In this paper, the influence of the heat treatment, load and sliding velocity on the wear loss of the Al alloy 7075 was evaluated using a pin-on-disc wear testing rig. Dry sliding wear tests were conducted for three different loads (5, 10, and 15 N) for three different velocities (0.8, 1.6, and 2.4 m/s). Taguchi and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques were employed to investigate the influence of parameters on the wear loss of Al alloy. Multiple linear regression models were also developed to predict the wear loss of alloys. It was observed that the wear increased with increasing load and sliding velocity. The results showed that T6 Al alloy aged for 6 hrs exhibited better wear resistance compared to as cast alloy and T6 alloy aged for 2 hrs. The results reveal that the normal load is the most influencing the wear resistance followed by the heat treatment and sliding velocity. The worn surface morphology was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).


Social work education, social work as a profession, social work practitioners and organisations are under strain global, economic, social and political changes and workplace pressures. Globally, the importance place practicum has in preparing social work students for professional practice is acknowledged. Practicum in social work education facilitates the development of practice skills, professional identity and a professional practice framework. As external and internal pressures are increasingly impacting on social work practitioners, organisations and social work education, social work practicums with off-site supervision is becoming more prevalent. At times, practicum with external supervision is considered less desirable than practice learning with 'in house' supervision.

This paper reports on research that explored the experiences of key stakeholders in social work practicums with external supervision and in order to develop practice in this area. A qualitative approach guided in–depth interviews with Australian students, field educators/ practice assessors, task supervisors and university liaison persons about their experiences in practicums with external supervision. A range of themes have emerged, including learning about practicing social work, student focused learning, importance of the learning environment and relationships are key to support learning. The discussion highlights that practicums with external supervision like other social work practice learning opportunities are focused on learning about practicing social work, and that a large part of the discussions of the participants was centered on student focused learning rather than whether the supervision was provided internally or externally. While learning about social work practice is not generally missing from practicums with external supervision, participants recognized that practicums with external supervision impact this learning through the relationships, the learning about social work practice and the learning environment.


Start The onset of Dean instability in laminar secondary flow in 180° curved rectangular cross section channel was studied experimentally and numerically in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The development of the instability was observed; we showed that the Dean vortices develop first in the near wall zone on the concave wall, where the viscosity is weak and the shear rate is high, and than they penetrate the cross-section center characterized by a high viscosity for the pseudoplastic fluids and a solid (unsheared) zone for the yield fluids. Based on the complete formation of the Dean vortices, the critical value of the Dean number decreases with the increase of the power law index and with the decrease of the Bingham number. Contrarily to what is reported in the literature where the instability threshold was usually obtained visually, in this study a new criterion based on the radial gradient of the axial velocity to detect the instability threshold was defined. Comparison was made between numerical and experimental results concerning the instability threshold, obtained with the new criterion. Also, a comparison between the instability threshold using this new criterion and using the visualization technique is presented. We show that the value of the Dean number using the new criterion is comparable for the two studies, numerical and experimental. These values are weaker than those obtained with the visualization technique for the same conditions.your abstract here...


Of 223 patients with intracranial metastases, 161 underwent removal of a presumed solitary lesion and 29 were treated by burr-hole biopsy. Results of radical surgery were better than those of biopsy alone in terms of survival. Quality and duration of survival were poorer in patients who had infratentorial metastases removed than in those who underwent surgery for supratentorial metastases. In this second group only patients with breast cancer benefited from surgery, though a few women with bronchial carcinoma also did well. The interval removal of a primary tumour and development of intracranial symptoms did not influence outcome. Evidence of a previous primary tumour should not lead to the assumption that intracranial symptoms are caused by a metastasis.


Objectives The distribution of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels among reproductive age Japanese perinatal (prepartum, intrapartum, postpartum) and non-perinatal women remains unknown. In addition to this, vitamin D deficiency cut-off values, which consider the effects of these levels during the perinatal period and infant development, have not been determined. Thus, we systematically reviewed the distribution of serum 25(OH)D levels among reproductive age Japanese women, in order to provide basic data to determine vitamin D deficiency cut-off values.Methods A systematic literature review was conducted on research published between 1963 and 2015, using PubMed web and Japan Medical Abstracts Society web. The key words "Japan," "Vitamin D," "women," and "pregnant women," were used. After filtering for age, sex, race, indication of numerical number, and duplications, 18 papers were extracted and categorized into reproductive age non-perinatal women (13 papers/22 groups), and reproductive age perinatal women (6 papers/8 groups). The mean serum 25(OH)D levels were grouped by age, test period, and measuring methods.Results Mean serum 25(OH)D levels among reproductive age non-perinatal women were lower than 20 ng/ml in 10 out of 22 groups (45.4%), and lower than 30 ng/ml in 21 groups (95.5%). The mean serum 25(OH)D level among reproductive age perinatal women was lower than those among reproductive age non-perinatal women. Among reproductive age perinatal women, except for one group that included women in the first trimester of pregnancy (5-10 weeks), the mean serum 25(OH)D levels of the other groups were lower than 20 ng/ml.Conclusion Serum 25(OH)D levels among reproductive age Japanese women, especially perinatal women, appear to be low. Studies of serum 25(OH)D levels among reproductive age Japanese women are limited; hence, further investigation is required.


There is a longstanding (and unresolved) tension in corporate law, namely, the extent to which corporate purpose is a privately ordered one, selected by shareholders themselves, or whether corporate purpose is simply long-term shareholder wealth maximization. That puzzle is what I address in this Article, prepared for the Case Western Reserve Law Review Conference and Leet Symposium, "Fiduciary Duty, Corporate Goals, and Shareholder Activism."

The debate that I engage is an old one, but it has new urgency today due to the changing nature of the shareholder base. So long as shareholders were docile and silent, their preferences could be presumed in a manner that preserved state authority over corporate purpose while simultaneously attributing the state's choices to private ordering. Then, inconveniently, institutional investors made it known that their actual preferred outcomes often diverged from the ones predicted by corporate theory. As this Article discusses, that shift has prompted a round of corporate soul-searching, resulting in inconsistent legal regimes both at the state and federal levels, and renewed attempts to identify a "true" set of shareholders whose private preferences perfectly map to the governmental policy sought to be advanced.


The detection of conductive bodies is an important capability when exploring for massive sulfide deposits or looking for unexploded ordnance. When these bodies are buried below conductive overburden or embedded in conductive material, the use of an electromagnetic system to identify the bodies becomes problematic because the response of the overlying conductive material can be much greater that the response of the buried conductor. I calculated the response of five models representing different conductivity distributions (a buried conductor, a uniform overburden with changes in the system altitude, a paleochannel, a thicker overburden, and a thinner overburden). The subtle response of the buried conductor was difficult to identify because it looked very similar to the responses of other structures that are not necessarily of interest. The spatial gradients for the same five models showed that the greatest improvement in the relative size of the anomalous gradient response compared with the background gradient came for the cases in which the material closest to the surface changes, in particular the paleochannel and thickening overburden models. However, identification of the deeper buried conductor was still problematic because of the large background gradients. In theory, the cylindrical symmetry of a dipole transmitter over a layered earth ensured that there were exact relations between the spatial derivatives. Hence it was possible to define two specific combinations that should be zero over a layered earth. Calculating these combinations for the five models showed that the anomalous zones stood out with significantly greater anomaly-to-background ratios. The measurement of the gradients and the calculation of these combinations therefore provided a means of identifying anomalous zones in and below a conductive earth. Different relative sizes and shapes of the two combinations for different models provided a way of discriminating between the vertical conductor model and the four other models.


To solve difficult problems of combinatorial optimization, heuristic methods such as Simulated Annealing (SA) and Threshold algorithm (TA) have been proposed. Both SA and TA should have adequate characteristics to explore efficiently the space of solutions. The process to determine these characteristics is known as parameter tuning problem. There is a strong interest in developing techniques to adjust parameters correctly, since the heuristic algorithms have a great applicability in industrial problems. Given the quantitative nature of multiple parameters it is possible to propose the selection of the best parameters of a heuristic as a combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper, a new tuning method based on the proportional controller derived from classical control theory for tuning the cooling scheme in real time is presented. Experimentation shows that this method has a better performance than the classical one.


Coffee consumption is gradually increasing in Korea. As a result, interest in the relationship between coffee consumption and various diseases is growing. Several factors affect the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and coffee consumption may be related. We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012–2016). A total of 12,465 eligible participants (4819 men and 7646 women) were included in the study. Participants with RA were defined as those who were diagnosed and currently being treated by physicians. Daily coffee consumption amounts were categorized as none, <1 cup, 1–2 cups, 2–3 cups, and ≥3 cups a day based on a self-report. A multivariable logistic regression model was employed, and we calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the odds of participants having RA with respect to coffee consumption. Compared to the no-coffee group, the ORs for RA in the <1 cup and 1–2 cups groups were 2.99 (95% CI 0.33–27.28) and 2.63 (95% CI 0.31–22.63) in men, respectively, and the ORs for RA for women in the <1 cup, 1–2 cups, 2–3 cups, and ≥3 cups groups were 0.62 (95% CI 0.31–1.26), 0.67 (95% CI 0.33–1.37), 1.08 (95% CI 0.35–3.36), and 1.43 (95% CI 0.25–8.36), respectively. Our study concludes, therefore, that daily coffee consumption is not related to the prevalence of RA in the general Korean population.


A 79-year-old man was admitted to the hospital complaining of fever for the past two weeks and cold shivers for the past one day. His medical history included multiple myeloma for which he was treated at that time with melphalan, prednisolone and bortezomib, as fourth line chemotherapy. According to the patient, he had no localizing complaints that indicate a focus of infection. Standard clinical evaluation did not reveal a site of infection. Laboratory results showed elevated inflammation parameters (C-reactive protein 186 mg/l) and a cytopenia (haemoglobin 7.8 gl/dl, mean corpuscular volume 99 fl, leukocyte count 4.2 x10/l, thrombocyte count 148 x10/l). Blood cultures, virus serology (Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus) and imaging with computed tomorography, positron emission tomography-computed tomography and echocardiography revealed no focus of infection. Fever and cold shivers persisted despite broad spectrum antibiotics. Since the pancytopenia worsened despite a decrease of the Immunoglobin A lambda paraprotein level, a bone marrow puncture was performed.


Typically, balance training has been used as an intervention paradigm either as static or as reactive balance training. Possible differences in functional outcomes between the two modalities have not been profoundly studied. The objective of the study was to investigate the specificity of neuromuscular adaptations in response to two balance intervention modalities within test and intervention paradigms containing characteristics of both profiles: classical sensorimotor training (SMT) referring to a static ledger pivoting around the ankle joint vs. reactive balance training (RBT) using externally applied perturbations to deteriorate body equilibrium. Thirty-eight subjects were assigned to either SMT or RBT. Before and after four weeks of intervention training, postural sway and electromyographic activities of shank and thigh muscles were recorded and co-contraction indices (CCI) were calculated. We argue that specificity of training interventions could be transferred into corresponding test settings containing properties of SMT and RBT, respectively. The results revealed that i) postural sway was reduced in both intervention groups in all test paradigms; magnitude of changes and effect sizes differed dependent on the paradigm: when training and paradigm coincided most, effects were augmented (P<0.05). ii) These specificities were accompanied by segmental modulations in the amount of CCI, with a greater reduction within the CCI of thigh muscles after RBT compared to the shank muscles after SMT (P<0.05). The results clearly indicate the relationship between test and intervention specificity in balance performance. Hence, specific training modalities of postural control cause multi-segmental and context-specific adaptations, depending upon the characteristics of the trained postural strategy. In relation to fall prevention, perturbation training could serve as an extension to SMT to include the proximal segment, and thus the control of structures near to the body's centre of mass, into training.


11 hypertrophic scars were treated by different argon ion laser techniques. The observation period is 0.5-3 years. Punctiform coagulation zones of 2-3 mm diameter, interspersed by untreated areas of scar tissue of 2 mm length, which are by lasered 6 weeks later in a second laser session, has proved most successful. Laser sessions are repeated in this manner until sufficient flattening of the hypertrophic scar is achieved. A low power density and very brief multiple interrupted radiation periods for controlling the thermal effect are useful. It is assumed that small superficial coagulation necroses produced by the argon ion laser will result in subsequent scar tissue being formed in other directions while decreasing the collagen formation, eventually resulting in flattening of the hypertrophic scar.


To be able to sustain the ever-expanding energy requirements of our society, changes are needed both in regards to the sources of energy, but also regarding the reduction of waste through public awareness and involvement. The concepts of smart grids and smart meters are hot topics due to the provem improvements they offer and even applications dedicated to the end user offering generic energy-reduction advice have been proven to lead to change in the user's behaviour. The availability of energy consumption information specific to each appliance is necessary to be able to draw clear conclusions, to formulate practical recommendations and to design action points. These suggestions can be integrated in game-like applications that motivate users to engage and reduce their consumption. We propose a device that is able to separate the energy consumption of each appliance in a house by disaggregating data collected when attached to the power meter. There already are successful gamified energy monitoring solutions, but this device will offer granulated data that will elevate the level by offering exact, individual, clear action points. Furthermore, atomized information about the electric consumption of each appliance provides a method for accurate tracking of the results - making available not only the overall efficiency, but also enabling the automatic check of how many suggestions the user followed, how much improvement one has done and quantifying these to obtain the metrics for success and to be able to follow a real-life progress path without user input. The interest of the public in ecological, environmental issues is rising, but understanding the impact of every-day actions on our electrical fingerprint is difficult without field knowledge or a monitoring method. Our solution is meant to both empower the public to make informed decisions and to quantify their progress to enhance the drive and motivation through gamification methods.


The majority of the type 1 Diabetes (DM1) patients are seen in Public Health Services. The management of these children, by several reasons, did not meet most of the standards for good diabetes control. In the present study we compare 2 different insulin treatment strategies in 53 uncontrolled DM1 adolescents despite a twice-a-day insulin regimen. A regimen: NPH + R before breakfast, R insulin before dinner and bedtime NPH. B regimen: NPH + R before breakfast and lunch and bedtime NPH. This was a 12-month open-label, randomized, clinical trial conducted in a Public Hospital. BMI (A: 23.4±3.5Kg/m2 x B: 23.5±0.8Kg/m2), average daily insulin dose (A: 1.04±0.28U/Kg/d x B: 1.08±0.22U/Kg/d) as well as the overall frequency of severe hypoglycemia (A: 9.4% x B: 7.5%) were similar in both groups during the study. However, HbA1c values at the end of the study were significantly lower in the B (9%) as compared to the A regimen (7,5%; p= 0.05). In conclusion, we have shown that breakfast and lunchtime NPH + R insulin plus bedtime NPH insulin is superior to pre-dinner R insulin plus breakfast and bedtime NPH insulin for overall glycemic control with similar weight status and comparable frequency of hypoglycemia. Thus, three times a day NPH insulin application is a feasible option for public service patients.


228 forestry and 45 construction workers completed the Accident Locus of Control scale which is a modified version of the Health Locus of Control inventory. The forestry workers scored as having a more external locus of control than the construction workers. In both professional groups the subjects with higher scores on external locus of control tended to take more risks than the subjects with higher scores on internal locus of control. The results support a dual-dimensional view of control rather than a unidimensional view.


Abstract Fast Track surgery is designed to optimize time in low-complexity procedures, thus improving efficiency in care provision, and preserving patient safety. Before and after intervention study in a surgical setting, with failure mode and effects analysis, identification and prioritization of improvement opportunities, process measurement before the intervention, improvement implementation, practical application, process measurement after the intervention, and surgical time comparisons. With the Fast Track program, 19% of the operating room capacity available was freed per day; before surgical FastTrack implementation, 50% of the procedures started 23 minutes behind schedule. After the Fast Track program was implemented, procedures start 5 minutes ahead of schedule. Anesthesia induction time was reduced by 50%, and skin-to-skin surgical time dropped by 28%. The number of surgical procedures performed in the day increased by 33-50%. There were noincidents or adverse events. Fast Track surgery is a useful strategy for improving operating room efficiency and reducing surgical time. Procedures start on time, with increased timely care, patient and practitioner satisfaction, and lower service costs.


Recently a Poisson-Helmholtz-Boltzmann (PHB) model [Bohinc et al., Phys. Rev. E 85, 031130 (2012)] was developed by accounting for solvent-mediated nonelectrostatic ion-ion interactions. Nonelectrostatic interactions are described by a Yukawa-like pair potential. In the present work, we modify the PHB model by adding steric effects (finite ion size) into the free energy to derive governing equations. The modified PHB model is capable of capturing both ion specificity and ion crowding. This modified model is then employed to study the capacitance of the double layer. More specifically, we focus on the influence of nonelectrostatic ion-ion interactions on charging a double layer near a flat surface in the presence of steric effects. We numerically compute the differential capacitance as a function of the voltage under various conditions. At small voltages and low salt concentrations (dilute solution), we find out that the predictions from the modified PHB model are the same as those from the classical Poisson-Boltzmann theory, indicating that nonelectrostatic ion-ion interactions and steric effects are negligible. At moderate voltages, nonelectrostatic ion-ion interactions play an important role in determining the differential capacitance. Generally speaking, nonelectrostatic interactions decrease the capacitance because of additional nonelectrostatic repulsion among excess counterions inside the double layer. However, increasing the voltage gradually favors steric effects, which induce a condensed layer with crowding of counterions near the electrode. Accordingly, the predictions from the modified PHB model collapse onto those computed by the modified Poisson-Boltzmann theory considering steric effects alone. Finally, theoretical predictions are compared and favorably agree with experimental data, in particular, in concentrated solutions, leading one to conclude that the modified PHB model adequately predicts the diffuse-charge dynamics of the double layer with ion specificity and steric effects.


Malaria is one of the most prevalent diseases of our planet which claims millions of lives annually. Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of majority of the mortality and morbidity associated with malaria particularly in tropical countries. Resistance of the parasite to the currently available chemotherapeutic agents poses a serious threat to human being. Inhibition of P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme has been used as one of the strategies in curbing malaria. However, due to mutation in the active-site of the enzyme particularly at 16, 51, 59, 108, and 164 residues, the parasite developed resistance to most of antifolate drugs such as cycloguanil and pyrimethamine. Thus, design of new and potent antimalarial agents which are effective against both wild-type and mutant enzymes is very essential in order to minimize burden of P. falciparum malaria. Computer-aided drug design approaches are playing a crucial role in the design of potential antimalarial drug candidates. In this article, molecular modelling studies based on docking, pharmacophore mapping, QSAR, homology modelling, and quantum chemical studies are reviewed. The importance of these methods in understanding mechanism of drug resistance at a molecular level, and design of antimalarial drug candidates are discussed briefly. The examples mentioned in the review could give insights into the wide range of possibilities of using computer-aided drug design (CADD) methodologies.


This is a survey article on the information transmission capability of haptic devices and ways of maximizing it. It is intended for readers who are engineering professionals interested in developing novel haptic interfaces for a variety of applications but are not necessarily trained in haptic science or human user research. We posit that the ultimate goal of any interface is the exchange of information between a machine and a user, and as such, the evaluation should involve estimating the information-transmission capability with human users. We conducted a literature survey on studies of haptic devices evaluated with human users using an information theoretic framework. Our goal was to discover and summarize best practices that can lead to high information transmission. The results confirmed findings from our own previous studies, uncovered new ways to effectively increase information transmission, and pointed to the need for broader dissemination of proper experimental methodology. We, therefore, present a concise yet comprehensive tutorial on psychophysical methodology for estimating information transfer (IT) and IT rate with humans, survey results on the typical IT achievable with haptic devices, and guidelines for maximizing information transmission with any human–machine interfaces. Although we focus on haptic systems, the information-theoretic framework, the psychophysical methods, and the guidelines presented in this article are applicable to other sensory modalities and multimodal interface systems also.


The hyporeactivity factor in interferon production by L-929 cells designated IRP (interferon repressing protein) has been studied. In particular, its localization and methods of its purification have been studied. The kinetics of IRP accumulation by producing cells correlate with the development of hyporeactivity condition. Most of IRP is localized in cell sap and in ribosomal fraction in evidence to regulatory role of repressor at the level of interferon mRNA translation. A 100-fold increase in repressor activity was achieved by IRP concentration by ammonium sulfate precipitation. IRP as well as interferon have been shown to possess high affinity to polyU sepharose. The preparations of IRP and interferon concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation were subsequently purified by fractioning in a polyI sepharose column. A 10,000-fold (6 x 10(4) U/mg) purification was achieved for IRP and 250-fold (10(4) U/mg) for interferon.


Romania's forest cover is at this time below, but quite close to the European average. Despite that, recent forestry activities tend to be more oriented towards forest exploitation and not to increase the national forested area. The general public perception is that afforestation activities are limited only to NGO's projects and media actions and numerous reports and statements made by some of these organizations are rather sensational and confusing. This paper tries to cast more light on this controversial issue, presenting accurate data and considering the whole context of afforestation-from the history of afforestation activities in Romania to the recent statements and reports submitted by the government agencies involved in these particular issues. The necessity and opportunity of afforestation is also substantiated from the perspective of reintroduction into production of marginal and degraded land. An analysis of the situation of funding through the National Rural Development Programme (2007-2013) measures is performed and possible future directions regarding afforestation programmes are discussed.


Author(s): Budrick, John Edward | Advisor(s): Dodd, Richard S. | Abstract: This study was undertaken to identify population structure in the three rockfish species of the subgenus Rosicola through genetic analysis of six microsatelite loci applied to individuals sampled from 13 locations across the range of each species from Vancouver, British Columbia and San Martin Island, Mexico. Sampling each species throughout their respective ranges allowed for a more comprehensive and conclusive analysis of structure to inform proper stratification of stock assessments, catch tracking and management of these stocks. In addition, modeling potential evolutionary scenarios and testing for evolutionary processes shaping the current population structure were undertaken to better understand factors contributing to population structure and speciation in the subgenus. Results of this study were compared to previous research on members of this and other subgenera within the genus Sebastes to identify concordance in the phylogeography of subgenera or consistent processes between species indicative of common mechanisms contributing to genetic variation. Patterns observed were used to infer prioritization of future testing for population structure in the genus Sebastes and research to determine whether they are predictive.No significant population structure was identified in the canary rockfish S. pinniger (Gill 1864) or the sunset rockfish S. crocotulus (Hyde et al. 2008). Three genetically distinct genetic clusters indicative of separate populations were identified in the vermilion rockfish S. miniatus (Jordan and Gilbert 1880) and population structure correlated with latitude and depth. While populations were found to overlap in their distribution to some extent, population structure was consistent with the boundary between the San Diegan and Oregonian biogeographic provinces near Point Conception, California. Additional population structure in the Southern California Bight south of Point Conception was correlated with adult depth distribution with a break around 60 m (30 fathoms (fm)). Assignment tests indicated that the young of year of each population as well as S. miniatus co-occur and reside in kelp forests before making ontogenetic migration to deeper depths with age. The deepest distributed of these clusters commonly occurs in depths of up to 100 m (50 fm), beyond which S. crocotulus was the most common species (Hyde et al. 2007). This population structure related to depth poses issues for stratification of historical data used in stock assessment and allocation of catch to each population as identifying characteristics have not been identified and management is already confounded by the presence of the recently identified cryptic species S. crocotulus.Previous studies hypothesized that speciation between S. crocotulus and S. miniatus was the result of paedomorphsis in the form of concatenated migration to deeper depth isolating populations by depth arising from the greater area of nearshore habitat around the channel islands during early Pliocene glaciations when sea level falls as much as 300 ft. around 2.3 MYA (Hyde et al. 2008). Tests were conducted for repetition of such a pattern in forming population structure observed in S. miniatus. Timing of divergence in S. miniatus populations identified using assignment tests was estimated to be in the late Pleistocene only 102,429 (95% CI: 22,884 – 248,933) thousand years ago between clusters 1 and 2 and 255,141 (95% CI: 80,080 - 592,847) thousand years ago for their common ancestor and cluster 3. This is consistent with timing of glaciations, but results indicate northward expansion of a population, which may have occurred during an interglacial period. Our analyses indicate that mutation contributes significantly to population structure between species in the subgenus, but does not contribute to population structure in S. miniatus indicating that it is due to more recent drift or selection alone. Population structure in S. miniatus consistent with northward migration of S. miniatus with lower genetic diversity indicative of a founder effect and private alleles accumulated in the time since divergence. No signal of bottleneck was present in any of the species or populations, though a model reflecting a reduction in population size in the northern population was found to have a high likelihood and posterior probability in Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis of potential evolutionary scenarios. It is possible that reductions in population size occurred too many generations ago to be detected using methods based on relationships between number of alleles and heterozygosity, given expansion of the population since its initial isolation. The results of modeling evolutionary processes indicated potential for gene flow between the northern population and deeper southern population potentially resulting in the shallow southern population. This may be the result of shared alleles from incomplete lineage sorting rather than admixture, or admixture occurred in the distant past as little evidence hybridization was observed in tests for individuals of hybrid classes. The southern shallow population had higher genetic diversity indicating that it may be an older stable population, in potential glacial refugia to the south. These results are also consistent with the possibility that population structure in S. miniatus as the result of northward expansion during the interglacial period. Though the presence of a distinct deeper population in the southern California bight is consistent with paedomorphosis posed as the mechanism resulting in divergence between S. miniatus and S. crocotulus in Hyde et al. (2008), the processes leading to the division of adults on the basis of depth is still uncertain between the shallower and deeper southern population. We postulated that migration or shifts in abundance over time to glacial refugia in the south during glaciations may be associated with shifts to deeper depths to align with lower temperatures experienced at higher latitudes during the interglacial. Adults of each population would be potentially isolated from the shallower distributed progenitor taking advantage of ample nearshore habitat in the Southern California Bight during glaciations (Jacobs et al. 2007, Hyde et al. 2008). Having shifted abundance to the south and taken on adaptations to deeper depths, the now more deeply distributed population may remain isolated from the southerly shallow populations.While concordance was imperfect, analogous structure in other Subgenera within the Sebastes including the Sebastosomas (Burford and Bernardi 2008), Pteropodus (Li et al. 2006) and Sebastomus (Rocha-Oliveras et al. 1999) that reflect population structure north and south of Point Conception as well as cryptic population structure with depth in cowcod (Hess et al. 2014), which we observed in the Rosicola. In other subgenera, differentiation is commonly accompanied by color variation and many of the sister species with similar indices of differentiation to populations identified in S. miniatus are identified as separate species due to their disparate coloration. This may in part be the result of sexual selection facilitated by internal fertilization (Gunderson and Vetter 2006). Commonalities provide guidance on prioritizing future research to focus on species with distributions bridging Point Conception and a broad range of depth distributions. In addition, species with variable coloration should be considered for analysis as the line between species may be blurry but somewhat visible to the eye, needing only be confirmed by genetic analysis that can detect differentiation that in this case was indicative of a relatively recently diverged sister species (Frable et al. 2015, Narum et al. 2004). Nearshore species that release their larvae in the "sticky water" closer to shore that is slower moving due to turbulence and shear forces slowing its movement in the prevailing currents (Gunderson and Vetter 2006; Berntson and Moran 2009). This may contribute to maintenance of populations structure due to relatively inhibited larval transport compared to congeners in deeper waters spawning during periods of stronger flow of currents along the coast. These results provide guidance on selection of species for further analysis within the subgenus to identify what might be population structure or cryptic species that should be accounted for in stock assessments and management where possible. Nearshore species with large ranges bridging Point Conception, California, spawning in the spring during maximal upwelling, with broad depth range and with a large degree of variability in coloration are most likely to harbor genetic variation of interest to management and their analysis may provide further understanding the speciation process in this diverse genus.


It's been more than two decades since the first edition of this landmark book garnered public accolades for its sensitive yet honest and forthright approach to the many disquieting questions surrounding the emotional debate over animal rights. Is moral concern something owed by human beings only to human beings? Drawing upon his philosophical expertise, his extensive experience of working with animal issues all over the world, and his knowledge of biological science, Bernard E Rollin - now widely recognised as the father of veterinary ethics - develops a compelling analysis of animal rights as it is emerging in society.The result is a sound basis for rational discussion and social policy development in this area of rapidly growing concern. He believes that society must elevate the moral status of animals and protect their rights as determined by their natures. His public speaking and published works have contributed to passage of major federal legislation designed to increase the well-being of laboratory animals. This new Third Edition is greatly expanded and includes a new chapter on animal agriculture, plus additional discussions of animal law, companion animal issues, genetic engineering, animal pain, animal research, and many other topics.


The calcium carbonate composite particles with nanostructured surface were prepared by heterogeneous nucleation. The calcium carbonate composite particles consisted of a core of groundcalcium carbonate particle and a shell of nanometer calcium carbonate particles. The thickness of theshell of composite calcium carbonate was observed by TEM. The bond intensity between the core and the shell was measured by means of ultrasonic comminution and stirred ball milling. It was found that the composite calcium carbonate had a compact structure. The linkage between the core and shell was so strong that it must be chemical bond instead of physical adsorption.


In this paper, we deal with Prandtl's boundary layer problem for incompressible laminar flow past a wedge. When the Reynolds number is large the solution of this problem has a parabolic boundary layer. We construct a direct numerical method for computing approximations to the solution of this problem using a piecewise uniform fitted mesh technique appropriate to the parabolic boundary layer. We use the numerical method to approximate the self‐similar solution of Prandtl's problem in a finite rectangle excluding the leading edge of the wedge, which is the source of an additional singularity caused by incompatibility of the problem data. We verify that the constructed numerical method is robust, in the sense that the computed errors for the velocity components and their derivatives in the discrete maximum norm are Reynolds uniform. We construct and apply a special numerical method related to the Falkner–Skan technique to compute a reference solution for the error analysis of the velocity components and their derivatives. By means of extensive numerical experiments we show that the constructed direct numerical method is Reynolds uniform. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


[1] An online tracer model, based on the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale model, was developed. The new model includes full representation of processes for advection, boundary layer mixing, subgrid cumulus convective mixing, and sedimentation of tracers. The model was used in two very different applications to document its potential utility. The first application involves pollutant transport to Istanbul, Turkey, focusing on two high-pollution episodes in January 2002. To better maintain large scale features, model simulations were nudged to reanalysis for this application. Using a semi-idealized approach, it was shown that much of the pollution that affected Istanbul during these events may have come from other highly polluted cities located upstream, rather than just local emission sources. Pollutants from upstream sources were trapped in the boundary layer by statically stable low-level conditions and efficient transport to Istanbul was supported by strong northwesterly flow near the surface. The second application involves the transport of dust from the Sahara Desert to the Atlantic Ocean, and the potential role of this dust and the dry, warm Saharan Air Layer (SAL) in the genesis and development of Tropical Storm Chantal in 2001. No nudging was applied to this case study since it may degrade small scale features, which were important to dust saltation. The dust uplifting and transport during the earlier period of Chantal's life cycle were simulated to show a potential link between Sahara dust and Chantal's evolution. Results show strong evidence that Chantal started interacting with SAL and dust at a very early stage of storm development after propagating into the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, it was found that the peak of the averaged surface dust flux occurred in the early morning right before the mixed boundary layer developed, and the mechanism of dust uptake for this event, nocturnal low-level jets, was different from those previously documented.


Retrograde neuronal tracing and double labelling immunofluorescence methods were used to define the neurochemical content of sympathetic trunk ganglia neurons projecting to the pig retractor penis muscle, which was taken as an experimental model of the male genital smooth musculature. After the injection of Fast Blue into the bulbo-penile portion of the retractor penis muscle, the eventual co-existence of the catecholaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase with calcitonine gene related peptide, leu-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or vesicular acetylcholine transporter was studied in the ipsilateral S1 sympathetic trunk ganglia, which resulted to contain the greatest number of autonomic retractor penis muscle projecting cells. The observation of Fast Blue positive neurons under the fluorescent microscope allowed the identification of different subpopulations of catecholaminergic and non-catecholaminergic retractor penis muscle-projecting neurons. The majority of catecholaminergic cells contained tyrosine hydroxylase alone, while the remaining part showed co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase with all the other tested markers. These last neurons were immunoreactive, in decreasing percentages, for neuropeptide Y, leu-enkephalin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, substance P, calcitonine gene related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. The majority of non-catecholaminergic neurons were immunonegative for all the tested markers. The remaining non-catecholaminergic cells contained, in decreasing percentages, neuropeptide Y, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, leu-enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, substance P and calcitonine gene related peptide. Our findings documented the complexity of the neurochemical interactions that regulate both the motor functions of RPM and the blood flow through the muscle.


Microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen steels whose chemical composition were Fe-17Cr-12Mn-3Mo and that was produced by using metal injection molding method and nitrogen absorption methods were examined. A compact which is furnace cooled from 1573 K has a brittle surface layer with high chromium and nitrogen contents but the surface layer disappears when the compact is held at 1473 K. The compact which is furnace cooled at 1473 K is observed precipitates in the grains and the grain boundary, while the compact which is quenched at 1473 K shows homogeneous microstructure. In the heat treatments at 1473 K for 2, 5, and 10 h, the nitrogen content becomes higher with increasing of holding time. In the holding times of 5 and 10 h, the microstructure is austenite. In the tensile tests, tensile strength becomes larger with increasing of nitrogen content. In the specimen which is conducted the heat treatment at 1473 K for 10 h, tensile strength is about 1,000 MPa and elongation is 80 %, which shows better balance of strength and elongation than SUS304 and SUS316 steels.


Drainage system is one of the important sub-systems of coal mine integrative control platform[1], and is used to guarantee the safety of mining and auxiliary transportation under the ground. The functions of drainage system are defined, the network framework is designed, the start and stop procedures of the pump engine under the manual control mode and automatic control mode are described, and the determining methods based on liquid level to control several pumps in automatic mode are analyzed. By using Simense PLC module, power source module, digital module, analog module and touch screen hardware, the drainage system control platform is set up, which is connected to the control computer on the ground by using Simense communication module and industrial ring Ethernet[4], and achieved the purpose of remote control.


V.C. Chen recently presented an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging technique using the joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA), which has been shown having a better performance for maneuvering targets over the conventional Fourier transform method. The main reason is because the frequencies of the radar returns of the maneuvering targets are time varying and a JTFA is a technique that is suitable for such signals, in particular a JTFA may concentrate a wideband signal, such as a chirp, while it spreads noise. We quantitatively study the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the ISAR imaging using one of the typical JTFA techniques, namely the short time Fourier transform (STFT). We show that the SNR increases in the joint time-frequency (TF) domain over the one in the time or the frequency domain alone both theoretically and numerically. This quantitatively shows the advantage of the JTFA technique for the ISAR imaging.


In this case study we discuss parameterisation considerations for General Surface Multiple Prediction of complex 3D multiples on the Shtokman field in the Russian sector of the Barents Sea. The multiples in this area are very complex even though the water bottom is fairly simple. Nevertheless small irregularities in the sea bed create some multiple diffractions. Because of their 3D nature, it is not possible to predict and remove multiple diffractions using 2D de-multiple techniques as the multiple ray-paths lie outside the plane of acquisition in the sail-line direction. The multiple prediction was performed using a new approach to 3D SRME '3D General Surface Multiple Prediction' (3DGSMP) described by Moore and Dragoset (2008). This enabled up to generate a more accurate multiple model which helped attenuating the multiples much better than what we had seen with 2D assumptions. In this paper we will firstly present the Shtokman field, we will then discuss why the 2D SRME approach has not managed to attenuate very effectively the multiples and follow with a discussion on the parameterisation of the 3D GSMP for the multiple prediction where we compare 3D GSMP with 2D SRME.


To solve the problems of large flux linkage and torque ripple, difficulty to accurately control at very low speed in the conventional direct torque control (DTC) of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), the chattering free fast terminal sliding mode (FTSM) control is introduced into the PMSM DTC. The proposed control scheme not only preserves fast torque response merit, but also associates with the high robustness of terminal sliding mode. It can drive torque ripple to converge to the equilibrium point in finite time, reduce steady state error, has stronger robustness to motor parameter and disturbance,and it attenuates the chatter. This stability of system is proved by Lyapunov theorem in this paper. The simulation results are presented to the feasibility and effectiveness of this method.


This chapter examines the effects of aquaculture development on the livelihoods of households in two historically and geographically distinct coastal communities in north and south Vietnam. It is shown that the importance of open-access resources for livelihoods increases in line with the poverty and vulnerability of the social group. This increase has occurred at the same time as a decrease in the availability of open-access products because of the privatization of resources associated with aquaculture. Many openaccess resources are accessed illegally or with unofficial access rights and this has implications for livelihood security, since open-access resources have uncertain rights and legislative status, a status that is open to change and frequently subject to privatization. The high capital investment required and the loans necessary to raise that capital are also increasing the vulnerability of the wealthier households involved in aquaculture.


The performance of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is greatly determined by the quality of its probe. Nowadays, probes of diamond tips have become more and more popular than silicon ones, and have been widely used in industries. In this paper, research about the fabricating of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) coated AFM probe has been done using Hot-Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition (HFCVD) technique. The results showed that NCD films have been grown on the probe. Problems about the growth of NCD on the tips have been discussed. The optimum parameters have also been proposed. This research can provide reference for the further experiments on the fabrication of NCD coated tips.


Automated model formulation is a crucial issue in the construction of computational environments that can reason about the behavior of a physical system. The procedure of mathematically modeling a physical system is complex and involves three fundamental entities: the experimental data, a set of candidate models, and rules for determining in such a set the "best" model that reproduces the measured data. The construction of the candidate models is domain dependent and based on specific knowledge and techniques of the application domain. The choice of the best model is guided by the data themselves; a first rough guess is refined through system identification techniques so that the quantitative properties of the observed behavior are assessed. Automating such a procedure requires handling and integrating different formalisms and methods, both qualitative and quantitative. The paper describes a comprehensive environment that aims at the automated formulation of an accurate quantitative model of the mechanical behavior of an actual viscoelastic material in accordance with the observed response of the material to standard experiments. Algorithms and methods for both the generation of an exhaustive library of models of ideal materials and the selection of the most "accurate" model of a real material have been designed and implemented. The model selection phase occurs in two main stages: first the subset of most plausible candidate models for the material is drawn from the library; then, the most accurate model of the material is identified by using both statistical and numerical methods.


Tissue macrophages are derived exclusively from blood monocytes, which as monocyte-derived macrophages support HIV-1 replication. However, among human tissue macrophages only intestinal macrophages are non-permissive to HIV-1, suggesting that the unique microenvironment in human intestinal mucosa renders lamina propria macrophages non-permissive to HIV-1. We investigated this hypothesis using blood monocytes and intestinal extracellular matrix (stroma)-conditioned media (S-CM) to model the exposure of newly recruited monocytes and resident macrophages to lamina propria stroma, where the cells take up residence in the intestinal mucosa. Exposure of monocytes to S-CM blocked up-regulation of CD4 and CCR5 expression during monocyte differentiation into macrophages and inhibited productive HIV-1 infection in differentiated macrophages. Importantly, exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages simultaneously to S-CM and HIV-1 also inhibited viral replication, and sorted CD4+ intestinal macrophages, a proportion of which expressed CCR5+, did not support HIV-1 replication, indicating that the non-permissiveness to HIV-1 was not due to reduced receptor expression alone. Consistent with this conclusion, S-CM also potently inhibited replication of HIV-1 pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, which provides CD4/CCR5-independent entry. Neutralization of TGF-β in S-CM and recombinant TGF-β studies showed that stromal TGF-β inhibited macrophage nuclear translocation of NF-κB and HIV-1 replication. Thus, the profound inability of intestinal macrophages to support productive HIV-1 infection is likely the consequence of microenvironmental down-regulation of macrophage HIV-1 receptor/coreceptor expression and NF-κB activation.


INTRODUCTION: Mouth breathing (MB) is an etiological factor for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) during childhood. The habit of breathing through the mouth may be perpetuated even after airway clearance. Both habit and obstruction may cause facial muscle imbalance and craniofacial changes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to propose and test guidelines for clinical recognition of MB and some predisposing factors for SDB in children. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 110 orthodontists regarding their procedures for clinical evaluation of MB and their knowledge about SDB during childhood. Thereafter, based on their answers, guidelines were developed and tested in 687 children aged between 6 and 12 years old and attending elementary schools. RESULTS: There was no standardization for clinical recognition of MB among orthodontists. The most common procedures performed were inefficient to recognize differences between MB by habit or obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines proposed herein facilitate clinical recognition of MB, help clinicians to differentiate between habit and obstruction, suggest the most appropriate treatment for each case, and avoid maintenance of mouth breathing patterns during adulthood.


The paper considers the development and implementation of a near-time-optimal neural-network-based position control method for DC motor servosystems. To bypass the difficulties caused by system constraints and modelling uncertainties, the paper uses classification neural networks to learn the time-optimal control law from experimentally generated near-time-optimal trajectories. In addition, by using regression neural networks to learn the relationship between control object displacement and the armature voltage pulse-width, a variable-pulsewidth control strategy is developed to achieve accurate positioning. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


Part 1 The history and development of the public record office: the international role of the public record office, Michael Roper the public records in 1988, Geoffrey Martin nine centuries of keeping the public records, Elizabeth M. Hallam the future of the public records, Geoffrey Martin the selection of new records, K.J. Smith government record keeping - a tale from the department of employment, R.J.R. Lorrimer preservation and conservation - will our public records survive another 150 years?, Timothy R. Padfield the thirty year rule and freedom of information - access to government records, Nicholas Cox. Part 2 Calenders and indexes: public record office publication - past performances and future prospects, J.B. Post the public record office, the historian, and information technology, Edward Higgs the national register of archives and other nationwide finding aids, Brian S. Smith the index library - a centenary history 1988, Peter Spufford liaison - public records held in other record offices, Alexandra Nicol. Part 3 Contrasting consumers: a genealogist's view of the records - ideals and reality, Stella Colwell the use of records in primary schools bibliography, Joan Blyth. Part 4 The probate records of the nation - new approaches to wills, inventories and accounts: a printed catalogue of the names of testators, Peter Spufford the number of wills proved in the 16th and 17th centuries, Motoyasu Takahashi in the name of God? Will-making and faith in early modern England, Christopher W. Marsh probate inventories and consumer behaviour in England, 1660-1740, Lorna Weatherill an introduction to probate accounts, Amy Louise Erickson the genealogist's use of probate records, Anthony J. Camp.


BACKGROUND
Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) has been advocated for the treatment of morbid obesity. This procedure has the theoretical advantage that patients retain normal eating capacity and lose weight irrespective of their eating habits. However, vitamin deficiencies may develop because BPD causes malabsorption.

OBJECTIVE
This report describes a 40-y-old mother and her newborn infant, who developed vitamin A deficiency as a result of iatrogenic maternal malabsorption after BPD. Our primary objective is to show that BPD patients need close follow-up and lifelong micronutrient supplementation to prevent nutrient deficiencies in themselves and their offspring.

DESIGN
The medical records of the mother and infant were reviewed, and their clinical course was followed until 10 mo postpartum. The mother was also interviewed on several occasions about her medical care, follow-up, and supplemental vitamin use.

RESULTS
The mother developed night blindness with undetectable serum vitamin A concentrations in the third trimester of her pregnancy. Her vitamin A deficiency was untreated until she delivered her infant. At delivery, the infant also had vitamin A deficiency. He may have permanent retinal damage, but this is still unclear because the ophthalmologic examination performed at 2 mo of age was inconclusive.

CONCLUSIONS
Complications of BPD may take many years to develop, and the signs and symptoms may be subtle. Because of the malabsorption that results from BPD, patients need lifelong follow-up and appropriate vitamin supplementation to prevent deficiencies. These nutrient deficiencies can also affect the offspring of female BPD patients.


The present paper investigates the buoyancy induced flow and heat transfer in a square enclosure filled with Fe3O4/water nanofluid heated by mutually orthogonal heaters and symmetrically cooled by sidewalls under the influence of a strong uniform magnetic field. The nanofluid is experimentally synthesized by two-step method and the different thermophysical properties are measured. These experimentally determined properties are compared with the classical correlations available in the literature. Those correlations are found to underpredict the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The error related to the use of the classical correlations is determined and it increases with the volume fraction. Hence, the experimentally determined properties are directly used in the numerical simulation. The governing equations in the form of nondimensional stream function, vorticity, and energy equations containing experimentally determined properties are solved using the finite difference method (FDM). The consequence of different factors like positions of the heaters, varying range of Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), the extremely low volume fraction of nanofluids (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.0007), and Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 75) on the heat transport is studied and reported. The study explains and analyzes the streamlines and isotherms at different conditions. The results show that the positions of the horizontal and vertical heater have a significant effect on heat transfer and fluid flow inside the enclosure. Furthermore, the increase in Ha enervates the strength of flow and it leads to the deterioration of heat transfer.


We have obtained Chandra ACIS-S observations of NGC 6543, the Cat's Eye Nebula. The X-ray emission from NGC 6543 is clearly resolved into a point source at the central star and diffuse emission confined within the central elliptical shell and two extensions along the major axis. Spectral analysis of the diffuse component shows that the abundances of the X-ray-emitting gas are similar to those of the fast (1750 km s-1) stellar wind but not those of the nebula. Furthermore, the temperature of this gas is ~1.7 × 106 K, which is 100 times lower than the expected postshock temperature of the fast stellar wind. The combination of low temperature and wind abundances is puzzling. The thermal pressure of this hot gas is about twice the pressure in the cool nebular shell; thus, the hot gas plays an essential role in the ongoing evolution of the nebula.


FoxM1 is a forkhead box transcription factor and a known master regulator required for different phases of the cell cycle. In cell lines, FoxM1 deficient cells exhibit delayed S phase entry, aneuploidy, polyploidy and can't complete mitosis. In vivo, FoxM1 is expressed mostly in proliferating cells but is surprisingly also found in non-proliferating CD4+CD8+ double positive thymocytes. Here, we addressed the role of FoxM1 in T cell development by generating and analyzing two different lines of T-cell specific FoxM1 deficient mice. As expected, FoxM1 is required for proliferation of early thymocytes and activated mature T cells. Defective expression of many cell cycle proteins was detected, including cyclin A, cyclin B1, cdc2, cdk2, p27 and the Rb family members p107 and p130 but surprisingly not survivin. Unexpectedly, loss of FoxM1 only affects a few cell cycle proteins in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and has little effect on their sensitivity to apoptosis and the subsequent steps of T cell differentiation. Thus, regulation of cell cycle genes by FoxM1 is stage- and context-dependent.


Potable reuse is implemented in several countries around the world to augment strained water supplies. This article presents a public health perspective on potable reuse by comparing the critical infrastructure and institutional capacity characteristics of two well-established potable reuse schemes with conventional drinking water schemes in developed nations that have experienced waterborne outbreaks. Analysis of failure events in conventional water systems between 2003 and 2013 showed that despite advances in water treatment technologies, drinking water outbreaks caused by microbial contamination were still frequent in developed countries and can be attributed to failures in infrastructure or institutional practices. Numerous institutional failures linked to ineffective treatment protocols, poor operational practices, and negligence were detected. In contrast, potable reuse schemes that use multiple barriers, online instrumentation, and operational measures were found to address the events that have resulted in waterborne outbreaks in conventional systems in the past decade. Syndromic surveillance has emerged as a tool in outbreak detection and was useful in detecting some outbreaks; increases in emergency department visits and GP consultations being the most common data source, suggesting potential for an increasing role in public health surveillance of waterborne outbreaks. These results highlight desirable characteristics of potable reuse schemes from a public health perspective with potential for guiding policy on surveillance activities.


This study explores roles of NEDs of SMEs listed in the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) in the London Stock Exchange. It extends the literature on NEDs' roles relevant to a context where the adherence to the principles of non-regularity corporate governance is not compulsory. We adopted a content analysis approach as a novel method for exploring roles of NEDs using details of 1220 NEDs recorded in 75 annual reports. It revealed that NEDs meet the expectations of several stakeholders simultaneously by playing multiple roles. A conceptual model depicting testable relationship between cognitive tasks and key roles of NEDs is also developed.


This article presents a simple and objective formula to determine a tender's price-quality ratio, for the purpose of value-for-money awards, which is literally quality divided by price (Q/P). Most formulas used in public procurement today first translate prices into points, in a process which has several flaws, and in the end they do not produce any actual ratios, a fact which makes them less objective. To adjust the proposed Q/P formula to the relative weight of the price criterion from the buyer's point of view, all tenders start out with a fixed quality score to compress or expand quality differences between them. Tenders then compete for the remaining range of quality points up to the maximum, and in the end have their quality score divided by the price that they offer.


116 cases of coronary angina pectoris were treated with a powder composed of Radix Ginseng, Radix Notoginseng and Succinum, which was an empirical prescription of Dr. Yue Meizhong (岳美中), and compared with patients treated Fufang Danshen Tablet (a compound prescription of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae) as the control group. Results indicated that the curative effects and ECG in the treated group were better than that in the control group (P< 0.01), so were improvement of general symptoms, physical strength as well as changes of lipid metabolism and microcirculation of nail fold.


Separation between the authorities does not mean the total independence of each authority from the other; rather, it means that power will not be concentrated in the hands of one only. This is because complete separation between authorities cannot be envisaged in practical terms. Also, there are in reality channels of communication between them to allow their cooperation, whether this is between the two legislative and executive powers or their relations with the judicial powers. However, the question to be asked here is: How are those powers distributed in the Kuwaiti Constitution and what is the mechanism of the relationship between those powers? In order to answer this question, the following matters will be examined. This study deals with the relationship between the executive and the legislative authorities and examines the means used by the executive authority towards the national assembly, and then studies the means used by the national assembly towards the executive authority.


Genetic diversity of 30 common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) lines and cultivars obtained from various resources or collected from natural flora of Turkey was evaluated by using 55 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and five inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primer sets, and their nuclear DNA contents were determined by flow cytometer. A total of 188 polymorphic loci were detected, with an average of 3.62 loci per primer. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 82.1%. The polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.12 to 0.96, with an average of 0.63. The genetic distance coefficients were in the range of 0.112–0.627. Cluster analysis revealed that the 27 lines and three cultivars could be divided into two main groups. No polyploidy was detected within any vetch lines tested while significant (P< 0.0001) nuclear DNA content differences were determined. The present study revealed that fast and accurate fingerprinting analysis could be done using SRAP and ISSR markers, which indicated existing significant variation among common vetch lines and cultivars.


Associated to analytic Hamiltonian vector fields in $\mathbb{C}^4$ having an equilibrium point satisfying a non semisimple $1:-1$ resonance, we construct two universal constants that are invariant with respect to local analytic symplectic changes of coordinates. These invariants vanish when the Hamiltonian is integrable. We also prove that one of these invariants does not vanish on an open and dense set.


The photochemistry of some 3-N-alkylamino-5-perfluoroalkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles in the presence of nitrogen nucleophiles such as ammonia and primary and secondary aliphatic amines has been investigated. The primary photolytic intermediate from the cleavage of the ring O-N bond follows two distinct and competing pathways leading to (i). 5-perfluoroalkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, through the ring contraction-ring expansion photoisomerization route favored by the presence of the base or (ii). 5-perfluoroalkyl-1,2,4-triazoles, through the intervention, as an internal nucleophile, of the exocyclic N-alkylamino moiety of the oxadiazole followed by the attack of the external nitrogen nucleophile and subsequent heterocyclization. Some comments on the photoreactivity of fluorinated oxadiazoles and on the applications of these photoprocesses in the synthesis of target fluorinated structures are emphasized. In this context, irradiations of 3-perfluoroalkanoylamino-4-phenylfurazan in the presence of primary aliphatic amines are reconsidered as feasible one-pot synthetic methodologies toward fluorinated heterocycles. X-ray analysis of two representative products 1-methyl-3-methylamino-5-perfluoroheptyl-1,2,4-triazole and 2-methylamino-5-trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole confirmed the proposed structures and furnished interesting information on the crystal packing of these fluorinated five-membered heterocycles.


Corticosteroids (CS) are widely used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Following inhalation, corticosteroids are subjected to drug clearance within the lungs. Their duration of action is dictated by their physiochemical properties, which subsequently impacts on their binding and activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), essential for corticosteroid function. Upon activation, GR translocates into the nucleus, where it reduces expression of proinflammatory markers, such as CXCL8. We hypothesised that fluticasone furoate (FF), a once-daily CS that has superior affinity and a slower rate of dissociation from GR than budesonide (BUD) and fluticasone propionate (FP) will maintain its action and function following a 20h washout period. The effects of BUD, FP and FF on GR nuclear translocation over a 24h time-course was examined in U937 monocytes. Importantly, we compared the effects of a 20h washout on GR nuclear localisation and suppression of CXCL8 following treatment with CS for 4h. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric analyses and results presented as mean±SEM. Treatment with BUD, FP and FF significantly induced GR nuclear translocation at 24h. Importantly, a 20h washout following a 4h treatment period reduced BUDand FP-induced GR nuclear localisation to basal levels, whereas FF maintained similar levels of GR nuclear translocation. A corresponding difference in CXCL8 suppression was also observed following the 20h washout period. Exposure of cells to FF for 4h (followed by 20h washout) was as effective as continued exposure for 24h.


Heat stress is one of the greatest challenges faced by dairy farmers in many regions of the world. Warm climates depress feed intake, milk production, and reproductive performance in cows. In this document, the negative effects of heat stress on production and welfare of dairy cows are described, as well as some of the strategies that can be used to reduce these effects. Moreover, as an example, the case of the Argentine group Chiavassa, which successfully combated heat stress on a farm of 1000 dairy cows, is presented.


This work considers the problem of fitting functional models with sparsely and irregularly sampled functional data. It overcomes the limitations of the state‐of‐the‐art methods, which face major challenges in the fitting of more complex non‐linear models. Currently, many of these models cannot be consistently estimated unless the number of observed points per curve grows sufficiently quickly with the sample size, whereas we show numerically that a modified approach with more modern multiple imputation methods can produce better estimates in general. We also propose a new imputation approach that combines the ideas of MissForest with Local Linear Forest and compare their performance with PACE and several other multivariate multiple imputation methods. This work is motivated by a longitudinal study on smoking cessation, in which the electronic health records (EHR) from Penn State PaTH to Health allow for the collection of a great deal of data, with highly variable sampling. To illustrate our approach, we explore the relation between relapse and diastolic blood pressure. We also consider a variety of simulation schemes with varying levels of sparsity to validate our methods.


This is the first study to focus on Vietnam-Palestine relations from 1967 to 1975. In American foreign policy, Vietnam and Palestine became entangled via their allegedly shared susceptibility to Soviet influence. Such Cold War entanglements, however, had to contend with an emerging Third World movement of decolonial, anti-racist, pro-Indigenous solidarities, critical of the imperialist nature of both the US and the USSR. Using these two frames—Cold War entanglements and Third World solidarities—I trace the usage of ''Vietnam'' and ''Palestine'' as grounded, rhetorical signifiers, demonstrating how different actors co-constituted their own political positions in relation to these two capacious terms. The article ends with an interview with the Ambassador of the State of Palestine in Vietnam, Saadi Salama, theorizing how the past's Cold War, Third World Liberation period continues to haunt the present. Invoking Neferti Tadiar's concept of ''divine sorrow,'' I suggest that an entanglement of temporalities has the potential to re-chart the political possibilities of those nation-states that have seemingly concluded their own national revolutions, such as Vietnam.


The renewal of existent railways requires the characterisation of the mechanical properties of railway platforms (RP), thus raising the need to select appropriate maintenance actions. Conventional techniques (geotechnical soundings, coring) remain local, destructive, expensive and with low yields. Using non-destructive investigation techniques for local diagnosis and monitoring thus appears of great interest for enhancing RP control. Seismic surface-wave methods have been proposed to estimate in situ mechanical parameters of the superficial layers below railways. In this context, a joint geotechnical and seismic survey was carried out along the Northern Europe high-speed line (LGV) in order to precisely determine the origins of a phenomenon affecting the geometry of the track. Strong a priori knowledge of the RP structure allowed for inverting dispersion measurements for 1D VS models along the track. The results showed a contrast of VS in the loess lying below the RP, between areas where the phenomenon was observed and those it was not. This contrast was confirmed by Bender Elements measurements of VS performed on core drilling samples, and corresponded to the lateral variations observed along the track. These results encourage considering dispersion measurements as an appropriate tool of RP monitoring.


We formulate a finite-horizon nonstationary dynamic single-asset assembly problem, which covers both a liquid-asset assembly problem, based on the work of Rosling published in 1989, where the single asset is the single product being assembled, and a fixed-asset assembly problem, in which the single asset is production capacity. In the latter case, capacity is assembled over time from components and may be used to manufacture many products. In the spirit of Rosling, we provide conditions under which it can be solved by an equivalent analogous serial model in the form developed by Clark and Scarf in 1960, with a separate state variable for the level of assets in each stage of completion, dramatically simplifying the problem and its solution. In the liquid-asset case, we extend Rosling's 1989 work by including nonstationary demands, costs, and revenues in a finite-horizon setting. In the fixed-asset (capacity) expansion case, we show that capacity should be assembled in a balanced way and derive the optimal timing and extent of delays (in previously initiated capacity expansions). Our basic capacity expansion model is deterministic, so under our conditions, it is optimal never to delay a schedule and the state space reduces to a single dimension. However, in the Markov-modulated case, in which cost parameters and customer demand distributions can be influenced by a randomly and exogenously evolving state (of the economy), we illustrate that delays can be optimal.


This paper presents new capabilities of the virtual-human Santos introduced last year. Santos is an avatar that has extensive modeling and simulation features. It is a digital human model with over 100 degrees-of-freedom (DOF), where the hand model has 25 DOF, direct optimization-based method, and real-human like appearance. The newly developed analysis includes (1) a 25-DOF hand model that is the first step to study hand grasping; (2) posture prediction advances such as multiple end-effectors (two arms, two arms + head + legs), real-time inverse kinematics for posture prediction for any points, vision functionality; (3) dynamic motion prediction with external loads; and (4) musculosteletal modeling that includes determining muscle forces, and muscle stress. With these newly developed capabilities Santos can be used to test the joystick design, study grasping, facilitate vehicle interior design, test visibility for product design, predict correct dynamic motion or posture subject to external loads, and investigate muscle forces, and muscle stress. Finally, additional ongoing projects are summarized.


The objective of this project was to develop methods to detect meteoritic organic compounds in situ, and to detelmine whether any associations exist between specific classes of compound and co-located minerals, thus indicating a possible common origin. Carbonaceous chondrites, (which comprise a small proportion of meteorites), contain a few per cent of organic material, heterogeneously distributed within their structure, the major part being macromolecular ("insoluble organic material", lOM). Model compounds were covalently bonded to "molecular tags", atoms or groups not normally present in meteorites, enabling easier detection against background signals when using analytical methods suitable for use in situ, such as Raman spectroscopy or SEM. Also, extra functionality was introduced to model compounds by ozone treatment, allowing a greater density of tags to be attached. Following development work with terrestrial models, meteorite samples were exposed to ozone, but oxalic acid was formed instead of the expected oxygenated IOM derivative. To determine if this result was due to an effect of the minerals present, whole rock samples and demineralised IOM were analysed, both before and after exposure to ozone. Isolated IOM behaved differently from that still in situ. Fresh samples ofIOM were isolated (using two literature methods), and their reactions and properties compared. The evidence obtained indicated that the structure of IOM had been modified on isolation, and that the modifications caused by the two methods were different. This shows that any data generated from isolated IOM does not necessarily directly relate to organic material still present within a meteorite. Using the data obtained in this study, and that previously reported, two-component models for the structure of lOM, and scenarios for its formation, were discussed.


Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules such as proteins and viruses. Resolving a molecule's structure can give us insights into the function of a molecule and eventually lead to potential drug targets. Structural biologists use many different techniques (Figure 1) including X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy (EM), light microscopy and a range of other imaging techniques. Whereas these disciplines have traditionally been tackled as single entities, this is no longer sufficient to gain a detailed and quantitative understanding of the dynamic structure and biological context of the cell. Each technique resolves structures at different resolutions, and over the past few years, scientists have recognized the need and advantage of collaborating on projects, integrating several different techniques to resolve a single biological problem in all its complexities.


This study aims to investigate the impact of using Suchman's
inquiry model in teaching science at 7th grade schooling comparing
to the traditional teaching method. The sample consisted from 76
students in the experimental group, which used the Suchman's inquiry
model, whereas the control group consisted from 74 students and
received the traditional method.
After experimenting, an achievement test was given to all
sample members. The finding revealed that there is a significant
difference in the academic achievement in science between the
experimental and control groups due to teaching method in favor of
the experimental group at the significance level of (a=0.05).
The research findings indicated the necessity of adopting the
Suchman's inquiry model in teaching as it would extend students
performance.


We report work on effectively incorporating linguistic knowledge into grammar induction. We use a highly interactive bottom-up inductive logic programming (ILP) algorithm to learn 'missing' grammar rules from an incomplete grammar. Using linguistic constraints on, for example, head features and gap threading, reduces the search space to such an extent that, in the small-scale experiments reported here, we can generate and store all candidate grammar rules together with information about their coverage and linguistic properties. This allows an appealingly simple and controlled method for generating linguistically plausible grammar rules. Starting from a base of highly specific rules, we apply least general generalisation and inverse resolution to generate more general rules. Induced rules are ordered, for example by coverage, for easy inspection by the user and at any point, the user can commit to a hypothesised rule and add it to the grammar. Related work in ILP and computational linguistics is discussed.


Though there are a variety of prosthetic limbs that address the motor deficits associated with amputation, there has been relatively little progress in restoring sensation. Prosthetic limbs provide little direct sensory feedback of the forces they encounter in the environment, but "closing the loop" between sensation and action can make a great difference in performance [1]. For users of lower limb prostheses, stair descent is a difficult and dangerous task. The difficulty in stair descent can be attributed to three different factors: 1) Absence of tactile and haptic sensations at the bottom of the foot. Although force on the prosthetic socket provides some haptic feedback of the terrain being stepped on, this feedback does not provide information on the location of the staircase edge. 2) Insufficient ankle flexion of lower limb prostheses. Dorsiflexion of the physiological ankle during stair descent is about 27°. Even prostheses that provide active dorsiflexion provide less than this number, and regular prostheses provide almost no ankle dorsiflexion. The first two factors are analogous to the sensation of stair descent for someone without amputation wearing ski boots. 3) Prosthetic feet are optimized for flat-ground walking, offering undesirable energy storage at ankle flexion and energy return at toe-off. This can result in unwanted extra energy at the end of stance phase, propelling the user forward down the stairs. Most lower limb prosthesis designs focus on flat ground walking, but there has been less progress in addressing the challenges of stair descent. One technique that users of prosthetic lower limbs can use for addressing these challenges is to employ an "overhanging toe" foot placement strategy. Under this strategy, the edge of the staircase is used as a pivot point for the foot to roll over the stair. This reduces the need for ankle flexion by allowing the knee and hip to compensate, and avoids storing energy in the prosthetic spring. This strategy is dynamic, and requires the user to know the amount of toe overhang to adjust the movement of the rest of the body. Most haptic devices built to assist individuals wearing prostheses focus on upper extremity tasks [2–4] or standing and walking [5,6]. Whereas previous lower limb sensory replacement systems have targeted standing measures, here we focus on stair descent. The system provides cues of the stair edge location via vibrotactile stimulations on the thigh.


People increasingly use a diverse array of computational devices, including desktop PCs, one or more laptops, a cell phone, a PDA, tablet PCs, digital music players, automobile computers, and so on. We present Accord, a middleware system we have implemented to manage user data across all of these devices. Accord emulates an ideal abstraction we call a user data-space: a virtual space in which user files exist independent of any particular physical device. Users put files into the space with whatever device is convenient, and later access those files using any of their devices. This abstraction is difficult to implement, and requires Accord to predict when a file will be needed and on which device. We describe two mechanisms the middleware uses to support such predictions: an object graph, which records contextual and statistical information about file objects, and a file transfer planner, which uses predictions to determine how to efficiently move files between devices despite connectivity, bandwidth and storage constraints. Predictions can be constructed using simple usage statistics, or from more complex machinelearned models of user activities. We also present experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of our system.


BACKGROUND The primary goal of this study was to test whether high-altitude exposure (HAE of 9.7% O2 at 0.47 absolute atmosphere [ATA] for 3 days) was capable of increasing lung edema, neutrophil, and hemorrhage scores as well as decreasing lung levels of both aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and AQP5 proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in rats, with a secondary goal to test whether a preinduction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) by hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO2P of 100% O2 at 2.0 ATA for 1 hour per day for 5 consecutive days) attenuated the HAE-induced increased lung injury scores and decreased lung AQP1 and AQP5 protein and mRNA expressions. METHODS Rats were assigned to (1) non-HBO2P (21% O2 at 1.0 ATA) + non-HAE (21% O2 at 1.0 ATA) group; (2) non-HBO2P + HAE group; (3) HBO2P + HAE group; and HBO2P + HSP70 antibodies (Ab) + HAE group. For the HSP70 Ab group, a neutralizing HSP70 Ab was injected intravenously at 24 hours before HAE. All the physiologic and biochemical parameters were obtained at the end of HAE or the equivalent period of non-HAE. The cardiovascular and blood gas parameters were monitored for all experiments. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to determine proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6, interleukin 1&bgr;, and tumor necrosis factor &agr;). Parts of the lung were excised for myeloperoxidase activity measurement, whereas the rest was collected for lung damage score assessments. AQP1 and AQP5 protein and mRAN expressions were also determined in the lung tissues. RESULTS In the non-HBO2P + HAE group, the animals displayed higher values of lung myeloperoxidase activity, BAL proinflammatory cytokines, lung water weight, and acute lung injury scores compared with those of the non-HBO2P + non-HAE controls. In contrast, the non-HBO2P + HAE group rats had lower values of lung AQP1 and AQP5 protein and mRNA expressions, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, SO2, Paco2, HCO3−, and pH compared with those of non-HBO2P + non-HAE group rats. The increased acute lung edema, neutrophil, and hemorrhage scores; increased BAL levels of proinflammatory cytokines; decreased lung AQP1 and AQP5 protein and mRNA expressions; and hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxia, and acidosis caused by HAE were all significantly attenuated by HBO2P. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that HBO2P may attenuate high-altitude acute lung injury by a preinduction of lung HSP70 in rats.


Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling controls key aspects of cellular differentiation, proliferation, survival, metabolism, and migration. Deregulated RTK signaling also underlies many cancers. Glycosphingolipids (GSL) are essential elements of the plasma membrane. By affecting clustering and activity of membrane receptors, GSL modulate signal transduction, including that mediated by the RTK. GSL are abundant in the nervous system, and glial development in Drosophila is emerging as a useful model for studying how GSL modulate RTK signaling. Drosophila has a simple GSL biosynthetic pathway, in which the mannosyltransferase Egghead controls conversion of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to mactosylceramide (MacCer). Lack of elongated GSL in egghead (egh) mutants causes overgrowth of subperineurial glia (SPG), largely due to aberrant activation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K). However, to what extent this effect involves changes in upstream signaling events is unresolved. We show here that glial overgrowth in egh is strongly linked to increased activation of Insulin and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). Glial hypertrophy is phenocopied when overexpressing gain‐of‐function mutants of the Drosophila insulin receptor (InR) and the FGFR homolog Heartless (Htl) in wild type SPG, and is suppressed by inhibiting Htl and InR activity in egh. Knockdown of GlcCer synthase in the SPG fails to suppress glial overgrowth in egh nerves, and slightly promotes overgrowth in wild type, suggesting that RTK hyperactivation is caused by absence of MacCer and not by GlcCer accumulation. We conclude that an early product in GSL biosynthesis, MacCer, prevents inappropriate activation of insulin and fibroblast growth factor receptors in Drosophila glia.


This meta-analysis synthesized 226 effect sizes reflecting the relation between self-focused attention and negative affect (depression, anxiety, negative mood). The results demonstrate the multifaceted nature of self-focused attention and elucidate major controversies in the field. Overall, self-focus was associated with negative affect. Several moderators qualified this relationship. Self-focus and negative affect were more strongly related in clinical and female-dominated samples. Rumination yielded stronger effect sizes than nonruminative self-focus. Self-focus on positive self-aspects and following a positive event were related to lower negative affect. Most important, an interaction between foci of self-attention and form of negative affect was found: Private self-focus was more strongly associated with depression and generalized anxiety, whereas public self-focus was more strongly associated with social anxiety.


The accuracy of the Variational Asymptotic Plate and Shell Analysis (VAPAS) is assessed against several higher order, zig zag and layerwise theories generated by using the invariant axiomatic framework denoted as Generalized Unified Formulation (GUF). All the axiomatic and asymptotic theories are also compared against the elasticity solution developed for the case of a sandwich structure with high Face to Core Stiffness Ratio. GUF allows to use an infinite number of axiomatic theories (Equivalent Single Layer theories with or without zig zag effects and Layerwise theories as well) with any combination of orders of the displacements and it is an ideal tool to precisely assess the range of applicability of the Variational Asymptotic Plate and Shell Analysis or other theories in general. In fact, all the axiomatic theories generated by GUF are obtained from the kernels or fundamental nuclei of the Generalized Unified Formulation and changing the order of the variables is "naturally" and systematically done with GUF. It is demonstrated that VAPAS achieves accuracy comparable to a fourth (or higher) order zig-zag theory. The computational advantages of VAPAS are then demonstrated. The differences between the axiomatic Zig-zag models and VAPAS are also assessed. Range of applicability of VAPAS will be discussed in detail and guidelines for new developments based on GUF and VAPAS are provided.


The occurrence of cryptic species within a threatened taxon is rare, but where they do occur, understanding species boundaries is essential for planning an effective conservation strategy. The short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus is a Vulnerable seabird that mainly breeds on Torishima and the Senkaku Islands in the western North Pacific. Although it has been tacitly regarded as a single management unit with 2 breeding sites, the species is known to comprise 2 genetically separated populations (Senkaku-type and Torishima-type). However, morphological examination of birds from both populations has not been conducted owing to the difficulty in accessing the Senkaku Islands. In this study, we examined the morphological differences be tween immigrants from the Senkaku Islands to Torishima (Senkaku-type) and native birds on Torishima (Torishima-type) and found significant differences in morphological characteristics be tween the 2 bird types. In general, Torishima-type birds were larger than Senkaku-type birds, whereas Senkaku-type birds had relatively longer beaks. Based on the morphological differences found in this study as well as genetic and ecological differences revealed in previous studies, we believe that Senkakuand Torishima-type birds should be classified as different cryptic species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cryptic species being identified in a threatened avian species.


Attention scarcity is a limitation on the ability to incorporate information into actions with state-contingent consequences. In a menu choice setting, we study an axiomatic model of decision making with scarce attention. A decision maker satisfying our axioms acts as if she chooses a joint distribution over a product space of states and signals. The decision maker uses information from the joint distribution to make better ex-post choices from menus, and attention scarcity is reflected in a subjective cost of information. Our focus on ex-ante preferences allows us to identify anticipated attention scarcity from choice behavior, and thereby clarify the decision theoretic foundations of rational inattention models proposed in Sims (1998, 2003).


The labor flow promotes the industrial structure evolution, thereby affecting the growth of productivity. In the western industrialized countries, improvement in labor productivity has become an important source of economic growth. On the basis of analyzing changes of the industrial structure, changes of the structure of labor factor, changes of labor productivity and the growth rate in Guangdong Province in different periods, we use shift-share method to analyze the labor productivity effect of industrial structure in Guangdong Province, and put forward the following recommendations for the adjustment of industrial structure in Guangdong Province: (i) The adjustment of industrial structure should promote the reasonable and effective flow of labor between industries; (ii) Accelerating the optimization of the industrial structure is conducive to economic growth and improvement in labor productivity; (iii) In addition to structural optimization, the improvement in labor productivity should also focus on the improvement in intra-industry technology.


The shift from hospital to community care for people with mental health problems places continuing demands on community-based services. However, compara tively little is known about the patterns of service use among those previously resident in psychiatric hospitals. In this study, a total of 145 former long-stay psychiatric patients in Northern Ireland (NI) - most with a diagnosis of schizo phrenia and aged under 60 - were followed up one year after discharge to identify the type and frequency of service use during the previous six months. Although a wide range of services was used, GPs, CPNs and social workers respectively were central to client care outside hospital. However, access to, and use of, services- influenced, in part, by the unique integrated health and social services structure in NI - varied widely across types and sectors of accommodation. The findings have implications both for the successful management of community placement for former long-stay patients and for the planning and implementation of services for future more dependent cohorts.