The effective hydration of barley is essential for the
production of malt suitable for use in brewing and
distilling. Therefore the focus of this study is on
the uptake of water during steeping of barley with
a view to shortening steeps and reducing water use.
As an additional way of reducing water consumption
at malting plants, efforts are being made to find
appropriate treatments so that steep water can be
recycled. The aim of our research is to minimise the
volume of water required for steeping, maximise the
potential to recycle steep water and also minimise the
length of steeping time. Bryce et al. (2010) showed
that when barley was steeped in water continuously for
either 8 h or 16 h, hydration of endosperm materials
was suboptimal and modification of endosperm
materials of barley malt was inadequate. The malt
produced under these steeping regimes gave poor
friability scores and produced a large number of
whole grains. When barley was steeped for 24 h on
a continuous basis, or when a regimented standard
steeping method was used, the malt produced gave
higher friability scores and a much lower number of
whole grains. This suggests that a very short steep,
essentially a washing of barley, followed by a single
steep should be able to produce excellent malt.


Modern smart grids rely on advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) networks for monitoring and billing purposes. However, such an approach suffers from electricity theft cyberattacks. Different from the existing research that utilizes shallow, static, and customer-specific-based electricity theft detectors, this paper proposes a generalized deep recurrent neural network (RNN)-based electricity theft detector that can effectively thwart these cyberattacks. The proposed model exploits the time series nature of the customers' electricity consumption to implement a gated recurrent unit (GRU)-RNN, hence, improving the detection performance. In addition, the proposed RNN-based detector adopts a random search analysis in its learning stage to appropriately fine-tune its hyper-parameters. Extensive test studies are carried out to investigate the detector's performance using publicly available real data of 107,200 energy consumption days from 200 customers. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed detector compared with state-of-the-art electricity theft detectors.


BACKGROUND
Anecdotal evidence suggests that hearing loss interferes with the enjoyment of music, although it is not known how widespread this problem currently is.

PURPOSE
To estimate the prevalence of music-listening difficulties among a group of elderly hearing aid wearers.

RESEARCH DESIGN
Interview. Telephone interviews were conducted with patients who wore hearing aids. Questions regarding several aspects of music listening were included.

STUDY SAMPLE
Sixty-eight hearing-impaired people served as subjects. They had all been seen in the audiology clinic for hearing aid evaluation during the previous year.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Subjects were asked questions concerning their use of hearing aids, the importance of listening to music in their lives, their habits and practices concerning music, and difficulties they experienced in listening to music.

RESULTS
Almost 30% of the respondents reported that their hearing losses affected their enjoyment of music. About half of the respondents indicated that music was either too loud or too soft, although only about one-third reported difficulties with level contrasts within musical pieces. In contrast to a similar survey carried out 20 years ago, there were many fewer complaints about listening to music. This result may be due in large part to improvements in hearing aids, especially with regard to nonlinear compression.

CONCLUSIONS
Although new hearing aid technologies have somewhat reduced problems of music enjoyment experienced by hearing-impaired people, audiologists should be aware that some 25-30% of patients may have difficulties with listening to music and may require extra attention to minimize those problems.


This paper focuses on class, social status and power relations as seen in proverbs on/about death among the Nsukka Igbo of South East Nigeria. The proverbs are collected from two communities in Nsukka: Edem and Obollo. It investigates these proverbs as sites of power, domination and control. The research is anchored on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) because of the theory's interest in discourse, domination and power asymmetry. The relations of class, social status and power manipulation are undertaken without ignoring their place and function in the system within which they operate. The study discovers that death proverbs contain ethical values with which these communities are guided away from chaos, but some of them legitimize domination, the most common being in terms of age and social status. Key words: death, proverbs, Igbo, Nsukka, discourse, power, class, social status, CDA .


The complete genome sequence of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina A7 was obtained by a hybrid approach combining Pacbio and Illumina HiSeq sequencing data. A single circular chromosome of 5.1 mb with 65.47% G+C content was obtained. We identified 4344 coding sequences and some genes involved in copper resistance. To our knowledge, the data presented herein is the first report of high-quality whole genome of X. arboricola pv. corylina, isolated from infected hazelnut trees in southern Chile.


This paper addresses the problem of performance modeling of large-scale distributed systems with emphasis on communication networks in heterogeneous multi-cluster systems. The study of interconnection networks is important because the overall performance of a distributed system is often critically hinged on the effectiveness of this part. We present an analytical model to predict message latency in multi-cluster systems in the presence of processor heterogeneity. The model is validated through comprehensive simulation, which demonstrates that the proposed model exhibits a good degree of accuracy for various system sizes and under different operating conditions


The author, who was a captain of the Reserves in the Technical Department of the Aviation Division (Board of Airplane Experts) during the war, shows what means were taken for the creation of new airplane types and what tests were employed for trying out their flying properties, capacities and structural reliability. The principal representative types of each of the classes of airplanes are described and the characteristics of the important structural parts are discussed. Data regarding the number of airplanes at the front and the flying efficiency of the various classes of airplanes are given.


Plane-wave electronic-structure predictions based upon orbital-dependent density-functional theory (OD-DFT) approximations, such as hybrid density-functional methods and self-interaction density-functional corrections, are severely affected by computational inaccuracies in evaluating electron interactions in the plane-wave representation. These errors arise from divergence singularities in the plane-wave summation of electrostatic and exchange interaction contributions. Auxiliary-function corrections are reciprocal-space countercharge corrections that cancel plane-wave singularities through the addition of an auxiliary function to the point-charge electrostatic kernel that enters into the expression of interaction terms. At variance with real-space countercharge corrections that are employed in the context of density-functional theory (DFT), reciprocal-space corrections are computationally inexpensive, making them suited to more demanding OD-DFT calculations. Nevertheless, there exists much freedom in the choice of auxiliary functions and various definitions result in different levels of performance in eliminating plane-wave inaccuracies. In this work, we derive exact point-charge auxiliary functions for the description of molecular structures of arbitrary translational symmetry, including the yet unaddressed one-dimensional case. In addition, we provide a critical assessment of different reciprocal-space countercharge corrections and demonstrate the improved accuracy of point-charge auxiliary functions in predicting the electronic levels and electrical response of conjugated polymers from plane-wave OD-DFT calculations.


PURPOSE
To determine the prevalence and severity of vasomotor, gynecologic, and other symptoms among breast cancer patients, their health concerns, beliefs about estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), and willingness to take estrogen under medical supervision.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A questionnaire was mailed to 320 women aged 40 to 65 years and diagnosed with in situ or invasive locoregional breast cancer in the years 1988 to 1992.

RESULTS
Of 222 eligible respondents, 190 were postmenopausal. The prevalence of symptoms among the postmenopausal women was as follows: hot flashes, 65%; night sweats, 44%; vaginal dryness, 48%; dyspareunia, 26%; difficulty sleeping, 44%; and feeling depressed, 44%. The latter two symptoms increased in frequency with increasing severity of vasomotor symptoms (P for trend < or = .001). Forty-one percent of menopausal women perceived that they had experienced, since their breast cancer diagnosis, a physical or emotional problem related to menopause. Of these women, 50% felt they needed treatment. Overall, 31% of postmenopausal women would consider taking estrogen. Those who perceived that they had experienced a menopausal problem were more likely to consider estrogen than those who did not (42% v 22%, P = .003). The proportions willing to take estrogen increased with increasing severity of symptoms, particularly feelings of depression and sleep disturbance (P for trend = .008 and .007, respectively). Awareness that estrogen decreases the risks of heart disease and osteoporosis was not associated with an increased willingness to take it. However, beliefs that estrogen increases the risks of recurrent breast cancer and uterine cancer were associated with a decreased willingness to take it (P = .003 and .08, respectively).

CONCLUSION
Vasomotor symptoms have a significant impact on the quality of life of breast cancer patients. Clinical trials to determine the safest and the most effective ways to relieve these symptoms are needed.


PROMPTING SELF-MONITORING OF LEARNING IN SELF-PACED COMPUTER BASED TRAINING: THE EFFECT ON SELF-REGULATION AND LEARNING Christopher J. Coburn Old Dominion University, 2012 Director: Dr. Richard Overbaugh The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the effects of prompting students to monitor their use of learning strategies and comprehension while completing self-paced, workrelated training in a computer-based learning environment. Study participants included 94 enlisted military volunteers, randomly assigned to one of three groups in the spring of 2012. Changes in strategy use and comprehension were evaluated within and between groups receiving either immediate, delayed or no prompts using multiple methods of measurement, both during and after training. Prompts asked participants to rate their level of agreement to statements regarding their strategy use and comprehension of lesson content. Dependent variables included declarative knowledge and self-regulation. Declarative knowledge was measured using multiple end-of-lesson tests and a comprehensive end-of-course test. Self-regulation of strategy use was measured using a post-treatment self-report instrument and strategy use scores derived from an evaluation of learner notes. Independent variables included prompts.to self-monitor performance; prior knowledge was used as a covariate in all analyses. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to investigate the effects of the prompts on the combination of self-regulation and comprehension scores at the end of training. Mixed model repeated measures analysis of covariance was used to investigate changes in selfregulation and strategy use during training. Analysis of results revealed no statistically significant effects of the prompting treatments on combined scores of self-regulation and comprehension by the end of the treatment between groups. Furthermore, there were no significant effects of the prompts on strategy use or comprehension over time between groups. Findings from this study suggest the addition of prompts in computer-based learning events may not be effective for all learners or learning tasks. In contrast to similar experiments with college students, the prompts failed to influence participant strategy use and learning. Although groups receiving prompts invested more time in training, the additional time did not lead to improved overall strategy use or comprehension scores in comparison to the group that did not receive prompts. By the end of training, average comprehension scores among groups was equivalent and, on average, below passing (80%). The lack of effect on strategy use may have been a result of participants' low prior knowledge, proficiency with learning strategies, task complexity and the value participants assigned to the learning task. Findings from this study expand the existing body of knowledge regarding the selfregulation of learning in computer-based learning environments, particularly with regard to the population of working adults, whose self-regulation of learning in the workplace has not been extensively investigated. Additionally, this study provides an example of how to employ multiple measures of self-regulation to more fully describe self-regulatory processes in computer-based learning environments, an approach researchers investigating self-regulation have called for.


Solution processability is one of the main reasons for developing polymer-based organic field-effect transistors (FETs) in the application of large-area, flexible and low-cost electronics. During the deposition process, the solvent action could exert a great influence on the self-assembly of polymers and the morphology of films, thus determining the FET performance. In this work, a bi-component solvent system composed of chloroform and dichlorobenzene was employed in the spin-coating process to fabricate bottom-gate bottom-contact FET devices. Dichlorobenzene could exhibit strong dispersive interactions to dissolve the polymers, while chloroform is less effective in solvating the polymers. By altering the ratios of the bi-component solvents, enhanced mobilities were achieved from PTD-10-TVT. This method has also proven to be effective in promoting the performance of other polymer semiconductors. Our work provides an effective method for obtaining high charge carrier mobilities in solution-processable polymer-based FET devices.


Optical scatterometry has been given much credit during the past few years in the semiconductor industry. The geometry of an optical diffracted structure is deduced from the scattered intensity by solving an inverse problem. This step always requires a previously defined geometrical model. We develop an artificial neural network classifier whose purpose is to identify the structural geometry of a diffraction grating from its measured ellipsometric signature. This will take place before the characterization stage. Two types of geometry will be treated: sinusoidal and symmetric trapezoidal. Experimental results are performed on two manufactured samples: a sinusoidal photoresist grating deposited on a glass substrate and a trapezoidal grating etched on a SiO2 substrate with periods of 2 microm and 0.565 microm, respectively.


Rivers and streams form a longitudinal network in which physical conditions and biological processes change through the river system. Geomorphology, topography, geology and hydraulic conditions change from site to site within the river system, thereby creating a complex network of reaches that are dominated by a hierarchy of physical processes. The complexity is further enhanced by local human alteration of the physical structure, natural processes and alteration of the riparian areas. The aim of the study was to analyse variations in land use and riparian characteristics along small Danish streams and to determine the effect of channelisation on physical habitats. Physical stream characteristics were measured in 149 stream small and medium sized Danish streams (catchment area: 0.1 to 67.2 km 2 ). The measured physical parameters included discharge, stream slope, width, depth, current velocity, substrata and coverage of macrophytes. Riparian land use, valley form and information on channelisation and channel dredging were also collected. Small headwater streams were either dominated by forests or semi-natural land use. In contrast, the riparian areas of the streams in the larger streams were dominated by agricultural or semi-natural / meadow land use. The results suggest that a combination of within-system variations in geomorphological, hydrological and geological conditions as well as human alterations of the natural environment in small Danish catchments facilitate discontinuous changes to the stream bed substrata and in-stream habitats. The physical habitats and substratum characteristics of the channelised streams were significantly different from the structure in natural streams unaffected by physical modifications. Riparian land use and valley form potentially influence the degree of channelisation, i.e. a confined and steep valley (V-shaped) is less likely to be used for agricultural production compared to a broad valley. The results are useful to water managers, who seek to identify natural and impacted physical conditions in large river systems.


Nigella sativa L. (Black cumin) has showed a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects like antipyretic, analgesic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial. These activities may be related to the seeds oil. The most important chemical composition of hexanic extract of seeds was unsaturated fatty acids and essential oil. In this investigation the hexanic extract of seeds was topically applied to evaluate the healing efficiency of seeds oil on the second degree burn wound models in rats. Animal were randomly divided into three groups of six for each group. Silver sulfadiazine was applied as an antiseptic standard drug. Wound healing was assessed by the rate of contraction and histological characteristics in treated and untreated groups. On day 12, the extracttreated animals showed 81.20% reduction in the wound area and were significantly (P<0.05) more than control group 63.31%. Histological study showed fully grown regenerated epidermis on day 12 in treated rats. The present study suggests the burn wound healing action of seeds may be due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of major compounds oil.


In spite of different economic agents' interests, as well as the Administration's effort in promoting extensive beef-producing systems over the last years, this kind of activity still hasn't reached the desirable levels, being necessary that farmers perceive an appropriate benefit which supports their activity. In this sense, this paper, using the data obtained by a statistical survey representing all the extensive beef-producing farms existing in Castile and Leon (Spain), aims to analyze the economical results of extensive beef-producing farms, previously classified in representative groups according a quantitative method. The study is a preliminary research which intends to generate additional knowledge about the role of the different variables which make part of the economic results, and takes part of a research project financed by Castile and Leon Regional Governments, Education and Culture Council, through the annual program to support research projects (Order EDU/1143/2004).


Health professions are critical in maintaining the health infrastructure of the country. The quality of health care education imparted directly affects the people and it is thus very important to focus our attention towards it. This paper is focused on the current dilemmas being faced in the health professions education and a two-step solution was proposed in view of the deep understanding of the problem. The first step includes a teacher training course to educate and empower the educator about the current advancements in the healthcare professions education. The second step included a thorough evaluation of medical educators to assess their teaching practices and bring forward solutions to improve them. Undoubtedly it can be stated that there is a dire need to implement principles of health professions education in Pakistan and educators have to play their crucial role in understanding the current challenges and taking steps to overcome them.


Calcite deposits, composed of a mixture of calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide, were found in fractures and small cavities within the welded tuff of Yucca Mountain. This research investigation involves determining the presence of thermophilic, calciumprecipitating bacteria within these deposits. The possible existence of thermophilic bacteria may help to resolve the issue of whether these calcite deposits formed from precipitation of dissolved calcium carbonate in rain water transported from the overlying soil environment or as a result of upwelling of geothermally-heated waters transported from below the mountain. Evidence for microbially-influenced calcite precipitation in these deposits is indicated by the presence of moderately-thermophilic, calciumprecipitating bacteria. Growth of bacteria enriched from crushed calcite and calcite/tuff mixed samples collected from tunnels within Yucca Mountain indicate a tendency for thermophiles to be found in calcite deposits and mixed rock samples compared to tuff samples (no calcite) which lacked bacterial growth at temperatures of 50° C and higher. Calcite isolates growing at 60 and 70° C were identified as thermophiles, the most common identification being Bacillus stearothermophilus. SEM and electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) results showed that bacteria, isolated from Yucca Mountain calcite and calcite/tuff, produced calcite (CaCO3) when grown on calcium-enriched medium. This evidence indicates a possible warm water influence in the history of Yucca Mountain.


The purpose of this research was to highlight the issue of parts obsolescence and to highlight the possibility of using alternative methods to overcome parts shortage. Specifically, this thesis sought to answer the research question: is the three-dimensional printing technology (3D) an applicable approach to overcome part obsolescence. The research question was answered through data research and survey analysis. Notwithstanding, the diminished manufacturing sources and material shortages (DMSMS) management and other existing approaches, such as forecasting, contracting, and reverse engineering (RE), were discussed briefly in the literature review and profoundly in chapter IV to differentiate among applicable existing solutions toward solving parts obsolescence. This research qualitatively conducted a survey to identify the depth of the applicability of the 3D printing technology approach to be a solution for material shortages in comparison with other approaches to solving this matter.


Agricultural policy support to farmers is being reconsidered in most industrialized countries. The adverse incentive structure of price support is generally considered to be inadequate. Income support schemes may therefore be preferable in view of externalities of agricultural production such as the development and maintenance of nature. A plethora of studies comprises estimates of the impact of a sustained future benefit stream (among other things through continued price and income support) on land prices. The empirical results of these studies vary considerably. We apply meta-analytical methods to identify the factors explaining this variation in capitalization of future benefits in agricultural land prices. The resultant information is of crucial importance given the current change from price support to income support in agricultural policymaking. The results of the meta-analysis show that there is considerable variation due to the way in which income is taken into account, and the way in which expectations of future benefits are operationalized. There is also evidence that a change from a mixed price and income support scheme to a system of income support will result in substantially lower capitalization in land values.


The objective of this work was to study the release behavior of prednisolone from calcium-cross-linked carboxymethyl xanthan gum (CMXG) tablets in dissolution medium having different pH values prevailing in the gastrointestinal lumen. Xanthan gum (XG) was derivatized to CMXG which was then cross-linked in situ with Ca+2 ion during wet massing step of tablet preparation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies did not show any drug-polymer interaction although the drug underwent solid-state transformation during compression as evident from X-ray diffraction analysis. In vitro release study demonstrated that increase in the amount of Ca+2 ion decreased the drug release, and beyond a certain amount, the drug release increased. While increase in both drug load and tablet crushing strength decreased the drug release, increase in exposure time in acid solution of pH 1.2 increased the overall release of the drug. The mechanism of drug release was non-Fickian/anomalous. The results indicated that variation in the amount of Ca+2 ion can modulate the drug release from CMXG matrix tablets as needed.


In the quest for alternative forms of livestock production to sheep and cattle in northern Europe, deer farming has been strongly advocated. lt is environmentally friendly with low inputs of fertilizers and pesticides and farmed venison is a lean and natural meat with a distinctive flavour desired by consumers. It has also an advantage over other proposed alternatives in that there is a strong body of scientific knowledge on the biology of deer and a resource of information on farming techniques ~hich has been collected in the last 20 years. This book draws on such research and development work carried out between 1970and 1985in Germany and elsewhere and decribes how to farm fallow deer in Germany, covering both theoretical and practical aspects in a comprehensive manner. Nutrition, health, selection and breeding, farming systems, marketing and economics are convincingly dealt with. This translation from the German into English is generally of a good standard. While the book offers a valuable insight into the state of the deer farming industry and agriculture in West Germany in the mid-1980s, it could have had a broader appeal if some of the detail only relevant to German conditions had been omitted in the English edition. The major strength of the book is its wealth of information on fallow deer and their farming which will be valuable to scientists, lecturers, advisers and consultants in many European countries. Although reference is made to the farming of other species, such as the red deer, where information on the fallow deer is lacking, there clearly exists a need for a companion volume on the farming of the red deer-under European conditions. This book sets a high standard for future publications on deer farming which will no doubt appear as the potential of deer farming as an alternative livestock enterprise is realized.


Cancer Immunology
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is an important process by which cancer cells can be targeted and killed. Immune cells, such as T and NK (natural killer) cells, express Fc receptors that recognize cancer cells coated with antibodies. They then release cytotoxic granules that result in apoptosis. Matlung et al. show that neutrophils induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity via a completely different mechanism. This process entails trogocytosis-induced lysis of tumor cells, which the authors term "trogoptosis." They find that neutrophils endocytose cytoplasmic fragments of target cells, which induces cancer cell necroptosis. In addition to direct killing, this mechanism may be important for the release of cancer neoantigens and damage-associated molecular patterns, which further activate and direct the immune response to tumors.

Cell Rep. 23 , 3946 (2018).


Abstract: This paper demonstrates the demand of elearning that needs to cope with and possible technology introduction through Bangladesh Open University as a lone government agency of distance education in Bangladesh for its learners who are doing Commonwealth Executive MBA (CEMBA)/Commonwealth Executive MPA (CEMPA) offered in cooperation with Commonwealth of Learning (COL) and MBA program of its own. Web based learning or eLearning is a new genre for providing services in the arena of education. Though in most developed countries such USA, Canada, UK, web based learning becomes popular to learners of their country, that is a very new to a third country like Bangladesh. Students of Bangladesh are also partaking courses through online programmes offered by those developed countries. These courses are expensive too, so it is necessary to establish our own elearning system in Bangladesh. As the demand of training and education is huge in Bangladesh, it is necessary to adapt the mobile and flexible system. Keeping the eye on view, a survey was conducted among the learners of those professional academic programmes. The informants were selected both from the capital city of Bangladesh as well as divisional cities and district town. The survey demonstrates that this technology can be appropriately used to meet the demands of the professional programmes. However, this survey also shows that the professional programmes require careful planning and sound technological infrastructures. The study will clarify how far prospective learners have the appreciation of the technology and how the learners have comparatively more preparation to participate in an eLearning programme rather than the organizations. The survey also focuses the primary and secondary education through collected data from websites of Bangladeshi government and private organization.


This study seeks to address the use of music in the film "Miles Davis: Birth of the Cool". The theoretical reference for the analysis is Bill Nichols (2005). Among the ways Nichols addresses to delineate the boundaries that separate a documentary film from a fiction film is the audience, or the viewer. This is viewers, when watching the film, may assume that the sounds and images in that film originate from the historical world. I argue that in documentary film the viewer can retain their belief in the authenticity of the historical world represented on the screen, but this does not prevent their understanding of the film as a perspective on the world. It is part of the tradition of documentary to be able to convey an impression of authenticity, even if the close correspondence between image and reality is not guaranteed. However, when the music used is original, in this respect the correspondence with factuality gets closer.


Woody plant encroachment is a global phenomenon whereby shrubs or trees replace grasses. The hydrological consequences of this ecological shift are of broad interest in ecohydrology, yet little is known of how plant and intercanopy patch dynamics, distributions, and connectivity influence catchment‐scale responses. To address this gap, we established research catchments in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts (near Green Valley, Arizona and near Las Cruces, New Mexico, respectively) that represent shrub encroachment in contrasting arid climates. Our main goals in the coordinated observations were to: (a) independently measure the components of the catchment water balance, (b) deploy sensors to quantify the spatial patterns of ecohydrological processes, (c) use novel methods for characterizing catchment properties, and (d) assess shrub encroachment impacts on ecohydrological processes through modelling studies. Datasets on meteorological variables; energy, radiation, and CO2 fluxes; evapotranspiration; soil moisture and temperature; and runoff at various scales now extend to nearly 10 years of observations at each site, including both wet and dry periods. Here, we provide a brief overview of data collection efforts and offer suggestions for how the coordinated datasets can be exploited for ecohydrological inferences and modelling studies. Given the representative nature of the catchments, the available databases can be used to generalize findings to other catchments in desert landscapes.


Most people in our country strive for security in their careers, but there are few who make other's career secure and they are the entrepreneurs. By this case study we have tried to focus upon how an entrepreneur can generate employment and thus lead to socio economic growth. On the road to success, entrepreneurs face numerous challenges but they come out victorious as every hindrance is a milestone for them.  We have uncovered the huge entrepreneurial potential in India and tried to give every youngster a hope to think out of the box and create a difference. Our primary objective is to focus upon the evolution that the Indian entrepreneurs have been through, the challenges faced by them, discovering the potential of Entrepreneurs in India and we have also tried to observe the role of incubators and Government. We have gathered our data mainly from secondary sources comprising of online journals, websites, reports, newspapers. Our primary data pertains to an interview with Vishal Agrawal, Chairman of MPRTC. At the end the researchers concluded that it is the innovative ideas of the entrepreneurs that fuel our economic growth and they ensure the poverty reduction and employment generation in our country thus emerging as a necessity in today's world.


For any video codecs, the coding efficiency highly relies on whether the current signal to be encoded can find the relevant contexts from the previous reconstructed signals. Traditional codec has verified more contexts bring substantial coding gain, but in a time-consuming manner. However, for the emerging neural video codec (NVC), its contexts are still limited, leading to low compression ratio. To boost NVC, this paper proposes increasing the context diversity in both temporal and spatial dimensions. First, we guide the model to learn hierarchical quality patterns across frames, which enriches long-term and yet highquality temporal contexts. Furthermore, to tap the potential of optical flow-based coding framework, we introduce a group-based offset diversity where the cross-group interaction is proposed for better context mining. In addition, this paper also adopts a quadtree-based partition to increase spatial context diversity when encoding the latent representation in parallel. Experiments show that our codec obtains 23.5% bitrate saving over previous SOTA NVC. Better yet, our codec has surpassed the under-developing next generation traditional codec/ECM in both RGB and YUV420 colorspaces, in terms of PSNR. The codes are at https://github.com/microsoft/DCVC.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the financial potential of new service businesses in the context of a global machinery manufacturer. The objective is to examine the supportive role of management accounting (MA) and control in service business development, which has not been empirically examined previously.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper takes advantage of an interventionist case study at a global machinery manufacturer and is empirically based on a comprehensive examination of the service business potential in the selected product category in different market areas. The researchers were actively involved in the accounting development activities underlying this paper.

Findings

The results suggest that the development of a global service business is necessary to build on market area characteristics. An analysis should combine financial information and equipment fleet information across product lines and organizational units.

Research limitations/implications

MA and control practices tend to require significant development to actually support the process of identifying and capturing the service business potentials. As the findings are limited to one case environment, further studies should address the longitudinal evolution of MA and control, and the choice and utilization of different performance measures, in similar contexts.

Practical implications

The paper provides managerial insights on how to utilize MA information and proposes ideas for performance indicators.

Originality/value

The process examined in this paper responds to the need for tools and techniques supporting service business development. MA and control could provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of service business profitability potential and support in identifying and prioritizing the possible avenues of realizing such potential.


The diversity of ubiquitin modifications calls for methods to better characterize ubiquitin chain linkage, length, and morphology. Here, we use multiple linear regression analysis coupled with ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to quantify the relative abundance of different ubiquitin dimer isomers. We demonstrate the utility and robustness of this approach by quantifying the relative abundance of different ubiquitin dimers in complex mixtures and comparing the results to the standard, bottom-up ubiquitin AQUA method. Our results provide a foundation for using multiple linear regression analysis and IM-MS to characterize more complex ubiquitin chain architectures.


Two thirds of the low vision population are over the age of 50 and were not concerned by any visual deficiency when they were younger. The predominant concerns of the largest part of such a population are the loss of independence and the ability to perform simple activities of everyday life. With a clear lack of efficient visual aids, one urgent challenge is to design and to develop new approaches to facilitate the vision rehabilitation, the mobility and the socioeconomic independence of people that have to face a visual impairment inducing major changes in their life. Within this framework, we investigated the influence of lighting-based edge enhancement techniques on the autonomous mobility of visually impaired people.


Nanozyme activity relies on surface electron transfer processes. Notably, the piezoelectric effect plays a vital role in influencing nanozyme activity by generating positive and negative charges on piezoelectric materials' surfaces. This article comprehensively reviews the potential mechanisms and practical applications of regulating nanozyme activity through the piezoelectric effect. The article first elucidates how the piezoelectric effect enables nanozymes to exhibit catalytic activity. It is highlighted that the positive and negative charges produced by this effect directly participate in redox reactions, leading to the conversion of materials from an inactive to an active state. Moreover, the piezoelectric field generated can enhance nanozyme activity by accelerating electron transfer rates or reducing binding energy between nanozymes and substrates. Practical applications of piezoelectric nanozymes are explored in the subsequent section, including water pollutant degradation, bacterial disinfection, biological detection, and tumor therapy, which demonstrate the versatile potentials of the piezoelectric effect in nanozyme applications. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for further research into the catalytic mechanisms of piezoelectric nanozymes, suggesting expanding the scope of catalytic types and exploring new application areas. Furthermore, the promising direction of synergistic catalytic therapy is discussed as an inspiring avenue for future research.


Bulk Ti3AlC2 was prepared via hot pressing TiC, Ti and Al powders in vacuum. The sliding wear of Ti3AlC2 against Al2O3 at room temperature up to 800°C was investigated on a SRV-IV oscillating friction and wear tester. Reduced wear and wear transition of Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 tribo-couple were found by increasing temperature. The worn surfaces of both Ti3AlC2 and Al2O3 were analyzed by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. It was found that the severe wear of Ti3AlC2 and Al2O3 from room temperature to 200°C was related to mechanical wear, i.e. grain fracture and pullout of Ti3AlC2. At temperature higher than 400°C, the tribo-oxidation layer on the worn surface of Ti3AlC2 containing TiO2 and Al2O3 was beneficial for reducing wear of both Ti3AlC2 and Al2O3.


Few weeks have passed in recent years without news of yet another data security breach that has the potential to impact upon the privacy of individuals. Following each event, there is significant coverage in both the mainstream media and the trade press; there is much handwringing; the organisation involved might be damaged (financially or reputationally, or both); there will be guesses as to the long-term effects on the individuals concerned; and then things move on . . . until the next incident occurs, when the cycle is repeated. While some fields have a long-standing culture of learning lessons from disasters, giving rise to new and/or improved processes — both for the organisation itself and for the relevant sector as a whole — for a variety of reasons this is not the case in information security. We argue that a culture shift is necessary, and that the publication of well researched case studies describing privacy breaches, which has the potential to be impactful in a variety of ways, is well overdue.


Energy efficiency is becoming a challenging issue due to dramatically increasing demands. Sensing disaggregation and identification of individual electrical appliances from consumption measurements is the key to achieve the energy awareness and efficiency in smart buildings. Less intelligent approaches do not sufficiently take into account a variety of heterogeneous information sources and context knowledge to establish a continuous learning and optimizing ability. In this paper, we propose a lightweight smart home appliance behavior learning and detection system, and elaborate its data mining and behavior learning algorithms. The main contribution of this paper are twofold: first, we propose the concept of appliance fingerprint and propose a variety of appliance-based and context-based fingerprints. Second, we propose a multi-source fingerprint-weighting KNN (FWKNN) classification algorithm and present a boosting framework for continuous online learning and detection. We implement the system architecture and demonstrate a prototype based on IBM Bluemix PaaS cloud platform. Experimental result and analysis prove that FWKNN outperforms other benchmark method in detection accuracy.


One aspect that differentiates telecommunications and network services providers are the efficient use of their information. The current telecommunications environments are composed of a vast quantity of information largely disconnected and disentangled. Organizing such information so that it can be used in agreement with the value it possesses doesn't constitute a trivial task. This paper discusses some questions concerning analysis of management data originated from telecommunication's environments. First, some concepts related to service management and personnel performance are discussed. Second, the design and implementation of a system for event analysis is presented. The system is able to process historical data from a management database and to deliver timely, concise, well organized and Web-based information about two aspects of a telecommunication plant: the events that come from the managed resources and the performance and behavior of the management work force. The system has features like summarization of data, independence of management platform, flexible operation interface, possibility of viewing data in different levels of detail and grouping, besides the possibility of a compared analysis of performance and behavior of managed elements. In the sequence, a case of use of the developed system and the results analysed are presented. The management platform used was the System for Integration of Supervision (SIS), system that motivated this work.


Introduction A growing number of injuries and deaths from televisions falling from furniture are reported in literature although these are completely preventable injuries. Such injuries are ideal for a public education campaign targeting parents, health care workers, and television manufacturers. Methods We report 2 cases of trauma sustained from falling TV arrived to our Emergency Department. Results In these 2 cases there are no adult witnesses to the event, but they were alerted by a loud crashing sound of a falling TV. The death incidents occurred because TVs were on surfaces not suitable for TVs, a bookcase in the first case, and in the second case on a small table. The Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission was 3, in the first case and 8 in the second. The first baby, 2 years old, reported major traumatic brain injuries, and the impact force resulted in severe trauma and death. CT results revealed extended fracture parietal-occipital. In the second case the baby was playing with the TV's electrical cords and remained blocked under the product resulting in crushing and compressing injuries: the entire dresser and television fell over and the television landed on the boy's head. Discussion The kind of trauma sustained from a falling TV depends on the length of time the victim has been trapped under the TV, on the impact force, on the point where the victims were hit on the age, and on the weight and size of the TV. Conclusion As the incidents resulted from the instability of the furniture on which the TVs were set and that the same TV's were not properly anchored and could fall onto the victims, it is to be noted that they can be prevented by simply anchoring TVs and furniture. Televisions should only be placed on furniture designed to hold them, such as stands or media centres or they should be anchored to the wall. Items that might tempt kids to climb should also be removed, such as toys and remote controls, from the top of the TV and furniture.


Approximately 5.8 million persons die from injuries each year, accounting for 10% of all deaths worldwide. In the United States, 180,000 persons die each year from injuries, making the category the country's leading cause of death for those aged 1-44 years and the leading cause of years of potential life lost before age 65 years. Injuries also result in 2.8 million hospitalizations and 29 million emergency department visits each year in the United States. Motor vehicle crashes, falls, homicides, suicides, domestic violence, child maltreatment, and other forms of intentional and unintentional injury affect all strata of society, with widespread physical, mental, and reproductive health consequences. Injuries and violence affect not only individuals, but also families and communities, producing substantial economic and societal burdens related to health-care costs, work loss, and disruption of education. The estimated annual U.S. cost in medical expenses and lost productivity resulting from injuries is $355 billion.


Aims: The study aimed to investigate the effects of leaf age and position along the stem on the seasonal evolution of photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) of primary leaves of field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Zweigelt) under natural growing conditions in the Pannonian climate.Methods and results: Single-leaf gas exchange measurements were carried out in three vineyards with different planting densities, training systems and canopy management in the Neusiedlersee region (Burgenland, Austria). From the beginning of leaf development until flowering, basal leaves in the fruiting zone showed the highest photosynthetic activity. After flowering until ripening, the zone with the highest photosynthetic activity continuously moved in the apical direction. Leaves reached their maximum photosynthetic activity 30 to 40 days after emergence, depending on investigation site and vineyard management. Due to sufficient water supply, photosynthesis of old leaves decreased slowly; thus 100 days after unfolding leaves still retained 65% to 75% of their maximum photosynthetic activity.Conclusion: The development of single-leaf photosynthesis in the Zweigelt grapevine corresponded to the results of prior investigations on other grape varieties. However, vineyard management strongly influenced the evolution of gas exchange during the growing period. Leaves from vines stressed by high crop load or poor canopy management showed early leaf senescence and a strong decline in photosynthetic activity after reaching maximum level. Well-watered leaves from shoot-thinned vines with moderate crop load and equal light exposure throughout the canopy exhibited high photosynthesis with a much slower decrease in older leaves.Significance and impact of the study: The results indicate that under favourable growing conditions ensured by adequate water supply and canopy management, basal leaves maintain good photosynthesis and WUE over a long period of time. Thus old leaves, as well, can contribute to the photosynthesis of the entire vine.


This article is a report of the results obtained in a clinical study of the premature contraction, with particular regard to its reaction to the drugs most commonly used in the treatment and study of heart disease. There are in the literature many references to the response of the premature contraction to drugs, as appendixes to studies of cardiac arrhythmias in which attention is given particularly to auricular fibrillation and flutter. This is especially the case in the recent work on the action of quinidine. Edens and Huber 1 and Wenckebach 2 reported the action of digitalis on the premature contraction, but recorded impressions rather than the results of carefully controlled experiments. The arrhythmia does not easily lend itself to careful study because of its inconstancy. Patients showing frequent premature contractions in great numbers over long periods of time are not often seen at the hospital. Approximately, one of every five patients


Often simple metrics are used to summarise complex patterns in stream benthic ecology, thus it is important to understand how well these metrics can explain the finer-scale underlying environmental variation often hidden by coarser-scale influences. I sampled 47 relatively pristine streams in the central North Island of New Zealand in 2007 and (1) evaluated the local-scale drivers of macroinvertebrate community structure as well as both diversity and biomonitoring metrics in this unmodified landscape, and (2) assessed whether these drivers were similar for commonly used univariate metrics and multivariate structure. The drivers of community metrics and multivariate structure were largely similar, with % canopy cover and resource supply metrics the most commonly identified environmental drivers in these pristine streams. For an area with little to no anthropogenic influence, substantial variation was explained in the macroinvertebrate community (up to 70% on the first two components of a partial least squares regression), with both uni- and multivariate approaches. This research highlights two important points: (1) the importance of considering natural underlying environmental variation when assessing the response to coarse environmental gradients, and (2) the importance of considering canopy cover presence when assessing the impact of stressors on stream macroinvertebrate communities.


Follicular lymphoma constitutes 30-40% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Most patients have widespread disease at diagnosis. The clinical course is generally indolent, and it is not usually curable with available treatment. The source of relapse in patients who achieve complete clinical remission is residual neoplastic cells that are present below the limits of detection using standard techniques. With the development of PCR technology, the presence of these residual malignant cells [Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)] has been demonstrated clearly. Recently, an association of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cell autograft appeared promising in the treatment of these lymphomas. In the search of clonal markers for the detection of MRD in follicular lymphomas, two strategies can be used. In the cases associated with the t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation, the bcl-2/JH junctional regions are amplified by PCR in gamma 50% of cases and then sequenced in order to synthesize an anti-junction oligonucleotide probe specific for each patient's malignant clone (clonospecific probe). In the cases negative for this translocation, an alternative strategy consists in the amplification of immunoglobulin high chain (IgH) gene rearrangement (gamma 75% of cases). The present review highlights the value of molecular markers such as bcl-2/JH and VH/JH rearrangements to follow the neoplastic clone and to detect MRD in patients with follicular lymphomas.


SETTING
Tuberculosis (TB) suspects and cases reported in 2003 in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the accuracy of the classification of notified TB cases in Taiwan.

DESIGN
A list of all TB cases reported in 2003 in Taiwan was obtained from the Taiwan Center for Disease Control, along with their classification. TB cases residing in Taipei City were investigated by consulting their medical charts.

RESULTS
Of 1,973 patients, 782 (39.6%) were bacteriologically confirmed, 1,024 (52%) were not bacteriologically confirmed (indeterminate) and 167 (9%) were not TB cases (in whom non-tuberculosis mycobacteria [NTM] was isolated). Of the 1,973 cases, 1,716 (87%) had been treated with anti-tuberculosis drugs, while 257 (13%) had not been treated. Of the 782 bacteriologically confirmed cases, 68 (8.7%) were misclassified as non-notifiable (32 [4.1%] had their diagnosis changed by a clinician and 36 [4.6%] by administrative coding). Of the 167 cases in whom NTM were isolated, 72 (43.1%) were misclassified as TB cases. Of the 257 untreated suspects, 31 (12.1%) did not have any evidence of TB (20 indeterminate and 11 NTM cases) and were questionably classified as newly diagnosed cases.

CONCLUSION
There was substantial misclassification of notified TB cases in Taiwan.


The dentists' main job is to restore health and function to the oral cavity. However, dental professionals can also be involved in medico legal activities as forensic odontologists or by being Expert Witnesses (EW) to testify in professional liability cases, car accidents and work-related injuries. When called to act as an expert witness by the Court, the appointed dentist has to combine both biological and technical knowledge with equivalent medico-legal and forensic knowledge. Spontaneous involvement in medico-legal matters without an adequate training and experience can lead to mistakes with irreversible consequences. As an expert witness, the dentist has precise responsibility with civil and/or penal consequences, depending on the national judicial system. Dental Expert Witness, working either privately or appointed by the Court, has defined responsibilities and is subjected to civil or criminal proceedings (depending on the judicial system) if found wanting. Keeping in mind that there are significant differences regarding the requirements of becoming eligible to be a Dental Expert Witness in different legal systems. In this work the authors investigated the Judicial Systems regarding the appointment of Dental Expert Witnesses in Brazil, Croatia, Indonesia, Italy, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom (Table 1), in order to marshal knowledge towards harmonization and the attainment of best practice. This premise acknowledges the fact that forensic odontology must encompass the necessity for robust systems of audit and accreditation for it to be accepted as an "evidence based" forensic discipline.Further steps to ensure quality assurance in legal dentistry and forensic odontology training should be considered to prevent the spontaneous involvement of inappropriately trained dentists to become involved in making decisions that are beyond their competence and expertise.


High-resolution transmission electron microscopes operating at 300 and 400 kV were used to investigate the crystallography and microstructure of the perovskitelike YBa2Cu3O7-x. In this paper, we evaluate the performance attainable with these microscopes both empirically and by computer modelling. Based upon the assumption that oxygen may be a key to superconductivity properties, we have also investigated the visibility of the oxygen sites as well as the heavier yttrium and barium ion positions and the lighter Cu atom positions. We propose a scheme for observing different twin orientations in these structures and hence the oxygen atom positions seen in projection for the [100] and [010]. Our observations of both thick and thin regions of Y-Ba-Cu-O materials are reported as well as the problems of adjusting microscope parameters and specimen alignment to obtain interpretable images. We also give a preliminary report on the effects of heat treatment as seen in high-resolution micrographs to assess disorder of the heavy atoms and oxygen vacancies.


The aims of the present study were to investigate whether selective attention in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is content-specific and influenced by treatment. Comparisons were made between emotional Stroop interferences of stimulus types that were related and unrelated to hypothesized BPD schemas (1) of patients with BPD (n = 24) and nonpatient controls (n = 23), and (2) of BPD patients (n = 16) at start and end of an intensive, 3-year lasting treatment. Patients with BPD showed general hypervigilance, i.e. attentional biases for both schema related and unrelated emotional stimuli. Hypervigilance was completely reduced to normalized levels in recovered patients (n = 6), but not in non-recovered patients (n = 10) at the end of treatment. The findings support the possibility of structural change in BPD.


The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive review of the noteworthy contributions made in the area of the Feedforward neural network (FNN) to improve its generalization performance and convergence rate (learning speed); to identify new research directions that will help researchers to design new, simple and efficient algorithms and users to implement optimal designed FNNs for solving complex problems; and to explore the wide applications of the reviewed FNN algorithms in solving real-world management, engineering and health sciences problems and demonstrate the advantages of these algorithms in enhancing decision making for practical operations.,The FNN has gained much popularity during the last three decades. Therefore, the authors have focused on algorithms proposed during the last three decades. The selected databases were searched with popular keywords: "generalization performance," "learning rate," "overfitting" and "fixed and cascade architecture." Combinations of the keywords were also used to get more relevant results. Duplicated articles in the databases, non-English language, and matched keywords but out of scope, were discarded.,The authors studied a total of 80 articles and classified them into six categories according to the nature of the algorithms proposed in these articles which aimed at improving the generalization performance and convergence rate of FNNs. To review and discuss all the six categories would result in the paper being too long. Therefore, the authors further divided the six categories into two parts (i.e. Part I and Part II). The current paper, Part I, investigates two categories that focus on learning algorithms (i.e. gradient learning algorithms for network training and gradient-free learning algorithms). Furthermore, the remaining four categories which mainly explore optimization techniques are reviewed in Part II (i.e. optimization algorithms for learning rate, bias and variance (underfitting and overfitting) minimization algorithms, constructive topology neural networks and metaheuristic search algorithms). For the sake of simplicity, the paper entitled "Machine learning facilitated business intelligence (Part II): Neural networks optimization techniques and applications" is referred to as Part II. This results in a division of 80 articles into 38 and 42 for Part I and Part II, respectively. After discussing the FNN algorithms with their technical merits and limitations, along with real-world management, engineering and health sciences applications for each individual category, the authors suggest seven (three in Part I and other four in Part II) new future directions which can contribute to strengthening the literature.,The FNN contributions are numerous and cannot be covered in a single study. The authors remain focused on learning algorithms and optimization techniques, along with their application to real-world problems, proposing to improve the generalization performance and convergence rate of FNNs with the characteristics of computing optimal hyperparameters, connection weights, hidden units, selecting an appropriate network architecture rather than trial and error approaches and avoiding overfitting.,This study will help researchers and practitioners to deeply understand the existing algorithms merits of FNNs with limitations, research gaps, application areas and changes in research studies in the last three decades. Moreover, the user, after having in-depth knowledge by understanding the applications of algorithms in the real world, may apply appropriate FNN algorithms to get optimal results in the shortest possible time, with less effort, for their specific application area problems.,The existing literature surveys are limited in scope due to comparative study of the algorithms, studying algorithms application areas and focusing on specific techniques. This implies that the existing surveys are focused on studying some specific algorithms or their applications (e.g. pruning algorithms, constructive algorithms, etc.). In this work, the authors propose a comprehensive review of different categories, along with their real-world applications, that may affect FNN generalization performance and convergence rate. This makes the classification scheme novel and significant.


In this study, a non-syndromic progressive bilateral high frequency hearing loss is described in a family with 141 identified members. Recent genetic analyses indicated a digenic inheritance with linkage to the gene loci DFNA2 and DFNA12. The affected family members who shared haplotypes at both loci (type I) showed an early postlingual onset and a more rapid rate of progress compared with those with one either of the two disease associated haplotypes (type II). The audiometric pattern was cochlear without a vestibular involvement. Auditory brainstem response audiometry and magnetic resonance imaging indicated normal retrocochlear features. The otoacoustic emissions were affected for both type I and type II, whereas the acoustic stapedius reflex thresholds were normal in most cases. It is concluded that both types had an outer hair cell/micro-mechanical abnormality, but that the DFNA 2 type might have an additional dysfunction at the level of the inner hair cells. It is furthermore pointed out that the application of refined audiometric techniques as well as a further development of new techniques is needed in order to characterize the phenotypes of the rapidly expanding number of genetically defined inner ear abnormalities.


Restorative Justice or mediating a settlement out of court or in the absence of legal proceedings, a form of means to enforce the laws that promote justice for those who were litigants. In addition there is the meaning contained in the Restorative Justice or settlement out of court legal settlement that is the rapid acceleration by not leaving the rights of each party and in accordance with the laws of life (living law) which is part of the customs that exist in Indonesian society. However Restorative Justice and mediation in Indonesia there is no definite legal umbrella so that the rule of law has not regulated the process of implementation, but reality on the ground Restorative Justice or mediation process has been commonly carried out and have a positive impact. In the most preferred law enforcement is a sense of justice both the victim and of the perpetrator so that mediation between the parties is very influential in the settlement. In the implementation of Restorative Justice and mediation can only be carried out against the legal process done by children as offenders (minors) with Diversi term, but for other general criminal cases there are no rules that govern them. Restorative Justice and mediation have often carried out in developed countries, but in Indonesia there is no definite rules related to the implementation, therefore we are pushing for the parties berkompenten about the manufacture or preparation of regulations on the enforcement of the failure by a review of the application of Restorative Justice in common criminal case.Keywords: Investigation; The Law Of Life; Restorative Justice.


Objective To explore what is known about the tobacco industry's (TI) price-based responses to tobacco excise tax policies and whether these vary by country income group using a systematic review. Data sources Studies assessing TI pricing tactics were identified via searches of five online databases using a combination of search keywords. Study selection Inclusion criteria were applied by two reviewers independently who screened all search results (titles and abstracts) for possible inclusion. They identified 37 publications that reported TI pricing tactics. Data extraction Study details were tabulated, and information was extracted on the country income group, population characteristics, excise tax structure, and pricing strategies. Data synthesis Of the 37 publications identified, 22 were conducted in high-income countries, while 15 covered low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Major pricing strategies employed were: differentially shifting taxes between products (35 studies); launching new brands/products as pathways for downtrading (six studies), product promotions and different prices for the same products for different customers (six studies); price smoothing (two studies); and changing product attributes such as length/size of cigarettes or production processes (three studies). Conclusions While there is limited evidence to fully ascertain industry responses to tax increases, this review suggests that the TI widely uses a multitude of sophisticated pricing strategies across different settings around the world with the intention of undermining tax policies, thereby increasing tobacco consumption and maximising their profits. There is a need for further research in this area especially in LMICs so that effective policy responses can be developed.


he tomato-processing sector and its products have historically played a strategic role in the context of Italy's fruit and vegetable industry. In recent years, the whole to- mato processing supply chain in Italy has experienced profound restructuring triggered by the reform of the Common Market Organisation, accompanied by increasingly fierce price competition resulting from several emerging countries competing with Italy on foreign markets. We analyse the main changes currently under way in the scenario of international trade in tomato and its deri vatives, and how they have inevitably changed European dynamics and hence the competitiveness of Italian tomato exports. Starting from these general considerations, we seek to ascertain whether Italy has managed to keep pace with the radical changes in the tomato sector and market and whether it has managed to maintain its traditional dominant position internationally. The results show Italy's partial failure to anticipate the new conditions of international trade on tomato and its derivatives, in some cases losing market share.


Most scholarship on the effects of transnational migration on family life has argued that such migration results in profound shifts and dislocations in family practices and gender ideologies. Much of this work, however, has overlooked processes of internal migration: How different is transnational migration from internal migration in its impact on family life? By comparing families of transnational migrants with those of internal migrants in a small town in Ghana, I explore the effect of place and distance—as generated by human activity—on the maintenance of parent-child and spousal relations. I conclude that transnational migration exacerbates conflicts that exist in families unaffected by transnational migrations.


Somatic cellular differentiation plays a critical role in the transition from unicellular to multicellular life, but the evolution of its genetic basis remains poorly understood. By definition, somatic cells do not reproduce to pass on genes and so constitute an extreme form of altruistic behaviour. The volvocine green algae provide an excellent model system to study the evolution of multicellularity and somatic differentiation. In Volvox carteri, somatic cell differentiation is controlled by the regA gene, which is part of a tandem duplication of genes known as the reg cluster. Although previous work found the reg cluster in divergent Volvox species, its origin and distribution in the broader group of volvocine algae has not been known. Here, we show that the reg cluster is present in many species without somatic cells and determine that the genetic basis for soma arose before the phenotype at the origin of the family Volvocaceae approximately 200 million years ago. We hypothesize that the ancestral function was involved in regulating reproduction in response to stress and that this function was later co‐opted to produce soma. Determining that the reg cluster was co‐opted to control somatic cell development provides insight into how cellular differentiation, and with it greater levels of complexity and individuality, evolves.


The oxidation capacity and the quantity of chemisorbed oxygen are known to determine the extent of reaction with a target gas and thus deeply affect the sensing properties of a material. Therefore, to improve the reaction extent and enhance the sensing performance of a sensing material, a feasible and effective route is to increase the amount of chemisorbed oxygen on its surface. In this work, Ru species were successfully doped into the lattice of ultrathin In2O3 nanosheets. As a result, the oxygen vacancy enriched Ru-doped In2O3 not only exhibits a great ability to absorb oxygen on the surface, but also exhibits excellent catalytic ability for the selective oxidation of xylene. The 0.5% Ru–In2O3 sensor shows the best sensing performance for xylene detection, including ultrahigh response (Ra/Rg = 128.9 to 100 ppm), superior selectivity, low operating temperature (120 °C) and low detection limit (0.1 ppm). The excellent sensing properties make Ru-doped In2O3 a promising sensing material for xylene detection. Finally, we reveal that benzoic acid is the main intermediate for this sensing reaction.


This study focuses on a musculoskeletal analysis of human lower extremity and associated muscle forces during different rehabilitative tasks and exoskeleton alignment models. By changing the size and orientation of the impairment levels that could be caused by the misalignment of the exoskeleton and biological knee joint, muscle stress variations were observed. This indicates an increase in force such as that generated by the Vastus lateralis muscle up to 4.3% due to a 5 mm lateral offset from an anatomically healthy knee joint location. In another setting, while a subject moved the shank through a circular trajectory using an exoskeleton support, muscle strain due to misalignment was reflected at the rectus femoris with a variation of 44%, the biceps femoris large head with 32% and the gastrocnemius muscles with 31–33% variation. These results suggest that misalignment should be taken into account while using exoskeletons with certain trajectories for knee rehabilitation purposes. Based on the shortcomings of conventional physiotherapeutic tasks, the outcome of this study can be helpful in prescribing an impactful yet convenient configuration toward a safe and promising rehabilitation process. Assessment of exoskeleton alignment during rehabilitation is important to ensure user safety with a better therapy efficacy.


Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of the CNS. The disease is characterized by the loss of myelin, neurodegeneration and inflammation. The glial cells, astrocytes and microglia, are thought to be important contributors to the pathology of MS, although it is not sure in what way. Both are thought be important during remyelination, through myelin clearance and orchestrating the remyelination process. Nutrition could affect the progress of remyelination through influencing these inflammatory players. In this study, an experimental diet was fed to mice during the recovery period after administrating the demyelinating cuprizone toxin. N-3 PUFAs and Tryptophan were the most important components of the diet, with expected effects on microglia and astrocytes. It was tested whether the experimental diet had an effect on myelin, microglia, astrocytes and motor behaviour at different time points during the period of remyelination. The results showed a time-dependent overview of what happens to these different aspects during remyelination. However, the experimental diet did not have much effect. The PET results pointed out that the experimental diet had a lowering effect on myelin, while the BlackGold staining showed that the diet had no effect. No effect of the experimental diet was found on behaviour, microglia or astrocytes in the measured timeframe. Hints of diet effects are found in microglia measurements at the beginning and end of the remyelination period, suggesting that there is a long-term effect of the diet. This research provides insight in the process of remyelination, the role of glial cells in this process and the possibilities of nutrition to intervene with MS components.


Currently, in the study of multiagent systems, the intentions of agents are usually ignored. Nonetheless, as pointed out by Theory of Mind (ToM), people regularly reason about other's mental states, including beliefs, goals, and intentions, to obtain performance advantage in competition, cooperation or coalition. However, due to its intrinsic recursion and intractable modeling of distribution over belief, integrating ToM in multiagent planning and decision making is still a challenge. In this paper, we incorporate ToM in multiagent partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) and propose an adaptive training algorithm to develop effective collaboration between agents with ToM. We evaluate our algorithms with two games, where our algorithm surpasses all previous decentralized execution algorithms without modeling ToM.


When employing power control algorithms in real systems there are a number of problems that have to be considered, of which some are addressed in this work. It is probably impossible to solve the problems using a linear controller, and as an extension, various nonlinear components and their applicability are discussed. Problems due to hardware and external constraints have been identified in previous work, and here anti-reset windup techniques are reviewed and employed. Previous proposals can be seen as special cases. Sometimes it is desirable to employ several algorithms in parallel, and then use a device to state priorities, i.e., to switch between the algorithms. The applicability of switches and selectors are described and exemplified as proposed solutions to the low interference problem, where a C/I balancing algorithm causes a user to use a too low a power. The benefits of using the proposed nonlinear components are further illustrated by network simulations.


Using couples' time‐diary data from two French time‐use surveys (1986, 1999), this article explores the extent to which off‐scheduling within dual‐earner couples is an unequal and negative externality for family time. An empirical typology of family workdays is built using a variant of optimal matching, and three kinds of family time are taken into account: conjugal time, father‐ and mother‐child time, and parents‐child time. The results indicate that off‐scheduling is an unintentional by‐product of employers' economic interests and that, since it reduces conjugal and parents‐child time but fails to foster temporal complementarity between parents, it is a negative factor for family solidarity.


The objective of this work was to use a novel 3-D test analysis system for evaluating the mechanical properties of the natural fiber fabric composites under biaxial loads. Composites with three resin matrices (water-based epoxy resin, isocyanate resin, phenolic resin) were investigated, and strain filed were characterized by using the digital speckle correlation. The water-based epoxy resin plate and isocyanate resin plate demonstrated a characteristic of orthotropy and elastoplasticity, while the phenolic resin board revealed linear elastic and brittle-fracture simultaneously at X,Y-axial. Dissimilarities of biaxial load value were related to the orthotropy of composite structure, and load changes in fracture direction had a negative effect on the other directions at breaking moment. The degrees of dropping presented a positive correlation with the load values at rift direction. Under the linear elastic stage, the value of load and average strain at Y-direction were larger than that under X-direction within the same testing area. The strain-filed at X/Y-direction provided by isocyanate and phenolic resin plates illustrated a more smooth change than that of the water-based epoxy resin plate.


This thesis is a normative analysis of the invasion of Iraq in March 2003 (codenamed Operation Iraqi Freedom). It examines whether Operation Iraqi Freedom could be described
as a responsible action by the United States, acting as a great power.

The normative perspective and its attendant framework are based on the theoretical approach propounded by the English School of International Relations. The basis of this non-native framework is rooted in the pluralist conception of the English School. The pluralist wing of the English School emphasises the importance of international order and declares that the great powers have a responsibility to protect this order. The threat posed to international
order by Iraqi weapons of mass destruction was cited by the Administration of US President George W Bush as the main reason for invading Iraq. The action makes the pluralist
conception a logical starting point from which to analyse this act.

Therefore, the normative framework of this thesis states that, although a great power has a responsibility to act in order to counter a threat to international order, it has an obligation to act according to certain norms. The normative framework established in this thesis points to three obligations of great powers, relating to the norms of legality, legitimacy and prudence.

Addressing the issue of legality is the first step this thesis takes towards assessing Operation Iraqi Freedom as a responsible action. From this perspective, the thesis argues that it is not possible to define the American-led invasion of Iraq as a legal act. However, in a situation in
which a great power may not be able to act according to legal norms, given a consensus regarding an overwhelming threat to international order, this power would have a moral
responsibility to act. Such an action may not fall within the commonly accepted norms of law but the presence of consensus would give legitimacy to this great power's actions. Hence, examining Operation Iraqi Freedom from the viewpoint of legitimacy emerges as the second step by which this thesis evaluates it as a responsible action. The analysis from this perspective reveals that, through the perspective of legitimacy, it is not possible to declare
the American invasion of Iraq as a responsible action by a great power.

Though a great power has a responsibility to act legally and legitimately, in the case of a clear threat to international order, this power may not think it in the common interest to wait for legal and diplomatic processes to take their course. In such a situation, a great power may
choose to act - but under the obligation to act prudently. The third step employed by this thesis is thus to analyse and discuss whether Operation Iraqi Freedom could be described as a prudent action. The examination of the invasion from this perspective determines that it is
not possible to class the American invasion of Iraq as a responsible action according to the principles of prudence.

Hence this thesis affirms that Operation Iraqi Freedom could not be described as a responsible action according to the normative criteria outlined above. In the run-up to the
invasion and in its initiation, the United States did not fulfil the three obligations (relating to legality, legitimacy and prudence) necessary for a great power to fulfil while combating a threat to international order. Thus, seen from the pluralist perspective of the English School, this thesis argues that Operation Iraqi Freedom was an irresponsible action by the US acting as a great power.


To explore the influence of Asparagus polysaccharide on Band 3 proteins and glycophorin A(GPA) of S180 mice erythrocyte membrane by contrasting the groups treated with deferent ways,The experiment was equipped with 5 groups: normal control group (physiological saline), negative control group (physiological saline), Asparagus polysaccharide group (25mg/kg), Asparagus polysaccharide group (50mg/kg) and Asparagus polysaccharide group(100mg/kg).The content of sialic acid(SA) was determined by spectrophotometric method; the negative charges were detected by high performance capillary electrophoresis(HPCE); the relative content of glycophorin A and Band 3 were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE; anion transportation function of Band 3 was examined by the fluorescence spectrophotometric method;Flow Cytometer(FCM) was needed to observe the potential of erythrocyte membrane. In the result, Asparagus polysaccharide increased the content of sialic acid; advanced the migration time; improved the relative content of GPA and Band 3; obviously enhanced the CI- transportation function of erythrocyte Band 3; and caused the membrane potential obviously to elevate, Asparagus polysaccharide has the simultaneously influence on the functions of glycophorin A and Band 3 which are closely connected. It is assumed that the anti-tumor function of Asparagus polysaccharide partly concerns function adjustments of glycophorin A and Band 3 from S180 mice erythrocyte membrane.


: Hematocele in the tunica vaginalis, specially non-traumatic or in previously coagulated cases, is an issue almost ignored by the present urological literature. We have reviewed hematoceles due to the finding of four non-traumatic hematoceles, highlighting the difficulties of a preoperative diagnosis.


In order to more precisely segment complex microscopic cell image, a new image segmentation method by combination of coarse segmentation and fine segmentation is proposed. Firstly, the coutourlet transform and morphology are used to segment original image coarsely and get the subimages that include the particles. Then ,the Level Set method is employed to locate edge of the particles precisely. The method provides more accurate data for complex microscopic cell automatic recognition system. Taking example for complex urinary sediment image, the experiment results show that the method can segment urinary sediment images effectively and precisely and increasing the performance of urinary sediment particles recognition.


This library research aimed at finding the three aspect of discourse analysis: contextual, grammatical and lexical aspect of Michael Heart's song lyrics entitled "We will not go down (Song for Gaza). After analysis it can be found that the life experience and background of the song writer and singer is closely related to the idea proposes within the song lyrics. Whereas, the result of the grammatical and lexical analysis gives a depiction of cohesion and coherence of the song discourse of "We will not Go Down (Song for Gaza)". There are eight (8) forms of first plural personal pronoun of "We", four (4) second plural personal pronoun of 'You" and seven (7) third personal pronouns in various forms. On the other side, it is difficult to find lexical aspects of this song discourse. There is only one form of anaphoric repetition. The repetition of the sentence "We Will Not Go Down" seven times is to influence the hearers whether they are supporters or opponents of the idea brought by the singer/the author that whatever happens Palestinian people will not surrender to every force, nation or people that want to colonialize them.


The base for every treatment is hope. To understand the concept of a patient about the future and to stimulate a process of widening the horizon proverbs about hope can be used. As a help for a therapist to use this tool a paper seized DIN A 4 was created which offers a collection of international proverbs. Some practical hints are given how to use the paper. Also, the paper can be used by the patient afterwards to transmute the role within the family from a source of trouble into a source of encouragement.


Sustainable urban mobility is an essential component of sustainable development but requires careful planning in rapidly growing urban areas. This paper investigates the value and limitations of Big Data for evaluating transport policies, plans, and projects in Hubballi-Dharwad, India. Results show how Big Data can enable the outcomes of transport interventions to be evaluated more readily than conventional transport analysis. However, the analysis also found that this data may be less able to detect the impacts of travel behaviours in informal settlements, and the impact of extreme weather events. These potential shortcomings, as well as a lack of transparency around the methodology and data sources used by sources of Big Data, could generate unintended consequences and biases in transport planning. Reflecting on these challenges, and the wider implications for urban governance, we conclude that there is an urgent need for Big Data and other technical advances in urban modelling to be seen as compliments to, rather than substitutes for, wider methods of knowledge generation in urban areas.


A new algorithm for reconstructing the fingerprint super-resolution (SR) image is presented. The basic idea of the algorithm is to reconstruct the SR image by using sparse representation with ridge pattern prior based on classification coupled dictionaries. First, the orientations of training patches are estimated by the weighted linear projection analysis. In the second procedure, the qualities of patches are assessed by the coherence of point orientations, the training patches are subsequently classified into eight groups based on their own orientations and qualities, and then the training patches of each class are selected from candidate patches by their own quality and the corresponding classification coupled dictionaries are learned. In the end, single SR fingerprint is reconstructed using sparse representation with ridge pattern by classification coupled dictionaries. The experiments with the database of FVC2000, FVC2004 and FVC 2006 are carried out using various SR reconstruction methods. The experiments show that the proposed method achieves better results in comparison with other methods and will help to improve the performance of automatic fingerprint identification system.


Introduction Essential Health Packages (EHP) delivery is likely to strengthen service delivery. Healthcare utilization rate is 77% for the sick. 44% and 18% who don't seek care are hindered by cost and distance respectively. The overall child mortality rate in Kenya is 121/1000. In Homabay County, child mortality rate is 91/1000, and maternal mortality rate of 583/100000. The study looked into the provision of EHP in public hospitals in Homabay County. Methods Cross-sectional research design was used. Two hospitals were conveniently due to their municipality location. The study targeted 213 Health workers and 350 patients. Stratified sampling and proportionate sampling was used among different health workers. Sample size was determined by Yamane Formula. The study sampled 138 health workers and 186 patients. Questionnaire and key interview guide were used to collect data. Results There are inadequate health workers based on 138 (100%) health workers. Insufficient drugs were reported by 138 (100%) health workers, and 120 (64.5%) patients. 115 (83.3%) health workers say ambulances are not operational. 26 (18.8%) health workers noted lack medical equipment, 138 (100%) are aware of patients referred elsewhere due to lack of medical equipment. 153 (82.3%) and 135 (72.6%) patients' health access is hindered by cost and distance respectively. 159 (85.5%) patients don't always find services needed. 159 (85.5%) patients affected by long waiting time. Conclusion Low service provision/utilization rate in Homabay County results from lack of health workers, inadequate drugs, poor health infrastructure, and lack of access in terms of affordability, availability and distance.


In this paper, we will present a unified view for LDA. We will (1) emphasize that standard LDA solutions are not unique, (2) propose several new LDA formulations: St-orthonormal LDA, Sw-orthonormal LDA and orthogonal LDA which have unique solutions, and (3) show that with St-orthonormal LDA and Sw-orthonormal LDA formulations, solutions to all four major LDA objective functions are identical. Furthermore, we perform an indepth analysis to show that the LDA sometimes performs poorly due to over-fitting, i.e., it picks up PCA dimensions with small eigenvalues. From this analysis, we propose a stable LDA which uses PCA first to reduce to a small PCA subspace and do LDA in the subspace.


SMARCB1 is a tumor suppressor gene, which is part of SWI/SNF complex involved in transcriptional regulation. Recently, loss of SMARCB1 expression has been reported in gastrointestinal carcinomas. Our purpose was to evaluate the incidence and prognostic value of SMARCB1 loss in colon carcinoma (CC). Patients with stage III CC (n= 1695), and a second cohort of 23 patients with poorly differentiated CC were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry for SMARCB1 was performed on tissue microarrays, and cases with loss of expression were controlled on whole sections. Loss of SMARCB1 was compared with the clinico-pathological and molecular characteristics, and the prognostic value was evaluated. Loss of SMARCB1 was identified in 12 of 1695 (0.7%) patients with stage III CC. Whole section controls showed a complete loss in only one of these cases, corresponding to a medullary carcinoma. SMARCB1 loss was not associated with histological grade, tumor size nor survival. In the cohort of poorly differentiated CC, we detected 2/23 (8.7%) cases with loss of SMARCB1; one was rhabdoid while the other had medullary and mucinous histology. These 2 cases were deficient for MisMatched Repair (dMMR) and mutated for BRAF. SMARCB1 loss is rare in stage III CC, but appears more frequent in poorly differentiated CC.


The deep upheavals of the public sphere, which take place today, are above all the result of a long basic reflection on the future of a more efficient management of the institutions but also of the organizations. In France, we are confronted today with a requirement for organisational change. The LOLF Reform (the new budgetary law framework) is a convincing illustration: the simple concept of public management is gone beyond management of objectives, to be based on a concept of efficiency of the public policies. These problems thus concern directly the idea of performance of the public sector, which is largely under scrutiny. Admittedly, it is necessary to clearly distinguish measurements of performance within the organizations from those used for the political systems. Besides, we will show, throughout this article, the inevitable drift of a performance management system that would neglect the institutional and decisional aspects, which would confuse the managerial tools with the policies of application of the performance criteria.The origin of the term efficiency draws on a remote basic definition, issued mainly of works on management, proposing an approach based on the relationship between the means implemented and the results obtained, in other words like the relationship between the committed resources and the produced goods and services. The question arises then, how to measure this performance if it is not only by measuring the relationship between the inputs and the outputs, but to do so, a definition of the evaluation criteria of this efficiency is necessary. The movement of planning programming budgeting system allowed, inter alia, highlighting certain tools and techniques like the dashboards or the cost accounting of the public service. But today, we are no longer at the time of the installation of the tools, but have reached the stage of policy assessment. The object of this research is to understand in what these indicators of efficiency are relevant in relation to the strategic monitoring of the public organization. Are these indicators efficient? Insofar are they likely to represent, on the contrary, a genuine brake with the public performance? The eruption of these efficiency indicators in the public domain, as well as a review of the literature concerning their true stakes, will be the subject of the first part of this research. We will propose then, through an empirical investigation, by case studies, a crossed analysis allowing to better determining the maladjustment of these criteria to the field realities. Thus, our analysis draws on two particular fields of organisational management: scientific research and public health.Through a summary of the results and a relevant return on the literature, we shall endeavour to bring out the genuine managerial tools for a more efficient public sector. We will emphasize potential drifts and imperfections of a system, which in proposing a globalisation of measurement criteria, is based on an idea of efficiency often unsuited to the stakes of public management.


Study Design. Comparative study. Objective. To compare the radiographic outcome of patients undergoing long spinal deformity surgery to the sacrum/ilium, using either rhBMP-2 without iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) or ICBG without rhBMP-2. Summary of Background Data. rhBMP-2 has been shown to be more effective in promoting successful bone union in patients undergoing single level lumbar spinal fusion than ICBG. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that compare the efficacy of rhBMP-2 versus ICBG in long spinal deformity surgery. Methods. To obtain uniform background, we selected patients with adult spinal deformity who underwent primary spinal fusion from the thoracic spine to the sacrum/ilium and had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Fifty-five consecutive patients, consisting of 32 patients who underwent a fusion using ICBG without rhBMP-2 (ICBG group) and 23 patients who underwent a fusion using rhBMP-2 without ICBG (BMP group) were analyzed. Results. The 2 groups were similar with respect to age, gender, smoking history, comorbidity, and body mass index. The average number of vertebrae fused (11.3 in both groups) and the degree of preoperative deformity (major Cobb angle 58.3° in ICBG group vs. 54.2° in BMP group) were also similar in both groups. All but 2 patients had both anterior and posterior surgery. Both groups were similar in terms of final deformity correction. The average total amount of rhBMP-2 used in the BMP group was 119.2 mg (anterior 11.6 mg/level; posterior 10.0 mg/level). Of the 32 patients in the ICBG group, 9 patients (28.1%) developed a pseudarthrosis, while only 1 of 23 patients (4.3%) in the BMP group developed a pseudarthrosis with the caveat that the follow-up period wasshorter in the BMP group (average follow-up of 4.9 vs. 2.7 years). Conclusion. The pseudarthrosis rate in the BMP group compares favorably to pseudarthrosis rate in ICBG group, suggesting that the use of rhBMP-2 without iliac harvesting leads to a competitive fusion rate in long adult spinal deformity surgery, while avoiding ICBG harvest site morbidity.


A modification of Kaluza-Klein theory has been proposed in which the internal space is replaced by an algebraic structure described by a non-commutative geometry based on the algebra Mn of n * n matrices. It is shown that this theory is identical to traditional Kaluza-Klein theory with the group SUn as the internal space provided that in the latter one makes the assumption that only SUn-invariant modes are used. In the algebraic version there is an added freedom in that the 'curvature' of the internal structure can take arbitrary values. Some cosmological implications of the resulting Einstein-Hilbert action are mentioned.


Cancer prevention is generally perceived as a long‐term process and is inevitably associated with adverse effects. Here, we report the development of a therapy‐like chemoprevention procedure that specifically targets premalignant tumor cells for apoptosis. This procedure is based on our finding that a deficiency in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and subsequent activation of β‐catenin lead to the repression of cellular caspase‐8 (FLICE)‐like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) expression through activation of c‐Myc and that 9‐cis‐retinyl acetate (RAc) independently upregulates tumor necrosis factor alpha‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptors and suppresses decoy receptors. Thus, the combination of TRAIL and RAc induces apoptosis in APC‐deficient premalignant cells without affecting normal cells in vitro. We also show that in APC+/Min mice, TRAIL and RAc synergistically induce apoptosis specifically in intestinal polyps. Short‐term non‐treatment strongly inhibit tumor growth and promote survival. We further show that TRAIL and RAc have no detrimental effect on stem cells and TRAIL and RAc treatment induces significant cell death in human colon polyps. These results support that TRAIL and RAc represent a potential selective therapeutic approach for colon cancer chemoprevention by targeting APC‐deficient cells for apoptosis. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B81.