Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry and frozen-section immunoperoxidase was compared on 21 consecutive lymph node biopsy specimens, of which a diagnosis of lymphoma was made for 11 specimens. Samples for flow cytometry were obtained by a fine-needle aspiration technique. Concordance between frozen-section immunoperoxidase and flow cytometry for all routine markers on all specimens ranged from 76 to 100%. In general, B-cell markers showed poorer concordance than T-cell markers, with kappa and lambda light chains having the poorest concordance, at 76% each. Flow cytometry was significantly more sensitive (90 versus 30%; P < 0.006) and had a significantly higher negative predictive value (100 versus 63%; P < 0.006) than frozen-section immunoperoxidase for demonstrating light-chain restriction. There was no significant difference in the specificities (100 versus 91%) or positive predictive values (100% each) between the two methods. Both methods demonstrated characteristic immunophenotypes for intermediate cell lymphomas, small lymphocytic lymphomas, and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas. Frozen-section immunoperoxidase and flow cytometry appear to be significantly concordant methods for immunophenotypic analysis of lymph node biopsies. Light-chain restriction is more readily demonstrated by flow cytometry than frozen-section immunoperoxidase. We believe that ex vivo fine-needle aspiration is a simple and reliable method of obtaining cell suspensions of lymph nodes for flow cytometry.


The division of American musical culture into a cultivated and vernacular tradition may be traced in large measure to developments in antebellum Boston. It was there that American writers first argued fervently for the association of Platonic idealism with secular instrumental music, and some of these same individuals established the symphony orchestra as the musical medium most capable of realizing their ideals. Musical developments in antebellum Boston were affected by the class structure, which was closely related to religious preference. The upper class, mostly Unitarian, did not participate significantly in music until the late 1830s. The middle class, mostly congregational, favored religious, amateur performing ensembles. The socioeconomic elite began to support music in the 1830s. Led by Samuel A. Eliot, three-time Mayor of Boston, they wrested control of the Boston Academy of Music from the Congregational evangelicals and made it the premier secular musical institution of the city. The Academy featured the first successful symphony orchestra in Boston and one of the first in the country. Ironically, however, Eliot9s motivations, which were articulated in several important articles, harked back to early federal Republican concepts of creating a homogeneous society through a commonly shared culture. They contrasted sharply with the more insular goals of the nineteenth-century socioeconomic elite, who wished to use music as a means of distancing themselves from other segments of society. Eliot9s vision ultimately was not realized, but his efforts did much to establish the symphony orchestra in American society as well as the notion of high musical culture itself. As such Eliot is an major, although hitherto ignored, figure in American musical history.


Single cell comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was employed to extensively investigate 24 unfertilized or in vitromatured meiosis II oocytes and their corresponding first polar bodies (PBs), to determine how and whether all 23 chromosomes participate in female meiosis I errors and to accurately estimate the aneuploidy rate in the examined cells. Results were obtained for 15 oocytes and 16 PBs, representing 23 eggs (MII oocyte-PB complexes) donated from 15 patients (average age 32.2 years). Abnormalities were detected in ten eggs, giving an overall aneuploidy rate of 43.5%. In all, fourteen anomalies were scored, with the fertilized oocyte being at risk of monosomy in eight cases and at risk of trisomy in six; chromosomes of various sizes participated. CGH was able to give a comprehensive aneuploidy rate, as both absence of chromosomal material and the presence of extra copies were accurately scored. The aneuploidy mechanisms determined were: classical whole univalent non-disjunction; chromatid predivision prior to anaphase I, leading to metaphase II imbalance. There was also evidence of germinal mosaicism for a trisomic cell line. Three patients appeared to be predisposed to meiosis I errors, based on the presence of either multiple abnormalities in one or more of their examined cells, or of the same type of abnormality in all of their cells. Exclusion of these susceptible patients reduces the aneuploidy rate to 20%. Various hypotheses are put forward to explain these observations in order to stimulate research into the complex nature of female meiotic regulation.


Mortgage amortization schedules are among the largest savings plans in the world (ex. U.S. households contribute hundreds of billions of dollars annually to these "mortgage piggy banks"). However, little is known about their effects on wealth accumulation. Ex-ante, the effect is unclear. It depends on the fungibility of home equity and other savings, and households' willingness to adjust consumption or leisure. Empirically, effects are difficult to identify since amortization and other savings choices are typically co-determined. We overcome this challenge by utilizing a 2013 Dutch reform that increased amortization requirements for new mortgages. Using detailed administrative data, we compare savings decisions for home-buyers right before or after the reform. We use plausibly exogenous variation in the timing of home purchase coming from life-events (ex. birth of a child) to address selection concerns. We find that marginal wealth-building from amortization (MWA) is substantial. Remarkably, households leave non-mortgage savings untouched and cut consumption and leisure instead, implying a near 1-for-1 rise in net-worth. Results hold five years out when the additional amortization-induced home equity is larger than the stock of liquid savings, suggesting substantial amounts of amortization-driven wealth-building over a typical business cycle. Effects are ubiquitous and hold for unconstrained households, who could easily offset the additional amortization by reducing non-mortgage savings, and movers, suggesting a broad applicability of our results. Overall, our results highlight the critical importance of mortgage amortization for household wealth-building and macroprudential policies.


Reissued with an updated bibliography and additional notes, this study records how American artists and designers at the turn of the 20th century, inspired in part by William Morris and his followers, created objects of household use that were also works of art. Featured are Louis C. Tiffany, Charles Rohlfs, Gustav Stickley, Greene and Greene, the Roycrofters and Frank Lloyd Wright, among many others. Also included are sections on art pottery and arts and crafts.


..................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... v NOMENCLATURE ..........................................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ xvii CHAPTER


Trakya Univ Tip Fak Derg 2007;24(1):77-80 Fibro-osseous pseudotumor of the digits is a conflicting and rare benign lesion leading to serious problems and conflicts in differential diagnosis, especially with extraskeletal osteosarcoma. A 57-year-old man presented with a painful swelling in the proximal phalange of his left index finger. Direct radiography taken on admission revealed a soft tissue swelling with suspicious calcification in the proximal phalange palmar aspect of the index finger of left hand The excised specimen of, 2x1.5x0.7 cm was gray-white with a rough, somewhat irregular outer surface. Microscopic examination revealed a mesenchimal tumorous lesion with a partially degenerated and partially calcified/ossified myxoid stroma. There were cellular areas composed of fibroblastic spindle cells, with mild-moderate nuclear atypia and moderate mitotic activity. Those cellular areas also contained osteoclast like multinucleated giant cells forming disordered groups. The final diagnosis based on histopathologic, radiographic and clinical findings was fibro-osseous pseudotumor of the digits.


For the detection of anabolic steroid residues in bovine urine, a highly sensitive liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was developed using both positive and negative ionization. For four compounds the ESI mode was not sensitive enough and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric GC/MS detection was therefore still necessary as a complementary method. The sample clean-up consisted of solid-phase extraction (SPE) on a C18 column followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and a second solid-phase extraction on a combination of a C18 and a NH2 column. After this last SPE clean-up, the eluate was split into two equal aliquots. One aliquot was further purified and after derivatization used for GC/MS analysis. The other aliquot was analyzed with LC/MS/MS in both ESI+ and ESI− modes. The method was validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Decision limits (CCα) were between 0.16 and 1 ng ml−1 for the compounds detected with the LC/MS/MS method. The developed method is used in routine analysis in our laboratory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


ABSTRACT Stress related to ethical decision‐making is a serious consequence of frequent encounters with ethical dilemmas for oncology nurses. A descriptive, correlational design using survey techniques was used as a study design with a nationwide sample of 229 oncology nurses. The results indicated nurses experienced an average of 32 different types of ethical dilemmas within the past year on a daily basis. Pain management is the most frequently cited ethical dilemma, followed by cost containment issues and making quality of life and other decisions in the patient's best interest. Approximately 80% of respondents rated their ethics stress level as a 6 or above on a scale of 0 to 10. Forty‐three percent of the sample indicated they use an independent or "sovereign" style of moral reasoning, 23% rely on or accommodate to the judgment of others, and 34% use characteristics of both moral reasoning styles. Understanding the relationships among style of moral reasoning, coping style, and ethics stress can assist nurses and administrators to deal more effectively with the increased moral distress found in many oncology practice settings today. Findings suggest specific interventions for reducing ethics stress in this population of nurses.


The current thesis aimed to investigate associative memory performance of older and younger adults through various manipulations involving unrelated and integrative word pairs (pairs that can form a sole concept). Research indicates that older adults demonstrate an associative deficit whereby they have difficulty forming new associations between items (Naveh-Benjamin, 2000), and this age-related deficit is attenuated when associative memory can be supported by prior knowledge or pre-established associations, such as semantically related word pairs (Badham & Maylor, 2015; Castel, 2005). However, findings from Badham, Estes and Maylor (2012) suggested that word pairs which lack prior associations but can be integrated lead to a reduced associative deficit in the elderly. This thesis first tests the robustness of the integrative advantage as an empirical result; it then attempts to uncover the mechanisms through which the integrative advantage manifests itself. Experiment 1 set out to replicate Badham et al. (2012) and produced similar findings, in that pairs which were integrative but which lacked pre-established associations were better recalled by the elderly than unrelated pairs (an integrative advantage), consequently reducing the associative deficit. Experiments 2, 3a and 3b then examined the roles of item-specific and relational processing and found that encouraging item-specific processing with the integrative pairs reduced their advantage, to the extent that they were not recalled significantly better than the unrelated pairs. Experiment 4 intended to assess whether interactive imagery played a role by seeing if the integrative advantage would be reduced with the encouragements of interactive imagery techniques of the unrelated pairs. Results demonstrated that the advantage was still maintained, which led to the possibility that specificity and perhaps uniqueness were involved. The final experiment investigated the influences of cue overload on integrative and unrelated recall, as well as on recognition. Findings indicated that overloading the integrative cues and hence making the relationship less specific reduced the integrative advantage relative to a condition where the integrative pairs were not overloaded and were unique. In addition, older adults tended to rely more on familiarity than on recollection, in comparison to the younger adults, producing more false alarms to the recombined pairs than their younger counterparts. Taken together, the results from the series of experiments conducted suggest that the role assignment model of relational concepts offers a viable explanation of how the integrative advantage can be explained. The introduction will outline the associative deficit hypothesis (Naveh-Benjamin, 2000) as well as the reduced resources hypothesis of cognitive aging (Craik, 2002), before moving on to the empirical chapters. The latter cover more specific literature relating to each of the factors/specific phenomena of interest.


Title The effects of large-scale N fertilization on the interaction between plants and herbivorous insects in a deciduous broadleaved forest [an abstract of entire text] Author(s) Jin, Lee Issue Date 2017-03-23 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/65591 Type theses (doctoral abstract of entire text) Note この博士論文全文の閲覧方法については、以下のサイトをご参照ください。 Note(URL) https://www.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dissertations/copy-guides/ File Information Jin_LEE_summary.pdf


This thesis analyses the representations of North America in English travel narratives between the years 1607-1660. Texts in both print and manuscript format are examined to discover how authors described the geography, climate, landscape, flora and fauna of America, as well as the settlements established there by the English. The thesis is mostly concerned with literature concerning Virginia and New England, although the settlements of Newfoundland, Maine and Maryland are also briefly mentioned. The first chapter describes the methodology of the thesis and locates its place alongside the existing literature. A chapter explaining the pre-history of English involvement in North America in the reign of Elizabeth I follows. Chapter Three describes the connection between printing and adventuring on which the thesis is predicted, explaining how the authors' intentions and experiences affected their portrayal of the New World. The ways in which authors understood the geography and climate of America are explored in Chapter Four, including the influence of European thinking and the writers' experiences in America itself. The landscape, including rivers, mountains and forests are examined next in chapter five, with a special focus on the Englishmen's subduing of the landscape and their reactions to its potential. Chapters Six and Seven deal with the flora and fauna of the New World, tracing how the settlers' initial high hopes of using the diversity of wildlife they encountered gave way to the realisation that familiar crops and animals imported from Europe would prove more useful than those found locally, with a few notable exceptions, such as tobacco. Chapters Eight and Nine analyse the changing representations of the English settlements themselves, by comparing the English experiences in Virginia and those of New England. Again, initial hopes give way to an acceptance of a less idealistic vision for the plantations. Chapter Ten brings the focus of the thesis back to England, asking how printed information about the New World was transmitted around the country by various practitioners of the printing trade, and who was able to digest this information. The representation of America, not only in travel narratives, but also in other forms of literature such as ballads, poetry and plays, are reviewed more broadly in chapter eleven, and an attempt is made to define the responses of individual and collective readers to the news from the New World that they gathered. In its conclusion, the thesis explores the influence of this literature on the new scientific thinking and on England's relationship with her colonies.


Epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) was employed for both c-plane and a-plane GaN layers on sapphire, and a more pronounced optical improvement was observed for the a-plane GaN as evidenced by the significantly increased band edge photoluminescence (PL). Room temperature near-field scanning optical microscopy studies explicitly showed enhanced optical quality in the wing regions of the overgrown GaN due to reduced density of dislocations, and for the a-plane ELO GaN sample the wings and the windows were clearly discernible from PL mapping. Time-resolved PL measurements revealed biexponential decays with time constants that were significantly enhanced for the a-plane ELO GaN (τ1=0.08ns, τ2=0.25ns) when compared to the non-ELO control sample but were still much shorter than those for the c-plane ELO GaN (τ1=0.26ns, τ2=0.90ns).


Abstract The proper characterisation of stellar winds is essential for the study of propagation of eruptive events (flares, coronal mass ejections) and the study of space weather events on exoplanets. Here, we quantitatively investigate the nature of the stellar winds surrounding the hot Jupiters HD46375b, HD73256b, HD102195b, HD130322b, HD179949b. We simulate the three-dimensional winds of their host stars, in which we directly incorporate their observed surface magnetic fields. With that, we derive the wind properties at the position of the hot-Jupiters' orbits (temperature, velocity, magnetic field intensity and pressure). We show that the exoplanets studied here are immersed in a local stellar wind that is much denser than the local conditions encountered around the solar system planets (e.g., 5 orders of magnitude denser than the conditions experienced by the Earth). The environment surrounding these exoplanets also differs in terms of dynamics (slower stellar winds, but higher Keplerian velocities) and ambient magnetic fields (2 to 3 orders of magnitude larger than the interplanetary medium surrounding the Earth). The characterisation of the host star's wind is also crucial for the study of how the wind interacts with exoplanets. For example, we compute the exoplanetary radio emission that is released in the wind-exoplanet interaction. For the hot-Jupiters studied here, we find radio fluxes ranging from 0.02 to 0.13 mJy. These fluxes could become orders of magnitude higher when stellar eruptions impact exoplanets, increasing the potential of detecting exoplanetary radio emission.


The self-regulation of cosmic-ray (CR) transport in the interstellar and intracluster media has long been viewed through the lenses of linear and quasi-linear kinetic plasma physics. Such theories are believed to capture the essence of CR behavior in the presence of self-generated turbulence but cannot describe potentially critical details arising from the nonlinearities of the problem. We utilize the particle-in-cell numerical method to study the time-dependent nonlinear behavior of the gyroresonant streaming instabilities, self-consistently following the combined evolution of particle distributions and self-generated wave spectra in one-dimensional periodic simulations. We demonstrate that the early growth of instability conforms to the predictions from linear physics, but that the late-time behavior can vary depending on the properties of the initial CR distribution. We emphasize that the nonlinear stages of instability depend strongly on the initial anisotropy of CRs—highly anisotropic CR distributions do not efficiently reduce to Alfvénic drift velocities, owing to reduced production of left-handed resonant modes. We derive estimates for the wave amplitudes at saturation and the timescales for nonlinear relaxation of the CR distribution and then demonstrate the applicability of these estimates to our simulations. Bulk flows of the background plasma due to the presence of resonant waves are observed in our simulations, confirming the microphysical basis of CR-driven winds.


A case is reported which illustrates the use of peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of hypercalcaemia due to metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Control of hypercalcaemia was rapid and sustained. Removal of calcium did not completely explain the results observed. The possibility is discussed that treatment temporarily suppressed tumour growth or removed some dialysable hypercalcaemic or tumour growth factor.


Structural properties of activated sludge flocs were found to be sensitive to small changes in ionic strength. This study investigates the effect of ionic strength on settling of activated sludge. Samples were taken from activated sludge process of Ghazvin Sasan soft drink wastewater treatment plant, then treated with different ionic strengths of KCl and CaCl2 solution, after that the turbidity of supernatant was measured. The results indicated that low ionic strength resulted in a steeper slope of the accumulated turbidity data for both KCl and CaCl2 as a result of a release of floc fragments and free cells into the supernatant, which did not precipitate during the incubation period. By increasing the ionic strength, the sedimentation improved because of less fragmentation of the sludge flocs. Also at low ionic strengths, the dissociation coefficient was high as a result of a substantial fragmentation of the sludge flocs. The dissociation of the flocs decreased as the ionic strength increased, resulting in a minimum of floc degradation in ionic strength between 0.006 and 0.06M.


Faster, cheaper, and more power efficient optimization solvers than those currently possible using general-purpose techniques are required for extending the use of model predictive control (MPC) to resource-constrained embedded platforms. We propose several custom computational architectures for different first-order optimization methods that can handle linear-quadratic MPC problems with input, input-rate, and soft state constraints. We provide analysis ensuring the reliable operation of the resulting controller under reduced precision fixed-point arithmetic. Implementation of the proposed architectures in FPGAs shows that satisfactory control performance at a sample rate beyond 1 MHz is achievable even on low-end devices, opening up new possibilities for the application of MPC on embedded systems.


A phytoremediation was evaluated as a solution for mitigating the fishy odor, or trimethylamine (TMA), that occurs in the seafood industry, including fresh markets. A synthetic TMA chemical was used to generate the fishy odor, and eight types of potted plants—Prickly pear cactus, Dracaena sanderiana Sander, Dieffenbachia camilla, Tradescantia spathacea, Peperomia magnoliifolia, Chlorophytum comosum, Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill., and Scindapsus aureus—were selected as candidates for removing TMA in light and dark conditions. The results showed that S. aureus had the highest TMA removal efficiency in light conditions after 72 h (> 95%). However, it had very low efficiency under dark conditions, suggesting that S. aureus should be placed in locations with all-day light sources. On the other hand, cactus types (C. hexagonus (L.) Mill. and Prickly pear cactus) are highly efficient at removing TMA in both light and dark conditions after 72 h (> 90%) and may therefore be more suitable for real-world environments containing both light and dark conditions.


This paper presents an in-memory computing (IMC) macro in 28nm for fully row/column-parallel matrix-vector multiplication (MVM), exploiting precise capacitor-based analog computation to extend from binary input-vector elements to 5-b input-vector elements, for 16x increase in energy efficiency and 5x increase in throughput. The 1152(row)x256(col.) macro employs multi-level input drivers based on a digital-switch DAC implementation, which preserve compute accuracy well beyond the 8-b resolution of the output ADCs, and whose area is halved via a dynamic-range doubling (DRD) technique. The macro achieves the highest reported IMC energy efficiency of 5796 TOPS/W and compute density of 12 TOPS/mm2 (both normalized to 1-b ops). CIFAR-10 image classification is demonstrated with accuracy of 91%, equal to the level of ideal SW implementation.


Abstract Two flea beetles, Aphthona lacertosa Rosenheim and A. nigriscutis Foudras, have been introduced to control leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L., in North America. We determined the effect of temperature on developmental rates of overwintered third instars to adult for each species. Developmental rates were determined by field collecting soil cores containing overwintering larvae and holding soil cores at constant temperatures of 12, 15, 18, 21, 22.5, and 26°C with 24-h light. Linear regression indicated that the lower developmental thresholds for A. lacertosa and A. nigriscutis were 7.5 and 9.3°C, respectively, and the median-required cumulative degree-days for emergence was 461 DD for A. lacertosa and 433 DD for A. nigriscutis. For each species, a three-parameter Weibull function was fit to a cumulative probability distribution of emergence. First emergence estimates for each species were calculated by multiplying the gamma (γ) parameter from the fit of the Weibull function with median-required degree-days from the linear model. First emergence for A. lacertosa and A. nigriscutis were predicted at 326 and 322 accumulated DD, respectively. Emergence models were validated with springtime field captures in Minnesota, Montana, and North Dakota. Results overall indicate a lack of bias in first emergence predictions for both species. However, there was a possible bias for predicting first emergence of A. nigirscutis in Montana, which was on average 15 d late. We speculate that different climatic and environmental conditions may have played a role.


There are an increasing number of critical voices within the innovation community who are raising questions around the relevance of innovation policy research to innovation policy practice. With the aim of contributing to a more relevant regional innovation policy research, this paper, builds on reflections along these lines presented by Morlacchi and Martin (2009), followed by Uyarra, Flanagan and Laranja (Flanagan & Uyarra, 2016; Flanagan, Uyarra, & Laranja, 2011), as well as issues raised and developed by action research scholars in general and the 'action research for territorial development' approach (Karlsen & Larrea, 2014a) in particular. Specifically, based on the idea that a greater diversity of approaches to policy analysis would benefit innovation studies, the paper argues for incorporating ideas developed by interpretive policy analysis scholars. The paper presents concepts and approaches that in our opinion require further exploration or strengthening, including the practice perspective, 'ordering devices', collaborative or dialogical approaches to policy analysis and constructivist approaches to policy learning.


SUMMARY: The properties (Michaelis constants, rates of inactivation at 100°, temperature coefficients and pH/activity relationships) of the extracellular penicillinase formed by a strain of Bacillus subtilis when growing in casein hydrolysate (= 'basal' enzyme) have been compared with those of the enzyme formed by the organism when growing in the same medium after addition of 1 unit benzylpenicillin/ml. (= 'induced' enzyme); no differences between the two preparations were detected. Similarly, no immunological or other differences were found between the basal and induced penicillinases of B. cereus, strain 569. However, the B. subtilis penicillinase was significantly different from the B. cereus penicillinase in the value of its Michaelis constant and the shape of its pH/activity curve; it was also quite distinct immunologically.


A mathematical model of the electrophotographic printing process has been developed. This model can be used for analysis. From this a print simulation process has been developed to simulate the effects of the model components on toner particle placement. A wide variety of simulated prints are produced from the model's three main inputs, laser spread, charge to toner proportionality factor and toner particle size. While the exact placement of toner particles is a random process, the total effect is not. The effect of each model parameter on the ISO 13660 print quality attributes line width, fill, raggedness and blurriness is described.


OBJECTIVE
To describe a hypoalbuminemic critically ill patient with subtherapeutic total valproic acid serum concentrations but unbound valproic acid concentrations within normal limits.

CASE SUMMARY
During an intensive care unit admission, a 61-year-old woman with urosepsis and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome developed tonic-clonic seizures with respiratory failure, and tracheal intubation was performed. An intravenous loading dose of valproic acid 1500 mg (25 mg/kg) was administered and therapy was continued with valproic acid 750 mg (12.5 mg/kg) twice daily. Because of progressive renal failure, continuous venovenous hemofiltration was started on day 3 of valproic acid therapy. On day 7 of valproic acid therapy, routine testing of serum valproic acid trough concentration returned as undetectable. Subsequent determinations of trough serum concentrations of total valproic acid showed values below the therapeutic range. Data from a full pharmacokinetic curve (multiple blood samples during a dosing interval) showed that the free fraction of valproic acid was >60%. Although total valproic acid concentrations were still low, the unbound concentrations were considered therapeutic. Serum albumin was 1.2 g/dL on the multiple sampling day.

DISCUSSION
The patient's hypoalbuminemia probably explains the remarkably high free fraction of valproic acid. Our hypothesis is that the low albumin level was associated with high plasma clearance of valproic acid, leading to extremely low total drug concentrations. To our knowledge, this high percentage of free valproic acid has not been previously described.

CONCLUSIONS
Health-care professionals should be aware of the need of early determination of both total and free fraction valproic acid serum concentrations in hypoalbuminemic critically ill patients. Increasing the dose of valproic acid purely based on total valproic acid serum concentrations in this patient population should be avoided.


[Purpose] To compare function, activity, participation, and quality of life of Down syndrome children and typically developing children according to age. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 16 Down syndrome children and 20 children with typical development were included as subjects for this study. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Child and Youth version (CY) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a questionnaire were used to measure children's functioning, activity, and participation. To measure quality of life, KIDSCREEN 52-HRQOL questionnaire was used in this study. [Results] ICF-CY function, activity, participation, and quality of life showed statistically significant differences between Down syndrome children and typically developing children. Down syndrome children with higher functions showed higher activities and participation. Higher function, activity and participation features were correlated with better quality of life. Higher function resulted in better quality of life. [Conclusion] Function, activity, participation, quality of life, and several common factors of Down syndrome children depend on the ability of children. Function of Down syndrome children affects their activity, participation, and quality of life. Activities and participations also affect quality of life. Therefore, children's functional aspect is the foundation for quality of life.


We study the dynamics of propagation of the pulse train modeled by truncated cnoidal-type wave in a nonlinear dispersion-managed (DM) fiber. Computer simulations permit to select fiber parameters and waveform to ensure self-repeating of wave after the dispersion map period. It is shown that the long-period maps lead to the complicated chaotic behavior of cnoidal type wave, namely the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) chaos.


Since the late 1980s the EU has made great strides in the liberalization of network markets. This article assumes a horizontal perspective, juxtaposing different network markets while focusing solely on the rules and policies at EU level. A six-step checklist is applied to facilitate a comparative analysis of EU regulatory liberalization in gas, electricity, telecoms, postal services, and rail and air transport. Competition policy is discussed with respect to: the relation between regulation and competition policy; the role of the EC Court; the 'essential facility' doctrine; defining relevant markets; and merger control in network industries. Finally, the question is addressed as to whether these network industries operate in an EC internal market. The answer is no. Policy recommendations: the EU defines a well-considered overall strategy for network market liberalization; the issue of the internal market with common regulators, at least where a subsidiarity test is passed, should be squarely addressed. Copyright 2001, Oxford University Press.


In building engineering, building waterproofing technology is a comprehensive and highly applied engineering science and technology. It is an important part of construction technology. It is important to improve the function of building use and production, quality of life and improve the living environment. Waterproof engineering is a systematic project, which involves the waterproof material, waterproof engineering design, construction technology, the management of the building and other aspects. The task of building waterproofing project is to synthesize all the above factors, to carry out all-round evaluation, select the high-performance waterproof material to meet the requirements, and carry out reliable, durable, reasonable and economical waterproof function engineering design, careful organization, careful construction, maintenance management system to meet the buildings and structures of the waterproof durability, to achieve high quality waterproofi ng and good comprehensive benefi ts. At the same time, waterproof engineering is a demanding professional technology, so the construction of specialization is to ensure that the quality of roof waterproofi ng works the key, if construction operation is not serious, the technology is not enough, and the consequences will inevitably lead to failure of waterproofing works. Quality of waterproofing works the overall quality requirements of building waterproofi ng works are: impermeable to leakage, to ensure smooth drainage, so that the building has a good waterproof and use function. The quality of building waterproofi ng works is superior to waterproofi ng material, waterproof design, waterproof construction and maintenance management.


A valuable approach for multigene family studies where the expression product of at least one gene member of the family is measurable is described. In such cases, the effect on gene expression of nucleotide sequence differences or mutations occurring in other members of the family or at alleles can easily be determined. This is achieved by a strategy called homologous DNA mutagenesis. It consists of the insertion of mutated regions from homologous genes into the context of the gene coding for the assayable product. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of this approach using gene members of the human growth hormone and human placental lactogen (hGH-hPL) multigene family.


Historic Map Works™ Library Edition is one of the most extensive digital map collections available, with over 1.5 million high-resolution, full color historic maps.


During the last 20 years antihypertensive treatment has given excellent results in terms of prevention of cardiovascular complications. However these results, for some reasons, are less satisfactory than those theoretically possible. The problems we need to solve are many and all contribute to reduce the efficacy of therapy. First of all it is necessary to make a correct diagnosis of hypertension to avoid treating normotensive subjects. The use of continuous ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in some cases can be useful to clarify these situations and also to better evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. In the vast majority of cases, however, the traditional blood pressure recordings, if correctly performed, can give satisfactory and sufficient information. After a correct diagnosis is made the physician must start with the patient an open-minded cooperation based on confidence. He must clearly explain the goals and the methods of therapy and encourage, instead of frighten, the patient. The next step is the choice of the kind of treatment in which many factors must be kept in mind and in which the physician must have a deep knowledge of the patient and of the drugs. Treatment has a high probability rate of a good patient's compliance only if it does not cause adverse reactions and if the therapeutic scheme is simple. Studies on compliance have shown that it is possible to identify those patients at risk of low compliance even before the beginning of therapy and it has been shown that adverse reactions especially if the patient has not been informed by the doctor, can cause a dramatic fall in compliance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


The Chebyshev polynomial approximation (UN method) is used to solve the critical slab problem in one‐speed neutron transport theory using Marshak boundary condition. The isotropic scattering kernel with the combination of forward and backward scattering is chosen for the neutrons in a uniform finite slab. Numerical results obtained by the UN method are presented in the tables together with the results obtained by the well‐known PN method for comparison. It is shown that the method converges rapidly with its easily executable equations.


Public primary schooling in Brazil is the responsibility of state and municipal governments and not under the direct jurisdiction of the federal Ministry of Education. As a consequence, when the federal government wants to improve the quality of schooling, it has neither the mandate nor the capacity to work directly with the country's 184,800 public schools, serving 44 million children. Instead, the Ministry has to mobilize the 27 state-level governments and 5,561 municipal governments to undertake the desired reforms and improvements. The School Improvement Program, designed to address these concerns, consists of three projects. The first, Fundescola I (US$125 million), approved in April 1998, was designed to develop an initial set of school-based instruments and support structures to improve school equity and effectiveness and to increase public awareness around the issue of school quality.. The second project, Fundescola II (US$400 million) , approved in June 1999, focused on improving and expanding the set of tools developed in the first phase, extending these to additional schools, and more aggressively engaging the education establishment and the public sector in the process of school-based development. The third project, Fundescola III, aims at completing the work involved in the development of the tools and processes and scaling these up within Brazil. Fundescola III will be implemented in two phases: Fundescola IIIA (US$320 million), approved on June 13, 2002, and Fundescola IIIB (planned for July 2006, estimated amount US$450 million).


In the German camps during the Second World War, the aim was to kill from a distance, and the camps were highly efficient in their operations. Previous studies have thus analyzed the industrialized killing and the victims' survival strategies. Researchers have emphasized the importance of narratives but they have not focused on narratives about camp rituals or analyzed postwar interviews as a continued resistance and defense of one's self. This article tries to fill this gap by analyzing stories told by former detainees in concentration camps in the Bosnian war during the 1990s. This article aims to describe a set of recounted interaction rituals as well as to identify how these rituals are dramatized in interviews. The retold stories of humiliation and power in the camps indicate that there was little space for individuality and preservation of self. Nevertheless, the detainees seem to have been able to generate some room for resistance, and this seems to have granted them a sense of honor and self-esteem, not least after the war. Their narratives today represent a form of continued resistance.


NINOVA-NIKOLOVA, N. and Z. URSHEV, 2013. Fast acidifying urease-defi cient Streptococcus thermophilus isolate shows spontaneous deletion of its complete urease operon. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., Supplement 2, 19: 112–116 Classical starters for fermented milk contain Streptococcus thermophilus strains, which are capable of degrading urea present in milk. The ammonium released from urea slows down the decrease of pH during fermentation. This problem may be overcome with the selection of urease-defi cient (UD) variants of S. thermophilus. Spontaneous UD-mutants Ft3uD3 and Yt3uD3-1 were previously isolated from the population of S. thermophilus Ft3 and Yt3, respectively, which originate from industrial yoghurt starters. In this study PCR amplifi cation of the genes present in the urease operon and comparison of the macrorestriction profi les with PFGE of the UD-derivatives and the parent strains was performed to explain the loss of urease activity. No amplifi cation of the genes from the urease cluster was observed for the Yt3uD3-1 UD-derivative of Yt3, indicating that the whole urease operon was absent in this mutant strain. The comparison of the SmaI macroresriction profi les of Yt3uD3-1 and its parent strain indicated a 19 kb deletion in the UD-culture. Therefore we concluded that in the UD-mutant Yt3uD3-1 the whole urease operon was deleted. On the contrary, all genes from the urease cluster amplifi ed in Ft3 and its UD-mutant Ft3uD3 with identical size of each amplicon. Also, no differences in the macrorestriction profi le of Ft3 and its mutant Ft3uD3 were observed. Consequently the loss of urease activity in Ft3uD3 is most likely result of point mutation within the urease operon. As the stability of the UD-derivatives during serial passage is a key issue in the application of the obtained mutants, we assumed that deletion mutant Yt3uD3-1 is a better candidate as it cannot revert to its active urease phenotype. Nevertheless, both S. thermophilus UD-derivatives Ft3uD3 and Yt3uD3-1 were stable for at least 150 passages. These results confi rm the reliability of S. thermophilus UD-strains for industrial application.


accompanied by the first consensus conference on testicular cancer. At this meeting representatives of all the principal clinical research organisations will again be present and with their help a meaningful consensus on the most appropriate treatment in individual patients can be clearly defined. Only then can a sensible decision be made on which treatment is the most cost effective and sensible guidelines laid down for oncologists and other clinicians concerned in the care of patients with cancer.


Coagulation factor XI is activated in vitro by factor XIIa in the presence of high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) and a negatively charged surface. Factor XII deficiency is not associated with bleeding, which suggests that another mechanism for factor XI activation exists in vivo. A revised model of coagulation is proposed in which factor XI is activated by thrombin. In the absence of cofactors, thrombin is more effective (kcat/Km = 1.6 x 10(5)) than factor XIIa (1.7 x 10(4)) in activating factor XI. Dextran sulfate enhances activation of factor XI by thrombin 2000-fold; part of this effect is due to autoactivation of factor XI by activated factor XI.


We have presented the synthesis and modification of L zeolite, and have further investigated the hydroisomerization of n-dodecane over the Pt/HL catalyst in a fixed bed reactor by changing reaction parameters such as temperature and pressure, respectively. The results showed that the combined use of ion-exchange, critric acid treatment and hydrothermal treatment could improve the Si/Al ratio of L zeolite dramatically while the high crystallinity was held. The Pt/HL catalyst showed higher stability, good regeneration property, catalytic activity and selectivity to the branched isomers under relatively low reaction pressures compared to the Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst.


This report comprises a construction of an fatigue testing equipment for a certain component at Komatsu Forest in Umea. Testing components fatigue limit can act as compliment to the theoretical calculations. Fatigue testing equipment facilitates redesign by components because it gives fast response on whether changes was good or bad.The component this report deals with is a shaft mounted in a c144 harvester head. The axle is analysed regarding cracks, failure and through calculations with finite element method. The analysis indicates that the axle is exposed to bending forces that ultimately leads to its failure. The analysis and practical restrictions becomes the base for the design of the equipment. The equipment is designed to re-create the axles fatigue breaking through bending. Different designs regarding the equipment is discussed and also their advantages and disadvantages.The report result in complete manufacturing documents with drawings for all components and exploded views of the equipment. How the fatigue tests are done, measured, monitored and evaluated is also included in the report.


We report the case of a 43-year-old woman with a medical history of active smoking who presented with abdominal pain that had appeared 4 months ago. The physical examination revealed periumbilical pain associated with weight loss. Laboratory studies revealed elevated inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein: 54mg/dL) and hypoalbuminemia (22g/L). Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) showed a thickening of the small bowel at the junction between the jejunum and ileum, at 30 cm, suggesting Crohn's disease. Gastroscopy showed an appearance of duodenal villous atrophy, confirmed by Marsh stage 3c biopsy findings. Anti-transglutaminase antibodies were positive at 17U/ml. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) detected a jejunoileal accumulation of 18F-FDG, with a standard uptake value (SUV) at of 8.1. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy confirmed the appearance of villous atrophy with the presence of sporadic ulceration (▶Fig. 1), then a completely ulcerated jejunoileal segment over several tens of centimeters, with necrotic pseudomembranous and hemorrhagic spots (▶Fig. 2, ▶Video 1). Biopsies of this ulcerated area were performed with double-balloon enteroscopy (▶Fig. 3), histological examination revealing refractory type 2 celiac disease (RCD) characterized by an increased clonal population of abnormal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). Abnormal IEL phenotype was described with disappearance of the classical markers such as CD4 or CD5 and the presence of NKp46 marker, but without any sign of highgrade lymphoma (▶Fig. 4). Systemic corticosteroid therapy was initiated but did not improve the patient's symptoms. She developed an occlusive syndrome requiring surgical resection of the ulcerated jejunoileal segment (39 cm). The surgical follow-up was simple. The diagnosis of type 2 RCD without high-grade lymphoma was confirmed. Gluten-free diet and open-capsule budesonide treatment were initiated with close surveillance of the patient due to the high risk of progression to T-cell lymphoma. About 5% of patients with celiac disease do not respond to a gluten-free diet and are at risk of developing RCD. Type 2 RCD is characterized by infiltration of monoclonal intraepithelial T cells and is considered as a low-grade intraepithelial lymphoma with a high risk of progression to aggressive T-cell lymphoma [1]. In this situation, imaging (CT, MRE, PET) is inadequate because it lacks sensitivity and specificity. Exploration of lesions in the small bowel is complex and can lead to a prejudicial delayed diagnosis. Smallbowel capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy are relevant tests to explore suspected refractory celiac disease [2–3].


The paper focuses on the distribution of the Hermoluminescence Personal Dosemeter in the nuclear power plants which have been in operation, and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the existed methods in group plant mode. By summarizing the operation and management experience of the existed distribution methods, It puts forward a way to reduce the investment of dose monitoring equipments and the investment of operation and maintenance input. This new method is called centralized distribution. But this method also has some inadequacies, the paper puts forward some specific suggestions (including management methods and techniques) to consummate the new method, so that the centralized distribution method is more effective and feasible.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


A split graph is a graph whose vertices can be partitioned into a clique and a stable set. We investigate the combinatorial species of split graphs, providing species-theoretic generalizations of enumerative results due to Bína and Přibil (2015), Cheng, Collins, and Trenk (2016), and Collins and Trenk (2018). In both the labeled and unlabeled cases, we give asymptotic results on the number of split graphs, of unbalanced split graphs, and of bicolored graphs, including proving the conjecture of Cheng, Collins, and Trenk (2016) that almost all split graphs are balanced.


A novel ultra wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with dual notch bands using the coupled stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is presented. The filter consists of a square-etched multi-mode resonator (MMR) and two coupled SIRs to provide dual notch bands at 5.2 and 5.8 GHz over the standard UWB frequency range. The |S21|-magnitude and the frequency positions of the notch bands can be determined by tuning the dimensions of the coupled SIRs. The designed procedures are discussed and good agreement between the measurement and EM simulation are compared.


This article reports a study of e‐business adoption among SMEs in the knowledge‐intensive service sector in three countries, the results of which contain a number of practical lessons and some much needed encouragement to laggards. The new spatial possibilities of internet‐based technologies provide a powerful route to innovative marketing strategies. Consequently, organisations of all sizes are finding it necessary to establish a web presence to increase their ability to survive in an increasingly dynamic and competitive business environment. Strategically, firms need to be creative and innovative in order to deal effectively with the e‐marketing opportunities the internet can deliver. The findings of a comparative study conducted in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and New Zealand provide evidence of primitive and localised exploitation of the technology, a general lack of enthusiasm about its possibilities, and a perception that there are many barriers to successfully adding value at the customer interface. It is hoped that the somewhat pessimistic tone of the analysis will be taken as an opportunity to win competitive advantage in the knowledge‐intensive service sector, rather than a reason to postpone adoption of internet‐enabled technology.


We determine the black hole quasi-normal mode spectrum for tensor perturbations in topologically massive AdS-gravity. In the special case of chiral gravity quasi-normal modes are absent despite of the presence of a horizon. In the process we uncover a simple algebraic structure in the quasi normal modes spectrum: the tower of QNM's consists of descendents of a "chiral highest weight" QNM which in turn satisfies a first order equation.


Canang sari is a very important tool that complements every offering or offering. In the case of the canna sari is called the main means in the offering or worship. Basically all Hindus use canang sari for all ceremony supplies. Business Empowerment canang sari is the main work done by the poor especially by the mothers who are in the village to punch Kangin Karangasem. The skill of making this canang sari does not require special education and does not require so much capital, and large plus the banners trail is passed by many people going to Pura besakih. To help improve the living standard and income of PKK mothers aged 25 to 40 years old and the background of high school education, whose economies are less capable in Menanga Kangin Village, it is necessary to empower the canang sari business, conducted both in groups and in Individuals. So mothers who are in the village gossip have so much enthusiasm to learn to make canang sari even though they have no knowledge about canang sari according to Hinduism Framework ie Tattwa, susila and Event.
The methods used in this study were Servy, interviews, outreach and training. Uaha Canang Sari participants were around 20 to 40 years old and their educational backgrounds were elementary school graduates. They sell in the morning until late afternoon, the location is on the side of the road to the temple to besakih. The canang sari business empowerment in Menanga Village is very much considered human resources for the Village Village Government to carry out activities such as Dharma discourse, training on training Bebantenan specifically canang sari which is in accordance with the concept of Hindu religion teachings, the sustainability of the business of Canang Sari gets assistance from the traditional village government, such as financial loans in the form of money from LPD, and marketing methods so that it can continue not only to the village of lanin


Introduction: Level 1 grade A evidence exists to support physiotherapy as a first line treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). A novel way to provide care for women with pelvic floor dysfunction in a tertiary hospital setting is to mandate attendance at an introductory group education session prior to offering an individual physiotherapy consultation. There is minimal research to date examining the consumer perspective of group physiotherapy for treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction. This study aims to evaluate the consumer experience with a view to determining if this model of care meets the needs and expectations of the consumer. Objective: To evaluate the consumer perspective of an educational and practical pelvic floor class prior to offering an individual physiotherapy appointment for women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Method: Over a 6-month period, 39 women completed a voluntary, anonymous survey to evaluate their experience of attending a physiotherapy pelvic floor class. Results: Respondents reported that the information delivered was appropriate, relevant, and engaging and felt more informed and less alone in their symptoms after attending the pelvic floor class. Women reported that they had received the necessary education and practical skills required to begin implementing practical changes that addressed their pelvic floor dysfunction. Conclusion: By providing a consistent, informative, and practical group session for women referred with pelvic floor dysfunction as a baseline entry point to individual care, treatment can be commenced that is acceptable to the consumer. The acceptability of this method of service delivery serves as a basis for further important research evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of group physiotherapy treatment.


Program analyses frequently track objects throughout a program, which requires reasoning about aliases. Most dataƒow analysis frameworks, however, delegate the task of handling aliases to the analysis clients, which causes a number of problems. For instance, custom-made extensions for alias analysis are complex and cannot easily be reused. On the other hand, due to the complex interfaces involved, o'-the-shelf alias analyses are hard to integrate precisely into clients. Lastly, for precision many clients require strong updates, and alias abstractions supporting strong updates are o‰en relatively inecient. In this paper, we present IDEal , an alias-aware extension to the framework for Interprocedural Distributive Environment (IDE) problems. IDEal relieves static-analysis authors completely of the burden of handling aliases by automatically resolving alias queries on-demand, both eciently and precisely. IDEal supports a highly precise analysis using strong updates by resorting to an on-demand, ƒow-sensitive, and contextsensitive all-alias analysis. Yet, it achieves previously unseen eciency by propagating aliases individually, creating highly reusable per-pointer summaries. We empirically evaluate IDEal by comparing TSf , a state-of-the-art typestate analysis, to TSal , an IDEal based typestate analysis. Our experiments show that the individual propagation of aliases within IDEal enables TSal to propagate 10.4× fewer dataƒow facts and analyze 10.3× fewer methods when compared to TSf . On the DaCapo benchmark suite, TSal is able to eciently compute precise results.


Understand the history of video games by critically approaching how different interpretations led to different futures of video games as a medium, industry, and cultural form.


Induction of transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus 1 long terminal repeat by the RelA (p65) NF-kappaB subunit has been shown to be dependent upon an interaction with the zinc finger DNA-binding domain of Sp1. It was unknown, however, whether NF-kappaB could also interact with other zinc finger-containing transcription factors. In this study we demonstrate that the early growth response transcription factor Egr-1, whose DNA-binding domain shares a high degree of homology with that of Sp1, can also interact with RelA in vitro and regulate NF-kappaB transcriptional activity in vivo. Similar to the interaction with Sp1, the Rel homology domain of RelA interacts with the zinc finger domain of Egr-1. Surprisingly, and in contrast to Sp1, Egr-1 specifically represses RelA transcriptional activity through its zinc finger domain. Moreover, the interaction between RelA and the Egr-1 zinc fingers is mutually exclusive with DNA binding suggesting a model in which Egr-1 directly sequesters NF-kappaB from its target promoters. Because Egr-1 is induced by many of the same stimuli that activate NF-kappaB, this novel transcriptional regulatory mechanism has many implications for the involvement of both factors in cellular processes such as apoptosis and the response to stress and infection.


We present a first attempt to perform attentional word segmen-tation directly from the speech signal, with the final goal to automatically identify lexical units in a low-resource, unwritten language (UL). Our methodology assumes a pairing between recordings in the UL with translations in a well-resourced language. It uses Acoustic Unit Discovery (AUD) to convert speech into a sequence of pseudo-phones that is segmented using neural soft-alignments produced by a neural machine translation model. Evaluation uses an actual Bantu UL, Mboshi; comparisons to monolingual and bilingual baselines illustrate the potential of attentional word segmentation for language documentation.


Oral, written, and visual communication assignments have been successfully integrated into the curriculum in the Department of Bioengineering at Rice University. Since most of the undergraduate courses in the Bioengineering Department have been developed in the last four years, the opportunity existed to build a strong sequence of communication activities into the curriculum and individual courses. Faculty who specialize in communication training from the Cain Project were available to collaborate in course design, implementation, and evaluation of communication projects in courses. Seven of the eight core Bioengineering courses require communication projects; three of the most popular track electives have significant communication components. Written communication assignments include design reports, research papers, short technical reports, and technical memos. Oral and visual communication assignments include presentations and posters. Both team and individual assignments have been developed. Since faculty efforts to teach communication are coordinated, assessment is conducted within a course and across the Bioengineering curriculum.


Technology development over the last few years has led to significant improvements in the quality and flexibility of portable instruments. Notably, handheld energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry has seen a bloom both in terms of technical development and applications, ranging from the field of mineral exploration to archaeology, environmental science, paleoclimatology and forensic science. However, the field of carbonate geoscience has not yet taken the capability and flexibility of this tool to its advantage. This study developed a methodology for the application of handheld XRF to carbonate studies. An assessment was made in terms of measurement time, sample preparation and weathering of outcrops. Correction equations are presented for elemental concentrations of Ca, Ti, Fe, Mn, Zn, Al, K, Mg, Ba, Sr, Rb and Si that were derived from calibration based on a series of carbonate lab standards. Weathering can pose a significant challenge for in situ measurements of carbonate outcrops, since weathering impacts on the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Ti and Al in carbonate rocks. Therefore, we advise that XRF be used on fresh rock chips that are hammered from carbonate outcrops to take advantage of making measurements in situ and at the same time ensuring reliable quantitative results. This method allows rapid and inexpensive geochemical characterization of carbonate, which opens opportunities for stratigraphic, sedimentological, paleoenvironmental and diagenetic studies in extensive study areas.


The aerodynamic sound source of a turbulent flow with a high Reynolds' number is composed of two types of Reynolds' stress components containing turbulent vortices as elements: perturbation–perturbation solenoidal velocity interaction (self-noise) and perturbation–static velocity interaction (shear-noise). The vortices act as quadrupole sources. Near a scattering surface, a high turbulent velocity imparts high fluctuating forces to it and couples to sound causing the scattered sound to be even stronger than the original one. The high-Reynolds'number subsonic cold-air jet structure, beginning from a nozzle and developing gradually to solenoidal and turbulent, consists of a mixing region, a transition region, and a fully developed region. Most of the sound power originates from the mixing region. The spectrum of the jet noise is of broadband character. The typical radiation pattern of a quadrupole distribution is totally masked by convectional effects of the jet flow, which tend to enhance the sound greatly in the flow direction. The sound propagating in the jet flow direction will be refracted sidewards, causing a cone centered on the downstream jet axis wherein the far field sound is greatly reduced (zone of silence), and tending to decline the lobe of the radiation pattern. When a flow attacks a plate parallel to its surface at Reynolds' numbers high enough, there begins to form unsteady vortices, forming a turbulent boundary layer. The wavenumber spectrum in the turbulent boundary layer has two maxima: the convective peak at a high subsonic wavenumber and the sonic peak at the acoustic wavenumber. The sonic and supersonic spectral components at the surface generate active propagating sound, most of the acoustic energy propagating at grazing incidence downstream. Downstream propagating sound due to the wavenumber components near the sonic peak refracts towards the surface, and upstream propagating sound refracts outwards from the surface, enhancing the sonic peak in the downstream radiation and possibly eliminating it in the upstream radiation. The convective peak at the surface leads to the hydrodynamic coincidence, causing sound transmission and radiation at frequencies below the hydrodynamic coincidence frequency.


CONTEXT.—
Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) is an aggressive form of fungal sinusitis, which remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and intervention are keys to improving patient outcomes. Intraoperative consultation has shown promise in facilitating early surgical intervention, but the accuracy of frozen section has not been clarified in this setting.

OBJECTIVES.—
To assess the accuracy of frozen-section diagnosis in patients with clinically suspected AIFRS.

DESIGN.—
All cases of clinically suspected AIFRS during a 10-year period (2009-2019) were retrospectively reviewed. The frozen-section results were compared with the final permanent sections as well as the tissue fungal culture results, following which the accuracy of frozen section was determined.

RESULTS.—
Forty-eight patients with 133 frozen-section evaluations for AIFRS were included in the study. Thirty of 48 patients and 61 of 133 specimens were positive for AIFRS on final pathology. Of 30 positive patients, 27 (90%) had at least 1 specimen diagnosed as positive during intraoperative consultation, among the 61 positive specimens, 54 (88.5%) were diagnosed as positive during intraoperative consultation. Of 72 negative specimens, all were interpreted as negative on frozen section. Thus, frozen sections had a sensitivity of 88.5% (95% CI, 0.78-0.97), specificity of 100% (95% CI, 0.94-1), positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 0.92-1), and negative predictive value of 90.6% (95% CI, 0.82-0.97).

CONCLUSIONS.—
This study represents the largest series assessing the diagnostic accuracy of frozen section analysis in AIFRS. These findings are useful in frozen section-informed intraoperative decision making.


With the development of mobile technology and the progress of an Untact society, the number of people who listen to lectures or music in various urban environments is increasing. In response to such an increase in demand, Active Noise Canceling(ANC) earphones that remove ambient background noise or static and also enable stable listening have been developed, and the earphones are enjoying great popularity. However, these ANC earphones can put the user in a dangerous situation at any time because they block even major alarm sounds such as a car horn or fire alarm. In this study, 10 men and women in their 20s, who frequently use ANC earphones, were asked to listen to music by wearing ANC earphones without prior notification of the fact that a fire alarm sound was transmitted. After that, the fire alarm bell or emergency broadcast sound was randomly generated for them to recognise the fire situation, and the time it took to start evacuation was measured. And in all these processes, EEG was simultaneously measured to analyse changes in emotions such as arousal responses felt by the experimental participants As a result of the experiment, it was found that the case of transmitting an emergency broadcast made the participants start evacuation approximately 23 seconds faster than the case of sounding the fire alarm bell. However, as a result of correlation analysis with EEG values indicating arousal responses such as tension, irritability, and nervousness, the significance probability(p-value) was 0.825, indicating that there is no statistically significant correlation. Therefore, it was found that the participants' awareness of the fire alarm sound decreased when wearing ANC earphones regardless of the types of the fire alarm whether it was an alarm bell or an emergency broadcast.


growing body of evidence attests that legislators are sometimes responsive to the policy preferences of citizens in single-party regimes, yet debate surrounds the mechanisms driving this relationship. We experimentally test two potential responsiveness mechanisms — elections versus mandates from party leaders — by provisioning delegates to the Vietnamese National Assembly with information on the policy preferences of their constituents and reminding them of either (1) the competitiveness of the upcoming 2021 elections or (2) a central decree that legislative activities should reflect constituents ' preferences. Consistent with existing work, delegates informed of citizens ' preferences are more likely to speak on the parliamentary floor and in closed-session caucuses. Importantly, we find that such responsiveness is entirely driven by election reminders; upward incentive reminders have virtually no effect on behavior.


European Union banana policies do not make economic sense, and hence criticism of these policies is justified. Some facts should, though, be remembered. If the EU had chosen free trade in bananas when the Single Market was established, certain producers both inside and outside the EU would have lost income, and it proved politically impossible to choose direct financial compensation. Also, the quantitative implications of the new EU banana regime may be less than sometimes assumed, as trade has not been reduced very much. The WTO's role is not to judge the economic merits of these policies, but their legal justification.


Simulation of large scale seismic wave propagation is an important tool in seismology for efficient strong motion analysis and risk mitigation. Being particularly CPU-consuming, this three-dimensional problem makes use of parallel computing to improve the performance and the accuracy of the simulations. The trend in parallel computing is to increase the number of cores available at the shared-memory level with possible non-uniform cost of memory accesses. We therefore need to consider new approaches more suitable to such parallel systems. In this paper, we firstly report on the impact of memory affinity on the parallel performance of seismic simulations. We introduce a methodology combining efficient thread scheduling and careful data placement to overcome the limitation coming from both the parallel algorithm and the memory hierarchy. The MAi (Memory Affinity interface) is used to smoothly adapt the memory policy to the underlying architecture. We evaluate our methodology on computing nodes with different NUMA characteristics. A maximum gain of 53% is reported in comparison with a classical OpenMP implementation.


The relationship between transformational leadership and self-efficacy is not yet fully explained. Different hypotheses have been posed ranging from positive to negative relationships between the constructs. The aim of this study is to further clarify how transformational leadership and self-efficacy relate. In addition, this paper considers possible moderators of this relationship. Task demands and climate are tested as moderators of the relationship between transformational leadership and self-efficacy. Although the relationships between transformational leadership and self-efficacy are virtually zero in the correlational analysis, interaction effects of transformational leadership and task demands are found. In an overall analysis, task demands is the best predictor for self-efficacy.


The argument I present here is that the 'retreat' in the social sciences from concepts of the social and society (and their reformulation in other terms) is intimately connected to an intensification of reductionist thought and practice. But this, as I will explain, is not merely a feature of the social sciences (where reductionist argument appears to play an increasing role). It could almost be described as a movement (a social movement?) extending well beyond the human and social sciences where the public at large, as it were, is not only being more exposed to non-social even anti-social arguments of a reductionist kind, but appears to be actively accepting and desirous of them. The idea of the social as integral to understanding is being bypassed or, if it is maintained as a key point of reference, emptied of much of the import it once had. The social has become a vacated category. Thus, there is often a shift away from a concern with social relational and interactive structures, as well as institutional and organizational formations. The complexities of their internal dynamics, their structurating processes, and the forces of their effects on human action within and beyond them have increasingly been neglected in the social sciences. Anthropology provides a specific instance. Here the recent politics of the discipline has been expressly anti-structural, asserting processes of agency and individual subjectivity, some even arguing for a revaluing of a once disparaged methodological individualism (see Rapport 1997). Such a development has forced oppositions (structure versus agency, determinism versus freedom, objectivism versus subjectivism, for example) that are radically distorting and are otherwise negative in consequence. They continue the dichotomies of a modernism to which so many contemporary anthropologists are strongly averse, although they often tend to suppress the modernist dialectic (confirming it in its very suppression), for instance, denying structure while overdetermining the subject. So ethnography has frequently been reduced to individualistic narrative and strategizing, a discourse of subjective intention in which structuring processes are


The study investigated the Latchkey experiences of school-age children (5-13 years) from the perspectives of mothers in low-income families in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A proportionate stratified random sample of 200 was drawn from high density areas of the five strata making up the study area. Data collected were analysed using frequencies, percentages and means and revealed the latchkey arrangement common in the area including, hiding the house key at the backyard or other places for children to gain entrance to the house after school, dropping the key in a neighbour's house or shop, opening the house door through a window, while only two per cent reported giving duplicate keys to their children to take to school. Some of the respondents also reported that even though their children were home alone after school they were closely monitored by neighbours and relatives. Other parents reported that their children remained home alone without any form of supervision till either parent returned home, or were monitored by older siblings. While this social arrangement was not the preferred mode of raising children, a number of positive effects were attributed to it including learning to be independent and responsible, self reliance and competence in household chores for girls. Key Words : Latch-key children; low-income mothers; After school care


Environmental input–output analyses can be a useful decision support tool at the subnational level, because of its ability to capture economic and environmental impacts at other geographical levels. Yet, such analyses are hindered by the lack of subnational IO tables. Furthermore, the lack of physical product and waste flows in what is known as a "hybrid" table prevents a range of consumption‐based and circular‐economy‐type analyses. We demonstrate the development of a multiregional hybrid IOT (MRHIOT) along with environmental extensions at the subnational level and exemplify it for the case of Belgium. The development procedure discloses a novel approach of combining national hybrid tables, subnational monetary tables, and physical survey‐based data. Such a combination builds upon a partial‐survey approach that includes a range of techniques for initial estimation and reconciliation within a balancing procedure. For the validation of the approaches, we assessed the magnitude of deviations between the initial and final estimates and analyzed the uncertainties inherent to each initial estimation procedure. Subsequently, we conducted a consumption‐based analysis where we assessed the carbon footprint (CF) at the subnational level and highlighted the CF inherent to the interregional linkages. This study provides methodological and application‐based contributions to the discussion on the relevance of hybrid subnational tables and analyses compared to national ones. The proposed approach could be replicable to some extent for further developing subnational MRHIOT. The study is expected to foster more research toward the development of further subnational MRHIOT as well as its associated wide‐ranging applications.


OBJECTIVE To review the results achieved with the Mainz II detubularized ureterosigmoidostomy for urinary diversion in patients undergoing bladder resection. METHODS This study was conducted on 12 prospective patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma after 1996. All patients met the following selection criteria: no changes in upper urinary tract functions, normal rectosigmoid, no previous radiation to the area and good anal continence. RESULTS All patients had a diagnosis of infiltrating urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Four of these patients died from tumor progression. Renal function is preserved at 31.7 months' mean follow-up, although 3 patients developed moderate metabolic acidosis despite the prophylactic alkalization therapy instituted after surgery. One patient presented recurrent pyelonephritis and stricture of the ureterointestinal anastomosis that required surgical correction. Colonoscopy was unremarkable in all but one patient who showed adenomatous polyp of the colon, which was removed endoscopically, and no other local changes. Continence was complete from the time the urinary catheters were removed. Voiding occurred every 2.9 hours during the day and 2.2 times during the night. CONCLUSIONS The Mainz II modified ureterosigmoidostomy clearly reduces the upper urinary tract complications because accommodation of the reservoir is better and the pressure inside the pouch is reduced. This technique of urinary diversion is well-accepted by the patients because voiding can be achieved comfortably, a stoma is not required and body image is preserved. The degree of patient satisfaction was high in all cases.


We conduct simulation experiments to study a mobile phone system that provides priority and prepaid call services using service nodes. An analytical model for the nonprepaid and prepaid services has been developed to verify the computer simulations. We observe that there exists a threshold point such that beyond this point, increasing the number of mobile switching center ports (service node ports or the radio channels) does not improve the system performance. Furthermore, our results show that priority assignment schemes may significantly affect the operator's revenue.

http://ant.comm.ccu.edu.tw/course/92_3G/1_Papers/Performance of mobile prepaid and priority call services.pdf


Time is objectively measurable, but is subjectively understood within our own time perspective (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) and representations of time (Margolies & Crawford, 2008; McGlone & Harding, 1998). The present thesis is in two parts. Part 1 explored how our perceptions and representations of time may influence our emotions. Study 1 sought to validate a measure of two time representations (ego-moving and time-moving) and found that people think about time in a metaphor-consistent manner across clock, calendar, and spatial questions (N=94). Study 2 (N=128) found that those choosing an ego-moving representation were more likely to see themselves approaching events, reported higher levels of personal agency and scored higher in the Future time perspective. Those who choose a time-moving representation saw the event as approaching them, had significantly lower scores on personal agency and scored highly on Present Fatalism. Study 3 (N=199) found that those who reported an ego-moving representation were significantly happier, whereas those reporting a time-moving representation were significantly more anxious and depressed. Study 4 (N=232) found that when happiness is induced, participants report significantly more ego-moving representations, whereas when anxiety or sadness are induced, participants report significantly more time-moving representations. Study 5 (N=106) found that when ego-moving representations were induced, participants reported significantly higher happiness scores, whereas when time-moving was induced participants report significantly higher anxiety and sadness/depression. Part 2 explored one aspect of ego-moving representations of time, that of goal-getting and perceptions of time morem closely. In study 6 (N=139), time perspective was explored in relation to non-achievement of goals. Findings suggest those high in Present Fatalism procrastinate significantly more frequently and often only form the intention towards achieving their goals, and were significantly more upset at past failures. Fatalists also tended not to use cognitive reappraisal strategies to enable them to think differently about how to achieve their goal in future attempts. Those high in the Future time perspective were less likely to procrastinate, less upset at non-attainment of goals, and did tend to use cognitive reappraisal. Study 7 (N=162) examined time perspective, self-efficacy, and goal achievement. For those who achieved their goal within 7 days, the Past Positive and Future time perspectives positively predicted self-efficacy, whereas Present Fatalism
negatively predicted self-efficacy. Finally, study 8 (N=76) sought to determine whether focussing on different time perspectives were of help in achieving goals. Results revealed that by focusing on what we have achieved in the past and thinking about managing our future time in the same way we think about our present time may help us
to achieve our goals by increasing self-efficacy.


We present results from 21 cm radio synthesis imaging of 28 spiral galaxies from the DiskMass Survey obtained with the VLA, WSRT, and GMRT facilities. We detail the observations and data reduction procedures and present a brief analysis of the radio data. We construct 21 cm continuum images, global Hi emission-line profiles, column-density maps, velocity fields, and position-velocity diagrams. From these we determine star formation rates (SFRs), Hi line widths, total Hi masses, rotation curves, and azimuthally-averaged radial Hi column-density profiles. All galaxies have an Hi disk that extends beyond the readily observable stellar disk, with an average ratio and scatter of RHI/R25 = 1.35 ± 0.22, and a majority of the galaxies appear to have a warped Hi disk. A tight correlation exists between total Hi mass and Hi diameter, with the largest disks having a slightly lower average column density. Galaxies with relatively large Hi disks tend to exhibit an enhanced stellar velocity dispersion at larger radii, suggesting the influence of the gas disk on the stellar dynamics in the outer regions of disk galaxies. We find a striking similarity among the radial Hi surface density profiles, where the average, normalized radial profile of the late-type spirals is described surprisingly well with a Gaussian profile. These results can be used to estimate Hi surface density profiles in galaxies that only have a total Hi flux measurement. We compare our 21 cm radio continuum luminosities with 60 μm luminosities from IRAS observations for a subsample of 15 galaxies and find that these follow a tight radio-infrared relation, with a hint of a deviation from this relation at low luminosities. We also find a strong correlation between the average SFR surface density and the K-band surface brightness of the stellar disk.


There are no registered toxins available for use on Feral Swine (Sus scrofa, Linnaeus) in the United States. HOGGONE® is a proprietary bait matrix under development in Australia that delivers toxic levels of sodium nitrite to feral swine. However, one challenge is to develop a species-specific oral delivery system to deliver toxins to feral swine in the USA while minimizing non-target wildlife exposure. The HOGHOPPER™ is a lightweight and portable bait delivery system that could overcome this problem. Our objective was to compare non-toxic HOGGONE removal by wildlife that visited HOGHOPPERS during acclimation periods (doors open; free-feeding stage) and activation periods (doors closed; simulated toxic stage) at sites throughout the United States. We conducted 38 HOGHOPPER trials on private and public land in Alabama, Florida, Oklahoma, and Texas, and determined species-specific visitation and HOGGONE removal rates using motion-sensing digital camera systems. We found activated HOGHOPPERS to successfully exclude all wildlife except feral swine and Raccoon (Procyon lotor, Linnaeus). For raccoons the number of baits removed per 24h was reduced by 92% during the HOGHOPPER activation period. No other wildlife removed HOGGONE from HOGHOPPERS. During trials in which raccoon breaches occurred, an extended acclimation period was used. To minimize raccoon exposure risks, an abbreviated acclimation period of ≤ 14d should be used with the HOGHOPPER. This will decrease the likelihood that raccoons learn how to access HOGGONE from the HOGHOPPER. Further experimentation is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of toxic HOGGONE at controlling feral swine populations.


Research is described that sought to understand how senior managers within regional contracting firms conceptualize and enact competitiveness. Existing formal discourses of construction competitiveness include the discourse of 'best practice' and the various theories of competitiveness as routinely mobilized within the academic literature. Such discourses consistently underplay the influence of contextual factors in shaping how competitiveness is enacted. An alternative discourse of competitiveness is outlined based on the concepts of localized learning and embeddedness. Two case studies of regional construction firms provide new insights into the emergent discourses of construction competitiveness. The empirical findings resonate strongly with the concepts of localized learning and embeddedness. The case studies illustrate the importance of de‐centralized structures which enable multiple business units to become embedded within localized markets. A significant degree of autonomy is essential to facilitate localized entrepreneurial behaviour. In essence, sustained competitiveness was found to depend upon the extent to which de‐centralized business units enact ongoing processes of localized learning. Once local business units have become embedded within localized markets the essential challenge is how to encourage continued entrepreneurial behaviour while maintaining a degree of centralized control and coordination. Of key importance is the recognition that the capabilities that make companies competitive transcend organizational boundaries such that they become situated within complex networks of relational ties.


Improved beam propagation method (BPM) equations are derived for the general case of arbitrary refractive-index spatial distributions. It is shown that in the paraxial approximation the discrete equations admit an analytical solution for the propagation of a paraxial spherical wave, which converges to the analytical solution of the paraxial Helmholtz equation. The generalized Kirchhoff-Fresnel diffraction integral between the object and the image planes can be derived, with its coefficients expressed in terms of the standard ABCD matrix. This result allows the substitution, in the case of an unaberrated system, of the many numerical steps with a single analytical step. We compared the predictions of the standard and improved BPM equations by considering the cases of a Maxwell fish-eye and of a Luneburg lens.


This paper uses a Regression Kink Design to estimate the labor supply effects of changes in the financial incentives in the pension system. In particular we analyze the effect of the introduction of pension deductions for early retirement on female labor supply behavior. This reform allows to exploit exogenous variation in benefits using kinks in the schedule of pension benefits depending on the birth cohort. For the empirical analysis we use high-quality administrative data from the German Federal Pension Insurance (VSKT) and find positive and significant effects of the reform on labor supply behavior.


Emerging from a colonial past, Trinidad and Tobago continues to struggle for economic freedom. Although there are certain elements, which serve as lures for tourists in Trinidad, Tobago with its scenic beauty and warm beaches has captured the position for large-scale tourism development. This twin-island republic has not had a history of a "real" tourist industry. Petroleum production, refining, and exploitation of large natural gas reservoirs are the factors that govern the economy. These industrial and economic facts, coupled with observations taken on two field visits in 2004, concluded that the tourism industry has not been given the attention required for success.


The Affordable Care Act1 (ACA) promises to improve access to coverage and care for two vulnerable groups: low-income persons who are excluded by a lack of resources and chronically ill and disabled people who are excluded by the dysfunction of our existing insurance and care delivery systems. ACA's sprawling provisions raise a wealth of implementation challenges that are exacerbated by the compromises required to move reform through Congress. In particular, the compromise between regulatory/public program advocates and advocates for private, market-driven programs requires thoughtful regulatory coordination between public and private health systems.


Conventional wisdom holds that new product development is more successfully undertaken when design is user-led. An exception is the luxury goods sector, in which a common presentation of the brand is one where the customer should aspire to the vision of its designers. In such cases, the proprietor is often cast as a connoisseur, an expert in the brand's history who is intuitively able to give vision and direction. Within the Swiss luxury watch industry, heritage and the illusion of exclusivity are vital strategies in the communication of products as luxury items. Connoisseurship plays a central role in this communication, establishing the boundaries of brands whose products might otherwise appear similar. In such cases, connoisseurship is presented to the customer as superior to user research, engendering products with a sophistication which customer insights cannot provide. Nonetheless, whilst conventional user research methods play little part in the design of Swiss watches, less formal methods are employed. These are shown to also have application in non-luxury sectors too. The utilization of strategies employed by the Swiss watch industry in future scenarios of new product development is also discussed.


A crisis in executive talent is on the horizon as retirement looms for a large percentage of leaders. In our increasingly knowledge-driven economy, organizations are right to fear this "brain drain," suspecting that when executives leave the firm, business may follow. Yet high-potential candidates account for less than 8 percent to 10 percent of the talent pool. Identifying, developing, and retaining these emerging leaders is a mission-critical challenge for CEOs, senior executives, managers, and HR directors.

 Powerful Succession Planning provides an overview of how to develop a succession planning and management program. Leadership expert John Mattone covers all the "nuts and bolts" of an effective program and provides readers with a Succession Planning Map™ to guide them through the process. Readers will learn how to measure and calibrate performance, potential, and readiness using nine key assessments. Last but not least, a succession management diagnostic tool enables any organization to quickly gauge the health of its succession planning process.


In the twenty first century, the development and advancement of the Internet Technology has remarkably transformed and redefined various fabric of human life, from individual communication to the way in which businesses conduct themselves. One of the more significant paradigm shifts has been in the field of education, particularly with the introduction and rapid growth of distance learning. Online education has afforded students, especially working adults, an opportunity to become involved in the learning process, bridging the gap that once existed between the busy lifestyles of working professionals and their goals of obtaining a University degree. Although there are many differences between the conventional modules of face-to-face and the online educational formats, both underscore the importance of learner participation and interaction that assist instructors in developing and initiating effective facilitation techniques to promote learning and retention among adult learners. This document outlines certain skills and nuances of online education and the essential skills that one requires for the successful completion of courses and programs. One of the most important aspects of online learning is communication, wherein online correspondence in the form of emailing, chatting and online discussions are critical when communicating with instructors, colleagues and administrations. Therefore, unlike other literature on cyberspace learning, this document provides a simple format on the essentials of online learning, chatting and emailing, without inserting too much academic literature, and acts as a manuscript for the "know-hows" of online education for prospective online students.


Experience in administrating state water laws has shown that laws that are based on the appropriation doctrine and that do not recognize any claimed riparian rights are most desirable from the viewpoint of an administrator. The law should declare that all waters of the state are public and are subject to appropriation and use as provided by law. One central state agency should have authority to grant water rights, to police the streams, to enforce said rights, and to cancel rights when the appropriator ceases to use water for the purpose for which the appropriation was granted. The decisions of the administrator should be appealable directly to the Supreme Court. Preferential uses of water should be spelled out in the law, and the use of water for a purpose with a high preference should be permitted if a prior appropriator for an inferior purpose is justly compensated for any interference resulting therefrom. A water rights law should apply equally to all of those who desire to use the public waters, including agencies of the United States.


This study aims to analyze the synergic effect of integrating two distinctive satellite remote sensor data (optical and microwave imagery) for land cover classification. The study area covers diverse land cover types in the Western coastal region of the Korean peninsula. Eleven land cover types were classified using several datasets of combined Landsat ETM+ and Radarsat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data as well as only a single dataset of either ETM+ or SAR data alone. Furthermore, we introduced a texture image that was derived from the SAR data. The synergic effect of these combined datasets was evident by both image interpretation and computerassisted classification. The overall classification accuracy of the combined datasets was improved to 74.60% as compared to the 69.35% accuracy of using ETM+ data alone.


This study aimed at examining the role of employees' motivation and retention among academic staff of private HLIs in Tanzania. Questionnaires was used as one of the data collection methods whereby 250 academic staffs who works in four (4) private HLIs such as KIU, TUDARCo, SJUT and SJUIT were randomly selected and asked to take part in the study. SPSS version 21 software was used to aid the data analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the data for this study. The study has found that factors that motivate academic staffs in private HLIs are salary increases, working conditions, interpersonal relations, job security, fringe benefits and leadership, motivational, recognition, growth and promotional opportunities, work life balance, training and development and transparency. The same factors that motivate academic staffs in Tanzania enhance retention of academic staffs in Private HLIs. Furthermore, the study has found that challenges that face academicians at Private HLI in Tanzania are late payment, long working hours, limited opportunities for advancement and inadequate publishing facilities, limited working tools that hinders working conditions and under utilization of their talents, limited opportunities of funds and scholarships for Masters and PhD studies. The study recommends private HLIs to have salary increase scheme, favorable plan for employee job security, promotional opportunities and arrangement.