System reliability is expected to be a significant challenge for future extreme-scale systems. Poor reliability results in a higher frequency of interruptions in high-performance computer (HPC) applications due to system/application crashes or data corruption due to soft errors. In response, application level error detection and recovery schemes are devised to mitigate the impact of these interruptions. Evaluating these schemes and the reliability of an application re- quires the analysis of thousands of fault injection trials, resulting in tedious and time-consuming process. Furthermore, there is no one data analysis tool that can work with all of the fault injection frameworks currently in use. In this paper, we present FaultSight, a fault injection analysis tool capable of efficiently assisting in the analysis of HPC application reliability as well as the effectiveness of resiliency schemes. FaultSight is designed to be flexible and work with data coming from a variety of fault injection frameworks. The effectiveness of FaultSight is demonstrated by exploring the reliability of different versions of the Matrix-Matrix Multiplication kernel using two different fault injection tools. In addition, the detection and recovery schemes are highlighted for the HPCCG mini-app.


Over 400,000 children die annually from neonatal sepsis, despite several RCTs finding that this can be prevented by chlorhexidine cord care (CHX) for only US$0.23 per dose. Unresolved heterogeneity in findings and other RCT scalability concerns contribute to slow CHX adoption. Studying the first national CHX roll-out — in Nepal — we find that CHX reduces neonatal mortality by 56 percent for births predicted to take place at home. We find no effect for predicted health facility births, which is consistent with heterogeneity in prior experimental estimates. Conditional on predicted place of delivery, there is little significant treatment effect heterogeneity.


In this paper, I aim to reconstruct the life of Ornamental Comb, with emphasis on its materiality. I argue that the centerpiece of ancient glass, framed in Art Nouveau ornamentation, transforms into a modern jewel in accordance with avant-garde notions of looking to the past to create something new. Finally, I will contend that decorative art objects, like the CMA's Ornamental Comb, disrupt the perceived hierarchy between what is deemed "high" and "low" art at the fin-de-siècle.


ABSTRACT Araceae (aroids) is a large and ancient monocot plant family, most notable for its impressive morphological diversity and high life-form diversity which also represents a group with great economic importance, since many species are used as medicinal, edible and ornamental plants. The aroid flora of Central America has about 778 species in 26 genera (including three introduced genera). In Panama, several studies, mainly taxonomic (few floristic studies), have contributed to the knowledge of the aroid flora of the country. The latest Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Panama list 349 published species of Araceae (355 species including Lemnoideae, formerly Lemnaceae). After this work, the number of species has increased significantly. In this paper, a brief historical review about the study of the Panamanian Araceae is made with comments on the current diversity of Panama. Additionally, five new records of Araceae for the country are presented.


The data mining research community is increasingly addressing data quality issues, including problems of dirty data. Hand, Blunt, Kelly and Adams (2000) have identified high-level and low-level quality issues in data mining. Kim, Choi, Hong, Kim and Lee (2003) have compiled a useful, complete taxonomy of dirty data that provides a starting point for research in effective techniques and fast algorithms for preprocessing data, and ways to approach the problems of dirty data. In this study we create a classification scheme for data errors by transforming their general taxonomy to apply to very large multiple-source secondary datasets. These types of datasets are increasingly being compiled by organizations for use in their data mining applications. We contribute this classification scheme to the body of research addressing quality issues in the very large multiple-source secondary datasets that are being built through today's global organizations' massive data collection from the Internet.


This paper draws attention to two problems with Kant's claim that transcendental freedom is timeless. The problems are that this causes conceptual difficulties and fails to vindicate important parts of our moral practices. I then put forward three ways in which we can respond to these charges on Kant's behalf. The first is to defend Kant's claim that transcendental freedom occurs outside of time. The second is to reject this claim, but try to maintain transcendental idealism. And the third is to reject both Kant's claim about the timelessness of freedom and also transcendental idealism itself.


This paper discusses the problem of violence and its expression upon mortality due to external causes. A few indicators are offered, which have been worked upon it to emphasise the importance of the theme. In a general way, the study demonstrates violent death has had its magnitude increased along the years, not only throughout Latin America but also in Brazil and in Santa Catarina.


Social work emerged in the western world, particularly in the USA and the United Kingdom, at the turn of the twentieth century. Western social welfare systems were introduced to other countries through the colonial empires of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and social work training reflected these systems. However, many of these countries have revised their curricula to make them more culturally appropriate while others are still in this process. This article highlights issues concerning social work education and training in Ghana, West Africa through a Participatory Action Research project. Themes emerging concerning the present curriculum, the professional association and social work in Ghana are presented. Action plans instigated from this project are described, ending with a future challenge for social work in Africa.


We examine the influence of genetics on economic risk preferences by administering a measure of these preferences to monozygotic (MZ) (i.e., identical) and dizygotic (DZ) (i.e., non-identical) twin pairs. Our analysis supports a dominant genetic effect and virtually no additivegenetic effect on economic risk preferences, with the heritability of preferences estimated at 0.63. These findings suggest that over half of the variation in such preferences can be explained by genetic factors, with the remainder of thevariance explained by environmental influences not shared among sibling twins. We discuss the implications of our findings for the study of individual differences in economic risk preferences. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract: Corbicula fluminea has been a traditional food for the locals from both Kelantan and Southern Thailand. However, the ecology of C. fluminea has not been fully explored in Malaysia and also in Southern Thailand. The objective of this study is to compare the size and density of C. p fluminea in Pattani and Saiburi rivers. C. fluminea were sampled in two different rivers at Southern Thailand; Pattani River and Saiburi River. The water quality parameters measured are dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and the nutrient analysis of phosphate and nitrate. Both rivers have a suitable pH levels range (6.53-6.7), temperature range (31-34°C) and dissolved oxygen (3.3-8.1 mg/L) that ensure the survival of C. fluminea. C. fluminea were collected and measured its shell length which is most abundant in length size ll-20 mm. The highest density of C. fluminea recorded at Pattani River was 369 clams per, m2 while only 196 per m2 at Saiburi River. The over-exploitation by the villagers at Saiburi River has caused the density of C. fluminea to differ significantly. The substrate type of these rivers were also anal- ysed; Pattani River has sandy loam substrate while the substrate in Saiburi River is loamy sand. The availability of the phytoplankton was also identified in both rivers and overall there were 29 species from 22 different families in both rivers. This study shows that the density of C. fluminea is likely to be influenced by the water quality rather than substrate types and also the phytoplankton availability. Findings of this research are able to add to the existing database of C. fluminea nationally and internationally. Key words: Corbicula fluminea, habitat, water quality, sediment, phytoplankton, Pattani River, Saiburi River


We conducted high-pressure Raman spectroscopy measurements on a series of 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Pyr1n][TFSI], n = 3, 4, 6 and 8) homologues that have different alkyl chain lengths, n, at room temperature. The results showed that all [Pyr1n][TFSI] samples formed a glassy state in which the glass transition pressure (pg) slightly increased with an increase in n. This tendency is similar to prior results of high-pressure glass formation of [Cnmim][TFSI], although the pgs for [Pyr1n][TFSI] are larger than those for [Cnmim][TFSI] with corresponding n by ∼0.5 GPa. We discuss the local structural changes occurring in [Pyr1n][TFSI] in view of the conformational changes of the Pyr+1n cation and TFSI- anion.


In a double blind study, eight horses were treated intravenously at seven-day intervals with detomidine at doses of 10, 20 and 40 micrograms/kg, or with romifidine at doses of 40, 80 and 120 micrograms/kg, or with a placebo solution. Their sedative and analgesic effects were evaluated by objective measurements and by a clinician at 15-minute intervals for three hours and the horses' instability in stocks, locomotor ataxia and heart rate were recorded simultaneously. The administration of both drugs at all doses resulted in sedation. The sedation achieved with romifidine was significantly shallower and shorter-lived than with detomidine at the recommended doses (P < 0.05). The results obtained with the highest dose of romifidine were in some cases significantly inferior and shorter-lived than those obtained with the medium dose (P < 0.05). Detomidine at the 10 micrograms/kg dose was similar in its effects to the two highest doses of romifidine. At all doses detomidine had analgesic properties against the effects of electrical pain stimulation at the withers, the coronary bands on the front and hind legs, and in the perianal region, which were dose-dependent in depth and duration, whereas romifidine was devoid of any analgesic effect. Instability and ataxia were more pronounced with detomidine than with romifidine but the effects were only slight to moderate and not regarded as a hindrance to procedures for which sedation is needed. Bradycardia was evident with both drugs at all doses; its severity and duration was related to the sedative properties of the drugs and was dose related. No other side effects were observed.


This paper shows the design of work-station for work-related inclusion people upper-limb disability. The system involves the use of novel brain computer interface used to bridge the user-computer interaction. Our hope objective is elucidating functional, technological, ergonomic and procedural aspects to runaway operation station; with propose to scratch barrier to impossibility access to TIC's tools and work done for individual disability person. We found access facility ergonomics, adaptability and portable issue of workstation are most important design criteria. Prototype implementations in workplace environment have TIR estimate of 43% for retrieve. Finally we list a typology of services that could be the most appropriate for the process of labor including: telemarketing, telesales, telephone surveys, order taking, social assistance in disasters, general information and inquiries, reservations at tourist sites, technical support, emergency, online support and after-sales services.


Juvenile fibromatosis is an extremely rare disease, the incidence being two cases per 1 million inhabitants/year. The localization in the nose and sinuses in children is absolutely exceptional, in the worldwide literature until 2008 only six cases were reported. In Romania we met no reports so far. We present the case of a two-year-old child with a naso-sinuso-orbital juvenile fibromatosis solved by a minimally invasive endoscopic approach with a complete tumor ablation.


Martin, Kaela M. PhD, Purdue University, May 2015. Maneuver Analysis for Spinning Thrusting Spacecraft and Spinning Tethered Spacecraft. Major Professor: James M. Longuski. During axial thrusting of a spin-stabilized spacecraft undergoing orbital injections or control maneuvers, misalignments and center-of-mass offset create undesired body-fixed torques. The effects of the body-fixed torques, which in turn cause velocity pointing errors, can be reduced by ramping up (and then ramping down) the thruster. The first topic discussed in this thesis derives closed-form solutions for the angular velocity, Euler angles, inertial velocity, and inertial displacement solutions with nonzero initial conditions. Using the closed-form solutions, the effect of variations in the spin-axis moment of inertia and spin-rate on the spacecraft velocity pointing error are shown. The analytical solutions closely match numerical simulations. The next topic considers various ramp-up profiles (including parabolic, cosine, logarithmic, exponential, and cubic) to heuristically find a suboptimal solution to reduce the velocity pointing error. Some of the considered cosine, logarithmic, exponential, parabolic, and cubic profiles drive the velocity pointing error to nearly zero and hence qualify as effective solutions. The third topic examines a large tethered spacecraft that produces artificial gravity with the propulsion system on one end of the tether. Instead of thrusting through the center of mass, the offset thrust occurs at an angle to the tether which is held in the desired direction by changing the spin rate to compensate for decreasing propellant mass. The dynamics and control laws of the system are derived for constant, time-varying, planar, and non-planar thrust as well as spin-up maneuvers. The final topic discusses how the Bödewadt solution of a self-excited rigid body is unable to accurately predict the motion compared to a numerical integration of the equations of motion.


Fibrin is formed at sites of injury or inflammation and provides the temporary matrix to support vascular cell responses that are also mediated by cytokines including interleukin-1 (IL-1). We have shown previously that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) binds with high affinity to fibrin(ogen). Because IL-1 has a structure similar to FGF-2, we have investigated the possible binding of IL-1 to fibrin(ogen). Experiments using IL-1 immobilized on Sepharose beads and soluble iodine 125 ((125)I)-labeled fibrinogen demonstrated no specific interaction of IL-1alpha with fibrinogen, but IL-1beta showed saturable and specific binding. Scatchard analysis indicated a single binding site with an apparent K(d) = 1.5 nM and a maximum molar binding ratio of IL-1beta to fibrinogen of 1.8:1. Binding of (125)I-IL-1beta to Sepharose-immobilized fibrinogen also demonstrated a single binding site with an apparent K(d) of 3.5 nM. IL-1beta also bound specifically to fibrin monomer and polymerized fibrin with apparent K(d)s of 3.4 nM and 2.3 nM, respectively. IL-1beta displaced FGF-2 for binding to fibrin, indicating an interaction with the same or a closely related site. Compared with free form, fibrinogen-bound IL-1beta stimulated increased activation of endothelial cell nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion, and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. We conclude that IL-1beta binds with high affinity to fibrin(ogen) and demonstrates increased activity in the bound form.


Modifications to landscapes and flow regimes of rivers have altered the function, biodiversity, and productivity of freshwater ecosystems globally. Reestablishing geomorphological and hydrological conditions necessary to sustain ecosystems is a central challenge for restoration within highly altered systems. Meeting this challenge requires simultaneously addressing multiple and interacting stressors within the context of irreversible changes and socio‐economic constraints. Traditionally, river restoration approaches either physically change the landscape or channel (channel‐floodplain manipulation) or adjust hydrology (environmental flows), and such actions are often independent. We juxtapose these two subfields of river restoration, which have undergone parallel transformations, from goals of reproducing static representations of form and flow regime to goals of reestablishing processes. The parallel transformations have generated shared ideas, which point to benefits of coupling channel‐floodplain manipulation and environmental flow actions to achieve process‐based goals. Such coupling supports comprehensive river restoration efforts aimed at supporting resilient ecosystems within human dominated landscapes in a nonstationary climate. We identify four elements of coupled approaches for restoring highly modified rivers: (1) identify physical and ecological process potential given interactive effects of altered landscapes and flows; (2) consider capacity for sustaining identified processes under potential future change; (3) model alternatives for coupled restoration actions to support identified processes; and (4) evaluate alternatives using metrics representing integrative effects of coupled actions. We suggest these emergent elements contribute to the development of standard practices for restoring highly modified rivers and encourage an increasing number and quality of coupled applications.


ANAL hidradenoma of an apocrine sweat gland is a noninvasive and nonmetastasizing neoplasm. Surgical excision apparently cures. Misdiagnosis of this lesion as an adenocarcinoma may lead to serious consequences and major surgery. Two cases are herein presented to illustrate the benign nature of the growth and the successful removal without recurrence. The microscopic characteristics of this lesion of the apocrine sweat gland are papillary structure, dome-shaped eosinophilic epithelial cells, myoepithelial elements with no mitotic figures, no invasion, papillary projections into the acini of the glands, and a striking eosinophilic border of cytoplasm. The apocrine sweat glands in the anal canal may be a site of infection or neoplasm. So many cases of infection in these glands (hidradenitis) have been reported that this clinical entity has advanced from the field of obscurity and confusion to a disease which is recognized by most surgeons. It is necessary now to stress the importance


In this paper we propose a novel general method to let a dynamical system fulfil at best a control task when the nominal parameters are not perfectly known. The approach is based on the introduction of the novel concept of closed-loop sensitivity, a quantity that relates parameter variations to deviations of the closed-loop trajectory of the system/controller pair. This new definition takes into account the dependency of the control inputs from the system states and nominal parameters as well as from the controller dynamics. The reference trajectory to be tracked is taken as optimization variable, and the dynamics of both the sensitivity and of its gradient are computed analytically along the system trajectories. We then show how this computation can be effectively exploited for solving trajectory optimization problems aimed at generating a reference trajectory that minimizes a norm of the closed-loop sensitivity. The theoretical results are validated via an extensive campaign of Monte Carlo simulations for two relevant robotic systems: a unicycle and a quadrotor UAV.


Continuity of service and bounded and known message delivery latency are requirements of a number of applications, which are imperfectly fulfilled by standard LANs. Most previous studies have addressed this issue by computing worst-case access/transmission delays only for normal LAN operation. However, LANs are subject to failures, namely partitions. Since most applications can live with temporary glitches in LAN operation, an alternative approach is to quantify all these glitches or temporary partitions, called inaccessibilities, and to derive a worst-case figure, to be added to the worst-case transmission delay in the absence of faults. In these conditions, reliable real-time operation is possible on nonreplicated LANs. An exhaustive study of the inaccessibility characteristics of the ISO 8802/4 token-bus LAN is described.<<ETX>>


In the aftermath of a major radiological accident, the medical management of overexposed individuals will rely on the determination of the dose of ionizing radiations absorbed by the victims. Because people in the general population do not possess conventional dosimeters, after the fact dose reconstruction methods are needed. Free radicals are induced by radiations in the tooth enamel of victims, in direct proportion to dose, and can be quantified using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectrometry, a technique that was demonstrated to be very appropriate for mass triage. The presence of dimethacrylate based restorations on teeth can interfere with the dosimetric signal from the enamel, as free radicals could also be induced in the various composites used. The aim of the present study was to screen irradiated composites for a possible radiation-induced EPR signal, to characterize it, and evaluate a possible interference with the dosimetric signal of the enamel. We investigated the most common commercial composites, and experimental compositions, for a possible class effect. The effect of the dose was studied between 10 Gy and 100 Gy using high sensitivity X-band spectrometer. The influence of this radiation-induced signal from the composite on the dosimetric signal of the enamel was also investigated using a clinical L-Band EPR spectrometer, specifically developed in the EPR center at Dartmouth College. In X-band, a radiation-induced signal was observed for high doses (25-100 Gy); it was rapidly decaying, and not detected after only 24h post irradiation. At 10 Gy, the signal was in most cases not measurable in the commercial composites tested, with the exception of 3 composites showing a significant intensity. In L-band study, only one irradiated commercial composite influenced significantly the dosimetric signal of the tooth, with an overestimation about 30%. In conclusion, the presence of the radiation-induced signal from dental composites should not significantly influence the dosimetry for early dose assessment.


We describe the rationale, creation, and activity of a long-term co-constructed voluntary professional development initiative for tertiary educators. This is a Community of Practice (CoP) formed to investigate "thinking" as a topic which may be explicitly taught. The aim of this paper is to share the value of this CoP in one context and insights into how similar approaches may be useful to other tertiary educators. The project has run for a year to date, involving a small but growing collective of tertiary educators, with members from one Canadian and several Australian Universities. Our methodology is participatory: we regularly meet, reflect, and record our reflections. Our records contain data relating to our motivation, our insights, and the impact of these upon our choices in our teaching practices. In particular, our rationale includes the mutual desire to invest in developing understanding of our teaching challenges, to enable us to create thoughtful teaching approaches fit for our purposes and contexts. Hence, the central focus of our CoP is the Development of our Expertise in Fostering Thinking (DEFT). This focus has illuminated gaps in existing scholarly literature pertaining to communal development of theory, personal development of schemata, capacity for reflexivity, and instantiation in our disciplines. Opportunities and risks associated with our other sources of professional learning are identified and discussed. We elaborate on a double-layered approach, in which we explore the construction of our own schemata as a precursor to helping students build their schemata as a foundation for their own understanding, and the role of flexible, critical, and creative thinking on our part. We utilise the scholarship of expertise, frequently returning to such questions as "How do we know what our students are thinking?" Insights gleaned from our reflections are shared, and recommendations are presented on the formation of similar projects.


An early 19th century diary, belonging to a farmer from NW England, contains detailed daily weather entries over a 15‐year period from 1815 to 1829. The diary period encompasses the Tambora volcanic eruption and pre‐dates the establishment of routine meteorological observations. The diary entries were imported into a database and the descriptive entries categorised and transformed into ordinal data for statistical analysis, measuring frequencies of weather events or related phenomena. In ranked comparisons, the diary is strongly correlated with established temperature and precipitation datasets, providing confidence in the reliability of the diary as a data source. From the categorised diary data, significant indicators of poor climate are identified, including higher‐than‐mean occurrences of low pressure, summer cold and rainfall. The years 1817, 1816 and 1823, respectively have the highest number of indicators of poor weather with high or very high significance, totalling 21 over these 3 years, whereas only 11 are recorded in total for the remaining 10 years of data. Thus significant climate anomalies are found in the 2 years following the Tambora 1815 eruption and to a lesser extent 1 year following another major eruption, Galunggung in 1822. As well as colder and wetter summers, other indicators such as optical phenomena, which are not routinely included in climate records, are recorded. There is no evidence that the diarist was aware of the Tambora and Galunggung eruptions at the time of writing. Although the diary covers a relatively short time span and is largely qualitative in nature, it is from an early period, pre‐dating the establishment of the UK Meteorological Office, and is unusually methodical. The diary contains a wealth of data which could be further exploited. The current study demonstrates the potential of database technology for categorising and quantifying descriptive data sources in historical climate studies. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society


Imaging a sectional region within an object with a detector just big enough to cover the sectional region-of-interest is analyzed. We show that with some suitable choice of scanning configuration and with an innovative method of data combination, all the Radon data can be obtained accurately. The algorithm is mathematically exact, and requires no iterations and no additional measurements. The method can be applied to inspect portions of large industrial objects in industrial imaging, as well as to image portions of human bodies in medical diagnosis.


PURPOSE
Experimental dosimetry of high-dose-rate (HDR) 192 Ir brachytherapy (BT) sources is complicated due to high dose and dose-rate gradients, and softening of photon energy spectrum with depth. A single crystal synthetic diamond detector microDiamond (PTW 60019, Freiburg, Germany) has a small active volume, high sensitivity, direct readout, and nearly water-equivalent active volume. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of microDiamond detectors for the determination of absorbed dose to water around HDR 192 Ir BT sources. Three microDiamond detectors were used, allowing for the comparison of their properties.

METHODS
In-phantom measurements were performed using microSelectron and VariSource iX HDR 192 Ir BT treatment units. Their treatment planning systems (TPSs), Oncentra (v. 4.3) and BrachyVision (v. 13.6), respectively, were used to create irradiation plans for a cubic PMMA phantom with the microDiamond positioned at one of three source-to-detector distances (SDDs) (1.5, 2.5, and 5.5 cm) at a time. The source was stepped in increments of 0.5 cm over a total length of 6 cm to yield absorbed dose of 2 Gy at the nominal reference-point of the detector. Detectors were calibrated in 60 Co beam in terms of absorbed dose to water, and Monte Carlo (MC) calculated beam quality correction factors were applied to account for absorbed-dose energy dependence. Phantom correction factors were applied to account for differences in dimensions between the measurement phantom and a water phantom used for absorbed dose calculations made with a TPS. The same measurements were made with all three of the detectors. Additionally, dose-rate dependence and stability of the detectors were evaluated in 60 Co beam.

RESULTS
The percentage differences between experimentally determined and TPS-calculated absorbed doses to water were from -1.3% to +2.9%. The values agreed to within experimental uncertainties, which were from 1.9% to 4.3% (k = 2) depending on the detector, SDD and treatment delivery unit. No dose-rate or intrinsic energy dependence corrections were applied. All microDiamonds were comparable in terms of preirradiation dose, stability of the readings and energy response, and showed a good agreement.

CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that the microDiamond is potentially suitable for the determination of absorbed dose to water around HDR 192 Ir BT sources and may be used for independent verification of TPS's calculations, as well as for QA measurements of HDR 192 Ir BT treatment delivery units at clinical sites.


Abstract The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol have committed member states to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by, among others, promoting the increase of carbon sequestration by carbon sinks (including woody biomass in forests). In order to achieve these objectives, an international reporting system was designed. The stock of woody biomass depends on several environmental and managerial factors, which determine species composition and age structure of a forest as well as characteristics of individual trees. Estimating aboveground woody biomass, especially on a nation-wide level, is generally based on the application of conversion factors to known characteristics such as the volume of the growing stock. The application of default conversion factors, as proposed by international guidelines, however, is questionable, since inventory systems for and definitions of growing stock differ from country to country. In this paper, the methods used in Poland to estimate woody biomass for the FAO and the UNFCC reporting, were presented and analysed. We also analysed the influence of some stand and tree characteristics, such as tree species composition and content of bark and its density, on the stock of woody biomass. We conclude that issues not addressed in the IPCC guidelines, such as big differences in wood and bark density, especially for pine, need to be taken into consideration when making estimations. Moreover, the results of this paper show that biomass conversion and expansion factors (BCEF) proposed by IPCC are not adequate for Polish conditions.


Mineral transformation during the course of soil development is probably coupled to time-dependent trends in surface-charge and selective adsorption behavior, but the relationships are not well documented. The density of permanent (structural) charge is subject to change as a result of accretion or depletion of 2:1 layer-type silicates. The objectives of this study were to measure changes in (i) Cs + selectivity and (ii) structural charge as affected by pedogenic mineral transformations in an age sequence of Hawaiian soils. The Cs + → Li + exchange experiments were conducted on soils collected from six sites [basaltic parent material deposited 0.3, 20, 150, 400, 1400 and 4100 thousands of years (ky) ago]. Identical exchange experiments were performed with kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite for comparison. Selectivity for Cs + on soils and clays increased with adsorbed mole fraction of Cs + . Cesium-accessible structural charge of the surface soils increased initially with soil age from 20 mmol, kg -1 at the 0.3 ky site to 113 mmol, kg' at the 400-ky site. Increased weathering beyond 400 ky reduced structural charge to 21 mmol c kg -1 for the oldest site. Parallel results were observed for subsurface soils with maximum structural charge of 138 mmol, kg -1 measured for the 400 ky site. The magnitude of Cs retention in the soils is correlated with the presence of 2:1 layer-type silicates detected by x-ray diffraction (XRD) after removal of poorly crystalline constituents. The results indicate a modest accumulation of secondary 2:1 layer-type silicates (with larger accumulations of poorly crystalline clays), followed by their subsequent decline, during the course of soil weathering.


Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys can produce large strains in a magnetic field by twin boundary motion. The mobility of parent-martensite inter-phase interfaces and twin-twin inter-variant boundaries is closely related to their interfacial structures and the mechanism of migration, therefore a thorough understanding of its nature is of importance. A physical model of the structure of parent-martensite interface has been developed recently based on dislocation theories and topological arguments. On the basis of the topological model, the present work performs a theoretical study of the defect structure of the martensitic interface, and the transformation crystallography in Ni2MnGa alloy. The habit plane, i.e., the parent-martensite interface plane was determined to be (-0.761, -0.054, -0.646)P for the parent crystal index frame, and (-0.818, 0.067, -0.571)M for the martensite frame. The habit plane inclination angle is 5.945° and 5.953° with respect to the terrace plane in the parent and martensite crystals, respectively.


Background: Currently, Glucantime is considered the first-line treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis. This study aimed to evaluation of intralesional Glucantime (IG) and Cryotherapy (Cryo) plus intralesional Glucantime (Cryo and IG) therapeutic efficacy on Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Qom province, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled trial of 197 CL patients reported from Qom health centers, Iran during (2014-2017), 112 cases were entered to this study. According to the Iranian Ministry of Health therapeutic guide line of CL, 54 cases with 116 lesions received IG weekly, and 58 patients with 115 lesions received the IG once a week coupled with Cryo using liquid nitrogen once every two weeks. The average volume of injected solution per lesion was 0.2 ml to 0.5 ml into the border of the healthy skin and the onset of erythema in the lesions using insulin syringe needles. In second therapeutic method; cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen was performed by dipstick technique. At first, the lesion size and induration of lesions were recorded. After 7 and 12 weeks of treatment, lesions healing rate was monitored. Healing was defined as complete re-epithelialization and disappearance of induration. Results: Out of 112 CL patients, 54 cases with 116 lesions received IG, and 58 patients with 115 lesions received Cryo and IG. At 7th week after the initiation of treatment, complete healing was observed in 56 out of 116 lesions (48.1%) in the group which received weekly IG and 83 out of 115 lesions (72.2%) in the group which received biweekly Cryo plus IG. At 12th week after the treatment, the cure rate was 91% and 100% in group which received weekly IG and group which received IG once a week coupled with cryotherapy (p=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings, IG once a week coupled with cryotherapy was more effective compared with weekly IG and reduced the period of treatment.


This ethnographic research focuses on the informal activities that take place in the streets of the San Berillo neighbourhood in the historical centre of the city of Catania, highlighting the stories and meanings that are linked to these uses as a production of transformation and planning. Urban regeneration is an important resource to improve the urban quality, but this process can be produce marginalization and displacement process in the city context. Rethinking the city by expanding the elements of reference, it means recognizing in the urban practices, in the meanings from the bottom and in the symbolic dimension, interpretive categories endowed with planning. Urban practices play a decisive role in the construction of the city. Although they are often more easily associated with abusivism, they constitute the fundamental and prevailing modalities of urban development. The city is not given only by a constructive process of physical space but is the result of adaptation and appropriation of spaces to redefine their uses.


A key issue of dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks is to ensure that the interference incurred on primary users is under control. While interference models and optimization algorithms exist for spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks, the study on network protocol design is still preliminary. In this paper, we aim to propose a distributed power control protocol for enabling effective spectrum sharing between primary and secondary users. The goal of power control is to maximize the aggregate capacity of the secondary network while ensuring that the cumulative interference incurred on primary users is within their interference temperature limit. We start by formulating the problem using network optimization, and then propose a distributed algorithm for solving the optimization problem using game theory. Based on the proposed distributed algorithm, we then design a network protocol for achieving distributed power control in cognitive radio networks. We find that while the network protocol can indeed achieve the desired performance of the power control game, it incurs significant protocol overheads during the convergence of the game. We therefore propose a hybrid protocol for better trade-offs between network optimality and protocol complexity. Evaluation results show the benefits of the proposed protocol for power control in cognitive radio networks.


Objectives: Serum procalcitonin (PCT) is a specific biomarker that rises after bacterial infection, and levels of PCT are known to correlate with the severity and mortality of patients with pneumonia and sepsis. However, the usefulness of PCT levels in acute pyelonephritis is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using the PCT level as a predictive test for bacteremia in acute pyelonephritis. Methods: Between January 2012 and June 2013, 140 patients diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis were admitted to Haeundae Paik Hospital. Serum PCT, C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels at preand posttreatment were measured. Blood and urine cultures were obtained from all patients. The levels of PCT, CRP, and WBCs were each compared between the blood culture-positive and blood culture-negative groups to assess their effectiveness in predicting bacteremia. Results: Pre-treatment PCT level was 0.77 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.42–1.60 ng/mL) in the blood culture-negative group and 4.89 ng/mL (95% CI: 2.88–9.04 ng/mL) in the blood culture-positive group, and the increase between the two groups was statistically significant. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of PCT level for prediction of bacteremia was 0.728. A cut-off value of 1.23 ng/mL indicated a sensitivity of 79.0 % and specificity of 60.0 % for PCT level. Conclusions: Serum PCT level is a useful predictive test for bacteremia in acute pyelonephritis. Through the early detection of bacteremia, serum PCT level can help estimate the prognosis and predict complications such as sepsis.


Urban sprawl refers to the change in land use outside an urban center that results in a relatively dispersed form of residential or commercial development and causes the loss of open space, farmland, or wildlife resource. Alternative methods of development, such as "smart growth" techniques and "New Urbanism" principles are being promoted as a set of ideas to mitigate urban sprawl, to encourage sustainable growth and facilitate infill development. The purpose of this paper is to address the problems due to the current urban sprawl in Tucson, Arizona. The paper further analyses a suitable site for redevelopment and offers open space design strategies to maximize the use of the undeveloped open spaces within the existing urban fabric by creating activity centers with sustainable development. The paper will also seek the possibilities of creating a connection within the city that would offer a continuous and perceptible urban environment through redevelopment of potential sites. Through various concept alternative developments, a final proposed master plan for the chosen site is generated by connecting three potential areas redeveloped to accommodate mixed-use functions through alternative modes of transportation, linking Tucson in the East-West direction in an attempt to minimize the current urban sprawl.


Physicians should try to achieve an optimal cure rate with their initial Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Most physicians use the same treatment in all their patients. H pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is more likely to be cured than that in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Differences in cure rates of 5% to 15% are usually reported, which is considered to be clinically relevant. A plausible biological explanation for this finding suggests that different strains (virulent [cagA+, vacA type s1] compared with nonvirulent strains [cagA-, vacA type s2]) in PUD and FD induce different changes in the gastric mucosa, and this facilitates or impairs antimicrobial efficacy. Physicians should be aware that most published treatment studies have included only PUD patients. This means that in clinical practice cure rates obtained in patients with FD or perhaps uninvestigated dyspepsia are usually lower than those reported in the literature. This has implications for the choice of treatment. Physicians should consider prolonging the duration of initial Helicobacter eradication therapy from seven to 10 to 14 days in patients without ulcers.


Previous research using the contextual cuing paradigm has revealed both quantitative and qualitative differences in learning depending on whether repeated contexts are defined by letter arrays or real-world scenes. To clarify the relative contributions of visual features and semantic information likely to account for such differences, the typical contextual cuing procedure was adapted to use meaningless but nevertheless visually complex images. The data in reaction time and in eye movements show that, like scenes, such repeated contexts can trigger large, stable, and explicit cuing effects, and that those effects result from facilitated attentional guidance. Like simpler stimulus arrays, however, those effects were impaired by a sudden change of a repeating image's color scheme at the end of the learning phase (Experiment 1), or when the repeated images were presented in a different and unique color scheme across each presentation (Experiment 2). In both cases, search was driven by explicit memory. Collectively, these results suggest that semantic information is not required for conscious awareness of context-target covariation, but it plays a primary role in overcoming variability in specific features within familiar displays.


Many rock avalanches entrain and liquefy saturated soil from their paths. Evidence for this includes mud displaced from the margins of rock avalanche deposits, substrate material smeared along the base of deposits, extrusion of liquefied soil upward through the deposits, and increases of volume. A hypothesis first suggested in 1881 and since reinforced by several authors suggests that entrainment of substrate material increases mobility. Although the process has been discussed in the literature for more than 100 years, few detailed and quantitative descriptions exist. The main purpose of this paper is to describe two recent cases from British Columbia, Canada, where rockslides entrained substrate on a very large scale, influencing the character of the events. Estimated volume balance curves, based on detailed field mapping, are provided for both cases. Dynamic analyses are carried out using a numerical model and using the same set of rheological parameters. The mechanism of material entrainment and displacement is discussed. The data suggest that rapid rock failures entraining very large quantities of saturated substrate material represent a special type of landslide, transitional between rock avalanche and debris avalanche. Many rock avalanches can thus be seen as end members of a continuum of phenomena involving rock failure followed by interaction with saturated substrate.


In order to meet the different needs of growing enterprises, resolve differences exist in the structure of the enterprise, establish a management application system for their business development and management, this paper proposes a research of design and implementation of performance based on tourism enterprise management systems. Through the introduction of traditional enterprise management information system, this paper proposes a new design for tourism enterprise management system combining C / s structure and B / s structure. The structure system's performance is analyzed and a new type of enterprise management system is designed, and performance simulation test is also carried out on the system design. Simulation results show that: the system can effectively solve the issues of tourist online payment, order and inquiry, implement an easy style by using information instead of manual work. It has several advantages, such as simple, practical, rapid, and the wait time of reflecting is short.


Machine learning models often perform poorly on subgroups that are underrepresented in the training data. Yet, little is understood on the variation in mechanisms that cause subpopulation shifts, and how algorithms generalize across such diverse shifts at scale. In this work, we provide a fine-grained analysis of subpopulation shift. We first propose a unified framework that dissects and explains common shifts in subgroups. We then establish a comprehensive benchmark of 20 state-of-the-art algorithms evaluated on 12 real-world datasets in vision, language, and healthcare domains. With results obtained from training over 10,000 models, we reveal intriguing observations for future progress in this space. First, existing algorithms only improve subgroup robustness over certain types of shifts but not others. Moreover, while current algorithms rely on group-annotated validation data for model selection, we find that a simple selection criterion based on worst-class accuracy is surprisingly effective even without any group information. Finally, unlike existing works that solely aim to improve worst-group accuracy (WGA), we demonstrate the fundamental tradeoff between WGA and other important metrics, highlighting the need to carefully choose testing metrics. Code and data are available at: https://github.com/YyzHarry/SubpopBench.


Based on the impedance matching and electromagnetic resonant characteristic of composite materials, we present a single-layer metamaterial absorber consisting of arch copper loop and substrate FR-4, of which the resonant frequency depended on the loop's geometry perimeter. By combining resonant loops with different dimensions together, we can achieve multi-band absorption. The standard finite difference time domain method was used to calculate the magnitudes of reflectance, and then the induced surface current and power loss distributions were demonstrated to analyze the insight physical picture of the multi-band resonant feature. By optimizing the simulation results, the absorptivities of two absorption peaks are all above 98% when the number of copper loops is two, 95% for three absorption peaks of three loops, and 87% for four absorption peaks of four loops.


Streptomycetes constitute the largest genus of actinobacteria, living predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation. The bacteria are widely known for their filamentous morphologies and their capacity to synthesize antibiotics and other biologically active molecules. More than a decade ago, we and others identified 22 genomic islands that Streptomyces coelicolor M145 possesses and other Streptomyces strains lack. One of these genomic islands, Genomic Island (GI) 6, encodes an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor that we were characterizing in separate work. Here we report that artificial induction of the ECF sigma factor, which is encoded by SCO3450, causes the transcription of approximately one-fourth of GI 6, or ~26 mostly contiguous genes, to increase. More than half of the regulon encodes putative enzymes involved in small molecule metabolism. A putative haloacid dehalogenase is present. Genes encoding two putative anti-sigma factors flank SCO3450, the three genes residing within the regulon. Our data suggest that the ECF sigma factor and its regulon are a self-contained transcriptional unit that can be transferred by horizontal gene transfer. To our knowledge, only one other example has been identified of an ECF sigma factor and its contiguous regulon appearing to be transferrable by horizontal gene transfer [18,19]. Because the regulon appears not to be induced by the 44 growth conditions recently examined by Byung-Kwan Cho and colleagues [20], if it confers fitness to S. coelicolor, the regulon likely does so in as-yet unknown situations. Those situations might range from scavenging to detoxification to even communication within microbial communities. IMPORTANCE Streptomyces bacteria grow as hyphae that colonize soil and differentiate into spores when nutrients become scarce. In their terrestrial habitats, the bacteria encounter diverse conditions. Presumably so that the bacteria can cope with those conditions, the chromosomes of streptomycetes are highly dynamic, varying greatly in structure not only between species but also between closely related strains of a single species. The bacteria also have large numbers of extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors, which undoubtedly help the microorganisms respond to the plethora of challenges coming from the environment. This work illustrates these two threads of Streptomyces biology dovetailing: Genetic adaptability through horizontal gene transfer seems to have enabled Streptomyces coelicolor to acquire a self-contained transcriptional unit that consists of an ECF sigma factor and its regulon. The suggested facile movement of the regulon between microbial hosts indicates the value of the metabolism of small molecules possibly mediated by the regulon.


Elder abuse has received increasing attention over the past decade as a pervasive and growing problem with serious consequences for the ealth and wellbeing of old people. Abuse against elderly persons is extremely frequent, althought very often is not declared and it's difficult to get information to define the real dimension of the phenomenon. Factors contributing to misdiagnosis and underreporting included denial by both the victim and the perpetrator, clinicians' reluctance to report victims, disbelief by medical providers and clinicians' lack of awarness of warning signs. Elder abuse could be defined as a single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action wich causes harm or distress to an older person. There are five main types of abuse following described: physical, psychological or emotional, sexual, neglect, self-neglect, financial or material, medical, abandonment and violation of rights. Often abuse takes place in unexpected scenarios and is perpetrated by those who might be expected to care and have particularly attention and emphaty to elderly persons: the victim, usually socially isolated, lives in close proximity to or with the perpetrator, has got a personal relationship with the perpetrator and is often dependent on him. Understanding the typical victim, perpetrator and scenario is crucial to detecting and preventing elder abuse. Research shows that there are a number of risk factors, correlated to the victim, the perpetrator or the relationship between them, which include social isolation, a poor quality relationship between the abuser and the abused, a pattern of family violence, dependence feelings (physical, emotional or financial one), victim or caregiver psychopathology (Axis I major mental mental disorders, personality disorders and drug/alcohol related problems). This article reviews the terminology, epidemiology, clinical signs and risk factors associated with elder abuse in the community and in istitutional settings, in order to permit early identification of abuse or maltreatment and to provide strategies of adequate intervention for elder abuse.


Within-bed variation of epiphytic algal assemblages was studied in 3 Zostera marina beds around Plymouth Sound (Devon, United Kingdom) in order to determine if distance from edge of bed affected the assemblage composition. Replicate seagrass samples were taken at 0, 1, 3 and 6 m along a transect running from the edge of each bed. Individual epiphytes were enumerated and placed into 6 'functional' groups: filamentous, foliose, corticated filamentous, corticated foliose, sac- cate and coralline. The abundance of each functional group did not vary with distance into each bed, nor was it related to measures of seagrass architecture or potential grazing pressure from gastropods. A positive relationship between amphipod abundance and total epiphytes suggest these crustaceans are influenced by epiphytes as an available substrate rather than exerting a grazing effect. Differ- ences amongst beds, however, were evident for filamentous, corticated filamentous and coralline functional groups. These groups comprised 99% of all epiphytes, resulting in the total algal abun- dance being different amongst beds. Similarly, the assemblage composition of the epiphytes was con- sistent within each bed, but differed amongst all 3 beds. Overall, therefore, epiphytic abundance and composition was not affected by distance from the edge of the bed, seagrass architecture or grazing pressure within the bed, but existence of within-bed variation cannot be completely ruled out due to the comparatively low power of the analysis. The only significant variation occurred at the amongst- bed level, probably due to variations in large-scale factors.


The central focus of this article is to show that a normative theological foundation for sports ministry leaders as a Manifesto should be developed. Seeking a normative theological foundation for sports ministry is a relatively new field of research. Most authors on the subject acknowledge that the sports ministry movement has developed without a clearly articulated theology of sport. The aim of this article is, therefore, to develop a normative theological foundation to address this challenge. This is conducted through providing a short exposition of five passages of Scripture that may be used as points of departure and contribute towards a Manifesto for sports ministry leaders. For each of the five passages the focus is on three primary elements of the exegesis, namely, a) why the passage was chosen, b) the relevance of the passage for sports ministry leaders today, and c) basic theological principles that can be derived from each pericope. Finally, the article proposes a normative theological Manifesto (derived from the exposition of the five passages) for sports ministry leaders that will be able to guide and help to equip them for a sustainable sports ministry.


High-speed milling is often modeled as a kind of highly interrupted machining, when the ratio of time spent cutting to not cutting can be considered as a small parameter. In these cases, the classical regenerative vibration model, playing an essential role in machine tool vibrations, breaks down to a simplified discrete mathematical model. The linear analysis of this discrete model leads to the recognition of the doubling of the so-called instability lobes in the stability charts of the machining parameters. This kind of lobe-doubling is related to the appearance of period doubling vibrations originated in a flip bifurcation. This is a new phenomenon occurring primarily in low-immersion high-speed milling along with the Neimark-Sacker bifurcations related to the classical self-excited vibrations or Hopf bifurcations. The present work investigates the nonlinear vibrations in case of period doubling and compares this to the well-known subcritical nature of the Hopf bifurcations in turning processes. The identification of the global attractor in case of unstable cutting leads to contradiction between experiments and theory. This contradiction draws the attention to the limitations of the small parameter approach related to the highly interrupted cutting condition.Copyright © 2003 by ASME


protocol for direct transformation through biolistic gun has been established for chilli (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Mathania). A disarmed strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA 105 carrying a binary vector plasmid p35SGUSINT has been used for transformation. This vector contains neomycin phosphotransferase gene (npt II), whose expression confirms Kanamycin resistance in transformants. In addition to npt II, plasmid encodes -glucuronidase, reporter enzyme used for studying the expression of foreign genes in plants. We report for the first time, the use of Nitrogen gas for the biolistic transformation of chilli. We found physical parameter like 6 cm target distance with 900 psi rupture disk for partical gun experiment the most efficient for transient GUS expression. In case of nitrogen gas the frequency of transient GUS expression was better both in leaves (67.74%) and hypocotyl (69.18%) and frequency of conversion of transient to stable transformation was 3.4% in leaves and 4.0% in hypotocyls as against 63.91 % transient GUS expression showed by leaves and 63.77% showed by hypocotyls when helium gas was used in biolistic transformation and stable transformation frequency was 3.0% in leaves and 4.0% in hypocotyls. The transgenic nature of the regenerated plants was confirmed by the histochemical staining of GUS, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of npt II gene.


Elevated expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is detected in human ovarian tumors and is associated with decreased recurrence-free and overall survival. EGFR activation affects tumor progression in part by promoting tumor invasion through the induction of prometastatic matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). PEA3, an ETS family transcription factor, is elevated in advanced and metastatic ovarian cancer and regulates MMPs in various cell types, therefore, we investigated whether PEA3 is required for the EGFR-dependent induction of MMP mRNA. MMP-9 and MMP-14 mRNA levels were selectively increased in response to EGFR activity in ovarian tumor cells. EGFR activation resulted in nuclear accumulation of PEA3 and direct binding of PEA3, but not the related protein ETS-1, to the endogenous MMP-9 and MMP-14 promoters. Furthermore, PEA3 overexpression was sufficient to induce MMP-9 and MMP-14 mRNA, tumor cell migration, and invasion, suggesting that PEA3 is an important contributor to the metastatic phenotype. Additionally, inhibition of PEA3 expression via short interfering RNA reduced the EGF induction of MMP-9 and MMP-14 gene expression by 92% and 50%, respectively, and impaired EGF-stimulated tumor cell invasion. These results suggest that PEA3 is regulated by EGFR and that the elevated PEA3 expression detected in human ovarian cancer may divert cells to a more invasive phenotype by regulating MMP-9 and MMP-14. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(5):413–21)


Burn-injured patients have the highest metabolic demand of all critically ill patients and are vulnerable to complications of malnutrition. Many burn centers have challenges in achieving prescribed rates of nutrition, despite aggressive algorithms. One possible reason for the discrepancy is inaccurate documentation of volumes. This is a retrospective review of patients requiring tube feeding admitted to a regional burn center between June and August 2015. Demographics were abstracted including gender, type of injury, TBSA, and age. The total feeding volume was recorded from the feeding pump every 24 hours. The values were compared with the enteral nutrition volume charted by the nursing staff and rate prescribed by the physician team. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare continuous variables. Twenty-five patients were observed during the study period providing a total of 105 patient days. The average age was 44 years with 42% TBSA mean burn size. The average volume prescribed by providers was 1,598 ml/d. According to documentation, the average volume given was 1,448 ml/d, a significant difference (P = <.001). The average volume delivered as recorded on the feeding pump was less at 1,287 ml/d. The nourishment provided was significantly less than documented and even more so when compared with the prescribed rate (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). Overall, 19% of ordered enteral nutrition was not provided. There was a significant discrepancy between ordered, recorded, and delivered volume of enteral nutrition. Potential reasons for the discrepancy may be frequent interruption for repositioning, wound care, linen changes, or other nursing workflow. Burn providers should be aware of the potential for underfeeding patients.


A novel detector, incorporating e2v's EMCCD (L3Vision) [1] technology for use in LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) applications has been designed, manufactured and characterised. The most critical performance aspect was the requirement to collect charge from a 120μm square detection area for a 667ns temporal sampling window, with low crosstalk between successive samples, followed by signal readout with sub-electron effective noise. Additional requirements included low dark signal, high quantum efficiency at the 355nm laser wavelength and the ability to handle bright laser echoes, without corruption of the much fainter useful signals. The detector architecture used high speed charge binning to combine signal from each sampling window into a single charge packet. This was then passed through a multiplication register (EMCCD) operating with a typical gain of 100X to a conventional charge detection circuit. The detector achieved a typical quantum efficiency of 80% and a total noise in darkness of < 0.5 electrons rms. Development of the detector was supported by ESA.


The importance of social policies and human resources for social development is a question of special consideration in contemporary globalizing society suffering a number of problems in its social and economic development. Current study makes analyses of the key features of the human resources and the importance of social activity outlining the main factors triggering the change and proposing the application of the model of "collective qualification". The conclusion focuses on the social system management requirements born by the environment and the need to "release" the unrevealed potentials of human resource.


This guide provides information for La Salle University faculty and staff regarding the fair use of copyright protected material in the classroom.


ABSTRACT Glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of four glycoproteins essential for viral entry and cell fusion. Recently, paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor (PILRα) was identified as a receptor for HSV type 1 (HSV-1) gB. Both PILRα and a gD receptor were shown to participate in HSV-1 entry into certain cell types. The purpose of this study was to determine whether insertional mutations in gB had differential effects on its function with PILRα and the gD receptor, nectin-1. Previously described gB mutants and additional newly characterized mutants were used in this study. We found that insertional mutations near the N terminus and C terminus of gB and especially in the central region of the ectodomain reduced cell fusion activity when PILRα was overexpressed much more than when nectin-1 was overexpressed. Most of the insertions reduced the binding of gB to PILRα, for at least some forms of gB, but this reduction did not necessarily correlate with the selective reduction in cell fusion activity with PILRα. These results suggest that the regions targeted by the relevant mutations are critical for functional activity with PILRα. They also suggest that, although both the binding of gB to a gB receptor and the binding of gD to a gD receptor may be required for HSV-induced cell fusion, the two receptor-binding activities may have unequal weights in triggering fusogenic activity, depending on the ratios of gB and gD receptors or other factors.


The design and fabrication
of Si-based multi-functional nanomaterials for biological and biomedical
applications is an active area of research. The potential benefits of using
Si-based nanomaterials are not only due to their size/surface-dependent optical
responses but also the high biocompatibility and low-toxicity of silicon
itself. Combining these characteristics with the magnetic properties of Fe3O4
nanoparticles (NPs) multiplies the options available for real-world
applications. In the current study, biocompatible magnetofluorescent
nano-hybrids have been prepared by covalent linking of Si quantum dots to
water-dispersible Fe3O4 NPs via dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) coupling. We explore some of the
properties of these magnetofluorescent nano-hybrids as well as evaluate uptake,
the potential for cellular toxicity, and the induction of acute cellular
oxidative stress in a mast cells-like cell line (RBL-2H3) by heat induction
through short-term radio frequency modulation (10 min @ 156 kHz, 500 A). We
found that the NPs were internalized readily by the cells and also penetrated
the nuclear membrane. Radio frequency
activated nano-hybrids also had significantly increased cell death where >
50% of the RBL-2H3 cells were found to be in an apoptotic or necrotic state,
and that this was attributable to increased triggering of oxidative cell stress
mechanisms.


Taking a double cantilever beam (DCB) as a representative of one dimensional fracture, a unique pair of pure fracture modes I and II are successfully found in the absence of axial forces, which are orthogonal to each other with respect to the coefficient matrix of the energy release rate. Although the pair are pure modes there still exist interactions between them. The interactions result in energy flow between the two modes and are successfully determined. With the presence of axial forces, there are two independent pure modes I and two independent pure modes II, which are orthogonal to each other as well. They are found and used to partition the total energy release rate.


Purpose of reviewThe characteristics of an ideal intravenous fluid in the critically ill patient are discussed. Recent findingsIntravenous fluids are the most frequent drug administered to patients. Questioning the use of commonly administered intravenous fluids has resulted in an increased focus on their efficacy and safety. Discrimination between fluids currently in use has been the central theme of many recent large studies, and emerging from these findings is an understanding of characteristics that would make for an ideal fluid for critically ill patients. There is increased morbidity and mortality with high chloride-containing crystalloid solutions and hydroxyethyl starch preparations, with resultant international governmental agency warnings regarding hydroxyethyl starch . The ideal fluid is one which achieves the aim of administration while minimizing or negating adverse effects, is inexpensive, and sufficiently stable when stored to be used in a wide range of clinical settings. SummaryThe ideal fluid currently does not exist. Of existing options, use of hydroxyethyl starches and high chloride-containing crystalloid solutions should be discouraged. There is a lack of direct evidence that a balanced crystalloid solution confers benefit, however, the trend of recent data would support future investigation into the advantage of balanced solution over 0.9% saline.


Background Deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke are expected to increase in Latin America. Moderate and regular alcohol consumption confers cardiovascular protection, while binge drinking increases risk. We estimated the effects of alcohol use on the number of annual CHD and stroke deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in Argentina. Methods Alcohol use data were obtained from a nationally representative survey (EnPreCosp 2011), and etiological effect sizes from meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. Cause-specific mortality rates were from the vital registration system. Results There were 291,475 deaths in 2010 including 24,893 deaths from CHD and 15,717 from stroke. 62.7% of men and 38.7% of women reported drinking alcohol in the past year. All heavy drinkers (i.e. women who drank >20g/day and men who drank >40g/day of alcohol) met the definition of binge drinking and therefore did not benefit from cardioprotective effects. Alcohol drinking prevented 1,424 CHD deaths per year but caused 935 deaths from stroke (121 ischemic and 814 hemorrhagic), leading to 448 CVD deaths prevented (58.3% in men). Alcohol use was estimated to save 85,772 DALYs from CHD, but was responsible for 52,171 lost from stroke. Conclusions In Argentina, the cardioprotective effect of regular and moderate alcohol drinking is slightly larger than the harmful impact of binge drinking on CVD. However, considering global deleterious effects of alcohol in public health, policies to reduce binge drinking should be enforced, especially for young people. Studies are still needed to elucidate effects on cardiovascular health.


The COVID-19 pandemic of a planetary scale, like a powerful laser beam, snatched out from the shadows many facets of life and processes that until now could have been muted, by finding, it seemed, quite permissible comforting excuses. The phenomenon of life — the leadership of women and their participation in the political field has attracted attention in new and changed dangerous situations. If, before a pandemic the limited participation of women in political life, their lack of representation as voters, as well as in leadership positions whether elective positions, civil service, private sector or scientific field was almost in the order of things, today women's leadership from the local to the global level objectively looks disproportionate to the needs of life. Moreover, women have proven their abilities as leaders and agents of change, and their right to equal participation in democratic governance. Barriers to political participation: structural barriers due to discriminatory laws and institutions continue to limit women's ability to run for office. The capacity gap means that women are less likely than men to receive the education, contacts and resources needed to become effective leaders. Back in 2011, the UN General Assembly, in its resolution on the participation of women in politics, records: women in all corners of the world continue to be largely excluded from the political sphere, often due to discriminatory laws, customs, attitudes and gender stereotypes, low level education, lack of access to health care and the disproportionate impact of poverty on women. Individual women have overcome similar obstacles in such circumstances with great success, and often for the benefit of society as a whole. The pandemic poses the question differently: for women as a whole, the playing field should be equal, opening up opportunities for all, since getting rid of the pandemic and establishing a normal course of life cannot be objectively accomplished without ignoring and taking into account the effective participation of half of humanity. The role of women's leadership in the age of the COVID-19 pandemic disaster is at the center of attention, reflecting the recognition of the importance and priority of the issue.


The Jerboa, a tailed bipedal robot with two hip-actuated, passive-compliant legs and a doubly actuated tail, has been shown both formally and empirically to exhibit a variety of stable hopping and running gaits in the sagittal plane. In this paper we take the first steps toward operating Jerboa as a fully spatial machine by addressing the predominant mode of destabilization away from the sagittal plane: body roll. We develop a provably stable controller for underactuated aerial stabilization of the coupled body roll and tail angles, that uses just the tail torques. We show that this controller is successful at reliably reorienting the Jerboa body in roughly 150 ms of freefall from a large set of initial conditions. This controller also enables (and appears intuitively to be crucial for) sustained empirically stable hopping in the frontal plane by virtue of its substantial robustness against destabilizing perturbations and calibration errors. The controller as well as the analysis methods developed here are applicable to any robotic platform with a similar doubly-actuated spherical tail joint.


Computer programs have been developed to enable the coordination of fuses and overcurrent relays for radial power systems under estimated fault current conditions. The grading curves for these protection devices can be produced on a graphics terminal and a hard copy can be obtained. Additional programs have also been developed which could be used to assess the validity of relay settings (obtained under the above conditions) when the transient effect is included. Modelling of a current transformer is included because transformer saturation may occur if the fault current is high, and hence the secondary current is distorted. Experiments were carried out to confirm that distorted currents will affect the relay operating time, and it is shown that if the relay current contains only a small percentage of harmonic distortion, the relay operating time is increased. System equations were arranged to enable the model to predict fault currents with a generator transformer incorporated in the system, and also to include the effect of circuit breaker opening, arcing resistance, and earthing resistance. A fictitious field winding was included to enable more accurate prediction of fault currents when the system is operating at both lagging and leading power factors prior to the occurrence of the fault.


In this paper, a new scalability of hybrid fuzzy clustering algorithm that incorporates the Fuzzy C-means into the Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is proposed. The QPSO has less parameters and higher convergent capability of the global optimizing than Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. So the iteration algorithm is replaced by the new hybrid algorithm based on the gradient descent of FCM, which makes the algorithm have a strong global searching capacity and avoids the local minimum problems of FCM and avoids depending on the initialization values. The simulation result proves that compared with other algorithms, the new algorithm not only has the favorable convergence capability of the global optimizing but also has been obviously improved the clustering effect.


A folksongs karaoke product has been created to increase usage of subtitled media to enhance literacy and technology use, particularly among girls in rural India. This entails generating and proliferating popular local folksongs with social and cultural themes of interest to girls, accompanied by the award-winning Same Language Subtitling (SLS) feature. In this paper, the prime goal is to discuss possible implications of this novel technology content on girls' socialization, education, and activism. Based on initial findings from a pilot test of this product in schools, private and public in rural India, I propose that this product has the potential to raise literacy among girls through musical enculturation and entertainment in rural India. By linking folksongs to computers, I argue that this association can shape, transform and/or (re)configure spaces for/by girls in rural India through interaction with technology in ways meaningful to them. Thereby, I problematize the transposition of "western" perspectives of gender and technology onto the rural terrain as understood within a development discourse.


New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001. 301 pp., 95 black and white illustrations. $35.00.In writing my doctoral thesis on Man Ray in the early 1960s, I focused my attention on his relationship to Dada and Surrealism via descriptions of his stylistic contributions to those movements. My approach was in keeping with the way art history was widely practiced at the time, which was essentially formalist, a methodology derived from modernist art that entailed treating art objects as more than less autonomous entities requiring individual interpretations of their "meaning" but little in the way of contextualization beyond their visual relationships to one another. Accordingly, it never occurred to me to probe Man Ray's biography for clues to the meaning of his work, as Milly Heyd does in her essay, "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who Is Behind The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?," in which she impressively demonstrates how, in this (a sewing machine wrapped in a blanket) and other works, the artist shamefully sought to conceal "the self-image that he associated with his Jewish family's sweatshop experience." From this "new art history," Man Ray's art, like Man Ray's identity, emerges as more complex -- and more problematic -- than I had once supposed.Fifteen essays, all but five of them previously unpublished, comprise this scholarly, Israeli-American study of Jewish consciousness and modern art. No effort is made to isolate specific Jewish characteristics in art -- there's no search for a "Jewish style." Rather, as the introduction states, "By Jewish art, the coeditors mean an art created by Jewish artists in which one can find some aspect of the Jewish experience, whether religious, cultural, social, or personal." Thus, as Milly Heyd finds the Jewish experience in Man Ray, so Donald Kuspit and Avigdor Poseq independently find it in Chaim Soutine, Harriet Senie finds it in Richard Serra, and Gannit Ankori finds it in Hannah Wilke -- in each case convincingly, thereby demonstrating anew how modernism engages the world obliquely, for no explicit Jewish subjects appear in any of these artists' works.Those subjects and the experiences associated with them are in fact the concern of the majority of these essays, which embrace a wide range of artists from both the mainstream and the margins of today's art historical discourse, from contemporary figures such as Morris Louis ("Sacred Signs and Symbols in Morris Louis: The Charred Journal Series, 1951," by Mira Goldfarb Berkowitz), Chantel Akerman ("Graven Images on Video? …


The continent of Africa yearns for holistic philosophy of education that takes into account African heritage and heritages from other parts of the world with a point of historical reference that makes education radiate to all parts of the continent with philosophical underpinnings. Any model of African philosophy of education that does not have referential point may end up not providing impetus for integrated discourse with concomitant intellectualism. Pythagoreanism, a self-contained thought system initiated by Pythagoras (570-495 BC) and his followers, is hermeneutically analysed as a philosophical ideal that recognises Egypt (Nile Valley) as the genesis of African philosophy of education. It is discerned that the philosophy embraces historicism, spiritualism, empiricism, aesthetics and discipline, which are inherent in African heritage and other heritages. It is posited that when discourse on African philosophy of education embraces holistic and interdisciplinary approach that espouses historicity whereupon learning is envisaged to be a phenomenon that emerges from known to unknown with the vantage point that allows knowledge to evolve and get imbued with attributes that take cognizance of Africanity and philosophicality then educational issues besetting Africa can be relevantly addressed. Key terms: African philosophy of education, hermeneutics, holistic education and Pythagoreanism


Nickel nanoparticles were prepared by the arc discharge method. Argon and argon/hydrogen mixtures were used as plasma gas; the evaporation of anode material chiefly resulted in the formation of different arc-anode attachments at different hydrogen concentrations. The concentration of hydrogen was fixed at 0, 30, and 50 vol% in argon arc, corresponding to diffuse, multiple, and constricted arc-anode attachments, respectively, which were observed by using a high-speed camera. The images of the cathode and anode jets were observed with a suitable band-pass filter. The relationship between the area change of the cathode/anode jet and the synchronous voltage/current waveform was studied. By investigating diverse arc-anode attachments, the effect of hydrogen concentration on the features of nickel nanoparticles were investigated, finding that 50 vol% H2 concentration has high productivity, fine crystallinity, and appropriate size distribution. The synthesized nickel nanoparticles were then used as catalysts in a hybrid sodium–air battery. Compared with commercial a silver nanoparticle catalyst and carbon black, nickel nanoparticles have better electrocatalytic performance. The promising electrocatalytic activity of nickel nanoparticles can be ascribed to their good crystallinity, effective activation sites, and Ni/NiO composite structures. Nickel nanoparticles prepared by the direct current (DC) arc discharge method have the potential to be applied as catalysts on a large scale.


delivers a research to Abstract: Existing Life Cycle Assessment does not take into account the relative temporal differences in inventory data. The lack of such considerations could lead to an inaccurate analysis of impacts and to incorrect conclusions in the comparative studies of products with comparable inventories but different life cycle times. In this paper, we report on our research of the investigation of the embedded temporal differences in LCA, and propose a simple method to calculate the temporal space of the subject system for life cycle assessment. A case study is performed on VW Golf A4 Car based on previous LCA results. The temporal space of the vehicle, as estimated, is found to be approximately 11.04 years. We establish the emission pattern of CO2 along the time scale to demonstrate the effects of product life cycle durations on the LCA modeling and the inventory results. The life cycle inventory flow is discounted using a traditional economic discounting method with two discounting rates, 5% and 10%, respectively. The discounted results indicate that significant differences could be achieved on the life cycle inventory results. Abstract —Existing Life Cycle Assessment does not take into account the relative temporal differences in inventory data. The lack of such considerations could lead to an inaccurate analysis of impacts and to incorrect conclusions in the comparative studies of products with comparable inventories but different life cycle times. In this paper, we report on our research of the investigation of the embedded temporal differences in LCA, and propose a simple method to calculate the temporal space of the subject system for life cycle assessment. A case study is performed on VW Golf A4 Car based on previous LCA results. The temporal space of the vehicle, as estimated, is found to be approximately 11.04 years. We establish the emission pattern of CO 2 along the time scale to demonstrate the effects of product life cycle durations on the LCA modeling and the inventory results. The life cycle inventory flow is discounted using a traditional economic discounting method with two discounting rates, 5% and 10%, respectively. The discounted results indicate that significant differences could be achieved on the life cycle inventory results.


Mammalian inward rectifier K + channels (Kir) participate in the formation of deep resting membrane potentials, the regulation of cell excitability, and the transport of K + ions. Four subunits of Kirs assemble to form transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains: the former primarily functions as a gate and the latter receives various stimuli to control the gate. Thus, ligand-induced structural alteration within the cytoplasmic domain governs the channel activity. Electrophysiological and structural analyses for the cytoplasmic domain of Kir subunit Kir3.2 revealed that the pore expansion at the center of the domain is an intrinsic conformational change for ion conduction and the change is supported by the rearrangement of two pore-facing structural elements within the domain.


Inference under kernel regression imputation for missing response data is considered. An adjusted empirical likelihood approach to inference for the mean of the response variable is developed. A nonparametric version of Wilks' theorem is proved for the adjusted empirical log-likelihood ratio by showing that it has an asymptotic standard chi-squared distribution, and the corresponding empirical likelihood confidence interval for the mean is constructed. With auxiliary information, an empirical likelihood-based estimator is defined and an adjusted empirical log-likelihood ratio is derived. Asymptotic normality of the estimator is proved. Also, it is shown that the adjusted empirical log-likelihood ratio obeys Wilks' theorem. A simulation study is conducted to compare the adjusted empirical likelihood and the normal approximation methods in terms of coverage accuracies and average lengths of confidence intervals. Based on biases and standard errors, a comparision is also made by simulation between the empirical likelihood-based estimator and related estimators. Our simulation indicates that the adjusted empirical likelihood method performs competitively and that the use of auxiliary information provides improved inferences.


ABSTRACT Recent research on participatory forest management (PFM) in the global south has highlighted the existence of a widespread "implementation gap" between the ambitious intent enshrined in legislation and the often partial, disappointing rollout of devolved forest governance on the ground. Here, through an ethnographic case study of forest officers (FOs) in Kenya, we draw on a framework of critical institutionalism to examine how key meso-level actors, or "interface bureaucrats," negotiate and challenge this implementation gap in everyday forest governance. We go beyond consideration of institutional bricolage in isolation or as an aggregate category, to analyze how bricolage as aggregation, alteration, and/or articulation is variously driven, shaped, and constrained by FOs' multiple accountabilities and agency. Our analysis highlights the locally specific, contingent, and mutually reinforcing nature of accountability, agency and bricolage, and their explanatory power in relation to the performance and nature of "actually existing" PFM.


BIST is a viable approach to test today's digital systems. During self-test, the switching activity of the Circuit under Test (CUT) is significantly increased compared to normal operation and leads to an increased power consumption which often exceeds specified limits. The proposed method generates Multiple Single Input Change (MSIC) vectors in a pattern. The each generated vectors are applied to a scan chain is an SIC vector. A class of minimum transition sequences is generated by the use of a reconfigurable Johnson counter and a scalable SIC counters. The proposed TPG method is flexible to both the test-per-scan schemes and the testper-clock. A theory is also developed to represent and analyse the sequences and to extract a class of MSIC sequences. The proposed BIST TPG decreases transitions that occur at scan inputs during scan shift operations and hence reduces switching activity in the CUT. As the switching activity is reduced, the power consumption of the circuit will also be reduced.


The corneal endothelium serves as the posterior barrier of the cornea. Factors such as clarity and refractive properties of the cornea are in direct relationship to the quality of the endothelium. The endothelial cell density is considered the most important morphological factor. Morphometry of the corneal endothelium is presently done by semi-automated analysis of pictures captured by a Clinical Specular Microscope (CSM). Because of the occasional need of operator involvement, this process can be tedious, having a negative impact on sampling size. This study was dedicated to the development of fully automated analysis of images of the corneal endothelium, captured by CSM, using Fourier analysis. Software was developed in the mathematical programming language Matlab. Pictures of the corneal endothelium, captured by CSM, were read into the analysis software. The software automatically performed digital enhancement of the images. The digitally enhanced images of the corneal endothelium were transformed, using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Tools were developed and applied for identification and analysis of relevant characteristics of the Fourier transformed images. The data obtained from each Fourier transformed image was used to calculate the mean cell density of its corresponding corneal endothelium. The calculation was based on well known diffraction theory. Results in form of estimated cell density of the corneal endothelium were obtained, using fully automated analysis software on images captured by CSM. The cell density obtained by the fully automated analysis was compared to the cell density obtained from classical, semi-automated analysis and a relatively large correlation was found.


The article presents the results of ethnographic research aimed at recording household economic behaviours within rural communities in the Ad-Dabba Bend of the Nile. The field research conducted in 2015–2019 provided first-hand insight into patterns of the gendered village's ceramic production. The only currently operating household workshops in the area, located in Jabarūna and Rūmī Bakrī, are both run by women who produce mainly vessels for storing and cooling water and incense burners. Local residents remember many other similar workshops run by both women and men, which operated quite recently. The potteries in Ad-Dabba, representing a bigger and better organised workshop industry, are run by male descendants of immigrants from Nigeria, known in Sudan as Takarna. The pottery making is their only source of income and the range of forms they make is varied.


IMPORTANCE
Effective methods to reduce children's preoperative anxiety (such as giving information beforehand, organizing a tour of the operating room [OR] before the intervention, and incorporating clown physicians) may be difficult to implement for some hospitals, as they are time-consuming and expensive and require hospital staff to be performed.

OBJECTIVE
To test the effectiveness of Clickamico, an app that shows clown physicians giving a comical and informative tour of the OR, for reducing preoperative anxiety in children.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This unblinded randomized clinical trial included 40 children aged 6 to 11 years undergoing a planned surgical intervention at a third-level Italian pediatric hospital from December 2013 to September 2014 randomized into experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups.

INTERVENTIONS
The experimental intervention was a 6-minute video showing 2 clown physicians visiting the OR and explaining to each other what is in the OR in a joking way. The video was shown on a tablet to children in the experimental group the afternoon preceding a planned surgical procedure. The control intervention was the standard informative intervention regarding the surgical procedure the next day.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The main outcome was preoperative anxiety. Preoperative anxiety was measured before the experimental and control interventions and immediately before entering the OR using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS).

RESULTS
The experimental and control groups were homogeneous with regard to age (mean [SD] age, 8.8 [2.5] vs 8.6 [2.2] years), sex (female, 11 [55.0%] vs 9 [45.0%]), parents' age (mean [SD] age, 41.8 [6.2] vs 41.3 [5.0] years), and previous surgical procedures (already underwent surgical procedure, 9 [45.0%] vs 10 [50.0%]). The initial mean (SD) m-YPAS scores were 37.3 (21.7) and 37.1 (13.8) for the experimental and control groups, respectively; the mean (SD) m-YPAS scores when entering the OR were 33.0 (18.4) and 48.6 (15.9), respectively (P = .009). The mean (SD) difference between the m-YPAS score at the first and second measurements of each participant was -2.8 (7.2) in the experimental group and 10.7 (10.8) in the control group. The 13.5-point difference between these averages was statistically significant (P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The app was effective in reducing preoperative anxiety in Italian children admitted to an Italian National Health System pediatric hospital and may act as a substitute for staff-provided interventions, allowing possible reductions of hospital costs.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01688115.


Representatives from 120 countries gathered in Rome in 1998 and drafted the statute for a future International Criminal Court (ICC) to judge "those accused of genocide and other comparable crimes."1 In order for the court to become a reality, sixty nations must ratify the treaty before December 31, 2000.2 The ICC represents a giant step forward in the development of international human rights law that began with the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals following World War II, and the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.3 Only seven nations, including Libya, China, Iraq, Israel and the United States, opposed creation of the new court while twenty-one others abstained from voting.4 This Note addresses the role the ICC will play in the development of international human rights law by examining its potential effects on solving problems of inconsistency and impunity which have dominated the field for the past fifty years. Looking at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the recent extradition hearings of former Chilean dictator General Augusto Pinochet in England, this Note considers the way international human rights law is currently enforced. These cases, attempting to bring international criminals to justice over the past decade, demonstrate the inconsistent application of international human IMAGE FORMULA106 rights law. In the Rwandan situation, for example, international law is being enforced through a combination of national judicial systems and an international tribunal; in the Pinochet case justice was sought only in the courts of Spain and England.5 This Note examines the legal and sovereignty issues presented by these cases, concluding that benefits can be attained through a permanent international criminal court. Section I briefly examines the development of international criminal human rights law from the war trials following World War II to the recent developments of the 1990s. Section II then addresses the historical background of the Rwanda tribunal and the Pinochet case. Section III examines the drawbacks of the two cases by examining their role in destroying national sovereignty and expanding universal jurisdiction. Section IV analyzes the ICC Statute and argues that a permanent court may present a method for relieving some of the problems presented by other enforcement mechanisms. *. BACKGROUND OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW A. Pre-World War II International Criminal Trials and Treaties Although it is commonly believed that international criminal law is a creature of the twentieth century, the first international criminal court was established in Beisach, Germany in 1474.6 At the trial in this earliest court, judges of the Holy Roman Empire judged and condemned Peter von Hagenbach for allowing his troops to rape and kill innocent civilians and pillage their property.7 Hagenbach's defense was that he had been following the orders of his superiors.8 The court rejected this defense and sentenced him to death.9 Aside from the Hagenbach case, efforts to create and enforce international crimes against humanity were mostly unsuccessful prior to World War II. Following World War I, the Allied powers attempted to bring German war criminals, including Kaiser WilIMAGE FORMULA109 helm, to trial for committing acts of aggression.10 There was also an attempt to punish Turkey, Germany's ally during the war, for its genocide of Armenians living within the Ottoman Empire in 1915.11 Considerations concerning European stability and politics, however, made the trials of German war criminals untenable.12 In order to avoid humiliating Germany further, German authorities were allowed to try their war criminals in German courts.13 The attempt to prosecute Turkish officials before an international court was abandoned in 1923 at the Lausanne Conference, which officially ended the war with Turkey. …


By making use of a simple model that captures the key features of the anomalous Maxwell equations, we study the role of inhomogeneities on the evolution of magnetic fields in a chiral plasma. We find that inhomogeneities of the chiral asymmetry by themselves do not prevent the anomaly-driven inverse cascade and, as in the homogeneous case, the magnetic helicity is transferred from shorter to longer wavelength helical modes of the magnetic field. However, we also find that the evolution appears to be sensitive to the effects of diffusion. In the case when diffusion is negligible, the inverse cascade slows down considerably compared to the homogeneous scenario. In the case of the primordial plasma, though, we find that the diffusion is substantial and efficiently suppresses chiral asymmetry inhomogeneities. As a result, the inverse cascade proceeds practically in the same way as in the chirally homogeneous model.