The University of Nebraska Medical Center uses the recently established NEB*SAT state-owned satellite television system to transmit several types of educational presentations to rural Nebraska. The system represents the latest in a series of pioneering two-way television activities which have opened educational opportunities to students and professionals off-campus. Compressed video, transmitted via the NEB*SAT system, allows us to share credit courses in nursing and medical technology, administrative meetings, case conferences, and continuing education programs.


How law professors can integrate best practices in instructional methods that are empirically shown to foster professional formation or professionalism is the topic of this literature review. This nascent field of inquiry in legal education draws upon constructive-developmental approaches to professional formation, informed by an extensive body of empirical research and scholarship from ethics education in other professions. This interdisciplinary approach to defining, measuring, and teaching professionalism produced a definition that is a synthesis of scholarship across the professions that also is grounded in research with exemplars in the legal profession using in-depth interviews. Professionalism in law is thus defined as "an internalized moral core characterized by a deep responsibility to others, particularly the client, and some restraint on self-interest in carrying out this responsibility, a standard of excellence for technical skills, integrity, honesty, public service (particularly for the disadvantaged), and independent judgment and honest counsel." This review of pedagogies of professional formation drew upon peer-reviewed scholarship and research in applied fields of law, management, dentistry, medicine, and higher education as well as adult learning theories, lifespan developmental psychology, moral psychology, and the social psychology of education. Using a dynamic process model of morality as a framework for our inquiry, we identified four principles of effective instruction to foster formation, including (1) students arrive with unique backgrounds and abilities, and instruction should consider each student's unique developmental level along a continuum of lifelong growth; (2) positive conflict, in which the learner is both sufficiently challenged and supported, is an essential element of professional formation spurring cognitive, emotional, and social development and growth in a holistic fashion; (3) throughout the curriculum instructors should foster in each student the habit of actively seeking feedback, moral dialogue and reflection (FDR); and (4) integrate opportunities for self-assessment and formative assessment throughout the curriculum.


This paper presents an investigation of commonalities and differences between Lefebvre's theory of Rhythmology (1992) and his term 'lived' (1961, 1974, 1992) and Bergson's theory of 'duration' (1889, 1896). Combining these two theoretical frameworks, it can be said that the comprehension of spatiotemporal experiences today is implemented through mediations of digital interfaces that allow for the fluid arrangement of meeting times and places. The paper explores how temporality and urban space are experienced and lived today through the incessant access to instantaneous communication technologies (ICT). It asserts that studying the lived experience of the individual in the city environment must include the use of ICT and smart devices.

Lefebvre situates the human body as the receptor of rhythms. Today the body and bodily senses are purged with tele-technologies; no longer in one singular spatiotemporal field, the smart device user encounters a multiplicity of spatial fields and temporal variations. The paper examines the lived experience as constituted within the techno-synthetically composed environment of the city that includes the physical world as well as digital data.

For Lefebvre in his book The Production of Space (1974) it is the symbolic and representational that form the notion of spatiality, of being in space. For Bergson it is the combination of sensible qualities and memory that contribute to the understanding of being in space. In Bergson, the qualitative sensations felt by the sensori-motor mechanism (sensible qualities), work together with memories and extensities and create the individuals' spatiotemporal perception. In that way Bergson attributes an element of autonomy of the senses, as their interpretation is interdependent of past memories and the present that contribute to perceiving reality; the here and the now. In this light then, Lefebvre's study of Rhythmanalysis comes close to the objectives achieved in Bergson's memory cone (Matter and Memory, 1896) and inner duration dialectic (Time and Free Will, 1889). For Bergson it is the unpredictable mix of those elements that make up every moment, every duration unique and distinct from any other. Equally, Lefebvre's study of Rhythmanalysis must take into account a mix of heterogeneities to arrive at the study of rhythm. Both thinkers, in different ways, are thinking of the free and radical comprehension of what constitutes reality. According to Fraser, the connection and similarity of Lefebvre's thinking to Bergson's is not a conscious one (Fraser 2008: 341). What connects them is the concept of the everyday lived experience that is central to both thinkers (Fraser 2008: 346).

Observing the production of space and studying everyday rhythms in Lefebvre, and the apprehension of reality as always something in the making in Bergson, are used to highlight how the comprehension of time and space is altered by the use of ICTS in everyday life.


Energy efficient power amplification of multilevel constellations can be achieved by an amplification structure based on the constellation's decomposition as a sum of polar components, such as M BPSK (Bi-Phase Shift Keying), that are separately amplified. By doing this one can define highly efficient transmitters based on multiple amplifiers. However, amplifiers' imbalances might lead to substantial constellation distortion since phase and gain imbalances cause rotations and translations of the symbols associated to each amplification branch that are combined to generate the resulting constellation. Therefore, it becomes crucial the knowledge of the amplifiers' imbalances to overcome this problem at the receiver side. For that we propose and evaluate efficient two newmethods for estimating amplifier imbalances. Simulation results demonstrate that the good performance attainable by the proposed estimate algorithms can be assured without significant increase in system and computational complexity.


Nanotechnology involves working at a sub microscopic level with particles or structures which are 1-100 nm in size – one nanometre being a billionth of a metre. Nanotechnology has the potential to reduce certain health and safety risks in the construction industry. It also offers improved material functionality and performance. However, there are unresolved concerns regarding the health risk from some nanomaterials. It is important that the adoption of these new materials does not increase the risk of occupational ill-health, described by Gibb et al (2006) as a 'slow accident'. The IOSH-funded research on which this paper is based is assessing the use and benefits of nanomaterials in construction through literature review and interviews with industry stakeholders. The research is also exploring the potential for harm, particularly during demolition and recycling at end of life, by testing nano-enabled construction products in a laboratory environment.


Conflicts between farmers and herders are common in the Sahel. At first sight these conflicts seem to be related to the use of land and water resources. With an ongoing encroachment of cropland onto pastures, the feed resources for herders decline. Herders intrude into cropland to acquire forage for their animals. However, scarcity of resources alone is an inadequate explanation for most farmer-herder conflicts. The recurrent droughts of the 1970s and 80s in the Sahelian zone had strong repercussions for farmer-herder relationships. Relationships involving mutual trust, such as manuring and entrustment contracts, were replaced by potentially more confrontational arrangements, such as wage and tenancy contracts. Another direct effect of this change was the increased tendency of farmers to harvest all crop residues and withdraw this resource from the common pool. Herders tried to settle (part of their family) on strategic spots in order to claim land and secure resource access rights. In some cases herders even tried to obtain private rights on wells in order to fully control the surrounding pasture land. Therefore, most conflicts are also shaped by the "political strategies" of the people involved. Farmer-herder conflicts escalate from time to time sometimes resulting in serious casualties. For this reason, conflict mediation has become a focus for several institutions. This presentation addresses some starting points for mediation of farmer-herder conflicts at different intervention levels, based on the experiences of several development projects and local organisations. At an (inter)national level, administrative and judiciary institutions should recognise pastoralism as a valuable, ecologically sound production strategy which utilises common natural resources. Equal rights for all populations to access common natural resources should be provided. At a local and regional level, investing in the social capital and infrastructure is of the utmost importance (e.g. supporting dialogue structures, meeting places, meetings/forums). These investments will encourage dialogue and favour / enable agreements between the populations. Such activities are also required to regulate the interactions between all resource users and to introduce decentralisation processes, which at present are at the implementation phase in many Sahelian countries.


Abstract. The thermal expansion coefficient is presented as the coupling between heat energy and mechanical work. It is shown that when heat and work are uncoupled then very unusual material properties occurs: for example, acoustic p waves are not damped and heat is not generated from mechanical motion. It is found that at pressures defined by the bulk modulus divided by the Anderson–Gruneisen parameter, then the thermal expansion coefficient approaches zero in linear-elastic models. Very large pressures always reduce thermal expansion coefficients; the importance of a very small or even negative thermal expansion coefficient is discussed in relation to physical processes deep in the core and mantle of Earth. Models of the thermal expansion coefficients based on interatomic potentials which are always relegated to isometric conditions preclude any changes in volume due to temperature changes. However, it is known that the pressures in the Earth are large enough to effectively reduce thermal expansion coefficients to near zero which decouples heat from mechanical work.


There have been few studies conducted on how children from other than Western populations perceive and learn different graphic symbol sets or systems, especially on how children from poverty contexts learn graphic alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) symbols. Multicultural research is necessary in order to advance and to ensure the quality of the service of AAC for culturally and linguistically diverse AAC users. In the present study the authors strive to describe the learnability of the Blissymbol system in a non-western culture using a semiotic theoretical framework. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the iconicity and learnability of the Blissymbol system for Kenyan children with two different language backgrounds, Swahili and English. This was done in an attempt to investigate potential cultural and linguistic influences of the interpretation and learnability of the Blissymbol. The design and test material was adopted from a previous study (Jennische & Zetterlund, 2012). In the present study, 127 typically developed children in the age six to seven in class one or two in primary school, both from private and public schools, participated. The children had never before encountered Bliss. The children were asked to interpret single Bliss-words and compound Bliss-words, first spontaneously through giving free proposals and then after being given an instructive explanation. The test results were analyzed on a group level and compared between the different groups (age, class and language background). The results show that there was a significant improvement between the pretest and the posttest for all children in the different groups. This indicates that the Blissymbols used in this study had a generally low transparency but a generally high translucency. The results also indicate a generally high learnability and that the children were aided by the instructive explanation. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the different groups, where the children from class two performed better than children from class one and where the English-speaking children performed better than the Swahili-speaking children overall. Age was not significant. The results also indicate that there were differences in how the children interpreted the symbols, but that there were similarities within the specific groups. Further, this indicates that the symbols were interpreted in a similar way by children that belonged to the same age, language and socioeconomic background.


Graphene was dispersed in an aqueous solution with poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) as a dispersant. The charge of the graphene came to be apparently negative by the adsorption of poly(4-styrenesulfonate) ion (PSS). Two kinds of PSS were examined: the average molecular masses of 70,000 and 1,000,000 (PSS 70,000 and PSS 1,000,000, respectively). Capillary electrophoresis was used to evaluate the dispersion of the apparently anionic graphene in an aqueous solution. A broad signal corresponding to the dispersed graphene was detected in the electropherograms. The effective electrophoretic mobility of the dispersed graphene was somewhat larger at higher concentrations of PSS 70,000, suggesting that the adsorbed amount of PSS 70,000 increased. Even when the separation buffer did not contain PSS, the broad signal of the anionic graphene was still detected. The peak height and/or the peak area, as well as the effective electrophoretic mobility of the graphene decreased little at the reduced applied voltages, i.e., at longer separation/detection time. Therefore, the adsorption of PSS is irreversible or the desorption of PSS from the graphene surface is very slow. Accordingly, the dispersed graphene with PSS would be separated from the matrix PSS by the electrophoretic separation.


Rheumatic heart disease is chronic damage to the heart valves caused by single or repeated episodes of acute rheumatic fever. Acute rheumatic fever is a disease caused by the bacteria group A Streptococcus and causes throat and skin infections which lead to inflammation in the joints, brain and heart. The bacteria can cause an autoimmune response in the body that leads to damage to one or more of the heart valves. This can result in the heart valves not functioning properly which may require heart surgery. If untreated, rheumatic heart disease can lead to heart failure and complications like stroke, and can greatly reduce the ability to lead a normal life. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples living in urban settings, Maoris and Pacific Islanders and potentially immigrants from developing countries, may be at particularly high risk. Signs and Symptoms: Signs and symptoms of rheumatic heart disease may not be noticed for many years. When they do develop they are dependent on how severe the damage to the heart valves is and can include: shortness of breath chest pain swelling of the legs and face weakness or tiredness fainting heart palpitations heart murmur. Treatment: The goal of treatment for rheumatic heart disease is to prevent further episodes of acute rheumatic fever occurring which worsen the heart valve damage. The only effective control strategy for rheumatic heart disease is regular secondary prophylaxis with an antibiotic called Bicillin (benzathine penicillin G). Compliance with antibiotic treatment is crucial to the effectiveness of preventing further damage to the heart. Prevention: 3–4-weekly injections of antibiotics continued for many years are the most important measure to prevent further episodes. A Rheumatic Heart Disease Register and Control Program has been established in Queensland to, in collaboration with healthcare providers, coordinate the long-term management of patients with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Some of the methods to reduce the incidence and impact of rheumatic heart disease include: Prevention and early treatment of group A Streptococcal infections of the throat and skin with antibiotics Secondary prophylaxis (to prevent further episodes of ARF) with regular antibiotic injections (Bicillin) Reducing symptoms and minimising disability associated with rheumatic heart disease, through medications and sometimes surgery. Health outcome: Each episode of acute rheumatic fever increases the chance of damage to the heart valves, thereby increasing the risk of, or worsening of existing, rheumatic heart disease. This leads to worsening heart failure as well as increased risk of complications such as abnormal heart rhythm, stroke and infection and inflammation of the heart tissue. Severe damage to the heart valves can require surgery to fix or replace the affected valves. Other resources: For further information contact your healthcare provider and visit RHD Australia (https://www.rhdaustralia.org.au/) Related Content RHD Australia (ARF/RHD writing group), National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Australian guideline for prevention, diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (2nd edition). (https://www.rhdaustralia.org.au/arf-rhd-guideline) (2012). (https://www.rhdaustralia.org.au/arf-rhd-guideline)(PDF, 3.22MB)


The objective of this article is to establish the prevalence of spasticity in a random selection of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in the Northeast of England. A secondary aim was to assess the adequacy of current pharmacological intervention for spasticity and assess the relationship between spasticity and overall disability. The study design was a simple comparison that examined differences in functional independence in 2 random groups of people with MS subdivided by the presence of clinically significant spasticity. A total of 68 adults with a diagnosis of clinically definite MS were included in the study. Their level of functional independence was assessed using the Newcastle Independence Assessment Form (NIAF), the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and the Kurtzke Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Spasticity was assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale. A subjective analysis was made of the appropriateness of oral antispastic medication by a rehabilitation physician. Thirty-two people (47%) had clinically significant spasticity (Modified Ashworth Score of 2, 3, or 4). Seventy-eight percent of the population were receiving some oral antispastic medication, but 50% were deemed to require some drug adjustment or additional treatment. Individuals with spasticity were found to have significantly higher levels of disability than those who had no spasticity or clinically insignificant spasticity. This study has confirmed that spasticity is highly prevalent in the MS population and is significantly associated with a reduced level of functional independence. Treatment of spasticity is suboptimal in a large proportion of the population, and the need for further information and education to health professionals and to people with MS is highlighted.


Correlations between absenteeism and work attitudes such as job satisfaction have often been found to be disappointingly weak. As prior work reveals, this might be due to ignoring interactive effects of attitudes with different attitude targets (e.g. job involvement and organizational commitment). Drawing on basic principles in personality research and insights about the situational variability of job satisfaction judgments, we proposed that similar interactions should be present also for attitudes with the same target. More specifically, it was predicted that job involvement affects absenteeism more if job satisfaction is low as this indicates a situation with weak constraints. Both attitudes were assessed in a sample of 436 employees working in a large civil service organization, and two indexes of absence data (frequency and time lost) were drawn from personnel records covering a 12-month period following the survey. Whereas simple correlations were not significant, a moderated regression documented that the hypothesized interaction was significant for both indicators of absence behaviour. As a range of controls (e.g. age, gender, job level) were accounted for, these findings lend strong support to the importance of this new, specific form of attitude interaction. Thus, we encourage researchers not only to consider interactions of attitudes with a different focus (e.g. job vs. organization) but also interactions between job involvement and job satisfaction as this will yield new insights into the complex function of attitudes in influencing absenteeism. © 2007 The British Psychological Society.


The extended Förster theory (EFT) is for the first time applied to the quantitative determination of the intramolecular distances in proteins. It is shown how the EFT (J. Chem. Phys., 1996, 105, 10896) can be adapted to the analyses of fluorescence depolarisation experiments based on the time-correlated single photon counting technique (TCSPC). The protein system studied was the latent form of plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1), which was mutated and labelled by the thiol reactive BODIPY(R) derivative {N-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-yl)methyl iodoacetamide}. The energy migration occurs within pairs of photophysically identical donor groups that undergo reorientational motions on the timescales of energy migration and fluorescence relaxation. Unlike all models currently used for analysing fluorescence TCSPC data, the EFT explicitly accounts for the time-dependent reorientations that influence the rate of electronic energy transfer/migration in a complex manner. The complexity is related to the "kappa(2) problem", which has been discussed for years. The EFT brings the analyses of DDEM data to the same level of molecular description as in ESR and NMR spectroscopy, i.e. it yields microscopic information about the reorientation correlation times, the order parameters, as well as inter-chromophoric distances.


In the new "liberal eugenics," children could be genetically improved as long as the enhancements let children choose from among a wide range of ways to live their lives. The German political philosopher Jürgen Habermas has opened a debate with the proponents of this view. Habermas suggests that a person could not really regard her life as her own if she lived with a body that somebody else had, without asking her opinion, "enhanced" for her.


Book description: This definitive catalogue is published to accompany a major V&A exhibition, the sequel to the hugely successful Age of Chivalry held at the Royal Academy in 1987. There is no other publication of this size and scope covering this important period of English art.
Leading medieval scholars have contributed essays on subjects which encompass all aspects of life in this vibrant and influential time in English history - from war and politics to royalty and patronage, religion and the relationship with Europe, music and architecture. A magnificent range of images present the very finest works of late medieval art, with architecture a major feature in a period when English churches and cathedrals were at their most splendid. Many of the remarkable surviving examples of stone work, wood carving, stained glass and gold and silver plate have been gathered together for the first time, creating a book of both scholarship and beauty.


Proceedings of the 76th Annual Pacific Northwest Insect Management Conference, held January 9-10, 2017 at the Hilton Hotel, Portland, Oregon.


Of 1400 patients in Jamaica screened for uncomplicated gonorrhoea, 54% (753 patients) were culture positive. Of the 459 patients who complied with the terms of the study, 97% (211/218) of those treated with aqueous procaine penicillin G were cured compared with 94% (227/241) of those treated with ampicillin. Penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains were identified for the first time during the study, and 10 patients infected with PPNG strains (two treated with penicillin, eight with ampicillin) contributed to the 21 treatment failures. The in vitro susceptibility of eight antimicrobial agents for 629 non-PPNG and 20 PPNG strains was estimated. Of the non-PPNG isolates, 8% had an MIC of 1 mg/l or more of penicillin, 11% were resistant to this concentration of ampicillin, 32% to tetracycline, and under 1% to the same concentration of cefuroxime and erythromycin. Fewer than 2% of the isolates were resistant to 2 mg/l or more thiamphenicol, and all isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin and trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole (at a ratio of 1:19). Significantly more strains from the 21 treatment failures were resistant to penicillin (52%) or ampicillin (62%) compared with 7% strains resistant to penicillin and 4% to ampicillin from the successfully treated group.


This paper presents monitor placement scheme for single node fault detection in optical network. A single fault at a node may generally produce single/many alarms; as a result it becomes very difficult to detect the exact origin of failure. Our two-phased scheme minimizes the placement of the number of monitors to detect the origin of fault in polynomial time. We demonstrate the performance of our scheme on 14-node NSFnet.


Knowledge of risk is no guarantee of risk avoidance. Zambia has one of the highest rates of HIV infection in the world. Over the last two decades the Zambian government and international agencies have made major efforts to inform Zambians on how AIDS is transmitted. This article examines what Gwembe Tonga know about HIV transmission, and what they do with that knowledge as evidenced by behavioral change using data from a longitudinal study of Gwembe Tonga initiated in 1956. Knowledge that HIV is sexually transmitted is publicly demonstrated during funerals by the adoption of alternatives to sexual intercourse with surviving spouse to cleanse survivors of death pollution. That knowledge may then be ignored when behavior is not subject to public scrutiny and counsel but is motivated by immediate desires.


A version of thermoporometry dedicated to analyzing the pore network of expanding clays is proposed here. The blurred, wide Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) peak obtained upon the melting of a frozen clay sample is processed by means of a deconvolution analysis based on searching for such a temperature distribution of "pulse-like heat events" which, convolved with the apparatus function, gives a minimal deviation from the observed heat flux function, i.e. the calorimetric signal. As a result, a sharp thermogram was obtained which can be transformed easily into the pore-size distribution curve. Results obtained for samples of two Clay Minerals Society Source Clays (montmorillonites SWy-2 from Wyoming and STx-1b from Texas) at different water contents indicate a greater resolution and sensitivity than that achieved by classical thermoporometry using the unprocessed DSC signal. Phenomena corresponding to the evolution of the pore network as a function of the water content have been detected in samples with large water contents subjected to free drying prior to the experiments.


The aim of this paper is to show how network analysis may be applied to the study of cross-border trade in West Africa. We start by discussing how recent developments in regional trade in West Africa have contributed to challenging the social structure of traders. We then discuss the changes that have affected the spatiality of regional trade by looking at the influence of spatial location and geographic scale on traders' abilities to trade. In both cases, we argue that the value of social network analysis in exploring how traders have progressively adapted to social and spatial changes in economic activities has been greatly underestimated. Our discussion is illustrated with the case of two business networks located between Niger, Benin and Nigeria.


Swapping boron acids for carbon acids Carbon-bound boronic acids and their esters are widely used as coupling partners to make carbon-carbon bonds. More recently, these chemicals have garnered pharmaceutical interest in their own right. Li et al. report a versatile nickel-catalyzed process to replace carboxylic acids with boronate esters by using a phthalimide activator. The reaction is well suited to late-stage modification of complex molecules. The authors used the approach to produce a potent in vitro inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase, a target of interest in treating inflammatory lung diseases. Science, this issue p. eaam7355 Nickel catalyzes replacement of carboxylic acid groups with boronic acids and esters in a wide variety of compounds. INTRODUCTION The boronic acid is a functional group of enormous utility in materials science, chemosensor development, and drug discovery. In medicinal chemistry, boronic acids have been harnessed as a replacement for various structural motifs (a bioisostere) to improve the potency or pharmacokinetic profiles of lead compounds. However, the widespread incorporation of alkyl boronic acids has been largely hampered by the challenges associated with their preparation. Consequently, only two alkyl boronic acids are currently in clinical use, namely Velcade and Ninlaro. Few methods are capable of delivering alkyl boronates from readily available starting materials; most exhibit modest functional group compatibility. Indeed, boronate motifs are often installed at the early stage of a synthesis and thus consume disproportionate effort from the standpoint of planning and manipulation in multistep processes. RATIONALE Alkyl carboxylic acids, as the most variegated chemical building blocks on Earth, are present in a myriad of natural products and medicines. They represent an ideal precursor to boronic acids. Previous efforts from our laboratory revealed that, through the intermediacy of simple redox-active esters (RAEs, e.g., N-hydroxyphthalimide esters), alkyl carboxylic acids could be harnessed as convenient alkyl halide surrogates in metal-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions with carbon nucleophiles, using the same activating principles as amide bond formation. It was therefore surmised that such reactivity could be exploited in a decarboxylative borylation process wherein structurally diverse and ever-present carboxylic acids could be converted directly into high-value boronic acids. RESULTS Through the exclusive use of N-hydroxyphthalimide RAEs, a simple means to convert carboxylic acids into boronate esters was enabled with an inexpensive nickel catalyst. This reaction was broad in scope (>40 examples) and demonstrated excellent functional group compatibility (tolerating alkyl/aryl halides, amides/carbamates, alcohols, ketones, and olefins), and high levels of diastereoselectivity, allowing transformations of densely functionalized drug molecules (e.g., vancomycin and Lipitor) and natural products (e.g., enoxolone) into the analogous boronic acids. This method's unique capacity to access α-amino boronic acids from native peptides not only allowed the concise syntheses of both Velcade and Ninlaro, it also enabled the expedient discovery of three highly potent human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitors, the most potent of which has shown improved in vitro inhibitory activities (IC50 = 15 pM, Ki = 3.7 pM) relative to leading candidates previously tested in clinical trials. Enzymatic and pharmacokinetic studies indicated high functional stability in physiologically relevant media. CONCLUSION The nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling of RAEs enables substitution of ubiquitous alkyl carboxylic acids with boronate esters using an inexpensive boron source: B2pin2 (Bpin = pinacol boronate). This process provides simple and practical access to complex boronic acids that were heretofore difficult to prepare. The wide diversity of useful reactivity that is exclusive to boronic acids, such as cross-coupling, oxidation, amination, and homologation, will open distinct possibilities in retrosynthetic analysis. This work may also accelerate the discovery and development of new boron-containing therapeutics. Decarboxylative borylation. Decarboxylative borylation replaces alkyl carboxylic acids with boronate esters (top) across a broad range of substrates (middle left), enabling convenient disconnections for synthesis (middle right) and leading to the discovery of potent elastase inhibitors (bottom). The widespread use of alkyl boronic acids and esters is frequently hampered by the challenges associated with their preparation. We describe a simple and practical method to rapidly access densely functionalized alkyl boronate esters from abundant carboxylic substituents. This broad-scope nickel-catalyzed reaction uses the same activating principle as amide bond formation to replace a carboxylic acid moiety with a boronate ester. Application to peptides allowed expedient preparations of α-amino boronic acids, often with high stereoselectivity, thereby facilitating synthesis of the alkyl boronic acid drugs Velcade and Ninlaro as well as a boronic acid version of the iconic antibiotic vancomycin. The reaction also enabled the discovery and extensive biological characterization of potent human neutrophil elastase inhibitors, which offer reversible covalent binding properties.


A significant portion of the population suffer from diabetic foot ulcers. While conservative treatment is often successful, many diabetic patients with accompanying peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy are under constant medical care for chronic, recurring foot ulcers. A new injectable biomaterial, Keragen Implant, was evaluated on two patients with bilateral diabetic ulcers. The implanted lesions healed completely during the months following treatment. Control lesions treated by conventional means remained open and ulcerated.


The predominant policy for remedying the world fishing crisis aims at maximum sustainable yield (MSY) by adjusting gear selectivity and fishing effort to maintain sustainable stock levels. The yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fishery in the Sea of Oman has experienced intense increases in removals since 1980, with particularly high levels since the 1990s. Here, we apply a statistical catch-at-age model to time-series of catches and fishery-dependent length composition data to obtain a preliminary and general understanding of the population dynamics of this stock since the start of the fishery in 1950–2019. Despite limited data, population models consistently indicate a sharp decline in population status since the beginning of the time-series across a variety of assumptions on stock productivity and life history. The gillnet fishery takes almost exclusively immature individuals, with high fishing intensity and removal rates. Both reference models indicate the population is essentially at the same relative stock status in 2019 (10% of unfished), but with very different future projections and higher absolute stock size when recruitment is estimated. The yellowfin tuna population in 2019 is below estimated MSY reference points (based either on unfished size or spawning output at MSY) for current relative stock size, and over the fishing intensity at MSY, indicating current overfishing. Adjusting the interactions of that fishery with the population, while continuing to collected biological composition data representative of each fleet in the fishery, will help mitigate current stock decline and provide the ability to refine future population status determination and forecasts through more informed stock assessments.


This paper implements a model for the valuation of the default risk implicit in the prices of corporate bonds and interest rate swaps. The analytical approach considers the two essential ingredients in the valuation of corporate bonds: interest rate uncertainty and default risk. The former is modeled as a diffusion process. The latter is modeled as a spread following a diffusion process, with the magnitude of this spread impacting on the probability of a Poisson process governing the arrival of the default event. We apply two variants of this model to the valuation of fixed-for-floating swaps. In the first, the swap is default-free, and the spread represents the appropriate discounted expected value of the instantaneous TED spread; in the second, we allow the swap to incorporate default risk. We test our models using the entire term structure of corporate bond prices for different ratings and industry categories, as well as the term structure of fixed-for-floating swaps.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire in Turkish cultural context. The sample was comprised of 2720 participants, of whom 1314 were women and 1406 men. The questionnaire was developed by Shulruf, Hattie and Dixon (2007), and consisted of 28 items which were rated on a five point Likert scale. It was used as a measurement tool for assessing individualistic and collectivistic attitudes of the participants. The data that were analyzed by the Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation yielded six factors as in the original instrument. Consequently, all dimensions showed consistency with the original scale and these findings revealed the validation of the scale for the Turkish sample. This implication has also supported the efforts of testing a new individualism-collectivism measurement tool for extensive variety of populations.


Breakdown theories yield a specified time to breakdown for fields exceeding a critical value, whereas experiment shows that times-to-breakdown and breakdown fields are different on a sample-to-sample basis. This has forced the use of a statistical approach to failure, often without a clear physical understanding of the pertinent parameters. A general methodology that allows failure statistics to be derived from a given breakdown mechanism is presented. A number of case studies are used to illustrate the way in which mechanistic features can be related to the parameters of the failure statistic. In particular it is shown that the Gumbel statistic and not the Weibull function is the one appropriate to failure initiation by random defects. Both the formative stage and initiation stage of breakdown are considered, and it is shown that features can be identified in the failure statistic related to known thresholds in the active breakdown mechanism. Aging is examined through the three main control features: activation energy, field enhancement factor, and threshold factor. It is shown that distributions in each of these parameters could give rise to the observed statistics above the estimated characteristic threshold field. However, distributions in the material variables that define the local threshold value allow some failures to occur in the sample set, even at fields below the characteristic threshold level, whereas distributions in activation energy do not. The possibility of predicting the lifetime of individual specimens is briefly addressed in closing.


To provide real-time service or engineer constrained-based paths, networks require the underlying routing algorithm to be able to nd low-cost paths that satisfy given Quality-of-Service (QoS) constraints. However, the problem of constrained shortest (least-cost) path routing is known to be NP-hard, and some heuristics have been proposed to nd a near-optimal solution. However, these heuristics either impose relationships among the link metrics to reduce the complexity of the problem which may limit the general applicability of the heuristic, or are too costly in terms of execution time to be applicable to large networks. In this paper, we focus on solving the delay-constrained minimum-cost path problem, and present a fast algorithm to nd a near-optimal solution. This algorithm, called DCCR (for DelayCost-Constrained Routing), is a variant of the k-shortest path algorithm. DCCR uses a new adaptive path weight function together with an additional constraint imposed on the path cost, to restrict the search space. Thus, DCCR can return a near-optimal solution in a very short time. Furthermore, we use the method proposed by Blokh and Gutin [2] to further reduce the search space by using a tighter bound on path cost. This makes our algorithm more accurate and even faster. We call this improved algorithm SSR+DCCR (for Search Space Reduction+DCCR). Through extensive simulations, we con rm that SSR+DCCR performs very well compared to the optimal but very expensive solution.


Recognition of pathogen activates cellular signaling such as ROS, MAPK, Ca2+ signaling which ultimately fine-tunes the cell to cell communication. These further coordinates with the hormone signaling to execute the defense response at local and systemic level. Interestingly, phytopathogens have also evolved to manipulate the cellular and hormonal signaling and/or exploit hosts cell to cell connection in multiple ways at multiple levels. Overall, the triumph over the pathogen depends on prime decisions and actions-how the plant maintain, regulate and eventually break the intercellular communication through apoplastic and symplastic routes. Here, we review how intercellular communication in plants is mediated, manipulated and maneuvered during plant-pathogen interaction. Key words: Cell to cell communication, plant defense, plasmodesmata, phytohormones.


Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders among professional rugby players across countries. A cross-sectional analysis of the baseline questionnaires from an ongoing prospective cohort study was conducted. Nine national players' associations and three rugby unions distributed questionnaires based on validated scales for assessing symptoms of common mental disorders. Among the whole study sample (N=990; overall response rate of 28%), prevalence (4-week) of symptoms of common mental disorders ranged from 15% for adverse alcohol use to 30% for anxiety/depression. These findings support the prevalence rates of symptoms of common mental disorders found in previous studies among professional (i. e., elite) athletes across other sports, and suggestions can be made that the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety/depression seems slightly higher in professional rugby than in other general/occupational populations. Awareness of the prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders should be improved in international rugby, and an interdisciplinary approach including psychological attention should be fostered in the medical care of professional rugby players. Adequate supportive measures to enhance awareness and psychological resilience would lead not only to improved health and quality of life among rugby players but arguably to enhanced performance in rugby.


Author(s): Pruett-Jones, Stephen; Tarvin, Keith A. | Abstract: Records from Christmas Bird Counts were summarized to assess population growth of the Monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) in the United States from 1975 to 1996. Population growth over this period fits an exponential model of population growth with a current annual rate of increase of 12.9% and a doubling time of 5.4 years. Since 1990, however, population growth on a national scale has slowed considerably, suggesting that the species may be approaching a carrying capacity. In contrast to the results across the entire United States, the population of monk parakeets in northeastern Illinois has dramatically increased in numbers within the last decade. In this region, the Hyde Park, Chicago population appears to be acting as a source from which other areas are colonized. The monk parakeet is known to have caused damage to fruit crops in Florida, and they can be a nuisance species to local utility companies when they build their nests on power transformers. Nevertheless, such damage is highly localized and, on a national scale, there is no evidence to date that monk parakeets should be considered a pest species and subject to widespread control. The initiation of detailed studies of a banded population of this species is recommended


. In climbing, the routes that lead through a wall are mainly represented in two-dimensional maps. These climbing maps, also called "topos," help climbers and alpinists to plan their routes and find a way through the complex structures of a vertical or partially overhanging rock face. Today, a trend towards more realistic visualization techniques can be seen, where 3D representations are used for different geometric and topographic features (Kolecka, 2012). In this paper the focus is on 3D visualization and high-resolution data capturing at rock walls. Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) - based data collection has been conducted to collect digital images that are used to generate various outputs using a photogrammetry workflow. The photogrammetric processing of digital imagery results in dense 3D point clouds, digital surface models (DSM), textured 3D models and orthophotos of the test sites. How accurately is it possible to survey a vertical rock and how high the spatial resolution of the outputs will end up being is answered in this paper. After the data collection and the photogrammetric processing, a 3D climbing guide is created to answer the question if an enhanced visualization of climbing routes can be achieved. There are certain morphological features within the rock face that play a major role in climbing. For one, the climbing holds are important for climbers to continue the movement upwards. Other important factors are the dip angle and the dip direction of different rock facets. In this thesis the 3D point cloud is clustered into different sized facets, that share the same dip angle which is the angle of the center point of a cluster to a horizontal plane and the same dip direction which is the orientation of such a facet (Thanh, 2008). Using the analysis results, an automated climbing route construction is performed.


This study simulated Proton Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (pSOFC) – Micro Gas Turbine (MGT) hybrid system on three different configuration. The first configuration use bypass hot gas from combustor going to fuel heater without  pass the turbine first. The second configuration use bypass hot gas out of turbine going to fuel heater. The third configuration is combined bypass out of combustor and also bypass out of turbine. The performance of these system are analyzed by using variation of operating pressure, fuel utilization (Uf), steam to carbon ratio (S/C), and bypass valve. Moreover, the impact of different bypass position were also evaluated. The result shows that the efficiency of using a double bypass hot gas flow after combustor and turbine is about 67%. This configuration became the best one among of another two configuration which proposed in this research.  The utilization of heat by using a double bypass hot flow gas after turbine and combustor has proven more effective to increase the system efficiency. Means that it can reduce the heat losses of the system.


This paper explores a common-emitter buffer-based frequency multiplier which can be applied to the phase-locked loop (PLL) to boost the overall output frequency and locking range by locking the PLL in a lower fundamental frequency and then multiplying the fundamental frequency to a higher output frequency. An integer PLL with a frequency quadrupler is designed to verify this technique in 130nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The post-layout simulation shows this D-band (110-170GHz) PLL has a wide locking range from 126.9 to 132.4GHz. The output power into a 50Ω load is -30dBm. The total power consumption is approximately 16.95mW. The PLL phase noise at 1MHz offset frequency is -66dBc/Hz. Its settling time is ~2μs. The microchip area is 850μm×760μm.


Carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) stoichiometry can underlie physiological and life history characteristics that shape ecological interactions. Despite its potential importance, there is much to learn about the causes and consequences of stoichiometric variation in terrestrial consumers. Here we show that treehoppers (Publilia modesta) tended by ants (Formica obscuripes) contained lower N concentrations than treehoppers on plants from which ants were excluded. Ant presence also affected nutrient concentrations in host plants: on plants with ants, leaves contained uniformly low concentrations of N; on plants without ants, N concentrations were low only in the few leaves fed upon by treehoppers at the time of collection. We suggest treehopper feeding reduces leaf nutrient levels and ants positively affect treehopper abundance, producing a top–down effect on plant quality. Determining the causes of these stoichiometric changes should help elucidate factors guiding the dynamics of conditional mutualisms between ants and homopterans.


African exports of high-value agricultural products, such as processed agricultural goods and horticultural products have been growing rapidly. Some observers seem to feel that expanding these exports might be key to generating the new export revenues needed to promote development. While there is a lot of potential for expanding these exports, it seems likely that they constitute only one part of the solution. Agricultural exports, at little more than 10 percent of total exports, are simply too small to provide the base for dramatic future growth in exports. What seems to be needed is policies that allow producers to try new products and processes, and help for them to build on the successes that they identify.


The Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC) and the Taiwan Hypertension Society (THS) have appointed a joint consensus group for the 2019 Consensus of the TSOC and THS on the Clinical Application of Central blood pressure (BP) in the Management of Hypertension with the aim of formulating a management consensus on the clinical application of central BP in the management of hypertension. This consensus document focuses on the clinical application of central BP in the care of patients with hypertension. The major determinants of central BP are increased arterial stiffness and wave reflection, which are also the dominant hemodynamic manifestations of vascular aging. Central BP can be measured noninvasively using various techniques, including with convenient cuff-based oscillometric central BP monitors. Noninvasive central BP is better than conventional brachial BP to assess target organ damage and long-term cardiovascular outcomes. Based on the analysis of long-term events, a central BP threshold of 130/90 mmHg for defining hypertension has been proposed. Recent studies have suggested that a central BP strategy to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension may be more cost-effective than conventional strategies, and that guiding hypertension management with central BP may result in the use of fewer medications to achieve BP control. Although noninvasive measurements of brachial BP are inaccurate and central BP has been shown to carry superior prognostic value beyond brachial BP, the use of central BP should be justified in studies comparing central BP-guided therapeutic strategies with conventional care for cardiovascular events.


In a previous continuation tapping study (Ammirante, Thompson, & Russo, in press), each tap triggered a discrete tone in a sequence randomly varying in pitch height and contour. Although participants were instructed to ignore the tones, pitch distance and pitch contour influenced intertap interval (ITI) and tap velocity (TV). The current study replicated these findings with original melodies. Results were interpreted as an effect of apparent tonal motion, with deviation in ITI and TV mirroring implied tonal acceleration. Due to overlapping perceptual and motor representations, participants may have failed to disambiguate acceleration implied by tonal motion from the acceleration of their finger trajectory. Dissociative effects of pitch distance on ITI and pitch contour on TV implied that pitch distance influences the initial finger extension while pitch contour influences later finger flexion. Acceleration in ITI and TV were also both correlated with melodic accent strength values from perceptual data (Thomassen, 1982), suggesting that perception and production of melodic accent emerge from shared action associations.


Following Waterloo managing French public finances represented a daunting task. Defeated France had lost a substantial part of its population and of its territory. Part of the country was occupied and France was to pay huge amounts as reparations to the victors. Furthermore France's reputation had been tarnished by the partial default on its debts in 1797. Despite all these elements, in the ten years between 1815 and 1825 not only did France manage to place a huge amount of debt on the market (resulting in a threefold increase) but it did so with a spread, compared to the British consol, falling from more than 400 basis points to a meagre 100 basis point. Based on an econometric analysis of the yields of the French rentes, we show that the improvement in French institutions explains the dramatic decrease in yields.


A presentation of the main results and discussions of a study case carried out in Kalunga territory (built up by former slaves´descendants) on the situation and prospects of fair trade in that site, based on the experiment developed by the Kalunga Fair Market enterprise (KMJ), in the small town of Cavalcante (GO). Here are some of the results we can point out: a) The Kalungas are below poverty level, being part of them below destitution level; b) It´s necessary to find alternatives to genera-te income for community survival; c) KMJ is an enterprise focused on market economy and is far from being a fair trade experience or ethical solidary trade; d) KMJ poses an alternative for the commercialization of Kalunga products and the relationship set up by the enterprise provides a significant increase of the family income; e) The challenge for the building-up of a new model to organize production, distribution and consumption of socially produced goods, as well as the exercise of alter-native experiments can indeed be faced by the Kalungas, provided they have the support of public policies which, universal as they are, don´t fail to regard the unique features of their ethnic group.


The Dual Laser Plasma technique has been employed in order to investigate the time and space resolved photoabsorption behaviour of laser generated Ba, La, Ce, Eu and Au plasmas in the giant resonance energy region. For the first time, photoelectric based photoabsorption cross sections of Ba+ , Ba2+, La3+ and Au have been measured. The study of the 4d photoabsorption behaviour of the Xelsoelectronic sequence has been extended beyond Ba2+ to La3+ and atomic Au has been investigated m the 5p excitation region following previous results for the 5d transition metals W and P t Selected results for Ba2+, La3+ and Au have been discussed with use of L S -term dependent Hartree-Fock, (R)TDLDA/(R)LDA, RPAE/MBPT many body theories.


The sources such as wind power and solar power are expected to be promising energy sources when it is connected to the power grid. The wind generators have a significant impact on the power quality, voltage profile and the power flow for customers and electricity suppliers. The power exhausted from above energy sources varies due to environmental conditions. Due to the fluctuation in nature of the wind, the wind power injection into an electric grid affects the power quality. The influence of the wind sources in the grid system concerns the power quality such as the reactive power, active power, voltage variation, harmonics and electrical behaviour in switching operation[1]. Demonstration of a grid side connected wind turbine is considered here with the problem arise due to the above system. At the point of common coupling a Static Synchronous Compensator with Battery Energy Storage System-STATCOM/BESS, can regulate four-quadrant active and reactive power, which is an ideal scheme to solve problems of wind power generation. As the power from wind generation varies with time so the battery energy storage used to maintain constant real power comprehensively from varying wind power. The power generated through wind generator can be stored in the batteries at low power demand hours[2-4]. The combination of battery storage with wind energy generation system will synthesize the output waveform by absorbing or injecting reactive power and enable the real power flow required by the load. The control strategy can coordinate charge or discharge of batteries with reactive power compensation of STATCOM, and balance the batteries capacity. If required, amount of energy consumed or given to the grid can be observed through an online smart meter connected in the circuit.


A Professional Project Proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Water Resources, Water Resources Program, University of New Mexico.


Social Networking sites have become popular and common places for sharing wide range of emotions through
short texts. These emotions include happiness, sadness, anxiety, fear, etc. Analyzing short texts helps in identifying
the sentiment expressed by the crowd. Sentiment Analysis on IMDb movie reviews identifies the overall sentiment
or opinion expressed by a reviewer towards a movie. Many researchers are working on pruning the sentiment
analysis model that clearly identifies and distinguishes between a positive review and a negative review. In the
proposed work, we show that the use of Hybrid features obtained by concatenating Machine Learning features (TF,
TF-IDF) with Lexicon features (Positive-Negative word count, Connotation) gives better results both in terms of
accuracy and complexity when tested against classifiers like SVM, Naive Bayes, KNN and Maximum Entropy.
The proposed model clearly differentiates between a positive review and negative review. Since understanding the
context of the reviews plays an important role in classification, using hybrid features helps in capturing the context
of the movie reviews and hence increases the accuracy of classification.


Experimental neutron characterizations of standard and radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) flip-flops (FFs) are compared to combined GEANT4 and TIARA simulations. Good agreement is found between experiment and simulation for both architectures exhibiting soft error-rate (SER) values ranging over more than two decades. In-depth analysis of TIARA simulation results demonstrates that different underlying mechanisms are at the origin of observed soft errors: neutron-silicon (n-Si) elastic scattering for standard 65 nm FF while multiproduct nuclear reactions are for the RHBD structure. Finally, TIARA simulation results for monoenergetic neutron sources and atmospheric-like (i.e., synthetic) neutron spectra are discussed together with their impact on SER.


In this study, the adsorption potential of activated carbon olive stone for removal of Ni(II) ions from wastewater has been investigated. The study involves batch type experiments to investigate the effect of initial concentration, adsorbent dose, agitation speed, contact time, temperature and pH of solution on adsorption process and the optimum conditions were evaluated. The adsorption process has fit pseudo-second order kinetic models. Langmuir and Freundlichadsorption isotherm models were applied to analyze adsorption data and both were found to be applicable to this adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters, e.g., ΔGo, ΔSo and ΔHo of the on-going adsorption process have also been calculated and the sorption process was found to be endothermic. Finally, it can be seen that activated carbon olive stone was found to be more effective for the removal of Ni(II) from waste water than any adsorbent was used.


Bone morphogenesis proteins(BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors. They are expressed in retina,retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) and sclera and serve as a regulator in the growth and development of the eye. This article reviewed the chondrogenic potency of the sclera,biochemical and pathological changes of myopic scleral tissue and the differentiation of chondrogenesis by BMP-2. We proposed the hypothesis that BMP-2 can regulate differentiate of scleral fibroblasts and affect the development of myopia.


Scheduling complex tasks is a difficult and ill-structured problem. Totally automated solutions to certain scheduling problems have certainly been achieved; however, other types of scheduling tasks do not yield easily to traditional solution methods. The latter tasks often involve both quantitative and qualitative constraints as well as changing preferences and subjective judgement. Consequently, it is sometimes impossible to take the human element out of the loop. Faced with similar problems, research in medical artificial intelligence has yielded a model of advising, called critiquing, which can be made to be comprehensible to, and consistent with, the decisionmaker's methods. In this paper we describe a project which incorporates a version of the critiquing model within a hybrid artificial intelligence/analytical-based scheduler's workbench, called MRL.


This special issue on critical directions in Chinese architectural history is prompted by the opportunities for scholarly engagement that have opened up in postreform China. The opening is a result, not merely of China's emergence as a geopolitical power, but also of the forms of knowledge production and exchange that the reformist desire for economic growth has spawned.

After a hiatus of several decades, scholars in China are again engaging with Western scholarship. Architects and planners from the West are handling major commissions in China, and Chinese architectural firms are returning the favor. Thousands of students, practitioners, and researchers are crossing political, cultural, and linguistic boundaries to learn and to share expertise. The expansion of architectural criticism in China beyond the aegis of the state bodes well for the future. Although only a small fraction of architectural research and criticism published in Chinese has been translated into English, the surge in English-language publications on Chinese architecture and urbanism signals the potential for scholarly debate in this field. The subfield of Chinese architectural history has come a long way from being characterized as static and marginal, "dangling precariously" from the lowest branch of Banister Fletcher's Tree of Architecture.1 Now it is "change" that preoccupies scholars of Chinese architecture and urbanism.

The favorable conditions of communication take on an urgency as the pace of economic growth in China assumes sublime physical proportions, creating a gap between modes of conducting research in architectural history and the issues that have appeared critical in the midst of this landscape overhaul.2 The physical transformation of Chinese cities and rural landscapes—the destruction of historic fabric, the appropriation of agricultural land for urban expansion, the construction of massive infrastructural networks—has created a problem of description and historical caesura. China shares this phenomenon of transformation with many …


In Pulliam v. Coastal Emergency Services of Richmond, Inc., the Virginia Supreme Court upheld the federal and state constitutionality of Virginia's statutory medical malpractice cap for the third time. While this Note follows much scholarly analysis on the constitutional debate over medical malpractice caps, this Note focuses on the state constitutional challenges that may provide the most viable arguments for striking down medical malpractice caps as invalid tort reform in Virginia. Although Pulliam should come as no surprise given Virginia's conservative rulings upholding the constitutionality of its medical malpractice cap, the Virginia Supreme Court made two egregious errors in its most recent constitutional analysis. First, the court incorrectly applied the standard of review with respect to the Commonwealth's prohibition against special legislation. Second, the court applied the wrong standard of review with respect to challenges against state equal protection guarantees. Consequently, Virginia's medical malpractice cap continues to violate the Commonwealth's constitution, leaving those most severely injured by medical malpractice negligence unable to pursue full compensation for their injuries – a legal right that Virginia affords any other tort plaintiff.


There is an alarming news recently revealed on media that 8.7 percent of users on Facebook are fake; this amounts to more than 83 million accounts worldwide. Consequently this huge number of fake users whose profiles were unverified translates to the potential dangers ranging from espionage, identity thievery, information misuse and loophole to privacy compromise to the users and their families. Nowadays with the popularity of online social networks (OSN), it is easy to footprint a potential target from the information easily trawled from the Web. Anyone can simply impose as somebody else that s/he claimed to be, without checking whether the information is genuine or not. For example it is so easy to impersonate one's identity on OSN by supplying fake photos and false names, which will go preemptively unchecked by Facebook. In this paper, a preliminary experiment of applying decision tree classification algorithms is presented, for identifying imposters from a pool of "friends" in Facebook. The classification approach is similar to that of classifying spams from legitimate emails except the attributes of a user's account is taken into consideration instead of text-mining the message contents. An accuracy of 92.1% is demonstrated to be achievable using the classification techniques.


Ready-to-use foods (RUFs) using indigenous sources in developing countries is highly required to treat moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). However, incorporating an animal protein may affect their effectiveness. Thus, two local RUFs were produced without (LF-1) and with eggs (LF-2). The objective of this study was to assess and compare to Plumpy'Sup (PS), the impact of adding enriched eggs in cashew/soy/rice based RUF on the proximate composition, growth and blood biochemical parameters in malnourished Wistar rats by Anagobaka diet. Proximate composition revealed that, with the exception of fiber and ash contents, the two RUFs recorded protein, lipid, carbohydrate and energy values globally comparable to PS. They also met WFP's recommendations for foods to treat MAM. Results of growth parameters show that Anagobaka diet leads to the installation of a moderate emaciation, confirmed by an average weight loss of -17 %. Moreover, recovery diets showed higher weight gain and good palatability (DMI, TPI, FER and PER) in rats fed with PS followed by those fed with LF-2 and LF-1. For the serum biochemical parameters, the rats fed with LF-2 had on the whole a better functioning of blood metabolites (glucose, total proteins, albumin, urea, creatinine, ASAT, ALAT) as well as a better accumulation of blood lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides) than those of rats fed with PS and LF-1. In conclusion, local RUFs which include enriched eggs present the best nutritional profile to treat MAM in Côte d'Ivoire but to sustain recovery a mineral supplementation will be needed.


Applying snake-like robots to environmental exploration has been a hot topic for years. How to achieve free navigation for target search in a complex environment in a safe and efficient manner is one of the main tasks that researchers in the field of robotics currently face. This article presents a target exploration system that takes advantages of visual sensing to navigate the snake-like robot in structured environments. Two cameras are utilized in the system. The first one is mounted on the head of the snake-like robot for target recognition and the other is an overhead camera which is responsible for locating the robot and identifying surrounding obstacles. All dead ends in the environment can thus be recognized using a template-based method. A search strategy for traversal of the dead ends is employed for generating exploration paths. Several gaits are developed for the snake-like robot. By switching between these gaits, the snake-like robot is able to follow the paths to search for the target. Two experiments are conducted in a maze environment. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed system for snake-like robots exploring in structured environments.


: Palm vein authentication has high level of accuracy because it is located inside the body and does not change over the life and cannot be stolen. These papers present an analysis of palm vein pattern recognition algorithms, techniques, methodologies and system. It discusses the technical aspects of recent approaches for the following processes; detection of region of interest (ROI), segment of palm vein pattern, features extraction, and matching. The results show that, there is no benchmark database exists for palm vein recognition. For all processes, there are many machine learning techniques with very high accuracy .


This thesis makes a contribution to three areas of sociological thought. First, it is concerned with the elaboration and extension of the political economy approach to migration as it is represented in the work of Stephen Castles and his various co-authors. It suggests that the work of Castles, et al., is relatively silent on the role of the state, and ideological relations in the structuration of migration. In seeking to further refine the political economy framework as it is applied to migration, this thesis draws upon two other sets of literature which, in part, have emerged as counters to some of the more economistic of their formulations. In this light, the second area of sociological literature I draw upon is the recent work on the concepts of free and unfree labour. Finally, this thesis is informed by an analysis of recent debates on the concept of racialization. In synthesizing these three strands of sociology, this thesis advances the theoretical claim that political economy oriented theorists should focus on modes of incorporation, or the manner in which foreign-born labour articulates with capital and the state. Within this context, four distinct modes of incorporation under capitalism are identified. These modes of incorporation are designated as: free immigrant labour, unfree immigrant labour, free migrant labour and unfree migrant labour. This thesis suggests that agents are subject to particular modes of incorporation, in part, on the basis on the process of racialization. This thesis uses the cases of late nineteenth and early twentieth century Chinese migration to Canada, and the post-1945 migration of farm labourers, from a number of source countries, including, specifically, the Netherlands, Poland, Germany, and the Caribbean, to the south western Ontario fruit and vegetable industry to highlight the centrality of the state in the process of migration, and the differential modes of incorporation of foreign-born persons into sites in production relations. Furthermore, the process of racialization is seen to have an impact on whether particular groups are allowed entry to a social formation, and upon how they are incorporated into sites in production relations.


Network Diagnosis Tools with industrial-grade quality are not widely available for common users such as researchers and students. This kind of tool enables users to develop Distributed Embedded Systems using low-cost and reliable setups. In the context of RISC-V Extensions and Domain-Specific Architecture, this paper proposes a Real-Time RISC-V-based CAN-FD Bus Diagnosis Tool, named RiscDiag CanFd, as an open-source alternative. The RISC-V Core extension is a CAN-FD Communication Unit controlled by a dedicated ISA Extension. Besides the extended RISC-V core, the proposed SoC provides UDP Communication via Ethernet for connecting the proposed solution to a PC. Additionally, a GUI application was developed for accessing and using the hardware solution deployed in an FPGA. The proposed solution is evaluated by measuring the lost frame rate, the precision of captured frames timestamps and the latency of preparing data for Ethernet communication. Measurements revealed a 0% frame loss rate, a timestamp error under 0.001% and an acquisition cycle jitter under 10 ns.


Derivatives of nonconjugal plasmids that carry Tn4399, a transposon isolated from Bacteroides fragilis, can be mobilized for transfer by the broad-host-range IncP plasmids pRK231 or R751 in Escherichia coli. To characterize regions of Tn4399 involved in mobilization, we have isolated and analyzed subcloned fragments of Tn4399 in E. coli, as well as mutations within the element. We have identified a "mobilization cassette" within a 2.8-kb region of Tn4399 which, when cloned into mobilization-deficient plasmids, allows these plasmids to be mobilized in trans by the IncP plasmids pRK231 and R751. The 2.8-kb region has been sequenced, and several open reading frames have been identified. Mutants defective in two genes, designated mocA and mocB, coding for deduced products of 36.4 and 16.4 kDa, respectively, cannot be mobilized by either IncP plasmid; these mutants can be complemented in the presence of the respective wild-type genes in trans. This suggests that the putative MocA and MocB proteins have a role in the mobilization process. The 36.4-kDa MocA protein contains a 14-amino-acid sequence which is closely related to a highly conserved motif within DNA relaxases encoded by a wide variety of conjugal or mobilizable plasmids. Subcloning experiments also lead to the localization of an oriT region within a 199-bp fragment, internal to the mobilization cassette.


We consider quadrangulations with a boundary and derive explicit expressions for the generating functions of these maps with either a marked vertex at a prescribed distance from the boundary, or two boundary vertices at a prescribed mutual distance in the map. For large maps, this yields explicit formulae for the bulk–boundary and boundary–boundary correlators in the various encountered scaling regimes: a small boundary, a dense boundary and a critical boundary regime. The critical boundary regime is characterized by a one-parameter family of scaling functions interpolating between the Brownian map and the Brownian continuum random tree. We discuss the cases of both generic and self-avoiding boundaries, which are shown to share the same universal scaling limit. We finally address the question of the bulk–loop distance statistics in the context of planar quadrangulations equipped with a self-avoiding loop. Here again, a new family of scaling functions describing critical loops is discovered.


PURPOSE
The chemistry, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, efficacy, and safety of the recently introduced combination antimicrobial agent ceftolozane-tazobactam are reviewed.

SUMMARY
Ceftolozane-tazobactam (Zerbaxa, Cubist Pharmaceuticals) is a cephalosporin β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor marketed as a fixed-dose combination agent for the treatment of complicated urinary tract and intraabdominal infections. Its dosing and chemistry provide expansive antimicrobial coverage of gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and stable activity against many β-lactamases, as well as coverage of most extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing organisms and some anaerobes. Ceftolozane-tazobactam is susceptible to hydrolysis by carbapenemase enzymes but is not affected by other resistance mechanisms such as efflux pumps and porin loss. Clinical trials demonstrated that combination treatment with ceftolozane-tazobactam plus metronidazole had efficacy comparable to that of levofloxacin in patients with complicated urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis, and comparable to that of meropenem against complicated intraabdominal infections. A Phase III trial of ceftolozane-tazobactam versus meropenem for treatment of bacterial pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia, is underway. Adverse effects reported with ceftolozane-tazobactam use are comparable to those seen with other β-lactams (e.g., hypersensitivity, nausea, diarrhea, headache). Initially, ceftolozane-tazobactam may be reserved for targeted therapy against multidrug-resistant pathogens.

CONCLUSION
Ceftolozane-tazobactam is a new cephalosporin with enhanced activity against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and other gram-negative pathogens.


We present the results of an experimental investigation of the temporal evolution of plasmas produced by high power laser irradiation of various types of target materials. We obtained 'high-quality' interferometric data on the evolution of the plasma electronic profile, which can be directly compared with analytical models and numerical simulations. For aluminium and plastic targets, the agreement with 1D simulations performed with the hydrocode MULTI is excellent, at least for large times (t ⩾ 400 ps). In this case, simulations also show that the effect of radiation transport is negligible. The situation is quite different for gold targets for which, in order to get a fair enough agreement, we must take radiation transport into account.


Background and aims Nailfold capillaroscopy (NVC) is an useful, non-invasive, reproducible and cost-effective favourable diagnostic tool able to assess the shape of capillaries in the periungal region and the presence of their peculiar abnormalities, essential in the differential diagnosis of connective tissue diseases (CTD). Methods The aim of the study was to evaluate if selected NVC pictures are linked to SLE onset in a cohort of 42 CTD-affected women presenting Raynaud's phenomenon, observed over 36 months. All of them were examined by this method every 6 months. We considered the following NVC parameters: presence of ectasic capillary loops (diameter ≥20 µm); megacapillaries (≥50 µm); hemosiderin deposits; capillary number reduction; neo-angiogenesis phenomena; micro-vascular array disorganisation. CTD and SLE diagnoses were posed according to the 2015 ACR/SLICC criteria. Qualitative variables were expressed in frequencies; their association, by non-parametric tests. Quantitative variables were assessed by analysis of co-variance. Results The presence of hemosiderin deposits, ectasic loops and neo-angiogenic phenomena was strongly associated to the clinical subgroup of patients that later developed SLE (12/42 subjects; OR=13.5). The variable meandering deposits was the more strongly associated to SLE onset (OR=8.32; p<0.0101). The independent variables ectasic loops (OR=12.16) and neo-angiogenic phenomena (OR=6.60) were predictive for the persistence of CTD diagnosis. Conclusions Nailfold capillaroscopy, summarising, can help in CTD management, since the presence of typical capillaroscopic abnormalities seems to be related to the development of SLE.


The development of refractoriness to the short-day melatonin rhythm in mid-winter triggers recrudescence of the photoinhibited reproductive system of many rodents. As a result, over-wintering animals attain reproductive competence prior to the onset of spring conditions that favor successful reproduction. While in the photorefractory state, hamsters are insensitive to short day lengths and the associated long-duration melatonin rhythm. Prior to regaining sensitivity to short day length inhibition of reproduction, hamsters must first be exposed to 10 to 12 weeks of long, summer-like day lengths and the associated short-duration melatonin rhythm. The neural melatonin target tissues that mediate the breaking of photorefractoriness by long day lengths have not been identified. Long day length information is thought to be communicated to the reproductive axis through the actions of melatonin at the reuniens nucleus of the thalamus (NRe) and the SCN of the hypothalamus. The authors report that the SCN and the NRe also participate in the breaking of reproductive photorefractoriness by long day lengths. Micro-implants of melatonin that were left in place for 12 weeks during exposure to long day lengths and that act locally on these brain nuclei to obscure the endogenous melatonin rhythm, and thus ambient day length information, blocked the breaking of refractoriness. Identical melatonin implants located in another melatonin target tissue, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, did not interfere with the breaking of reproductive refractoriness. By contrast, breaking of refractoriness of the seasonal body mass response did not follow the pattern exhibited by the reproductive response. The results suggest that these melatonin target tissues serve distinct but overlapping roles in the photoperiodic mechanism.


The Silk Road, a major traffic route across the Eurasia continent, has been a convergence for the exchange, communication and dissemination of various cultures such as nations, materials, religions and arts for more than two thousand years. And the cultural heritage along the long and complicate route has been also attractive. In recent years, the Silk Road – the Road Network along the Chang'an-Tianshan Mountain has been listed in the Directory of World Cultural Heritage. The rare and rich cultural resources along the Silk Road, especially those in the territory of China, have attracted attentions of the world. This article describes the research ideas, methods, processes and results of the planning design on the internet-based dissemination services platform system for cultural heritage resources. First of all, it has defined the targeting for dissemination services and the research methods applied for the Silk Road heritage resources, based on scientific and objective spatial measurement and research on history and geography, to carry on the excavation of values of cultural resource for the target users. Then, with the front-end art exhibit by means of innovative IT, time and space maps of cultural heritage resources, interactive graphics display, panoramic three-dimensional virtual tour, and the Silk Road topics as the main features, a comprehensive and multi-angle cultural resources dissemination services platform is built. The research core of the platform is a demand-oriented system design on the basis of cultural resources and features as the fundamental, the value of contemporary manifestation as the foundation, and cultural dissemination and service as a starting point. This platform has achieved, temporal context generalization, interest profiles extension, online and offline adaptation, and other prominent innovations. On the basis of routes heritage resource protection and dissemination services with complex relationship between time and space, and the Silk Road as the representative, practice and research of the platform in the internet context help to provide an application reference and theoretical basis.


Early Jurassic tholeiitic lavas that flowed across Mesozoic basins of northeastern North America were comagmatic, as shown by their geochemistry, petrography, paleomagnetism, radiometric ages, and stratigraphy. The basin basalts are correlated with diabase dikes that intersect the basins but also extend far outside them. If the dikes represent feeders to fissure vents, a vast flood-basalt province must have extended across the rifted terranes of eastern North America in Early Jurassic time. The initial member of the basalt flood was the most uniform and widespread among present basin remnants of the basalts, but subsequent flows may have covered some areas farther from the basins. Other, younger Jurassic flood basalts have been described along submarine sections of the continental shelf and shelf break, and beneath Cretaceous coastal plain sediments in the southeastern United States. Across the inland Mesozoic rift terranes, the initial fissure eruptions produced a temporary basaltic plain perhaps 1600 km long and 200 to 400 km wide, or roughly 500000 km 2 , rivaling other great continental flood-basalt provinces.


This case report describes a patient, who presented with extrapyramidal side effects to the treatment with metoclopramide, which is used as an antiemetic, for gastroparesis and reflux. However, beyond its desired effect, serious neurological adverse reactions can be seen, which is why the European Medicines Agency and the Danish Medicines Agency have changed the recommendations for its use. If the extrapyramidal side effects include the respiratory muscles, the patient's ability to breathe can be affected. If a patient receiving metoclopramide or anti-psychotic drugs shows signs of tachypnoea or acute respiratory distress, the possibility of respiratory dyskinesia should always be considered.


A method for calculating the redistribution of resonance radiation in hot, dense plasmas is developed by extending the Frequency Fluctuation Model (FFM). This paper is devoted to a brief review of lineshape theory in the linear response approximation, and an introduction to the FFM approach to the modeling of lineshapes in plasmas. This discussion begins with a consideration of the spectral lines emitted by complex ions in plasmas. As is well known, the lineshape is determined by the time- dependent coupling of the ion with the plasma environment. This plasma-emitter interaction, leads to Stark broadening of the spectral lines, and traditionally has been considered in the approximation which treats the effect of the electrons on the emitting ion in the impact limit while the ionic perturbation is taken to be quasi-static. In this approximation, the time dependence of the perturbation has been eliminated, resulting in a spectral line shape that has purely homogeneous and inhomogeneous contributions and that is described by a simple sum of independent electron impact broadened static components. In order to clarify the concepts presented, examples of radiative redistribution functions for simple cases are presented. Included is an example of an X-ray laser pumped system which illustratesmore » the capability of the mpdel to provide a sensitive method for the study of radiative transfer under plasma conditions of partial redistribution. That is, in cases where the strong mixing limit is not attained so that the mixing of the inhomogeneous spectral line components is not fast enough to produce a completely redistributed line.« less


Selective bioactive compounds have emerged as major players in chemical biology for their potential in disrupting diverse biological pathways with minimal adverse effects. Using phenotypic screening, we identified an anti-cancer agent, SB2001, with a highly specific cytotoxicity toward HeLa human cervical cancer cells. The subsequent mechanistic study revealed that SB2001 induced apoptotic cell death through restoring p53 function and suppressed the human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated oncoprotein signaling pathway via oxidative damage in HeLa cells. SB2001 also selectively induced HeLa-specific tumor regression without any adverse effects in an in vivo tumor xenograft model, demonstrating its potential as a promising chemical probe.


Central venous catheters (CVC) are a major source of nosocomial bacteraemia. The majority of cases are due to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Severe complications, in particular septic shock, develop in 30% of all CVC-associated septicaemia cases and are usually caused by S. aureus. Some patients develop metastatic suppurative complications. Risk factors include prolonged catheterization, localization of catheter to the groin, the number of times the system is entered, use for parenteral nutrition and for dialysis, immunosuppresion and loss of skin integrity especially in burns. Important measures to decrease the rate of CVC-related infections include aseptic technique during insertion, changing transparent semipermeable dressing at least every 48 hours and replacement of the entire delivery system every 72 h. Technological advances such as bonding antimicrobial agents to the intravascular device may reduce the risk of infection. Treatment of CVC-related infections usually requires catheter removal.


Brazil has developed a community-led, market-based approach to land reform in which poor rural laborers and farmers, either landless or with insufficient land for subsistence, form beneficiary associations through which to obtain financing to buy agricultural properties, for which they negotiate directly with willing sellers. The financing package includes complementary funds for investments to enhance land productivity (water, electricity, livestock, farm machinery) or improve welfare (housing, schools). The results are good: beneficiary incomes have increased substantially, predominantly from agricultural production, and the approach has accelerated the pace and lowered the cost of land access by the rural poor throughout the Northeast and elsewhere in Brazil.


Valorization of cultural heritage in the inner areas. Preliminary considerations Depopulation is a phenomenon that seriously affects inner areas of the country. The consequences of this phenomenon have an impact on these communities at all levels, including the management of their cultural and natural heritage. However, cultural heritage has great potential to contribute to economic activity's regeneration in these areas. In this context the paper aims at analyzing the problem, through two main issues: cultural routes and cultural governance. Finally, the paper aims at drawing first suggestions for further research in order to improve cultural heritage enhancement in inner areas.


Wax formation in diesel and biodiesel fuels at low temperatures is one of the major problems faced by the fuels industry as crystallisation of the saturated compounds present in these solutions can plug up filters and obstruct pipelines. Preventing wax formation in these multicomponent mixtures requires a good understanding of the crystallisation behaviour of both n-alkanes and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs). This work studies solutions of methyl palmitate and stearate in representative mixtures of diesel fuels and unsaturated esters solvents, providing an overall assessment of their solubility and nucleation kinetics. An in-depth analysis of the growth kinetics and crystal morphology for methyl stearate crystallising from n-dodecane, kerosene and toluene solvents is also presented.

To perform this study methodologies are developed for the assessment of nucleation kinetics and morphological indexation of crystal specific faces. Models for the analysis of crystal growth kinetics are also derived. These describe the effect in series of the diffusion of growth units within the bulk of the solution and a rate of incorporation of these units which is associated to the molecular structure of the crystal faces´ surface.

It was found that the solubility and crystallisation kinetics of methyl palmitate and stearate is very dependent on the solution environment in particular solvent type. Solubilities are higher in solvents whose molecules have more compact structures, such as in the case of toluene and methyl-cyclohexane and are lower in unsaturated methyl ester type solvents.

The nucleation process in these systems is found to be much more thermodynamically controlled in the case of diesel type solvents and show a greater kinetic influence in the case of unsaturated methyl esters solvents. The growth kinetics of methyl stearate crystals is found to be strongly associated to the level of solvation of these solutes molecules as well as to the chemical structure of the crystal-solution interface. Accordingly, the rate limiting step is suggested to be the integration of growth units to the surface of the crystal in the case of methyl stearate growing from n-dodecane solvent, and more diffusional controlled in the case of methyl stearate growing from kerosene and toluene solvents. The morphology of methyl stearate crystals however is not found to be strongly influenced by solvent type, only showing changes as a function of supersaturation in the case of kerosene solvent.


Our country has a long and somewhat disquieting history of confronting perceived threats to our political system with laws that muffle voices of dissent, particularly during times of war and great social or economic change. Until the late 1960s, the jurisprudence of language associated with violence and crime reflected this tendency, permitting the restriction of voices that we found dangerous, disruptive, threatening, and even unpatriotic. Then, in perhaps our greatest moment of unrest - at the height of the Civil Rights movement and the Vietnam war - the Supreme Court embraced sweeping protections for the voices of dissent, even those who, in their advocacy, invoked the specter of illegal conduct and violence as a means of achieving social change. In the decades that followed, as America's status in the world grew apparently more dominant and secure, the Court reaffirmed its tolerance for such expression. Our courts, and indeed the people, subsequently embraced the marketplace of ideas that flourishes in the absence of these restraints. But now our tolerance runs thin. Real or not, we perceive the convergence of several dangers - the physical threat of terrorism, both foreign and domestic; the economic threat of recession, corporate scandal, and globalization; and the social threat of new technology that connects, informs, exposes, and overwhelms us. At this moment, certain First Amendment protections are ripe for circumscription. The question, then, is whether our constitutional right of free speech is relative and conditional. The populist answer is yes. The legal answer is much more complicated. To that end, this Article carries three goals. The first is to highlight parallel signals from the three branches of government suggesting that dangerous instructional speech will no longer be tolerated or constitutionally protected. The legislative branch has recently criminalized speech that is understood to promote criminal activity by teaching or demonstrating its methods. The executive branch undertook the first prosecution under this recent statute and instituted new investigative guidelines and procedures designed to aid enforcement of these provisions. Finally, the judicial branch recently signaled its willingness to consider exempting instructional speech from full constitutional protection. Building on this last point, the second goal of this Article is to establish that the Supreme Court may be poised to announce a new theory of lesser constitutional protection for dangerous instructional speech. Here, I suggest that the Court will likely explicitly limit the scope of Brandenburg v. Ohio, distinguishing and exempting speech that, through its capacity to perform a teaching function, creates the abstract potential for violence. In its place the Court seems inclined to adopt a derivative of the public danger doctrine more akin in application, albeit unintentionally, to a discredited analysis used primarily to sanction political censorship of the Socialist Party in the 1920s and of the Communist Party in the 1950s. Brandenburg's imminence requirement is eliminated as applied to certain types of instructional speech under this approach. The question of public danger, both as a matter of doctrine and proof, will become a function of the speech itself and the context of its distribution. Intent, a question of fact, may be consumed by the scope of the public-danger analysis. The third and final goal of this Article is to demonstrate that this public-danger derivative will, in application, create a de facto Internet-specific standard, incorporating standards of likelihood and intent that are easily subsumed by the very nature of the network and that will tend to affirm content-based regulation of disfavored online speech that performs a teaching function. The likelihood of such an outcome is both real and profoundly troubling. The ideal of freedom that lies at the heart of open Internet architecture is intended to secure and promote expression. Yet, the derivative public-danger doctrine that I envision would turn this ideal on its head. Decentralization, data neutrality, immediate and unlimited access, anonymity - the very core of the Internet - would themselves create the pretext of danger, and thus the foundation for curtailing expression. An analytical framework that one might find acceptable in the offline world would create near self-validating restrictions on instructional speech when applied online.