This study examined the possibility that the performance appraisal process is affected by a pervasive and inherent effect that has heretofore been unidentified. This effect derives from the results of the performance appraisal most recently performed on the manager who subsequently conducts appraisals of others. The nature of this effect was examined in four studies. In a case study, the ratings received by two area coordinators in a university academic department affected their subsequent ratings of faculty. In a simulation, 30 managers received hypothetical feedback regarding their own job performance. The managers subsequently evaluated an employee on videotape. Managers who received positive feedback about their performance subsequently rated the employee significantly higher than managers who received negative feedback regarding their own performance. This occurred despite the fact that the managers knew the evaluation of them was bogus. The results of two follow-up field studies involving 74 manager-employee dyads in a manufacturing company in Canada and 39 manager-subordinate dyads in a retail organization in Turkey are consistent with the view that one's own performance appraisal is related to the subsequent appraisal of one's subordinates. Both anchoring with insufficient adjustment and a mood induction may explain this effect, but the results are more consistent with the former explanation than the latter.


Why is biological diversity distributed in the way that it is? This question has been central to ecology and biogeography for centuries and is of great importance for pure and applied reasons. I use a functional trait view of ecology to complement standard sampling protocols to better understand the distribution and structure of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) diversity across mountains. I use a long-term dataset of ant diversity and abundance, combined with a recently collected morphological trait dataset to examine how the alpha and beta diversity of ants responds to changes in temperature along an extensive elevational gradient in southern Africa. In addition, I link morphological thermoregulatory traits to each other and to the environment with a new database of ant elevational abundances from across the globe. Finally, I analyse how physiological thermal tolerances vary and constrain foraging patterns in montane ants. I find that temperature is a strong driver of both alpha and beta diversity patterns. In addition, morphological traits such as colour and body size are found to have a significant relationship to ambient temperatures. This relationship also implies that the relative abundances of different ant species change depending on their thermoregulatory traits (colour and body size) and the surrounding thermal environment. Furthermore, the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) of the ant species investigated and the lowest environmental temperatures are found to be key in constraining foraging activity patterns. The data presented here strengthen and link existing ideas about how thermoregulation can influence ecological communities and also suggests important ways in which diversity patterns may change in the future.


An ACE inhibitor reduces Th2 cytokines and TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 isoforms in murine lupus nephritis. Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as captopril, are used to control hypertension. In patients and animals with primary nephropathies, these agents improve renal function more than that would be expected from their control of hypertension. Here, we examine the effects of treatment with captopril on lupus nephritis and discuss the potential mechanism(s) by which this agent exerts its renoprotective effects. Methods Lupus-prone, NZB/NZW F1 and MRL- lpr/lpr , mice were treated with captopril or with a control antihypertensive agent, verapamil. Mice were monitored for nephritis, and their sera and tissues analyzed for cytokine and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression. Results Captopril treatment delayed the onset of proteinuria when administered to prenephritic mice, whereas verapamil did not. Captopril treatment also retarded disease progression when given to lupus mice that had early disease, and even reversed severe proteinuria in at least some older animals with advanced disease. It reduced chronic renal lesions, but had no effect on autoantibody production. The improvement in renal disease correlated with reduced TGF-β expression, particularly of the TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 isoforms, in the kidneys. Interestingly, in vivo or in vitro exposure to captopril reduced splenic levels of type 2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, suggesting a possible role of the immune system in captopril-mediated disease modulation. Conclusion Since type 2 cytokines are known to promote lupus glomerulosclerosis, decreased IL-4 and IL-10 production in captopril-treated mice may be related to this agent's renoprotective effects. We argue here that ACE inhibitors not only act as selective TGF-β inhibitors, but also as selective immunomodulators, to improve lupus nephritis.


Over recent decades an immense amount of scholarship on Palmyra has appeared, but remarkably little of it has concerned the city's distinctive art. In the English-speaking world the groundbreaking handbook by M. A. R. College, The art of Palmyra (1976), remains the standard work, as a successor to the first major effort in this field, Studier over Palmyrensk Skulptur (1928), by H. Ingholt, itself still a basic work on the chronology of funerary portraiture. Ingholt (1896–1985) had conducted three excavation campaigns (1924, 1925, 1928) at Palmyra. Alongside his excavations he prepared an archive of more than 800 Palmyrene funerary portraits with photographs of most, as well as bibliographic references and his own datings; he used this archive as the basis for his book. His detailed diaries of his excavation campaigns are also held in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. In them he described some of his finds, including sculptures and inscriptions. Many of these pieces were published by him in Berytus, but a number were not. From the diaries it has been possible to locate a number of tombs and set additional sculptures within their original contexts.


On the Kenya coast, the indigenous coastal stemborer,
Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand), and the exotic spotted stemborer
Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), are pests of cereals. The two species
occur together occupying similar ecological niches. Earlier studies
have shown that their larvae are difficult to distinguish and that
the exotic C. partellus may be gradually displacing the indigenous
species. During this study, comparative larval development
investigations in the laboratory suggested that the shorter
generation time could explain the superior competitiveness of the
exotic C. partellus over the indigenous C. orichalcociliellus.
A study of morphological characters showed that the
structure of spiracles, mandibular structures, the arrangement of
setae and number of crochets on the abdominal and caudal
prolegs could not be reliably used for distinguishing the two
species. Asetose tubercles were shown to be useful characters in
separating larvae of the two species. However, the use of asetose
tubercles was limited since they were not present in all larval
stages. The character therefore became unreliable for species separation. Hexane soluble cuticular components were studied using
gas chromatography. Chromatograms of the components did not
show any qualitative differences in the peak patterns,
nevertheless, quantitative differences were observed. Analysis of
the quantitative differences suggested that the cuticular
components of these species were highly influenced by the diet
and/or the environment, and as such, were not a reliable character
for their identification.
Electrophoretic banding patterns to three enzyme systems
were found to be diagnostic. Glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI),
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Glutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase (GOT) on thin starch gel electrophoresis gave
distinct separation between the larvae of the two species. These
results showed that starch gel electrophoresis could be used as a
reliable alternative technique for distinguishing larvae of these two
stemborer species, especially in cases where morphological
characters cannot be used.


Problem Behavior Theory (PBT) is an influential psychosocial theory that has shaped-and continues to shape-much research on adolescent development in the United States and abroad. It is the product of over a half-century of research conducted by psychologists-cum-behavioral scientists Lee and Richard Jessor. This article engages two striking features of the history of PBT. First, it tracks how, and to what effect, a theory elaborated to explain the so-called "deviant behavior" of a group of Native Americans was extended to explain the "problem behavior" of white, middle-class, settler youth, before coming to circulate as a universal theory of adolescent behavior. Second, it explores how a theory that was meant to explain individual behaviors by connecting them to their larger social contexts came to be embraced by researchers who have been criticized for doing precisely the opposite. To do so, this article draws from Indigenous and Settler Colonial Studies scholarship and sheds light on how the logics of settler colonialism and neoliberalism have participated in the coproduction of PBT and its reception.


BRCA1 mutations cause increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer, frequently of early onset. Many different mutations occur in BRCA1, including several examples of recurrent mutations, each of which accounts for a significant number of families with heritable cancer predisposition. These common mutations have an etiological role in many breast and ovarian cancer cases and provide the opportunity to examine genotype‐phenotype correlations and genotype‐environment interactions in individuals with the identical BRCA1 lesion. We report a novel missense change in BRCA1, 2640 C→T (R841W), found in 3 cases from a subject group of 305 breast and 79 ovarian cancer cases from Orange County, CA. These are consecutive, population‐based cases not selected for age or family history. In all three cases, there is a strong family history of breast, ovarian, or other cancers possibly related to a BRCA1 defect and family members showed a high concordance of cancer incidence with the presence of R841W. The age of cancer onset was not always distinct from typical sporadic cases. Testing of a sample of 413 unrelated individuals to examine the hypothesis that R841W might be a rare polymorphism detected one additional instance in a woman with breast cancer diagnosed at age 77 years, and cancer in one parent. R841W is likely to be an etiologically significant lesion with involvement in close to 1% (95% confidence interval 0–1.7%) of all breast and ovarian cancers in this population. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The whole group of mesenteric cysts and cystic neoplasms evidently belongs to the class of pathologic rarities. Until the present time less than four hundred cases of all types have been reported in medical literature. Brunetti in 1912 collected data from all earlier literature on the subject. In his series of cases he found but twelve instances of enlargement of the abdomen at birth. Since then nine other cases of congenital mesenteric cyst have been recorded. The following case is of peculiar interest to the medical profession because it adds one more to the twenty-one rare cases already reported by medical authorities. The first mesenteric cyst of any type was described and recorded by a Florentine physician, Benivieni, in 1507. While performing an autopsy on a boy he noted a "callus," which he considered a freak in early development. He reported it as a cyst of the mesentery. From this


While optimal metareasoning is notoriously intractable, humans are nonetheless able to adaptively allocate their computational resources. A possible approximation that humans may use to do this is to only metareason over a finite set of cognitive systems that perform variable amounts of computation. The highly influential "dual-process" accounts of human cognition, which postulate the coexistence of a slow accurate system with a fast error-prone system, can be seen as a special case of this approximation. This raises two questions: how many cognitive systems should a bounded optimal agent be equipped with and what characteristics should those systems have? We investigate these questions in two settings: a one-shot decision between two alternatives, and planning under uncertainty in a Markov decision process. We find that the optimal number of systems depends on the variability of the environment and the costliness of metareasoning. Consistent with dual-process theories, we also find that when having two systems is optimal, then the first system is fast but error-prone and the second system is slow but accurate.


There is a need for communications about resource use efficiency and for measures to increase the use efficiency of nutrients in relation to food production. This holds especially for nitrogen. Nitrogen (N) is essential for life and a main nutrient element. It is needed in relatively large quantities for the production of amino acids (protein), nucleic acids and chlorophyll in plants. However excess N is a threat to the environment and potentially to our health. The ambition of the EU Nitrogen Expert Panel is to promote efficient nitrogen use in food production. In this paper we propose an easy-to-use indicator framework for 'nitrogen use efficiency' (NUE) that is applicable to all agricultural systems and food systems. It is based on the mass balance principle, i.e. using N input and N output data for its calculation: NUE = N output / N input. NUE values have to be interpreted in relation to productivity (N output) and N surplus (i.e. the difference between total N input and harvested N output). For estimating NUE and communicating the results, data and information are required about (i) the total N inputs into a system and the N output in harvested products, (ii) the nature of the system (e.g. farm, crop system, livestock housing system, food system) and its boundaries, (iii) the time span of the analyzes, and (iv) possible changes in the stock of N in the system. The NUE indicator concept is presented via a two-dimensional input – output diagram. This allows the presentation of NUE, N output and N surplus in a coherent manner, together with possible reference or target values. We show that the NUE concept is applicable to N fertilisation trials, farms and crop production systems at the national level. Changes in NUE over time due to the effects of technical progress, market changes and policy measures can be presented easily in the two-dimensional input – output diagram. The concept allows us to examine differences in NUE between farms, between specific systems, between countries, and between years. NUE can also serve as an indicator for 'sustainable intensification' of food production. For proper comparisons, a clear and approved protocol is needed for uniform data and information collection, processing and reporting. Also, the proposed reference values need further underpinning. Nitrogen use efficiency impacts upon many of the recently approved Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the post-2015 era, for which concrete targets, pathways and indicators need to be developed at country scale and below. The proposed NUE indicator is suitable for setting realistic targets and the monitoring of progress towards these, particularly in relation to SDG 2 (Food and nutrition security), SDG 12 (Sustainable consumption and production), SDG 14 (Marine ecosystems) and SDG 15 (Terrestrial ecosystems).


Although sea and ocean waves have been widely acknowledged to have the potential of providing sustainable and renewable energy, the emergence of a self-sufficient and mature industry is still lacking. An essential condition for reaching economic viability is to minimise the cost of electricity, as opposed to simply maximising the converted energy at the early design stages. One of the tools empowering developers to follow such a virtuous design pathway is the techno-economic optimisation. The purpose of this paper is to perform a holistic optimisation of the PeWEC (pendulum wave energy converter), which is a pitching platform converting energy from the oscillation of a pendulum contained in a sealed hull. Optimised parameters comprise shape; dimensions; mass properties and ballast; power take-off control torque and constraints; number and characteristics of the pendulum; and other subcomponents. Cost functions are included and the objective function is the ratio between the delivered power and the capital expenditure. Due to its ability to effectively deal with a large multi-dimensional design space, a genetic algorithm is implemented, with a specific modification to handle unfeasible design candidate and improve convergence. Results show that the device minimising the cost of energy and the one maximising the capture width ratio are substantially different, so the economically-oriented metric should be preferred.


Since outliers are the major factors that affect accuracy in data science, many outlier detection approaches have been proposed for effectively identifying the implicit outliers from static datasets, thereby improving the reliability of the data. In recent years, data streams have been the main form of data, and the data elements in a data stream are not always of equal importance. However, the existing outlier detection approaches do not consider the weight conditions; hence, these methods are not suitable for processing weighted data streams. In addition, the traditional pattern-based outlier detection approaches incur a high time cost in the outlier detection phase. Aiming at overcoming these problems, this paper proposes a two-phase pattern-based outlier detection approach, namely, WMFP-Outlier, for effectively detecting the implicit outliers from a weighted data stream, in which the maximal frequent patterns are used instead of the frequent patterns to accelerate the process of outlier detection. In the process of maximal frequent-pattern mining, the anti-monotonicity property and MFP-array structure are used to accelerate the mining operation. In the process of outlier detection, three deviation indices are designed for measuring the degree of abnormality of each transaction, and the transactions with the highest degrees of abnormality are judged as outliers. Last, several experimental studies are conducted on a synthetic dataset to evaluate the performance of the proposed WMFP-Outlier approach. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the WMFP-Outlier approach is higher compared to the existing pattern-based outlier detection approaches, and the time cost of the outlier detection phase of WMFP-Outlier is lower than those of the other four compared pattern-based outlier detection approaches.


: The DNA of virus of human papilloma of high carcinogenic risk was detected in 116 cervical samples. At that, the morphological symptoms of background processes are detected in 19 samples, CIN 1 in 9, CIN 2 in 23, CIN 3 in 54 (and out of them carcinoma in situ in 13), epidermoid cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) in 11 cases. The viral load of human papilloma of high carcinogenic risk in all samples of DNA exceeded threshold of clinical value (3 lg copies of DNA of human papilloma/105 cells). The genetic typing of human papilloma of high carcinogenic risk revealed the dominance of human papilloma of type 16 in 49.7%, type 33 in 15.3%, type 31 in 12.3% and type 45 in 5.5%. In women with background processes in cervix of the uterus DNA of human papilloma type 16 was detected more often in episome form. In case of dysplastic alterations of epithelium and cervical cancer DNA of human papilloma type 16 is detected in mixt form with different degree of integration into cell genome.


There is an increased demand for higher levels of network availability and reliability.
Effective monitoring is necessary to help meet this demand. Loughborough University's
High speed Network (HSN) group and many other research groups have preformed
significant research related to the monitoring of communication networks and the
subsequent processing of the information collected in a meaningful way. This thesis takes
latency as an example performance metric. The term 'Data Exception' is then employed
to describe delay data that is unusual or unexpected due to some fundamental change in
the underlying network performance. Examples of such changes include significant
changes in usage patterns or planned alterations.
The objective of this work is to process and interpret such communication network
performance data at higher levels of understanding, and will focus on three main points:-
• Developing a rule based algorithm to automate the detection of Delay Data
Exceptions.
• Correlating Delay Data Exceptions in different routes in a network to detect the
location and the characteristic of the event that caused these Exceptions.
• Predicting the effect of an external event on network performance.
In addition to the above three points, the research started by improving a previously
published technique for detection and classification of Delay Data Exceptions.
The nature of the delay patterns in a commercial communication network was the key
issue in developing the algorithm for the first section of the work, and a Neural Network
was used in the last two research areas.
The monitored delay data used in this work was obtained from different sources; the
historical performance data of a commercial network, data from simulation and
monitoring of test network in previous related research, and also by monitoring two
experimental test networks built in the laboratory.
The results of the detection algorithm show an improvement in detection performance,
and provide more generality and independency of the source of the delay data. The
outputs of the approaches used in the event detection and the performance predictions
work give good results, and show potentially the ability to locate the underlying events.


Abstract White killers of African Americans in New Orleans between 1921 and 1945, nearly half of whom were policemen, insisted that they acted in self-defense, only after their victims had threatened them, often by reaching for weapons. But many of their victims were unarmed. The conventional interpretation is that white residents invoked a formulaic justification of self-defense to mask their real intention, to uphold the city's racial hierarchy. Recent studies by cognition researchers, however, suggest a more complicated interpretation—that endemic racism can influence how the brain processes information, even to the extent of causing people to see a weapon where none exists.


Power converters burn-in test consumes large amount of energy, which increases the cost of testing, and certification, in medium and high power application. A simple test configuration to test a PWM rectifier induction motor drive, using a Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) to circulate power back to the grid for burn-in test is presented. The test configuration makes use of only one power electronic converter, which is the converter to be tested. The test method ensures soft synchronization of DFIM and Squirrel Cage Induction Machine (SCIM). A simple volt per hertz control of the drive is sufficient for conducting the test. To synchronize the DFIM with SCIM, the rotor terminal voltage of DFIM is measured and used as an indication of speed mismatch between DFIM and SCIM. The synchronization is done when the DFIM rotor voltage is at its minimum. Analysis of the DFIM characteristics confirms that such a test can be effectively performed with smooth start up and loading of the test setup. After synchronization is obtained, the speed command to SCIM is changed in order to load the setup in motoring or regenerative mode of operation. The experimental results are presented that validates the proposed test method.


If you were asked whether you had consumed illicit drugs recently, would you admit it? Maybe. If yes, could you precisely recall the types of drug, times and amounts consumed? Possibly. If you were the person commissioned with the task to objectively quantify drug use in your country, what approach would you use, given the social stigma attached with such behaviour? A complementary approach to traditional methods – including interview surveys, crime records, hospitalization data – is the analysis of sewage. Quantitative measurements of drug target residues in urban sewage deliver near-real-time data on the drug use of thousands of people that contributed to the sewage samples. For selected European cities, covering over 14 million people, weekly profiles and trends over the years 2011 to 2013 will be presented along with unique data from the United States, Australia, Germany and Switzerland. Sewage is not only an increasingly important resource – i.e. water reuse in regions suffering from water scarcity – it also contains a wealth of information. Therefore, sewage analysis will be further developed and applied to other excreted biomarkers of endogenous human metabolism. As such, it will serve as an early detection system (e.g. pandemics) and indicator of various public health aspects that goes far beyond illicit drugs only. At relatively low cost, it covers entire communities and it is thought to be faster than online data gathering techniques, such as quantifying individual Google searches from people checking online for symptoms of any kind of disease.


This work describes the use of a simulating walking robot to model the tetrahedron walker robots being developed at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. As a contribution to the gait generation and motion control of the tetrahedron walker robots, a concept has been formulated to implement in the case of choreographic designed gaits. This work is part of the contribution of this Hope College team to the development of tetrahedron walker robots by the ANTS


Recent studies demonstrate that collagen IV selectively promotes the repair of physiological processes in sublethally injured renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC). We sought to further define the mechanisms of cell repair by measuring the effects of toxicant injury and stimulation of repair by L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AscP), exogenous collagen IV, or function-stimulating integrin antibodies on the expression and subcellular localization of collagen-binding integrins (CBI) in RPTC. Expression of CBI subunits alpha1, alpha2, and beta1 in RPTC was not altered on day 1 after sublethal injury by S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC). On day 6, expression of alpha1 and beta1 subunits remained unchanged, whereas a 2.2-fold increase in alpha2 expression was evident in injured RPTC. CBI localization in control RPTC was limited exclusively to the basal membrane. On day 1 after injury, RPTC exhibited a marked inhibition of active Na(+) transport and a loss of cell polarity characterized by a decrease in basal CBI localization and the appearance of CBI on the apical membrane. On day 6 after injury, RPTC still exhibited marked inhibition of active Na(+) transport and localization of CBI to the apical membrane. However, DCVC-injured RPTC cultured in pharmacological concentrations of AscP (500 microM) or exogenous collagen IV (50 microg/ml) exhibited an increase in active Na(+) transport, relocalization of CBI to the basal membrane, and the disappearance of CBI from the apical membrane on day 6. Function-stimulating antibodies to CBI beta1 did not promote basal relocalization of CBI despite stimulating the repair of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity on day 6 after injury. These data demonstrate that DCVC disrupts integrin localization and that physiological repair stimulated by AscP or collagen IV is associated with the basal relocalization of CBI in DCVC-injured RPTC. These data also suggest that CBI-mediated repair of physiological functions may occur independently of integrin relocalization.


The Frankia actinorhizal plant symbiosis plays an important role in colonization of soils contaminated with toxic aromatic hydrocarbons. Our understanding of the bacterial partner, Frankia, in the actinorhizal symbiosis has been greatly facilitated by the availability of sequenced genomes. The analysis of these Frankia genomes has suggested that these bacteria are metabolically diverse and have potential for toxic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. In this chapter, we explore what is known about that metabolic potential.


This study aimed to characterize the prevalence, mean abundance, and mean intensity of potential fish-borne zoonotic nematode larvae infecting the predator fish Hoplias aff. malabaricus from the Tapajós River, in the municipality of Santarém, in the Brazilian Amazon. After capture, the specimens of H. aff. malabaricus were analyzed for infection by Contracaecum sp. and Eustrongylides sp. third-stage larvae, and the prevalence, mean abundance, and mean intensity were calculated. A literature search was carried out to clarify the relationship between these indicators and eventual human cases of infection in the Amazon region. Third-stage larvae of nematodes of the Contracaecum and Eustrongylides genera were found in the specimens of H. aff. malabaricus sampled from the Tapajós River. The prevalence of Contracaecum larvae was 100%, while its mean abundance and mean intensity were both 54.8 larvae/fish. The prevalence of Eustrongylides larvae was 62.9%, and its mean abundance and mean intensity were 1.8 and 2.8 larvae/fish, respectively. Despite the high prevalence and intensity values, there are no cases of human infection by these nematode larvae in the Brazilian Amazon reported. The absence of human infections by these nematode larvae in the Brazilian Amazon despite the high prevalence/intensity of Contracaecum and Eustrongylides larvae and the high consumption of fish in the region, is most probably due to the fact that the local populations do not eat raw or undercooked fish. However, it is noteworthy that the absence of zoonotic cases in the region is based only on the examination of the available published papers. A better knowledge of the situation would require surveying hospitals and clinics, and data from the region's medical treatment facilities. However, the authors consider that cases of human infection, if any, are extremely rare, mainly due to the eating habits of the local population.
KEY WORDS: Amazon basin; freshwater fish; public health; parasitic infection; zoonosis.


Recent multilingual pre-trained language models have achieved remarkable zero-shot performance, where the model is only finetuned on one source language and directly evaluated on target languages. In this work, we propose a self-learning framework that further utilizes unlabeled data of target languages, combined with uncertainty estimation in the process to select high-quality silver labels. Three different uncertainties are adapted and analyzed specifically for the cross lingual transfer: Language Heteroscedastic/Homoscedastic Uncertainty (LEU/LOU), Evidential Uncertainty (EVI). We evaluate our framework with uncertainties on two cross-lingual tasks including Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Natural Language Inference (NLI) covering 40 languages in total, which outperforms the baselines significantly by 10 F1 for NER on average and 2.5 accuracy for NLI.


"Submitted to the Faculty of law and Political Science in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Affairs and Diplomacy"; M.A. -- Faculty of Law and Political Science, Notre Dame University, Louaize, 2019;Includes bibliographical references (110-114 leaves).


Soybean cultivars with "plasticity" traits, such as good branching ability, ensure compensation of gaps in planting. The cultivar INT7100 IPRO provides excellent branching ability and plant architecture, facilitating control of pests and diseases, and it contains the biotechnology INTACTA RR2 PRO®. It is resistant to stem canker, brown stem rot, and bacterial blight.


Large-scale multiple testing problems require the simultaneous assessment of many p-values. This paper compares several methods to assess the evidence in multiple binomial counts of p-values: the maximum of the binomial counts after standardization (the `higher-criticism statistic'), the maximum of the binomial counts after a log-likelihood ratio transformation (the `Berk-Jones statistic'), and a newly introduced average of the binomial counts after a likelihood ratio transformation. Simulations show that the higher criticism statistic has a superior performance to the Berk-Jones statistic in the case of very sparse alternatives (sparsity coefficient $\beta \gtrapprox 0.75$), while the situation is reversed for $\beta \lessapprox 0.75$. The average likelihood ratio is found to combine the favorable performance of higher criticism in the very sparse case with that of the Berk-Jones statistic in the less sparse case and thus appears to dominate both statistics. Some asymptotic optimality theory is considered but found to set in too slowly to illuminate the above findings, at least for sample sizes up to one million. In contrast, asymptotic approximations to the critical values of the Berk-Jones statistic that have been developed by Wellner and Koltchinskii (2003) and Jager and Wellner (2007) are found to give surprisingly accurate approximations even for quite small sample sizes.


We show, based on ratings by finance journal reviewers of generated output, that the recently released AI chatbot ChatGPT can significantly assist with finance research. In principle, these results should be generalisable across research domains. There are clear advantages for idea generation and data identification. The technology, however, is weaker on literature synthesis and developing appropriate testing frameworks. Importantly, we further demonstrate that the extent of private data and researcher domain expertise input, are key factors in determining the quality of output. We conclude by considering the implications, particularly the ethical implications, which arise from this new technology.


Unexpected intraoperative vascular complications in the graft of the recipient during organ transplantation can be most vexing and require immediate attention and careful management so as not to impair the integrity and fate of the graft. We were confronted with a diabetic recipient with total fibrosis of the left iliac vein, patent inferior vena cava, totally and circumferentially calcified aorta and left iliac artery with the exception of a small area in the distal external iliac artery. The problem was solved by anastomosing the artery low onto the external iliac, and by interposing a venous polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft between the renal vein and the inferior vena cava. The kidney function was excellent for 2 years but the patient succumbed to unrelated liver complications. A second patient with a renal vein PTFE graft has had normal graft function for 10 years. Probably because of the high blood flow through the kidney, venous synthetic grafts can be successfully used to correct venous problems during kidney transplantation.


Abstract Climate change is increasing the speed at which tangible coastal cultural heritage is changing in character or being lost through weathering, erosion, and inundation. Damages to coastal archeological sites, loss of access to historical sites, and the alteration of cultural landscapes will force changes in the way researchers can study sites, tourists can enjoy places, and descendant communities who have lived in particular areas for time immemorial, and local community members can utilize and relate to landscapes. In the USA, the National Park Service is a primary coastal cultural resource management organization. The National Park Service has been working on climate change adaptation for cultural resources for over a decade; however, there are few examples of parks in which long range climate change adaptation plans for cultural resources have been implemented. Building from 20 semi-structured interviews with cultural resource managers in three parks, we found that institutional structures within the National Park Service, as well as historical conceptual framings specific to the research, recreational, and interpretive values of cultural resources act as barriers to managers' ability to design and implement climate change adaptation plans. Institutional barriers managers discussed include the dependence of climate change adaptation decisions partnership projects and the leveraging of budgetary and staff resources within NPS that may affect climate change adaptation capacity. We found that park managers often saw impacts in parks that may be associated with climate change, but found it difficult to separate normal maintenance from climate change affected deterioration, which may lead to status quo management actions rather than revised planning for a changing future regime. Conceptual barriers managers discussed revealed a conflict between preservation needs of research versus interpretive uses and while NPS guidance recommends prioritization of cultural resources for preservation at the park level, regional managers were more focused on this topic than park managers. As NPS moves forward with climate change adaptation planning, opportunities to develop and improve cultural resource preservation with new technologies, improved prioritization schemes, and include public input in resource preservation may help coastal managers overcome these barriers.


Can people comprehend assertions without believing them? Descartes (1644/1984) suggested that people can and should, whereas Spinoza (1677/1982) suggested that people should but cannot. Three experiments support the hypothesis that comprehension includes an initial belief in the information comprehended. Ss were exposed to false information about a criminal defendant (Experiments 1 and 2) or a college student (Experiment 3). Some Ss were exposed to this information while under load (Experiments 1 and 2) or time pressure (Experiment 3). Ss made judgments about the target (sentencing decisions or liking judgments). Both load and time pressure caused Ss to believe the false information and to use it in making consequential decisions about the target. In Spinozan terms, both manipulations prevented Ss from "unbelieving" the false information they automatically believed during comprehension.


This thesis addresses the importance for child and adolescent patients to have contact with such outdoor spaces that conform with their emotional state and promote well-being while being at healthcare settings. In some contemporary hospitals, holistic approaches to patients' health are used in such a way that they may be beneficial for the whole healing process. Holistic healing goes way beyond the technological development and medicinal treatment and is helping the individual to achieve a positive emotional state, encouraged by the design of healing outdoor environments. Unfortunately, such landscapes are not always available. Children and adolescents are dependent on adults' decisions while their capabilities to sustain emotional balance are still developing. That is why this group of patients should have an easy access to intentionally designed outdoor environments for supporting their emotional balance.

Landscape architecture can benefit from including a connection between emotions and design. Emotions have, therefore, been studied through the field of psychology and environmental psychology to inform about requirements regarding spatial qualities which contribute to positive emotional experiences for child and adolescent patients. Further, a method triangulation including participation of child and adolescent patients has been used to study the experiences of the focus group. A theoretical bridge has been needed in order to link emotions with landscape architecture. The theoretical bridge has been supported here by the Self-perception theory while for design issues the concept of emotional design and the practices for psycho-social support have been considered.

As a result of this thesis, I compiled guidelines which I tested through a design for a case hospital later in the process. The guidelines are based on the aspects found as important such as architectural communication, compatible spaces and in-between spaces. Five space types have been identified to be compatible with the emotions of child and adolescent patients.


An investigation into the design of a stand-alone photovoltaic water pumping system for supplying rural areas is presented. It includes a study of system components and their modelling. The PV water pumping system comprises a solar-cell-array, DC-DC buck chopper and permanent-magnet DC motor driving a centrifugal pump. The thesis focuses on increasing energy extraction by improving maximum power point tracking (MPPT). From different MPPT techniques previously proposed, the perturb and observe (P&O) technique is developed because of its ease of implementation and low implementation cost. A modified variable step-size P&O MPPT algorithm is investigated which uses fuzzy logic to automatically adjust step-size to better track maximum power point. Two other MPPT methods are investigated: a new artificial neural network (ANN) method and fuzzy logic (FL) based method. These use PV source output power and the speed of the DC pump motor as input variables. Both generate pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals to continually adjust the buck converter to maximize power from the PV array, and thus motor speed and the water discharge rate of a centrifugal pump. System elements are individually modelled in MATLAB/SIMULINK and then connected to assess performance under different PV irradiation levels. First, the MP&O MPPT technique is compared with the conventional P&O MPPT algorithm. The results show that the MP&O MPPT has faster dynamic response and eliminates oscillations around the MPP under steady-state conditions. The three proposed MPPT methods are implemented in the simulated PV water pumping system and compared. The results confirm that the new methods have improved energy extraction and dynamic tracking compared with simpler methods.


We summarize existing data and describe new information on the levels and distribution of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) and cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) in the regenerating axolotl limb, the developing chick limb bud and the nervous system of the chick embryo in the light of the known morphogenetic effects of retinoids on these systems. In the regenerating limb, levels of CRABP rise 3- to 4-fold during regeneration, peaking at the time when retinoic acid (RA) is most effective at causing pattern duplications. The levels of CRBP are low. The potency of various retinoids in causing pattern respecification correlates well with the ability of these compounds to bind to CRABP. In the chick limb bud, the levels of CRABP are high and the levels of CRBP are low. Again the binding of various retinoids to CRABP correlates well with their ability to cause pattern duplications. By immunocytochemistry, we show that CRABP is present at high levels in the progress zone of the limb bud and is distributed across the anteroposterior axis in a gradient with the high point at the anterior margin. In the chick embryo, CRABP levels are high and CRBP levels are low. By immunocytochemistry, CRABP is localised primarily to the developing nervous system, labelling cells and axons in the mantle layer of the neural tube. These become the neurons of the commissural system. Also sensory axons label intensely with CRABP whereas motor axons do not and in the mixed nerves at the brachial plexus sensory and motor components can be distinguished on this basis. In the neural tube, CRBP only stains the ventral floor plate. Since the ventral floor plate may be a source of chemoattractant for commissural axons, we suggest on the basis of these staining patterns that RA may fulfill this role and thus be involved morphogenetically in the developing nervous system.


Abstract. We report a compact rigid instrument capable of delivering en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) images alongside (epi)-fluorescence endomicroscopy (FEM) images by means of a robotic scanning device. Two working imaging channels are included: one for a one-dimensional scanning, forward-viewing OCT probe and another for a fiber bundle used for the FEM system. The robotic scanning system provides the second axis of scanning for the OCT channel while allowing the field of view (FoV) of the FEM channel to be increased by mosaicking. The OCT channel has resolutions of 25  /  60  μm (axial/lateral) and can provide en-face images with an FoV of 1.6  ×  2.7  mm2. The FEM channel has a lateral resolution of better than 8  μm and can generate an FoV of 0.53  ×  3.25  mm2 through mosaicking. The reproducibility of the scanning was determined using phantoms to be better than the lateral resolution of the OCT channel. Combined OCT and FEM imaging were validated with ex-vivo ovine and porcine tissues, with the instrument mounted on an arm to ensure constant contact of the probe with the tissue. The OCT imaging system alone was validated for in-vivo human dermal imaging with the handheld instrument. In both cases, the instrument was capable of resolving fine features such as the sweat glands in human dermal tissue and the alveoli in porcine lung tissue.


Typing of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) on preimplantation embryos is legally allowed and ethically accepted in Belgium. The 'Vrije Universiteit Brussel' (VUB) has five years of experience with technical and clinical aspects of HLA typing on single cells. Setting up and running a programme for HLA typing is labour intensive, in particular when it has to be combined with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for distinct inherited genetic diseases, and time is always pressing because of the need for transplantation of the affected sibling. A general technique for HLA typing using short tandem repeats (STRs) linked to the HLA locus in multiplex PCR has been developed at our centre. At present, the overall clinical success rate is low: the ongoing pregnancy rate per oocyte retrieval cycle is 9.8%. This is not due to the technique because a conclusive HLA diagnosis can be assured in 91.9% of the embryos. The low success rate is correlated with a low transfer rate per cycle (35.5%). This is due to the genetic constitution of the embryos (in theory 1/4 for HLA, 1/8 for HLA in combination with sexing for X-linked recessive diseases and 3/16 for HLA in combination with autosomal recessive disorders) and clinical restrictions (in particular the reproductive age of the mother). The current ongoing pregnancy rate and implantation rate per transfer are acceptable (27.2% and 20.8% respectively). The results may be improved by selecting younger patients and by optimizing hormonal stimulation protocols and/or embryo culture systems.


How to survive and grow has always been a serious problem faced by the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) on a B2B platform. A lot of researches in entrepreneurship field have proved the positive effects of entrepreneurial orientation on firms' performance, but few researchers studied how entrepreneurial orientation influences performance. Based on the institutional theory, this paper introduces legitimacy and reputation to try to explain how competitive aggressiveness affects SMEs' performance in a B2B environment. Based on the analysis of data from 400 SMEs on a B2B platform, several interesting findings are concluded. Competitive aggressiveness has a very significant positive influence on SMEs' performance. It is more important to firms on a B2B platform than traditional firms. Both legitimacy and reputation plays a moderator role in this process, the better corporate legitimacy and reputation are, the stronger this influence is.


Normal 0 0 1 208 1190 9 2 1461 11.1282 0 0 0 This work describes the impact of different teachers' approaches in using Moodle, for supporting their courses, at the Polytechnic of Porto - School of Engineering. The study covers five different courses, from different degrees and different years, and includes a number of Moodle resources especially supporting laboratory classes. These and other active resources are particularly analyzed in order to evaluate students' adherence to them. One particular course includes a number of remote experiments, made available through VISIR (Virtual Instrument Systems in Reality) and directly accessible through links included in the Moodle course page. The collected data have been correlated with students' classifications in the lab component and in the exam, each one weighting 50% of their final marks. This analysis benefited from the existence of different teachers' approaches, which resulted in a diversity of Moodle-supported environments. Conclusions point to the existence of a positive correlation factor between the number of Moodle accesses and the final exam grade, although the quality of the resources made available by the teachers seems to be preponderant over its quantity. In addition, different students perspectives were found regarding active resources: while some seem to encourage students to participate (for instance online quiz or online reports), others, more demanding, are unable to stimulate the majority of them.


Abstract: This study examined whether subjects who participated in a 12-mo intervention would maintain their diets 1 yr after the study ended and whether the diets of household members were affected. Premenopausal women, who had at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer (n = 122), were randomized to one of four diets: control, low fat (15% of energy), high fruit and vegetable (FV, nine servings per day), and combination low fat, high FV. Study subjects and one household member were asked to complete the Block '95 food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline, 1 yr, and 2 yr. Study subjects also completed 24-h recalls and 4-day food records at baseline and Year 1. Fat and FV intakes by all three assessment methods compared reasonably well except that fat intakes by FFQ were somewhat higher. FV intakes by FFQ in the high-FV and combination arms increased significantly from 4 servings per day to about 10 servings per day at Year 1 and 7 servings per day at Year 2. FV intakes increased much more modestly in the low-fat and control arms. Fat intakes in the low-fat and combination arms were lower at Year 1 than Year 2, but mean Year 2 fat intakes of 26–28% were still significantly lower than those at baseline. In household members, the only significant change was a small decrease in energy from fat at Year 1 in the household members of subjects who were in the combination arm. These results indicate that study subjects were making large dietary changes independently of their household members and that fat and FV intakes in study subjects 1 yr after intervention stopped were still substantially different from intakes at baseline.


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. Identifying key genetic contributors to CVD enables clinicians to assess the most effective treatment course and prognosis, as well as potentially inform family members. This often involves either whole exome sequencing (WES) or targeted panel analysis of known pathogenic genes. In the future, tailored or personalized therapeutic strategies may be implemented, such as gene therapy. With the recent revolution in deep sequencing technologies, we know that up to 90% of the human genome is transcribed, despite only 2% of the 6 billion DNA bases coding for proteins. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) "genes" make up an important and significant fraction of this "dark matter" of the genome. We highlight how, despite lncRNA genes exceeding that of classical protein-coding genes by number, the "non-coding" human genome is neglected when looking for genetic components of disease. WES platforms and pathogenic gene panels still do not cover even characterized lncRNA genes that are functionally involved in the pathophysiology of CVD. We suggest that the importance of lncRNAs in disease causation and progression be taken as seriously as that of pathogenic protein variants and mutations, and that this is maybe a new area of attention for clinical geneticists.


In Sub-Saharan Africa, the West African region has highly diverse agro-climatic conditions, which grant the potential for a remarkable agricultural production of a great diversity of crops. Since the 1980s, the production volumes of most crops have grown vigorously for both domestic and export markets. Traditional food crops—such as rice, groundnuts and sorghum—have been replaced by cash crops, namely cashew. Among the main cashew production areas, West Africa is the most recent and dynamic in the world, accounting for 45% of the worldwide production of cashew nuts in 2015. In consequence, cashew cultivation has acquired an important position in West African smallholder farming, providing positive economic and social effects. In this paper, we provide an overview of the cashew production system in the West African region, using Guinea-Bissau as a case study. In particular, we present some viewpoints concerning the impact of cashew production and discuss how the strong dependence on a single cash crop can compromise the local livelihoods and food security. Finally, some insights are given towards the sustainable production of cashew in the face of the recent risks affecting the agricultural sector in West Africa.


Increased dietary salt in rats has been shown to sensitize central sympathetic circuits and enhance sympathetic responses to several stressors, including hyperinsulinemia, intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin and electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve afferents. These findings prompted us to test the hypothesis that increased dietary salt enhanced the exercise pressor reflex.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 0.1% (n=16) or 4.0% (n=18) NaCl chow for 14-21 days. Then, rats were decerebrated and the exercise pressor reflex was produced by static contraction of the hindlimb muscles through electrical stimulation of the cut peripheral ends of the L4 and L5 ventral roots. We found that contraction produced a significantly greater increase in mean arterial pressure of rats fed 4.0% NaCl (24±2 mmHg) versus 0.1% NaCl (15±2 mmHg). Baseline mean arterial pressure was not different between 0.1% versus 4.0% NaCl diets (79±5 vs 83±4 mmHg). The tension time indices were not different between the 0.1% (17±1 kg per s) versus 4.0% (18.2±2 kg s) NaCl groups (P = 0.422). The enhanced responsiveness to contraction appeared to be attributable to sensitized group III mechanoreceptors because the renal and lumbar sympathetic responses to contraction were augmented within 200 ms of the onset of contraction. Section of the L4 and L5 dorsal roots abolished the pressor responses to contraction in both groups of rats, an effect showing that the responses were reflex in origin. We conclude that increased dietary salt can enhance the reflex sympathetic responses to static exercise.


INTRODUCTION
Radiocarpal dislocation is a rare injury and thus the number of cases described is limited. The course of the injury is favorable when the treatment provided is appropriate.

CLINICAL CASE
A 21-year-old male patient who sustained radiocarpal dislocation and fracture of the radial styloid process in both wrists. He was treated with closed reduction and external fixation. The evaluation at 3 months showed favorable results.

DISCUSSION
This case is one of the few similar cases reported because it is an uncommon pathology and it is even less frequent because the injury involves both wrists.


The aim of the study is to synthesise and. Characterize — some novel, "tetrazole., -5-thiol" derivatives. Firstly, the "1-phenyl-1H7-tetrazole-5-thiol" (A1) has been., synthesised by the reaction of phenylisothiocyanate with NaN3 in water as a solvent. Secondly, the tetrazole-5-thiol derivatives (A2-A4) were synthesised by the alkylation reaction of the compound (A1) with chloroacetone, phenacyl bromide and chloromethyl acetate respectively. The resulted percentage yield was relatively high (92%, %95, %90 respectively). Compound (A5) was synthesised by the reaction of ethyl acetate tetrazole derivative (A4) with hydrazine. Moreover, the derivatives (A6-A11) were synthesised by the reaction of the (A5) with various substituted aromatic aldehydes. Moreover, compounds (A12-A13) have been synthesised by the cyclization reaction of compound A5 with acetylacetone and phenyl acetylacetone respectively. The produced compounds have been identified by IR, 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR Spectroscopy, and the quantities of various of the physical data (melting point, the shape of crystal and color). Finally, the compounds were examined for their biological activities alongside two kinds of bacteria (E. Coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Compounds A2, A4, A8, A11 and A13 showed the highest inhibition activity against E. Coli. Compounds A2, A9, A10and A13 showed the maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus.


Abstract Skin vapor absorption is one of the major exposure routes for some widely used chemicals (e.g., 2-methoxy ethanol), but a good apparatus with which exposure can be measured is currently unavailable. In this study, a polished stainless-steel chamber—combined with computer-controlled auto-feedback software and hardware, real-time gas sensors, and an auto-injection microsyringe—was proposed as new technology. In addition, the machines had activated-charcoal tubes and cold traps, both of which simulated the skin uptake and validated the reliability of the proposed system. The exposure concentrations, relative humidity, and temperature were effectively controlled at 25 ± 0.5 ppm (or 300 ± 10 ppm), 80 ± 2%, and 27.5 ± 0.5 °C, respectively. The relative errors between the quantity of 2-methoxy ethanol collected in either the charcoal tubes or the cold traps and the quantity of ME injected to maintain a constant exposure were less than 5%. The authors also used this new technology to successfully measure skin absorption of ME vapor in 6 volunteers. The authors concluded that this new technology is a direct, continuous, noninvasive, and simple tool with which to measure skin absorption of vapors.


Sodium alanate (NaAlH4) is a prototype system for storage of hydrogen in chemical form. However, a key experimental finding, that early transition metals (TMs) like Ti, Zr, and Sc are good catalysts for hydrogen release (and reuptake) whereas traditional hydrogenation catalysts like Pd and Pt are poor catalysts for NaAlH4, has so far received little attention. We performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the PW91 generalized gradient approximation level on Ti, Zr, Sc, Pd, and Pt interacting with the (001) surface of nanocrystalline NaAlH4, employing a cluster model of the complex metal hydride to study the initial mass transport in the dehydrogenation process. A key difference between Ti, Zr, and Sc on one hand and Pd and Pt on the other is that exchange of the early TM atoms with a surface Na ion, whereby Na is pushed on to the surface, is energetically preferred over surface absorption in an interstitial site, as found for Pd and Pt. These theoretical findings are consistent with a crucial feature of the TM catalyst being that it can be transported with the reaction boundary as it moves into the bulk, enabling the starting material to react away while the catalyst eats its way into the bulk and affecting a phase separation between a Na-rich and an Al-rich phase. Additional periodic DFT/PW91 calculations in which NaAlH4 is modeled as a slab to model dehydrogenation of larger NaAlH4 particles and which only consider adsorption and absorption of Ti suggest that Ti prefers to absorb interstitially but with only a small energy preference over a geometry in which Ti has exchanged with Na. Additional nudged elastic band calculations based on periodic DFT show only a small barrier (0.02 eV) for exchange of Ti with a surface Na atom. The mechanism inferred from the cluster calculations is therefore consistent with the slab calculations and may well be important.


Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a well-established and versatile technique for studying the structural and dynamic properties of solids, and there is considerable potential to exploit the power and versatility of solid-state NMR for in-situ studies of chemical processes. However, a number of technical challenges are associated with adapting this technique for in-situ studies, depending on the process of interest. Recently, an in-situ solid-state NMR strategy for monitoring the evolution of crystallization processes has been developed and has proven to be a promising approach for identifying the sequence of distinct solid forms present as a function of time during crystallization from solution, and for the discovery of new polymorphs. The latest development of this technique, called 'CLASSIC' NMR, allows the simultaneous measurement of both liquid-state and solid-state NMR spectra as a function of time, thus yielding complementary information on the evolution of both the liquid phase and the solid phase during crystallization from solution. This article gives an overview of the range of NMR strategies that are currently available for in-situ studies of crystallization processes, with examples of applications that highlight the potential of these strategies to deepen our understanding of crystallization phenomena.


In this study has been analyzed the genetic potential (rDNA) versus expression (crDNA) of microbial populations associated to gills of living mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in natural environment. Data obtained (16S rDNA/crDNA clones libraries) showed as sequences mainly related to Bacteroides/ Chlorobi, Firmicutes and Gamma-Proteobacteria groups are specific in live mussels. It is presumed that further studies of microbial population structure with culture-independent methods will demonstrate the active interactions (symbiosis) between filter-feeding organisms and gill-associated bacteria.


Large-scale commercial, industrial and financial operations are becoming ever more interdependent, and ever more dependent on IT. At the same time, the rapidly growing interconnectivity of IT systems, and the convergence of their technology towards industry-standard hardware and software components and subsystems , renders these IT systems increasingly vulnerable to malicious attack. This paper is aimed particularly at readers concerned with major systems employed in medium to large commercial or industrial enterprises. It examines the nature and significance of the various potential attacks, and surveys the defence options available. It concludes that IT owners need to think of the threat in more global terms, and to give a new focus and priority to their defence. Prompt action can ensure a major improvement in IT resilience at a modest marginal cost, both in terms of finance and in terms of normal IT operation.


Book synopsis: Two of the key theoretical shifts over the past two decades of critical work have been the 'visual turn' and the 'material turn'. This book argues that these hitherto distinct fields should be understood as in continual dialogue and co-constitution and focuses on reconceptualising the visual as an embodied, material, and often politically-charged realm.

This edited volume elaborates this conceptual argument through a series of contemporary case studies, drawn from the disciplines of Architecture, Sociology, Media Studies, Geography and Cultural Studies. The case studies included are paired around four themes: consumption, translation, practice and ethics.

As well as exploring the bringing together of visuality and materiality studies, the contributors raise questions of social identity and social critique, and also focus on the ethics of material visualities.


In a clinical controlled trial involving repeated measures of continuous outcomes such as quality of life, distress, pain, activity level at baseline and after treatment, the possibilities of analyzing these outcomes can be numerous with quite varied findings. This paper examined four methods of statistical analysis using data from an outcome study of a clinical controlled trial to contrast the statistical power on those with baseline adjustment. In this study, data from a CCT with women with breast cancer were utilized. The experiment (n=67) and control (n=74) were about equal ratio. Four method of analysis were utilized, two using ANOVA for repeated measures and two using ANCOVA. The multivariate between subjects of the combined dependents variables and the univariate between subjects test were examined to make a judgement of the statistical power of each method. The results showed that ANCOVA has the highest statistical power. ANOVA using raw data is the least power and is the worst method with no evidence of an intervention effect even when the treatment by time interaction is statistically significant. In conclusion, ANOVA using raw data is the worst method with the least power whilst ANCOVA using baseline as covariate has the highest statistical power to detect a treatment effect other than method. The second best method as shown in this study was in using change scores of the repeated measures.


In this paper, we introduce a new totally distributed algorithm for combining power and rate control in wireless communication systems. The main feature of this algorithm over the multi-objective distributed power and rate control (MODPRC) algorithm presented in M. Elmusrati and H. Koivo (2003), is that the actual CIR is not needed to update the power and the rate. It works with the on-off commands of the power control in existing cellular communication systems. The algorithm is based on minimizing a multi-objective cost function. In this paper we defined three objectives. The objectives are minimizing the transmitted power, achieving at least the minimum carrier to interference ratio (CIR), which is defined at the minimum data rate, and achieving the maximum CIR, which is defined at maximum data rate. An optimized solution can be obtained by using a multi-objective optimization technique. The suggested algorithm is simple to implement and efficient. The simulations carried out on the UMTS specifications indicate that our algorithm gives a very good performance in terms of data rate, outage probability, and transmission power consumption.


Introduction Central venous thrombosis (CVT) associated with a central venous catheter (CVC) has an incidence of 0.027 episodes per catheter per year in parenteral nutrition use.1 Loss of venous access may occur, with loss of two or more central veins being an indication for intestinal transplantation. We describe a 4-year single centre experience of the interventional management of CVT associated with CVCs. Methods Patients who underwent interventional management of their CVTs were identified and clinical records assessed. Upper limb catheter position was recorded as described previously.2 Results Nine (eight females) patients underwent 10 interventions. Mean age: 48.8 years (range 22–67). Intestinal failure aetiology: functional (3), Crohn's disease (3), mesenteric infarction (2) and FAP/desmoid disease.1 Six patients were smokers and two were on anti-coagulant therapy. Seven patients were on intravenous nutrition and 2 on parenteral fluids only. Mean duration of parenteral therapy was 4.4 years and the catheters were in situ for 19.2 months (mean, range 1 month–8 years). Interventions are summarised in Abstract 062. Four out of nine patients were noted to have a proximal catheter tip position at the time of thrombosis. Two patients developed complications of bleeding after thrombolysis (one at venepuncture site and the other developed occult GI bleeding) but required no therapy. 30-day mortality was 1 patient, unrelated to thrombosis. Abstract PTH-062 Intervention Number treated Patency (%) Thrombolysis No stent No venoplasty 4 50 Thrombolysis Stent No venoplasty 4 75 Thrombolysis No stent Venoplasty 1 100 Thrombolysis Stent Venoplasty 1 100 Conclusion We show that local thrombolysis, venoplasty and venous stenting are safe and when used in combination re-establish venous patency in 70%.


1. The dietary intakes of sixty-three adults, randomly-selected from the electoral role of a large village near Cambridge, have been measured using the weighed-intake technique for 7 d. 2. Mean (±sD) daily intakes (g) for men and women respectively were: energy (MJ) 10.0±2.4, 8.2±2.1; fat 104±27,90±21; protein 77±20,67± 16; carbohydrate 285±81,229±74; sucrose 91±47, 57±33. 3. When interviewed at the end of the study 40% of subjects said they were watching their weight. 4. Women ate less food over all than men, and proportionately less potato and bread, and used only one-third as much sugar in drinks, probably in an attempt to control their weight. Men took considerably more alcohol than the women. In the age-group 20–39 years alcohol provided 9% (1.0 MJ/d) of the total energy intake in the men. 5. Wide variation in the intake of nutrients was observed amongst the individuals. For vitamin C and fibre intake this was partly explained by seasonal variation but for most nutrients total energy intake and food choice were the main determinants. The range. of intakes of nutrients such as fat was similar in these individuals to that seen amongst countries internationally. It is suggested that if differences in nutrient intake amongst the various populations of the world can be associated with disease risk, then the same interpretation should be possible in individuals.


We study the problem of robust reinforcement learning under adversarial corruption on both rewards and transitions. Our attack model assumes an \textit{adaptive} adversary who can arbitrarily corrupt the reward and transition at every step within an episode, for at most $\epsilon$-fraction of the learning episodes. Our attack model is strictly stronger than those considered in prior works. Our first result shows that no algorithm can find a better than $O(\epsilon)$-optimal policy under our attack model. Next, we show that surprisingly the natural policy gradient (NPG) method retains a natural robustness property if the reward corruption is bounded, and can find an $O(\sqrt{\epsilon})$-optimal policy. Consequently, we develop a Filtered Policy Gradient (FPG) algorithm that can tolerate even unbounded reward corruption and can find an $O(\epsilon^{1/4})$-optimal policy. We emphasize that FPG is the first that can achieve a meaningful learning guarantee when a constant fraction of episodes are corrupted. Complimentary to the theoretical results, we show that a neural implementation of FPG achieves strong robust learning performance on the MuJoCo continuous control benchmarks.


During 1972 an apparently new enterovirus with characteristics of the Coxsackievirus group A was isolated from 11 residents of New York State, 10 of whom had central nervous system disease. The representative strain S/Albany 1/72 has the physical and chemical properties of an enterovirus and causes the pathology typical for Coxsackievirus group A in 1-day-old mice. Cross-neutralization tests indicated that the virus is distinct from currently recognized enteric viruses of man. Antibody levels to the representative strain were moderate to high in patients and were low to moderate in 26% of healthy individuals tested.


We have used a yeast two-hybrid approach to uncover protein interactions involving the D2-like subfamily of dopamine receptors. Using the third intracellular loop of the D2S and D3 dopamine receptors as bait to screen a human brain cDNA library, we identified filamin A (FLN-A) as a protein that interacts with both the D2 and D3 subtypes. The interaction with FLN-A was specific for the D2 and D3 receptors and was independently confirmed in pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Deletion mapping localized the dopamine receptor–FLN-A interaction to the N-terminal segment of the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors and to repeat 19 of FLN-A. In cultures of dissociated rat striatum, FLN-A and D2 receptors colocalized throughout neuronal somata and processes as well as in astrocytes. Expression of D2 dopamine receptors in FLN-A-deficient M2 melanoma cells resulted in predominant intracellular localization of the D2 receptors, whereas in FLN-A-reconstituted cells, the D2 receptor was predominantly localized at the plasma membrane. These results suggest that FLN-A may be required for proper cell surface expression of the D2 dopamine receptors. Association of D2 and D3 dopamine receptors with FLN-A provides a mechanism whereby specific dopamine receptor subtypes may be functionally linked to downstream signaling components via the actin cytoskeleton.


Prior to the currently emerging popular awareness of anthropogenic climate change, there existed little impetus for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians to engage regarding the sustainability of land - no way, that is, that inherently affected, concerned or was crucial to the survival of both peoples equally. There was no issue in which both had similar amounts at stake. This is in spite of the fact that land has always been and continues to be of fundamental concern within the Australian settler-colonial context, as well as the settler-colonial project more broadly. For Indigenous peoples, ways of knowing and being are intrinsically connected with Australian lands. Following European invasion, land (or lack of access to land) was critical to both Indigenous peoples dispossessed from their ancestral country and those settlers who claimed it for themselves. However, while land to at least some extent has always represented a 'common ground' for all Australian cultures, the inherent differences between how that land is culturally conceptualized and understood - and the enduring legacies of invasion, dispossession and continuing colonization resulting from those understandings - have kept Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians locked in an unproductive space of cross-cultural silence concerning their shared histories and environment.


Osteosarcoma is a highly aggressive cancer for which treatment has remained essentially unchanged for more than 30 years. Osteosarcoma is characterized by widespread and recurrent somatic copy-number alterations (SCNA) and structural rearrangements. In contrast, few recurrent point mutations in protein-coding genes have been identified, suggesting that genes within SCNAs are key oncogenic drivers in this disease. SCNAs and structural rearrangements are highly heterogeneous across osteosarcoma cases, suggesting the need for a genome-informed approach to targeted therapy. To identify patient-specific candidate drivers, we used a simple heuristic based on degree and rank order of copy-number amplification (identified by whole-genome sequencing) and changes in gene expression as identified by RNA sequencing. Using patient-derived tumor xenografts, we demonstrate that targeting of patient-specific SCNAs leads to significant decrease in tumor burden, providing a road map for genome-informed treatment of osteosarcoma. SIGNIFICANCE: Osteosarcoma is treated with a chemotherapy regimen established 30 years ago. Although osteosarcoma is genomically complex, we hypothesized that tumor-specific dependencies could be identified within SCNAs. Using patient-derived tumor xenografts, we found a high degree of response for "genome-matched" therapies, demonstrating the utility of a targeted genome-informed approach.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.


There has been a hotspot in sports industry these days that is becoming more and more wide-spread in sports organizations and among managers, namely CSR, that is corporate social responsibility. In the life of geographical regions, towns or villages, professional football clubs play a crucial role. Consequently, clubs tend to take responsibility for these communities in return for their support: whether it is the local population or the authorities, other businesses or the environment, they are ready to stand up for good causes. Nowadays sports centres with their regular events have a significant effect on the environment either regionally or globally. That is the reason why it has become vital in the management of sports facilities to respect environmental principles when designing and using sports facilities and to avoid producing pollution that could harm and deteriorate the environment. The aim of our study was on the one hand, to present the definitional and theoretical evolution of CSR, than the CSR concept in sport, special regard to environmental protection. On the other hand, to analyze what kind of CSR related issues do football clubs (Real Madrid C. F. – RM, Borussia Dortmund – BVB) and how they are addressing issues of environmental sustainability in the context of CSR. According to RM and BVB, we can say that they really try to do efforts to responsible behavior and environmental protection. They have special respect for the society and took big step to use different environmental management tools. It was easy to find information, reports and case studies about these activities.
JEL Classification: M14


Abstract. We investigated the palynology of sediment cores from Site M0027 of IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) Expedition 313 on the New Jersey shallow shelf to examine vegetation and climate dynamics on the east coast of North America between 33 and 13 million years ago and to assess the impact of over-regional climate events on the region. Palynological results are complemented with pollen-based quantitative climate reconstructions. Our results indicate that the hinterland vegetation of the New Jersey shelf was characterized by oak–hickory forests in the lowlands and conifer-dominated vegetation in the highlands from the early Oligocene to the middle Miocene. The Oligocene witnessed several expansions of conifer forest, probably related to cooling events. The pollen-based climate data imply an increase in annual temperatures from ∼11.5 °C to more than 16 °C during the Oligocene. The Mi-1 cooling event at the onset of the Miocene is reflected by an expansion of conifers and mean annual temperature decrease of ∼4 °C, from ∼16 °C to ∼12 °C around 23 million years before present. Relatively low annual temperatures are also recorded for several samples during an interval around ∼20 million years before present, which may reflect the Mi-1a and the Mi-1aa cooling events. Generally, the Miocene ecosystem and climate conditions were very similar to those of the Oligocene. Miocene grasslands, as known from other areas in the USA during that time period, are not evident for the hinterland of the New Jersey shelf, possibly reflecting moisture from the proto-Gulf Stream. The palaeovegetation data reveal stable conditions during the mid-Miocene climatic optimum at ∼15 million years before present, with only a minor increase in deciduous–evergreen mixed forest taxa and a decrease in swamp forest taxa. Pollen-based annual temperature reconstructions show average annual temperatures of ∼14 °C during the mid-Miocene climatic optimum, ∼2 °C higher than today, but ∼1.5 °C lower than preceding and following phases of the Miocene. We conclude that vegetation and regional climate in the hinterland of the New Jersey shelf did not react as sensitively to Oligocene and Miocene climate changes as other regions in North America or Europe due to the moderating effects of the North Atlantic. An additional explanation for the relatively low regional temperatures reconstructed for the mid-Miocene climatic optimum could be an uplift of the Appalachian Mountains during the Miocene, which would also have influenced the catchment area of our pollen record.


Touch-screen technology has not been nearly so advanced but instead has been limited to a handful of narrow-use applications with limited functionality such as automated teller machines, gas pumps, museum displays, airline- ticket kiosks, and PDAs. No one is predicting that touch displays will soon replace the traditional keyboard-and-mouse interface for general-purpose computing. However, they are beginning to move into mainstream technology. Instead of single-purpose terminals, multifunctional touch screens are now being included in mobile phones such as Apple's recently introduced iPhone, as well as Microsoft's soon-to-be-released Surface tabletop computer.


Social isolation has become a growing issue, particularly among older citizens. The 'digital divide' has been identified as one of the contributing factors leaving many older citizens behind. While increasing digital literacy among seniors has been identified as one of the remedies, less attention has been paid to the role of news media on the wellbeing and connectedness of older people. Through the lens of the uses and gratifications theory, this article reports on the findings of a survey of 562 news consumers aged 50 years and above who live in Canberra, the capital city of Australia. The analysis highlights the important role of news in reducing feelings of social isolation, particularly for those who spend more time alone and older people with cognitive impairment. Older participants who had difficulty concentrating and learning new tasks were also more dependent on news. We suggest this is due to the habitual, predictable and concise nature of news. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of news in the wellbeing of older people and point to the need for policymakers and those in the aged care sector to ensure access to news for older citizens to improve the quality of life.


Effect of the size and shape of cup shaped forgings with flange on forming capability of aluminum alloy was investigated. The numerical simulation was carried out on the extrusion forming process for each part using two-dimensional elastoplastic finite element method. The metal flow behavior was analyzed, and the forming defects were predicted. Meanwhile, the corresponding experimental researches were conducted. The results show that the forming defects like folding or crack appear in each aluminum alloy forging. The size and shape of cup shaped parts have a great influence on the type and size of forming defects. Good agreement is found between the numerical results and experimental work. The results present important references for technology analysis and mould design.


The evaporative gas turbine (EvGT), also known as the humid air turbine (HAT) cycle, is a novel advanced gas turbine cycle that has attracted considerable interest for the last decade. This high-efficiency cycle shows the potential to be competitive with Diesel engines or combined cycles in small and intermediate scale plants for power production and/or cogeneration. A 0.6 MW natural gas-fired EvGT pilot plant has been constructed by a Swedish national research group in cooperation between universities and industry. The plant is located at the Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden. The pilot plant uses a humidification tower with metallic packing in which heated water from the flue gas economizer is brought into direct counter current contact with the pressurized air from the compressor This gives an efficient heat recovery and thereby a thermodynamically sound cycle. As the hot sections in high-temperature gas turbines are sensitive to particles and alkali compounds, water quality issues need to be carefully considered. As such, apart from evaluating the thermodynamic and part-load performance characteristics of the plant, and verifying the operation of the high-pressure humidifier, much attention is focused on the water chemistry issues associated with the recovery and reuse of condensate water from the flue gas. A water treatment system has been designed and integrated into the pilot plant. This paper presents the first water quality results from the plant. The experimental results show that the condensate contains low levels of alkali and calcium, around 2 mg/l Sigma(K,Na,Ca), probably originating from the unfiltered compressor intake, About 14 mg/l NO2- +NO3- comes from condensate absorption of flue gas NOx. Some Cu is noted, 16 mg/l, which originates from copper corrosion of the condenser tubes. After CO2 stripping, condensate filtration and a mixed bed ion exchanger the condensate is of suitable quality for reuse as humidification water The need,for large quantities of demineralized water has by manY authors been identified as a drawback for the evaporative cycle. However, by cooling the humid flue gas, the recovery, of condensed water cuts the need of water feed. A self-supporting water circuit can be achieved, with no need for any net addition of water to the system. In the pilot plant, this was achieved by cooling the flue gas to around 35degreesC.


Received: Revised: Accepted: April 19, 2013 June 22, 2013 July 21, 2013 Avian coccidiosis is thought to be the one of the most expensive infectious diseases of poultry. Thus far, chemoprophylaxis and anticoccidial feed additives have controlled the disease but situation has been complicated by the emergence of drug resistant strains against commonly used drugs. Immunization by using vaccines has been another effective approach, but, in poorly managed poultry production systems particularly in case of broiler birds, vaccines may result in the onset of severe reactions. The other drawback of using vaccines is diversity of Eimeria strains in different geographical distributions. Therefore, vaccine strain, effective in one geographical area may not be effective in other area. A solution to these problems could be the use of antioxidant rich plant products that function by mechanisms other than those of chemotherapeutics, with the additional advantage of a natural origin. Antioxidant compounds could hold promise for the control of Eimeria infections due to the association of coccidial infection with lipid peroxidation of the intestinal mucosa. This paper reviews the research on naturally occurring antioxidants including botanical antioxidants effective against avian coccidiosis. Information regarding antioxidant activity, doses and mechanism of action of vitamin A, vitamin E, Zinc, Selenium and herbal complexes such as saponins, flavonoids, tannins, aromatic plants and their essential oils is provided in this paper, which may serve as new beneficial anticoccidial compounds and an essential component of alternative strategies for control of resistant Eimeria strains. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved


Chemicals released in the air can be extremely dangerous for human beings and the environment. Hyperspectral images can be used to identify chemical plumes, however the task can be extremely challenging. Assuming we know a priori that some chemical plume, with a known frequency spectrum, has been photographed using a hyperspectral sensor, we can use standard techniques such as the so-called matched filter or adaptive cosine estimator, plus a properly chosen threshold value, to identify the position of the chemical plume. However, due to noise and inadequate sensing, the accurate identification of chemical pixels is not easy even in this apparently simple situation. In this paper, we present a post-processing tool that, in a completely adaptive and data-driven fashion, allows us to improve the performance of any classification methods in identifying the boundaries of a plume. This is done using the multidimensional iterative filtering (MIF) algorithm (Cicone et al. 2014 (http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.6051); Cicone & Zhou 2015 (http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.07173)), which is a non-stationary signal decomposition method like the pioneering empirical mode decomposition method (Huang et al. 1998 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 454, 903. (doi:10.1098/rspa.1998.0193)). Moreover, based on the MIF technique, we propose also a pre-processing method that allows us to decorrelate and mean-centre a hyperspectral dataset. The cosine similarity measure, which often fails in practice, appears to become a successful and outperforming classifier when equipped with such a pre-processing method. We show some examples of the proposed methods when applied to real-life problems.


Abstract Immunoglobulins and their close relatives, the antigen-specific T-cell receptors, are recognition proteins that express structures which readily serve as self-immunogens. Healthy humans can produce antibodies against variable region-defined recognition structures termed idiotypes, as well as against constant region structures, and the levels of these can increase markedly in autoimmune disease; e.g., rheumatoid factors are autoantibodies directed against a conformational determinant of the γ heavy chain. More recent analyses employing synthetic peptide technologies and construction of recombinant T-cell receptors document that autoantibodies directed against both variable and constant region markers of the α/β T-cell receptor occur in healthy individuals. Alterations in levels of antibody, usage of IgM or IgG isotypes, and specificity for particular peptide-defined regions vary with natural physiological processes (aging, pregnancy), with artificial allografting, with retroviral infection, and with the inception and progression of autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus). Two of the major autoimmunogeneic regions of the Tcr α/β are "constitutive" markers inasmuch as all Individuals tested produce antibodies against these regions. The most frequently observed autoantibodies are against Tcr Vβ CDR1 and Fr3 markers. It is hypothesized that these are normally involved in immunoregulation. Autoantibodies usually are not detected against CDR2 region determinants, or the "private idiotypes" defined by the CDR3 region, or the highly conserved FR4 segment specified by the joining gene segment. However, autoantibodies against the CDR2 of the Tcrα chain occur in some SLE patients, and healthy pregnant women produce antibodies against the common peptide determinant expressed by the joining gene and the beginning of the Cα or Cβ domain. Although the precise role of the naturally occurring autoantibodies in immunoregulation remains to be determined, modification of the course of autoimmune diseases in experimental rodent models (experimental allergic encephalomyelitis) has been successfully carried out by immunization with synthetic peptides corresponding to the CDR2 and Fr3/CDR3 segments, and immunization of humans with synthetic Vβ CDR2 segments may prove helpful in multiple sclerosis.


This paper presents an executable rewriting logic semantics of RRS Scheme using the K definitional technique [19]. We refer to this definition as K-Scheme. The presented semantics follows the K language definitional style but is almost entirely equational. It can also be regarded as a denotational specification with an initial model semantics of Scheme. Equational specifications can be executed on common rewrite engines, provided that equations are oriented into rewrite rules, typically from left-to-right. The rewriting logic semantics in this paper is the most complete formal definition of Scheme that we are aware of, in the sense that it provides definitions for more Scheme language features than any other similar attempts. The presented executable definition, K-Scheme, can serve as a platform for experimentation with variants and extensions of Scheme, for example concurrency. K-Scheme also serves to show the viability of K as a definitional framework for programming languages.


Abstract Aberrant activation of RAS/MAPK signaling is a driver of over one third of all human carcinomas. The homologous transcription factors ETS1 and ETS2 mediate activation of gene expression programs downstream of RAS/MAPK signaling. ETS1 is important for oncogenesis in many tumor types. However, ETS2 can act as an oncogene in some cellular backgrounds, and as a tumor suppressor in others, and the molecular mechanism responsible for this cell-type specific function remains unknown. Here, we show that ETS1 and ETS2 can regulate a cell migration gene expression program in opposite directions, and provide the first comparison of the ETS1 and ETS2 cistromes. This genomic data and an ETS1 deletion line reveal that the opposite function of ETS2 is a result of binding site competition and transcriptional attenuation due to weaker transcriptional activation by ETS2 compared to ETS1. This weaker activation was mapped to the ETS2 N-terminus and a specific interaction with the co-repressor ZMYND11 (BS69). Furthermore, ZMYND11 expression levels in patient tumors correlated with oncogenic versus tumor suppressive roles of ETS2. Therefore, these data indicate a novel and specific mechanism allowing ETS2 to switch between oncogenic and tumor suppressive functions in a cell-type specific manner.


The working principle of four-quadrant position sensitive detector(4Q-PSD) as a spot center position measurement detector is presented. Influence of the photoelectric non-uniformity of detector and background light on the detector measurement precision is analyzed. The operational circuit to solve the relationship of spot center position in the coordinates of detector and detector output voltage is designed. And the detector performance testing system based on laser alignment measurement is developed. The relationship between the output voltage of detector and the spot center position in the coordinates of detector is tested. The linearity of output voltage and spot center position in the uniaxial direction of the detector within a small range is good. The influence of measurement distance on the accuracy of the detector is tested. Method of 2-D plane calibration of the 4Q-PSD is proposed, and the detector is 2-D plane calibrated using proposed method. Which extended the available working range of the detector, and with higher measurement accuracy.


The Internet routing ecosystem is facing substantial scalability challenges on the data plane. Various "clean slate" architectures for representing forwarding tables (FIBs), such as IPv6, introduce additional constraints on efficient implementations from both lookup time and memory footprint perspectives due to significant classification width. In this work, we propose an abstraction layer able to represent IPv6 FIBs on existing IP and even MPLS infrastructure. Feasibility of the proposed representations is confirmed by an extensive simulation study on real IPv6 forwarding tables, including low-level experimental performance evaluation.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether brief treatments provide psychological relief after traumatic events in low-resource communities.

METHOD
Participants (n = 105) who had experienced a traumatic event within the past 6 months were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 4-session treatments: individual eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), group-administered stress management with a trauma focus (SMT), or group-administered psychological first aid (PFA). Measures administered pretreatment and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month posttreatment included posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, posttraumatic cognitions (PTCI), and depressive symptoms (BDI).

RESULTS
The 3 treatment groups all showed significant declines in PTSD, PTCI, and BDI symptoms over time with large prepost effect sizes (median 1-month: 0.96, 3-month: 1.38, 6-month: 1.10). However, the treatment groups showed significantly different rates of decline, with the EMDR group showing the fastest declines-interaction PTCI: F(1, 237) = 5.85, p = .016; depression:, F(1, 239) = 4.90, p = .028-followed by the SMT and then PFA group. While there were significant differences between the EMDR and PFA groups at the 1- and 3-month follow-ups, there were no significant differences in any of the 3 outcome measures at the 6-month follow-up, nor were there significant differences between groups on PTSD symptoms, F(1, 239) = 2.30, p = .131.

CONCLUSION
This study provides preliminary evidence that any of these 3 approaches may be useful in low-resource community settings. Because it gives the quickest relief, EMDR is the preferred approach, followed by SMT, due its ease of administration. PFA provides a reasonable alternative. Where possible, booster sessions should be planned. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).


High efficiency is strongly demanded for gas turbines to reduce CO2 emissions. In order to improve the efficiency of gas turbines, the turbine inlet temperature is being raised higher. In that case, the turbine blade loading is higher and secondary flow loss becomes a major source of aerodynamic losses due to the interaction between the horseshoe vortex and the strong endwall cross flow. One of the authors have optimized a boundary layer fence which is a partial vane to prevent cross-flow from pressure-side to suction-side between blade to blade. However, it was also found that installing the fence leads to increase another loss due to tip vortex, wake and viscosity. Therefore, in this paper, we focused on the endwall contouring and the positive effect findings from the boundary layer fence were used to study its optimal shape. Firstly, the relationship between the location of the endwall contouring and the internal flow within the turbine cascade was investigated. Two patterns of contouring were made, one is only convex and another is just concave, and the secondary flow behavior of the turbine cascade was investigated respectively. Secondly, the shape was designed and the loss reduction effect was investigated by using optimization method. The optimized shape was manufactured by 3D-printer and experiment was conducted using cascade wind tunnel. The total pressure distributions were measured and compared with CFD results. Furthermore, flow near the endwall and the internal flow of the turbine cascade was experimentally visualized. The internal flow in the case of a flat wall (without contouring), with a fence, and with optimized endwall contouring were compared by experiment and CFD to extract the each feature.