.
In the time of Vesalius, knowledge of ocular anatomy was limited. The first description of the anatomy of the eye comes from Democrites, for whom the eye was surrounded by two 'coats', filled with a homogenous fluid. The optic nerve was hollow and the lens was considered to be a postmortem artefact. Until the 15th century AD, medicine was influenced by the writings of Galenus and the model of the eye he proposed was still considered valid, even after Vesalius. According to the Alexandrian tradition, the lens was considered as the seat of visual perception. Although Vesalius rightly deserves the title of father of modern anatomy, his description of ocular anatomy was rudimentary and often incorrect. He described a musculus retractorius bulbi, which is found only in lower mammals, not in primates. The lens, the role of which as an optical device he recognized correctly, was placed too centrally in the eye. The optic nerve was not correctly placed and, following Galenus, Vesalius described only seven cranial nerves. The Galenian concept of ocular anatomy was to endure until the development of the microscope by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Modern ocular anatomy, in fact, can be dated from the works of Zinn.


Renewable energy has been playing an increasingly important role worldwide recently. For 2012 and 2013, renewables contributed 19% to energy consumption and 22% to electricity generation. In 2014, solar energy represented 36% of new generating capacity in the U.S., second only to natural gas. Due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources, energy storage systems have been integrated into the architecture of Microgrid systems to make them more efficient and robust. Within a Microgrid system, the battery energy storage system (BESS) can be used to reduce the electricity cost by delivering energy during the On-Peak rate period and storing energy (i.e. charging) during the Off-Peak rate period. This thesis proposes a real-time battery control method to reduce the electrical bill in an energy intensive environment, and more effectively utilize a BESS within Microgrid testbed system at the College of Engineering Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT). The monthly electrical bill is based on the rate schedule time-of-use (TOU) for Large General and Industrial Service in the city of Riverside. Each month, this rate schedule has both demand charge (kW) and energy consumption (kWh) charge for three different rate periods: On-Peak, Mid-Peak, and Off-Peak. The real-time control method considers both rates for different rate periods separately. The main parts of the control method are the control algorithms, which comprise two model predictive control (MPC) algorithms, for the On-Peak rate period. The first algorithm is called the constant threshold MPC (CT-MPC) algorithm, and it is implemented in the system with the relatively stable solar generation and building load profiles in the winter season. This control algorithm can maintain the On-Peak demand below the constant threshold during the entire On-Peak rate period. The second one is called the adjusting demand threshold MPC (ADT-MPC) algorithm. The ADT-MPC algorithm fits a system with unpredictable solar generation and building load profiles. During the On-Peak rate period, by applying the ADT-MPC algorithm, the On-Peak threshold can be adjusted to optimized values. Both algorithms can maintain a low level of energy import from the external grid (i.e. Riverside Public Utilities grid) during the On-Peak rate period. For the other two rate periods, the Off-Peak and Mid-Peak control algorithms are also developed. With the real-time battery control method, the BESS continuously maintains the lowest demand and energy consumption for the entire day.


Purpose To investigate the frequencies, trends, and in vitro drug susceptibilities of the causative pathogens in corneal transplant microbial infections in Manchester Royal Eye Hospital. Methods Corneal scrape results recorded by the microbiology service between 2004 and 2015 were extracted from an established database. This microbiological data was matched with a separate database of all corneal transplant procedures performed in our centre over this time period. Patient records were examined to collect specific patient data and to confirm the diagnosis of microbial keratitis. Results A total of 1508 grafts had been performed at our centre in this period. 72 episodes of graft microbial keratitis were identified from 66 eyes that had undergone keratoplasty procedures. Mean age was 56, and 51% of subjects were male. Ninety-three percent of microbial keratitis episodes occurred in penetrating keratoplasty procedures and 6% in deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty procedures. No endothelial grafts presented with infections throughout this time period. Of the 79 organisms identified, 73% were gram positive, 23% gram negative and 4% fungi. With regard to gram-positive organisms, vancomycin and gentamicin showed 100% and 91% susceptibility, respectively. Ofloxacin had a resistance rate of 13.7%. In terms of gram-negative organisms, gentamicin and chloramphenicol showed 100% sensitivity, with cefuroxime showing 69%. Resistance rates were less than 15% in all tested gram-negative antimicrobials. Conclusion This paper describes the largest collection of corneal transplant infections identified within the UK. This finding may aid clinicians in predicting possible causative organisms for microbial keratitis and aid antibiotic choice.


An efficient approach for obtaining an active high- impedance surface (HIS) is presented. The novel design allows us to synthesize a tunable HIS by drastically reducing the number of the active elements employed. The conventional loading of a single varactor for each of the unit cells of the frequency selective surface (FSS) is overcome by connecting the FSS unit cells to a feeding network located behind the ground plane through metallized vias. A waveguide demonstrator of the proposed structure has been designed, realized, and tested. In the example shown herein, the feeding network allows us to apply a single varactor to a group of eight cells in order to obtain a tunable HIS.


One of the most frequent problems identified in the hospital network is the administration and control of inventories. When analyzing the logistic indicators, especially those related to inventories, we can observe how the availability indicator of some important items presents lower levels than previously established. It is also common to observe how the levels of inventories for some SKU (Stock-Keeping Unit) are very high while for others the levels of inventories are very low. This article seeks to provide a solution to the problems arising with the administration and control of inventories of a hospital in the City of Cali, Colombia. For this, the two-bin methodology with a periodic control system (R, S) will be used. This model will fit the needs of the hospital network and the resources available for the management of inventories in the organization.


Based on a preconditioned shift-splitting of the (1,1)-block of non-Hermitian saddle-point matrix and the Uzawa iteration method, we establish a new Uzawa-type iteration method. The convergence properties of this iteration method are analyzed. In addition, based on this iteration method, a preconditioner is proposed. The spectral properties of the preconditioned saddle-point matrix are also analyzed. Numerical results are presented to verify the robustness and the efficiency of the new iteration method and the preconditioner.


Introduction: This study aims to determine the concentration of heavy metals in cockles (A.granosa) and river water during wet and dry seasons and its potential health risk. Besides, to characterize the physiochemical parameter in landfill leachate. Cockles are one of bioindicator of aquatic ecosystem due to its ability to accumulate metal. From the previous study, season of sampling is one of factor known to influence metal concentration and accumulation in this organism. Methodology: The study was conducted at commercially cultured cockle bed, coastal area of Pantai Remis, Jeram which is located approximately 8km away from Jeram Sanitary Landfill and the nearest river at cockles" bed, namely Sembilang River. The study design used was cross sectional study. 18 samples of cockles, 12 samples of surface water and 3 samples of raw leachate were taken for analysis selected heavy metal using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: The analysis shows there was a little variation in heavy metal concentration between location and season for surface water and cockles samples. For raw leachate samples, 8 parameters which are BOD, COD, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn and As were over the standard limit allowed by the Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations 2009. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) value was found lower for all heavy metal and show no potential risk. Conclusion: There is significant different of concentration of heavy metal in cockles between wet and dry season. However, it is not solely the seasonal variation as factor that influences the concentration of heavy metal. Consumption of the cockles in Jeram can be concluded as safe as the level of selected heavy metal is low enough and low THQ.


We use Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics to explore the circumstances under which an isolated very low mass pre-stellar core can be formed by colliding turbulent flows and collapse to form a brown dwarf. Our simulations suggest that the flows need not be very fast, but do need to be very strongly convergent, i.e. the gas must flow in at comparable speeds from all sides, which seems rather unlikely. We therefore revisit the object Oph-B11, which Andre et al. have identified as a pre-stellar core with mass between ∼0.020 M⊙ and ∼0.030 M⊙. We re-analyse the observations using a Markov-chain Monte Carlo method that allows us (i) to include the uncertainties on the distance, temperature and dust mass opacity, and (ii) to consider different Bayesian prior distributions of the mass. We estimate that the posterior probability that Oph-B11 has a mass below the hydrogen-burning limit at ∼0.075 M⊙, is between 0.66 and 0.86 . We conclude that, if Oph-B11 is destined to collapse, it probably will form a brown dwarf. However, the flows required to trigger this appear to be so contrived that it is difficult to envisage this being the only way, or even a major way, of forming isolated brown dwarfs. Moreover, Oph-B11 could easily be a transient, bouncing, prolate core, seen end-on; there could, indeed should, be many such objects masquerading as very low mass pre-stellar cores.


Autoregressive sequence generation, a prevalent task in machine learning and natural language processing, generates every target token conditioned on both a source input and previously generated target tokens. Previous data augmentation methods, which have been shown to be effective for the task, mainly enhance source inputs (e.g., injecting noise into the source sequence by random swapping or masking, back translation, etc.) while overlooking the target-side augmentation. In this work, we propose a target-side augmentation method for sequence generation. In training, we use the decoder output probability distributions as soft indicators, which are multiplied with target token embeddings, to build pseudo tokens. These soft pseudo tokens are then used as target tokens to enhance the training. We conduct comprehensive experiments on various sequence generation tasks, including dialog generation, machine translation, and abstractive summarization. Without using any extra labeled data or introducing additional model parameters, our method significantly outperforms strong baselines. The code is available at https://github.com/TARGET-SIDE-DATA-AUG/ TSDASG .


With the advent of intelligent transportation systems in the past several decades, sensors are being extensively used to detect and count vehicle movements. The use of similar sensing technologies to detect pedestrian movements, however, is relatively new. Pedestrian counts are essential for decision making in pedestrian facility planning, signal timing, and pedestrian safety modeling. Conventional methods such as manual counting and videotaping can hardly satisfy the requirements of programs for the long-term collection of pedestrian data. Advances in sensing technologies have increased the ability to automate pedestrian data collection with the use of infrared sensors. However, the quality of the data from infrared sensors is still a problem; several field studies have shown that these types of sensors do not always perform perfectly. Field tests conducted in this study and by other research teams showed that infrared sensors usually counted significantly fewer pedestrians than the actual number. Thus, the quality of the data from infrared sensors needs to be enhanced. This paper proposes a nonparametric statistical method to calibrate raw sensor data to achieve this goal. A bivariate bootstrap sampling procedure was used to obtain correction factors for new counts instead of the traditional regression-based approach. Two case studies were used to test the validation of the proposed calibration procedure. Test results showed that the proposed procedure could improve the quality of the sensor data by reducing the discrepancy between sensor counts and ground truth (true) data. The transferability of the calibration procedure was also verified through the case studies.


This paper analyzes the thrust characteristics of the investigated permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) and discusses their differences with those of rotary motors. It shows that the main components of the thrust ripple are second, fourth, and sixth harmonics, which is produced by end-effect, not the 12th harmonic caused by cogging. The ripple suppression abilities of magnet step-skew method are analyzed through skew factors of thrust harmonics and effective electromagnetic thrust. The optimal step number and skew angle for PMLSM are studied with comparison to those of rotary motor. A 2-D FEM algorithm for the asymmetric PMLSM model analysis is investigated, with which the aforesaid skew step number selection and optimal skew angle are validated.


Bone tumors include a variety of lesions, both primary and metastatic. The treatment modalities for bone tumors vary with the individual lesion, but in general surgical excision is the treatment of choice with other adjunctive therapies. However, surgery for many bone tumors is complex due to several factors including tumor bulk, vascularity, vicinity to vital structures and potentially inaccessible location of the lesion. Transarterial Embolisation (TAE) is one of the important adjuvant treatment modalities and in some cases it may be the primary and curative treatment. Preoperative TAE has proved to be effective in both primary and metastatic bone tumors. It reduces tumor vascularity and intraoperative blood loss, the need for blood transfusion and associated complications, allows better definition of tissue planes at surgery affording more complete excision, and hence reduced recurrence. Preoperative chemoEmbolisation has also been shown to increase the sensitivity of some tumors to subsequent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. There are several techniques and embolic agents available for this purpose, but the ultimate aim is to achieve tumor devascularization. In this review, we discuss the techniques including the choice of embolic agent, application to individual lesions and potential complications.


To evaluate the series expansion in scattering orders derived by Tarn and Zardecki for multiple forward scattering irradiance, the multidimensional integrals describing the contributions of the individual scattering orders n have been transformed into 1-D integrals by the use of a weighting function F(n). The function F(n) represents that section of a spherical hypersurface centered at the origin which is enclosed within the unit hypercube. For the calculation of the F(n), two approaches are proposed. The first one starts from a combinatorial consideration and yields a complete mathematical expression for the F(n) in the form of multidimensional integrals which, however, can be computed recursively from one another in order of increasing n by a 1-D analytical or numerical integration. For higher scattering orders a second approach is developed which allows direct analytical calculation of the Fourier transforms of the F(n) and, in a second step, the representation of the F(n) in the form of a series of functions being nearly identical with the eigenfunctions of the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator. This function series is used further to expand the contributions of the individual scattering orders directly in a fast converging series in negative powers of n which reveals general features of multiple forward scattering.


In recent decades there has been increasing recognition of the importance of non-adjudicatory ADR, like mediation, conciliation, and settlement conferences. The Article focuses on small claims settlement conferences, using the Israeli labor law system as a test case. It examines the impact of representation on the outcome of settlement conferences, and the effect of using settlement conferences on the outcome of the case itself. In doing so the Article contributes to the growing literature and public debate on ADR methods in general and small claims settlement conferences in particular.Part I explains what small claims settlement conferences are, and how they are used in the Israeli labor courts system, and sets out our hypotheses in light of the relevant theoretical and empirical literature. Part II explains the research design. Our dataset is based on more than three hundred summary hearing cases in which the plaintiff was an employee and the defendant was an employer. The data collected with regard to each case consisted of information about the representation of each party (self-representation, representation by a lawyer who does not specialize in employment law, and representation by a specialist in the field); the outcome of the case (a successful settlement conference, a court facilitated settlement or a judicial decision following full trial) and the amount obtained by the plaintiff (compared to the amount claimed). The data enables us to compare the outcomes of the cases under various combinations of representation. Part III presents the results of the study. The most salient and interesting findings are that representation increases the probability of a successful settlement conference but reduces the ratio between the amount obtained by the plaintiff and the sum claimed. Perhaps more importantly, the more formal the process, the greater the proportion of the claim won by the plaintiff. Part IV analyzes and explains the results. The Conclusion summarizes the findings and the conclusions, discusses normative implications and proposes directions for further research.


Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) of the pancreas is very rare, which usually grows expansively. Recently, a variant of ACC with predominant growth in the pancreatic ducts has been proposed, and is speculated to have potentially less aggressive behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate how the pancreatic duct system is related to the growth and extension of ACC. We reviewed the detailed gross and histologic features of 13 cases of ACC, of which 7 (54%) showed intraductal polypoid growth (IPG) of the tumor in the large pancreatic ducts with a mean IPG length of 24.8 mm. Tumors with IPG were found to spread characteristically along the pancreatic ducts as extending polypoid projections, filling the ducts and destroying the duct walls, although tumors did not tend to extend beyond the pancreatic parenchyma. Comparison of the clinicopathologic characteristics showed that ACC with IPG had less infiltrative features including lymphatic, venous, and neural invasion, formation of tumor thrombus in the portal vein, nodal metastasis, and invasion beyond the pancreas to the surrounding organs; death in only 1 case (14%) of ACC with IPG was the result of ACC itself. In contrast, ACC without IPG frequently showed more infiltrative growth, and was the cause of death in 50% of patients with this type of tumor. Intraductal dissemination of ACC in pancreatic ducts was proven in 1 case of ACC with IPG. These findings suggest that a significant proportion of ACC shows IPG, which is potentially linked to less aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics.


Successful aging at work is an important topic which is pertinent to everyone who works to make a living because getting older is unavoidable. The objective of this paper is to draw on Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model to explore successful aging in the field of entrepreneurship. A conceptual approach was used to examine the successful aging in the field of entrepreneurship. Building on JD-R model, older workers who pursue entrepreneurship may have improved mental and physical health and obtain successful aging at work. The current study developed a theoretical foundation to explore successful aging in the field of entrepreneurship and offered suggestions for future research.


Universities' campuses can be viewed as small communities considering their size, users and mixed complex activities. The energy and environmental impact caused by universities due to activities and operations in teaching and research could be considerably reduced by an effective choice of organizational and managerial measures. In addition, there is considerable room for improvement and research potential in energy management, when leaving from the single building aspect and moving towards a "district" approach, where a set of different buildings and outdoor spaces are considered. The aim of this paper is to present an integrated and holistic indoor outdoor Web-based Energy Management System for Campuses, which is developed, tested and validated through the accurate modeling of two Campus buildings and their outdoor spaces, as well as the corresponding expert systems and control algorithms. Thus, the load demand in real-time can be predicted, giving the capability of providing optimal or nearly-optimal demand balance, while maintaining the users' safety, health and comfort. The overall concept is estimated to contribute at least a 25% reduction of the primary energy consumption, due to reduction of energy waste. The proposed system will create the basis for a future Smart Grid community. The system will be developed under the Project CAMP_IT, financed by General Secretariat for Research and


This study aims to predict and to examine the springback of CP2 Titanium sheets in hydroforming with membrane diaphragm process, which is the branch of hydroforming process. The Hydroforming with Membrane Diaphragm was used for experimental investigation, in which specified CP2 titanium sheets were bent with various radii and angles on a specifically designed die. Springback results were then used to validate the finite element model constructed previously. Results show that the numerical model of this study can be used to predict the approximate springback values. Thus, the scrap quantities of the sheet metal titanium products can be reduced by making some modifications on the die, such as the springback compensation based on the obtained approximate springback values.


In this paper, we examine the inception and development of activation in Slovenia and the UK in order to identify the rationales for its introduction, to plot the direction of reforms and to consider the outcomes of policy implementation for citizens. In this unconventional country comparison, we are interested in understanding third-order (Hall 1993Cpmparitive Politics 25 (3): 25–96) welfare state change as the context for the introduction of activation. The UK and, to a much greater extent, Slovenia, underwent paradigmatic changes in the goals of the economy, structure of the labour market and basis of social provisions in the late twentieth century. This provided the possibility for activation to develop a more distinct character and to be implemented to a greater extent than in other European countries. However, we argue that the nature of the activation strategies pursued in Slovenia and the UK have both retained strong flavours of their earlier policy traditions and point to the role of political institutions and arrangements in adjusting the demands of supranational organisations, particularly in the corporatist Slovenian case.


An individualistic social ontology attributes mental states merely to individuals, and denies the existence of collective attitudes such as we-intentions. Furthermore, if collectives cannot be bearers of minds, then collective mental states cannot serve as explanatory factors. In my paper, I first show that we-intentions do serve considerable explanatory purposes within developmental psychology. I then propose an account of weintentions as complexes of intentions of different individuals. These intentions are of a distinct kind: de-re-intentions, grounded in external objects in a specific situation. This grounding is achieved by embodied cognition, through appropriate senso-motoric activities. I conclude that my account of we-intentions is compatible with an individualistic social ontology.


Excellence in clinical performance is the hallmark of good healthcare and reflects aptitude, cognition, affect and skills. Over the years, attempts have been made to measure clinical performance of nursing staff and students in the patient care units. The preliminary tools developed for such purpose measured traits and tools developed after 1962, measured knowledge base, the amount of guidance required, time spent in teaching, dexterity and coordination. However, recent tools rate performance against patient care behaviors. Development of a valid tool to measure the clinical performance of nursing student in subsequent years of study in a graduate nursing programme had been the interest of the researcher. It was observed that though the curriculum was uniform throughout India, the assessment pattern varied between universities and institutions. This paper highlights the process as well as the challenges encountered in the process of development of the tool. These challenges might seem as opportunities for policy makers to reform the system of nursing education in India.


: The human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC expresses cholecystokinin (CCK) and c-fos mRNA. Levels of CCK and c-fos mRNA expression were studied by nuclear run-off transcription and Northern blot analysis. Addition of foetal calf serum or forskolin to the medium stimulated basal CCK and c-fos mRNA expression. Addition of cycloheximide suppressed the stimulation of CCK mRNA expression, whereas expression of c-fos mRNA was super-induced by the simultaneous addition of cycloheximide and forskolin or foetal calf serum. Western blot analysis revealed that c-fos mRNA is translated into Fos. Expression of c-fos in SK-N-MC cells suggests that Fos may be part of a functional transcription complex and that it may be involved in the regulation of basal and stimulated CCK mRNA expression in SK-N-MC cells.


I began to dip into my skin like a wet suit, toes first, warily, wriggled about, then legs all in, by summer 81 I'd zipped up and dived head first, that year I started art school, Landscape of the Souls I called my anarchic blood and black vortexes, I loved exploding the energy of colours, being bold. Summer heat choked my city's horizon, sluggish clouds of fumes were mountains of dirt way up in the ether. Tourists homed in on Piccadilly like brain damaged fish, I barged, my large portfolio an aggressive advance guard, boarded the bus to Camden Town, my squat room, all purple walls, pampas-grass and Mexican mats. Nights steamed my pores in the 100 Club where pupil-swimming arousal came in the countenance of Josh. Under his pillar-propping gaze, I tried to dance cool, slyly studied the Dreads in corners with towels round necks, trainers, shiny track-suitsred, gold and green striped, confidently shuffling, moving just off the beat. 'Go slower, syncopate, less movement, more weight,' we exchanged numbers like French kisses, at 2am my creamed knickers rode the night bus home. This serial is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol21/iss2/8


A novel two-dimensional backside optical imaging method for thermal energy mapping inside semiconductor devices is presented. The method is based on holographic interferometry from the device backside and uses the thermo-optical effect. An image of the local thermal energy is obtained with 5-ns time resolution using a single stress pulse. The technique allows a unique recording of the internal device behavior. The method is demonstrated analyzing the nonrepetitive thermal and current flow dynamics in smart power electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices. A spreading of the current during the stress pulse is observed and explained by the effect of the negative temperature dependence of the impact ionization coefficient.


In this thesis, I test the effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firm valuation and performance from the financial crisis of 2007 to year 2013. Prior research on CSR suggests that CSR is related to firm performance, but the results have not been consistent. My study focuses on the time period following the crisis since trust between firms and stakeholders may be more important following a negative shock. The components of CSR are broken out into environmental, human rights, diversity, community impact, employee relations, product, and corporate governance. I find evidence that at least some measures of firm performance are positively related to CSR. Specifically, I find that a high CSR score is associated with a high return on assets. I also find a positive relation with Tobin's Q in certain model specifications. The components of CSR that hold the greatest weight in terms of ROA are environmental, employee relations, diversity, and product strengths. Given the importance of these financial performance measures, my results provide support for corporate spending on social capital.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the suitability of a novel epoxy-based resin, Filtek Silorane, for orthodontic bracket bonding on unprepared enamel.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Shear forces to bovine enamel were measured for Filtek Silorane and Transbond XT in combination with steel, ceramic, and polymer brackets. For Filtek Silorane, etching was performed with the Silorane self-etching primer alone or an additional previous application of phosphoric acid. Transbond XT (conventional methacrylate) was used for the control group and the enamel was previously etched with 35% phosphoric acid. All samples were thermocycled (1000X, 5°to 55° C). Shear bond testing was done with an Instron 3344 at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. In addition, adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were evaluated.

RESULTS
The shear forces showed a weak adhesion of Filtek Silorane to unprepared enamel both with the selfetching primer and conventional etching (0.87 to 4.28 MPa). The shear forces of the control group were significantly higher (7.6 to 16.5 MPa). The ARI scores showed a clear failure at the enamel/adhesive interface for all Filtek Silorane samples. For the combination of Transbond XT and different brackets, the failure was found at the adhesive/bracket interface.

CONCLUSION
The novel epoxy-based resin Filtek Silorane is not appropriate for bonding of brackets to unprepared enamel.


In this paper a new circuit for sensing and measuring the incident radiation on a constant-voltage biased infrared semiconductor mercury-cadmium- telluride (MCT) detector is presented. The circuit is built around the current-feedback operational amplifier (CFOA). Moreover, a mathematical model for the relationship between the output voltage and incident radiation is obtained. The model, basically a sine-series function, can easily yield closed-form expressions for the harmonic and intermodulation performance of the constant-voltage biased MCT detector with large- amplitude multisinusoidal incident radiation. The special case of two-tone equal-amplitude incident radiation is considered in detail. The results show that the second- order harmonic and intermodulation products are always higher than the third-order components. Moreover, the results show that the second-order intermodulation is always dominant. Furthermore, a comparison with the harmonic and intermodulation performance of constant- current biased MCT detectors is presented. This comparison clearly shows that the nonlinear performance of the constant voltage-biased and the constant current- biased MCT is exactly the same. Thus, in terms of the nonlinear performance, both constant voltage- and constant current-biased MCT detectors are identical. This implies that the previously reported improvement in the nonlinear performance of the constant voltage-biased MCT detector is attributed to the use of proper feedback in the biasing/preamplifier circuit.


Variability is a signature feature of young stars. Among the well known light curve phenomena are periodic variations attributed to surface spots and irregular changes associated with accretion or circumstellar disk material. While decades of photometric monitoring have provided a framework for classifying young star variability, we still know surprisingly little about its underlying mechanisms and connections to the surrounding disks. In the past few years, dedicated photometric monitoring campaigns from the ground and space have revolutionized our view of young stars in the time domain. We present a selection of optical and infrared time series from several recent campaigns, highlighting the Coordinated Synoptic Investigation of NGC 2264 ("CSI 2264")– a joint30-day effort with the Spitzer, CoRoT, and MOST telescopes. The extraordinary photometric precision, high cadence, and long time baseline of these observations is now enabling correlation of variability properties at very different wavelengths, corresponding to locations from the stellar surface to the inner 0.1 AU of the disk. We present some results of the CSI 2264 program, including new classes of optical/infrared behavior. Further efforts to tie observed variability features to physical models will provide insights into the inner disk environment at a time when planet formation may be underway.


Porcine faecal waste is a serious environmental pollutant. Carriage of antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and the zoonotic potential of commensal Escherichia coli from swine is largely unknown. Furthermore, little is known about the role of commensal E. coli as contributors to the mobilisation of antimicrobial resistance genes between food animals and the environment. Here, we report whole genome sequence analysis of 141 E. coli from the faeces of healthy pigs. Most strains belonged to phylogroups A and B1 and carried i) a class 1 integron; ii) VAGs linked with extraintestinal infection in humans; iii) antimicrobial resistance genes blaTEM, aphAl, cmlA, strAB, tet(A)A, dfrA12, dfrA5, sul1, sul2, sul3; iv) IS26; and v) heavy metal resistance genes (merA, cusA, terA). Carriage of the sulphonamide resistance gene sul3 was notable in this study. The 141 strains belonged to 42 multilocus sequence types, but clonal complex 10 featured prominently. Structurally diverse class 1 integrons that were frequently associated with IS26 carried unique genetic features that were also identified in extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) from humans. This study provides the first detailed genomic analysis and point of reference for commensal E. coli of porcine origin, facilitating tracking of specific lineages and the mobile resistance genes they carry. Conflict of Interest Statement None to declare.


Stiffness and hysteretic energy losses are calculated for a magnetically levitating system composed of a type-II superconductor and a permanent magnet when a small vibration is produced in the system. We consider a cylindrically symmetric configuration with only vertical movements and calculate the current profiles under the assumption of the critical state model. The calculations, based on magnetic energy minimization, take into account the demagnetization fields inside the superconductor and the actual shape of the applied field. The dependence of stiffness and hysteretic energy losses upon the different important parameters of the system such as the superconductor aspect ratio, the relative size of the superconductor–permanent magnet, and the critical current of the superconductor are all systematically studied. Finally, in view of the results, we provide some trends on how a system such as the one studied here could be designed in order to optimize both the stiffness and the hysteretic losses.


Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a focal dilatation of the abdominal aorta. The pathophysiology of AAA is a complex multifactorial process and much is still unknown. Histologic and biochemical analysis of AAA wall characteristics can contribute to a better insight in AAA pathophysiology. To make these characteristics clinically applicable, part 1 of the thesis focuses on associations between aneurysmal wall degeneration and AAA imaging. The association between aneurysm wall characteristics and aneurysm diameter ratio, defined as the ratio between the native aortic diameter and maximum AAA diameter as well as the association with the thickness of the intraluminal thrombus (ILT) are studied in the first part of this thesis. The second part of the thesis contains studies on dedicated imaging techniques in endovascularly treated patients. Pulsatile distention during the cardiac cycle can be visualized by a dynamic electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated CTA scan. Because young healthy individuals have a large pulsatile distension and since it is known that complications after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) are more often seen in patients with large pulsatile distension, we examined whether a difference in preoperative pulsatile distension between young and old AAA patients could be observed. However, no differences in pulsatile distension were found between older and younger patients. Previous studies on pulsatile distension were not able to correct for potential through-plane movement. Now, we were able to assess the through-plane movement and analyzed the movement of the aorta during the 8 phases of an ECG-gated CTA scan. The through-plane movement was small and at levels relevant for EVAR, around the renal arteries, even smaller. This strengthens previously found results from our studies on dynamic CTA's. CTA plays also an important role in postoperative imaging surveillance and is the current gold standard for endoleak detection. A review of the literature was performed to examine whether CTA or MRI is more sensitive for the detection of endoleaks in patients after EVAR. This showed that CTA may miss endoleaks and that MRI was able to detect more endoleaks than CTA, especially type II endoleaks. We performed a prospective study in patients with an enlarging aneurysm after EVAR and no or uncertain endoleak on CTA and demonstrated that MRI with a blood pooling contrast agent has additional value for the detection of endoleaks in this selected patient population. In the last part of the thesis we focus on the clinical outcome after EVAR. Long-term results are necessary to judge the durability of EVAR. We evaluated the 4-year follow-up results of one of the current commercially available stent grafts. Although patients with challenging anatomy were treated in our series, secondary intervention rates were comparable to other grafts. The use of a standard stent graft is not possible for the treatment of patients with juxtarenal or suprarenal aneurysms.The chimney technique, which offers an endovascular opportunity for preserving the vascularization of aortic side branches in these patients, appeared to be an acceptable method for exclusion of juxtarenal or suprarenal aneurysms and is a good alternative until off-the-shelf fenestrated endoprostheses become widely available. The last chapter of the thesis provides a summary, general discussion, and future perspectives


Teaching practice in physical education, how to approach moral education penetration and the way of penetration enriches the methods of moral education, also represents the developing trends that the physical education teaching will play an important role in the process of training students in ideological and moral traits. This article explores the moral function of physical education, the moral values of physical education and physical education conferred by the natural characteristics of some moral education. Explores the relationship between physical education and moral education, advantage which by means of physical education to teach student moral training in the curriculum. Explained in sports activities should adhere to the implementation of the principle of moral education, in sports activities implement the contents of moral education, and the implement strategies and approaches of moral education in physical education teaching. The main purpose of this article is to provide a full range of penetration moral education for university education, implement education concept of the central crew, excavate the moral value of physical education teaching, and provide the possible theoretical basis for physical moral education courses.


The urban renewal project being undertaken in Tarlabasi, Istanbul proclaims itself to be honoring the history of the neighborhood's late Ottoman "multicultural" population through historical renovation and renewal. The project, a public-private partnership tied closely to the governing Justice and Development Party, presents an understanding of history at odds with the previously dominant nationalist narrative, by emphasizing a past diversity lost to poor political decisions. In this thesis I take a close look at this narrative of lost cosmopolitanism, exploring the pasts it summons, the future it envisions, and the ways in which it is used as a tool of exclusion in the present. I engage with theory on nostalgia and the malleability of the past, as well as literature on gentrification and the use of diversity as a market tool which simultaneously celebrates and destroys that diversity. I analyze the discourse around the project through newspaper articles, marketing materials, and the public statements of politicians and developers. I find that the project envisions a "return" to an imagined version of the late-Ottoman neighborhood of global capitalist consumption and European diversity. This is to be accomplished through the clearing away of the current undesirable population, and through destroying and selectively rebuilding the facades of the local building stock, which is perceived to be incorrectly inhabited and thus shows physical signs of "misuse" that are to be removed.


Background Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that may contribute to lupus susceptibility in humans and mouse models are of interest especially if they provide enzymes that could function as potential therapeutic targets. We have discovered an enzymatically mediated O-acetylation event found prominently in B cells in humans with lupus and in MRL/+ mice. Detailed studies in MRL/+ mice indicate that this modification may allow for a break in B cell tolerance and may be a major component of lupus susceptibility in these mice as well as possibly in humans as well. Materials and methods We have used a catalytically dead Influenza C hemagglutinin esterase Ig fusion protein and a bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin esterase – Ig fusion protein as tools to respectively identify and remove 9-O-acetylated silaic acid on B cells in humans and in MRL/+ mice. Enzymatic approaches were used to identify the type of glycoconjugate that exhibits enhanced 9-O-acetylation of sialic acid moieties. We created a CasD1 knockout mouse to examine the role of this enzyme in O-acetylating sialic acid moieties in vivo. Genetics, whole genome sequencing and RNA-seq approaches are being used to identify the mechanism underlying ths lateration and its link to lupus susceptibility. Results Increased 9-O-acetylation of sialic acid on naive B cells is observed on approximately two-thirds of subjects with active SLE. Markedly increased levels of 9-O-acetyl sialic acid are also observed in the earliest B lineage cells in lupus prone MRL/+ mice and this high level is maintained throughout B cell development and well before these mice exhibit any features of disease. This increased 9-O-acetylation of sialic acid was not observed on glycoproteins or mucins on MRL/+ B cells but was restricted to gangliosides. Acetylated gangliosides protected these B cells from BCR-dependent apoptosis. Deacetylation of sialic acid on MRL/+ B cells restored anti-IgM mediated apoptosis to wild type levels. We used a CasD1 knockout mouse to establish that this enzyme is required for the 9-O-acetylation of sialic acid in vivo. Increased 9-O-acetylation of sialic acid in MRL/+ mice is dominantly inherited and the molecular basis of this striking change is being investigated using genetics and whole genome sequencing. Conclusions Enhanced 9-O-acetylation of sialic acid on B cells in lupus prone mice and in humans may represent a potential mechanism by which B cell tolerance is abrogated in lupus subjects and in lupus-prone mice. The CasD1 acetyltransferase may be a therapeutic target of relevance in lupus. Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from the NIH and the Mizutani Foundation


A medicinal herb can be viewed as a synthetic laboratory as it produces and contains a number of chemical compounds. Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectroscopy (MS) can be used to study traditional medicines and characterize the compound of interest. Tephrosia spinosa (L. f) Pers is herb distributed in hill slopes of southern peninsular India. The methanol extract possesses hepatoprotective activity. Whole plant used to treat leprosy, cancer, oedema, abscess, and skin diseases. Sterols, triterpenes, polar and other constituents in whole plant of Tephrosia spinosa were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Over 23 compounds were identified. Sitosterol and stigmasterol were the most abundant of sterols identified in the sterol fraction.


A serosurvey was conducted during September 1987 for evidence of human arboviral infections in the Coast Province of Kenya. Sera were collected from 1624 outpatients at three hospitals and tested for antibody to eight arboviruses by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. Antibody prevalence rates were: Rift Valley fever, 2.8%; Sindbis, 2.6%; dugbe, 2.1%; dengue-2, 1.0%; West Nile, 0.9%; chikungunya, 0.7% and Nairobi sheep disease, 0.3%. Evidence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viral antibody was not detected. The data suggested low arbovirus activity since 1982, when an epidemic of dengue occurred in this region, and revealed the first evidence of dugbe viral infection among humans in Kenya.


The latest measurements of the individual time-integrated CP asymmetry in the Cabibbo-suppressed decays $D^0\to hh$ decays are presented. The results are based on $pp$ collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 $fb^{-1}$, collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. A combination of the asymmetries using both prompt and secondary charm decays is presented
\begin{align*}
A_{CP}(KK)$=(0.04\pm0.12(stat) \pm0.10(syst))\%, \\
A_{CP}(\pi\pi)$=(0.07\pm0.14(stat) \pm0.11(syst))\%.
\end{align*}

These are the most precise measurements from a single experiment. The result for $A_{CP}(KK)$ is the most precise determination of a time-integrated CP asymmetry in the charm sector to date, and neither measurement shows evidence of CP asymmetry.


Gender-based violence (GBV) is a significant public health problem with a demonstrated link with gender ideologies, power relations, intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, and risky sexual behaviours. This paper uses the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS IV) (2013) to assess the association between masculinities, intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual risk.  It studies factors that influencing violence, HIV-associated sexual risk-taking behaviours and the bidirectional relationship between violence and HIV status . BAIS IV results indicate that 24.8 % of females with early sexual debut had also reported non-consensual sex at the time of intercourse. The results have significant implications for designing public health/social work interventions that promote population health.


Summary

1
 A key element of African elephant conservation is monitoring how different forms of human activity influence elephant distribution and abundance. Information on human–elephant interaction is critical for guiding conservation action at all levels, from very local management interventions, through national protected area planning, to international policy initiatives such as the ban on ivory trade. However, methods for monitoring elephant numbers often produce rather poor estimate precision. Therefore, a major challenge for elephant monitoring programmes at all levels is to allocate survey effort efficiently: the greatest possible statistical power to detect the effects of particular forms of human activity must be obtained from limited survey effort.

2
This study examined an approach to survey design based on the assumption that the precision of an abundance estimate is directly proportional to sampling effort. Field data from three sites in Central Africa were used to evaluate the potential of this approach for projecting how much effort will be necessary to survey and monitor forest elephants.

3
Variance in elephant dung pile encounter rate was proportional to sampling effort, but variance was also influenced by mean encounter rate. The relationship between variance and mean encounter rate followed a power law more closely than the linear model suggested by many previous authors. The linear model tended to substantially underestimate the effort level required for areas with high encounter rates. A bootstrapping exercise suggested that modelling the precision–effort relationship across strata should produce more accurate projections than estimating a distinct precision–effort relationship for each stratum.

4
Our results suggest that the survey design framework examined could substantially improve the statistical power of forest elephant monitoring programmes, although the use of a power law (rather than linear) model seems preferable. A similar approach should be appropriate for designing savanna elephant monitoring programmes and for addressing other issues, including rates of hunting and human elephant conflict. Furthermore, the parameter estimates reported in this study should be useful in designing elephant survey and monitoring programmes at other forested sites in Central Africa.


Here, we report a rapid and simple process to prepare perovskite solar cells in ambient air by adding 2-pyridylthiourea in the precursor solution. 2-Pyridylthiourea can not only promote the conversion of 2-D PbI2 to tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3 crystals, but also improve the quality of the perovskite absorber layer via enhancing the uniformity and the size of the crystal grains. The perovskite solar cells with the addition of 2-pyridylthiourea at a concentration of 0.5 mg mL−1 exhibited a remarkable overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.2%, which is among the highest PCE of CH3NH3PbI3-based devices fabricated in ambient air. It also showed an 18% increase and less hysteresis compared with the cells without additives. Importantly, the devices with 2-pyridylthiourea show relatively better stability compared to reference devices when aged under ambient air of 55 ± 5% relative humidity in the dark and under 65 °C after 30 days. The presented results clearly show that 2-pyridylthiourea can be an additive candidate for tuning the morphology of perovskite thin films, which may be a new direction for large-scale production of PSCs.


A 71-year-old woman developed an angiosarcoma of the breast, five years after an adenocarcinoma had been removed and additional local radiation therapy with 70 Gy had been given.


The Tate-Shafarevich group of an elliptic curve over a number field K measures the obstruction to determing the K-rational points by the standard method, which is known as 'descent'. During the last two decades, a focal point of research in arithmetic geometry has been to better understand the structure and behaviour of Tate-Shafarevich groups. Selmer groups provide a stepping stone towards studying Tate-Shafarevich groups; the Selmer groups for the various isogenies defined on the curve encapsulate the information obtainable from local calculations about the set of K-rational points and about the Tate-Shafarevich group. We give a theorem that describes the Selmer groups for a certain kind of isogeny. We then give a method for constructing elliptic curves defined over quadratic fields that have many elements of order 7 in their Tate-Shafarevich groups; the construction shows that there can be arbitrarily many assuming a technical arithmetic hypothesis. As an ingredient in the construction, we find a model of the moduli space X0(14) with certain convenient properties. Index words: Algebraic geometry, Arithmetic geometry, Elliptic curves, Tate-Shafarevich group, Descent, Selmer groups, Mordell-Weil group FINDING ELEMENTS OF GIVEN ORDER IN TATE-SHAFAREVICH GROUPS OF ELLIPTIC CURVES


Since the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, economies and daily life in many countries have been significantly affected. To mitigate the spread of the virus, various measures such as travel restrictions, lockdowns, and stay-at-home orders have been implemented worldwide. Consequently, there has been an increased reliance on internet-based methods to ensure public safety and continue essential activities. However, this increased online presence has also provided cybercriminals with opportunities to engage in malicious activities, exploiting the pandemic for financial gain. This study aims to provide a brief review of the cyber activities associated with the COVID-19 outbreak and investigate the extent of cybercrime during this period. A cross-sectional survey was conducted online, involving 400 internet users, to assess the occurrence of cybercrime during the pandemic. The findings indicate that victims of cybercrime encompass not only individuals who use online directories but also those engaging in routine internet searches and email communications. The study reveals that cybercrime has a detrimental impact on users' online experiences, potentially leading them to limit their online activities and resort to offline alternatives. The objective of this research is to comprehensively study cyber-attacks, analyzing the concept and variations of cyber-attacks before and during the COVID-19 pandemic era, in order to identify patterns, trends, and the overall impact of cybercrime on individuals.


Objectives In April 2010, the Universite de Montreal's Health Sciences Library has implemented shared filters in its institutional PubMed account. Most of these filters are designed to highlight resources for evidence-based practice, such as Clinical Queries, Systematic Reviews and Evidence-based Synopsis. We now want to measure how those filters are perceived and used by our users. Methods For one month, data was gathered through an online questionnaire proposed to users of Universite de Montreal's PubMed account. A print version was also distributed to participants in information literacy workshops given by the health sciences librarians. Respondents were restricted to users affiliated to Universite de Montreal's faculties of Medicine, Dentistry, Veterinary Sciences, Nursing and Pharmacy. Basic user information such as year/program of study or department affiliation was also collected. The questionnaire allowed users to identify the filters they use, assess the relevance of filters, and also suggest new ones. Results Survey results showed that the shared filters of Universite de Montreal's PubMed account were found useful by the majority of respondents. Filters allowing rapid access to secondary resources ranked among the most relevant (Reviews, Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Practice Guidelines and Clinical Evidence). For Clinical Study Queries, Randomized Controlled Trial (Therapy/Narrow) was considered the most useful. Some new shared filters have been suggested by respondents. Finally, 18% of the respondents indicated that they did not quite understand the relevance of filters. Conclusion Based on the survey results, shared filters considered most useful will be kept, some will be enhanced and others removed so that suggested ones could be added. The fact that some respondents did not understand well the relevance of filters could potentially be addressed through our PubMed workshops, online library guides or by renaming some filters in a more meaningful way.


The purpose of this thesis is to examine the position of Captain of the Port of New York during World War I. This work also discusses the man who held this position Capt. Godfrey L. Carden. During World War I the U.S. Coast Guard was responsible for overseeing the loading and handling of munitions leaving the Port of New York. The job of the Captain of the Port was to oversee the various anchorage areas especially and including those anchorage areas that dealt with the loading of munitions bound for the European front. In New York this responsibility fell on Captain Carden who as the division commander of New York commanded the largest Coast Guard unit during the war. Carden was able to achieve this goal with a perfect safety record no major incidents occurred in his area of responsibility and no lives were lost. This work discusses Carden's Coast Guard career illustrating how his previous assignments led him on a path that would eventually make him the choice candidate to become the Captain of the Port of New York. The thesis also clarifies the office of the Captain of the Port and Carden's role in developing the port security program of the Coast Guard.


We describe techniques for training high-quality image denoising models that require only single instances of corrupted images as training data. Inspired by a recent technique that removes the need for supervision through image pairs by employing networks with a "blind spot" in the receptive field, we address two of its shortcomings: inefficient training and somewhat disappointing final denoising performance. This is achieved through a novel blind-spot convolutional network architecture that allows efficient self-supervised training, as well as application of Bayesian distribution prediction on output colors. Together, they bring the self-supervised model on par with fully supervised deep learning techniques in terms of both quality and training speed in the case of i.i.d. Gaussian noise.


The presence of L-arginine methylester (AME), L-arginine ethylester (AEE), or N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (NAME) in the growth media of Staphylococcus aureus increased the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity approximately 5- to 14-fold. The increase of NOS activity was confirmed by two assay methods, namely assaying the formation of L-[3H] citrulline from L-[3H] arginine and NO formation. The increase of NOS activity was most likely due to increased de novo synthesis, demonstrated by Western immunoblot analysis. The addition of methanol to the culture medium also increased the NOS activity as much as that found with the above three compounds. Evidence is presented to show that AME, AEE, or NAME gave rise to the formation of methanol in vivo by the action of intracellular esterase(s) and that methanol is subsequently involved in the induction of NOS in this bacterial system.


The solar wind interaction with a planetary atmosphere produces a magnetosphere‐like structure near the planet whether or not the planet has an intrinsic global magnetic field. In the case of planets like Venus or Mars, which have no global intrinsic magnetic field but possess a significant atmosphere, a magnetosphere is induced in the highly conducting ionosphere by the time‐varying magnetic field carried by the solar wind. The induced magnetosphere at Venus and Mars is almost a "permanent" feature of the solar wind interaction. Here we report a Venus Express observation of the absence of the dayside part of the induced magnetosphere, when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is nearly aligned with the solar wind flow. Using MHD simulations for this extreme IMF orientation, we examine the global interaction of the solar wind with Venus when the magnetic barrier disappears. Furthermore, we estimate the atmospheric loss under this extreme situation. While this solar wind aligned IMF interaction with a planet case is presently rare, and even rarer over solar system history, it might be an appropriate analogue of the interaction of a stellar wind with close‐in exoplanet. Thus the solar wind interaction with Venus under this extreme condition might provide us a natural laboratory for studying the evolution of the atmospheres of "hot Jupiters" as well as close‐in "terrestrial" planets.


Aims. The identification of PeVatrons, hadronic particle accelerators reaching the knee of the cosmic ray spectrum (few × 10 15 eV), is crucial to understand the origin of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. We provide an update on the unidentified source HESS J1702-420, a promising PeVatron candidate. Methods. We present new observations of HESS J1702-420 made with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), and processed using improved analysis techniques. The analysis configuration was optimized to enhance the collection area at the highest energies. We applied a three-dimensional likelihood analysis to model the source region and adjust non thermal radiative spectral models to the γ -ray data. We also analyzed archival Fermi Large Area Telescope data to constrain the source spectrum at γ -ray energies > 10GeV. Results. We report the detection of γ -rays up to 100TeV from protons, thus becoming one of the most solid PeVatron candidates detected so far in H.E.S.S. data. However, a leptonic origin of the observed TeV emission cannot be ruled out either.


One of the most important parasites which frequently cause blindness in humans is the cysticercus cellulosae. Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, is the causative organism of cysticercosis, in which humans are the intermediate hosts in the life cycle. Cysticercus cellulosae may become encysted in various bodily tissues, usually the eyes, central nervous system, and subcutaneous tissues. An immunologic reaction with fairly intense inflammatory signs and symptoms may be produced, and the surrounding structures may be compressed. Acquired strabismus, diplopia, recurrent redness, and painful proptosis are some of the clinical signs in patients with orbital cysticercosis. Diagnosis of cysticercosis is based mainly on orbital imaging because of its highly specific appearance. Medical therapy is the main stay of treatment. Cysticercosis is the infestation by cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of the pork tapeworm, T. solium. It is contracted by ingestion of the infective cysticerci in under cooked pork; ingestion of eggs of T. solium in contaminated water, food, or vegetables; and regurgitation of eggs from the small intestine. The sites for predilection for the development of cysticerci are the central nervous system, subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and the eye.


Diamond layers have a potential application as the highest band-gap semiconductor for electronic devices. One of the major problems is to form electric contact on the diamond surface useful for an electronic device. This paper shows the properties of the contacts formed by the very promising ion implantation technique. The diamond layers were deposited with Microwave Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MW-CVD) equipped with special extra features like High Voltage Bias and Heated Substrate Holder [1]. Phosphoruos ion implantation and gold deposition were used for the contact formation. This technique resulted graphitization the top of the diamond film and intermixing of gold with the graphite or diamond surface. The properties of the contacts were tested with surface conduction characterization methods, and the properties of the contact to diamond interface was investigated with SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy ) and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy).


We assessed the degree of discomfort reported by U.S. and Czech Holocaust survivors (Study 1) and Jewish American college students (Study 2) to the prospect of physical proximity to a wide range of contemporary Germans with varying linkages to Nazi Germany, and a range of objects or activities associated with Germany (e.g., riding in a Volkswagen). On both measures, there was a very wide range of aversions, from almost absent to almost complete. A substantial number of participants were uncomfortable with Germans born after World War II. The Czech survivors showed the least aversion, less than the students, probably because the Czechs had a great deal of experience with Germans and German culture prior to and following World War II. Trait forgiveness did not predict aversion. Degree of blame for Germans and Jewish identity predicted current aversion. German essentialism—the idea that "Germanness" is inherent, indelible, uniform, and transmitted across generations—may be the best predictor of total German person aversion and is the only predictor that can easily explain the fact that that many individuals are uncomfortable living near Germans who were born after World War II.


Objective: In the present study, five new source compounds isolated from aerial parts of Gymnosporia royleana (G royleana) were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Methods: Extraction from plant material was carried out using cold maceration technique. Isolation of pure compounds was accomplished through repeated column chromatography of different fractions obtained from crude extract and using silica gel as stationary phase. Their structures were established via advanced spectroscopic techniques along with the spectral data previously reported for these compounds. Dilution method was used for the evaluation of antimicrobial potential of the compounds against various microbial strains. Results: Among the tested compounds, Gymnosporin B displayed moderate antimicrobial activity against Escherichia Coli (E coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), Candida albicans (C albicans) and Aspergillus flavus (A flavus) [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range; 32‒64 μg/mL]. Similarly, Gymnosporin C also showed moderate activity against E coli and S aureus (MIC; 32 μg/mL each) as well as weak activity against C albicans and A flavus (MIC; 64 μg/mL each). However, Royaflavone showed moderate antibacterial activity against S aureus only (MIC; 32 μg/mL). Antimicrobial activity of the rest of the compounds was weak and negligible. Conclusion: The present study has provided fascinating results of antimicrobial activities of the isolated compounds. However, the broad antimicrobial spectrum of Gymnosporin B and Gymnosporin C demands for further exploration of these triterpenes, both on the basis of mechanism and quantitative structure-activity relationship.


Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and cell cycle effect of four fractions obtained from the whole aerial part of Solanum nigrum, against three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, A2780, and HT29) and one normal cell line (MRC-5). Materials and Methods: MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the four fractions. Then, the most active fraction (ethyl acetate) was further examined by annexin V propidium iodide (PI)/FITC apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis in MCF7 cells followed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: The highest growth inhibition activity was obtained by the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 10–12 µg/ml) against the three cell lines and that fraction spared the normal cell line MRC5 with IC50 of 31.78 µg/ml. Annexin V PI/FITC revealed a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in MCF7 cells when treated the ethyl acetate fraction; which also caused a non-dose dependent S phase arrest. The GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction showed fatty acids and esters of fatty acids as the significant components. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction from S. nigrum strongly inhibited the growth of breast, ovarian, and colon cancer cell lines, and it was three folds selective against the normal fibroblasts. It also caused the induction of early apoptosis and S phase cell cycle block at 10 µg/mL. Future bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction could reveal the active compounds, which can be more investigated in further studies.


This paper is devoted to theoretical analysis of the critical cooling rate necessary to suppress the diffusional transformation of austenite. The transition from isothermal conditions to continuous cooling conditions was accomplished in two ways: by means of the traditional integral of Scheil and Steinberg (often called the additivity rule), and via direct integration of the Avrami equation. The resulting equations for both the cooling rate and a coefficient in Grange and Kiefer's formula are presented. It was found that the theoretical value of the Grange–Kiefer coefficient almost never reached the value of 1.5 that they proposed. A method for determining the parameters in kinetic equations describing isothermal and continuous cooling transformations from an experimental time-temperature transformation diagram is also outlined.


Wounds are a consequence of disruption in the structure, integrity, or function of the skin or tissue. Once a wound is formed following mechanical or chemical damage, the process of wound healing is initiated, which involves a series of chemical signaling and cellular mechanisms that lead to regeneration and/or repair. Disruption in the healing process may result in complications; therefore, interventions to accelerate wound healing are essential. In addition to mechanical support provided by sutures and traditional wound dressings, therapeutic agents play a major role in accelerating wound healing. The medicines known to improve the rate and extent of wound healing include antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and proliferation enhancing agents. Nonetheless, the development of these agents into eluting nanofibers presents the possibility of fabricating wound dressings and sutures that provide mechanical support with the added advantage of local delivery of therapeutic agents to the site of injury. Herein, the process of wound healing, complications of wound healing, and current practices in wound healing acceleration are highlighted. Furthermore, the potential role of drug-eluting nanofibers in wound management is discussed, and lastly, the economic implications of wounds as well as future perspectives in applying fiber electrospinning in the design of wound dressings and sutures are considered and reported.


Coupled oscillator networks show complex interrelations between topological characteristics of the network and the nonlinear stability of single nodes with respect to large but realistic perturbations. We extend previous results on these relations by incorporating sampling-based measures of the transient behaviour of the system, its survivability, as well as its asymptotic behaviour, its basin stability. By combining basin stability and survivability we uncover novel, previously unknown asymptotic states with solitary, desynchronized oscillators which are rotating with a frequency different from their natural one. They occur almost exclusively after perturbations at nodes with specific topological properties. More generally we confirm and significantly refine the results on the distinguished role tree-shaped appendices play for nonlinear stability. We find a topological classification scheme for nodes located in such appendices, that exactly separates them according to their stability properties, thus establishing a strong link between topology and dynamics. Hence, the results can be used for the identification of vulnerable nodes in power grids or other coupled oscillator networks. From this classification we can derive general design principles for resilient power grids. We find that striving for homogeneous network topologies facilitates a better performance in terms of nonlinear dynamical network stability. While the employed second-order Kuramoto-like model is parametrised to be representative for power grids, we expect these insights to transfer to other critical infrastructure systems or complex network dynamics appearing in various other fields.


This article examines the empirical basis of using homework in psychotherapy and then offers a synthesis of the research literature with the preceding clinical articles. We provide a practitioner-friendly review of psychotherapy process and outcome research literature, concluding that there is now sufficient evidence to support the assertion that homework assignments enhance psychotherapy outcomes. It is also clear that homework compliance is a consistently significant predictor of treatment outcome. Limitations of existing studies and future research directions are outlined, and we suggest that more specific questions are required regarding the integration of homework into therapy process. Clinical recommendations and issues in homework administration described in preceding articles are also synthesized. The research evidence and contributors to this issue converge in recommending homework within the broad context of psychotherapy and using creative ways of administering homework that is customized to the client.


I provide a comprehensive analysis that indicates characteristic-based factor loadings provide reasonable proxies for equity fundamentals. My methodology relies on the equilibrium relationships between cross-sectional expected return regressions and time-series empirical asset pricing models. I compare the performance of portfolios formed by observed equity fundamentals and pre-formation factor loadings. My analysis shows that the portfolios formed by book-to-market factor loadings closely matches the empirical return distribution of portfolios formed by the book-to-market characteristic. However, for market equity, gross-profitability, and investment, only the top performing portfolios are well approximated by factor loadings. My results are enhanced when conducting the same analyses on portfolios of equities, meant to reduce estimation risk. Finally, a portfolio formed from aggregating the signals from multiple pre-formation factor loadings beat an equally-weighed benchmark by nearly 400 basis points a year, and earned a Sharpe ratio that was 20% larger.


A common theme amongst all communities dependent upon the extraction of mineral resources is their dependence upon a finite mineral reserve. Once exhausted or abandoned due to a loss of economy in extraction or in favour of more promising and profitable prospects, communities are frequently left to contend with the residual impacts of mining. The effects of which have only been amplified in recent years due to changing modes of production and consumption. As a consequence of these conditions, former industrial sites, particularly those related to primary resource extraction, have fallen into disuse. Physically altered and transformed by extractive industry, these once active extraction sites now remain as dormant voids, artifacts of industry.

In light of these conditions, this thesis advocates for the reclamation of postextraction landscapes using architecture as a tool for highlighting, preserving and repurposing the now dormant industrial void. Having evolved in relation to both natural and cultural conditions, architecture acts to inform and reconnect users with former extraction sites, while fostering a greater understanding and awareness of the intertwined nature of industry, landscape and the history of place as it is linked to former industry (Hough M. , 1990).

Marmora, located in southern Ontario and one of the first iron mining communities in Upper Canada, is the context for this investigation. This community, like many others, flourished with the discovery of rich mineral deposits in the region early in the 19th century. Dependent upon a finite mineral reserve Marmora's economy deteriorated with the collapse of industry in the region late in the 20th century. Despite this condition, this small community continues to thrive due to its strong agricultural, recreation and tourism sectors which continue to drive the community's economy since the collapse of industry. What remains of the community's fleeting industrial past however, is a now abandoned open pit mine, the place of intervention for this study.


This thesis examines how the services of design firms, which belong to the category of service sector called Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS), contribute to the innovation in the product firms. In this study, I have examined the role played by the design firm IDEO, in the product innovation of a start-up technology firm, a matured technology firm and a matured consumer product firm. The services provided by IDEO satisfy different needs of the product firms in their product innovation. The services of the design firm is useful in showcasing the technology to attract more funding for the startup technology firms and in licensing the new technology to other established firms. For established firms with a strong focus in technology research, the services of the design firms, which have the expertise in the user knowledge, is useful in balancing exploration and exploitation of their technical knowledge. For a firm whose origin is in contract manufacturing, the services of the design firms is useful in its movement upstream along the value chain in establishing its own brand identity in the end. In this study, I have also observed that the design firms carry out research experiments to explore knowledge in the user domain and to understand new technology. With the increase in the knowledge of the design firms, product firms increase their collaboration with the design firms for product innovation. ii Acknowledgement


INTRODUCTION
Interdisciplinary rounds are a vital part of discharge planning; however, medical students receive little training in how to contribute effectively. Many existing discharge planning curricula are either prohibitively time consuming or narrowly focused. Addressing this gap can help improve interdisciplinary care and enhance the role of medical students on inpatient teams.

METHODS
We developed a 30-minute curriculum on the purpose of interdisciplinary rounds, expected presentation content, and team members' roles and conducted a randomized controlled trial among medical students on their inpatient internal medicine rotation. Outcomes were measured using pre- and post-curriculum surveys and comparison of evaluations of student participation in interdisciplinary rounds.

RESULTS
Eighty-six medical students participated in the study (59 intervention, 27 control), and we received 142 presentation evaluations (91 intervention, 51 control). There was significant post-curriculum improvement in all students' understanding of and comfort presenting in interdisciplinary rounds and knowledge of team members' roles. Presentation evaluations did not show a significant difference; however, students in the intervention group were better able to answer questions about their patients, with a difference approaching statistical significance (70% vs 57%, P = 0.069).

CONCLUSIONS
A brief, just-in-time curriculum improved learners' knowledge of interdisciplinary discharge rounds and showed a trend towards improvement in their ability to answer questions during rounds. Our curriculum can empower medical students to help their inpatient teams by participating in discharge rounds and can be integrated into existing curricula with minimal disruption.


This experiment was under taken at Mechara Agricultural Research center of on- station site for two consecutive years of 2016 and 2017 cropping season. The aim of the research was to identify the best adaptable and high biomass and dry matter yielders from four ecotype of Desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum) to demonstrate promising ecotypes for livestock producer's community in the study area. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was employed to evaluate the ecotypes. The result revealed that the agronomic performance of regeneration percentage, plot cover, plant vigor and leaf to stem ratio were not shown significant difference (P>0.05) between Desho grass lines. However, significantly difference (P<0.05) were observed in plant height and dry matter yield between four Desho grass lines. The highest dry matter yield were produced from Areka-DZF # 590 (28.74 t/ha), Kulumsa-DZF#592 (26.14 t/ha) and KK1-DZF # 591(23.59 t/ha) lines and produced 0.71, 0.66 and 0.59 leaf to stem ratio, respectively. The mean value of dry matter yield, biomass (herbage) yield and leaf to stem ratio was increased from first to second harvesting year. The dry matter yield had strongly positive correlation with morphological parameters of leaf to stem ratio (r=0.8; P<0.01), plant height (r=0.62; P<0.05), plot cover (r=75; P<0.05), and low correlation with biomass yield (r=0.2). Based on the result, Areka-DZF#590, Kulumsa-DZF-#592, and KK1-DZF#591 lines were well adapted and performed from Desho grass lines evaluated in this experiment. Therefore, these selected Desho grass lines should be further demonstrated and scaled-up at around Mechara Agricultural Research station and similar agro-ecologies of Hararghe areas.

 Key words:  Desho grass, dry matter yield, leaf to stem ratio, lines.


Lipschitz functions are interesting, but can be very rough (these can have many kinks). In many situations the functions can be much smoother. This is how you would model the temperature inside a museum room for example. Often we don't know how smooth the function might be, so an interesting question is if we can adapt to the unknown smoothness. In this lecture we will use the Maximum Complexity-Regularized Likelihood Estimation result we derived in Lecture 14 to extend our denoising scheme in several important ways. To begin with let's consider a broader class of functions.


Application of a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence to a nuclear spin system consisting of two components, whose spins do not exchange or exchange slowly on the scale of the shorter time constant, results in the nuclear magnetization Mz of the spin system decaying according to the relation Mz = Ma exp(-t/Ta)+Mb exp(-t/Tb)+K+E where Ma,Ta are the intensity and transverse relaxation time of one component, Mb and Tb are the corresponding values for the second component, K is a constant and E is the contribution due to noise. Data simulation according to the above function was carried out with different values for the parameters Ma, Ta, Mb, Tb and K, the noise component being normally distributed with mean zero. For each set of parameters, the data generation was repeated a number of times with a different noise content and in each case, the parameters were estimated using a non-linear least square curve fitting procedure. The mean and percent coefficient of variation (CV) of each parameter was calculated. The value of CV is taken as a measure of the uncertainty in the estimated value of the parameter. It is found that the uncertainty in the estimated values of the parameters is due to the random noise. The range of data points is more critical than the number of data points used in curve fitting. Moreover, the uncertainty associated with each parameter increases with decreasing Ma/Mb ratio and increases with increasing Ta/Tb ratio. Higher signal to noise ratios will be required to analyse data with low Ma/Mb and high Ta/Tb ratios.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Despite the continued growth of e-grocery sales, few companies actually make any profits in this retail segment. Increasing market shares and associated drop densities may render profitable operations possible, but higher delivery fees seem essential to achieving profitability. Yet such higher fees may put e-groceries at a disadvantage as compared with the traditional store channel, which remains highly competitive. This study models customer choice between the e-grocery channel and the store channel as well as the effects of that choice on those channels' operational costs and market shares. We identify conditions under which e-grocery retail can be profitable, and we estimate our model's parameters using secondary industry data. Our results indicate that e-grocery is profitable when household density is high and store density is low. When customer valuation of the e-grocery channel increases substantially, the result may be cannibalization of the store channel's sales to the extent that stores encounter losses. Thus there are three paths to e-grocery profitability:(i) a substantial increase in the relative consumer valuation of the online channel; (ii) a focus on areas with high household density and low store density; (iii) a long-term subsidy of the online channel until stores begin to close.


Background : (HIV) The numbers of people living with HIV worldwide in 2018 was estimated at 37.9 million; from 16 those, 1.7 million are children. Globally, 62% of the 37.9 million people were receiving 17 Antiretroviral treatment (ART); 53% had achieved viral suppression. This study aimed to assess 18 the incidence and predictors of Antiretroviral treatment failure among children in Kolfe Keranyo 19 sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods : An institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 250 children who 21 were enrolled to first-line Antiretroviral treatment from January 2013 to May 2020 in Kolfe 22 Keranyo sub-city. Data was collected by using data extraction checklist and data were extracted 23 by reviewing children's medical chart and electronic database. Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate the probability of treatment failure. During bivariable analysis variables with p-value < 25 0.25 were taken for multivariable Cox regression analysis to assess predictors of treatment failure. Statistically association was declared at p-value < 0.05 with 95% confidence interval.


Storytelling is an integral component of Irish tradition, folklore, and culture. Ireland's rich narrative tradition can be traced back to the early oral act of storytelling, undertaken by the seanchaí (storyteller or historian). Despite the wide spectrum of studies and broadly ranging arguments on storytelling in general and other specific aspects, in Irish drama narrative and the monologue, as well as narrative levels and types of narrators, have never been analyzed. In narratological terms Irish drama is rich with various degrees of diegetic narrativity employed differently by its various playwrights. This article looks more closely into a subject that until now has not received attention in the context of Irish theatre. In Irish theatre, in which language, narrative, and storytelling are recurrent topics, it is crucial that we understand how narrative is more complicated than the simple telling of a story and that it possesses techniques and levels that are worth reflecting on for their ability to change nuance and the experience of the audience.


To increase the water resistance and reduce the viscosity of soybean meal (SM)-based non-formaldehyde wood adhesives, polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGDA) used as crosslinker and viscosity reducer was introduced into the SM adhesive system. The apparent viscosity was evaluated by rheological measurements; gel content and water absorption of adhesives, the wet shear strength of plywood bonded with these modified adhesives were tested to evaluate their water resistance. In addition, the crosslink structures of modified adhesives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and solid-state 13C NMR analysis. The results indicated that all of the SM adhesives were pseudoplastic fluids with the property of shear-thinning. The viscosity of modified SM adhesives effectively decreased by 35% compared with the addition of PEGDA, and the wet shear strength of their bonded plywood increased; the wet shear strength of plywood bonded with 4% PEGDA-modified SM adhesive increased 114.2% compared to SM adhesive. FTIR spectroscopy and solid-state 13C NMR analysis demonstrated that the crosslinking reaction of the PEGDA occurred successfully during the curing process of PEGDA modified SM adhesive, and no crosslinking reaction between the PEGDA and soy meal adhesive appeared to have occurred. Interpenetrating networks (IPNs) might be formed between the cured PEGDA and SM adhesive system.


I do not know who the many readers of Structure are these days, but it is safe to assume that historians and philosophers of science or science studies practitioners are not many among them. I believe I am expressing an opinion common in our field by saying that Structure was history-making and, half a century later, has itself become history. In the terminology of Ludwik Fleck (an author whose work inspired the young Kuhn) Structure started as an esoteric book studied by few people but quickly became an exoteric one, read, cited, and appropriated by an extraordinarily wider set of audiences, reaching more people and languages than any history and philosophy of science book ever has. Structure no longer frames the research agenda of the field, and yet it is a field it helped create. It is credited for having brought (or having tried to bring) the history and the philosophy of science together, and for creating important openings for the sociology of scientific knowledge to join in the action. It also recruited new students into the field by making it look intellectually exciting — perhaps more so than it actually was. Having been one of those students, and having subsequently talked to incoming students from the other side of the generational fence, I want to look at this less-discussed dimension of Structure: its remarkably effective role as a device for intellectual recruitment.


This
 dissertation puts forward a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods to
 study the effects of low control determinants and peer-to-peer interactions
 on customer experience. Peer-to-peer (P2P) is the exchange between
 participants of equal power and authority to perform common tasks in a
 service context. It was made popular by file sharing system like Napster.
 Some firms have successfully harnessed P2P interactions to advance their
 competitive position. As an example, online communities for open source
 software provide collaborative platforms for users to share information, as
 well as exchange and look for social support. These platforms are often
 sponsored and hosted by firms who in turn benefit from the insights generated
 that can be used for product and service development (Libai et al. 2010). The
 structure of consumption comprises consumer actions that directly engage
 objects and often involve interactions with other people including P2P
 interactions. Holt (1995) refers to the latter as consuming as play and
 consuming as integration. Despite these developments, there are limited
 examples of firms using P2P interactions as a lever to improve customer
 experience, drive satisfaction and loyalty (Zomerdijk & Voss 2010). The
 literature is filled with strategies to manage customer experience (Bitner
 1992; Berry & Carbone 2002; Rust & Chung 2006; Bitner, Ostrom &
 Morgan 2008; Schmitt 2010; Rosenbaum & Massiah 2011; Achrol & Kotler
 2012; Pine & Gilmore 1998, 2014) using firm controllable factors.
 However, there is a dearth of research on how firms can exert influence over
 firm uncontrollable factors or low control determinant. Consequently, this
 dissertation proposes the concept of low control determinants to bridge the
 vital research gap. The author defines low control determinants as factors
 that affect customer experience, but firms have little influence over. With
 archival data of an island resort, the quantitative analysis proposed a
 proof-ofconcept for low control determinants as a situation moderator in
 customer experience (Verhoef et al. 2009) based on extant literature on
 customer experience management. Specifically, the climate factor was
 hypothesized as the situation moderator between functional, mechanic and
 humanic clues respectively, on customer experience. From the findings of the
 quantitative study, the moderating effects of climate factors were
 inconclusive, although the direct effect of climate factors on customer
 experience was significant. The findings might be due to a selection bias and
 perhaps a coarse measurement of the independent variable – the daily average
 temperature was used to represent climate data instead of, say, the hourly
 breakdown. Nonetheless, the significant direct effects of a low control
 determinant suggested that firms need to identify low control determinants in
 addition to high control determinants and have strategies to exert influence
 over them. A second study used a qualitative case study method to investigate
 how firms could exert their influence over low control determinants. The
 second study used ethnographic research techniques and interviews to gather
 insights into how a local healthcare organization exerted influence over P2P
 interactions. Empirical research in brand experience, customer decision
 journey, sense of community and normative community pressure for firms,
 formed the basis for developing the conceptual model for the qualitative
 research framework. In-depth interviews with 39 administrators and customers
 or patients uncovered experiential dimensions of respondents and allowed
 respondents who were regular members of the wellness centers managed by the
 focal healthcare organization, to describe their feelings and experiences in
 their languages. The wellness centers were extensions of the healthcare
 organization into the residential estate; they were assimilated into the
 residential community without the infrastructure complexities of a hospital.
 The healthcare organization conceived of the wellness centers as a first step
 to promoting supported self-management of community-dwelling seniors. Besides
 explicating the governing mechanism of P2P interactions in building a sense
 of community, the qualitative study assessed the resulting outcomes on
 customer experience and effects on customer well-being. The study found a
 role transformation in the firm as it expanded its reach from that of a
 provider in institutional settings to that of a facilitator or catalyst in
 the community that was closer to community-dwelling seniors or patient. As a
 catalyst, the firm evolved its operating framework, and the researcher
 distilled the findings into a managerial implementation framework for firms
 interested to harness P2P interactions to improve customer experience.
 Customers in P2P interactions are not mere recipients, but active
 contributors or co-producers to the community. Instead of firm-sponsored
 support functions, firms could harness P2P interactions as a cost-efficient
 strategy that could deliver transformative customer experience. Firms could
 harness P2P interactions by facilitating customer helping behaviors which
 could be more effective than firm sponsored resources in achieving desired
 outcomes. P2P interactions offer a promising strategy for firms interested to
 deliver superior outcomes at lower or not impact on their cost structure.
 This research offered prescriptive value for managers to expand firm
 capabilities and capacities without the corresponding increase in costs. The
 insights that were generated informed and provided managers with an
 implementation framework to exert control over P2P interactions. In
 conclusion, the findings contributed to the literature in customer experience
 management and transformative service research through an advanced
 understanding of how a firm can deliver a transformative experience of
 lasting customer benefits.


The current widely accepted "industry standard" pump test employs a Vickers V104C (or V105C) vane pump to assess the antiwear performance of hydraulic fluids. The two main versions of the test are documented as ASTM and IP methods. This pump test method, which was first developed in the 1960s, assesses only the steel-on-steel antiwear performance of hydraulic fluids, and this under constant speed, constant volume, and constant high pressure conditions. Constant conditions are not experienced in practical applications and it can be shown that hydraulic fluids which perform well at high pressure can fail to provide adequate antiwear performance at low pressure. Although other pump types may have different materials in contact, standard universally accepted procedures have not yet emerged to cover these. It can be shown that hydraulic fluids which have good steel-on-steel antiwear performance can have poor performance in steel-on-yellow-metal contacts. There is therefore a need for wear test procedures to be developed which cover the full range of operating conditions and material types found in practical applications. This paper will review experience gained in the author's laboratory, with different hydraulic fluid types, during the development of wear test procedures which more adequately cover the range of operating conditions and material contacts experienced in practical operating environments.


Leadership is a complex and unique phenomenon of social interaction, anyone will show leadership behavior when interacting in a format that influences others. Even in personal capacity, in the human body there is capacity or potential as a controller, which essentially facilitates a person to be able to lead himself. Leadership is often given the meaning of degree of influence, while the leader is the person who has the most potential to influence. Leaders who cannot actualize their influence do not have the character of true leadership. Then we must know how educational leadership is so the purpose of this article is to dig deeper into leadership and complete the task. Articles are made with techniques for gathering resources such as reading material and books on leadership.