than philosophy or literary studies and on exploring fundamental questions about physical spaces and their 'imaginaries' around the world. Glissant used diverse examples and terms, each drawing meaning from the others. The authors of this issue set out to do exactly that as they wander around the globe, drawing specific attention to certain points or to the process itself. The insularity of an island (literally and metaphorically) in Glissant's writing is also a paradoxical globality: the wandering (errance) does not have a start or a finish. In this case, it seemed symbolically appropriate to set out from the Caribbean and return to it in the final paper of the collection.


The investigations for mitigating wind-induced excitations of tall buildings have been carried out. The aerodynamic modification of a building shape changing the cross-section with height through tapering, which alters the flow pattern around the building, could reduce wind induced excitations of tall buildings. The fart that a tapered tall building might spread the vortex-shedding over a broad range of frequencies makes more effective for reducing acrosswind responses has been established. In this paper, to investigate the tapering effect for reducing wind-induced responses of a tapered tall building, high-frequency force-balance test was conducted. The six types of building models which have different taper ratio of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15% and one basic building model of a square cross-section were tested under the two typical boundary layers representing suburban and urban flow environment. The effect of wind direction was also considered.


The distribution of adenosine deaminase and adenosine deaminase complexing protein in rabbit heart has been compared using immunohistochemical staining procedures. Sections (4-5 microns) of tissue fixed in Clarke's solution or paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin were stained by the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method for adenosine deaminase or complexing protein, using affinity purified antibodies. Staining for adenosine deaminase and complexing protein was observed in the central myocardium of all heart chambers. Adenosine deaminase was detected in endothelial cells of blood vessels and adjacent pericytes. The nuclei of arteries stained heavily for adenosine deaminase, whereas those of venules and small veins, although positive, stained much more lightly. The cytoplasm of blood vessel endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of the tunica media were also weakly positive for adenosine deaminase. Endothelial cells of the endocardium and epicardium did not stain. Randomly distributed mononuclear inflammatory cells and interstitial connective tissue fibroblasts were also negative for adenosine deaminase. These results raise the possibility that endothelial cells containing adenosine deaminase could serve as a metabolic barrier preventing the free exchange of plasma and interstitial adenosine. Positive staining for complexing protein was restricted to blood vessel endothelial cells, especially cytoplasmic processes. Colocalization experiments carried out with biotinylated primary antibodies indicate that some vessels are positive for both adenosine deaminase and complexing protein. This is the first experimental evidence of possible in situ association of adenosine deaminase and complexing protein.


The present work is intended to be analyses concerning with fresh surface water (lakes) quality in Hospet city (India) based on water quality index (WQI). Water quality index (WQI) is a tool to identify the quality of surface water and it used for to calculate for different surface water resources especially lakes, in Hospet city, Karnataka, (India), for the session June 2007 to May 2008; comprising of three seasons, summer, winter and rainy season. Sampling points were selected on the basis of their importance. Water quality index was used to calculate indices calculator given by National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) information system. The calculated (WQI) for various studied fresh surface water lakes showed fair water quality in monsoon season which then changed too medium in winter and poor for summer season. The results obtained for the WQI from the different sampling stations were found to be varied from 34.80 to 36.26 for Monsoon season, 38.52 to 48.67 for winter and 55.05 to 84.94 for summer seasons. The results conclude, Kampli and Komalapura tanks receives domestic and agricultural run-off from the adjoining areas. Kampli and Kamalapura tanks also declined in aesthetic quality over past decade following invasion of aquatic weeds such as hydrilla and water primrose, so the reasons to import water quality change and measures to be taken up in terms of surface water (lakes) quality management are required. Somalapura tank showed medium water quality rating in all season except monsoon season.


Load latency remains a significant bottleneck in dynamically scheduled pipelined processors. Load speculation techniques have been proposed to reduce this latency. Dependence Prediction can be used to allow loads to be issued before all prior store addresses are known, and to predict exactly which store a load should wait upon. Address Prediction can be used to allow a load to bypass the calculation of its effective address and speculatively issue. Value Prediction can be used to bypass the load forward latency and avoid cache misses. Memory renaming has been proposed to communicate stored values directly to aliased loads. In this paper we examine in detail the interaction and performance tradeoffs of these four load speculation techniques in the presence of two miss-speculation recovery architectures-reexecution and squash. We examine the performance of combining these techniques to create a load speculation chooser which provides performance improvement over using any one technique in isolation. We also examine the accuracy of these load speculation techniques for predicting data cache misses.


The goal of this paper is to provide the required foundations for establishing free theorems -- statements about program equivalence, guaranteed by polymorphic types -- for the functional-logic programming language Curry. For the sake of presentation we restrict ourselves to a language fragment that we call CuMin, and that has the characteristic features of Curry (both functional and logic). We present a new denotational semantics based on partially ordered sets without limits. We then introduce an intermediate language called SaLT that is essentially a lambda-calculus extended with an abstract set type, and again give a denotational semantics. We show that the standard (logical relations) techniques can be applied to obtain a general parametricity theorem for SaLT and derive free theorems from it. Via a translation from CuMin to SaLT that fits the respective semantics, we then derive free theorems for CuMin.


BACKGROUND
Molecular markers can help identify patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a high risk of relapse. Excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1), Xeroderma pigmentosum group G (XPG), and breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) are involved in DNA damage repair, whereas ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) is implicated in DNA synthesis. Expression levels of these molecules might therefore have a prognostic role in lung cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We examined ERCC1, RRM1, XPG, and BRCA1 mRNA levels by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 54 patients with stage IB-IIB resected NSCLC. A strong correlation was observed between the 4 genes.

RESULTS
For patients with low BRCA1, regardless of XPG mRNA expression levels, disease-free survival (DFS) was not reached. For patients with intermediate/high BRCA1 and high XPG, DFS was 50.7 months. However, for patients with intermediate/high BRCA1 and low/intermediate XPG, DFS decreased to 16.3 months (P = .002). Similar differences were observed in overall survival, with median survival not reached for patients with low BRCA1, regardless of XPG levels, or for patients with intermediate/high BRCA1 and high XPG. Conversely, for patients with intermediate/high BRCA1 levels and low/intermediate XPG levels, median survival dropped to 25.5 months (P = .007).

CONCLUSION
BRCA1 and XPG were identified as independent prognostic factors for both median survival and DFS. High BRCA1 mRNA expression confers poor prognosis in early NSCLC, and the combination of high BRCA1 and low XPG expression still further increases the risk of shorter survival. These findings can help optimize the customization of adjuvant chemotherapy.


We present a characterization methodology for fast direct measurement of the charge accumulated on Floating Gate (FG) transistors of Flash EEPROM cells. Using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in Passive Voltage Contrast (PVC) mode we were able to distinguish between '0' and '1' bit values stored in each memory cell. Moreover, it was possible to characterize the remaining charge on the FG; thus making this technique valuable for Failure Analysis applications for data retention measurements in Flash EEPROM. The technique is at least two orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) methods. Only a relatively simple backside sample preparation is necessary for accessing the FG of memory transistors. The technique presented was successfully implemented on a 0.35 μm technology node microcontroller and a 0.21 μm smart card integrated circuit. We also show the ease of such technique to cover all cells of a memory (using intrinsic features of SEM) and to automate memory cells characterization using standard image processing technique.


The development potential of tourism is widely recognised, and its promotion has been embraced by many developing countries. While many African countries are among these, in most, tourism's potential remains underexploited. Africa's share of the global market remains low despite the region's advantages. Interlinked reasons for this commonly include poor service standards and a shortage of suitably skilled labour in the sector. Because human interaction forms a crucial component of any destination's tourism product, a country can enhance the economic contribution of tourism through the development of the people employed (or employable) in the industry, i.e. human resource development (HRD). This study uses concepts from management studies and economics to explore the links between tourism, economic development, and HRD, and highlights the role that tourism HRD can play in tourism-led development in an African context.


The key research question of this thesis is to what extent and what types of public industrial policy and their interactions affect innovation in renewable energy (RE) as a whole and in different RE technologies (RETs). Innovation in RE is widely believed to be important in helping change the energy mix away from fossils and hence contribute to a more sustainability-friendly energy transition.
In the introductory chapter I outline the problem of climate change and the impact of fossils-based energy use to that change. In the second chapter entitled "Theoretical Framework: Determinants of Innovation and the Role of Public Industrial Policy", focuses on the conceptual foundations, notably on the role of innovation in fostering positive change in general and in RE in particular, as well as on how public industrial policy may help address problems of market failures and foster innovation in RETs. The third Chapter entitled "Empirical Protocol and Method" explains the main variables, data sources and our empirical methodology.
Chapter four on 'Industrial policy for renewable energy: The innovation impact of European policy instruments and their interactions', examines the impact of RE policies as well as three RE policy instruments (demand-pull, technology-push and systemic), and their interactions on RE innovation in 15 European Union states for the period 1995–2014. Following a critical literature survey, I developed a conceptual framework and hypotheses which I then tested by employing a comprehensive data set that we collected for this purpose. I found that RE policies as a whole as well as demand-pull and technology-push instruments affect RE innovation positively. The impact of interactions between instruments on RE innovation was also found to be positive and significant, except in the case of specific pairs of instrument interaction where the outcome was contingent on the specification used. I discussed reasons for these findings, as well as implications for public policy, limitations and opportunities for further research.
In the fifth Chapter, entitled "Can Industrial Policy Pick Winning Renewable Energy Technologies?", a lasting debate in Industrial Policy (IP) literature concerns whether government support to sectors and firms can help 'pick winners'. More recent literature has shifted attention to picking winning policies, policy instruments and/or technologies, in particular General Purpose Technologies (GPTs). I suggested that RE can qualify as GPT that incorporates a number of more specific RE technologies (RETs). I developed theory and Hypotheses, and provide econometric evidence for the impact of three IP policy instruments on different RETs. I also examined the unexplored role of country experience in mediating this relationship, as well as regional variations in the EU. In addition, I constructed a quality adjustment indicator to examine whether IP affected the quality of the innovation outcomes. I employed a comprehensive data set for the OECD and EU and North and South EU regions and found support for our the theory-derived Hypotheses.
In Chapter 6 ("Fostering Innovation in Renewable Energy Technologies: Choice of policy instruments and effectiveness"), I examined the effectiveness of different types of RE policy instruments (demand-pull, technology-push and systemic) on innovation, for an array of RETs. More specifically, I collected and analysed data on policy intervention, innovation activity and performance for 21 countries over the period 1990-2014 – which I then used to evaluate and compare the effect of different instruments on different RETs. Our results showed that demand-pull policy instruments have been the most effective of all in fostering innovation activity, and that their level of effectiveness increases when they are used to target a specific RET.
In Chapter 7 ("The Interrelationship Between Subsidies to Fossil Fuels and to Renewable Energy Sources in the OECD"), I looked at the question of the substitutability between subsidies to fossil fuels and to RETs.While the issue of substitutability between energy sources has been widely examined in literature, the argument that supporting fossils fuels will hamper energy transitions, has been taken as self-evident. However, the relationship between subsidies to RE and to fossil fuels is more nuanced. In theory the two types of subsidies can substitute each other, be unrelated or even be complementary to each other. The overall impact on RE transition will depend on the exact relationship. In this context I examined three different specifications, each time with a more disaggregated independent variable. I found that overall subsidies to fossil fuels have a negative effect on subsidies to RE and that this varies between different types of fossil-based energy sources.
In the eighth and final chapter ('Summary, Conclusions and Policy Implications"), I summarised the key innovations and contributions of the thesis and examined its policy implications, as well as the limitations and opportunities for further research. Key contributions of this thesis alongside their policy implications are that the use of different policy instruments and their interactions matter; different RE technologies require different types of policy instruments in order to induce innovation; policy experience also matters; and public policy interventions can help induce lower quality innovations. In addition I found that different RET technologies require different types of RE policy instruments in order to induce innovation. Moreover I found that instruments that aim to increase demand are more effective in fostering RE innovation. Finally, I found evidence that subsidies to fossil fuels, impacts negatively on the subsidies on RETs. This is an extra reason that can hinder energy transitions to RE.
In all, by cross-fertilising IP and RE literature, by developing and testing econometrically a number of novel Hypotheses, by employing a comprehensive data set created for the purposes of this thesis, and by extending the debate on IP from targeting sectors and firms to that of policies, policy instruments and RETs, I believe that our thesis makes significant inroads and provides useful implications for policy making. Clearly more is better, and I hope to continue and to motivate others to contribute in this very important issue.


Abstract
Background and Objective: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is the most common and
important type of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Silent myocardial infarction, respiratory failure and
increased mortality are the outcomes of CAN. This study was carried out to screen the cardiovascular
autonomic neuropathy in non- insulin dependent diabetics patients.
Method: This descriptive - analytic study was carried on 70 (22 males, 48 females) non- insulin
dependent diabetics' patients. Resting heart rate, heart rate variability, orthostatic changes in heart rate,
blood pressure and corrected QT interval were recorded for each subject. The final findings were
categorized as follow: 0=normal, 1=borderline and 2=CAN positive.
Results: 10 (14.3%) of patients were normal, 35 (50%) of patients were borderline and 25 (35.7%) of
patients were considered cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy positive. There was significant differences
between duration of diabetes and three CAN scores (P<0.05). The systolic blood pressure alterations
showed the maximum correlation with CAN scores (r=0.509).
Conclusion: In our study, the rate of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was higher than other reports.
The most important risk factor for cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was more than 10 years history
of diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, Hypertension


Unlike traditional best-effort packet networks, ATM networks support a wide range of services by providing a specified QoS on each ATM connection. Currently, QoS can be measured with specialized high-speed testing equi ment but their complexiject approach based on software for enabling common personal computers (with an ATM network interface card) to function as QoS monitoring stations at the edges of an ATM network. The main objective is to develop a low-cost, off-the-shelf alternative to broadband testing equipment. An INQIRE station, consisting of a PC running the INQIRE application, can actively probe any selected connection and collect sample measurements of the QoS. The monitoring approach is intended to be non-intrusive and work with any ATM network without requiring any modifications to existing ATM switch equipment or interruptions to active services. ty and cost prevent them from wide field use. This article CY escribes the INQIRE pro


Abstract The instability of the hub vortex observed in wind turbine wakes has recently been studied by Iungo et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 737, 2013, pp. 499–526) via local stability analysis of the mean velocity field measured through wind tunnel experiments. This analysis was carried out by neglecting the effect of turbulent fluctuations on the development of the coherent perturbations. In the present paper, we perform a stability analysis taking into account the Reynolds stresses modelled by eddy-viscosity models, which are calibrated on the wind tunnel data. This new formulation for the stability analysis leads to the identification of one clear dominant mode associated with the hub vortex instability, which is the one with the largest overall downstream amplification. Moreover, this analysis also predicts accurately the frequency of the hub vortex instability observed experimentally. The proposed formulation is of general interest for the stability analysis of swirling turbulent flows.


Competition and innovation both stimulate the development and growth of the economy. The mutual effect on prosperity and welfare growth have been researched and published extensively. The effect between innovation and competition is often overlooked and it is this very nexus that can provide us with the key to answering the following questions about welfare growth: What are the optimal levels of innovation and competition to stimulate growth? Is there an inverse U-curve present, and if so in which industries and what are the corresponding optimal levels of competition and innovation in those sectors? The Roman Empire was able to dictate and control the world for many centuries because they understood the relationship between innovation, gaining a competitive edge and success. The innovations ranging from battlefield 'eagles' to the first armoured unit to the invention of the scutum all helped to maintain an advantage that allowed them separate themselves from the masses. Translating this to todays' world we can see that the essence of competition and innovation have not changed, still both are needed to optimize a welfare enhancing environment in today's business world. Schumpeter's early work (mark I&II) both examined the relationship between innovation and competition. These findings were used by Aghion to further investigate the relationship between innovation and competition to see whether an inverse U-curve is indeed apparent in the UK. In this paper Brouwer outlines the methodological weaknesses in the works presented by Aghion et all and proposes new indicators to more accurately estimate an econometric model, which will enhance the validity and give policy makers a more profound judgement to base future policies on.


It has long been known that image plane holography with low-coherence illumination achieves optical sectioning of a volume object. A method is analyzed that is similar to image plane holography, but the interferometric arrangement utilizes the interference between two object-bearing beams instead of the basic object and reference beams.


Residents are key stakeholders of tourism destinations. Yet, to date, no study has investigated if and how residents can contribute to destination recovery when a disaster hits. The emergence of peer-to-peer networks offers an efficient platform for residents to open their homes to displaced tourists. Such help is particularly critical if key tourist infrastructure is severely damaged. But are residents willing to open their homes and help in other ways? The present study adopts a scenario-based survey research design, including Australians who live in tourism regions and Australian tourists. Results indicate that (1) segments of residents willing to support the tourism industry in disaster situations exist, and (2) tourists are willing to accept residents' offers of support. The more immediate the emergency, the higher the willingness to help and accept help. These insights point to the potential of involving residents in destination recovery efforts.


PURPOSE Clinical targeted sequencing panels are important for identifying actionable variants for patients with cancer; however, existing approaches do not provide transparent and rationally designed clinical panels to accommodate the rapidly growing knowledge within oncology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the Clinical Interpretations of Variants in Cancer (CIViC) database to develop an Open-Sourced CIViC Annotation Pipeline (OpenCAP). OpenCAP provides methods to identify variants within the CIViC database, build probes for variant capture, use probes on prospective samples, and link somatic variants to CIViC clinical relevance statements. OpenCAP was tested using a single-molecule molecular inversion probe (smMIP) capture design on 27 cancer samples from 5 tumor types. In total, 2,027 smMIPs were designed to target 111 eligible CIViC variants (61.5 kb of genomic space). RESULTS When compared with orthogonal sequencing, CIViC smMIP sequencing demonstrated a 95% sensitivity for variant detection (n = 61 of 64 variants). Variant allele frequencies for variants identified on both sequencing platforms were highly concordant (Pearson's r = 0.885; n = 61 variants). Moreover, for individuals with paired tumor and normal samples (n = 12), 182 clinically relevant variants missed by orthogonal sequencing were discovered by CIViC smMIP sequencing. CONCLUSION The OpenCAP design paradigm demonstrates the utility of an open-source and open-access database built on attendant community contributions with peer-reviewed interpretations. Use of a public repository for variant identification, probe development, and variant interpretation provides a transparent approach to build dynamic next-generation sequencing–based oncology panels.


Purpose: Incidence of colonic neoplasia increases with age. Recent guidelines have debated routine screening for Colorectal Cancer (CRC) in elderly above 75 years of age. Minorities and females are oft en underrepresented in most population based studies. Our study aims to determine gender diff erences in elderly Hispanics. Methods: 10,900 subjects who had colonoscopy during the study period were reviewed. Inclusion criteria: Patients age ≥75 years who underwent colonoscopy at our center. Exclusion criteria: Colonoscopies with incomplete records. Records of 1496 (13.7%) subjects who met the inclusion criteria were further reviewed for demographics, colonoscopy characteristics, and histopathology fi ndings. Results: Out of 1496 subjects, 984 (65.8%) were females and 512 (34.2%) were males. In females, Hispanics (AA) constituted 16.4% of the study population. In males, Hispanics constituted 18.9%. Out of the 257 Hispanics, colonoscopy was done for screening in 44.4% of females and 42.5% of males. Bowel preparation was adequate in 66% of females and 60.6% of males. Advanced Adenoma (AAd) was found in 10.5% of females and 18.1% of males. Advanced Adenoma was present on right side in 64.7% of females and 35.3% of male subjects. CRC was found in 3.7% of females of which 66.7% were on the right side, while 4.2% of males had CRC of which 25% were on the right side. Conclusion: Elderly Hispanic females undergo screening colonoscopy more oft en than males. Elderly Hispanic females have higher right sided AAds compared to males. Also, a higher proportion of right sided CRCs in the study suggest that colonoscopy should be the preferred test for CRC screening in elderly Hispanic females.


We address pairwise and (for the first time) triple key establishment problems in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Several types of combinatorial designs have already been applied in key establishment. A BIBD(v, b, r, k, λ) (or t - (v, b, r, k, λ) design) can be mapped to a sensor network, where v represents the size of the key pool, b represents the maximum number of nodes that the network can support, and k represents the size of the key chain. Any pair (or t-subset) of keys occurs together uniquely in exactly λ nodes; λ = 2 and λ = 3 are used to establish unique pairwise or triple keys. We use several known constructions of designs with λ = 2, to predistribute keys in sensors. We also describe a new construction of a design called strong Steiner trade and use it for pairwise key establishment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper on application of trades to key distribution. Our scheme is highly resilient against node capture attacks (achieved by key refreshing) and is applicable for mobile sensor networks (as key distribution is independent on the connectivity graph), while preserving low storage, computation and communication requirements. We introduce a novel concept of triple key distribution, in which three nodes share common keys, and discuss its application in secure forwarding, detecting malicious nodes and key management in clustered sensor networks. We present a polynomial-based and a combinatorial approach (using trades) for triple key distribution. We also extend our construction to simultaneously provide pairwise and triple key distribution scheme, and apply it to secure data aggregation.


A great number of studies showed in the last years that static stretching performed immediately before athletic activity has negative effects on lower extremity performance during athletic activities like vertical jump and sprint. All of this research associated with static stretching evaluated performance in the agonist musculature. The co-activity of the antagonist muscles, on the other hand, is also important when an activity is performed or during joint stabilisation. Changes in the activity of the antagonist muscles, either decrease or increase during sports can influence the related athletic performance. There is limited number of published studies in the literature investigating the effects of stretching the antagonist muscles on agonist muscle activity during jump performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of static stretching of the muscles that acts as antagonists in relation to the more agonist muscles during jumping on biomechanical data, vertical jump height and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the agonist muscles during vertical jump performance. Eleven healthy elite female athletes (mean age, 23.0 ± 6.2 years; mean height, 176.2 ± 9.1 cm; mean body mass, 67.5 ± 12.4 kg) participated to this study. All of the subjects performed the protocols for stretching intervention, non-stretching (control) and static stretching, in a randomised order on different days within one week. Static stretching, which comprised four consecutive repetitions, was held for 30 seconds in the hip flexor, knee flexor and ankle dorsi-flexor muscles. To determine if stretching intervention of the antagonist muscles affects performance, subjects carried out a squat jump test before and immediately following the intervention. Vertical jump height, EMG activity of the hip extensor, knee extensor and ankle plantar-flexor muscles of both legs, joint flexion angle of the hip, knee and ankle as kinematic and power analysis as kinetic variable was tested during the squat jump. The EMG activity in total of 12 muscles from both legs was recorded from the following exact points; (a) at which each subject began the concentric phase of the jump, (b) between the start of jump and take-off, (c) at take-off, (d) between take-off and landing, (e) at landing where the fingers contacted the ground and (f) at the contact of heel with the ground. There were no significant EMG activity differences between the stretching and control intervention in the hip extensor, knee extensor and ankle plantar-flexor muscles of both legs at the measured six vertical jump phases (p > 0.05). Similarly, the hip, knee and ankle range of motion during the squat jump divided to ten timelines did not represent significant differences between the stretching and control group (p > 0.05). In contrast, according to the 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA model, the vertical jump height following the static stretching of the antagonist muscles showed a significant stretch type x time interaction (stretching group: before 161 ± 18 mm, after 167 ± 21 mm; control group: before 169 ± 20 mm, after 166 ± 19 mm; p = 0.019). Although the statistical significant difference for the vertical jump height following stretching, the 6 mm increase is not clinical meaningful. Therefore, according to the results of the present study it seems that static stretching of the antagonist muscles involved in the squat jump activity does not affect the squat jump performance evaluated with EMG activity, kinematic and kinetic analyses. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express appreciation for the support of the Department of the Scientific Research Projects of Uludag University (Project Number = HDP(T)−2016/13)