Using Henry Tajfel and John Turners' Social Identity Theory, the study set out to
investigate the status of Art and Design in selected schools in Mufulira District.
The main objectives of the study were:
(a) To find out how Art and Design was rated by teachers, and pupils as compared to other subjects.
(b) To find out how Art and Design was considered by administrators,teachers, and pupils as compared to other subjects, and
(c) To find out ways or measures of encouraging pupils to take up Art and
Design as a subject of study.The sample comprised three schools from which were drawn a total of 81 grade ten, eleven and twelve pupils, six art teachers and thirty teachers (who taught other subjects apart from Art and Design), three head teachers and three deputy headteachers. In addition, the sample included Mrs. Gabriel Ellison, a renowned Zambian author and artist.Data were collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, semistructured
interviews, observation and through document analysis. Information about the status of Art and Design in Zambia was collected through in-depth interviews with Mrs. Gabriel Ellison. The collected information was analyzed qualitatively so as to come up with categories, themes and sub themes.The findings of this study have shown that Art and Design has low status as
compared to other subjects offered in high schools in Mufulira District. Out of 19
subjects rated, Art and Design was rated 17th by pupils and 14th by teachers.
Teachers and the pupils did not consider Art and Design as a subject that was
necessary in one's life in school and outside school. The study also revealed that
Art and Design was not valued by administrators, teachers and pupils as
compared to other subjects of study. In addition, the study came up with ways of
encouraging pupils to take up Art and Design as a subject of study.In line with the findings of the study, the following recommendations weresuggested(i) To make Art and Design a compulsory subject (ii) To avail the pupils with information on the benefits of studying Art and Design (iii) Art and Design should be well equipped with teachers' hand books, pupils' text books
and reference books and other related materials just like in other disciplines of
study (vi) Pupils should have field trips, exhibitions, Art and Design art clubs.


Bettering human health care and creating a sustainable environment through monitoring and smart energy usage are primary goals of advanced societies. To this purpose, the Swiss Government, through the State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation has been funding the Nano-Tera.ch program for about nine years with an overall budget of approximately 250 MUSD, half in cash, and half in matching instruments by public research entities. The program aims at establishing embedded/ cyberphysical systems through the synergy of various disciplines within collaborative research projects, the design of applied demonstrators, targeted educational programs, and the transfer of acquired research results to industry and hospitals.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine how the Japanese firms who make customized goods respond to supply chain failure caused by natural disaster, and shows the process and problem to build virtual dual sourcing with relation to product/process architecture.

Design/methodology/approach
Two case studies of Japanese manufacturing firm have been discussed. The research team had extensive site visits of major Japanese export industries (such as automotive, electronics, chemical and so on). The firms were carefully selected based on three criteria: the firms had major disaster-related damages; the senior executives of firms were willing to share their experiences and allow the research team to visit the sites; selected firms were notified in advance about the research perspective of how best to resume the flow of design information to customers speedily and effectively.

Findings
The main finding of this research is that visualizing design information of products is an essential step for virtual dual sourcing strategy or effective recovery from supply chain disruption, even if there is limitation because of its product/process architecture. Substituting other production line is not an absolute condition for contingent action. Balancing contingent activity and competitiveness is important for firms and building "virtual dual sourcing" system is one of the effective ways of business continuity plans (BCP).

Research limitations/implications
The researchers would imply that if product/process architecture is modular, visualizing design information for virtual dual sourcing is not so difficult. If product/process architecture is integral, visualizing design information for virtual dual is likely to be incomplete because it needs tacit knowledge for operation. Specifying and smoothly dispatching key persons with tacit knowledge would be effective for recovery from supply chain disruption. However, there still remain limitations in this research, for it is uncertain how much visualizing design information and virtual dual sourcing are effective in response to product/process architecture.

Practical implications
The researchers would imply that key persons with tacit knowledge should be dispersed for compensation of visualization of design information.

Originality/value
The originality of this research shows supply chain risk and recovery from the design information view of manufacturing. With real cases of the two companies having experience of natural disaster, this paper shows the process and problem to build virtual dual sourcing system, and shows balancing competitiveness and contingent activity.


Abstract Mongolia's Gobi Desert ecosystem, a stronghold for populations of the Asiatic wild ass (khulan) Equus hemionus and the goitered gazelle Gazella subgutturosa, faces conservation challenges as a result of rapid economic development, including mining-related infrastructure projects. There is a paucity of reliable data on population abundance for these ungulates in the region, which makes it difficult to assess how they are responding to increasing anthropogenic pressure. Our aim was to obtain abundance estimates for khulan and goitered gazelles to inform their management and form the basis of a long-term monitoring programme. Each year during 2012–2015 we surveyed a total of 64 line transects spaced 20 km apart, with a total of 3,464 km of survey effort across 78,717 km2. Distance sampling analysis provided annual estimates of density and abundance, which were cross-referenced with the results of an aerial survey conducted in 2013. Overall, we observed 784 groups (14,608 individuals) of khulan and 1,033 groups (3,955 individuals) of goitered gazelles during the four surveys. The abundance estimates for 2013 were 35,899 (95% CI 22,680–40,537) khulan and 28,462 (95% CI 21,326–37,987) goitered gazelles. These estimates were congruent with the results from the aerial survey, which overlapped spatially and temporally with our ground-based survey. Our findings confirm that Mongolia's Gobi Desert supports the largest population of khulan and goitered gazelles in the world, and we provide a critical update on the status of the two species.


Abstract Myocardial imaging in SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed tomography) scan of the gamma-ray emitting radiopharmaceuticals to patients after intravenous radiopharmaceuticals evenly spread in the heart region of interest by recording changes in the disease caused by a computer using the PSA test is to diagnose. Containing information on the functional myocardial perfusion imaging is a useful way to examine non-invasive heart disease, but the argument by noise and low resolution of the physical landscape that is difficult to give. For this paper, the level of myocardial imaging by using the three algorithms to split the video into 3-D implementation of the partitioned area to help you read the proposed plan. To solve the difficulty of reading level, interest in using the sheet set, partitioned area of the left ventricle was ranked the partitioned area was modeled as a 3-D images. Key Words : SPECT, Myocardial Image, Segmentation, 3D Image * 교신저자: 이상복(email@example.com)접수일 10년 05월 11일 수정일 10년 06월 11일 게재확정일 10년 06월 18일


Stratigraphic and isotopic data identify the lower 45 m of the Araras Group, on the southwest margin of the Amazon craton, as a Neoproterozoic platform cap carbonate deposited below wave base upon Varanger glacial diamictites of the Puga Formation. The basal beds consist of moderately deep water pinkish dolomudstone with stratiform to wavy fenestral microbialites locally cut by tube-like structures and fenestral nonmicrobial planar laminites with tepee-like features. Above the basal carbonates are deep-water bituminous lime mudstones with alternating thin calcite crusts and lime mudstone laminae commonly disrupted by calcite crystal fans (pseudomorphs after aragonite). The basal contact of the Puga cap exhibits soft-sediment deformational structures (principally load casts) that are here attributed to rebound-induced seismicity acting upon both recently deposited carbonate sediments and underlying unconsolidated diamictite. These features constitute the first clearly recognized sedimentological evidence for the rapid change from icehouse to greenhouse conditions as postulated in the snowball Earth model of Neoproterozoic glaciation.


Almost all life histories are phenotypically plastic: that is, life-history traits such as timing of breeding, family size or the investment in individual offspring vary with some aspect of the environment, such as temperature or food availability. One approach to understanding this phenotypic plasticity from an evolutionary point of view is to extend the optimality approach to the range of environments experienced by the organism. This approach attempts to understand the value of particular traits in terms of the selection pressures that act on them either directly or owing to trade-offs due to resource allocation and other factors such as predation risk. Because these selection pressures will between environments, the predicted optimal phenotype will too. The relationship expressing the optimal phenotype for different environments is the optimal reaction norm and describes the optimal phenotypic plasticity. However, this view of phenotypic plasticity ignores the fact that the reaction norm must be underlain by some sort of control system: cues about the environment must be collected by sense organs, integrated into a decision about the appropriate life history, and a message sent to the relevant organs to implement that decision. In multicellular animals, this control mechanism is the neuroendocrine system. The central question that this paper addresses is whether the control system affects the reaction norm that evolves. This might happen in two different ways: first, the control system will create constraints on the evolution of reaction norms if it cannot be configured to produce the optimal reaction norm and second, the control system will create additional selection pressures on reaction norms if the neuroendocrine system is costly. If either of these happens, a full understanding of the way in which selection shapes reaction norms must include details of the neuroendocrine control system. This paper presents the conceptual framework needed to explain what is meant by a constraint or cost being created by the neuroendocrine system and discusses the extent to which this occurs and some possible examples. The purpose of doing this is to encourage endocrinologists to take a fresh look at neuroendocrine mechanisms and help identify the properties of the system and situations in which these generate constraints and costs that impinge on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.


What is IUPIP? The International University of Peoples' Institutions for Peace (IUPIP)was established in 1993 in Rovereto, Italy, by the Fondazione Opera Campana del Caduti (Peace Bell Foundation). It provides a place for teaching and training in people's diplomacy and non-violence. The world of NGOs and social movements operating for human promotion and peace is the immediate target of this initiative. The initiative is supported by the Trentino Forum for Peace, the City of Rovereto, the University of Trento and the Autonomous Province of Trento, which contributes financially in conformity with its bylaw n. 11 of l0th June, 1991, for the promotion and propagation of the culture of peace. The primary goals of IUPIP are: * to promote a global culture of peace in the spirit of UNESCO; * to contribute to the development of a world order based on the implementation of fundamental human rights; * to spread the idea of non-violence; * to train and to enhance the abilities and skills for people's diplomacy and the peaceful conduct of conflicts. Background The city of Rovereto hosts, on Miravalle Hill, the big Bell of Peace made from the bronze obtained by fusing cannons used by all the armies which fought in the First World War. The Bell tolls a hundred times every evening in remembrance of those killed in all wars. The Fondazione Opera Campana del Caduti was founded in 1968 with the decree of January 18th from the President of the Republic. During recent decades the Foundation has been involved in a growing number of educational and peace building activities, culminating in the creation of the International University of People's Institutions for Peace. The IUPIP Project The International Course - IUPIP offers a three-week residential course in Rovereto to active members of NGOs and grassroots movements. The central areas addressed are people's diplomacy, non-violent conflict resolution and related topics. The teaching faculty and participants are drawn from many countries all over the world. Over the years several knowledgeable experts and activists have lectured, amongst which Philip Alston (European University Institute, Italy), Elise Boulding (Dartmouth College, USA), Michel Chossudovsky Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Canada), Johan Galtung (Transcend: a Peace and Development Network, France), Francois Rigaux (Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium) The course takes place in a transnational context of positive interaction between faculty and participants and of intensive exchange of experiences among persons coming from different cultures, societies and social backgrounds. The course is run under the patronage of UNESCO. The first year (Summer 1993) focused on the study of two major situations of intense conflict: the wars in the former Yugoslavia and various social conflicts in Brazilian society. Both were analyzed in the light of general conflict theory, International human rights law, and the theory and practice of non-violence. The second year (Summer 1994) highlighted questions concerning people's diplomacy, non-violence and the role of women's movements in the peaceful resolution of conflict. Special attention was given to the role of women's peace movements in the Israeli - Palestinian conflict. The third year (Summer 1995) focused on the role of media as an obstacle to and a resource for the peaceful and non-violent conduct of conflict. The fourth year (Summer 1996) was particularly concerned with the human, legal and economic aspects of migration. The topics of the fifth year (Autumn 1997) were the problems linked to the globalization of economy, the elements of structural violence therein and the possible alternative approaches. The sixth academic year (Autumn 1998) involved the examination of social and spiritual reconstruction of post-war societies. …


The paper generalizes the construction by stochastic flows of consistent utility processes introduced by M. Mrad and N. El Karoui in (2010). The utilities random fields are defined from a general class of processes denoted by $\GX$. Making minimal assumptions and convex constraints on test-processes, we construct by composing two stochastic flows of homeomorphisms, all the consistent stochastic utilities whose the optimal-benchmark process is given, strictly increasing in its initial condition. Proofs are essentially based on stochastic change of variables techniques.


Owners of large reservoirs often have to comply with statutory monitoring and maintenance regimes as well as the day-to-day operation and maintenance (O&M) of the dam, pipework, valves and appurtenant structures. These requirements can generate a large amount of data that are important for many different people involved in the smooth running of the asset, and which need to be accessed in different formats, locations and times, for different purposes. The consequences of 'missing' important data can range from something as simple as a broken access gate, to something as serious as a catastrophic dam breach. This paper describes research into advanced data interaction techniques such as augmented reality and near field communication, and how these were applied to existing data in a reservoir O&M manual for a reservoir in the UK, in order to develop the 'Reservoir App' – a smarter way of generating, accessing and using reservoir data.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To identify factors that predict or modify substance use in childhood cancer survivors and to describe how a risk-counseling intervention reduced young survivors' substance use.

DESIGN
Secondary analysis of clinical trial data and primary analysis of medical record data.

SETTING
Outpatient clinic.

SAMPLE
149 females and 118 males 12-18 years of age whose cancer had been in remission for at least two years were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 132) and standard care (n = 135) groups.

METHODS
Self-report questionnaires, abstracted medical record data, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Smoking, alcohol consumption, knowledge, risk perceptions, motivation, and worry about cancer and treatment effects.

FINDINGS
Three factors directly predicted substance use at baseline: being in a higher grade in school (independent of age), feelings of being more susceptible to late effects of cancer therapy, and worrying more about cancer and its treatment. At follow-up a year later, grade in school and worry predicted increased substance use. In addition, a desire to change health behavior, influenced by the intervention and gender, predicted decreased substance use. The mechanism of influence of the intervention was evident: The intervention led to a need to change, which precipitated a desire to change and ultimately resulted in decreased substance use.

CONCLUSIONS
Young survivors' worries and concerns about their cancer and treatment-related late effects are a new intervention target. Motivation is sensitive to behavioral change interventions and positively affects risk reduction.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Two new intervention strategies to address the impact of survivors' concerns about their cancer and its treatment are implied: (a) Replace substance use with new coping methods to reduce fear and anxiety, and (b) tailor motivation-based interventions to age and gender to communicate graphically and realistically to survivors the personal importance of behavioral change in modifying the risks of late effects.


This paper studies how banks' balance sheets and funding costs interact in the transmission of monetary-policy rates to banks' credit supply to firms. To do so, we use creditregistry data from Germany and Portugal together with the European Central Bank's policy-rate cuts in mid-2014. The pass-through of the rate cuts to banks' funding costs differs across the euro-area currency union because deposit rates vary in their distance to the zero lower bound (ZLB). When the distance is shorter, banks' financing constraints matter less for the supply of credit and there is more risk taking. To rationalize these findings, we provide a simple model of an augmented bank balance-sheet channel where in addition to costly external financing, there is screening of borrowers and a ZLB on retail deposit rates. An impaired pass-through of monetary policy to banks' funding costs reduces their ability to lever up and weakens their lending standards.


Oestrone glucuronide (E1G) is monitored during the menstrual cycle because it reflects the follicular production of oestradiol (E2), the rate of which increases as the follicles grow. Despite several recent assertions to the contrary, the urinary E1G concentration is an inadequate indicator of E2 because it is confounded by variations in the rate of urine production. We show that (a) the serum E2 concentration is proportional to the E1G excretion rate, which is the product of the urinary concentration of E1G and the urine production rate, (b) that it is almost as important to measure the urine production rate as it is to measure the urinary E1G concentration itself, and (c) that the distribution of urine production rate is positively skewed, from which it is inferred that extreme values are more likely than would be expected were the distribution normal. If urinary E1G is to be used to monitor the menstrual cycle it is essential that the concentration is corrected for fluctuations in urine production rate: the E1G excretion rate is reliable, urinary E1G concentration is not


Alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) is a rare and universally fatal form of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). We report a case of a newborn male baby with a moderate sized omphalocoele who developed respiratory distress 10 hours after birth. He deteriorated and succumbed shortly afterwards despite maximal ventilatory support and inhaled nitric oxide. ACD was diagnosed at postmortem examination, and the association of ACD with omphalocoele and gut malrotation has not been reported. We suggest including ACD in the differential diagnosis of refractory PPHN in a newborn even with the presence of other risk factors for respiratory failure.


KM is a very popular topic among researchers and management practitioners. Despite this, research on KM in the context of start-up companies is limited. This causes a problem since start-up firms have quite the opposite characteristics of Multi National Companies (MNCs), which most of the existing research is based on. Thus, one cannot automatically assume that the existing KM understanding is applicable in the context of start-up firms. However, practicing KM in a good way is equally important for start-up firms as they also compete in the same knowledge economy as other companies. This thesis contributes in increasing the understanding of KM in start-up companies by comparing the existing literature regarding KM in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) with empirical findings from a case study on D-MAX, a high-tech start-up company. Special attention is given to the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), as this in particular has received little attention in this context. Special attention is also given to the role of incubation centres, as this is a typical environment for start-up companies, and thus may have implications for its KM practices. Possible proxy descriptions of an incubation centre found in the literature, such as cluster theory and Communities of Practice (CoP), will be compared with empirical findings from a case study of the FoE Incubation Centre, where D-MAX resides. The result of the analysis to a large extent supports the view given in the literature. However, the comparison also reveal some contradictions and in several cases show that the literature descriptions are not detailed enough as it does not take into account specific conditions. Based on the analysis, I have also suggested changes that could improve the KM practices in D-MAX and proposed implications for the management of start-up firms as well as management of incubation centres.


Bladder-outflow obstruction is a common age-related clinical entity due to a variety of benign and malignant diseases of the prostate. Surgical treatment is not suitable for high-risk elderly patients who seek minimally invasive management. We present a prostatic thermo-expandable metal stent for treating bladder-outflow obstruction. In this review, we include the design characteristics of this novel device, the performance assessment in comparison with alternative devices, the limitations, our personal clinical experience, as well as a long-term perspective. According to our experience among 127 patients (who underwent insertion of 192 stents) after 1, 2 and 3 years, 82, 61 and 47% of the original stents were functional without apparent complications, respectively. The mean single stent indwelling time was 1 year, with a maximum of 4 years. In 41% of patients, the stent needed to be removed and/or exchanged owing to stent encrustation (15%), migration (10%), penile pain (6%), bladder-outflow obstruction symptoms (5%), urinary incontinence (<3%), tissue granulation (<3%), recurrent urinary tract infections (<3%) or urethral stricture (<3%). The thermo-expandable prostatic stent seems to be an effective minimally invasive treatment of bladder-outflow obstruction, especially in high-risk patients.


The Thesis opens with a short survey of the political conditions at Baghdad in the middle of the third/ninth century, showing how far the theory of the functions of the Caliphate corresponded to the actual practice of the time. The "revolt" of the Saffarids by extorting certain concessions from the Caliphate began the separation of temporal from religious authority, the former being inherited by the Samanids who otherwise remained loyal. The second chapter shows the encroachments of the Buwayhids upon the Caliph's temporal power at Baghdad, and describes the powers that were still retained by the Caliphs. This in turn led to a change of attitude on the part of the Samanids who, for political reasons, did not recognize certain Caliphs appointed by the Buwayhids but continued to recognize the deposed ones. The substitution for the Samanids of Mahmud of Ghazna marks an important step towards the emergence of a Sunni Sultanate, and an enquiry is made into the character and application of the Juridical conditions laid down for such governors. The third chapter describes the setting up a "Universal" Sunni Sultanate invested by the Caliph with full temporal authority in the persons of the Great Saljuqs, and the dual government at Baghdad, with the difficulties which this involved, A new political theory now makes its appearance in the works of Nidham-al-Mulk and Ghazzali. In consequence of the wars of succession the Caliphs are able to assert their political independence in Baghdad and its neighbourhood, but at the cost of a permanent rift with the Sultanate, and a confused situation of claims and counterclaims appears as the political legacy of the Saljuq Sultanate. The fourth chapter shows the development of the Sultanate with a completely self-constituted institution under the Khwarazm-shahs, and their adoption not only of an attitude of independence of the Caliphate but even of a claim to control its activities. The destruction of the power of the Khwarazm-shahs by the Mongols temporarily ends the dispute, but the apparent victory of the Caliphate is an illusion, which vanishes on its own destruction in 656/1258.


Diagnosis is an early stage used to know the symptoms carassius auratus suffers; therefore, the diseases can be healed. The aimof this research is to create an expert systemapplication relating to fishery, especially in the diseases carassius auratus suffers. The existence of an expert system use to diagnose carassius auratus can provide a lot of easiness for anyone who wants to cultivate or just keep it. The design of expert system application uses prototype method whereas forward chaining is applied by using inference method. Forward chaining method begins with premises or input information (if) first and continued by conclusion (then). The expert system application of carassius auratus disease diagnosis can save the users' cost. Users who have an access right as an administrators can add, change, or delete the data of symptoms, pests and diseases, and solutions therefore the system can keep developing. To obtain a more accurate results, we can combine it with CF (Certainty Factor) theorem.


The common law tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) is a frequently occurring lawsuit. It seems that in almost every wrongful discharge suit by a terminated employee at-will, or lawsuit to redress bullying-like conduct at work, or lawsuit pursuant to civil rights act for discrimination or harassment there appears a count for the IIED tort. As such, there are many, many IIED cases; however, this article demonstrates that there are only a handful of cases that are successful due to the various elements to the tort as well as the high evidentiary hurdles to sustain those elements. This article explicates the elements of the tort and illustrates those elements in the context of wrongful discharge, bullying, and discrimination/harassment lawsuits. The authors discuss the implications of the tort, particularly for management; and provide recommendations to employers on how to avoid liability, especially by bully-proofing the organization, and also to employees on how to sustain an IIED cause of action.


This work deals with the realization and characterization of integrated graphitic contacts on diamond by means of laser irradiation (graphitization), in order to obtain good quality ohmic electrodes for nuclear radiation detectors to be used in high energy physics experiments. Unlike the conventional method used for the electrode production, which requires numerous steps and very well controlled environmental conditions, this alternative technique presents many advantages: the contacts are realized in air at room temperature in a single step. In this study, the characteristics of several graphitic structures realized on a diamond surface by changing the radiation-matter interaction parameters have been evaluated in order to define the best experimental conditions to create graphitic electrodes with low resistivity. The obtained results are promising: contacts perfectly adherent, with good charge collection properties, stable and resistant to ionizing radiation.


We present 2 + 2 radar REMPI measurements in molecular nitrogen under atmospheric conditions and observe a strong interference in the (1,0) vibrational band of the a(1)Πg ← X(1)Σg(+) electronic manifold. The interference is suppressed by using circularly polarized light, permitting rotational analysis of the 2 + 2 radar REMPI spectrum. It is observed in pure nitrogen, though the structure varies with gas composition. The structure also varies with temperature and pressure. These results indicate that it is collision induced. We hypothesize that the source of the interference is a 3 + 1 REMPI process through the a(″1)Σg(+) electronic state.


MATERIALS for suturing have improved over the centuries but the needle and suture method remains far from ideal. The inadequacies of thread suture were experienced by the early Egyptians who found the advantages of using adhesive plaster for complicated wounds. 1 The same technique of applying adhesive plaster was used with modifications until the Second World War. In 1942, a new method was proposed, using adhesive plaster applied to wound edges. Sutures were then used to unite the adhesive apposing the wound edges. 2 More recently, cellophane tape has been used; but the lack of porosity led to accumulation of secretions, wound edge separation, and poor healing. 3 The improved adhesive plasters still resulted in skin irritation and accumulation of secretions, thereby relegating the material to a secondary role in treatment of traumatic wounds. In 1960, a report was published, describing the successful development and clinical appraisal of a completely


Based on the physiological structure of osteon, a single fluid-filled osteon model under only time-dependent axial loading is modeled for calculating the streaming potential induced by canaliculi fluid flow. Solid matrix is modeled as an elastic transverse isotropic thick-walled cylinder and fluid phase is considered as an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Close-form solution of the streaming potential for a single osteon model was obtained and used to study the electromechanical properties on intraosseous pressure and potential distribution. The solution can also be used as a benchmark for numerical studies of other osteon models.


This paper presents a new compact, low insertion-loss, sharp-rejection, and wide-band microstrip bandpass filter. A bandstop filter is introduced that uses a ring resonator with direct-connected orthogonal feed lines. A new bandpass filter based on the bandstop filter uses two tuning stubs to construct a wide-band passband with two sharp stopbands. Without coupling gaps between feed lines and rings, there are no mismatch and radiation losses between them and, therefore, the new filters show low insertion loss. In addition, a dual-mode characteristic is used to increase the stopband bandwidth of the new filters. A simple transmission-line model used to calculate the frequency responses of the filters shows good agreement with measurements. The filter using three cascaded rings has 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 49.3%, an insertion loss of better than 1.6 dB in the passband, a return loss of larger than 13 dB from 4.58 to 7.3 GHz, and two rejections of greater than 40 dB within 2.75-4.02 and 7.73-9.08 GHz. The high-performance, compact-size, and low-cost filter was designed for reducing the interference in full duplex systems in satellite communications.


A variety of natural biological tissues (e.g., skin, ligaments, spider silk, blood vessel) exhibit 'J-shaped' stress-strain behavior, thereby combining soft, compliant mechanics and large levels of stretchability, with a natural 'strain-limiting' mechanism to prevent damage from excessive strain. Synthetic materials with similar stress-strain behaviors have potential utility in many promising applications, such as tissue engineering (to reproduce the nonlinear mechanical properties of real biological tissues) and biomedical devices (to enable natural, comfortable integration of stretchable electronics with biological tissues/organs). Recent advances in this field encompass developments of novel material/structure concepts, fabrication approaches, and unique device applications. This review highlights five representative strategies, including designs that involve open network, wavy and wrinkled morphologies, helical layouts, kirigami and origami constructs, and textile formats. Discussions focus on the underlying ideas, the fabrication/assembly routes, and the microstructure-property relationships that are essential for optimization of the desired 'J-shaped' stress-strain responses. Demonstration applications provide examples of the use of these designs in deformable electronics and biomedical devices that offer soft, compliant mechanics but with inherent robustness against damage from excessive deformation. We conclude with some perspectives on challenges and opportunities for future research.


1. Using classical evoked-potential techniques and 100-micron deflections of one vibrissa, at least three loci of potentials were identified in cats' cortices. 2. The relationships of these loci to cortical landmarks and to each other varied sufficiently to prevent specification of homologies between animals. 3. Attempts to differentiate the loci on functional criteria were unsuccessful. The areal extent of each locus appeared similar and there was evidence of a specific somatotopic pattern within each locus; in each locus different vibrissae were represented at different cortical points. 4. Latencies differed slightly between the loci, being shortest at the most rostral site and longest at the caudal site. In all loci, off-center latencies were longer, but this difference was detected only after complete maps of all three loci were produced. 5. The focus of potentials for an individual vibrissa was radically different, depending on the parameter measured (negative peak, positive peak, and latency). The focus of potentials could also be shifted by changing the velocity or direction of the stimulus. 6. The effects of these stimulus parameters on the cortical map suggest that a cortical focus represents more than simply a point on the skin surface.


The Jahn-Teller system E⊗b1⊕b2 has a particular degeneracy, where the vibronic potential has an elliptical minimum. In the general case where the ellipse does not reduce to a circle, the classical motion in the potential is chaotic, tending to trapping near one of the extrema of the ellipse. In the quantum problem, the motion consists of correlated tunneling from one extremum to the opposite, leading to an average angular momentum reminiscent of that of the better known E ⊗ e dynamic Jahn-Teller system.


This paper focuses on ritual aspects of British public propaganda during the First World War and considers whether they can be said to have encouraged emotional investment in patriotic tropes like duty and sacrifice. It explores the structural organisation of patriotic events arranged by different groups and argues that these amounted to the ritualised staging of patriotism. The first part of the paper discusses the small, everyday public events arranged by propaganda organisations. It suggests repetitive conventions served deeper purposes than routine administrative convenience. The second section explores patriotic fundraising. Kit Good suggests that civilians felt the need not only to be patriotic, but to be seen in that light through their participation in patriotic events, and this section explores the rituals surrounding the collection of money for patriotic purposes.


The production of software and their effectiveness have become the prerequisite for the development of various sectors of the world. Persistent demand for the software, feasible and effective in nature to address the clients' demand have levitated the interest amongst researchers to determine the factors that idealize the software development team since an adept and compatible team members, in terms of personality, are likely to ensure the success of software. In this regard, personality clashes have been attributed as the prominent factors of all to the failure of the software. Although copious research studies have been carried out in the past to suggest ideal and compatible personalities for making an ideal software development team, it is regret to add that the findings of these studies have rather enhanced the gravity of the problem for giving different suggestions for composing an ideal team for software development. To lessen such confusion, this study aims to propose solution for personality-based team composition by executing the different ranges of the programmer's role based on Myer Brig Type Indicator (MBTI) pairs. This method supposedly allows the researchers to reach the suitable conclusion by thorough investigation of all traits of personality for programmer role. In order to attain the best solution, student population was involved to develop the software projects in teams. The experiments were divided into two segments: defining balancing benchmark and validating the benchmark. In outcomes, this study proposed different ranges of personality traits based on gender classification for software


Context: Bidding rounds are frequently used to select competent and cost-efficient providers for software projects. Objective: We hypothesize that emphasizing low price when selecting software providers in such bidding rounds substantially increases the likelihood the project will fail. Method: The hypothesis is tested by analyzing a dataset of 4,791,067 bids for 785,326 small-scale projects registered at a web-based marketplace connecting software clients and providers. Results: We find evidence supporting our hypothesis. For example, selecting providers with bids 25% lower than the average bid is connected to a 9% increase in the frequency of project failures for the same level of provider skill. In addition, we found that clients emphasizing a low price, on average, selected providers with lower skill levels. This decrease in provider skill level further strengthened the negative effect of a strong focus on low price on project failures. For example, selecting a provider with a 15% failure rate for previous projects instead of 5% increased the failure rate by 33%. Conclusion: We interpret the findings to suggest that a client may substantially reduce the likelihood of project failure by reducing the emphasis on low price when selecting a provider.


This paper investigates the determinants of regional wages in Britain using annual data from the New Earnings Survey over the period 1974-1989. Separate wage equations are estimated for male and female workers, for manuals and non-manuals and for manufacturing industry as against non-manufacturing. The main conclusions are that local laboour market conditions (as measured by the regional unemployment rate) have a significant impact on wages only in the case of manual men. In the case of these workers we find that the relationship between wages and unemployment is best fitted by a double logarithmic form, which in turn implies that a 10 per cent reduction in the variance of male annual unemployment rates across regions could be associated with a 5 per cent fall in the average unemployment rate of this group. Differences in the wage rates of non-manual men and women across regions appears to have more to do with differences in the cost-of-living (and especially house prices) suggesting that the labour market for these groups is national rather than local in character.


Abstract Age ratios (e.g., calf:cow for elk and fawn:doe for deer) are used regularly to monitor ungulate populations. However, it remains unclear what inferences are appropriate from this index because multiple vital rate changes can influence the observed ratio. We used modeling based on elk (Cervus elaphus) life-history to evaluate both how age ratios are influenced by stage-specific fecundity and survival and how well age ratios track population dynamics. Although all vital rates have the potential to influence calf:adult female ratios (i.e., calf:cow ratios), calf survival explained the vast majority of variation in calf:adult female ratios due to its temporal variation compared to other vital rates. Calf:adult female ratios were positively correlated with population growth rate (λ) and often successfully indicated population trajectories. However, calf:adult female ratios performed poorly at detecting imposed declines in calf survival, suggesting that only the most severe declines would be rapidly detected. Our analyses clarify that managers can use accurate, unbiased age ratios to monitor arguably the most important components contributing to sustainable ungulate populations, survival rate of young and λ. However, age ratios are not useful for detecting gradual declines in survival of young or making inferences about fecundity or adult survival in ungulate populations. Therefore, age ratios coupled with independent estimates of population growth or population size are necessary to monitor ungulate population demography and dynamics closely through time.


A four-section CO2 laser is described which can produce 20 W in fundamental mode during a 1-sec pulse with a frequency tuning range of ±300 MHz. It operates at 200-Torr pressure using sonic axial flow to inhibit the discharge column from filamenting. The input power density is 58 W cm−3 corresponding to an efficiency of 2%.


This paper explores whether shame memories have a distinct impact on emotional difficulties and psychopathology that goes beyond their negative emotional valence. Study 1 (N=292) investigates the contribution of centrality of shame memory, in comparison to the centrality of fear and sadness memories, to explain the memory's traumatic impact, shame, depression, anxiety, stress, paranoid, and dissociative symptoms. Study 2 (N=192) explores the impact of shame traumatic memory on shame and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, in comparison to fear and sadness traumatic memories. Both studies used undergraduate student samples. Results show that shame memories' centrality and traumatic features made an independent contribution to current external and internal shame and distinct psychopathological symptoms, after controlling for the effect of fear and sadness, centrality, and traumatic qualities. Moreover, shame memories' centrality and traumatic features were the best global predictors of external and internal shame and depressive symptoms. Centrality of shame memories was also the only significant predictor of paranoid ideation and dissociation. These results offer novel perspectives on the nature of shame and its relation to psychopathology, emphasising the distinct role of shame memories in human functioning and suffering, which goes above and beyond its negative emotional valence.


Hydroxytriazines are environmental decomposition products of s-triazine herbicides. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in various formats for the detection of hydroxypropazine, hydroxyatrazine, and hydroxysimazine were developed. 6-{4-Methoxy-6-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}aminohexanoic acid was used as the immunizing hapten. One of the resulting ELISAs has IC 50 values of 0.002, 0.004, and 0.017 μM (0.4, 0.8, and 3.1 ppb) for hydroxypropazine, hydroxyatrazine, and hydroxysimazine, respectively. This ELISA utilizes a coated antigen format with a simazine-mercaptopropanoic acid hapten conjugated to conalbumin as the coating antigen. The assay parameters are unchanged at pH values between 5.0 and 8.0 and at ionic strengths from 0.13 to 1.0 M phosphate-buffered saline. Methanol does not affect the assay up to 13%, whereas acetonitrile and acetone cause a decrease of sensitivity at 3.1%. Groundwater fortified with hydroxyatrazine was analyzed according to this method. Good correlations with spike levels were observed, making this assay potentially valuable for the screening of groundwater samples containing parts per trillion levels of hydroxytriazine contamination.


This thesis examines techniques for analysing bioprocess flowsheet simulations so as to determine operating strategies. Currently approaches cited in the literature for analysing bioprocesses employ visualisation of two-dimensional subsets of the feasible region. However this approach is restricted to two control variables and relies heavily on the engineer's judgement to estimate the potential impact of uncertainties in both the model and the process operation. The objective of this research was to generate methods capable of locating robust operating points for multivariate bioprocesses. Increasingly the biopharmaceutical firms are under economic pressure to speed up process development. This had lead to an increased interested in computer simulation as a tool to develop robust bioprocess. Whilst simulation has been applied extensively in the process industries it has not often been applied to bioprocesses as these tend to be more complex to model and frequently only a partial understanding of behaviour exists. Recent work has led to a capacity to simulate complete bioprocess sequences using models that capture the interactions between the unit operations. However, a major limitation is the interpretation of results from such simulations. In conventional process engineering studies optimisation routines have been used to identify the best operating conditions for a given set of objectives. Such techniques have not been applied effectively to bioprocesses due to limitations in the reliability of the models. These limitations mean that results obtained via such an approach are unlikely be useful as, in practice, the optimal points found are unlikely to be robust. The work in this thesis also looks at defining methodologies that are able to analyse multivariable bioprocesses. It looks at the application of techniques developed in the chemical process industry that can be used to account for the variability in the control variables and process parameters and at the application of statistical techniques for analysing bioprocess robustness. Overall work highlights the nature of the bioprocess insights that can be obtained through simulation and explores the utility of the application of the developed methods of analysis.


Book reading appears to be a highly revered and widely practiced home and school routine within and across literate western cultures. This study examined the relationship between home practices and expected children's production. We assumed the contribution of home literacy patterns such as storytelling to have a predictive value on the development of children's narrative productions as one facet of children's literacy development. To this end, we set out to investigate similarities and differences in the profile of parental narrative input and children's narrative productions. We first looked at the structural and organizational characteristics of adult-child and child-adult narratives and the relationship between the two in terms of its narrative forms and functions. Then we analyzed the interaction during narratives to — and by- children to other adults. The participants of this study were 64 parent-child dyads recruited into three age groups. Parents were asked to tell their child a picture-book story and the children were asked to tell the same story to an adult experimenter. The stories were recorded and transcribed. The data were coded into structural and interactive categories and analyzed between parent and children productions and across the three age groups. The results showed a complex relationship between parental narrative input and child-adult output. While parental narrative input resembles child narrative input, this resemblance grows stronger as the child gets older. Yet the differences between parental and child narrative input may be motivated by the child's linguistic, narrative and social development.


Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp), carbonated HAp and titanium oxide are of interest for bone-interfacing implant applications, because of their demonstrated osteoconductive properties. They were coated on the titanium implants and investigated the in vitro and in vivo performance. HAp coatings were performed by the thermal substrate method in aqueous solutions. Titanium oxide film was also formed on the titanium implants by gaseous oxidation, or by anodizing in the acidic solution. All the specimens covered with HAp, carbonated HAp or TiO2 (rutile or anatase). were characterized by XRD, EDX, FT-IR and SEM. In the in vitro testing, the mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1) were cultured on the coated and non-coated specimens for up to 30 days. Moreover, the osseointegration was evaluated from the rod specimens implanted in rats femoral for up to 8 weeks. In in vivo evaluations two weeks postimplantation, new bone formed on the coated and non-coated titanium rods in the cancellous bone and cortical bone, respectively. Bone-implant contact ratio, in order to evaluate of new bone formation, was significantly depended on the compound formed on the titanium implant.


Based on the interaction between nano-fiber and eutectic interphase, forth-phase mode is used to get the mechanical stress field of matrix in eutectic composite ceramics. The effective flexibility increment tensor of eutectic ceramic composite is obtained by the volumetric average strain. The remote stress boundary condition of the eutectic composite ceramis is accounted for getting the mechanical stress field in matrix. The results show the mechanical stress field of the matrix is associated with the stiffness and the volume fractions of each component in eutectic composite ceramic , the shape of interphase and nano-fiber. The stresses in matrix will decrease due to the strong constraining effects of the eutectic interphase. The eutectic interphase make the eutectic composite ceramics strengthen.


Race run for 5 km or 10 km has been trending recently in many places in Indonesia, especially in Surabaya where there were at least 11 events of race run. The participant's number also increased significantly compared to years before. However, among several race run events, it was seen that some events tended to be replicative and monotone, while among the participants recently were identified the need for increasing the fun factor. RunForFun is a mobile application which designed for participants to reach new experience when participating in a race run event. The mobile application will run on Android OS. The development method of this mobile application would use Reverse Waterfall method. The development of this mobile application uses Ionic Framework which utilizes Cordova as its base to deploy to smartphone devices. Subsequently, RunForRun was tested on 10 participants, and the test shows a significant increase in the fun factor from run race participants.


Learning English as a second language is an area of study which demands persistent research, probing and application of the findings. In India, English language is a part of everyday life, and the exposure to English vocabulary comes through a multitude of sources which include media, game applications and social networking among others. In many instances, even complicated and less frequent words are made familiar by these sources. However, the learners of ESL struggle for a good choice of words when they are in a situation to use the language. This has led the researcher to question how the process of vocabulary acquisition happens and how the acquired words are organised and stored. The current research is a psycholinguistic analysis of the way words are organised and associated with each other in the mental lexicon of the learners. The researcher attempts to study the role and impact of associations in vocabulary acquisition through an experimental study. The participants of the study are 120 Indian ESL learners enrolled for an undergraduate programme. They were tested with two methods of teaching vocabulary, namely the word definition method and semantic cluster method. The outcome of the study is discussed in the research paper.


This paper proposes a simple, fast, and accurate method for calibrating the free-space antenna factors of broadband electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) antennas. This method adopts a fixed-height calibration configuration and a multiple-signal-classification-based (MUSIC) data processing algorithm. Because this configuration does not require height scans, it significantly shortens measurement time and removes height-dependent calibration errors. In addition, the MUSIC-based data processing algorithm can remove unexpected reflections from the ground plane or any other reflecting objects, and transfer calibration into the free-space transmission model, from which the free-space antenna factors are obtained. The algorithm of this method can also automatically compensate for the phase center shift, which makes measurement easier and more convenient. To verify this method, numerical simulations for half-wave dipoles and experimental measurements for log-periodic dipole array (LPDA) and horn antennas are conducted. The simulated results for the half-wave dipoles indicate that the error from the theoretical AFFS can be within ±0.5 dB. In the case of the experimental measurements, the calibrated results are compared with other published standard methods: the mean differences can be as low as 0.25 dB for the LPDA, and as low as 0.36 dB for the horn antennas. The good agreement between results confirms that the proposed method can yield accurate estimations of free-space antenna factors for broadband EMC antennas. This method also provides a new alternative for obtaining fast and accurate antenna calibration.


The luminance of the background and of the target (visual acuity letter) was measured for five commonly used visual acuity screen materials. Most materials were found to be highly nonlambertian. A greater than threefold difference in reflectance normal to the surface was found for the respective screens tested. The percent polarization maintained by each screen material, using American Optical Vectograph systems, was measured. The relative illuminations generated by eight projector systems were compared. A discussion of the factors and recommendations for improvements related to projected chart visibility are made.


Background: One of the most significant clinical trials, demonstrating the efficacy of tonsillectomy (TE) for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children, was published in 1984. This systematic review was undertaken to compile various indications for TE as suggested in the literature after 1984 and to stratify the papers according to the current concept of evidence-based medicine. Material and methods: A systematic Medline research was performed using the key word of "tonsillectomy" in combination with different filters such as "systematic reviews", "meta-analysis", "English", "German", and "from 1984/01/01 to 2015/05/31". Further research was performed in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Guidelines International Network and BMJ Clinical Evidence using the same key word. Finally, data from the "Trip Database" were researched for "tonsillectomy" and "indication" and "from: 1984 to: 2015" in combination with either "systematic review" or "meta-analysis" or "metaanalysis". Results: A total of 237 papers were retrieved but only 57 matched our inclusion criteria covering the following topics: peritonsillar abscess (3), guidelines (5), otitis media with effusion (5), psoriasis (3), PFAPA syndrome (6), evidence-based indications (5), renal diseases (7), sleep-related breathing disorders (11), and tonsillitis/pharyngitis (12), respectively. Conclusions: 1) The literature suggests, that TE is not indicated to treat otitis media with effusion. 2) It has been shown, that the PFAPA syndrome is self-limiting and responds well to steroid administration, at least in a considerable amount of children. The indication for TE therefore appears to be imbalanced but further research is required to clarify the value of surgery. 3) Abscesstonsillectomy as a routine is not justified and indicated only for cases not responding to other measures of treatment, evident complications, or with a significant history of tonsillitis. In particular, interval-tonsillectomy is not justified as a routine. 4) TE, with or without adenoidectomy, is efficacious to resolve sleep-related breathing disorders resulting from (adeno)tonsillar hypertrophy in children. However, the benefit is reduced by co-morbidities, such as obesity, and further research is required to identify prognostic factors for this subgroup of patients. Further research is indicated to clarify selection criteria not only for this subpopulation that may benefit from less invasive procedures such as tonsillotomy in the long-term. 5) Further trials are also indicated to evaluate the efficacy of TE on the clinical course in children with psoriasis guttata as well as on psoriasis vulgaris in adults, not responding to first-line therapy. 6) Conflicting results were reported concerning the role of TE in the concert to treat Ig-A nephropathy, mandating further clinical research. 7) Most importantly, randomized-controlled clinical trials with an adequate long-term follow-up are desirable to clarify the benefit of TE in patients with recurrent episodes of tonsillitis, with or without pharyngitis. Factors like age, spontaneous healing rate and postoperative quality of life have to be included when comparing TE with antibiotic therapy.


We consider four models of cancer growth: 1. Mathematical models of stem cell renewal and dedifferentiation. We study the effects of dedifferentiation on the time to cancer onset and found that the effect of dedifferentiation depends critically on how stem cell numbers are controlled by the body. We consider both space-free and spatial versions of this process to look at effect that tissue architecture can play in this process.  Our results suggest that dedifferentiation may be a very important factor in cancer and that more study of dedifferentiation and stem cell control is necessary to understand and prevent cancer onset. 2. New findings on cancer via stochastic modeling and statistical analysis. Very recent developments in our understanding of this dynamical process due to high throughput sequencing methodologies have allowed us to formulate a more detailed mathematical model of cancer initiation and evolution. In this talk the model will be presented with some of its mathematical results and validated predictions. 3. A multitype infinite-alleles Galton Watson process and applications to cancer evolution. The infinite-allele Galton Watson process proposed by Griffiths and Pakes is extended to a multitype process allowing for different types and labels. Limit behavior of the process has been determined, particularly the asymptotic growth of the number of labels for each type and the limit of the frequency spectrum for each type. The process has applications to cancer evolution, with different types representing different sets of driver mutations, or mutations that affect the rate of growth of cells. Our asymptotic results show the number of labels grow exponentially along with the total number of individuals, so the number of labels can be considered as a surrogate for age of a particular subclone of cells. This can be used to help determine the order of events in the clonal evolution of a population of cancer cells. 4. Cancer evolution model based on the Moran model with selection and co-localization. We model the evolution of the cancer using discrete and continuous versions of the Moran model with selection (Durret, 2008). In this model, the population of granulocyte precursors is constant and consists of N biological cells, including mutant cells, number of which is variable in time (starting from i mutants at the beginning). The mutant has selective advantage expressed by the relative fitness r = 1+s > 1 , equal to the ratio of average progeny count of the mutant to that of the wildtype. We also incorporate the colocalization factor to the model - we assume that it is more probable, by a factor of 1+α >1, that mutant (wildtype) cell will be replaced by a cell of the same type. It is recognized that about 70% of Severe congenital neutropenia patients who developed secondary myelodysplastic syndrome will express a truncation mutant GCSFR. Using the model we estimate the probabilities and expected times to the fixation of the mutant cells as well as the number of initial mutant cells leading to fixation. We also study the dynamics of the model and the relationship between fitness and colocalization factors.


A high performance and cost effective biosensor is designed using a radial contour-mode disk resonator (RCDR). This sensor measures tiny biological mass attached on a disk vibrating at a high frequency, producing high quality of output signal. A series of analysis and simulation models is developed to predict the mass sensitivity, dynamic stability, and motional resistance of the RCDR biosensor with given geometry and signal input. In order to decrease motional resistance while keeping the fabrication cost low, a layer of dielectric material is deposited within the capacitor gap. In designing the RCDR biosensors, we employ Type I, II, and III robust design approach to design a device that is insensitive to various types of uncertainty associated with the fabrication processes and analysis models. A mathematical construct, error margin index, is employed for this robust design. Traditional optimization and robust design approaches are separately formulated, solved, and compared. From the design results, we observe that the RCDR is a promising bio-sensing device compared to the existing ones.


Background:
 Prehospital activation of in-hospital stroke response depends on accurate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) provider stroke recognition. While screening tools such as the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) have been validated, their real world impact is less clear. We determined the accuracy of prehospital stroke recognition and its relationship to CPSS documentation in a cohort of EMS transported suspect and confirmed stroke patients.

 Methods:
 We identified a prospective cohort of all suspected or confirmed ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients transported by EMS to a large primary stroke center. Data on prehospital and hospital care were abstracted from medical records. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of EMS stroke recognition were calculated using the final hospital discharge diagnosis of ischemic stroke or TIA as the gold standard. We compared the sensitivity and PPV of EMS recognition among cases with and without a documented CPSS using chi square tests. We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine the independent relationship between CPSS use and the odds of EMS stroke recognition among confirmed stroke and TIA cases.

 Results:
 Over a 12 month period, 434 EMS transported patients met inclusion criteria. The median age was 78 and 60% were female. EMS transported 371 (85.5%) patients as suspect strokes and documented a CPSS in 343 (79.0%). A total of 246 cases (56.7%) were confirmed ischemic strokes (n=186) or TIA (n=60). The sensitivity of EMS stroke recognition was 74.4% (95% CI 68.9 to 79.8) and PPV was 49.3% (95% CI 44.2 to 54.4). Sensitivity was higher among cases with CPSS documentation than without (85.9% vs. 25.5% p<0.0001) as was the PPV (54.3% vs. 21.4%, p<0.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, stroke severity, dispatch reason, and time from symptom onset, CPSS use was associated with substantially higher odds of EMS stroke recognition (OR 19.04, 95% CI: 7.95 to 45.59).

 Conclusion:
 EMS providers recognized three quarters of all stroke or TIA admissions, while EMS suspicion of stroke was correct only half of the time. Documentation of a CPSS was associated with substantially higher EMS stroke recognition.


We study the problem of performing statistical inference on the linear effects in partially linear models with correlated errors. To estimate these effects, we introduce usual, modified and estimated modified backfitting estimators, relying on locally linear regression. We obtain explicit expressions for the conditional asymptotic bias and variance of the usual backfitting estimators under the assumption that the model errors follow a mean zero, covariance-stationary process. We derive similar results for the modified backfitting estimators under the more restrictive assumption that the model errors follow a mean zero, stationary autoregressive process of finite order. Our results assume that the width of the smoothing window used in locally linear regression decreases at a specified rate, and the number of data points in this window increases. These results indicate that the squared bias of the considered estimators can dominate their variance in the presence of correlation between the linear and non-linear variables in the model, therefore compromising their i/n-consistency. We suggest that this problem can be remedied by selecting an appropriate rate of convergence for the smoothing parameter of the-estimators. We argue that this rate is slower than the rate that is optimal for estimating the non-linear effect, and as such it 'undersmooths' the estimated non-linear effect. For this reason, data-driven methods devised for accurate estimation of the non-linear effect may fail to yield a satisfactory choice of smoothing for estimating the linear effects. We introduce three data-driven methods for accurate estimation of the linear effects. Two of these methods are modifications of the Empirical Bias Bandwidth Selection method of Opsomer and Ruppert (1999). The third method is a non-asymptotic plug-in method. We use the data-driven choices of smoothing supplied by these methods as a basis for constructing approximate confidence intervals and tests of hypotheses for the linear effects. Our inferential procedures do not account for the uncertainty associated with the fact that the choices of smoothing are data-dependent and the error correlation structure is estimated from the data. We investigate the finite sample properties of our procedures via a simulation study. We also apply these procedures to the analysis of data collected in a time-series air pollution study.


In this study, viscosity growth of entangled polymers under startup of fast shear flows was investigated by means of primitive chain network simulations. In particular, we focused on the undershoot following the well-known overshoot. The simulations reasonably reproduced the viscosity growth data reported in the literature for polystyrene melts. To investigate the origin of the observed undershoot, stress was decomposed into orientational and stretch contributions through a decoupling approximation. The decoupled results show a tiny undershoot in both orientation and stretch. Molecular tumbling was also monitored, both for single molecules and in terms of an average end-to-end orientation angle. Results appear to confirm that tumbling causes the viscosity undershoot, consistently with the suggestion of Costanzo et al. [Macromolecules, 2016, 49, 3915].


This article deals with an important area: the potential for
the act of offering a young male access to pornographic
materials as part of a sperm banking process to be construed
as a child protection matter. This is a concern that has
already been identified elsewhere and the authors have
sought to consider ways of reducing the likelihood of this
construction occurring. In particular, the authors have
made the case for the supply of pornographic materials to
be seen as meeting a clinical need rather than as a sexual
activity or one intended for the sexual gratification of the
(adult) professionals. This is the core of the argument and
one that merits serious consideration and formal recognition
by health agencies and Safeguarding Boards.


This paper discusses the necessity of a good methodology for the development of reliable software, especialy with respect to the final software validation and testing activities. A formal specification development and validation methodology is proposed. This methodology has been applied to the development and validation of a pilot software, incorporating typical features of critical software for nuclear power plant safety protection. The main features of the approach indude the use of a formal specification language and the independent development of two sets of specifications. Analyses on the specifications consists of three-parts: validation against the functional requirements consistency and integrity of the specifications, and dual specification comparison based on a high-level symbolic execution technique. Dual design, implementation, and testing are performed. Automated tools to facilitate the validation and testing activities are developed to support the methodology. These includes the symbolic executor and test data generator/dual program monitor system. The experiences of applying the methodology to the pilot software are discussed, and the impact on the quality of the software is assessed.


The basic tasks in molecular biology data analysis are multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and phylogenetic tree inference. The quality of the phylogenetic tree depends on the quality of the MSA. Hidden Markov model (HMM) is one of the good methods to generate the MSA, but having sequences with low similarity, this method will produce less optimal MSA. This research works on performing multiple alignments of protein sequences with low similarity using the HMM, which can be used as input and it produces more accurate phylogenetic tree. The research is carried out by building augmented set. The parameters are the number of child sequences and the percentage of mutation applied in child sequence. There are two kind of m utation process, first based on substitution matrix BLOSUM 80 and second, random mutation. Augmented set used as input into the HMM to obtain the MSA. Baum welch learning algorithm is used to estimate the parameters in HMM. While Viterbi algorithm is used to arrange the alignment from unaligned sequences. The prototype tool is built using Java programming language and utilizing Biojava library. In this research, the accuracy of phylogenetic trees using MSA with augmented set is compared with the MSA without augmented set. There are two phylogenetic tree inference methods used in here. First, neighbour joining is conducted using ClustalX tool. Second, parsimony methods is conducted using Phylip Protpars tool. The data are the amino acid sequences of ribosomes 16S from mitochondria. The accuracy of phylogenetic tree using augmented set based on matrix BLOSUM 80 and the neighbour joining method increases when the datasets with criteria : the number of sequences and HDS (highly diverge sequence) are small enough, and the difference between maximum length and average length of sequences is small enough. While the accuracy of phylogenetic trees using the augmented set and the parsimony method can increase or decrease arbitrarily.


Background Expected rise in the demand for healthcare and a dropping supply of healthcare professionals, has generated an increased interest in the most effective deployment of healthcare professionals. Consequently, task shifting has become a common strategy to redistribute tasks between established professional groups, however, little is known about the effects of shifting tasks to emerging professional groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate a legal amendment to facilitate task shifting to an emerging profession in Dutch healthcare: Clinical Technologists (CTs). CTs were introduced and provided an Extended Scope of Practice (ESP) to perform nine 'reserved procedures' independently. Methods A concurrent multi-phase mixed methods study was used to evaluate whether a legal amendment to facilitate task shifting to CTs was effective and efficient. Results The results show that CTs use their ESP frequently to perform five categories of reserved procedures independently and suggest that the ESP increased the efficiency of care delivery for those procedures. Additionally, the findings highlight that task shifting was influenced by the setting in which CTs worked, time allotted to patient-contact as well as external factors (e.g., financing). Conclusions This study provides tentative lessons for policymakers on how task shifting to emerging professional groups can be improved. Providing a legal amendment to facilitate task shifting to CTs seems to be effective and efficient. However, it also poses multiple challenges. While established professional groups can face similar challenges, it is likely that these are exacerbated for emerging professional groups, particularly when shifting tasks occurs horizontally.


The core of OMC-1 has been imaged with the Near-Infrared Camera and Multiobject Spectrometer (NICMOS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope at 0.″2 resolution in 1% filters at 2.12 and 2.15 μm, revealing intricate structures in both continuum and shocked molecular hydrogen line emission. Numerous H2-emitting clumps surrounding the BN/KL region have been resolved for the first time, several of which exhibit prototypical bow-shock morphologies with V-shaped tips. We interpret these to be lower excitation analogs of similar structures ~2' northwest of the core observed with ground-based telescopes. Many of the elongated H2 structures and bow-shock features appear to radiate outward from a region within a few arcseconds of radio source I, which suggests that the H2 energetics are dominated by one or more outflow sources in this region. However, the orientations of some features are unrelated to this apparent outflow pattern. The deeply embedded, suspected outflow source I remains undetected at 2 μm, although two faint new continuum sources have been detected within ~1'' of it. The newly resolved H2 features with bow-shock morphologies are located in regions previously identified as bow shocks by highly blueshifted components in their line profiles. In contrast, regions of H2 emission that are diffuse in the NICMOS image have broad, smooth line profiles. Several continuum features have an arclike appearance, which suggests interactions of winds with the ambient medium. At least 40 stellar or protostellar continuum sources have been detected, including at least one proplyd and four pairs of binary stars.


The research station "Vaskiny Dachi" on the Yamal Peninsula was established in 1988. Activities aimed at monitoring of permafrost and related environmental features under a relatively low level of nature disturbances caused by gas field development. Cryogenic processes that may affect the environment and their structures have been of primary interest. Landslides are the most common cryogenic processes in Central Yamal in general and also in the proximity of the station. Field surveys of numerous landslides, analysis of their dependence on climatic parameters and their fluctuations resulted in novel classification of cryogenic landslides based on mechanisms of their development. Dating by radiocarbon and dendrochronology allows the separation of cycles of landslide activation. Cryogenic landslides control the development of other processes, such as thermal erosion, river channel erosion and thermokarst. It also affects topography, vegetation pattern, geochemistry of vegetation, ground water and soils. As a result, permafrost parameters, specifically active layer depth and ground temperature, moisture and ice content in the active layer, depend indirectly on landsliding. Monitoring within the framework of the main programs of the International Permafrost Association, such as Circumarctic Active Layer Monitoring (CALM, since 1993) and Thermal State of Permafrost (TSP, since 2011), play an important role among the research activities. From the collected data one can conclude that ground temperature increased on average by about 1 °C since the 1990s. At the same time, active layer fluctuations do not exactly follow the air temperature changes. Spatial changes in ground temperature are controlled by the redistribution of snow which is resulting from strong winds characteristic for tundra environments and the highly dissected relief of Central Yamal. Temporal variations rather depend on air temperature fluctuations but the rate differs in various landscape (environmental) units. While the spatial distribution of active layer depth depends on lithology and surface covers, temporal fluctuations are controlled by ground temperature, summer air temperature, summer precipitation, and in general may contravene climate warming due to specific combination of all factors.


Hypertriglyceridemia is not a common finding in well controlled patients with insulin dependent diabetes; however, in noninsulin dependent, or Type II diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia and coronary heart disease are a well recognized clinical triad. In the latter setting, hypertriglyceridemia is usually the result of an associated inherited hyperlipidemia, most commonly familial hypertriglyceridemia but also familial combined hyperlipidemia. In the former, one sees elevated triglycerides and a low HDL-cholesterol, in the latter the same phenotype may be present but often there is a high LDL-cholesterol. Irrespective of the pathogenesis of the primary hypertriglyceridemic disorder, the occurrence of poorly controlled diabetes will enhance the hypertriglyceridemia and even in the Type II diabetic, with triglycerides in the thousands, dietary and glycemic control, alone, will strikingly ameliorate the hypertriglyceridemia. In contrast to patients with hypercholesterolemia, no national guidelines have been proposed for the treatment of patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Yet both experimental and clinical data support an algorithm in which dietary and glycemic control are optimized with a resultant major improvement in triglycerides, followed by the introduction of drug therapy. Three agents are particularly useful in correcting the hypertriglyceridemia: gemfibrozil, niacin, and fish oils, with the first two having the added benefit of increasing HDL levels. Lovastatin is also useful in treating these patients, but primarily for lowering LDL-cholesterol while triglycerides are independently being brought under control. Correction of hyperlipidemia in diabetic patients can generally be achieved with judicious use of dietary, glycemic and drug therapy; however, maintenance of a favorable response requires a high level of patient compliance, which is usually difficult to sustain.


Availability requires that computer systems remain functioning as expected without loss of resources to legitimate users. The impact of a lack of availability to services and data is often little more than a nuisance; however the results could be devastating if critical computational and communication resources are targeted. One of the most problematic challenges to availability is the denial of service (DoS) attack. Over time, DoS attacks have become increasingly sophisticated, often employing techniques like address spoofing, coordinated distributed sources of attack, and subverting "inside" computers to assist in carrying out the attack. DoS attacks are very easy to launch, are effective, and are difficult to prevent or mitigate. The purpose of this work is to study post-mortem DoS attacks over time with the goals of uncovering how the attacks relate to each other, identifying the underlying vulnerability that led to success, and gaining insight on future attack trends. By studying how attacks have changed over time and adapted to overcome new security practices, it is possible to construct attack trees to represent the genealogy and history of DoS attack tools. Through code inspections and close analysis of the attack trees, we were able to identify core techniques copied from one attack to another, the synthesis of more effective techniques based on combinations of existing methods, and the genesis of novel attack strategies. The generation of attack trees allows for an important examination of how attacks relate to one another as well as insight on the core vulnerabilities that still remain in modern software solutions. More importantly, by closely analyzing the genealogy of attack trees and post-mortem DoS exploitation, we not only gain information on the methodologies currently used by attackers but also discover valuable insight on predicting future attack patterns as well as developing possible countermeasure.


It is almost a century since hypoglycaemia (a reduction in the glucose concentration of circulating blood) was first described in children, and over 50 years since the condition was first recognized in infants. Nevertheless, controversy still surrounds the definition, significance, and management of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Technological developments such as bedside glucose monitoring have, paradoxically, exacerbated rather than eased the situation. This article reviews the literature on hypoglycaemia of the newborn, and covers the following: historical aspects; glucose homeostasis and metabolic adaptation at birth; the effect of low blood glucose levels on the central nervous system; the definition of hypoglycaemia; screening; prevention; treatment; research needs; and concludes with recommendations for prevention and management.


The impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (outer diameter 50 nm: MW50) and fullerene (C60) at 300 or 3000 mg kg−1 on phenanthrene bioaccumulation and elimination kinetics (L, 1.37 mg kg−1; H, 16.14 mg kg−1) in a geophagous earthworm (Metaphire guillelmi) was investigated. Prior to worm exposure, the residual phenanthrene concentrations in soil decreased by 56.4% (L) and 59.9% (H) after 12 h of equilibrium. Phenanthrene accumulation in earthworms exhibited a bell-shaped pattern for all treatments. However, both the rate and extent of bioaccumulation and elimination were significantly affected by the CNMs, dependent on both the type and amendment level. C60 and MW8 at 300 mg kg−1 in the L system significantly decreased the uptake rate of phenanthrene, resulting in delayed maximum accumulation at 2 d. All other treatments had little impact on the uptake rate, with the exception of a slight decrease induced by MW8 at 3000 mg kg−1. The maximum phenanthrene accumulation followed an order of C60 > MW8 > MW50 at each amendment level of these materials. All CNMs increased the uptake rate of phenanthrene by earthworms in the H system, with the exception of MW8 at 3000 mg kg−1 where the maximum accumulation occurred earlier than the control. Furthermore, the uptake rate and maximum accumulation of phenanthrene in earthworms followed an order of C60 > MW50 > MW8 at each level, which was the opposite of its strength of sorption to these materials. Interestingly, phenanthrene bioaccumulation in the H system amended with 3000 mg kg−1 MW8 was 2.2–3.9 times that of all the other treatments at 35 d. For elimination, MW8 at this level increased phenanthrene amounts remaining in earthworms in both L (1.4–3.2 times) and H (1.1–15.2 times) systems. A higher burden of phenanthrene during the later bioaccumulation and elimination periods could result from ingestion and absorption of MW8; the accumulated phenanthrene may strongly bind to the internalized MW8, thereby reducing its elimination. Soil amendment with C60 and MW50 at both levels and MW8 at 300 mg kg−1 increased worm phenanthrene elimination in the L system, while that in the H system was not significantly affected. The results highlight the impact of CNMs on the bioaccumulation and elimination kinetics of phenanthrene in a typical geophagous earthworm, and provide important information for understanding of the potential risks of CNMs released into terrestrial systems.


The term post-Marxism is most usually associated with the work of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. The publication of Hegemony and Socialist Strategy in 1985 marked the birth of 'post-Marxism' as a counter-hegemonic philosophical movement. This movement considered 'the critique of essentialism… as the sine qua non of a new vision for the Left conceived in terms of a radical plural democracy'. (See Mouffe, 1993: frontis.) The Marxist categories of class, economy and dialectic come to be deconstructed, and replaced with a post-structuralism in which all identities and categories are regarded as purely contingent; post-Marxism to many was regarded as a rejection of the Marxist project.

If post-Marxism was born in the final days of the project of actually existing socialism – a time marked by the apparent victory of the neo-liberal project, post-anarchism as a philosophy was developed a decade later. Central here are two thinkers – Todd May (1993) and Saul Newman (2003). Newman's work in particular provided a critical application of Laclau and Mouffe's work to the 'essentialism' of classical anarchism.

The central claims of this paper will be as follows: First, the reductionist reading of the Marxist tradition provided by Laclau and Mouffe comes to be repeated in the post-Anarchists reading of the anarchist tradition. This is a travesty which fails to acknowledge the complexities and sophistication of 'classical anarchism'. Second, and more problematic, post-anarchism represents a very particular form of intellectual retreat, separating the anarchist tradition from those historical social movements which had done so much to sustain it. Third, the caricature of classical anarchism and classical Marxism which the post-anarchists provide acts as yet another obstacle to a meaningful and progressive conversation between the Marxist and anarchist traditions. As the capitalist project reasserts itself, the radical left must push aside such obstacles.


Understanding the mechanism by which tau binds to and promotes microtubule (MT) assembly as part of its native function may also provide insight into its loss of function that occurs in neurodegenerative disease. Both mechanistic and structural studies of tau have been hindered by its intrinsic disorder and highly dynamic nature. Here, we combine fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and acrylodan fluorescence screening to study the stoichiometry and structural features of tau-tubulin assemblies. Our results show that tau binds to multiple tubulin dimers, even when MT assembly is inhibited. Moreover, we observe helical structure in the repeat regions of the MT binding domain of tau in the tau-tubulin complex, reflecting partial folding upon binding. Our findings support a role for tau's intrinsic disorder in providing a flexible scaffold for binding tubulin and MTs and a disorder-to-order transition in mediating this important interaction.


Short term load forecasts complexly affected by socioeconomic factors and weather variables have non-linear characteristics. Thus far, researchers have improved load forecast technologies through diverse techniques such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy theories, and statistical methods in order to enhance the accuracy of load forecasts. Short term load forecast errors for special days are relatively much higher than that of weekdays. The errors are mainly caused by the irregularity of social activities and insufficient similar past data required for constructing load forecast models. In this study, the load characteristics of Lunar New Year's Day holidays well known for the highest error occurrence holiday period are analyzed to propose a load forecast technique for Lunar New Year's Day holidays. To solve the insufficient input data problem, the similarity of the load patterns of past Lunar New Year's Day holidays having similar patterns was judged by Euclid distance. Lunar New Year's Day holidays periods for 2011-2012 were forecasted by the proposed method which shows that the proposed algorithm yields better results than the comprehensive analysis method or the knowledge-based method.


Hempseed has achieved a growing popularity in human nutrition, particularly regarding essential amino acids and fatty acids. The multiple positive attributes of hempseed have led to the further study of its constituents. In this study, hempseed extract containing phenylpropionamides (TPA) was obtained and its chemical profile and content were obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography technology based on previous study. The anti-neuroinflammatory effect of TPA extract was evaluated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model. Fourteen phenylpropionamides (TPA) were identified in the obtained extract with a total content of 233.52 ± 2.50 μg/mg extract. In mice, TPA prevented the learning and spatial memory damage induced by LPS. Increased brain levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the LPS-induced mice were reduced by TPA treatment. Furthermore, TPA attenuated LPS-induced hippocampal neuronal damage in mice. This study demonstrates the nutraceutical potential of hempseed from a neuroprotective perspective.


In the last decades the focus of teacher education in Austria was directed to Bachelor studies. After graduating the teachers were simply assigned to schools where they made their first teaching experiences. However, the career entry seems to be a very challenging and formative time for young teachers. Some may perceive this time as labour-intensive, others as overstrained. It is criticized that they learn rather accidentally and often use methods they learned from their own teachers, or simply are left alone. To support these teachers in best ways, some support measures were developed at the University College of Teacher Education in Lower Austria that can be consumed by the beginning teachers. One of these support measures is the Inverted Classroom Model in which an introduction in organisational work and necessary digital tools are integrated.


Epitaxial Single-crystal ZnO thin films have been grown on c-plane (0001) sapphire by Pulsed Laser Deposition process at different substrate temperatures (300 – 800 °C) with 10-1 mbar oxygen pressure. The thicknesses of the films have been varied by varying number of pulses with a repetition rate of 10 pulse/sec. It is found that the sheet resistivity of ZnO thin films grown on c-plane sapphires are in the order of 10-2 Ω-cm and it increases with increasing substrate temperatures and film thickness. The carrier concentrations and Hall mobility are found to be in the order of 1017 cm-3 and ~195 cm2/V-s, respectively. The Hall mobility slightly decreases with increase of substrate temperature and thickness of the films. It is also found that the ZnO films are structurally uniform and well oriented with perfect wurtzite structure with c/a ratio 5.1. We have also deposited non-epitaxial ZnO films on (100) p-Silicon substrates at the same conditions. From HR FE-SEM micrographs, surface morphology of ZnO films grown at lower substrate temperature are found to be uniform compared to the films grown at higher temperatures showing non-uniformity and misoriented wurtzite structures. However, the surface morphology of ZnO flims grown epitaxially on (0001) sapphire are found to be more uniform and it does not change much with growth temperature. The resistivity of the films grown on p-Silicon at higher temperatures is in the order of 103 Ω-cm whereas films grown at lower substrate temperatures show comparatively lower resistivities (~ 102 Ω-cm). From the recorded UV-Visible absorption spectrum the band gap of the film has been estimated to be 3.38 eV.


In this talk, Fr. Roque J. Ferriols, S.J. shares some reflections from his experiences in teaching philosophy for almost fifty years in what he describes as a "small corner of Manila". Teaching philosophy, for him, involves creating an atmosphere, an environment which allows students to see things they could not see before--things that the teacher may not even have seen before. That is why a teacher must have the courage to learn from the students and the patience to cultivate a kind of silence enabling them to move from the world of pure ideas to the world of what is really happening. In this world of the real, what is most important cannot be said but lived. Viewing philosophy as a search for the truth, Fr. Ferriols stresses that a person looking for the truth must admit there is a true answer. This answer might be difficult and may take long to find but there is a true answer. In looking for the truth, it is best to use the language of the place where you are philosophizing. For Fr. Ferriols, this would be the language of "the people outside cleaning the streets, driving the jeepneys, driving the buses, going to their work". (A Plenary Lecture presented during the International Conference on "Teaching Philosophy in Asian Contexts" sponsored by Missio Aachen, Germany on February 19, 2005 held at Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines. This version was edited with the kind assistance of Dr. Leovino Ma. Garcia. The abstract was also prepared by Dr. Garcia.)


Data used in quantitative studies of global tropical deforestation are typically of poor quality. These studies use either cross-sectional or panel data to measure the contribution of social and land use factors to forest decline world wide. However, there are pitfalls in the use of either type of data. Panel data studies treat each year's observation as a distinct, reliable, data point, when a careful examination of the data reveals this assumption to be implausible. In contrast, cross-sectional studies discard most of the time series information in the data, calculating a single average deforestation rate for each country. In this paper, we argue for a middle road between these two approaches: one that does not treat the time series information as completely reliable but does not disregard it altogether. Using a well-known global forest data set (FAO's Production Series Yearbooks), we argue that the most the data can reliably tell us is whether a country's deforestation rate falls into one of four categories or country 'path choices'. We then use the data categorised in this way in a small empirical investigation of the socio-economic causes of deforestation. This multinomial logit framework allows for the determination of the influence of independent variables on the probability that a country will follow one deforestation path vs. another. Results from the logit analysis of key social and land use indicators chosen for their importance in the literature in driving deforestation suggest that the effect of these variables will differ for countries depending on the particular set of deforestation trajectories in question.


In transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, proper microstructure is essential. The TRIP effect provides the material with high plasticity owing to high volume fraction of ductile phases (ferrite and austenite) in microstructure. In consequence, it provides high hardening through deformation and transformation. The hardening is caused by transformation of retained austenite to martensite. Suitable microstructure for TRIP effect can be obtained by either thermomechanical or heat treatment. Present paper describes development of an intercritical annealing technology, which guarantees fine-grained microstructure formation consisting of appropriate fractions of ferrite, lower bainite and retained austenite. Such structure is suitable for further cold forming with TRIP effect hardening.