Morphological variability of the Carex oederi s. l. inflorescence The most variable features describing Carex oederi s. l. include: (i) the distance between two lower female spikes, (ii) the length of the peduncle of a lower female spike, (iii) the distance between two upper female spikes, (iv) the length of inflorescence and peduncle of a male spike. Most of observed stems had (3)4-5 female spikes, which were crowded around a sessile and short male spike. Specimens with fewer female spikes (2-3) were characterized generally by their loose positioning on a stem (occasionally a lower female spike was distant and had a peduncle) and the presence of usually longer male spikes on a peduncle. In conclusion, C. oederi s. l. is highly variable morphologically. In the investigated materials, there are no apparent discontinuities. Further (planned) biometric research will be extended to the characteristics of the perygynium and vegetative features.


Abstract:In this essay, I weave personal narratives together with "public" events to theorize the complex feelings of regularly encountering spaces of black death and trauma. To do so, I use the concept of "episodic events" to collapse distinctions between memorable events and the quiet passage of nondescript episodes in order to push us to think about the grief that stains and strains the lifeworlds of people most invested in Black Lives Matter. In doing so, the essay meditates on the stakes of Black life, constituted by an intimacy with the environment that makes the scenes of events, no matter the scale, part of one's daily episodes. Attention to Black life in the political era of Black lives means that we consider the forms of intimacy beyond racial kinship that do not allow for the symbolic signification that happens when we are moved by the atrocity happening to the person central to the racial event. Thus by contending with the "afterlives" of black murder, this essay attempts to deal with the visceral of the episodic, the ongoingness, the living-through that is often sidelined, if considered at all, in the tight focus of the juridical promise of the event.


Clinical Image:

80 years of old female presented with huge mass over occipital region for 10 years which was insidious on onset, gradually progressive in size. It was not associated with pain. There was no history of dizziness or numbness over upper extremities. On examination there was a huge globular mass measuring around 15 x 15 cm2 . It was soft, non-tender with smooth surface and no skin changes. It was not fixed to underlying structures. Fluctuation test and trans- illumination tests were negative. CT scan of the head and neck revealed large well defined cystic lesion with foci of calcification without enhancement on post contrast study suggestive of dermoid cyst. The diagnosis was confirmed with FNAC (Figures 1 and 2).


A case-control study of cervical carcinoma in situ was conducted in Santiago, Chile, to determine whether risk of this condition is altered by use of oral contraceptives. Responses to a standardized questionnaire were compared in 133 hospitalized cases and 254 age-matched controls selected from the same screening program through which the cases were detected. After controlling for the possible confounding influence of a variety of indices of sexual behavior, socioeconomic status, and prior cytological smears, no increase in risk was found in women who ever used oral contraceptives. No trend of increasing or decreasing risk was seen in relation to duration of use, up to more than 6 years of exposure, or with the passage of time from either initial or most recent exposure. An observed increase in risk in current users of oral contraceptives was not considered likely to represent a causal relationship.


: 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-bromo-2-chloro ethane, an isomer of halothane, was tested for its anesthetic and toxic properties in rats. The isomer is about one-half as potent as halothane and is metabolized to a lethal compound.


Marker free optical spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the rapid inspection of pathologically suspicious skin lesions and the non-invasive detection of early skin tumors. This goal can be reached by the combination of signal localization and the spectroscopical detection of chemical cell signatures. We here present the development and application of mid infrared spectroscopy (midIR) for the analysis of skin tumor cell types and three dimensional tissue phantoms towards the application of midIR spectroscopy for fast and reliable skin diagnostics. We developed standardized in vitro skin systems with increasing complexity, from single skin cell types as fibroblasts, keratinocytes and melanoma cells, to mixtures of these and finally three dimensional skin cancer phantoms. The cell systems were characterized with different systems in the midIR range up to 12 μm. The analysis of the spectra by novel data processing algorithms demonstrated the clear separation of all cell types, especially melanoma cells. Special attention and algorithm training was required for closely related mesenchymal cell types as dedifferentiated melanoma cells and fibroblasts. Proof of concept experiments with mixtures of in vivo fluorescence labelled skin cell types allowed the test of the new algorithms performance for the identification of specific cell types. The intense training of the software systems with various samples resulted in a increased sensitivity and specificity of the combined midIR and software system. These data highlight the potential of midIR spectroscopy as sensitive and specific future optical biopsy technology.


PURPOSE
In a series of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) patients, we evaluated the sensitivities of the individual microsatellites recommended by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) consensus workshop for detection of high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H). On the basis of this evaluation, we developed a three-marker assay that assigns microsatellite instability (MSI) in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

METHODS
Individual marker sensitivity was assessed in 18 HNPCC tumors. Multiplex and NCI assays were then assessed in a series of 120 patients with early-onset colon cancer.

RESULTS
The sensitivity of microsatellite markers BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250 for ASI in HNPCC cancers was 100%, 94%, 72%, 50%, and 50%, respectively. The three most accurate markers were combined and optimized in a multiplex assay that assigned MSI-H whenever at least two of three markers revealed ASI. In early-onset colon cancers, the prevalence of MSI-H determined by the multiplex assay and by the NCI assay was 16% and 23%, respectively. The additional MSI-H tumors and patients with MSI-H identified by the NCI assay lacked the traits characteristic of MSI-H seen in tumors and patients identified by the multiplex assay: retention of heterozygosity (NCI additional 22% v multiplex 84%; P =.003), characteristic tumor morphology (0% v 64%; P =.006), and 5-year cancer survival rate (44% v 100%; P =.0003).

CONCLUSION
The multiplex assay identifies colon cancers with MSI-H by assessing three highly accurate microsatellite markers. This assay identifies a smaller MSI-H cohort with more homogeneous clinical features and is superior as a marker of favorable prognosis. It merits prospective evaluation as a marker of prognosis and as a screening test for HNPCC.


Extreme climatic events can have profound effects on ecosystems. Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, which raises the probability that natural ecosystems will be exposed to subsequent or simultaneous extreme events. Exposure to multiple extreme events may involve very different abiotic stressors, which makes it hard to compare their consequences for more than a single or a few species, limiting our knowledge of community level effects. Here, we propose a novel approach to assess how different abiotic stressors influenced soil arthropod communities in a coastal ecosystem, using a species abundance time series of more than two years. We first correlated shifts in community composition with the climatic conditions preceding the sampling dates. Temperature was found to be the most important factor influencing community composition in both locations. Based on local meteorological data, we then defined five types of extreme events which occurred during our monitoring period: heat, cold, drought, heavy precipitation and high sea water levels. To compare the effect of different types of extreme climatic events on community composition, we calculated the multidimensional Hellinger distance between two subsequent sampling dates, which is a measure for the compositional dissimilarity between communities. Extreme events were expected to result in a larger change in community composition between sampling dates and thus a larger Hellinger distance. However, no significant difference in Hellinger distance was found for intervals with or without extreme events in three out of the four location-vegetation combinations. In the saline location with an open vegetation type we found that Hellinger's distance was reduced when extreme events had occurred, which is discussed in the light of the buffering potential of different vegetation types. Our study illustrates the novel use of an established method from the community ecological toolbox to facilitate direct comparison of different types of extreme climatic events on community composition. We highly encourage other ecologists with long-term monitoring datasets to perform similar analyses and test the general applicability of this method.


Cities face mounting challenges from climate change. In Indonesia rising temperatures,
changing rainfall patterns, higher sea levels, and more frequent and severe extreme
events such as droughts and floods threaten to overwhelm settlements, urban
infrastructure, services and management systems. This working paper focuses on the
Bengawan Solo River Side Buffer of Bojonegoro Regency in East Java. The area
has high frequency floods and the Bojonegoro Regency have built a levee for flood
protection. However, about 1,300 families from 1,100 households have chosen to locate
their homes outside the protected area, and this continues to happen from generation
to generation. Using structural equation modelling (SEM) and social network analysis
(SNA), this paper seeks to investigate the typology of social structures to examine why
these populations are choosing to remain in at-risk areas.
The structural equation model shows that for all of the communities (low, medium and
high vulnerability) their greatest fear is not only flooding butconsequential land losses
due to torrential water when the upstream dam is opened. The communities' priority is
managing their inherited lands sustainably rather than their homes. The emotional needs
and community groups are significant sub-variables for each of the three categories of
vulnerable community in the research area.
The social network analysis shows that the low-vulnerability communities can better
mobilise their local and extra-local resources to live in flood-prone areas than residents
in high- and medium vulnerability communities. They have stronger networks of
interpersonal relationships that is stimulated by some prominent residents, and also face
the least flood risk. In line with Putnam (2000) and Leenders (2002), the findings of this
study suggest that the choice of residents to remain in flood-prone areas is determined
by the strength of their social network, and that is influenced by prominent residents
who are influenced by overall community resilience to flood disaster.


Achnanthes was described by Bory to include three species, A. adnata, A. dubia and A. baccillarioides, formerly included under Echinella stipitata Lyngbye. Boyer typified the genus Achnanthes using A. adnata and this typification has been accepted by subsequent authors. However no extant material of A. adnata is known. Since this species was based on E. stipitata, Lyngbye material was sought and examined. This material contains specimens of Achnanthes sensu stricto and can be used as the generitype of that genus. Light and electron microscopical observations of this material are presented. C. A. Agardh created the name Achnanthes brevipes as an avowed substitution for A. adnata and this is the name that has generally been used. There is little doubt that E. stipitata, A. adnata and A. brevipes refer to the same species. Since A. brevipes has been used most extensively in the literature there is a case for conserving this name. Based on our observations we propose that Lyngbye's material be accepted as the type for Achnanthes but that the name A. brevipes be considered for conservation against E. stipitata and A. adnata.


A biogas coming from anaerobic digestion of urban sewage has been used to feed a SOFC planar anode-supported cell. The sewage is produced from the urban area of Torino (IT), and eventually collected and treated by SMAT (the municipal company managing the potable and waste water of the city). The biogas is produced by the thermophilic fermentation of the sludge which remains after the several treatments the sewage goes through in the above-mentioned plant. The biogas is of a high quality: it has on average a a methane content around 65% (the balance being essentially CO2 ), and the only significant impurity measured is H2 S in a range of 70–80 ppm. The as-produced biogas has been used for feeding a planar Ni-YSZ anode-supported SOFC with a LSCF cathode. The biogas desulphurization was accomplished flowing the gas in a fixed-bed reactor, filled with activated. The fuel processing with POX has been assessed to avoid carbon deposition into the Ni-YSZ anode and convert the CH4 into H2 and CO. Short tests to check for eventual anode degradation were performed under typical operating conditions. The cell voltage was always stable under load with the tested mixtures. A cell electrical efficiency around 45% has been measured at 800°C and 80% FU. System simulations have performed as well to assess the whole system configuration under a biogas feeding. Optimization routines have been implemented to predict the best net AC efficiency achievable by a SOFC system running on biogas. Additional considerations on the management of poor LHV biogas mixture have been also assessed, showing how dry-reforming of CH4 with the CO2 already available in the biogas stream would be an excellent option needed to be investigated with further detail in the next future.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Many Southeastern Coastal Plain soils require deep (>0.45 m) inrow tillage or subsoiling to disrupt dense tillage/traffic pans and/ or eluvial (E) horizons. Three subsoiling implements [Super Seeder (SS), ParaTill (PT), and Kelly (KE)' were compared on Norfolk (Typic Paleuduit) loamy sand to assess their effectiveness in developing and maintaining a proper rooting environment for corn (Zen mays U. Soil strength (cone index) for the implements was evaluated with and without conventional surface tillage (disking). All three subsoiling implements effectively disrupted the E horizon regardless of surface tillage, but the 67% stand establishment in nondisked treatments was significantly lower than for disked treatments (92%). However, yields were not significantly different. Significant differences in soil strength were measured among subsoiling implements at the beginning of each growing season. In 1985 mean profile soil strength was lower (P 0.10) for SS and PT than for KE. In 1986, soil strength was lower (P 0.10) for SS than either PT or KE. The consistent difference between SS and KE occurred because SS disrupted a larger area than the thinner-shanked KE. Nondisked treatments had mean soil strength that was 032 MPa lower within the row than disked treatments, but disked treatments had mean soil strength that was 037 MPa lower between the rows. Soil strength results suggest that Coastal Plain soils, which have been subsoiled, are less likely to restrict root development regardless of implement with, or without, prior surface tillage.


Dye contamination of natural water system is a severe problem due to the
considerable enhancement in the industrial activities. As the dyes are highly visible, nonbiodegradable,
and toxic in nature, they are considered as a severe source of water pollution. Therefore,
it is imperative to develop an inexpensive, simple, effective, and easy technique for their elimination
from wastewater.

 Luffa aegyptiaca peel (LuAP), kitchen waste was exploited as a low-priced biosorbent for
the adsorptive elimination of cationic methylene blue (MB) dye. The influence of several batch parameters,
i.e., adsorbent dose, pH of the solution, initial dye concentration, adsorbate/adsorbent contact
time, and temperature were optimized for maximum adsorption of MB from aqueous media. Furthermore,
thermodynamics, kinetics, and isotherm studies were also carried out in order to comprehend
the dominant mechanism for the adsorptive elimination of MB.

The kinetic data for the adsorption of MB onto the LuAP followed closely by the pseudosecond-
order (PSO) kinetics, and the adsorption equilibrium data were observed to be well demonstrated
by Langmuir isotherm. The equilibrium was attained in 180 min with maximum sorption capacity
of 52.63 mg/g at an adsorbent dose of 3 g/L, pH of 7, and temperature of 303 K. Thermodynamic
study reveals that the removal of MB by LuAP is spontaneous and endothermic.

 It has been concluded that LuAP can be efficiently utilized for the confiscation of cationic
MB dye from polluted water.


Explored by foreign travellers in different periods, the Amazon rainforest has long dwelt in the imagery of western countries. This trend is naturally extended to its numerous representations in cinema, often in a stereotyped perspective, full of clichés that respond to entertainment demands or to superficial foreign curiosity. This paper proposes to analyse its presence in some feature films produced mostly (but not only) in Hollywood along the last five decades. It aims at investigating how, in mainstream cinema, the features and characteristics that are supposedly typical of the region are shown, along with the demands of the respective film narratives, and at pinpointing the inevitable mismatches that emerge when facing the complexity of the 'continent' that effectively constitutes the region. In genres that run from adventure to comedy, fantasy or horror, film productions have set their plots there – partially, at least, and artificially or effectively – with varying approaches and degrees of depth to the region's peculiarities. The choice of productions with so-called commercial appeal is due to such films having greater reach and international circulation. Thus their features are interesting for their capacity of spreading such imaginary, often with a shallow or distorted bias. The present is not a precise, socio-anthropological comparison between the 'real' Amazon region and that which is shown on the screens as a lost tropical paradise or a 'green inferno', for instance, but rather to point out how the logics of entertaining may assimilate a complex and multifaceted imaginary and present it in a simplistic, schematic, one-dimensional way.


The difficulty coaches face in relating to and understanding how clients perceive and interpret situations is that the process for clients making sense of situations is unconscious. This presents a challenge, as there isn't a direct or obvious route to access a client's unconscious. Understanding clients' use of metaphor offers a potential route to access this unconscious process and gain insight into clients' sense making. The research adopted a critical realism paradigm and used a thematic analysis methodology with semi-structured interviews of eight executive leaders. The findings suggest that metaphor can offer insight into participants' character and values, and coaches and leaders can use an approach of working with metaphor as a potential route to reveal and understand individuals' unconscious sense making.


Abstract This paper examines a number of expansions and rewordings in Tg. J. Ezek 1 that alter or elaborate upon the description of the celestial creatures. The object is threefold: to identify textual cues within the Targum's Vorlage that sparked expansions or rewordings, to explain the exegetical choices reflected in those expansions and rewordings, and to deduce something about the hermeneutical assumptions under which those choices were made. Along the way, I explain several features of the Targum in new ways, but the principal objects of my inquiry are the scribes responsible for Targum Jonathan and the various ways that they interacted with their Hebrew Vorlage. I propose that the expansions and rewordings never reflect exuberance or whimsy on the part of the targumic scribes. Rather, they represent a disciplined effort to produce an accurate reading of their Hebrew text, undertaken according to certain hermeneutical assumptions, assumptions that are co-extensive with their assumptions about the nat...


Fatty-acid and energy content of Maja brachydactyla eggs at different developmental stages (recently spawned, half-developed and ready to hatch) were analysed in order to understand what is being consumed and produced during the embryonic development. Egg volume increased during development (34%, 0.187 to 0.285 mm3, N = 270) and was negatively correlated with egg energy and fatty-acid content (r = −0.80 and r = −0.46, respectively), which decreased through embryogenesis. The most consumed fatty acids were the PUFA (21.2 μg · mg dw−1), followed by the SFA (18.8 μg · mg dw−1) and MUFA (14.9 μg · mg dw−1). Palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1n-9) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) acids were preferentially consumed (13.14, 9.21 and 8.67 μg · mg dw−1, respectively). The fatty acid composition found in M. brachydactyla eggs reflected the habitat and omnivorous and detritivorous scanvenger diet of the adults, although the consumption of algae was more important than previously thought, at least in the area where these adults were captured. Pre-hatching eggs have a high PUFA content (64.5 μg · mg dw−1 or 46.3% of the egg fatty-acid content). We conclude that larvae of this species might need a diet rich in PUFA, particularly EPA and DHA, for successful development. From the culture perspective, live preys commonly used in aquaculture will likely require to be enriched with DHA.


(57) ABSTRACT An autonomous floor cleaning robot includes a transport drive and control system arranged for autonomous movement of the robot over a floor for performing cleaning operations. The robot chassis carries a first cleaning Zone comprising cleaning elements arranged to Suction loose particulates up from the cleaning Surface and a second cleaning Zone com prising cleaning elements arraigned to apply a cleaning fluid onto the surface and to thereafter collect the cleaning fluid up from the surface after it has been used to clean the surface. The robot chassis carries a Supply of cleaning fluid and a waste container for storing waste materials collected up from the cleaning Surface.


The purpose of this study is to provide a written analysis and evaluation of the preparation for the acting and the performing of selected roles in the theatre. The written thesis includes the evaluation of characters portrayed and methods for preparation for performance of selected roles. The sociological, psychological and theatrical analyses of the roles were viewed for the nature of the individual roles in relationship to other characters as well as the whole play. Utilized in this analysis is material found in reviewing the literature, when available, about each role along with self-evaluation of the role and the director's evaluation, interpretation and instructions for characterization. Supplementary to the written preparation and character analysis, tape recording was used to facilitate vocal characterizations. A permanent video-tape was made of selected scenes to provide a record of the event of performance as a supplement to the written thesis. Upon selection of a role, the following was used to prepare for the performance of the role: I. Each play was read in its entirety for first impressions of mood and meaning of the play. A. Objectivity was maintained as to the theatrical value of the play. B. Subjectivity was limited to likes and dislikes of the work as a whole. II. The story and theme and the production style were discussed with the director. lll. Each play was analyzed for the sociological and psychological implication of the play as a whole. IV. Individual parts played were analyzed for: A. Psychological aspects such as desires and goals and their motivational influences on the character. B. Family relationships as to their influences on the character. C. General social environment as to its motivational influence. D. Development of character as seen in the play, as an individual and in relation to other characters, as a result of the above influences. V. The literature was investigated to determine previously written analyses of character as found in critical analyses of historical, modern and contemporary drama by actors, directors, playwrights, and theatre critics. A. The playwright's intent was determined for each role to be performed as seen in the literature. B. The literature was related to the director's analysis and the personal analysis of the role. VI. The psychology of the role and the vocal and body mannerisms intrinsic to the character were developed. A. The tape recorder was used to assist in developing intrinsic vocal characteristics. B. The director was consulted as to the correctness of character interpretation. VII. The roles were performed. VIII. Video-tapes of selected scenes were made as a permanent record of the acting events and are filed in the Radio-Television tape library of the Fort Hays Speech Department. IX. Personal views of each performance were summarized as to the effectiveness of characterization and performance.


ABSTRACT Amid the implementation of new curriculum standard regarding statistics and new recommendations for preservice secondary mathematics teachers (PSMTs) to teach statistics, there is a need to examine the current state of PSMTs' knowledge of the statistical content they will be expected to teach. This study reports on the statistical knowledge of 217 PSMTs from a purposeful sample of 18 universities across the United States. The results show that PSMTs may not have strong Common Statistical Knowledge that is needed to teach statistics to high school students. PSMTs' strengths include identifying appropriate measures of center, while weaknesses involve issues with variability, sampling distributions, p-values, and confidence intervals.


Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and specific CTL precursor cells can be generated during the immune response to syngeneic tumors induced by murine sarcoma virus (MSV) in the mouse. MSV-immune spleen cells yield high numbers of specific CTL after incubation in vitro with irradiated tumor cells in syngeneic secondary mixed leukocyte-tumor cell cultures (sec-MLTC). Peak cytolytic activity generated in sec-MLTC is detectable on day 7 after culture initiation and decreases slowly thereafter. This report presents data showing that highly active CTL could be regenerated upon tertiary stimulation of long-term sec-MLTC with irradiated tumor cells bearing MSV-associated antigens. CTL activity recovered from tertiary MLTC could be detected in a short-term (3 hr) 51 Cr release assay, and increased levels of cytolysis were already evident 24 hr after culture re-initiation. It was also shown that cells recovered from MLTC 12 days after tertiary restimulation could be further stimulated by specific tumor antigen in quaternary MLTC to yield increased CTL numbers. These results thus indicated that T lymphocytes could be repeatedly stimulated by specific tumor antigen in syngeneic MLTC to yield increasing numbers of cytolytic cells. Furthermore, the tumor antigen used for the initial stimulation of MSV-immune spleen cells in sec-MLTC appeared to have induced a specific selection of CTL precursor cells, since only syngeneic tumor cells bearing MSV-associated antigens were capable of inducing high levels of CTL regeneration in tertiary MLTC.


Although the concepts and patterns of ritual varied through time in relation to general sociopolitical transformations and local historical circumstances in ancient Mesoamerica, most archaeologists would agree that certain underlying themes and structures modeled the ritual phenomena of this complex culture area. By focusing on ritual expression at the household level, this volume seeks to compare the manifestations of domestic ritual across time and space in both the cores and peripheries, in the cities and in the villages. The authors explore the ways in which cosmological principles and concepts of the sacred were used in the construction of ritual space and practice, how local landscapes provided templates for the images and paraphernalia recovered from archaeological contexts, how foreign enclaves relied on ritual for social reproduction, and how domestic ritual was related to, and indeed embedded in, institutionalized state religions.


We report the synthesis of 7 new para-phenylene-bridged zinc porphyrin dimers, five of which were characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. A variety of links were tested for holding the para-phenylene bridges in π-conjugation with the porphyrins, and the natures of these restraining links strongly influence the properties of the porphyrin dimers. The keto-linked dimer exhibits a long-lived singlet excited state and strong fluorescence at 960 nm (1.7% quantum yield) in contrast to most previously reported conjugated porphyrin tapes, which are essentially non-emissive. Replacement of the cross-conjugated keto links by directly conjugated C–C bonds eradicates the fluorescence and shifts the absorption maximum to 1077 nm. On the other hand, replacement of the keto links with non-conjugated CPh2 links confers fluorescence at 736 nm (10% quantum yield) and results in remarkably similar one- and two-photon absorption behavior to that of meso–meso ethynylene-bridged porphyrin dimers (peak two-photon cross section: 7,300 GM at 878 nm). Cross-conjugated keto links do more than just hold the para-phenylene bridge coplanar with the porphyrins; they reduce the HOMO–LUMO gap, although to a lesser extent than direct π-conjugated links. Planarized para-phenylene-bridged porphyrin dimers provide insights into the relationship between previously investigated classes of conjugated porphyrin oligomers, and they open up possibilities for the synthesis of new types of near-IR two-photon absorbing dyes.


The five-factor model of personality, which has been widely studied in personality psychology, has been hypothesized to have specific relevance for DSM-defined personality disorders. To evaluate hypothesized relationships of the five-factor model of personality to personality disorders, 144 patients with personality disorders (diagnosed via a structured interview) completed an inventory to assess the five-factor model. Results indicated that the majority of the personality disorders can be differentiated in theoretically predictable ways using the five-factor model of personality. However, while the personality disorders as a whole appear to be differentiable from normal personality functioning on the five factors, the patterns are quite similar across the disorders, a finding that may provide some insight into the general nature of personality pathology but may also suggest problems with discriminant validity. Third, it does not appear that considering disorders as special combinations of features (as might be expected in some categorical models) is more informative than considering them as the sum of certain features (as might be expected in a dimensional model).


Forest crises demand regulation and certification reform Intensive genetic modification is a longstanding practice in agriculture, and, for some species, in woody plant horticulture and forestry (1). Current regulatory systems for genetically engineered crops, in which recombinant DNA is used to asexually insert or modify DNA, were created decades ago with good intentions for caution and forethought. Likewise, forest certification systems were created to promote responsible forest management and sustainable practices. However, both systems are at odds with the need for rapid and innovative biotechnologies to help forests cope with growing pest epidemics and mounting abiotic stresses as a result of global travel and climate change. As the U.S. government recently initiated an update of the Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology (2), now is an opportune time to consider foundational changes.


As it has become common to use many computer cores in routine applications, finding good ways to parallelize popular algorithms has become increasingly important. In this paper, we present a parallelization scheme for Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods based on spectral clustering of the underlying state space, generalizing earlier work on parallelization of MCMC methods by state space partitioning. We show empirically that this approach speeds up MCMC sampling for multimodal distributions and that it can be usefully applied in greater generality than several related algorithms. Our algorithm converges under reasonable conditions to an `optimal' MCMC algorithm. We also show that our approach can be asymptotically far more efficient than naive parallelization, even in situations such as completely flat target distributions where no unique optimal algorithm exists. Finally, we combine theoretical and empirical bounds to provide practical guidance on the choice of tuning parameters.


Prevention and management of wound infections receive a lot of attention, since the presence of micro-organisms interferes with the wound-healing process. The aim of this work was to use cyclodextrins (CDs) to endow hydrogels and gauzes with the ability to take up antiseptics and sustain their delivery for several hours. Benzalkonium chloride (BzCl) can form inclusion complexes with cross-linked CDs that regulate the release through an affinity-driven mechanism. Grafting of CDs to cotton gauzes using citric acid as the linker, at 190 °C and for 15 min, led to grafting yields of about 148%, much larger than those obtained at 180 °C or with shorter reaction times. Microbiological tests revealed that the BzCl-loaded networks can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli both on agar plates and in liquid medium. Furthermore, the antiseptic-loaded gauzes were able to inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus RN1HG pMV158GFP when applied in early stages of biofilm formation and could reduce the number of living cells in preformed biofilms grown in a chronic wound biofilm model. These findings highlight the role of CDs as main components of hydrogels and gauzes for the efficient delivery of antiseptics.


A method for sensor planning based on a previously developed coverage strength model is presented. The approach taken is known as generate-and-test: a feasible solution is predefined and then tested using the coverage model. The relationship between the resolution of the imaging system and its performance is the key component to perform sensor planning of range cameras. Experimental results are presented; the inverse correlation between coverage performance and measurement error demonstrates the usefulness of the model in the sensor planning context.


The foremost, dominant, and influential scientific discourse of how to define tinnitus states that tinnitus is the perception of sound(s) in the absence of an external sound source. This is the most common statement among researchers in audiology and related fields, stemming from basic neurosciences (Kaltenbach, 2011) to applied psychophysiology (Kropp et al., 2012), audiology (Caffier et al., 2006), and behavioural psychology (Westin et al., 2008). It is puzzling that scientific affiliation and paradigms have had no influence on how the condition is defined as for instance one would expect psychologists and neurologists to have their own viewpoint on this issue. (Published: 20 December 2014) Citation: Int J Qualitative Stud Health Well-being 2013, 8 : 23530 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v8i0.23530


This study is focused on analysing whether changes of F0 in the Lithuanian language are influenced by: 1) stress and the type of a syllable accent (acute, circumflex); 2) the type of a sentence (declarative, exclamatory, interrogative); 3) phrase accent (focused word). The research material consists of the recordings of three female Standard Lithuanian speakers. Each of the samples was read 5 times. The analysis of the relation of F0 in a stressed and an unstressed syllable, in an acute and a circumflex, in a focal and non-focal position, in declarative, exclamatory, interrogative sentences allows us to assume that the pitch is an indicator of intonation rather than of a lexical stress and a syllable accent.


Intracranial aneurysms, affecting 2%–5% of the population, pose a significant challenge to neurosurgeons due to their potential to cause subarachnoid haemorrhage and high mortality rates. Intraoperative angiography is necessary for effective surgical planning and indocyanine green video angiography (ICG-VA) has emerged as a useful tool for real-time visualization of aneurysmal blood flow, aiding in better planning for potential blood flow and detection of aneurysm remnants. This mini narrative review explores the application of ICG-VA in intracranial aneurysm surgery. Compared with conventional dye-based angiography, ICG-VA is safer, more effective and more cost-effective. It can assess haemodynamic parameters, cerebral flow during temporary artery occlusion, completeness of clipping and patency of branch vessels. However, implementing ICG-VA in low- and middle-income countries presents challenges such as financial constraints, limited access to training and expertise, patient selection and consent issues. Addressing these obstacles requires capacity-building, training programmes for neurosurgeons and multidisciplinary teams, technology transfer, equipment donations, public–private partnerships, continued research and development, reducing conventional dye usage, reducing ICG wastage, exploring mechanisms to reuse ICG dyes and advocating for increased government funding and healthcare budgets.


As the world energy demand increases, and the desire for cleaner fuels strengthens, a number of major oil and gas companies are developing Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) vessels to harvest natural gas 'stranded' in reservoirs that have previously been considered too uneconomic to develop. A key requirement for this new generation of vessels is a high volume of low temperature seawater for process cooling.
The aim of this research is to investigate whether the concepts underpinning free hanging cantilever seawater intake risers used on Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels can be extended to the design of seawater intake risers for FLNG vessels in order to reach and import colder seawater from depths greater than has so far been achieved with these systems. The research focusses on establishing the physical, mechanical and fatigue properties of a number of material elements under consideration for this application and then investigates a number of combinations to determine the optimum configuration for a hybrid deep seawater intake riser.
To demonstrate the strength and fatigue capabilities of the hybrid riser, the selected configuration is then subject to a more detailed analysis with consideration of a number of key aspects such as vessel motion, marine growth, vortex induced vibration, stability due to internal flow and excursion due to external fluid. A number of sensitivities are also performed with respect to riser damping, riser length, vessel size and geographical location. Additionally, the flow characteristics in terms of pressure loss and temperature gain are examined and a number of sensitivities performed to show that the cold seawater can be imported effectively. Finally, using published data for FLNG vessels currently under construction, an economic argument is presented to highlight the potential cost advantage of reaching and importing colder seawater by means of a deep seawater intake riser.
As a result of this research, the solution being presented offers a significant technological advantage for these systems in the field enabling high volumes of seawater to be imported from greater depths whilst accommodating the loads induced by the environmental conditions and minimising the loads induced into the hull of the vessel. Furthermore, the solution is based on the concepts of a field proven system, thereby limiting the risks associated with untested technological advancements. The findings of this research enable the process efficiencies of FLNG vessels to be greatly enhanced thus contributing to the more efficient extraction of a cleaner fuel which, in a world with ever increasing energy demands, is critical to the global economy.
The novelty of the research is demonstrated by two successful patent applications, one in relation to the improved features of existing seawater intake riser systems and the other in relation to the use of multiple material elements for a hybrid seawater intake riser. Both patents have been examined and granted in five jurisdictions, namely, Europe, Japan, China. South Korea and the USA.


ABSTRACT College graduation rates for racially minoritized students are adversely affected by structural barriers and hostile campus racial climates, which lead to notable equity gaps within and across institutions. Theory and prior literature suggest that the representation of racially minoritized students and instructors may play a role in shaping these disparities, but the evidence to date is limited and has yielded divergent findings. Therefore, the present study directly explored the link between the representation of several minoritized racial groups and equity gaps in six-year graduation rates. The results indicate that same-race representation and the representation of students and instructors from other racially minoritized groups were associated with greater racial equity in graduation outcomes; in fact, no Black-White and Latinx-White gaps were present when Black or Latinx students, respectively, comprised at least half of undergraduates at that institution. Moreover, these patterns occurred predominantly at institutions with virtually no fully online students, which suggests the importance of face-to-face interactions that facilitate situational racial cues and interpersonal experiences that may foster success for racially minoritized students.


While education studies and urban studies have flourished as rich areas of research in South Asia, the interface between education and the urban has received little scholarly attention. My paper attempts to address this gap by drawing attention to issues such as land and locality in the study of higher education. I argue that from the early 2000s, the domain of higher education in India witnessed a phenomenal shift which fostered a very specific relationship between education, land acquisition, and urbanization. In the post-liberalization decades, the rhetoric of urban policy and education commissions converged and echoed each other, thus paving the way for enclosed elite private education zones. Education hubs were now projected as the prime mover for urbanizing a region and providing a boost for speculation on the real estate market. By focusing on the conception, planning, and acquisition of land for the Rajiv Gandhi Education City in Sonipat, I explore how universities were now being conceived of as part of a larger zone of corporate investment. Could we conceptualize education as infrastructure that engenders a specific kind of urban space? The present paper wishes to raise this question and initiate a conversation on the university-land market connections.


Understanding music in the Western idiom includes perceptual sensitivity to the tone relationships and hierarchy of stabilities contained in the tonal‐harmonic system. These features of the tonal‐harmonic system are correlated with statistical properties of tonal music. For example, the frequency with which each tone is sounded has been shown to be closely related to its relative prominence in the tonal hierarchy. Listeners may be sensitive to such regularities, and, it has been argued, may use this information to develop, or elaborate, a sense of tonality for the music. This experimental work has pursued the issue of sensitivity to regularities in music by examining listener's sensitivity to duration and frequency of occurrence in tone sequences for which construction rules deviated from the rules of Western tonality. Sensitivity will be described both for abstract sequences of pure tones and for musical materials provided by contemporary composers. It is contrasted with an alternative perceptual strateg...


Women constitute a particular group among patients with chronic liver disease and in the post–liver transplantation (LT) setting: they are set apart not only by traditional differences with respect to men (ie, body mass index, different etiologies of liver disease, and accessibility to transplantation) but also by factors related to hormonal changes that characterize first the fertile age and subsequently the postmenopausal period (eg, disease course variability and responses to therapy). The aim of this review is, therefore, to evaluate the role of the interplay of factors such as age, gender, and hormones in influencing the natural history of chronic liver disease before and after LT and their importance in determining outcomes after LT. As the population requiring LT ages and the mean age at transplantation increases, older females are being considered for transplantation. Older patients are at greater risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoporosis, and a worse response to antiviral therapy. Female gender per se is associated with a greater risk for osteoporosis because of metabolic changes after menopause, the bodily structure of females, and, in the population of patients with chronic liver disease, the prevalence of cholestatic and autoimmune liver diseases. With menopause, the fall of protective estrogen levels can lead to increased fibrosis progression, and this represents a negative turning point for women with chronic liver disease and especially for patients with hepatitis C. Therefore, the notion of gender as a binary female/male factor is now giving way to the awareness of more complex disease processes within the female gender that follow hormonal, social, and age patterns and need to be addressed directly and specifically. Liver Transpl 19:122–134, 2013. © 2012 AASLD.


Background A significant proportion of norovirus (NV) gastroenteritis outbreaks described in the Spanish literature have been because of contaminated food or water. Aim This study describes an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis because of NV in which there was person-to-person transmission. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out; we established the case definition for primary and secondary cases. An epidemiological survey was designed, including possible food exposures, and clinical and laboratory data. Water and stool samples were taken from affected individuals and food handlers. The presence of NV was detected using a reverse transcription-PCR assay. We analyzed the risk of gastroenteritis using relative risk and its 95% confidence interval as the measure of association, and estimated the basic reproductive number (R0). Results The primary attack rate was 45.0%, with no significant differences between sexes. The secondary attack rate during the camp stay was 22.7%. The basic reproductive number for 5 days was R0=2.62. The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain (85.7%) and vomiting (81.9%). Epidemiological analysis showed no association with food or drinking water. A total of 66.6% (8/12) of stool samples tested positive for NV (genogroup II). Conclusion Control measures in general, and hand hygiene in particular, should be extended to the families once the children return home, to prevent secondary cases in NV outbreaks.


: In recent years new hydroelectric dam projects in Brazil have led to intense debate across society. A range of different social actors have been engaged in these controversies, all of them deploying different discourses to legitimise their postures. This paper addresses the study of the discourses emerging around this debate in the case of two hydroelectric projects in the Cuenca del Alto Paraná River, and examines the way the multiple arguments emanating from the social actors are grouped together. On the basis of a content analysis of qualitative interviews a factor analysis was carried out to identify the groups of arguments. One of the main outcomes of this analysis highlighted the discursive isolation of a single social group – the people affected by the construction of the dams – in contrast to the other actors, who shared arguments grounded in techno-economic rationales. As opposed to this, those affected by the dam projects used arguments based on their emotions, identities and daily experiences of place; their perspectives were absent from the discourses of other actors.


The potential of X-ray scattering measurements for monitoring changes on the nano-scale in fine-grained materials in their natural wet state is demonstrated with a series of feasibility tests on well-controlled, kaolin samples, i.e. water content, pH and loading history. The results indicate that subtle changes on the nanometric scale, especially the particle orientations, can be measured with high fidelity using a standard laboratory Small and Wide angle X-ray Scattering instrument. This opens up possibilities for future in-situ loading tests with simultaneous monitoring of the evolving changes of the fabric in fine-grained soils.


Consider mutli-goal tasks that involve static environments and dynamic goals. Examples of such tasks, such as goal-directed navigation and pick-and-place in robotics, abound. Two types of Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms are used for such tasks: model-free or model-based. Each of these approaches has limitations. Model-free RL struggles to transfer learned information when the goal location changes, but achieves high asymptotic accuracy in single goal tasks. Model-based RL can transfer learned information to new goal locations by retaining the explicitly learned state-dynamics, but is limited by the fact that small errors in modelling these dynamics accumulate over long-term planning. In this work, we improve upon the limitations of model-free RL in multi-goal domains. We do this by adapting the Floyd-Warshall algorithm for RL and call the adaptation Floyd-Warshall RL (FWRL). The proposed algorithm learns a goal-conditioned action-value function by constraining the value of the optimal path between any two states to be greater than or equal to the value of paths via intermediary states. Experimentally, we show that FWRL is more sample-efficient and learns higher reward strategies in multi-goal tasks as compared to Q-learning, model-based RL and other relevant baselines in a tabular domain.


In this Review, the extreme care that must be taken when predicting the optical properties of conjugated polymers via the oligomer approach, and when comparing theoretical and experimental data, is illustrated. In the first part, conceptual strategies for the correct determination of optical transitions from experimental spectra and relevant extrapolation procedures at the polymer limit are introduced. The impact of conformational, substitution, solvent, and solid‐state effects on the optical properties is discussed in light of experimental data reported for molecular backbones based on phenylene, phenylenevinylene, and thiophene repeat units. A comparison is then made between experimental results and those provided by standard quantum‐chemical methods, to assess their reliability.


Māori change agents are often employed in educational initiatives that seek to redress Māori student achievement inequities in Aotearoa New Zealand. Their experience in this role is under researched. This qualitative research project uses a kaupapa Māori approach to investigate the experiences of Māori change agents working in mainstream educational institutions. Results indicated that these facilitators experienced different challenges that had both internal and external dimensions. The metaphor of the kaiwero (challenger) in a pōwhiri (formal Māori welcome) is used to explore the researcher's interpretations of the experiences of Māori change agents. In order to be effective Māori change agents must be well prepared and understand the different dimensions of the change that they face when attempting to facilitate change. Key recommendations, associated with research results, highlight the importance of external supports and facilitator preparation and ongoing professional development. Creating a shared vision of change, with a clear understanding of the change agent's roles and responsibilities is a key element of support. Prior to the introduction of programmes aimed at enhancing Māori student achievement, school communities must create a common understanding and vision for Māori student success which must be informed by an understanding of the power, race, colonisation and political issues.


In the third edition of the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, the World Health Organization concludes that an integrated management of risks in source waters, treatment systems and distribution networks is the most effective way to guarantee safe drinking water to consumers. The integrated approach is fundamental to avoid sub-optimisation of risk-reduction measures. This paper presents an application of an integrated and quantitative risk model for comparing risk-reduction measures to support decisions for reaching specified water safety targets. A fault tree approach is used for structuring the risk analysis and for estimating the risk, expressed as Customer Minutes Lost (CML). Input information is a combination of hard data and expert judgements. Uncertainties in input information are considerable and modelled by a Bayesian
statistical approach. A drinking water system in Sweden is used to exemplify model application. Quantitative safety targets have been confirmed at the political level as a basis for long-term planning of investments and reinvestments. One target defines an acceptable risk level of 144 annual CML for the average consumer. For the current system structure an estimated risk of 612CML was obtained. Four risk-reduction alternatives were compared and they reduce the risk to between 50 and 81 CML, i.e. below the acceptable level. The paper describes how a structured
and thorough analysis of risk-reduction measures can facilitate transparency and long-term planning of drinking water systems.


Public school curriculum choices have been disputed since the inception of compulsory education. The growth of Catholic schools in the nineteenth century was a response to concerns over the Protestant ideology prevalent in the public school curriculum.' During the 1960's, various minority groups recognized and reacted to racial and ethnic bias in school textbooks.2 In more recent years, interest groups from both the Right and the Left have attempted to remove objectionable textbooks from the classroom.3 The latest members of this long line of concerned parents have been conservative Christian groups. In a series of recent lawsuits, these groups have questioned whether the curriculum used in the public schools fairly portrays religion. Although some have discounted these challenges as censorship or efforts to impose a fundamentalist ideology,4 contemporary curriculum attacks are quite similar, at least in form, to the complaints raised by prior groups.5 Yet since these recent charges have been directed specifically at the treatment of religion, they also implicate the religion clauses of the First Amendment.6


Do claims on the private sector serve the role of safe assets? We answer this question using high-frequency panel data on prices and quantities of certificates of deposit (CD) and commercial paper (CP) issued in Europe. We show that only very short-term private securities benefit from a premium for safety. We then use several sources of variation to show that the issuance of short-term CDs strongly responds to measures of safety demand. The private production of safe assets is stronger for issuers with high credit worthiness, and breaks down during episodes of market stress. We conclude that even very short-term private assets are sensitive to changes in the information environment and should not be treated as equally safe at all times.


In this paper I argue that an examination of changing patterns of mobility and automobility in contemporary literature can demonstrate ways that literary forms both reflect and produce cultural and social change. Focusing more specifically on automobility in Don DeLillo's 21st century novel Cosmopolis, I take into account the car as it functions symbolically in the discursive realm with its promises of freedom and liberation, and its part in discourses of power, wealth and the ecological. I also acknowledge the impact of its presence as a material object that operates within global systems of production and consumption and integrated systems of roads. I conclude that the car in DeLillo's novel not only contains ideas of automobility from the past, but also points the way forward to one future where the relative immobility of the congested automobile is countered by the mobility of the networking functions it contains.


Abstract. In the global methane budget, the largest natural source is attributed to wetlands that encompass all ecosystems composed of waterlogged or inundated ground, capable of methane production. Among them, northern peatlands that store large amounts of soil organic carbon have been functioning, since the end of the last glaciation period, as long-term sources of methane (CH4) and are one of the most significant methane sources among wetlands. To reduce global methane budget uncertainties, it is of significance to understand processes driving methane production and fluxes in northern peatlands. A methane model that features methane production and transport by plants, ebullition process and diffusion in soil, oxidation to CO2 and CH4 fluxes to the atmosphere has been embedded in the ORCHIDEE-PEAT land surface model which includes an explicit representation of northern peatlands. This model, ORCHIDEE-PCH4 was calibrated and evaluated on 14 peatland sites distributed on both Eurasian and American continents in the northern boreal and temperate regions. Data assimilation approaches were employed to optimized parameters at each site and at all sites simultaneously. Results show that, in ORCHIDEE-PCH4, methanogenesis is sensitive to temperature and substrate availability over the top 75 cm of soil depth. Methane emissions estimated using single site optimization (SSO) of model parameters are underestimated by 9 g CH4 m−2 year−1 on average (i.e. 50 % higher than the site average of yearly methane emissions). While using the multi-sites optimization (MSO), methane emissions are overestimated by 5 g CH4 m−2 year−1 on average across all investigated sites (i.e. 37 % lower than the site average of yearly methane emissions).


Some may assume that it is essential to purchase and install antivirus software to protect the underlying layers of an IT infrastructure. However, nowadays the Windows 10 operating system is shipped with a built-in antivirus feature by default. With Microsoft being a large contender in the antivirus market it raises the question if it is necessary to use third-party antivirus software in a Windows 10 environment. The aim of this research is to determine the necessity of third-party antivirus software by examining the detection capabilities and measuring the performance impact caused by thirdparty antivirus software, in comparison with the antivirus service that is integrated with the Windows 10 operating system. This was done by measuring the response time of certain user activities to determine how the user-experience is affected differently by using third-party antivirus software. In addition to the effect on performance, the documentation of the tested products was studied to determine if there is value in using non-integrated antivirus software. The results of the performance benchmarks showed that overall there was a significant performance increase when using third-party antivirus. Additionally, the study showed that some third-party antivirus software offers more ways to detect malicious activities than Windows Defender Antivirus. These two facts put together suggests that using third-party antivirus software in a Windows 10 environment is necessary if there is a desire to increase the efficiency of performing certain user activities and if there is a desire to have more detection capabilities available.


A b stract: The study area is located in Aydincik (i(^EL) area where Early Cambrian rocks are represented by the Hiidai Formation. The formation represents three different parts in the vertical sequence which has a thickness of approximately 830 metres. The basal part o f the formation consists o f a rhytmic alternation o f horizontal laminated sandstone, ripple trough cross-laminated sandstone, mixed sandstone-shale, and rarely metashales. The middle part comprises dominantly metashales. The upper part is made up by an alternation o f horizontal laminated sandstone, mixed sandstone-shale and rarely metashales. Vertical variations in the formation is caused by marine transgressious and regressious, and by fluctuations in sediment supply. Lower to middle parts o f the formation characterize a fining-upward sequence, and middle to upper parts display a coarsening-upward sequence. In the Hiidai Formation, four lithofacies are recognized based on lithology and sedimentary structures. These are ( 1) horizontal laminated sandstone (predominantly quartzarenite) indicating deposition from tidal currents during the high velocity phases o f tidal cycles; (2) ripple cross-laminated sandstone (predominantly quartzwacke) deposited in lower part o f intertidal (sand-flat) environment; (3) mixed sandstone-shale revealing deposition in mid-intertidal flat environment; and (4) shale (or metashale) deposited mainly in upper intertidal (mudflat) environment. Key w ords: sedimentology, Early Cambrian, clastics, Hiidai Formation, facies, Turkey


Since its independence to its reformation era, Indonesia has had five first ladies comprising Fatmawati, R.Ay. Siti Hartinah, Hasri Ainun, Sinta Nuriyah, and Kristiani Herrawati. Since then, the first lady's fashion has been recognized as Indonesia national fashion through presidential decree No.18 year 1972, national fashion workshop in 1978 in Jakarta, and also Indonesia's constitution No.9 year 2010 stating that national fashion is one of the compulsory items in national events. Fashion image of the first lady is not only considered good looking yes it has also cultural and philosophical values, appears to be lady-look, and has good characters. This article discusses the appearance and philosophical aspects of Indonesia's first ladies' fashion and how the fashion represents the graceful image of a first lady. Visualization of the first ladies is identified using historical method while their national fashion is studied through content analysis. Having analyzed the data collected, this study finds out that each first lady's fashion kept changing from one to another. The changes are not only influenced by the era each first lady was leading and which culture they came from but also from how they understand their position as the first lady; either when they have to meet their citizens or when they interact with fellow first ladies from other countries. Finally, this study concludes that first ladies' fashion contains a lot of political and cultural messages as an effort to preserve the national identity. Keywords: National fashion, Image, First Lady, Kebaya, Lady-look , Identity


Ribosome biogenesis is a complicated process, involving numerous cleavage, base modification and assembly steps. All ribosomes share the same general architecture, with small and large subunits made up of roughly similar rRNA species and a variety of ribosomal proteins. However, the fundamental assembly process differs significantly between eukaryotes and eubacteria, not only in distribution and mechanism of modifications but also in organization of assembly steps. Despite these differences, members of the KsgA/Dim1 methyltransferase family and their resultant modification of small-subunit rRNA are found throughout evolution and therefore were present in the last common ancestor. In this paper we report that KsgA orthologs from archaeabacteria and eukaryotes are able to complement for KsgA function in bacteria, both in vivo and in vitro. This indicates that all of these enzymes can recognize a common ribosomal substrate, and that the recognition elements must be largely unchanged since the evolutionary split between the three domains of life.


This paper presents an electrostatic discharge (ESD)-protected ultra-wideband (UWB) low-noise amplifier (LNA) for full-band (170-to-1700 MHz) mobile TV tuners. It features a PMOS-based open-source input structure to optimize the I/O swings under a mixed-voltage ESD protection while offering an inductorless broadband input impedance match. The amplification core exploiting double current reuse and single-stage thermal-noise cancellation enhances the gain and noise performances with high power efficiency. Optimized in a 90-nm 1.2/2.5-V CMOS process with practical issues taken into account, the LNA using a constant-gm bias circuit achieves competitive and robust performances over process, voltage and temperature variation. The simulated voltage gain is 20.6 dB, noise figure is 2.4 to 2.7 dB, and IIP3 is +10.8 dBm . The power consumption is 9.6 mW at 1.2 V. |S11| < -10 dB is achieved up to 1.9 GHz without needing any external resonant network. Human Body Model ESD zapping tests of plusmn4 kV at the input pins cause no failure of any device.


The purpose of this paper is to employ an extended notion of gift giving by showing that much of the gifts exchanged in social media are driven by social emotions. We argue that consumers have migrated from the production of services to the production of experiences and that, in social media, the primary experience of value is emotion. Web 2.0 is markedly different compared with its predecessor Web 1.0, in that it empowered social media, the fastest growing phenomenon on the Internet to occur; yet people are struggling to make money from it. Much value is created and exchanged, but most of it escapes monetization. Whereas, consumption on Web 1.0 was mostly goal-oriented, rational, and functional, consumption on Web 2.0 is exploratory, idiosyncratic, and social. Traditional economic paradigms of market exchange have struggled to explain consumer behavior in this new dispensation: most exchange is 'free'. So the question is, what is the currency and motivation driving social relations in Web 2.0? We argue that it is gifts and social emotions. We develop a circumplex of social emotions and show how different organizations utilize these emotions to archive their objectives. Implications for managers and researchers are discussed.


Background Increasingly, inflammatory mediators are considered crucial to the onset and perpetuation of tendinopathy.1 We have previously reported increased expression of key cytokines in human and rodent models of tendinopathy.2 IL-33 and its receptor ST2 have become increasingly associated with musculoskeletal pathologies over the past few years and are purported as critical endogenous tissue danger signals.3 There remains a significant unmet clinical need in the understanding of tendon disorders, largely owing to a lack of in-depth interrogation of the biological mechanisms underpinning the disease process. Abstract 68 Figure 1 (A) Col 1/3 message levels in human tenocytes + rhIL-33 (B) IL-33 messge levels in WT and ST2-/- mice (C) Biomechanical strength in WT and ST2-/- mice + rhIL-33 Objectives To seek evidence of IL-33 expression in early human tendinopathy and thereafter, to explore mechanisms whereby IL-33 may regulate inflammatory mediators and matrix regulation in human tenocytes and a murine tendon model. Methods Fifteen torn supraspinatus tendon (established pathology) and matched intact subscapularis tendon (representing 'early pathology') biopsies were collected from patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Control samples of subscapularis tendon were collected from 10 patients undergoing arthroscopic stabilisation surgery. Human tendon-derived primary cells were derived from hamstring tendon tissue obtained during hamstring tendon ACL reconstruction. The impact of IL-33 upon tenocyte biology ex vivo was measured using quantitative RT-PCR, collagen I and III ELISAs and luminex cytokine multiplexes. In vivo work composed of experiments utilising a murine patellar tendon injury model in WT and ST2-/-. Results IL-33, soluble and membrane bound ST2 transcripts were significantly upregulated in early tendinopathy compared to control or torn tendon biopsies. IL-33 induced dose and time dependent upregulation of total collagen protein accounted for by increased expression of type I but particularly type III collagen mRNA and protein. Following array analysis and consistent with reported IL-33. IL-33 mRNA was elevated on days 1 and 3 post tendon injury in WT mice. This was significantly reduced in injured ST2-/- mice suggesting autocrine regulation. Analysis of collagen synthesis revealed significantly greater expression of collagen 3 at all time points post injury in WT mice compared to uninjured controls or injured ST2-/- mice Importantly injury of WT mice tendons resulted in a significant decrease in biomechanical strength at Day 1 post injury compared to ST2-/- that recovered by days 7 and 21. These data suggest altered collagen matrix synthesis in ST2-/- mice implicating IL-33/ST2 as an early modulator of collagen changes in tendon injury that has biomechanical significance. Administration of rhIL-33 did not affect Collagen 1 synthesis but did significantly increase Collagen 3 synthesis particularly in injured tendons. Moreover, rhIL33 administration significantly reduced ultimate tendon strength at all time points post injection in WT mice suggesting that such changes were of functional impact. Finally we directly targeted IL-33 in vivo. Neutralising antibodies to IL-33 attenuated the collagen I to III switch at days 1 and 3 post injury in WT injured mice resulting in a significant increase in biomechanical strength at day 1 post injury WT mice tendons. Conclusion We herein provide new evidence for a role of IL-33 in the initial steps that lead to the important clinical entity of tendinopathy. Our data implicate IL-33 as an alarmin in early tendinopathy, and importantly, our biomechanical data suggest such expression has a pathogenically relevant role. References 1 Dourte LM, et al. J Orthop Res. 2008;26(10):1297–305 2 Millar NL, et al. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009;91(3):417–24 3 Liew FY. Ann Rheum Dis. Apr 2012 Suppl


Focus on reducing energy consumption in existing buildings at large scale, e.g. in cities or countries, has been increasing in recent years. In order to reduce energy consumption in existing buildings, political incentive schemes are put in place and large scale investments are made by utility companies. Prioritising these investments requires a comprehensive overview of the energy consumption in the existing building stock, as well as potential energy-savings. However, a building stock comprises thousands of buildings with different characteristics making it difficult to model energy consumption accurately. Moreover, the complexity of the building stock makes it difficult to convey model results to policymakers and other stakeholders. In order to manage the complexity of the building stock, building archetypes are often employed in building stock energy models (BSEMs). Building archetypes are formed by segmenting the building stock according to specific characteristics. Segmenting the building stock according to building type and building age is common, among other things because this information is often easily available. This segmentation makes it easy to convey results to non-experts. However, using a single archetypical building to represent all buildings in a segment of the building stock is associated with loss of detail. Thermal characteristics are aggregated while other characteristics, which could affect the energy efficiency of a building, are disregarded. Thus, using a simplified representation of the building stock could come at the expense of the accuracy of the model. The present study evaluates the accuracy of a conventional archetype-based BSEM that segments the building stock according to building typeand age. The accuracy is evaluated in terms of the archetypes' ability to accurately emulate the average energy demands of the corresponding buildings they were meant to represent. This is done for the buildings' energy demands as a whole as well as for relevant sub-demands. Both are evaluated in relation to the typeand the age of the building. This should provide researchers, who use archetypes in BSEMs, with an indication of the expected accuracy of the conventional archetype model, as well as the accuracy lost in specific parts of the calculation, due to use of the archetype method. Keywords—Building stock energy modelling, energy-savings, archetype.


A long-standing ideology in business education has been that a corporation is run for the sole interest of its shareholders. I present an alternative view where increasing concentration of economic activity and power in the world's largest corporations, the Global 1000, has opened the way for managers to consider the interests of a broader set of stakeholders rather than only shareholders. Having documented that this alternative view better fits actual corporate conduct, I discuss opportunities for future research. Specifically, I call for research on the materiality of environmental and social issues for the future financial performance of corporations, the design of incentive and control systems to guide strategy execution, corporate reporting, and the role of investors in this new paradigm.


A traffic network of an urban area is considered in this paper. This paper presents a 0-1 integer linear program which is based on optimization from a purely mathematical point of view to solve the problem of optimizing traffic signal control. In particular, we consider a group of signalized intersections in an urban area which have different semaphoric cycles. The phase sequence of each intersection is known but the relationship of these phase sequences between each two intersections is unknown beforehand. The identification of the optimal phase relationship between all intersections and duration for the signal phases are combined into one problem in this paper. It can be used as a benchmark for evaluating the performance of some heuristic algorithms such as the genetic algorithm, fuzzy logic and neural networks.


The methodology presented in this paper produces a circular economy jobs (CE jobs) measure. Using jobs as a proxy indicator, these measure gives cities a robust number to indicate progress toward the circular economy and is designed to serve as a first step in developing a circular economy strategy. The CE jobs measure tracks the inputs and outputs of goods in a city's "boundaries" through the material import dependency of the city's economic sectors. At the same time, tracking and assessing the circularity of the local jobs in these economic sectors will also provide city leaders with an indication of which sectors circularity is happening and could potentially happen. This paper also concludes that the process of coming to the CE jobs has two parts, the first more relevant to the local government and the second better influenced by the national government. Both need to come together for a truly circular local economy to happen.


Filtration techniques are useful tools for analysing roundness profiles. The 2RC filter and Gaussian filter are commonly used to assess peripheral undulations of the roundness data. However they cannot do every aspect of functional prediction. Morphological filters are employed to characterize roundness profiles for functional assessment. Traditional computation methods for morphological filters are limited to planar surfaces and unable to be extended to roundness measurement. A novel method based on alpha shape theory is developed to break up the confinement. The morphological closing and opening envelopes are obtained by rolling a disk upon the roundness profile from the air and material side of the component respectively. They can be used to identify significant peaks and valleys on the profile respectively, which is vital to the functional performance of components, especially contact phenomenon. A case study is presented where various options of morphological filters and reference circles are applied to a roundness profile, delivering different functional meanings. An in-depth comparison of morphological filters and the Gaussian filter is followed to derive their pros and cons.


In recent years, the use of 'scenarios' have been recognised as an important tool in requirements engineering (RE), and has led to a number of scenario-based RE approaches being proposed (Potts et al., 1995; Jacobson 1995; Hsai et al., 1995). This paper presents an approach for reusing scenarios, called SCORE (SCenario-Oriented REuse), which is intended to complement existing scenario-based RE approaches. We describe our application of SCORE on two case studies, and discuss the issues that have surfaced from each. We also compare SCORE with other approaches to reuse at the RE level. Finally, we summarise our experience of scenario reuse by outlining the questions that need to be addressed by a more comprehensive model of the scenario reuse process.


Mobile services differ from traditional services in their ability to provide service offerings regardless of temporal and spatial constraints. They are also different from traditional interpersonal services that are delivered face-to-face, or from other types of e-services, such as wireless online services, where the service delivery is linked to a specific fixed local area network or specific location. Although an increasing number of academic studies are starting to focus on mobile services from a service management perspective, rather than a technology perspective, formal classifications or categorizations of mobile services are still scarce. The aim of the paper is to develop a conceptual classification for mobile services that depicts the special nature of mobile services and gives indications how to categorize services from a customer centric perspective. The classification is based on the type of consumption, the context, the social setting, and the relationship and it represents aspects that influence the overall value of mobile services. These issues are described more in detail by breaking them down into classification grids that differentiate mobile services from one another by describing the aspects in a twodimensional way. We provide examples of existing mobile services in each classification grid. The term mobile service denotes all services that can be used independently of temporal and spatial restraints, and that are accessed through a mobile handset (mobile phone, PDA, smart phone etc.). The proposed conceptual development is a contribution to service marketing research. The resulting classification gives implications for further empirical research in mobile area and helps managers and service developers to differentiate and group their mobile service offerings in a meaningful way that is especially useful for marketing purposes.


This thesis aims to investigate the formation of deposits from thermally degraded biodiesel on a hot metal surface under the influence of sodium or copper contaminations. Biodiesel or Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) is a widely utilized biofuel with the potential to replace fossil fuels, however, issues regarding the thermal and oxidative stability prevent the progress of biodiesel for utilization as vehicle fuel. The thermal degradation of biodiesel causes formation of deposits often occurring in the fuel injectors, which could result in reduced engine efficiency, increased emissions and engine wear. However, still have no standard method for evaluation of a fuels' tendency to form deposits been developed. In this study biodiesel deposits have been formed on aluminum test tubes utilizing a Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS), an instrument based on the principle of the Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT). Quantitative and qualitative analyses have been made utilizing an array of techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (ATR-FTIR). A multi-factorial trial investigating the effects of sodium hydroxide and copper contaminations at trace levels and the impact of a paraffin inhibitor copolymer additive on three different FAME products, two derived from rapeseed oil and one from waste cooking oil as well as a biodiesel blend with mineral diesel, was conducted.The results exhibited that FAMEs are the major precursor to deposit formation in diesel fuel. The SEM analyses exploited the nature of FAME deposits forming porous structures on hot metal surfaces. Sodium hydroxide proved to participate in the deposit formation by forming carboxylic salts. However, the copper contamination exhibited no enhancing effect on the deposits, possibly due to interference of the blank oil in which copper was received. The paraffin inhibitor functioning as a crystal modifier had significant reducing effect on the deposit formation for all biodiesel samples except for the FAME product derived from waste cooking oil. Further studies are needed in order to investigate the influence of glycerin and water residues to the biodiesel deposit formation. Mechanisms involving oxidative or thermal peroxide formation, polymerization and disintegration have been suggested as degradation pathways for biodiesel. The involvement of oxidation intermediates, peroxides, was confirmed by the experiments performed in this thesis. However, the mechanisms of biodiesel deposit formation are complex and hard to study as the deposits are seemingly insoluble. Nevertheless, ATR-FTIR in combination with JFTOT-processing has potential as standard method for evaluation of deposit forming tendencies of biodiesel.


Background: Despite the potential health risks, paracetamol is commonly misused for management of hangover among regular users of alcohol. Studies on the combined use of the two drugs are limited and controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the interaction of the two drugs on the biological parameters of a rat model.

Methods: Animals were divided into twelve groups. The negative and positive controls received distilled water and alcohol, respectively. Alcohol was administered at 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 g/kg orally for 4 weeks. Paracetamol was given at doses of 40 and 400 mg/kg. Half of the other groups received combined doses of the two drugs. Hematological and blood chemistry were determined using auto-analyzers while histostructure was scored under light microscopy.

Results: Alcohol induced a dose and time dependent gain on body weight, but when used in combination with paracetamol the effect was mixed. When used independently and combined, the drugs did not affect (p > 0.05) the hematological profiles. For blood chemistry, the drugs caused a dose dependent elevation of liver enzymes, bilirubin, urea, reduced albumin levels and various degrees of liver and renal pathology.

Conclusion: In moderate doses, paracetamol is safe but high doses and chronic use of alcohol causes hepatotoxicity. Individually, alcohol and paracetamol have a low risk of renal damage but when used together the risk is increased. Thus, regular use of paracetamol in management of alcohol induced hangover is discouraged as this increases the risk of liver and kidney diseases.


The paper investigates the 'professionalization' process of the Italian cultural heritage. In particular, it aims to propose an own interpretation of the 'professionalization' process, as a dissemination of 'good' practices, adopting the point of view of new institutionalism theory. This theoretical approach frames the professionalization process, and then that of managerialization, as the material and symbolic conditioning that the institutions have on human behavior: the professional has the ability of government and management; through professional training will be ensured the dissemination of the same capacity and then the 'good' practices. In this scenario Italian universities seem to contribute to the dissemination of artistic-cultural heritage management practices. This research, which has purely theoretical aims, starts from a quick reference to the regulatory framework evolution and a synthesis of scientific debate on the governance of cultural heritage; then, it will propose a reflection of the role that Universities currently have in the diffusion process of professions for the government and management of cultural heritage. In this way, the paper links the governance of the artistic-cultural heritage with the 'training process' that universities do for professionalizing human resources. University nowadays are conducting training projects for 'cultural manager', sometimes anticipating the decision of Public Administration, trying to condition them, sometimes following its strategic directions .


Contrast‐enhanced (CE) MRI provides in vivo physiological information that cannot be obtained by conventional imaging methods. This information is generally extracted by using models to represent the circulation of contrast agent in the body. However, the results depend on the quality of the fit obtained with the chosen model. Therefore, one must check the fit quality to avoid working on physiologically irrelevant parameters. In this study two dimensionless criteria—the fraction of modeling information (FMI) and the fraction of residual information (FRI)—are proposed to identify errors caused by poor fit. These are compared with more conventional criteria, namely the quadratic error and the correlation coefficient, both theoretically and with the use of simulated and real CE‐MRI data. The results indicate the superiority of the new criteria. It is also shown that these new criteria can be used to detect oversimplified models. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


PURPOSE
We noted an unexpected inheritance pattern of lesions in several strains of gene-manipulated mice with ocular phenotypes. The lesions, which appeared at various stages of backcross to C57BL/6, bore resemblance to the rd8 retinal degeneration phenotype. We set out to examine the prevalence of this mutation in induced mutant mouse lines, vendor C57BL/6 mice and in widely used embryonic stem cells.

METHODS
Ocular lesions were evaluated by fundus examination and histopathology. Detection of the rd8 mutation at the genetic level was performed by PCR with appropriate primers. Data were confirmed by DNA sequencing in selected cases.

RESULTS
Analysis of several induced mutant mouse lines with ocular disease phenotypes revealed that the disease was associated 100% with the presence of the rd8 mutation in the Crb1 gene rather than with the gene of interest. DNA analysis of C57BL/6 mice from common commercial vendors demonstrated the presence of the rd8 mutation in homozygous form in all C57BL/6N substrains, but not in the C57BL/6J substrain. A series of commercially available embryonic stem cells of C57BL/6N origin and C57BL/6N mouse lines used to generate ES cells also contained the rd8 mutation. Affected mice displayed ocular lesions typical of rd8, which were detectable by funduscopy and histopathology as early as 6 weeks of age.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings identify the presence of the rd8 mutation in the C57BL/6N mouse substrain used widely to produce transgenic and knockout mice. The results have grave implications for the vision research community who develop mouse lines to study eye disease, as presence of rd8 can produce significant disease phenotypes unrelated to the gene or genes of interest. It is suggested that researchers screen for rd8 if their mouse lines were generated on the C57BL/6N background, bear resemblance to the rd8 phenotype, or are of indeterminate origin.


The cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are a family of highly conserved LIM (an acronym derived from the three gene products lin-11, isl-1 and mec-3) domain proteins that have been implicated in muscle differentiation. All CRP family members characterized so far have been shown to interact with the filamentous actin cross-linker alpha-actinin. The region of CRP required for this interaction has previously been broadly mapped to the molecule's N-terminal half. Here we report that the alpha-actinin-binding region of CRP, which we have mapped by using a combination of blot overlay and Western immunoblot techniques, is confined to an 18-residue sequence occurring within the protein's N-terminal glycine-rich repeat. A site-directed mutagenesis analysis of the binding region has revealed the critical importance of a single lysine residue (lysine 65 in human CRP1). Alterations at this site lead to a 10-fold decrease in alpha-actinin binding in comparison with wild-type CRP. The critical lysine residue localizes within a short alpha-helix, raising the possibility that mutagenesis-induced alterations in alpha-actinin-binding capacity might be attributed to the disruption of a key structural element.


The way in which species interactions are altered at habitat edges is an emerging concern in conservation biology, with some theories predicting edge‐affected habitats to be less stable and exhibit intensified species interactions relative to interior habitats. One little‐studied interaction is phoresy, where an individual of one species attaches itself to an individual of another species for the purpose of dispersal. Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are important crop pollinators around the world and at least 10 species of phoretic mites have been associated with various bumble bee species. Here, we investigated changes in the abundance of the introduced European B. terrestris across forest‐grassland edges in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, and concomitant changes in the phoretic mite loads on these mobile pollinators. Bumble bees penetrated up to 250 m inside forest fragments, with abundance declining with distance from the anthropogenic matrix habitat. By contrast, phoretic mite loads increased towards the forest interior. Overall, phoretic mite loads on B. terrestris were greatest in the forest canopy, suggesting that this species interaction is intensified in natural habitat compared to that in the anthropogenic land use surrounding forest fragments. Our data indicate that phoretic loads on bumble bees are elevated in forest canopies. The functional significance of altered bumble bee – mite interactions for pollination services at forest edges remains to be tested.


Aerial photography is so fundamental an instrument of modern archaeology that we often take it for granted. But its methods are surprisingly specific and its most important experimental theatre was probably the territory of the Levant—and especially the rocky terrain of Jordan. The author, a prominent aerial archaeologist of our own day, takes time off to review the achievements of the pioneers, serving officers who established routes over the desert to deliver mail between Egypt and Iraq. The fabulous ancient landscape they discovered could only be appreciated through the low-level window provided by these slow-moving rickety machines and their intrepid pilots. In these days of jet travel, the precious basalt landscape is in danger of slipping off the agenda again—both for researchers and conservers.


Two-sector models with traded and non-traded goods have problems accounting for the stylized fact that the real exchange rate appreciates and consumption booms for several years following trade liberalization, or exchange-rate-based stabilization programs, in small open economies. The paper studies three potential solutions to this 'price-consumption puzzle' and evaluates their quantitative importance in calibrated simulations of Spain's accession to the European Community in 1986. Extending the standard two-sector framework, the paper investigates the effects of relative productivity growth in the traded sector along the lines of BalassaSamuelson, of time-to-build, and of habit formation in preferences. In contrast to previous studies, we find that habit formation on its own does not enable the model to account for the observed real exchange rate and consumption dynamics. The analysis shows that a calibrated version of the model augmented with all three mechanisms can account for much of the price-consumption dynamics after trade liberalization, without losing explanatory power for other real variables in the Spanish economy after 1986. JEL Classification Codes: F41; C68


The software presented in the paper is addressed to the students and researchers working in the functional design of apparel. Making apparel involves a wide range of technical solutions which find their checking in values of comfort characteristics. One of the main features of the comfort characteristics, that it should be taken into account at design of the functional apparel structures, is its ability to allow transfer of water vapor. Because of the high volume of the information on the design of apparel structures with different destinations, the software "Software application for simulation of moisture transfer through apparel structures according to the status conditions of body and environmental conditions - SASIMOT" is required for learning achievement and/or assessment of the knowledge. The checking of quality of apparel structures proposed, according to the environmental conditions and the condition of the body is done by simulating their behavior while wearing, by calculating certain comfort characteristics. The application requires the user option to choose from the database: the destination, the apparel structures which will be designed and the textile materials that compose the clothing products. For the chosen fabrics it will be determined experimentally the thickness and vapor permeability coefficient, which will be the input values. The software performs all calculations on comfort characteristics analyzed, namely the transfer of moisture through textiles, clothing and apparel structures. At the end, the application shows the results. This results can fit or not in domain of accepted values, this resulting from an explained message. If the result is inappropriate, the application software allows resumption calculations by choosing other inputs.


The effects of exposure to elevated levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and burial on juvenile king scallops Pecten maximus L. were assessed in 2 separate experiments. Shell gape activity was monitored during exposure to no SPM and 'low' (50 to 100 mg l �1 ) and 'high' (200 to 700 mg l �1 ) levels of SPM for 18 d. The frequency of shell 'claps' (a complete shell closure) and shell movements (of ≥10°) differed significantly among treatments. Shell 'claps' and move- ments were significantly greater under high SPM than under low or control conditions. Scallops under low and high levels of SPM showed significantly lower growth rates compared to scallops under control conditions. The response to burial was assessed under varying burial duration (1 to 8 d), depth (0 to 5 cm) and size-fraction of sediment (fine: 0.1 to 0.3 mm, medium fine: 0.4 to 0.8 mm and coarse: 1.2 to 2.0 mm diameter). All 3 conditions had a significant influence on the ability of scallops to emerge from burial, as well as on mortality while buried. Emergence was higher at shallower depths and in coarse to medium grain sizes. Mortality rates while buried under coarse and medium grain sizes were low and appeared unrelated to depth, while within fine sediment, mortality increased with depth of burial. Survival decreased across all 3 sediment types with increasing burial duration. Comparison with earlier studies indicates that P. maximus appears more tolerant of burial and elevated levels of SPM than the queen scallop Aequipecten opercu- laris. Elevated SPM did not have any short-term effects on survival; however, the reduction in growth rate observed has implications for the management of scallop fishing grounds.


Acoustic measurements inside any cavity are mostly conducted with a view number of microphones. By this means it is possible to gain information about frequencies, orders, sound pressures. However, a space selective analysis is nearly impossible and it is not feasible to find multiple sound sources position in space in a practical way. Traditional beam forming systems with planar microphone arrays do not give comprehensive information about the sound sources inside a cavity such as car interior or an office room. Therefore, the constituents of the Acoustic Camera of the GFaI were extended by a spherical, acoustically transparent and omni directional array. A new option is to map onto a common 3D-CAD-models of the object of interest, for instance an office or class room. First of all the advantages and disadvantages of 2D- and 3Dmappings will be discussed in the paper. Furthermore, the important issue of positioning an array at first in the coordinate system of the 3D-model and second in the actual cavity which is to be measured will be addressed. The paper discusses the geometric and acoustic properties of microphone arrays which are applicable for complete 3D-measurements and mappings of cavities. A practicable way of determining the array's position and direction related to the measurement object will be proposed. Several practical experiments will be displayed to underline the methods capability and reliability.