Zeolites are crystalline microporous materials that are widely applied as catalysts in industries like oil refining, basic petrochemistry and fine chemistry. The major benefit of the use of zeolites as catalysts lies in their unique microporous structures. However, in some cases the presence of micropores limits the catalytic performance of zeolites due to diffusion limitation. This is caused by the similarity in size of the involved hydrocarbons and the micropore diameter. One of the most effective ways to minimize diffusion limitation in zeolites is the generation of mesopores in the zeolite crystals. In this way the length of the zeolite micropores is effectively shortened and the molecular accessibility is largely enhanced.
In chapter 2 of this thesis, different routes for the generation and characterization of mesopores in zeolite crystals are reviewed. The beneficial effect that the presence of mesopores brings about for cracking reactions and fine chemical synthesis over zeolite Y, and for cumene production and alkane hydroisomerization over mordenite will be discussed.
In chapter 3 of this thesis the experimental background and application of a new microbalance (tapered element oscillating microbalance, TEOM) is introduced and illustrated with two examples.
In chapter 4 the TEOM is applied to perform uptake measurements under full catalytic conditions. In this way the effect of acid leaching on the diffusion and hydroisomerization of n-hexane over Pt/H-mordenite has been determined.
In chapter 5, a new approach using adsorption and diffusion of hydrocarbons is introduced to verify the extent of accessibility of the micropore volume for the one-dimensional zeolite mordenite.
Hydrocarbon conversions over zeolite catalysts often suffer from the concurrent formation of carbonaceous deposits or so-called coke. The coke molecules trapped inside the zeolite micropores are not always inert and therefore may participate in the catalytic reaction. In most cases this provokes a decrease in the catalytic activity and selectivity. However, in the case of the skeletal isomerization of n-butene to isobutene over the zeolite ferrierite the deposition of carbonaceous species induces a beneficial effect with regard to the isobutene selectivity. As a consequence, the skeletal isomerization of butenes receives much interest during the last decade. Especially much discussion is on the exact role of the carbonaceous deposits and the nature of the active sites for isobutene formation.
In chapter 6 of this thesis a comprehensive review on the beneficial and harmful effects of carbonaceous deposits in butene skeletal isomerization is presented.
In chapter 7 of this thesis, in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy is applied to establish the nature of the carbonaceous deposits and the number of Bronsted acid sites during butene skeletal isomerization over ferrierite. It was possible to distinguish the differently located Bronsted acid sites in the ferrierite structure during reaction, hence as a function of the amount of carbonaceous deposits.
In chapter 8 of this thesis d3-acetonitrile is applied as a probe molecule to determine the number and nature of the active sites on aged and highly selective ferrierite using IR spectroscopy.
In chapter 9 of this thesis Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) measurements are performed in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) on aged zeolite ferrierite crystals. In this way the influence of the pore structure on the location and nature of the carbonaceous deposits in zeolite crystals is unraveled.
The results in chapters 7, 8 and 9 support the view that the selective catalytic action over aged ferrierite takes place in the pore mouths of the 10 membered ring (MR) main channels. Moreover, since on the aged and selective ferrierite some Bronsted acid sites were still accessible and at the same time no aromatic carbenium ions were detected, it is suggested that the selective conversion of n-butene into isobutene will run over Bronsted acid sites.


BACKGROUND
Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia has been ascribed to prominent frontal lobe dysfunction secondary to ischemic lesions in frontothalamic circuits. Whether small-vessel disease in fact predominantly affects the frontal lobes is not well documented.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of subcortical lesions (lacunes and white matter lesions [WML]) on cortical function, as reflected in glucose metabolism and cognitive function, in elderly individuals.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional analyses of case series.

SETTING
Multicenter, university-based study of subcortical vascular dementia.

PATIENTS
Persons with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or dementia and with and without lacunes on magnetic resonance images.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Regional cerebral glucose metabolism, normalized regional metabolic activity, and neuropsychological test scores. Major hypotheses were that volume of lacunes and WML correlate selectively with hypometabolism of prefrontal cortex and failure of executive cognitive ability.

RESULTS
Lacunes correlated with metabolic rates in dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLF); WML substantially reduced metabolic rates throughout cortex, most strongly so in DLF. When regional metabolic activity was normalized to whole brain activity, lacunes remained correlated with DLF activity, whereas the WML effect was no longer found, probably because of its general distribution. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism and normalized activity in DLF also correlated with cortical atrophy. Metabolic activity in DLF correlated with executive function, memory, and global cognitive function, while activity in middle temporal gyrus correlated with memory and global function but not executive function.

CONCLUSIONS
The metabolic effects of lacunes and WML are most apparent in DLF, but the effects of WML are generalized and frontal hypometabolism correlates with memory and global impairment, cognitive as well as executive function. The effects of subcortical cerebrovascular disease appear to converge on the frontal lobes but are diffuse, complex, and of modest magnitude.


Microsurgery has become an accepted method in the treatment of tubal infertility. But microsurgery implies more than the use of magnification alone. The 'microsurgical principles', the adjuvantia and the possible causes for failures of microsurgery are reviewed.


Background The World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with partners is developing a toolkit of resources to guide lymphatic filariasis (LF) morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) implementation and evaluation. Direct health facility inspection is the preferred method for documenting the readiness of a country programme to provide quality lymphoedema management services, one of the three MMDP criteria used to demonstrate the elimination of LF as a public health problem. Methodology/Principal findings As component of tool development, a Delphi consultation was implemented to gain consensus on six proposed domains and fourteen proposed tracer indicators to measure national programme readiness to provide quality health facility-based lymphoedema management services. A seven-point Likert-type scale was used to rank the importance of proposed domains and tracer indicators. Consensus for inclusion of the indicator was defined a priori as 70% or more of respondents ranking the proposed indicator in the top three tiers (5–7). Purposive sampling was used to select 43 representative experts including country representatives, programme implementers, and technical experts. A 55.8% response rate (n = 24) was achieved for the survey. Analysis of the responses demonstrated that consensus for inclusion had been reached for all proposed domains including trained staff (mean = 6.9, standard deviation (SD) = 0.34), case management and education materials (mean = 6.1, SD = 0.65), water infrastructure (mean = 6.3, SD = 0.81), medicines and commodities (mean = 6.3, SD = 0.69), patient tracking system (mean = 6.3, SD = 0.85), and staff knowledge (mean = 6.5, SD = 0.66). Significance The Delphi consultation provided an efficient and structured method for gaining consensus among lymphatic filariasis experts around key lymphoedema management quality indicators. The results from this analysis were used to refine the indicators included within the direct inspection protocol tool to ensure its ability to assess health facility readiness to provide quality lymphoedema management services.


The poorest WTO member countries almost universally fail to engage as either complainants or interested third parties in formal dispute settlement activity related to their market access interests. This paper focuses on costs of the WTO's extended litigation process as an explanation for the potential but 'missing' developing country engagement. We provide a positive examination of the current system, and we catalogue and analyze a set of proposals encouraging the private sector to provide DSU-specific legal assistance to poor countries. We investigate the role of legal service centres, non-governmental organizations, development organizations, international trade litigators, economists, consumer organizations, and law schools to provide poor countries with the services needed at critical stages of the WTO's extended litigation process. In the absence of systemic rules reform, the public-private partnership model imposes a substantial cooperation burden on such groups as they organize export interests, estimate the size of improved market access payoffs, prioritize across potential cases, engage domestic governments, prepare legal briefs, assist in evidentiary discovery, and pursue the public relations effort required to induce foreign political compliance. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.


The as-cast properties of components with a columnar grain structure are very different from those with an equiaxed one. Under certain solidification conditions, zones of both structures can occur in an alloy casting; the boundary between the zones is the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET). A front-tracking model of dendritic solidification has been developed, which can predict the nucleation and growth of solid in undercooled liquid during a casting process. The growth process is described by dendrite tip kinetics, and is fully coupled to a fixed-grid control volume model of heat transfer during solidification. Using the front-tracking model, two methods for predicting the likelihood of an equiaxed zone forming ahead of a columnar front have been formulated, namely, an indirect method and a direct method. The indirect method is based on modelling the growth of the columnar front in the absence of equiaxed nucleation. The bulk liquid undercooling is monitored and an equiaxed indicator is calculated at each time step based on the extent of such undercooling at that time. The equiaxed indicator is a measure of the relative likelihood of an equiaxed zone forming. In the direct method nucleation and growth of individual equiaxed grains is treated ahead of the advancing columnar front. In this case, if impingement of neighbouring fronts is treated, the simulation to complete solidification will yield the macrostructure and the CET. In this paper, details of both methods of equiaxed prediction are presented. Results from the indirect method are compared to experimental results found in literature and agreement is found.


This critical ethnographic study of Family Court child maltreatment proceedings describes and illuminates the ways in which racial, gender and class disadvantages can manifest on the ground as judges, attorneys, social service workers, and parents – joined often by gender but split by race and class – adjudicate cases. The findings suggest that intersectionality worked in ways that exponentially marginalized poor mothers of color in the courtroom, both through the rules of the adversarial process, which silenced their voices and through the construction of narratives which emphasized individual weakness over structural obstacles and personal irresponsibility over expressions of maternal care and concern. Standard due process courtroom practices also communicated bias or social exclusion, especially in a courtroom split by race and class.


To study potential cardiac α1-adrenoceptor changes in the stage of established hypertension, [3H]prazosin binding characteristics and norepinephrine (NE) stimulated production of inositol phosphates in the ventricular tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto control rats (WKY) were determined. The maximum number of cardiac [3H]prazosin binding sites was significantly reduced in SHR as compared with WKY rats, but the Kd values were similar in both groups of animals. Distribution of the [3H]prazosin-labeled high- and low-affinity binding sites for WB 4101 was similar in SHR and WKY rats. Pretreatment of ventricular heart membranes with the irreversible α1B-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist chloroethylclonidine resulted in the same percentage of loss of specific [3H]prazosin binding in both groups of rats. Together, these results showed a similar ratio of α1A- and α1B-adrenoceptor subtypes in SHR and WKY rats. In addition, [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation in response to cardiac α1-adrenoceptor stimulation by NE was significantly reduced in SHR as compared with WKY rats although the EC50 values were not significantly different in the two strains of animals. Thus, we conclude that in an established stage of hypertension there is a specific loss in the number of cardiac α1-adrenoceptors with consequently reduced inositol phosphate turnover. These results are compatible with the reported decrease in the positive inotropic effect mediated through myocardial α1-adrenoceptors in spontaneous hypertension.


In this study we present the preparation of SOFC half cells by electrophoretic deposition. The cathode is deposited from a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) suspension on dense apatite type lanthanum silicate (ATLS) pellets using a constant voltage. ATLS are a new class of electrolytes, which provides good oxygen permeability even at temperatures below 800°C. As cathode materials we used La2Ni0.8Cu0.2O4+δ (LNC) and La0.8Sr0.2Ni0.6Fe0.4O3 (LSNF). A conductive layer on the ATLS material was used to provide the necessary conductivity for electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. For the preparation of suitable suspensions the charging behaviour and particle size of the different powders were investigated by means of zeta-potential and laser scattering measurements. When the electrophoretic mobility of the suspended particles was not sufficient iodine was added. Deposition kinetics were determined prior to preparation of the half cells. EPD parameters as well as sintering conditions were optimized in order to gain well adhering porous cathode layers.


This work is devoted to the application of the compensation method of geoelectric control using the field phase characteristics for the detection and localization of geodynamic processes on example of the development of the karst-suffusion cavity. High noise immunity of the phase-metric registration method of geoelectric signals in comparison with amplitude parameters of the anomalous components of electromagnetic field, usually used to analyze the results of observations, is noted. A formalized approach to the use of phase characteristics of the field for the interpretation of monitoring data and associated problem of geodynamic processes localization is developed. In the framework of this approach, the section parameters are proposed to determine by the minimum sum of weighted mean square interpretation error and regularizing functional containing a priori information about the geoelectric section. To check localization possibility of the spherical karst-suffusion cavity, simulation of the amplitude and phase anomalous components of the field potential, as well as the standard error of heterogeneity localization, when moving the sphere center along the installation profile, is carried out. Simulation has shown a good potential differentiation from the inhomogeneity position, the highest accuracy of localization is achieved with combined use of amplitude and phase field components in the problem of inhomogeneity localization.


In an analogy with silicon-based electronics, novel sensing and biosensing technologies must keep pace with the demands of increased sophistication, greater functionality, improved performance, and greater intelligence while still being low cost and amenable to mass manufacture. Several technologies are coming together to facilitate these demands such as organic polymers, nanomaterials and novel print production methodologies.

Our work has focussed on the convergence of 'top down' production processing with 'bottom up' materials fabrication to try and achieve improved device performance, while being amenable to mass production and low cost.

From the 'bottom up' perspective, we have concentrated on the application of conducting organic polymers (principally polyaniline) as electroactive materials. We have improved the materials properties through the development of nanoparticulate formulations which exhibit increased material performance and homogeneity, while also being amenable to solution processing.

From a 'top down' perspective, we have employed ink jet printing as a tool for rapid, controllable, low volume materials deposition which can transfer readily from the laboratory to mass production. We have shown that the ink jet printed deposition of conducting polymer nanoparticles leads to excellent film formation, homogeneity and uniformity. This has the knock on effect of improving analytical characteristics of sensitivity and reproducibility.

We have developed a range of sensor applications using printed nanostructured conducting polymers including industrial monitoring (ammonia in secondary refrigerant systems) and clinical diagnostics (ammonia in human breath at ppb concentrations). We are further combining these and other materials to fabricate fully inkjet printable biosensors for analytes such as creatinine, urea, glucose and cholesterol. Finally, we will demonstrate how we are bringing biosensors together with other print-based technologies such as organic electronics, printed batteries and displays into fully integrated and intelligent biosensor systems.


This study is aimed at finding out information resource availability and utilization in the lawmaking process by lawmakers in Edo State. A survey research design was used in the study with questionnaire as instrument for data collection. The result revealed that not all lawmakers use the library because it is not automated and lacks relevant and recent information materials that can meet the information needs of lawmakers. Also, the management lukewarm attitude towards the provision of relevant information resources in the library to meet legislators' information needs constitute problems faced by lawmakers in accessing relevant information. Recommendations made based on the findings were that management should stock the library with relevant and recent legislative information materials that could facilitate the legislative process of lawmakers in Edo state. The lawmakers are also advised to visit other parliamentary libraries outside their state and countries so they could appreciate the parliamentary library and its usefulness to the legislative process.

 Key words: Bill, information, lawmakers/legislators, legislative process, Edo State, Nigeria.


Sex abuse, particularly of children, is a crime which any rational person would wish to prevent. However, when an individual's loyalties and responsibilities to an institution put them at odds with preventing sex abuse, it is far too often the institution which takes precedence. This is the grim phenomenon of institutional complicity. It is a plague which, sadly, permeates institutions of all types, be it a school, hospital, sports team, church, military, or government agency. It also permeates countries as a global issue.

I have interviewed dozens of survivors who suffered under an abuser who was protected by an institution. The survivor's expectation of the institution is simple: to be protected. Yet, time after time, these survivors found that it was the good name and reputation of the institution which was protected rather than themselves. Many survivors express that their anger towards those who enabled the abuse is greater than their anger towards the abuser.

In this submission I propose that the answer is to criminalize the enabler. By enabler, I mean an individual who knows that sex abuse is occurring and yet fails to inform the appropriate law enforcement agency. I have come to the conclusion that the harm caused by sexual assault enablers does rise to the level of criminality. The harm inflicted by the enabler's deliberate choice to abandon those in their power to protect is a plague which should be addressed by every government.


Four people from the same family with red cell pyruvate kinase (PK) hyperactivity are described. These people displayed low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and high adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. In vitro metabolism studies of their red cells showed the relationship between the PK activity, low 2,3-DPG, and high ATP levels. The PK electrophoretic pattern of these subjects was abnormal by the presence of several additional bands; one of them migrated like PKM2. PKR from these people was thermounstable and M2-like PK was identical to PKM2 for immunologic reactivity and KO, 5s for phosphoenolpyruvate.


An analysis of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Morrison and Cedar Mountain Formations of Utah and Colorado has resulted in a general sequence-stratigraphic model for nonmarine rocks. In this model, nonmarine deposition is governed by changes in basin accommodation development and corresponding shifts in depositional base level. These fluctuations result in deposition of systematically varying facies and architectural elements that allow nonmarine depositional sequences to be recognized. Internally, nonmarine depositional sequences comprise three systems tracts—degradational, transitional, and aggradational—which are analogous to the lowstand, transgressive, and highstand systems tracts of marine depositional sequences. Degradational systems tracts overlie sequence-bounding unconformities and consist of relatively coarse-grained, low-sinuosity fluvial deposits that are either contained within incised valleys or deposited as widespread, thin sheets above shallow erosion surfaces. Transitional systems tracts represent an increase in basin accommodation development following degradational systems-tract deposition. They are marked by the transition from laterally continuous, low-sinuosity fluvial channel sandstones and conglomerates to lenticular and ribbon-like, meandering and anastomosing channel sandstones. Aggradational systems tracts are characterized by meandering-anastomosing channel sandstones and abundant fine-grained overbank and lacustrine deposits. The Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous nonmarine rocks of the study area contain three depositional sequences. The first of these, the UJ-1 sequence, consists primarily of an aggradational systems tract overlain by a sequence-bounding unconformity. However, the lower parts of this sequence are transitional with older marine rocks and can be considered the late stages of a marine highstand systems tract. The upper Morrison sequence (UJ-2) consists of degradational, transitional, and aggradational systems tracts. Above the UJ-2 sequence are a sequence-bounding unconformity and degradational and transitional systems tracts of the LK-1 sequence represented by the Buckhorn Conglomerate. The Buckhorn is overlain by a sequence-bounding unconformity and transitional-aggradational systems tracts of the LK-2 sequence that is composed of the upper part of the Cedar Mountain Formation. The Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sequences in Utah and Colorado can be traced regionally and correlated with nonmarine depositional sequences in central Utah and sequences that contain nonmarine, transitional, and marine rocks in central Wyoming. These sequences were deposited in the back-bulge, forebulge, and distal foredeep depozones of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous foreland-basin system.


As a commodity, food has a very large role in improving national food image in the international community and foreign exchange at the same time. However, food safety must be considered seriously. The enactment of Act Halal Product Guarantee (UUJPH) aims to provide comfort, security, safety, and the certainty of availability of halal products for people to consume and use the products; moreover, people get peace in consuming and using those goods. Certification and labelling on food products are a measurement and controlling, so it avoids consumers' determination and dangers. DOI:  10.15408/ajis.v15i2.2864


Background Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries and little is known about the underlying mechanism of stage and disease outcomes. The goal of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) between late vs. early stage endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC) and uterine serous carcinoma (USC), as well as between disease outcomes in each of the two histological subtypes. Methodology/Principal Finding Gene expression profiles of 20 cancer samples were analyzed (EAC = 10, USC = 10) using the human genome wide illumina bead microarrays. There was little overlap in the DEG sets between late vs. early stages in EAC and USC, and there was an insignificant overlap in DEG sets between good and poor prognosis in EAC and USC. Remarkably, there was no overlap between the stage-derived DEGs and the prognosis-derived DEGs for each of the two histological subtypes. Further functional annotation of differentially expressed genes showed that the composition of enriched function terms were different among different DEG sets. Gene expression differences for selected genes of various stages and outcomes were confirmed by qRT-PCR with a high validation rate. Conclusion This data, although preliminary, suggests that there might be involvement of distinct groups of genes in tumor progression (late vs. early stage) in each of the EAC and USC. It also suggests that these genes are different from those involved in tumor outcome (good vs. poor prognosis). These involved genes, once clinically verified, may be important for predicting tumor progression and tumor outcome.


A reference repository is examined for environmental compliance utilizing minimum performance standards as established by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency. These standards stipulate the amount of time the radionuclides must be retained in the barrier, the acceptable release rates from the barrier, and the acceptable mass release that can be registered at the accessible environment over a 10,000-year time frame. The only natural, or geologic barrier standard specified is a minimum ground-water travel time of 1000 years from the engineered barrier to the accessible environment. Other natural barrier processes including geochemical retardation and mass transfer, dilution, and dispersion are not specified. In attempting to determine the role that these unspecified components must play in order to comply with the mass release standard, we find that their role is minimal to the extent that virtually any rock type that can satisfy the minimum ground-water travel time of 1000 years will satisfy the mass release requirements at the accessible environment. Full compliance with a concentration standard at the accessible environment requires that the nuclides contained within the larger inventories be fully contained with the controlled zone between the engineered barrier and the accessible environment


Taenia solium is a zoonotic cestode parasite which causes cysticercosis in human and porcine cysticercosis in pigs. The infective stage of T. solium develops in pig while that of T. saginata develop in cattle and buffalo. The adult stages of T. solium are obligatory intestinal parasites for man. In humans the cysticercus larvae commonly encyst in the brain, causing neurocysticercosis. The disease was first described in pig by Aristophanes and Aristotle in 3rd century B.C. In Nepal, Taenia cysts were observed for first time in pork meat slaughtered in Kangeswari, Kathmandu more than 30 years ago. T. solium is the cause of 30% of epilepsy cases in many endemic areas where people and roaming pigs live in close proximity. More than 50 million of the world's populations are infected worldwide and 50000 die from Neurocysticercosis yearly. In Nepal, the prevalence ranges from 0.002-0.1% in general population. Accurate diagnosis required detailed post mortem examination involving slicing of affected tissue to determine the viability of cysts. Cysticerci occur most commonly in striated muscles tissues and brain of pigs. The application of vaccination with TSOL18 recombinant vaccine along with oral medication of oxfendazole can reduces the transmission by pigs whereas use of niclosamide is found effective in humans. Hence the use of medication eventually reduces the incidence of neurocysticercosis in human and procine cysticercosis in pigs.


Super steel has the same chemical composition as plain carbon steel, but its yield strength is higher than plain carbon steel because it has finer grain size. The products of super steel sheet have been used in automobile parts, which not only improves the quality of the automobiles, but also reduces the cost and weight of automobiles, decreases energy consumption and environmental pollution. At present, several automobile manufacturers have applied the super steel products to their parts, such as Across Beam and Longitude Beam, Automotive wheel, et al. This paper introduces the tensile test, cold bending test and metallographic examination for 500MPa grade super steel sheet that have been done. The hardening index, value of plastic strain ratio, yield strength, tensile strength, even percentage elongation and other mechanical performances have been studied. The press forming performance of 500MPa grade super steel has been analyzed too. It can be used for guidance of stamping production.


We investigated the antimicrobial activity of heat‐treated woodchips of three woody host species against the invasive oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum to assess the potential of heated woodchips for disease suppression. Results demonstrated that heat‐treated pine (Pinus sylvestris), Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) woodchips inhibited the recovery of P. ramorum spores and mycelium compared with similar material that had only been air‐dried. Effects were most evident with pine and larch; inhibition was maintained even when larch woodchips were diluted with soil. In vitro assays using methanol crude extracts from woodchips of the three species showed they all had an inhibitory effect on P. ramorum zoospores and reduced chlamydospore germination compared with air‐dried wood extracts. Chemical analysis of the extracts revealed several induced compounds were present but in different concentrations for each species. Coniferaldehyde was the most active inhibitory against spores and mycelium, whilst the dominant resin acids, dehydroabietic and abietic acid, decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration of phenolic compounds tested against P. ramorum but were ineffective when used alone. An array of compounds, including dehydroabietic acid, methyl abietate, α‐pinene and 3‐carene, occurred at elevated levels in the living tissue of Japanese larch bark attacked by P. ramorum. These compounds may be part of the induced resistance response of larch to P. ramorum. Results of a field trial using heat‐treated and air‐dried woodchips were consistent with the crude extract bioassay results, suggesting that heat‐treated woody materials have potential to reduce the survival of P. ramorum under natural conditions.


This work is concerned with using entrepreneurship to augment the active participation of women in science, technology and innovation, both for self improvement and societal benefits. It explores the fact that entrepreneurship is a subject that is devoted to finding solution to daunting problems not only in the area of business but also in other areas of human endeavour and self improvement. It is argued that since women constitute about half of humanity and have proven competence, underutilizing their entrepreneurial capacity is a major source of poverty, therefore efforts should be made to positively harness this huge potentials for prosperity and reduction of hunger. The problem of women as entrepreneurs has been explained as originating from mere stereotyping of duties entrenched in cultures and other social norms which restrict the utilization of the vast energy and competencies in women. Entrepreneurship has been established as the only means of narrowing these divides, it can help women to form networks and access necessary infrastructure for ICT capability and usage. It can increase their communication power, expose them to influences and best practices and hence prepare them to partake fully in creative, science, technology and innovative skill. This way, women will be integrated into socio-economic reckoning and policy making status. Keywords : Active participation, African women, Science Technology and Innovation Development, Entrepreneurial approach and supportive education.


: A vitamin status was studied in 32 children of both sexes at the age of 9-15 years with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus within 2-3 years. The adequate consumption of all the vitamins studied was found only in two children. Polyhypovitaminosis was detected in 19% of these children. Deterioration of riboflavin metabolism observed was manifest, as a decrease in the vitamin content in tissues in line with an increase in its excretion with urine. As a result of this impairment metabolism of vitamins B6 and PP was disturbed with development of these vitamins secondary deficiency of the non-alimentary type. Obligatory correction of the water soluble vitamin deficiency in the patients with diabetes mellitus is discussed.


Nowadays, many researchers and industry groups often suffer from the lack of a variety of large-scale real graphs. Although a lot of synthetic graph generation methods,(or models) such as RMAT and BA have been developed, their output graphs tend to be quite different from real-world graphs in terms of graph properties. There are a few graph upscaling methods such as Gscaler, they still fail to preserve important properties of the original graph and fail to upscale due to out of memory or too long runtime. In this paper, we propose a novel graph upscaling method called EvoGraph that can upscale the original graph with preserving its properties regardless of a scale factor. It determines and attaches new edges to the real graph using the preferential attachment mechanism in an effective and efficient way. Through extensive experiments, we have demonstrated that EvoGraph significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art graph upscaling method Gscaler in terms of preserving graph properties and performance measures such as runtime, memory usage, and scalability.


Before 1914, there was little doubt that central bank policy meant first of all control of short term interest rates. This changed dramatically in the early 1920s with the birth of "reserve position doctrine" (RPD) in the US, according to which a central bank should, via open market operation, steer some reserve concept, which would impact via the money multiplier on monetary aggregates and ultimate goals. While the Fed returned to an unambiguous steering of short term interest rates only in the 1990s, for example the Bank of England never adopted RPD. This paper explains the astonishing rise and fall of RPD. The endurance of RPD is explained by a symbiosis of central bankers who may have partially sympathised with RPD since it masked their responsibility for short term interest rates, and academics who were too eager to simplify away some key features of money markets and central bank operations. JEL Classification: E43, E52, B22


We report the synthesis, characterization, and gas sensing properties of a styrene copolymer bearing α-thiophene end group and fullerene (C60) pendant moieties P(S-co-CMS-C60). First, the copolymer of styrene (S) and chloromethylstyrene (CMS) monomers was prepared in bulk via a bimolecular nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) technique using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the radical initiator and nitroxy-functional thiophene compound (Thi-TEMPO) as the co-radical and this gave α-thiophene end-capped copolymer P(S-co-CMS). The chloromethylstyrene units of P(S-co-CMS) allowed further side-chain functionalization onto P(S-co-CMS). The obtained P(S-co-CMS) was then reacted with sodium azide (NaN3) and this led to the copolymer with pendant azide groups, P(S-co-CMS-N3), and then grafted with electron-acceptor C60 via the reaction between N3 and C60. The final product was characterized by using NMR, FTIR, and UV–vis methods. Electrical characterization of P(S-co-CMS-C60) thin film was also investigated at between 30 and 100 °C as the ramps of 10 °C. Temperature dependent electrical characterization results showed that P(S-co-CMS-C60) thin film behaves like a semiconductor. Furthermore, P(S-co-CMS-C60) was employed as the sensing layer to investigate triethylamine (TEA), hydrogen (H2), acetone, and ethanol sensing properties at 100 °C. The results revealed that P(S-co-CMS-C60) thin film has a sensing ability to H2. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43641.


Abstract The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway is essential for various important biological processes including cell cycle progression, gene transcription, and signal transduction. One of the important regulatory mechanisms by which the bone-inducing activity of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is modulated involves ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. The BMP induced receptor signal is transmitted intracellularly by phosphorylation of Smad proteins by the activated receptor I. The phosphorylated Smads 1, 5, and 8 (R-Smads) oligomerize with the co-Smad (Smad4). The complex, thus, formed translocates to the nucleus and interacts with other cofactors to regulate the expression of downstream target genes. R-Smads contain PPXY motif in the linker region that interacts with Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes ubiquitination of target proteins for proteasomal degradation. Smurf1 contains a HECT domain, a C2 domain, and 2 WW domains (WW1, WW2). The PPXY motif in target proteins and its interaction with Smurf1 may form the basis for regulation of steady-state levels of Smads in controlling BMP-responsiveness of cells. Here, we present a homology-based model of the Smurf1 WW2 domain and the target octa-peptides containing PPXY motif of Smurf1- interacting Smads. We carried out docking of Smurf1 WW2 domain with the PPXY motifs of Smadl, Smad5, and Smad6 and identified the key amino acid residues involved in interaction. Furthermore, we present experimental evidence that WW2 domain of Smurf1 does indeed interact with the Smad proteins and that the deletion of WW2 domain of Smurf1 results in loss of its binding to Smads using the purified recombinant proteins. Finally, we also present data confirming that the deletion of WW2 domain in Smurf1 abolishes its ubiquitination activity on Smad1 in an in vitro ubiquitination assay. It shows that the interaction between the WW domain and Smad PPXY motif is a key step in Smurf1-mediated ubiquitination of its natural targets such as Smad1, Smad5, and Smad6. This work facilitates further strategies to unravel the biological function of such interactions and help in designing effective mimetic compounds that either mimic or disrupt the specific interaction.


Although immigration has been widely investigated, academic research regarding the female immigration remains limited. As a result of relocation, immigrant women – compared to male immigrants – are considered to experience greater hardships, often connected to the influence of traditional gender values and roles, restricted political support, and the lack of adequate social services to facilitate their integration.
Australia is, essentially, a land of immigrants. International immigration represents one of its major sources of population and economic growth. However, the integration of immigrants is a controversial and often conflictive issue. In spite of Australia's endorsement of multiculturalism, the influence of the historic white Australian ideals remains as an informal expectation to assimilate ethnically divergent minorities.
The Latin American community in Australia is large and has contributed, not only to the economic prosperity of the country, but also to its cultural diversity. Despite official discourses, however, Latin American immigrants do not encounter the same labour and economic opportunities, and often experience severe social challenges and discrimination.
In seeking to understand the specific acculturation challenges of Latin American females in Australia, 13 women – living in Australia for an average of 32 years – were interviewed using an open-ended schedule. The data from the interviews was qualitatively analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Main findings indicate that most participants – although some achieved positive levels of labour integration – remained socially separated from the mainstream society, exchanging mostly with other immigrants. The maintenance of traditional gender roles within their households, restricted sources of social support and family assistance in Australia, and poor support from the mainstream society translated into low levels of psychological adjustment. These factors interacted, rather than operating as separate variables. Under the socio-politic and ideological circumstances encountered in Australia, a complete integration was not possible. Acculturation, to most women, was experienced as a never-ending process where many conflictive issues remained unresolved.


IMPORTANCE
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) suppress the production of gastric acid and thus may lead to malabsorption of vitamin B12. However, few data exist regarding the associations between long-term exposure to these medications and vitamin B12 deficiency in large population-based studies.

OBJECTIVE
To study the association between use of PPIs and H2RAs and vitamin B12 deficiency in a community-based setting in the United States.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
We evaluated the association between vitamin B12 deficiency and prior use of acid-suppressing medication using a case-control study within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California population. We compared 25,956 patients having incident diagnoses of vitamin B12 deficiency between January 1997 and June 2011 with 184,199 patients without B12 deficiency. Exposures and outcomes were ascertained via electronic pharmacy, laboratory, and diagnostic databases.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Risk of vitamin B12 deficiency was estimated using odds ratios (ORs) from conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS
Among patients with incident diagnoses of vitamin B12 deficiency, 3120 (12.0%) were dispensed a 2 or more years' supply of PPIs, 1087 (4.2%) were dispensed a 2 or more years' supply of H2RAs (without any PPI use), and 21,749 (83.8%) had not received prescriptions for either PPIs or H2RAs. Among patients without vitamin B12 deficiency, 13,210 (7.2%) were dispensed a 2 or more years' supply of PPIs, 5897 (3.2%) were dispensed a 2 or more years' supply of H2RAs (without any PPI use), and 165,092 (89.6%) had not received prescriptions for either PPIs or H2RAs. Both a 2 or more years' supply of PPIs (OR, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.58-1.73]) and a 2 or more years' supply of H2RAs (OR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.17-1.34]) were associated with an increased risk for vitamin B12 deficiency. Doses more than 1.5 PPI pills/d were more strongly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency (OR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.77-2.15]) than were doses less than 0.75 pills/d (OR, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.48-1.78]; P = .007 for interaction).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Previous and current gastric acid inhibitor use was significantly associated with the presence of vitamin B12 deficiency. These findings should be considered when balancing the risks and benefits of using these medications.


The objective of this study was to test some of the predictions of the oxidative-stress hypothesis of aging, which postulates that aging is causally associated with the molecular damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species. Protein carbonyl content was used as an index of molecular oxidative modifications. The carbonyl content was found to be associated with the physiological age or life expectancy of flies rather than with their chronological age. Exposure of flies to sublethal hyperoxia (100% oxygen) irreversibly enhanced the carbonyl content of the flies and decreased their rate of oxygen consumption. Results of this study indicate that protein carbonyl content may be a biomarker of aging and support the general concept that oxidative stress may be a causal factor in the aging process.


Background and Objectives
This article describes nursing home (NH) leaders' involvement in quality improvement (QI) decisions, with an emphasis on the concept of alignment in QI decisions across leaders.

Research Design and Methods
We used a qualitative approach and semistructured interviews to collect data from a convenience sample of 39 NH leaders, including corporate/executive-level leaders and facility-level leaders. Thematic analysis was used to inductively capture key patterns in data.

Results
Variations in alignment emerged as a major theme to describe the interface and interaction among facility- and corporate/executive-level leaders around QI decision making and implementation of QI decisions. For this study, alignment refers to the extent of shared understanding, beliefs, motivations, and implied or explicit agreement among leaders in regards to: (a) goals, values, priorities, and expectations for quality or QI (and/or applicable resources); and (b) expectations for leaders to carry out QI decisions made by other leaders.

Discussion and Implications
This study offers new insights into the complexities associated with leadership alignment toward improving NH quality. The findings provide a glimpse into leaders' involvement in QI based on their position on the facility's organizational chart and extend our understanding of the centrality of the concept of alignment in promoting QI. These findings may inform future research on facility- and corporate/executive-level leader interactions and how these interactions impact quality outcomes.


Elected politicians may engage in opportunistic behavior for private benefits, which is a central problem in democratic societies. While re-election incentives can mitigate this problem, they may also induce words without actions: politicians pander to voters right before elections by proposing attractive policies but without actually implementing them. Using the minutes from assembly meetings, we find that politicians' statements follow election cycles: in election years, politicians temporarily change their statements (e.g., increasing amounts of money specified) during the budget-making process, and their contents become less consistent with the realized budget. The effects are larger for politicians whose previous electoral victories were narrower and these changes are associated with a higher probability of being re-elected. We find little evidence that politicians put more efforts to realize their policies when re-election incentives increase. These results imply a failure of the delegation system between voters and politicians, a key element of representative democracy.


Considers the problem of characterizing all the constant gains that stabilize a given linear time-invariant discrete-time plant. First, two generalized versions of the discrete-time Hermite-Biehler theorem are derived and shown to be useful in providing a solution to this problem. A complete analytical characterization of all stabilizing feedback gains is provided as a closed form solution under the condition that the plant has no zeros on the unit circle. Unlike classical techniques such as the Jury criterion, Nyquist criterion, or root locus, the result presented here provides an analytical solution to the constant gain stabilization problem, which has computational advantages.


The traditional methods of information dissemination by publication in journals and the classical model of instruction by apprenticeship have not been able to keep pace with the rapid advances in the fields of therapeutic endoscopy and laparascopic surgery. The advances in communications technology have made it possible to transmit images of operative procedures over long distances. In recent years, teaching workshops where procedures are demonstrated in a real-time fashion have become very popular. This article discusses the logistics, limitations, and problems that may be encountered in conducting such workshops.


Date of this Version November 1976 Abstract At the third seminar I reported that our work on ecological changes at airports was a useful method of controlling bird hazards to aircraft. At the fifth seminar I talked about our studies of bird migration by radar and the use of that knowledge to keep flying aircraft away from bird concentrations. Those techniques are still effective. Since then we have: sought ground cover less attractive to birds than grass; developed methods of controlling earthworms to reduce bird attraction; improved radar data handling; improved bird hazard forecasts; studied light effects on birds; quantified bird spacing in flocks; studied the relation between small mammal populations and the predatory birds they attract to airports; tried out a gasolinepowered model aircraft shaped and flown like a falcon, and published a book on our work. Search Enter search terms: Search in this series Advanced Search Search Help


This paper examined the pattern of economic growth during 1991 to 2005 in order to assess the role of agriculture in promoting equitable growth in Bangladesh. In particular the paper examined the strength of the channel through which agricultural growth benefits the poor by increasing their income and identified the measures that could bring a more pro-poor agricultural growth in the country. This paper also examined the poverty trends in the 1990s and the income profile of the poor to identify their major income sources. The paper assessed the growth performance of the economy during 1991 to 2005 and examined the relative strength of the linkages of agricultural growth with the incomes of the poor through sectoral and labour market channels. Some policy implications to strengthen agricultural growth-poverty linkages are also presented in this study.


Water represents one of the essential resources on earth, and all living organisms rely on it for survival. However, freshwater systems are directly under serious threat by human activities. A recent World Health Organization report has estimated that 2 billion people use contaminated water sources. The major organic contaminants in water bodies include organic dyes. These are directly related to the spread of diseases owing to their allergenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic characteristics. Dyes occur in the environment through untreated industrial effluents. Also, the advancement in human civilisation cannot be considered without the development of modern industries. However, an attempt to limit the resulting impacts of coloured effluents on global freshwater quality has become the focus of recent research. For this reason, the use of efficient, simple, and low-cost methods for the treatment of dyes-containing industrial wastewater could serve as a useful tool. An effort to meet the demand for "green chemistry" and sustainable development has led to several investigations on polysaccharide-based adsorbents. This chapter exposes a critical discussion on the literature concerning the biopolymeric xanthan gum and kappa-carrageenan polysaccharides as adsorbents for dye removal in an aqueous medium. Functionalisation of these biopolymers through graft copolymerisation and inclusion of inorganic nanoparticles for improved adsorption performance is systematically elaborated.


Author(s): Huth, Alexander | Advisor(s): Gallant, Jack L | Abstract: The goal of the human sensory system is to build a useful internal representation of the world. In vision, this means that the brain categorizes and identifies all the objects and actions that are being observed. In language, it means that the brain understands the meaning of each word that is being perceived, and integrates across words to understand the meaning of a narrative. Both of these processes can be seen as extracting the meaning, or semantic content, from a dense stream of sensory information. We know very little about how the brain accomplishes these feats. Indeed, entire fields of research (computer vision and natural language processing) are devoted to reproducing on a computer feats of understanding that the human brain accomplishes with ease. We may be able to gain insight into these processes by studying how the semantic information extracted from visual and linguistic stimuli is represented in the brain.This dissertation describes three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments that have helped to reveal how visual and linguistic semantic information are represented across the human cerebral cortex. These experiments relied on a relatively new fMRI analysis methodology known as voxel-wise modeling (VM). Although this methodology was developed for modeling how the brain represents the structure of visual information, it was adapted here for modeling representation of the extremely complex semantic information present in natural movies and natural narrative stories. The first experiment (Chapter 2) showed that information about object and action categories present in natural movies is represented in a low-dimensional semantic space that is shared across subjects. Projecting this semantic space across the cortex revealed that semantic information is represented in broad cortical gradients that cover a surprising amount of the cortical surface. The second experiment (Chapter 3) showed that information about the semantic content of narrative spoken stories is also represented in a low-dimensional space that is shared across subjects. To model the complex cortical maps for this semantic space a new technique was developed called PrAGMATiC (Probabilistic And Generative Model of Areas Tiling the Cortex). This new technique revealed that the cortical semantic maps can be explained by about 230 functional areas that cover much of the prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, precuneus, and temporal cortex. Finally, the third experiment (Chapter 4) showed that a novel hierarchical logistic regression (HLR) model could accurately decode the categories of objects and actions present in natural movies from fMRI responses.


A 3D graphical representation of DNA sequence has been derived from chaos game representation of DNA sequence. The 3D graphical representation also avoids loss of information. According to classifications of four bases of DNA sequence we obtain three characteristic curves. The geometrical centers and fluctuation of three curves have been grouped into a twelve-component vector to represent the DNA sequence. The Euclidean distances among introduced vectors are applied to characterize and compare the coding sequences of the first exon of β-globin gene of 11 different species.


Eighteen Beagle dogs were used to evaluate the effects of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on immune function and faecal microbial populations. The study comprised three feeding periods, each lasting four weeks. After an initial control Period 1, six dogs per group were supplemented with 0, 120 and 1800 mg bLF/kg dry diet, respectively (Period 2). In Period 3 dogs received again control diets. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets, lymphocyte proliferative response to concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen and plasma IgA and IgG concentrations were analysed. The faecal concentrations of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were determined by cultural methods. Supplementation of bLF increased the number of monocytes, T cells and cytotoxic T cells in the blood and the proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The leukocyte counts were not affected, except monocytes that increased after the supplementation with bLF. Plasma immunoglobulin concentrations were unchanged by treatment. Dogs supplemented with bLF tended to have lower faecal concentrations of E. coli and Clostridium perfringens. In conclusion, bLF seems to alter indices of the cellular immune response and faecal microbial populations of healthy adult dogs.


Background:  Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common bacterial infections that is affecting approximately half of the world's population. This bacterial infection causes gastrointestinal diseases, including gastritis and peptic ulcers. It is also the only microbial agent with definite association with gastrointestinal cancers such as adenocarcinoma and gastric mucosal lymphoma. The prevalence of this infection in Iran is reported to be 36% to 90% in different regions. Therefore, eradication of this germ is of great importance and has always been of interest to clinical researchers. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori infection in different regions of Iran based on previous studies. Also, introducing the most effective antibiotics based on antibiotic susceptibility in Iran is the ultimate goal of this study. Material and Methods: Many studies have been done in different regions of Iran to show the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori , but no comprehensive review of these studies has been done until 2019. It is worth noting that the prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial therapies is increasing. Therefore, we conducted a review of these studies to obtain comprehensive results on the antibiotic susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori . We searched the databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed and reviewed the studies in Iran until 2019 with more emphasis on the last five years. Results: A total of 48 articles were reviewed, the results are summarized in the tables, and the best antibiotics to affect on Helicobacter pylori infection were also identified. It is worth noting that eradication rates in different regions of Iran based on different treatment regimens of three, four, and concomitant drugs in different studies have also been shown in tables, separately. Conclusions: According to available data, the best first-line eradication regimen in Iran appears to be a 14-day quadruple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, bismuth, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Cases of treatment failure should also be treated with a combination of amoxicillin and levofloxacin, or amoxicillin and rifabutin in combination with a PPI after evaluation and determination of antibiotic resistance.


Abstract. The extent to which climate conditions influenced the spatial
distribution of hominin populations in the past is highly debated.
General circulation models (GCMs) and archaeological data have been
used to address this issue. Most GCMs are not currently capable of
simulating past surface climate conditions with sufficiently
detailed spatial resolution to distinguish areas of potential
hominin habitat, however. In this paper, we propose a statistical
downscaling method (SDM) for increasing the resolution of climate
model outputs in a computationally efficient way. Our method uses a
generalised additive model (GAM), calibrated over present-day
climatology data, to statistically downscale temperature and
precipitation time series from the outputs of a GCM simulating the
climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (19 000–23 000 BP) over western
Europe. Once the SDM is calibrated, we first interpolate the
coarse-scale GCM outputs to the final resolution and then use the
GAM to compute surface air temperature and precipitation levels
using these interpolated GCM outputs and fine-resolution
geographical variables such as topography and distance from an
ocean. The GAM acts as a transfer function, capturing non-linear
relationships between variables at different spatial scales and
correcting for the GCM biases. We tested three different techniques
for the first interpolation of GCM output: bilinear, bicubic and
kriging. The resulting SDMs were evaluated by comparing downscaled
temperature and precipitation at local sites with paleoclimate
reconstructions based on paleoclimate archives (archaeozoological
and palynological data) and the impact of the interpolation
technique on patterns of variability was explored. The SDM based on
kriging interpolation, providing the best accuracy, was then
validated on present-day data outside of the calibration period. Our
results show that the downscaled temperature and precipitation
values are in good agreement with paleoclimate reconstructions at
local sites, and that our method for producing fine-grained
paleoclimate simulations is therefore suitable for conducting
paleo-anthropological research. It is nonetheless important to
calibrate the GAM on a range of data encompassing the data to be
downscaled. Otherwise, the SDM is likely to overcorrect the
coarse-grain data. In addition, the bilinear and bicubic
interpolation techniques were shown to distort either the temporal
variability or the values of the response variables, while the
kriging method offered the best compromise. Since climate
variability is an aspect of the environment to which human
populations may have responded in the past, the choice of
interpolation technique is therefore an important consideration.


In English poetry, linguistic metaphors derived from the domain of physical movement, such as "my car has gone from bad to worse", are common. This metaphor is, according to cognitive linguists, an example of something called conceptual metaphor. A conceptual metaphor is a cognitive structure that underlies parts of language use. In turn, it is grounded by something called image schemas, which are essentially recurring experiential patterns of bodily movement that can be mapped onto thinking and language. Image schemas provide the reader with a tangible structure which can be used to reason about the abstract theme.In this essay linguistic metaphors of movement in a selection of poems in English will be discussed from a cognitive linguistic point of view. Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the relationship between the body, the mind and language. More specifically, it is concerned with how thought, reasoning and meaning are embodied. Its proponents, such as George Lakoff, claim that our ability to make sense of the world relates to bodily functions and our subjective experience of them. The linguistic metaphors in the primary material will also be analysed from a Newtonian point of view because what the majority of cognitive linguists have not discussed extensively – even though most image schemas are shaped by either bodily movement or observations of other objects in movement – is the role of Newtonian laws of motion in the formation of these image schemas and subsequently the role of laws of motion in reasoning about linguistic metaphors of movement.Results show that the expressions of movement in the primary material can be said to reflect certain bodily image schemas which aid readers in construing the meaning of the expressions of movement. Further analysis of the results suggests that Newtonian laws of motion may influence the way readers reason about the abstract notions in the primary material. In sum, the results suggest that the body is vital in the creation of and reasoning about metaphors of movement.


Due to the sparse rewards and high degree of environment variation, reinforcement learning approaches such as Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) are plagued by issues of high variance when applied in complex real world environments. We present a new framework for overcoming these issues by incorporating a stochastic switch, allowing an agent to choose between high and low variance policies. The stochastic switch can be jointly trained with the original DDPG in the same framework. In this paper, we demonstrate the power of the framework in a navigation task, where the robot can dynamically choose to learn through exploration, or to use the output of a heuristic controller as guidance. Instead of starting from completely random moves, the navigation capability of a robot can be quickly bootstrapped by several simple independent controllers. The experimental results show that with the aid of stochastic guidance we are able to effectively and efficiently train DDPG navigation policies and achieve significantly better performance than state-of-the-art baselines models.


Objective
To investigate maintenance of rituximab (RTX) in RA patients re-treated with reduced doses compared with standard dose in a real life setting.

Methods
The Autoimmunity and Rituximab (AIR) registry is a nationwide prospective observational cohort investigating the long-term safety and efficacy of RTX in RA. The present study included patients from the AIR registry that have been re-treated with RTX after a first course of RTX standard dose (1000 mg × 2). Two groups were defined according to dose of RTX of the first retreatment course (i.e. second course): standard dose group and reduced dose group. Five years' maintenance and rate of serious infections of the retreatment period were compared between standard dose and reduced dose groups. Analyses used the inverse probability of treatment weighting propensity score adjusted method.

Results
Among the 1986 patients from the AIR registry, 1278 were included, 1093 (85.5%) treated with standard dose and 185 (14.5%) with reduced doses. Maintenance of RTX at 5 years in the standard and reduced groups was 55.5 and 53.8%, respectively, and did not significantly differ between groups in adjusted analyses (hazard ratio = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.30), but the cumulative RTX dose received for retreatment [1.4 (0.6) vs 2.3 (1.0) g/year, P < 0.001] and the rate of serious infections were significantly lower in the reduced dose group (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.92; P = 0.02).

Conclusion
Use of reduced doses of RTX for retreatment did not alter the maintenance of RTX at 5 years in RA patients, but allowed a 39% total dose reduction and a lower rate of serious infections.


Hapsari L, Trimanto, Wahyudi D. 2019. Species diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Heliconia spp. collections of Purwodadi Botanic Garden (East Java, Indonesia) inferred by rbcL gene sequences. Biodiversitas 20: 1266-1283. Heliconia L. is a single genus in the family Heliconiaceae, with approximate consists of 200 species. It has wide morphological variations among and within species which led to problems in species identification. Species diversity and phylogenetic analysis using morphology and rbcL marker subjected to 17 Heliconia spp. living collections of Purwodadi Botanic Garden (PBG) have been conducted. The rbcL gene located in chloroplast genome is one of appropriate proposed marker for plant barcoding assessment. This study aimed to study morphology and genetic variability of the PBG Heliconiaceae collections, to confirms the species name for a more accurate identity record and to reveal the diversity and phylogenetics of the species. Morphological characterization showed high variability among Heliconia species, which included 3 subgenera (Heliconia, Stenochlamys, and Griggsia) and 1 hybrid. Each species possessed unique morphological characteristics. The common morphological characters which distinguished among and within Heliconia species includes leaf form, inflorescence type, and bract characteristics. Key to the Heliconia species examined is presented in this paper. However, molecular confirmation using rbcL sequences showed high conservation level (0.932) and low genetic variability. About 656 nucleotides were monomorphic and 33 positions were polymorphic which comprised 18 singleton variable sites and 15 parsimony informative sites. Twelve haplotypes were produced with haplotype diversity value 0.8952. Pairwise distance analysis shows that they were shared high similarity of rbcL sequences with very low genetic distance (0.022 to 0.000). The topology of phylogenetic tree resulted by Neighbour-Joining algorithm has the best grouping and be able to explain the relationship among species of Heliconia, although supported by low bootstrap (65). It was separated into two clades following its subgen. classification. Clade 1 consists of subgen. Heliconia and Griggsia; while clade 2 consists of subgen. Heliconia and Stenochlamys; also hybrid species. Further, separation of deeper branchings (section) was inconsistent and unclear. Upon this study, rbcL marker was considered too conserved thus less valuable for phylogenetic analysis at lower taxa among and within Heliconia spp. However, rbcL was suggested to distinguish at higher level taxa between closely related genus and above.


The first book to study women's poverty over the life course, this wide-ranging collection focuses on the economic condition of single mothers and single elderly women--while also considering partnered women and immigrants--in eight wealthy but diverse countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In a rich analysis of labor market and social welfare sectors, Gertrude Schaffner Goldberg and a team of outstanding international contributors conclude that both living-wage employment and government provision of adequate benefits and services are necessary if lone women are to achieve a socially acceptable living standard. Taken together, the chapters extend a feminist critique of welfare state theories and chart nations' disparate progress against poverty -- probing, for instance, how Sweden emerged a leader in the prevention of women's poverty while the United States continues to lag. By identifying the social and economic policies that enable women to live independently, Poor Women in Rich Countries provides nothing less than a blueprint for abolishing women's poverty. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/socialwork/9780195314304/toc.html


Abstract The Aitik Cu-Au-Ag deposit in northern Sweden is hosted by strongly altered and deformed 1.9 Ga old Svecofennian volcaniclastic rocks. A porphyritic quartz monzodiorite intrusion of subvolcanic origin is situated in the structural footwall to the ore. U–Pb TIMS zircon dating of the quartz monzodiorite yielded an age of 1887±8 Ma, which coincides with the age obtained for the subduction-related Haparanda suite of granitoids in Norrbotten. It is intruded by minor, comagmatic phases, including units of finer grained quartz monzodiorite and diorite. The finer grained intrusive phase, which can be traced into the ore zone of the Aitik deposit, is believed to represent apophyses protruding from the upper part of the quartz monzodiorite. The Aitik intrusion, comprising the quartz monzodiorite and its comagmatic phases, is affected by regional metamorphism, deformation, and hydrothermal alteration. Potassic alteration is most evident, and expressed by the growth of secondary biotite and K-feldspar. The sub-economic Cu-Au-Ag mineralization hosted by the Aitik intrusion mainly consists of chalcopyrite, pyrite, and magnetite of dominantly magmatic-hydrothermal origin, and is present in four forms: disseminated, as veinlets, in quartz-feldspar veins, and in biotite-amphibole veins. This mineralization extends in economic grades into the adjacent volcaniclastic rocks in the roof of the intrusion. The Aitik intrusion is similar in many respects to porphyry copper generating intrusions regarding tectonic setting, petrography and chemical composition. The intrusion-hosted sub-economic mineralization might form part of a porphyry system with its major part represented by the main mineralization in the overlying volcaniclastic rocks.


Objectives: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart disease (CHD) (40%). Traditionally, VSDs have been repaired surgically; however, recently VSD closure by device has been developed. This study aimed to compare these two methods in terms of effectiveness, outcomes, and complications. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on VSD patients who were treated by either surgery or trans catheter technique in Madani Heart Center from March 2011 to March 2017. The required data regarding effectiveness, outcomes, and complications were recorded based on the patient's documents. The extracted data were analyzed by SPSS version 18.0. Results: A total of 93 patients were enrolled (43 patients in transcatheter [A] and 50 patients in open-heart surgery [B] group) in this study. The gender distribution was approximately the same. The mean age of group A was 10.55 years while it was 8.8 years for group B. The duration of ICU and hospital stay, total hospitalization cost, and frequency of blood products transfusion were significantly lower in group A than in group B. However, postoperative pacemaker insertion, arrhythmias, thromboembolism, and mortality rates did not show any significant difference between the two groups. The success rates in group A and B were 97.7% and 96%, respectively. Conclusions: The results of our study demonstrated that open-heart surgery, due to its nature, required longer hospital and ICU stay, higher cost, and higher blood transfusion rate than transcatheter therapy, but it was associated with similar complications and success rates. Therefore, device closure in appropriately selected patients is recommended as an alternative to the surgical approach.


Pseudorecombinants produced by exchanging genome components (DNAs A and B) of the geminiviruses African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV), ACMV, and tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), and TGMV and abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) are not infectious in their common host Nicotiana benthamiana. In each case, DNA A was unable to trans-replicate the heterogenomic DNA B component in a N. benthamiana leaf disc assay. The non-viability of the pseudorecombinants has been exploited to investigate the specificity of geminivirus movement proteins, encoded by DNA B, by co-inoculating N. benthamiana with both genome components of one virus and DNA A of a second virus. We demonstrate that ACMV can mediate the systemic movement of ICMV, TGMV and AbMV DNA A components. In reciprocal experiments, neither TGMV nor AbMV can mediate the systemic movement of ACMV DNA A although they can support the movement of each other's DNA A. The variation in movement protein specificity suggests evolutionary divergence of New and Old World geminiviruses. Co-inoculation of combinations of ACMV and ICMV genome components into discriminating hosts and comparison of their behavior in N. benthamiana and N. tabacum leaf disc assays suggests that the host range of ICMV, a subset of that of ACMV, is restricted by impaired viral DNA replication rather than the inability of the virus to spread in non-host backgrounds.


Taxi is a major transportation in the urban area, offering great benefits and convenience to our daily life. However, one of the major business fraud in taxis is the charging fraud, specifically overcharging for the actual distance. In practice, it is hard for us to always monitor taxis and detect such fraud. Due to the Global Positioning System (GPS) embedded in taxis, we can collect the GPS reports from the taxis' locations, and thus, it is possible for us to retrieve their traces. Intuitively, we can utilize such information to construct taxis' trajectories, compute the actual service distance on the city map, and detect fraudulent behaviors. However, in practice, due to the extremely limited reports, notable location errors, complex city map, and road networks, our task to detect taxi fraud faces significant challenges, and the previous methods cannot work well. In this paper, we have a critical and interesting observation that fraudulent taxis always play a secret trick, i.e., modifying the taximeter to a smaller scale. As a result, it not only makes the service distance larger but also makes the reported taxi speed larger. Fortunately, the speed information collected from the GPS reports is accurate. Hence, we utilize the speed information to design a system, which is called the Speed-based Fraud Detection System (SFDS), to model taxi behaviors and detect taxi fraud. Our method is robust to the location errors and independent of the map information and road networks. At the same time, the experiments on real-life data sets confirm that our method has better accuracy, scalability, and more efficient computation, compared with the previous related methods. Finally, interesting findings of our work and discussions on potential issues are provided in this paper for future city transportation and human behavior research.


Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is a choice of treatment in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Mosaic attenuation pattern (MAP) is a radiological finding in CTEPH and there are equivocal findings on its use to determine the intensity of the disease. Obstructive lung diseases can cause MAP and increase the extent of this finding in CTEPH patients. The effect of obstructive disease on the preoperative and postoperative pulmonary artery pressures (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in CTEPH patients with equal MAP findings are studied. Forty-one CTEPH patients who underwent PEA with equal MAP findings determined by high resolution CT (HRCT) scoring were retrospectively evaluated. Lung function tests were used to group the patients as obstructive and non-obstructive. Preoperative and postoperative PAP and PVR values were calculated and the hemodynamic relationship between MAP and CTEPH was evaluated. Patients' MAP values were equal (18/18). No difference was found between the obstructive group (Group I, n=11) and non-obstructive group (Group II, n=30) based on preoperative PAP (65 vs. 81, p=0.13). Preoperative PVR was significantly lower in Group I (598 vs. 880, p Preoperative PVR and postoperative PAP are lower in CTEPH patients with obstructive disease and MAP. Obstructive pattern is not a risk in PEA candidates with high MAP scores, and this group of CTEPH patients benefit more from PEA.


Developed a a complement to the law school's class of the same name and referencing primarily materials available at the Professional Center Library, this guide can also serve a resource for anyone wanting to find information about animal law.


We present the first far infrared (FIR) dust emission polarization map covering the full extent of Milky Way's central molecular zone (CMZ). The data, obtained with the PILOT balloon-borne experiment, covers the Galactic center region − 2° < ℓ < 2°, − 4° < b < 3° at a wavelength of 240 μm and an angular resolution of 2.2′. From our measured dust polarization angles, we infer a magnetic field orientation projected onto the plane of the sky (POS) that is remarkably ordered over the full extent of the CMZ, with an average tilt angle of ≃22° clockwise with respect to the Galactic plane. Our results confirm previous claims that the field traced by dust polarized emission is oriented nearly orthogonally to the field traced by GHz radio synchrotron emission in the Galactic center region. The observed field structure is globally compatible with the latest Planck polarization data at 353 and 217 GHz. Upon subtraction of the extended emission in our data, the mean field orientation that we obtain shows good agreement with the mean field orientation measured at higher angular resolution by the JCMT within the 20 and 50 km s−1 molecular clouds. We find no evidence that the magnetic field orientation is related to the 100 pc twisted ring structure within the CMZ. The low polarization fraction in the Galactic center region measured with Planck at 353 GHz combined with a highly ordered projected field orientation is unusual. This feature actually extends to the whole inner Galactic plane. We propose that it could be caused by the increased number of turbulent cells for the long lines of sight towards the inner Galactic plane or to dust properties specific to the inner regions of the Galaxy. Assuming equipartition between magnetic pressure and ram pressure, we obtain magnetic field strength estimates of the order of 1 mG for several CMZ molecular clouds.


This study investigates Indonesian secondary school teachers' and students' perceptions of citizenship, religion and religious tolerance. It explores how participants negotiate their citizenship and religious identities, and looks at how religious tolerance is understood and defined. The study involves religious education and citizenship teachers (n=8) and students (n=20) from three different schools in Jakarta, Indonesia. The schools were purposely selected to represent a range of philosophical approaches to religion and included a Madrasah, a private school and a public school. This study discovered that both teachers and students intertwined their religious and citizenship identities to produce a form of 'religious citizenship'. The study also found that both teachers and students generally saw religious tolerance as a necessity to manage inter-religious relations. Many of the strategies teachers employed, which were also supported by curriculum documents, overlooked the complexity of inter-religious identities and in particular, the equality of minority religious groups. Most teachers perceived religious tolerance through an exclusivist view whereby religious tolerance was limited to social tolerance, while many student participants provided more progressive and inclusive definitions of religious tolerance that often reflected their lived experiences of engaging in inter-religious relations. In conclusion, the study argues that both teachers and students constantly negotiate their citizenship and religious identities in order to find ways to live together in a religiously plural society such as Indonesia. While students and teachers in this study agreed that finding ways to promote and sustain inter-religious harmony in Indonesia was a high priority, many challenges relating to the teaching and practice of religious tolerance in Indonesia still remain.


Power spectrum analysis of cardiovascular signal variability, and in particular of the RR period (heart rate variability), is a widely used procedure for the investigation of autonomic cardiovascular control and/or target function impairment. However, a correct methodology is essential to extract the information embedded in the frequency domain. This article has the main purpose of proposing a still wider clinical use of the spectral methodology. Indeed, with this procedure the state of the sympathovagal balance modulating the sinus node pacemaker activity can be quantified in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Changes in the sympathovagal balance can be often detected in basal conditions; however, a reduced responsiveness to an excitatory stimulus is the most common feature that characterizes numerous pathophysiological states. Moreover, the attenuation of an oscillatory pattern or its impaired responsiveness to a given stimulus can also reflect an altered target function and thus can furnish interesting prognostic markers.


Abstract Background Automated virtual reality therapies are being developed to increase access to psychological interventions. We assessed the experience with one such therapy of patients diagnosed with psychosis, including satisfaction, side effects, and positive experiences of access to the technology. We tested whether side effects affected therapy. Methods In a clinical trial 122 patients diagnosed with psychosis completed baseline measures of psychiatric symptoms, received gameChange VR therapy, and then completed a satisfaction questionnaire, the Oxford-VR Side Effects Checklist, and outcome measures. Results 79 (65.8%) patients were very satisfied with VR therapy, 37 (30.8%) were mostly satisfied, 3 (2.5%) were indifferent/mildly dissatisfied, and 1 (0.8%) person was quite dissatisfied. The most common side effects were: difficulties concentrating because of thinking about what might be happening in the room (n = 17, 14.2%); lasting headache (n = 10, 8.3%); and the headset causing feelings of panic (n = 9, 7.4%). Side effects formed three factors: difficulties concentrating when wearing a headset, feelings of panic using VR, and worries following VR. The occurrence of side effects was not associated with number of VR sessions, therapy outcomes, or psychiatric symptoms. Difficulties concentrating in VR were associated with slightly lower satisfaction. VR therapy provision and engagement made patients feel: proud (n = 99, 81.8%); valued (n = 97, 80.2%); and optimistic (n = 96, 79.3%). Conclusions Patients with psychosis were generally very positive towards the VR therapy, valued having the opportunity to try the technology, and experienced few adverse effects. Side effects did not significantly impact VR therapy. Patient experience of VR is likely to facilitate widespread adoption.


Parts information of steel bridge with tens of thousands of parts is difficult to be managed and be executed statistics. On the platform of three-dimensional CAD systems, steel bridge node is the study object in this paper, according to the assembly relationship of all parts in the three-dimensional assembly model, the parts list, quantity, geometrical information and weight of the parts of the steel bridge nodes are extracted from a three-dimensional model by the application interface provided by three-dimensional CAD systems. On the basis of geometrical information of the parts, the minimum boundary dimension of the parts is computed by use of the principle of computer graphics. The method can rapidly and accurately obtain parts information, and can provide basis for assembly process and processing technology.


Clustering of variables is as a way to arrange variables into homogeneous clusters, i.e., groups of variables which are strongly related to each other and thus bring the same information. These approaches can then be useful for dimension reduction and variable selection. Several specific methods have been developed for the clustering of numerical variables. However concerning qualitative variables or mixtures of quantitative and qualitative variables, far fewer methods have been proposed. The R package ClustOfVar was specifically developed for this purpose. The homogeneity criterion of a cluster is defined as the sum of correlation ratios (for qualitative variables) and squared correlations (for quantitative variables) to a synthetic quantitative variable, summarizing ``as good as possible'' the variables in the cluster. This synthetic variable is the first principal component obtained with the PCAMIX method. Two clustering algorithms are proposed to optimize the homogeneity criterion: iterative relocation algorithm and ascendant hierarchical clustering. We also propose a bootstrap approach in order to determine suitable numbers of clusters. We illustrate the methodologies and the associated package on small datasets.


Desalination plants are known to discharge large value of brine as waste from the distillation process which is increasing globally over time. Although the desalination
techniques has a positive impact to the eco-socio and industrial sector by solving the problem of water shortage, it also contributes negatively to the environment during discharge of the concentrated brine back to the sea or landfill. However, the treatment of the brine could be effectively utilized by converting it into by-products via solar pond technology. Generation of heat using solar pond technology has certain limitations, but in case of Saudi Arabia all these limitations can be effectively addressed.
This research focused on the use of a solar pond with the integration of heat, power and the concentrated brine. The result from the characteristics of seawater and brine
demonstrated that the level of mineral and salt in brine was very high compared to sea water. With respect to economic value of the minerals, it was found that a potential revenue of 18.46 billion USD/per year in brine at AL-Khobar desalination plant is from Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+ and Cu2+. To recover minerals, evaporation pond used to evaporate water from brine with the integration of solar pond for heat generation. For the designing and fabrication of the solar pond, it was found that the maximum temperature of about 65oC could be generated from solar pond. The experiment on evaporation rate using the evaporation pond showed that the best temperatures were from 45 oC to 70 oC, where evaporation rate increases linearly over the increment of temperature. This temperatures are used for faster evaporation to make brine more concentrate which have about 5% moisture content. This moisture need to be dried further to meet salt market specification over the world, and produced salt could be used for multiple purpose.This research used microwave oven for salt drying process which was powered by solar PV technique. For harvesting maximum radiation of PV tracking surface, it should be determine the angle of PV setup to use the output power for powering microwave which required 700 watts power for operation. The gain made by this tracker relative to flat plate collector was 35% and 81% in the summer and winter solstice days,respectively. Four solar panels were set at 27 degree to obtain maximum output to operate the microwave. It was found that, microwave drying process achieved faster drying by 16 times compared to the conventional heating on an average. The research has shown the best concept of recovering minerals from brine, using the integrated solar pond with evaporation pond by utilizing a PV panel to powering microwave.


Objective To determine utilisation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); incidence of inpatient admissions for complications occurring within 30 days of ERCP and risk factors for procedural-related complications, in a population-based study. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Olmsted County, Minnesota. Participants All adult residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who underwent ERCP from 1997 to 2006. Interventions Diagnostic and therapeutic ERCPs were assessed. Primary and secondary outcome measures Patient and procedural characteristics and complications within 30 days; and rates of ERCP utilisation and unplanned admissions and risk factors for admissions. Results In 10 years, 1072 ERCPs were performed on 827 individual patients. Average utilisation of ERCP was 83.1 ERCPs/100 000 persons/year, with an increase from 58 to 104.8 ERCPs/100 000 persons/year over time, driven by increases in therapeutic procedures. Within 30 days after 236 procedures, 62 admissions were definitely related to the index ERCP. The complication rate was 5.3%, including pancreatitis (26, 2.4%), infection/cholangitis (16, 1.5%), bleeding (15, 1.4%) and perforation (4, 0.37%). 30-day mortality was 2.4%, none of which was directly related to the ERCP or complications thereof. Risk factors identified through multivariate analysis to be associated with adverse events included: age <45 years (p=0.0498); body mass index ≥35 (p=0.0024); pancreatic duct cannulation (p=0.0026); outpatient procedure (p<0.0001); intraprocedure sphincterotomy bleeding (p<0.0001); difficulty grade (p=0.115) and patient's first ERCP (p=0.0394). Limitations Retrospective study. Conclusions Population utilisation of ERCP rose during the study period, specifically in therapeutic procedures. Admissions within 30 days of ERCP are common but often unrelated. Complications of ERCP remain infrequent and deaths quite unusual.


Here we present the data on foreign research publications describing healthcare-associated enteroviral (nonpolio) infections (HAI) sought in the Worldwide Database for Nosocomial Outbreaks (Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Universitȁtmedizincomplex "Charite", Germany) as well as PubMed search engine (The United States National Library), covering 1936–2017 timeframe. The publications retrieved contained the data on 28 nosocomial outbreaks caused by Enterovirus A (EV-A71), В (Echoviruses 11, 17, 18, 30, 31, 33, Coxsackie viruses А9, В2, В5) and D (EV-D68). It was discovered that the majority of the nosocomial enteroviral (non-polio) outbreaks occurred in obstetric hospitals and neonatal units so that children were mainly maternally infected. In addition, a case associated with intrauterine infection was described. It was shown that outbreaks might be started by an infected child at the incubation period. Single publications reported nosocomial outbreaks in geriatric hospitals. Generally, nosocomial enteroviral (non-polio) outbreaks were characterized by polymorphic clinical picture caused by any certain pathogen serotype and within a single site of the infection. Few lethal outcomes were recorded. Enterovirus B species dominated among identified etiological agents. Violated hospital hygiene and infection control contributing to spread of infection were among those found in neonatal units: putting used diapers out on baby bed prior disposal, sharing bathtub, toys and household objects as well as poor hand hygiene in medical workers. One of the measures recommended to improve diagnostics of enteroviral (non-polio) infections was virology screening of children with suspected sepsis in case of unidentified etiology. It was established that etiological decoding of nosocomial outbreaks was impossible without applying pathogen-specific diagnostic tools, mainly nested RT-PCR and direct sequencing of followed by subsequent phylogenetic analysis.