BACKGROUND
Numerous surgical techniques have been developed to treat glenohumeral instability. Anterior tightening procedures have been associated with secondary glenohumeral osteoarthritis, unlike the anterior-inferior capsular shift procedure, which has been widely advocated as a more anatomical repair. The objective of the present study was to quantify glenohumeral joint translations, articular contact, and resultant forces in cadaveric specimens in order to compare the effects of unidirectional anterior tightening with those of the anterior-inferior capsular shift.

METHODS
Six normal fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested on a custom rig with use of a coordinate-measuring machine to obtain kinematic measurements and a six-axis load transducer to measure resultant external joint forces. Shoulders were tested in the scapular plane in three configurations (normal anatomical, anterior tightening, and anterior-inferior capsular shift) and in three humeral rotations (neutral, internal, and external). Glenohumeral articular surface geometry was quantified with use of stereophotogrammetry for kinematic and contact analyses. Resultant joint forces were computed on the basis of digitized coordinates of tendon insertions and origins.

RESULTS
Compared with the controls (maximum elevation, 167 degrees 8 degrees ), the anteriorly tightened specimens demonstrated loss of external rotation, significantly restricted maximum elevation (135 degrees 16 degrees , p = 0.002), posterior-inferior humeral head subluxation, and significantly greater posteriorly directed resultant forces at higher elevations (p < 0.05). In contrast, compared with the controls, the specimens that had been treated with the anterior-inferior capsular shift demonstrated a similar maximum elevation (159 degrees +/- 11 degrees , p = 0.8) without any apparent loss of external rotation and with reduced humeral translation.

CONCLUSIONS
Anterior tightening adversely affects joint mechanics by decreasing joint stability, limiting both external rotation and arm elevation, and requiring greater posterior joint forces to attain maximum elevation. The anterior-inferior capsular shift improves joint stability while preserving external rotation with no significant loss of maximum elevation.


Inrush currents in transformers can have very disruptive effects, such as voltage sags, false tripping of the protective devices, and mechanical stresses in the transformer windings. This paper shows that there are operating situations that may cause a transformer to draw abnormally high inrush currents. Examples include the normal operation of offline uninterruptible power-supply (UPS) systems, interruptions, voltage sags, and notching. These conditions may produce inrush-like currents of more than twice the value of the "normal" maximum inrush caused by energizing at voltage zero-crossing. For this condition, the term "phase-hop" is used in this paper. Laboratory experiments were performed on four different transformers (1 kVA) with varied characteristics and show the impact of phase-hop in the magnitude of inrush currents. The experiments are also used to validate the Electromagnetic Transients Program model used for the analysis of multiple cases. In addition, the behavior of the magnetic flux in a transformer under phase-hop is investigated and compared with different operating conditions using finite elements. The results of this paper have implications in transformer design and in the operation and design of UPS systems to prevent the damaging effects of phase-hop.


IWA Architects are required by English Heritage to conduct an archaeological building investigation of St Saviour's Church, Stydd, Lancashire (NGR SD 65385 35980), prior to extensive renovations being carried out at the site. The programme of archaeological works comprised a desk-based assessment complemented by a visual inspection of the church. Following submission of a project design, OA North was commissioned to undertake the work, which was carried out in July 2004.
The desk-based assessment determined that the true early history of the church of St Saviour, Stydd, is lost, leaving conflicting accounts of ownership and attributed dates
of foundation. It is, however, likely that there was a chapel in existence at the site by the late twelfth century associated with a hospital complex, possibly a leper hospital.
The manor of Stydd is first documented in 1265 when the Knights Hospitaller acquired the site, including the chapel.
Following the Dissolution of Monasteries the manor was seized by the Crown and subsequently given to Thomas Holt of Gristlehurst. With this, the church passed into the care of the vicar of Ribchester. In the following centuries it fell into dilapidation and was renovated and restored in the first quarter of the twentieth century. It retains many original period features and is now a Grade I Listed building.


Valone, Marianne C. M.S.M.S.E., Purdue University, May 2016. Effect of Humidity on the Creep Response of Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. Major Professor: Jeffrey P. Youngblood. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a derivative of cellulose, the Earth's most abundant source of a sustainable polymer. There are many applications for CNCs such as batteries, antimicrobial films, flexible displays and drug delivery. This research is focused on CNCs films and the mechanical properties once humidity was introduced. The creation of self-aligned CNCs films was utilized to perform dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing. The Forest Products Lab (FPL) in Madison, Wisconsin provided the CNCs used. Both 3.5 wt.% and 9.1 wt.% films were made and tested. A DMA method was created to test the creep response of the CNCs films at humidity levels of 80%, 40% and 0%. This method was performed at both 30°C and 50°C. Before and after the films were tested in the DMA, optical microscopy images were taken to analyze the structure of the films. It was found that the films experienced a higher strain rate at 30°C, but regardless of temperature the trend of strain was non-linear, with the highest strain reached at 80% humidity. There was full creep recovery at 40% humidity and shrinkage of the films once the humidity level reached 0%.


Control is a concept that has received surprisingly little attention in the philosophy of action and ethics, given its prima facie ties to freedom, responsibility, intentionality and agency more generally. In this collection I take the first step towards an account of agential control: the kind of control that agents commonly exercise over actions, events, and even other agents. In the introduction I give a sketch of the complete thesis on control: characterising agential control as consisting primarily in the restriction or guidance of some process, and secondarily in the continuous monitoring of that same process. I go on to suggest that the primary aspect of control involves an agent?s having the ability to effectively intervene in the process that they are controlling. The collection itself consists of three journal style papers that, whilst not being focussed explicitly on control themselves, begin to fill out the sketch in my introduction: roughly, I think that control requires an ability to intervene (effectively, an ability to do otherwise), I think that ability should be understood as a kind of disposition to effectively intervene in a process should an agent try, and I think that to build a satisfactory conditional account of dispositions we need to appeal to the recently proposed contextualist account of dispositions from David Manley and Ryan Wasserman. The three papers aim to support each of these thoughts: The first paper, ?The Anti-Akrasia Chip?, presents a counterexample to the well-known Fischer-Ravizza account of guidance control and suggests that what that account lacks is an emphasis on an agent?s being able to effectively intervene in their own behaviour; the second paper, ?Getting Specific with Manley and Wasserman?, uses a novel counterexample to motivate a particular reading on Manley and Wasserman?s contextualist account of dispositions; and the final paper, ?Relevant Abilities?, involves a defence of dispositional compatibilism by introducing the notion of a relevant ability: one grounded by the contextualist account of dispositions developed in the previous paper.


Most research into similarity search in metric spaces relies on the triangle inequality property. This property allows the space to be arranged according to relative distances to avoid searching some subspaces. We show that many common metric spaces, notably including those using Euclidean and Jensen-Shannon distances, also have a stronger property, sometimes called the four-point property: In essence, these spaces allow an isometric embedding of any four points in three-dimensional Euclidean space, as well as any three points in two-dimensional Euclidean space. In fact, we show that any space that is isometrically embeddable in Hilbert space has the stronger property. This property gives stronger geometric guarantees, and one in particular, which we name the Hilbert Exclusion property, allows any indexing mechanism which uses hyperplane partitioning to perform better. One outcome of this observation is that a number of state-of-the-art indexing mechanisms over high-dimensional spaces can be easily refined to give a significant increase in performance; furthermore, the improvement given is greater in higher dimensions. This therefore leads to a significant improvement in the cost of metric search in these spaces.


This article proposes a simple and fast approach to build simultaneous confidence bands and perform specification tests for smooth curves in additive models. The method allows for handling of spatially heterogeneous functions and its derivatives as well as heteroscedasticity in the data. It is applied to study the determinants of chronic undernutrition of Kenyan children, with a particular focus on the highly nonlinear age pattern in undernutrition. Model estimation using the mixed model representation of penalized splines in combination with simultaneous probability calculations based on the volume-of-tube formula enable the simultaneous inference directly, that is, without resampling methods. Finite sample properties of simultaneous confidence bands and specification tests are investigated in simulations. To facilitate and enhance its application, the method has been implemented in the R package AdaptFitOS.


Abstract Analysis of two Maastrichtian depositional cycles from the Lewis–Fox Hills shelf margin (S. Wyoming, U.S.A.) demonstrates that rivers played the driving role in the bypass of sand to deep water. Waves and tides were of less importance, but they had a significant influence on the relative storage and architecture of sand along the shelf edge, which in turn appear to have been driven by relative sea level and sediment supply. Clinothem 9 shows main sandstone accumulations in an extensive deltaic sandstone belt along the shelf edge and two deep-water fans. Along the deltaic sandstone belt, river channels fed sand down to deep-water areas, whereas shelf-edge segments with storm-wave domination and tidal influence did not produce channels, but passed basinwards to muddy, turbidite-starved slopes. The wave and tidal regimes, however, likely produced an eastward along-shore drift that fed sediment along the shelf edge and possibly occasionally to deep water via canyon heads. Aggradation (50 m) of the storm-wave deltas indicates a rising relative sea level, which likely favored strong wave influence by allowing open-ocean swells to shape the aggrading, shelf-edge sediment masses. Aggradation also suggests a high sediment supply for deltas to have reached the shelf edge, to have aggraded there, and to have bypassed large volumes of sand to deep water. Clinothem 10 shows main sandstone accumulations to occur in an incised shelf-edge area with a linked, large deep-water fan. The former exhibits characteristic flat-laminated sandstones (hyperpycnal flows?) and tidally influenced facies in the delta front that are cut by a prominent fluvial incision. Fluvial and overlying tidally influenced estuarine deposits infill the incision, indicating that it is a valley, probably cut during relative-sea-level fall. Outside the valley the shelf edge lacks a continuous and thick sandstone belt, suggesting that wave influence along this shelf edge was relatively weak. A falling relative sea level and wide river incision would have interrupted the otherwise common littoral drift and would have diminished wave influence. At the same time the incised segments of the shelf edge would have provided confined areas for tidal-current amplification and for focused, efficient downslope delivery of sand.


Breeding for less digestible starch in wheat can improve the health impact of bread and other wheat foods. The application of forward genetic approaches has lately opened opportunities for the discovery of new genes that influence the digestibility of starch, without the burden of detrimental effects on yield or on pasta and bread-making quality. In this study we developed a high-throughput in vitro starch digestibility assay (HTA) for use in forward genetic approaches to screen wheat germplasm. The HTA was validated using standard maize and wheat starches. Using the HTA we measured starch digestibility in hydrothermally processed flour samples and found wide variation among 118 wheat landraces from the A. E. Watkins collection and among eight elite UK varieties (23.5 to 39.9% and 31.2 to 43.5% starch digested after 90 min, respectively). We further investigated starch digestibility in fractions of sieved wholemeal flour and purified starch in a subset of the Watkins lines and elite varieties and found that the matrix properties of flour rather than the intrinsic properties of starch granules conferred lower starch digestibility.


This paper describes the continuous development of a digital map system presented in previous ISCE conferences. The latest version incorporates a number of new features that improve upon the performance of the previous systems. The most significant change is the use of the SVG format to replace the customised XML format used for the display of the digital maps. New techniques are employed in the encoding of the map to further enhance the flexibility of the system. A new client program based on Java's Batik toolkit is also developed to take full advantages of the SVG features in rendering the digital map for display


Abstract Fourteen fungal entomopathogenic strains were isolated from soil samples and infected field-collected fall armyworm larvae, in Guanajuato, Mexico. Isolates were identified by morphology and internal transcribed spacers sequencing. Isolates Ma22, Ma41, and Mr8 showed 99% identity with reference strains (RS) of Metarhizium anisopliae. Isolates Bb9, Bb19, Bb21, Bb40, Bb27, Bb23, and Bb39 showed identity between 99 and 100% with RS of Beauveria bassiana. Isolates Nr1, Nr2, Nr3, and Nr4 showed identity between 98 and 100% with RS of Nomuraea rileyi. Qualitative selection used one concentration (1 × 108 conidia/ml) on fall armyworm eggs and neonate larvae. Strains Ma22, Ma41, and Mr8 showed 100%, and strains Bb39, Bb23, Bb9, Bb40, Bb19, and Bb21 showed 92, 89.2, 87.6, 82.8, 58, and 38% egg mortality, respectively. Bioassays on neonate larvae showed 100% mortality with strains Ma22, Ma41, Mr8, and Bb9. Strains Bb39, Bb19, Bb27, Bb23, Bb21, and Bb40 showed 74, 60, 54, 53, 28, and 19% mortality, respectively. Bioassay estimated LC50s for strains Ma41 at 7.4 × 104, Mr8 at 8.9 × 104, and Ma22 at 10 × 104 conidia/ml, on fall armyworm eggs. LC50s on neonate larvae were estimated at 2.8 × 105, 16 × 105, 26 × 105, and 36 × 105 conidia/ml for strains Ma41, Bb9, Ma22, and Mr8, respectively. Virulence genes mad1 and mad2 were found in Mr8, Ma22, and Ma41, whereas the gen gmact was found only in the strain Ma22. Genes hyd1 and hyd2 were identified in Bb9, Bb19, Bb21, and Bb27. No correlation was observed between the virulence gene detection and the estimated LC50s. Strain Ma41 showed the highest potential to be developed as a bioinsecticide.


Water oxidation is the bottleneck reaction for overall water splitting as a direct and promising strategy toward clean fuels. However, the development of robust and affordable heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts remains challenging, especially with respect to the wide parameter space of synthesis and resulting material properties. Oxide catalysts performance in particular has been shown to depend on both synthetic routes and applied catalytic test methods. We here focus on spinel-type Co3O4 as a representative case for an in-depth study of the influence of rather subtle synthetic parameter variations on the catalytic performance. To this end, a series of Co3O4 samples was prepared via time-saving and tunable microwave-hydrothermal synthesis, while systematically varying a single parameter at a time. The resulting spinel-type catalysts were characterized with respect to key materials properties, including crystallinity, oxidation state and surface area using a wide range of analytical methods, such as PXRD, Raman/IR, XAS and XPS spectroscopy. Their water oxidation activity in electrocatalytic and chemical oxidation setups was then compared and correlated with the obtained catalyst properties. Both water oxidation methods displayed related trends concerning favorable synthetic parameters, namely higher activity for lower synthesis temperatures, lower precursor concentrations, addition of hydrogen peroxide and shorter ramping and reaction times, respectively. In addition to the surface area, structural features such as disorder were found to be influential for the water oxidation activity. The results prove that synthetic parameter screening is essential for optimal catalytic performance, given the complexity of the underlying performance-properties relationships.


The importance of polymer materials as construction materials is continually growing. Polymers are a cheap and light alternative to conventional materials used for construction. In the automotive industry there is a specific need for materials with a high modulus up to a high glass transition temperature (Tg) (~200°C), good processability and excellent chemical resistance. Therefore the material should be semi-crystalline and crystallise fast upon cooling from the melt. Polymer systems with a high Tg, a not too high melting temperature (Tm) and thus a high Tg/Tm ratio are thought to fulfil these requirements. Noryl-GTX®, a blend of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) and polyamide-6,6 approaches the required properties. However a high polyamide content (40%) is necessary in order to obtain enough crystallinity. The PPE and polyamide phase separate and the polyamide phase is semicrystalline with a Tg at 70°C. The aim of the work described in this thesis is to study the synthesis and structure-property relationships of semi-crystalline segmented copolymers with a high Tg (>150°C), high Tm (250-300°C) and high Tg/Tm ratio (around 0.8). These segmented copolymers will be based on poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE) as amorphous segment and uniform tetraamide units as crystallisable segment. It is expected that this novel high Tg polymer crystallises fast from the melt, has a good solvent resistance and is transparent. Such a material may serve as an alternative to known engineering polymers systems e.g. for use as or in construction materials in high temperature applications.


We study the optical response of CH3NH3PbI3 layers to light solicitation under different environmental gas and temperature conditions. The measurements were performed in nonreactive (Ar or N2) and reactive (O2 or humid air) gas in the range 40–80 °C crossing the tetragonal–cubic transition (∼50 °C). With respect to truly inert Ar, the use of N2 not only assures the reversibility of the optical constants during thermal cycles but also improves the optical response of the material. While in N2 and Ar atmospheres the optical parameters of the material can be recovered at the end of the cycle, in contrast, the presence of humidity in the air causes the absorption coefficient to monotonically and inexorably decrease in the whole visible range, especially after the lattice has moved to cubic. The use of N2 thus represents an effective strategy to improve the absorption under thermal operation conditions.


Luminescence properties that are correlated to near band edge emission and defect-related emission of milled zinc oxide (ZnO) powder prepared by high energy ball milling technique are investigated. Commercial ZnO powder (particle size of 525 nm) was chosen as starting material in milling process to produce ultrafine ZnO powder. The milling process was carried out at different speeds; 0, 200, 400 and 600 rpm for 10 min. After milling at high speed, change in color of milled ZnO powder was clearly observed that could be due to the defects in ZnO structure induced by mechanical strain during milling process. Surface morphology of milled ZnO powder was monitored by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Element component and surface chemical states of the samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Optical property of milled samples was investigated by diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectrometer. Meanwhile, room-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy of the milled samples was performed. The milled ZnO particle size was distinctly decreased to ca. 200 nm affirmed by FESEM images. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of milled ZnO sample showed two prominent emission bands; UV and visible region. Visible emission intensity increased with increasing milling speed that would be attributed to greater structural defects caused by high mechanical strain during milling process.


Different personality aspects including identity styles, self-efficacy, and cognitive abilities can play a certain role in successful learning results in high educational success rate. The present study aimed to assess the value of identity styles, self-efficacy and metacognition beliefs for predicting the level of educational success in female high-school students. In a correlational cross-sectional study, 380 consecutive female students from 4 out of 15 high schools in Maragheh city in 2012 were selected using stratified multi-stage random sampling method. Three special questionnaires of the Identity Styles Inventory, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 were applied to assess identity styles, self-efficacy and metacognition states, respectively. With regard to success rate in education, 83.7% were successful in their educational fields with acceptable grade point averages. There were significant associations of educational success rate with informative identity style (r = 0.219, p < 0.001) and also with commitment (0.205, p < 0.001), but not with other components of identity styles. A direct association was also revealed between level of self-efficacy and students' educational success assessed by the Pearson's correlation test (r = 0.274, p < 0.001). Regarding the relation between different subscales of metacognition and educational success, only subscale of cognitive self-consciousness was directly associated with educational success (r = 0.194, p < 0.001). The obtained significant relationships were also demonstrated using the multivariable linear regression models. High levels of informative identity style, commitment, self-efficacy, and cognitive self-consciousness can predict high educational success in female high-school students.


Nearly 100 years ago, Otto Warburg investigated the metabolism of growing tissues and discovered that tumors reprogram their metabolism. It is poorly understood whether and how hypertrophying muscle, another growing tissue, reprograms its metabolism too. Here, we studied pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM), which can be spliced into two isoforms (PKM1, PKM2). This is of interest, because PKM2 redirects glycolytic flux towards biosynthetic pathways, which might contribute to muscle hypertrophy too. We first investigated whether resistance exercise changes PKM isoform expression in growing human skeletal muscle and found that PKM2 abundance increases after six weeks of resistance training, whereas PKM1 decreases. Second, we determined that Pkm2 expression is higher in fast compared to slow fiber types in rat skeletal muscle. Third, by inducing hypertrophy in differentiated C2C12 cells and by selectively silencing Pkm1 and/or Pkm2 with siRNA, we found that PKM2 limits myotube growth. We conclude that PKM2 contributes to hypertrophy in C2C12 myotubes and indicates a changed metabolic environment within hypertrophying human skeletal muscle fibers. PKM2 is preferentially expressed in fast muscle fibers and may partly contribute to the increased potential for hypertrophy in fast fibers.


Mobile context-aware recommender systems face unique challenges in acquiring context. Resource limitations make minimizing context acquisition a practical need, while the uncertainty inherent to the mobile environment makes missing context values a major concern. This paper introduces a scalable mechanism based on Bayesian network learning in a tiered context model to overcome both of these challenges. Extensive experiments on a restaurant recommender system showed that our mechanism can accurately discover causal dependencies among context, thereby enabling the effective identification of the minimal set of important context for a specific user and task, as well as providing highly accurate recommendations even when context values are missing.


Air freight has, until recently, received little coverage in the climate change debate as the air passenger market has been targeted by media and environmentalists. Phenomenal growth rates contributed to a 140% increase in air freight between 1992 and 2002, with growth in world freight tonne-kilometres outstripping growth in world GDP. Forecasts predict a 4% and 6% growth in the tonne kilometres performed for 2007 and 2008. A considerable share of this growth has been attributed to a modal shift from sea transport to air. In particular, the express air freight market is likely to experience significant growth through integrators like DHL or FedEx.


It is well known that leveraged exchange-traded funds (LETFs) do not reproduce the corresponding multiple of index returns over extended (quarterly or annual) investment horizons. For instance, in 2008 and early 2009, most LETFs underperformed the corresponding static strategies. In this paper, we study this phenomenon in detail. We give an exact formula linking the return of a leveraged fund with the corresponding multiple of the return of the unleveraged fund and its realized variance. This formula is tested empirically over quarterly horizons for 56 leveraged funds (44 double-leveraged and 12 triple-leveraged) using daily prices since January 2008 or since inception, according to the fund considered. The results indicate excellent agreement between the formula and the empirical data. The study also shows that leveraged funds can be used to replicate the returns of the underlying index, provided we use a dynamic rebalancing strategy. Empirically, we find that rebalancing frequencies required to achieve this goal are moderate—on the order of one week between rebalancings. Nevertheless, this need for dynamic rebalancing leads to the conclusion that LETFs as currently designed may be unsuitable for buy-and-hold investors.


One of the fundamental activities performed at an airport is its maintenance in the condition which enables safe and efficient air operations. The conditions specified in Annex 14 to the Convention on international civil aviation obligate the member states to take any essential measures to remove all contamination from the movement area 1 as quickly and efficiently as possible in order to ensure a proper adhesion coefficient (friction coefficient) and low rolling resistance. Furthermore, Annex 14 contains a demand for maintaining the surfaces clean and removing stones and other objects which may damage the construction of wings or engines or reduce the efficiency of other airplane subassemblies. It should be emphasized here that the main and the most important responsibility of airport services is to remove all contamination and waste which could have any adverse effect on air operations from the apron and the movement area. Therefore, research is constantly being conducted aiming at the optimization of economic and use conditions as well as the efficiency of mechanic and chemical methods of removing contaminations from the apron and the movement area. In addition, it is also necessary to measure the friction coefficient and, what follows, to develop best possible methods of such measures. 2 The efficiency of airport services in the maintenance of the movement area depends, to a great extent, on competences of these services and their experience, which make it possible to perform the assigned tasks and responsibilities properly. A high level of competences of airport services has an influence on making good and correct decisions, what is sometimes critical for safety in the maintenance of the movement


Background: Deciding what to do after MBBS is a tough decision for a medical graduate. It is perceived that postgraduate specialization is essential, and there is tough competition for postgraduate seats in the country. In Manipur, apart from a few assumptions based on individual and personal experiences, there are no significant data available regarding the perspective of medical graduates toward postgraduation (PG). Objectives: The objectives of this study are to determine the specialty preferences of medical graduates working as interns and house officers in the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India, and to determine the factors influencing them. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as mean, median, standard deviation, and percentages were used. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to determine the association. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS IBM version 21. Results: Overall response rate was 93.6%. Of 147 respondents, 110 were interns and 37 were house officers. The mean age of the participants was 24.56 ± 1.97 years. More than half of the participants were female. Medicine and pediatrics were the two subjects preferred by most medical graduates. Females had more intention to do PG. Conclusion: Majority of the participants were inclined toward pursuing PG in the clinical subjects. Interest in the subject and love for patients were the two major reasons for subject preference.


Some occult thyroid carcinomas are hypothesized to regress and be eventually obliterated. We report here a patient whose condition supports this hypothesis. A 51-year-old male with primary hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis suffered from a rib bone tumor. He had a diffuse goiter with no nodular lesion. Serum FT4 and TSH concentrations were 0.8 ng/dl and 36.4 tU/ml on taking 100 μg/day of T4. Anti-Tgand -TPO-Ab were strongly positive (99 and 1380 U/ml). The iodine 123 scintigraphy demonstrated clear accumulation in the rib tumor, whereas the thyroid was scarcely visible. Biopsy of the rib tumor showed papillary proliferation of large atypical cells, which were immunohistochemically positive for thyroglobulin. Metastatic bone tumor of papillary thyroid carcinoma was therefore strongly suspected. He underwent a total thyroidectomy and the thyroid was stepwise sectioned completely at 3 mm intervals. The thyroid condition was diagnosed as Hashimoto's thyroiditis demonstrating diffuse and dense fibrosis, lymphocyte infiltration with lymphoid follicles and flattened atrophied follicles, but no carcinomatous foci were found. He was treated with I-131 and scintigraphy after the ingestion showed distinct accumulation in the rib tumors similar to that before thyroidectomy. No other abnormal uptake was observed. It is suggested that the primary occult thyroid papillary carcinoma regressed and was obliterated possibly by some immunologic or other hostresistance factors after it metastasized to the distant bone.


Professor Donald Blakeslee has been with Wichita State University from 1976. He earned his Ph.D. in Anthropology at theUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (1975); M.A. (1971) and B.A. with distinction (1969) in Anthropology at the University of Nebraska. Professor Blakeslee specializes in the archaeology of the Great Plains. His research interests range from the time of the earliest settlement of the Americas to the historic period, and his work has carried him from Montana to Texas. He also has had a long-term interest in native trails and sacred sites. Major contributions include numerous publications on the Middle Ceramic period and on radiocarbon dating. His latest work focuses on the protohistoric period and on the Walnut River basin during all time periods. He has served as president of the Professional Archaeologists of Kansas and of AASCK, a society for amateur archaeologists.


The integration of slot antennas in a class of commercial photovoltaic (PV) panels is addressed. The basic idea is to exploit the room available between adjacent solar cells, also taking advantage of the presence of the cover glass layer that gives a valuable miniaturization effect. As test cases, two antenna designs are presented for stand-alone communication systems operating in the GSM/UMTS (1710-2170 MHz) and WiMAX (3300-3800 MHz) frequency bands, respectively. At early design stage, antenna design has been performed by resorting to a simplified numerical model; afterwards, the effects on the antenna performance of nearby solar cells and DC bus wires have been numerically evaluated. The impedance tuning of the final antenna design has been carried out through a measurement campaign with slot antenna prototypes attached to real PV panels.


Marketing research, as part of the marketing discipline, encompasses complex relationships between the general public, respondents, clients, and researchers. The ethical issues between clients and researchers have been under-researched generally. No studies have been conducted in New Zealand until now. This paper presents the first empirical research on the ethical issues that arise between New Zealand-based marketing researchers and their clients. A qualitative study of twenty-nine interviews with marketing research practitioners was conducted to identify ethical conflicts they experienced in client relationships. The study presents rich data on ethical issues in practitioner-client relationships and finds that while New Zealand researchers face the same ethical issues as those in the international literature, they also confront some locally distinctive features. The two most frequent ethical issues are related to the identification of respondents and the reporting of research results. The findings are discussed in relation to the Market Research Society of New Zealand Code of Practice and accompanying suggestions are made for the future improvement of ethical awareness in the industry.


Abstract

In a volunteer-based self-organizing network, such as a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, a wireless ad-hoc network, and a device-to-device (D2D) network, participation and cooperation of volunteer nodes are crucial for the network to sustain. We call this kind of network a "decentralized" network in this paper as we cannot assume any centralized global management nor control.
Rewarding by auction has been thought to be effective to keep or promote incen-tives to participation and cooperation in many studies. This short paper proposes a simple and light-weight mechanism for decentralized networks based on the con-cept of Vickrey auction. This paper focuses on two problems of fair execution and participation incentives in particular. Results of the simulation-based experiments and evaluations confirm that the proposed mechanism is effective in promoting participation incentives.

Keywords: Participation incentives, Free-rider problem, Auction, Decentralized networks.


Two hundred forty seven species of parasites from Iranian freshwater fishes are presented in this synopsis. The parasites were recorded from infestations in fish from different parts of the country and summarized according to host species, organs where the parasite infestations occurred, province, faunal region and reference numbers. The following aspects of parasite infestations were also discussed: records of the most predominant parasites, the richest regions of parasite fauna, records of parasites according to province and the most severely infected fish species and finally host specificity in terms of exotic or endemic fish.


Zero-shot object recognition or zero-shot learning aims to transfer the object recognition ability among the semantically related categories, such as fine-grained animal or bird species. However, the images of different fine-grained objects tend to merely exhibit subtle differences in appearance, which will severely deteriorate zero-shot object recognition. To reduce the superfluous information in the fine-grained objects, in this paper, we propose to learn the redundancy-free features for generalized zero-shot learning. We achieve our motivation by projecting the original visual features into a new (redundancy-free) feature space and then restricting the statistical dependence between these two feature spaces. Furthermore, we require the projected features to keep and even strengthen the category relationship in the redundancy-free feature space. In this way, we can remove the redundant information from the visual features without losing the discriminative information. We extensively evaluate the performance on four benchmark datasets. The results show that our redundancy-free feature based generalized zero-shot learning (RFF-GZSL) approach can outperform the state-of-the-arts often by a large margin.


Fusion and fission of mitochondria regulate their morphology and distribution. Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) is a mitochondrial protein involved in such fusion. Recent observations indicate that Mfn2 is a multifunctional protein that participates in cell proliferation and metabolism and that it is required for normal endoplasmic reticulum morphology. In relation to the metabolic role of Mfn2, alterations in activity have been reported to modify cell respiration, substrate oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation subunit expression in cultured nonmuscle and muscle cells. Mfn2 expression in skeletal muscle is subject to regulation and conditions characterized by reduced mitochondrial activity, such as obesity or type 2 diabetes, and are associated with repressed Mfn2. In contrast, cold-exposure treatment with beta3-adrenergic agonists or exercise induce the expression of this gene in muscle. Estrogen-related receptor-alpha transcription factor is a key regulator of Mfn2 transcription and recruits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1beta and PGC-1alpha. These 2 nuclear coactivators are potent, positive regulators of Mfn2 expression in muscle cells, and ablation of PGC-1beta causes Mfn2 downregulation in skeletal muscle and in the heart. We propose that PGC-1beta is a regulator of normal expression of Mfn2 in muscle, whereas PGC-1alpha participates in the stimulation of Mfn2 expression under a variety of conditions characterized by enhanced energy expenditure.


Formation of sulfuric acid aerosol form a binary mixture of sulfuric acid and water is one of the most important process of secondary particles formation in troposphere, which can seriously affect the atmospheric radiation balance and climate change directly or indirectly, therefore, in this research, secondary aerosol generation by photo oxidation by UV of SO2 containing model air in a flow reactor was investigated experimentally, and the particle size distribution was measured by differential mobility analyzer and Faraday cup electrometer (DMA-FCE) system. Experiments were carried out at various ambient pressure and residence time, and the temperature of reactor was kept at 25, the experiment aims to find out the impact of pressure on this system. The results showed that in low pressure, the growth of aerosol particles was enhanced due to the increase of Brownian coagulation coefficient.


At present, heart disease is the number one cause of death worldwide. Traditionally, heart disease is commonly detected using blood tests, electrocardiogram, cardiac computerized tomography scan, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and so on. However, these traditional diagnostic methods are time consuming and/or invasive. In this paper, we propose an effective noninvasive computerized method based on facial images to quantitatively detect heart disease. Specifically, facial key block color features are extracted from facial images and analyzed using the Probabilistic Collaborative Representation Based Classifier. The idea of facial key block color analysis is founded in Traditional Chinese Medicine. A new dataset consisting of 581 heart disease and 581 healthy samples was experimented by the proposed method. In order to optimize the Probabilistic Collaborative Representation Based Classifier, an analysis of its parameters was performed. According to the experimental results, the proposed method obtains the highest accuracy compared with other classifiers and is proven to be effective at heart disease detection.


This article explores how the Norwegian Sami women's movement developed at the crossroad of indigenous, anti-racist, and women's movements. How did Sami women negotiate feminist and indigenous rights, and in what ways did they frame the three Nordic Forum conferences as opportunities for activism or threats? The article accounts for the making of the movement since the 1970s, and explores its' presence/ absence during the three specific Nordic women's conferences, the Nordic Forum of 1988, 1994 and 2014. In what ways were the Nordic Forums framed as opportunities for activism, and what kind of new actors and institutional logics were produced (or not) in relation to the three events? The article illuminates how the political opportunity structures differed across time, and how Sami feminists framed them and took advantage of them. The analysis is inspired by post-colonial and indigenous feminist theories, and firstly examines what enabled Sami women to organise on their own, secondly it explores how alliance formations played into the movements' startling presence at the two first Nordic Forums, and its absence from the last one. The analysis draws on new empirical material, such as extensive archival work and semi-structured interviews with Sami women, stakeholders and participants in the three conferences. Methodological considerations of insider and outsider dynamics lend support to the relevance of postcolonial and indigenous feminist theories in research practice, but also critically question indigenous epistemology.


Iskandar I, Sari QW, Setiabudidaya D, Yustian I, Monger B. 2017. The distribution and variability of chlorophyll-a bloom in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean using Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis. Biodiversitas 18: 1546-1555. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events cause anomalously strong upwelling along the sourthen coast of Sumatra-Java leading to the bloom of chlorophylla. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was applied to the time series of the satellite-observed chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature (SST) and surface winds. Spatial eigen functions of the first EOF mode revealed the broad areas of coherent temporal variation in chlorophyll-a, SST and Ekman pumping, which was observed in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) region. The corresponding time series of principal component of the first EOF mode revealed a robust seasonal variation and relativley weak inter-annual variation. The second EOF mode exhibited a distinct inter-annual variation with the high surface chlorophyll-a concentration was observed along the southern coast of Sumatra-Java. This high chlorophyll-a concentration is co-located with the low SST, the positive Ekman pumping, and the positive wind-induced mixing. An EOF analysis applied on the seasonal time series showed interesting patterns. The leading EOF mode during the peak IOD season from September to November (SON) showed the high concentration of chlorophyll-a was restricted to the southern coast of Java and was co-located with low SST region. The corresponding time series of principal component of the leading EOF mode showed a significant correlation with the Dipole Mode Index (DMI), however it had no correlation with the Ekman pumping. It could be concluded that the chlorophyll-a bloom during the peak phase of the IOD event was generated by the alongshore upwelling-favorable winds in the preceding season.


The article examines the escalation of commitment to failing strategies from a psychodynamic perspective as an affective process connecting organizational, systemic and individual levels. We propose a theory of organizational blind spots to explain how such escalation of commitment occurs. Blind spots develop as an organizational defence mechanism for coping with problems resulting from attempts to implement unrealistic strategy or policy goals. Unrealistic strategic aims mobilize and reinforce blind spots through processes of splitting, blame and idealization, thus enabling organizations to persist with unsuccessful courses of action. Organizational blind spots arise when leadership and/or operational members in organizations are unable to acknowledge unworkable strategies. Vignettes from the National Health Service in England (the NHS) are used to illustrate how blind spots sustain an illusory possibility of success while commitment to a failing strategy escalates. The theory of blind spots offers a novel social-psychological approach to understanding how these dysfunctions of strategy develop and become institutionalized, putting organizations in jeopardy and threatening their survival.


The watermark encoder and decoder are integrated within the operating systems, Internet browsers (300), media players and other applications and devices. This integration watermark - possibly the application 304 or the device that makes available for available add-on, and information 302 via the watermark. The watermark, for example, can link with the metadata, or action related to the media object. In order to develop an enabling these watermark features, an integrated application by using the watermark decoder, access to the relevant metadata and acts. The user interface of the application integration is improved to provide metadata and acts linked with a watermark. Similarly, the watermark encoder may be incorporated in the application in order to improve the media object is converted into a watermarked object. Watermarks Encoder, metadata, watermarking, media, content,


This paper compares the work attachment of French and German women after childbirth. Both fertility and employment of mothers are higher in France than in Germany. Since the sample of mothers deciding on employment after a child is born might not be representative for all women, we take account of selectivity by explicitly modelling the childbirth decision of women. Furthermore, it proved essential to distinguish between part-time and full-time employment. Background characteristics appear to affect both the birth and the employment decisions in a different way in France and Germany. Some of the impacts can be related to different family policy regulations.


Extracting Spatial Information The location of a rat can be deciphered from hippocampal activity by detecting the firing of individual place-selective neurons. In contrast, the local field potential (LFP), which arises from the coherent voltage fluctuations of large hippocampal cell populations, has been hard to decode. Agarwal et al. (p. 626) worked out how to recover positional information exclusively from multiple-site LFP measurements in the rat hippocampus. The information was as precise as that derived from spiking place cells. The approach might also be applicable more generally for deciphering information from coherent population activity anywhere in the brain. Electrical fields within the hippocampus can now be decoded to reveal a rat's location. Although neuronal spikes can be readily detected from extracellular recordings, synaptic and subthreshold activity remains undifferentiated within the local field potential (LFP). In the hippocampus, neurons discharge selectively when the rat is at certain locations, while LFPs at single anatomical sites exhibit no such place-tuning. Nonetheless, because the representation of position is sparse and distributed, we hypothesized that spatial information can be recovered from multiple-site LFP recordings. Using high-density sampling of LFP and computational methods, we show that the spatiotemporal structure of the theta rhythm can encode position as robustly as neuronal spiking populations. Because our approach exploits the rhythmicity and sparse structure of neural activity, features found in many brain regions, it is useful as a general tool for discovering distributed LFP codes.


The paleogeography of the juxtaposed Southeast Asian terranes, derived from the northeastern margins of Gondwana during the Carboniferous to Triassic, resulted in complex basin evolution with massive carbonate deposition on the margins of the Paleo-Tethys. Due to the inherited structural and tectonothermal complexities, discovery of diagnostic microfossils from these carbonates has been problematic. This is particularly the case for the Kinta Limestone, a massive Paleozoic carbonate succession that covers most of the Kinta Valley in the central part of the Western Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. Owing to the complex structural and igneous events, as well as extensive diagenetic alterations, establishing precise age constraints for these carbonates has been challenging. Furthermore, the sedimentation history of these deposits has been masked. Three boreholes, totaling 360 m thickness of core, were drilled at either end of the Kinta Valley on a north-south transect through sections with minimal thermal alteration. The sections are composed chiefly of carbonaceous carbonate mudstone with shale and siltstones beds, in which the carbonates were sampled for microfossils. Five hundred conodont elements were extracted. Nine diagnostic conodont genera and 28 age diagnostic conodont species were identified. The identification of Pseudopolygnathus triangulus triangulus and Declinognathodus noduliferus noduliferus indicated that the successions ranged from Upper Devonian to upper Carboniferous. Further analysis and establishment of stage-level datum that range from the Famennian to Bashkirian (Late Carboniferous) enabled detection of continuous sedimentation and improved age constraints in undated sections of the Kinta Limestone. This higher-resolution conodont biostratigraphy suggests a prevalence of continuous carbonate deposition during the Early Devonian to Late Carboniferous in the Paleo-Tethys. Thus, the identification of diagnostic conodont species for the first time from subsurface data in the area has helped improve the biostratigraphic resolution and establishes depositional continuity of the Kinta Limestone. These data could provide clues to the Paleo-Tethys paleogeographic reconstruction and paleodepositional conditions, and could establish higher temporal resolution correlation than previously attempted.


The Air Quality Index (AQI) is an air quality standards indicator based on air pollutants that have negative impacts on human health and the environment. Because of several human activities, air pollution is growing very quickly, and it is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter or biological materials into the atmosphere that cause human suffering and also harms the natural environment. Indeed, air pollution in metropolitan and industrial cities is one of the major environmental problems. So predicting pollution and avoiding these issues is very crucial. One of the most exciting and difficult functions is the forecast of air pollution using data mining. Many systems are designed to help data storage, inventory management and convenient statistics generation. India's air quality indicator is a standard measure used to indicate pollution (so2, no2, rspm, spm, etc.) from time to time. The main purpose of the current study is to predict the temporal AQI used by the previous day AQI and climate change is used to predict and visualize the temporary data mine using a gradient break and an unreasonable forecasting process. In Navigation Forecast, we divide the database into 85% data and 15% data based on data testing and training to determine seasonal variations and styles. Balance problems are often exploited by problems and forecasting uses an unreasonable prediction process and gradient downtime. Air quality forecasts based on historical data of previous years and predictions for less than a year as a reputable gradient using a recurring problem.


The U.S. Supreme Court's pronouncements on the standards that should govern the admission of scientific and other expert testimony, what is commonly referred to as the Daubert Trilogy, has produced substantial legal commentary and a growing body of empirical research. Most of that research focuses on decisions by courts on Daubert challenges; while there is some speculative discussions on the broader impact of Daubert, there is minimal empirical research assessing the impact of Daubert more broadly on the litigation process. Drawing on a combination of observation in a law firm and a series of interviews with practitioners, this paper describes the process of decision making about Daubert related issues. The conclusion drawn from the analysis is that Daubert has become a routinized aspect of the litigation process in a range of cases, few of which deal with the kind of controversial or innovative science at the heart of the original Daubert case.


In recent years there has been a significant renewed interest in the combination of Additive Manufacturing (AM) and Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machining in the same platform. This technology is commonly known as Hybrid Manufacturing (HM). There are many advantages to combining processes that can produce synergy. For Hybrid Manufacturing (HM), having one cell that can precisely deposit and remove material is advantageous. This single machine can produce parts with a high-quality surface finish, with the potential to have complex geometries. [Continues.]


A safe, consistent, and reliable water supply is a universal need. However, a large number of the world's population lives in areas that are suffering from water quality problems and water shortages. Many areas have contaminated water with fecal coliform bacteria as the primary contaminant of concern. As a result, there are many aid groups that are actively working to develop and improve the water supply in the developing world. An important first step in such work is an accurate appraisal of the existing water supply. This appraisal often requires a rapid, onsite field assessment of possible fecal coliform contamination with minimal equipment. This paper summarizes a qualitative evaluation of five field assessment techniques undertaken by an interdisciplinary team of students involved in aid work. The focus of this evaluation is on Presence/Absence testing. The evaluation examines usability, accuracy, cost, speed of results, and ease of explaining results to the local population. Advantages and disadvantages of each technique have been identified and discussed. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance that will aid in the selection of a suitable rapid fecal coliform field test. The team performed their assessments of the five techniques in the United States under controlled situations, as well as during an evaluation trip to Belize. All of the evaluations were conducted under the oversight of a professional engineer with experience in water quality assessments and water treatment design. This study and paper is of value to aid groups involved in the assessment of water projects in the developing world.


Idiopathic acquired pure amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura (APATP) in young patients (non‐neonates) is a rare disorder with a variable clinical course. Cure is unusual. A 13.5‐year‐old boy with idiopathic APATP was treated with cyclosporin A. Apparently effective, the treatment resulted in the reappearance of marrow megakaryocytes and normalization of platelet count.


Background : Male circumcision (MC) can reduce men's risk of contracting Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS for at least 50% or even as high as 66%. With this regard, WHO and UNAIDS urge international community to scaled-up MC among uncircumcised men especially in HIV hard hit regions. Residents of Makambako mainly the Bena Kinga do not have a circumcision custom. Objectives : This study examined acceptability of MC among traditionally non-circumcising males accessing health care in Makambako Hospital, Njombe Region, Tanzania. Methods : This was a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. Some 118 uncircumcised males were randomly selected to participate. In addition, 9 health care workers (HCW) and 8 community members were purposively recruited to participate in a qualitative survey. Kiswahili semi-structured questionnaires were administered to the uncircumcised males, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held with both HCWs and Community members. Results : About 70 % uncircumcised males indicated that MC is acceptable, while 97% understand the health importance of MC, signifying that MC is gradually gaining acceptance in the study population. Majority (84%) preferred medical circumcisers over traditional ones due to safety procedure. Data from FGD revealed readiness to undergo MC, and both HCW and Community members urged for reduced costs for such services. Recommendations : For sustainability of MC scaling–up, health education should be a permanent agenda to reach the uncircumcised individuals in Njombe District. KEY WORDS : Acceptability, sexually transmitted diseases, male circumcision scale-up


The present study is related to the development of the tip vortex cavitation in Kaplan turbines. The investigation is carried out on a simplified test case consisting of a NACA0009 blade with a gap between the blade tip and the side wall. Computations with and without cavitation are performed using a R ANS modelling and a transport equation for the liquid volume fraction. Compared with experimental data, the R ANS computations turn out to be able to capture accurately the development of the tip vortex. The simulations have also highlighted the influence of cavitation on the tip vortex trajectory.


ABSTRACT Traditional workforce planning methodologies and interprofessional education (IPE) approaches will not address the significant challenges facing health care systems seeking to integrate services, eliminate waste and meet rising demand within fixed or shrinking budgets. This article describes how New Zealand's workforce planning approach could be used as a model by other countries to move toward needs-based, interprofessional workforce planning. Such an approach requires a paradigm shift to reframe health workforce planning away from a focus on shortages toward assessing how to more effectively deploy and retrain the existing workforce; away from silo-based workforce projection models toward methodologies that recognize professions' overlapping scopes of practice; and away from a focus on traditional health professions toward including both health and social care workers. We propose that IPE must develop new models of learning that are delivered in the context of practice. This will require a shift from today's predominant focus on preparing students in the pipeline to be collaboration-ready to designing clinical practice environments that support continuous learning that benefits not just learners, but patients, populations, and providers as well. We highlight the need for improved data and methods to evaluate IPE and call for better collaboration between health workforce planners and IPE stakeholders.


Recent research shows prices are insensitive to local demand conditions because national chains charge geographically uniform prices. We examine the price response to local cost shocks, including 68 excise tax changes, 76 sales tax changes, and other geographically-based cost differences, using data on 35,151 retail stores in 143 multi-state chains. We find local cost shocks are passed-through to local prices, with no spillovers to unaffected stores in otherwise affected chains, and at similar rates for national and local chains. Firms adjust local prices according to local cost changes, suggesting retailers respond asymmetrically to local cost and demand shocks.


For the first time, students of Wesley have access to Albert C. Outler's widely acclaimed "introduction" to Volume 1 of The Works of John Wesley in a single inexpensive paperback. No student of John Wesley will need to be reminded of Albert Outler's stature, or the significance of his contribution to twentieth-century Wesleyan studies. Contents A Career in Retrospect The Preacher and His Preaching The Sermon Corpus Theological Method and the Problems of development Wesley and His Sources On Reading Wesley's Sermons


Growing recognition that communication with stakeholders forms an essential element in the design, implementation and success of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has given rise to a burgeoning CSR communication literature. However this literature is scattered across various sub-disciplines of management research and exhibits considerable heterogeneity in its core assumptions, approaches and goals. This article provides a thematically-driven review of the extant literature across five core sub-disciplines, identifying dominant views upon the audience of CSR communication (internal/external actors) and CSR communication purpose, as well as pervasive theoretical approaches and research paradigms manifested across these areas. The article then sets out a new conceptual framework - the 4Is of CSR communication research - that distinguishes between research on CSR Integration, CSR Interpretation, CSR Identity, and CSR Image. This typology of research streams organizes the central themes, opportunities and challenges for CSR communication theory development, and provides a heuristic against which future research can be located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


The physical and chemical properties of contact lenses (CLs) differ significantly from one another. This is already covered by the FDA classification, which divides soft lenses into groups and subgroups for additional characteristics. The differences relate to both the interior and surface of the lens. Several differences in the surface characteristics of individual contact lenses have been studied and demonstrated to date. However, one of their fundamental physical properties, that is light reflection or, quantitatively, reflectance has not been compared. This paper describes the surface differences of a range of silicone-hydrogel (SiHy) lenses using reflectance confocal microscopy. It shows the relationship between the amount of light reflected from the lens surface and the material parameters. Common SiHy lens materials were used in the study, including two lenses with surface modifications. Light incident at the interface between two media (phosphate-buffered saline and lens) with different refractive indices is partially reflected. The normalized results show significant differences between the reflection signals (1 vs 0.07), and that they are not correlated with the refractive index (R2 = 0.5536). For the water content (%H2O), a general trend was observed that the higher the %H2O, the lower the reflection signal is (R2 = 0.8105). The reflection signal and surface modulus show the best correlation. (R2 = 0.9883). The proposed CLs analysis method, using reflectance confocal microscopy, provides data to differentiate between lenses with and without surface modifications.


Abstract When the iconic DNA genetic code is expressed in terms of energy differentials, one observes that information embedded in chemical sequences, including some biological outcomes, correlate with distinctive free energy profiles. Specifically, we find correlations between codon usage and codon free energy, suggestive of a thermodynamic selection for codon usage. We also find correlations between what are considered ancient amino acids and high codon free energy values. Such correlations may be reflective of the sequence-based genetic code fundamentally mapping as an energy code. In such a perspective, one can envision the genetic code as composed of interlocking thermodynamic cycles that allow codons to 'evolve' from each other through a series of sequential transitions and transversions, which are influenced by an energy landscape modulated by both thermodynamic and kinetic factors. As such, early evolution of the genetic code may have been driven, in part, by differential energetics, as opposed exclusively by the functionality of any gene product. In such a scenario, evolutionary pressures can, in part, derive from the optimization of biophysical properties (e.g. relative stabilities and relative rates), in addition to the classic perspective of being driven by a phenotypical adaptive advantage (natural selection). Such differential energy mapping of the genetic code, as well as larger genomic domains, may reflect an energetically resolved and evolved genomic landscape, consistent with a type of differential, energy-driven 'molecular Darwinism'. It should not be surprising that evolution of the code was influenced by differential energetics, as thermodynamics is the most general and universal branch of science that operates over all time and length scales.


This paper addresses a generalization of the bivariate Cauchy distribution discussed by Fang et al. (1990), derived from a trivariate normal distribution with a general correlation matrix. We obtain explicit expressions for the joint distribution function and joint density function, and show that they reduce in a special case to the corresponding expressions of Fang et al. (1990). Finally, we show that this generalized distribution is useful in determining the orthant probability of a bivariate skew-normal distribution of Azzalini and Dalla Valle (1996).


The goal of this paper is consolidate a representative model previously developed by RMVP team (Rheological Studies on Viscous and Viscous-plastic Materials) from UNESP - Ilha Solteira, for a typical phenomenon that occurs on spillways, river's bed, landslides, mudflows, blood flows, for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, known as roll waves. Another goal of this paper is present an experimental project designed for capturing measurements (amplitude and wavelength) of these instabilities. From a mathematical perspective, a first-order analytical model is showed, based on Cauchy's equations system, once developed by the team (Ferreira, 2007), which provides a generation condition for roll waves through temporal linear stability analysis. This model follows the remarkable work of Dressler (1949) and it is able to generate roll waves for many rheological configurations, from Newtonian to Herschel & Bulkley models, representing clean water up to muddy mixtures, respectively. A numerical routine developed in Matlab/Simulink is used to show some results that illustrate roll waves pattern. Due to the lack of roll waves data (amplitude and wavelength), the team started to focus on the experimental approach of the phenomenon, aiming to design an apparatus that would be capable to reproduce roll waves in special conditions of flow, isolated from external perturbations. This project is here presented along with a proposal of a photometric system to ascertain measures of the flow height through light absorption technique, based on experiments found in the literature. The final execution of this experiment and the correct obtaining of amplitude and wavelength will contribute for the validation of the model here presented.


This thesis addresses the legal challenges arising in the context of the 'fragmentation or unity of public international law'. The question of the so-called fragmentation of public international law mainly refers to the phenomenon of diversification and expansion of public international law. In recent years, the proliferation of international bodies entrusted with the task of monitoring States' compliance with their international obligations has increased the possibility of conflicting interpretations of similar or identical rules of international law.
In this context, it is claimed that international courts with limited ratione materiae and personae jurisdiction fragment international law and threaten its unity. This thesis examines the question of the fragmentation of public international law from the perspective of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). In the view of the present author, the European Court has developed the autonomous interpretative principle of taking cognisance of public international law norms when interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The ECtHR employs this interpretative principle in a fashion that is distinct from other seminal interpretative principles, namely the so-called comparative interpretation, the dynamic interpretation and the principle of effectiveness.
Furthermore, this thesis provides in depth analysis of the ECtHR's legal reasoning. It reaches conclusions on the type of public international law norms that the ECtHR takes into account and the conditions a norm must satisfy to qualify as 'relevant' and 'applicable in the relations between the parties'. This thesis also provides an overall assessment of the different uses of public international law norms in the ECtHR's reasoning, when expanding or restricting the scope of the rights and freedoms of the ECHR. It stresses the importance of the ECtHR's practice of relying upon public international law norms in order to (re-)interpret the ECHR and overrule its previous case-law. Finally, this thesis explores the boundaries that should be set to restrict the impact of other relevant public international law norms on the construction of the ECHR.
The study concludes that, in principle, the ECtHR does not threaten the unity of international law, but reads the ECHR harmoniously to public international law. The findings of this thesis also furnish evidence that the ECtHR has competence to pronounce on questions relating to international law and that, on certain occasions, it develops and enriches the scope and content of international law.


year of his retirement, to Professor Sir David Smithers. Sections deal with the etiology, histology, cytology, immunology and dissemination of Hodgkin's disease. For the clinician seeking simplicity, it is fortunate that the Rye (1966) classification has been used throughout, though the Lukes (1963) classification is given in detail. As most of the contributors are from the Institute of Cancer Research or the Royal Marsden Hospital, it is perhaps inevitable that the sections on investigation and treatment should draw heavily on the methods and results of treatment there. As is seen elsewhere, the record is of 'exciting progress' in the results of treatment of all stages of the disease. Those sceptical of the value of laparotomy and splenectomy must recognize that of 66 patients with clinical Stage I & II disease, more extensive disease was demonstrated in 22. However, the reviewer must express his own scepticism when, on the basis of such small numbers, recommendations are made excluding laparotomy, for example, 'in Stage I & IIA (2) and (3) in females with lymphocytic predominance or nodular sclerosis'. Conclusions must surely await controlled clinical trials with adequate numbers of patients. The book represents good value for money. Its Continental European counterpart costs £30, in paperback! T S WORTHY


In this study, we wanted to investigate whether the processing of semantic information is easier when mapping names to pictures or is it the other way around. In order to test this hypothesis, we ran a behavioural and an ERP (Event Related Potential) study, with specific interest in the N400 component as an indicator of semantic processing. We compared three groups of participants who did a match/mismatch task with the only difference being that the labels would appear before, after or simultaneously with the pictures. Not surprisingly, the hardest condition was the one where the two information were presented simultaneously. The amplitude of the N400 was more prominent in the condition where labels were presented after the pictures in comparison to the condition where labels preceded picture presentation, suggesting that this second experimental situation led to smaller violation of expectation for our participants (word to picture condition) in comparison to mapping pictures to words.


The Transylvanian basin in central Romania is a Neogene depression superimposed on the Cretaceous nappe system of the Carpathian Mountains. The basin contains the main gas reserves of Romania, and is one of the most important gas-producing areas of continental Europe; since 1902, gas has been produced from more than 60 fields. Surface heat flow in the Transylvanian basin as estimated in other studies ranges from 26 to 58 mW/m2, with a mean value of 38 mW/m2, relatively low compared to surrounding areas. The effect of sedimentation on heat flow and temperature in the Transylvanian basin was estimated with a numerical model that solved the heat equation in one dimension. Because both sediment thickness and heat flow vary widely throughout the Transylvanian basin, a wide range of model variables were used to bracket the range of possibilities. Three different burial histories were considered (thin, average, and thick), along with three different values of background heat flow (low, average, and high). Altogether, nine different model permutations were studied. Modeling results show that average heat flow in the Transylvanian basin was depressed approximately 16% during rapid Miocene sedimentation, whereas present-day heat flow remains depressed, on average, about 17% below equilibrium values. This result suggests that low heat flow in the Transylvanian basin is at least in part a lingering effect of Miocene sedimentation. We estimated source rock maturation and the timing of hydrocarbon generation by applying Lopatin's method. Potential source rocks in the Transylvanian basin are Oligocene-Miocene, Cretaceous, and Jurassic black shales. Results show that potential source rocks entered the oil window no earlier than approximately 13 Ma, at depths of between 4200 and 8800 m. Most simulations encompassing a realistic range of sediment thicknesses and background heat flows show that potential source rocks presently are in the oil window; however, no oil has ever been discovered or produced in the Transylvanian basin. Model simulations of the thermal history of the Transylvanian basin show that in most scenarios potential source rocks are too cold for significant gas generation. Only simulations with averag or high heat flow and average to high sediment thicknesses yield predictions of significant gas generation. There is a correlation between heat flow and gas occurrence in the Transylvanian basin, but gas fields are also likely to be found in areas with relatively thin sedimentary cover.


BACKGROUND
An effective analgesia strategy following caesarean delivery should be designed to improve fetomaternal outcomes. Much recent research has focused on the efficacy of ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric (II-IH) block for providing such analgesia.

DESIGN
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effectiveness of II-IH block in patients undergoing caesarean delivery. The primary outcome was the cumulative parenteral morphine equivalents at 24 h. Pain scores at 4 to 6 and 24 h postsurgery, time to first rescue analgesia and adverse effects were the secondary outcomes analysed.

DATA SOURCES
Two reviewers searched independently PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and the Cochrane central registers of a controlled trial from their inception until June 2020.

METHODOLOGY
Prospective randomised control trials comparing II-IH block with either systemic analgesia alone or a placebo block (non-active controls) were eligible for inclusion. Only trials that reported their methods comprehensibly and transparently were included. Cochrane methodology was used to assess the risk of bias. Data are presented as mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS
Thirteen trials comprising a total of 858 patients were included. Opioid (intravenous morphine equivalents) consumption was reduced by 15.57 mg (95% CI -19.87 to -11.28; P < 0.00001; I = 95%) during the first 24 h in patients receiving II-IH block when compared with placebo or no block. Patients receiving general anaesthesia showed a greater reduction in morphine requirement at 24 h than those receiving neuraxial anaesthesia. Adequate 'information size' for the above outcome was confirmed with trial sequential analysis to rule out the possibility of a false-positive result. II-IH also significantly reduced pain scores at rest more so at 4 to 6 h than at 24 h.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study suggests that the use of II-IH blocks is associated with a lower 24 h requirement for intravenous morphine equivalents in patients undergoing caesarean delivery. However, given the methodological limitations, data should be interpreted with caution until more studies are available.


In this paper we introduce a new application that exploits the emerging imaging modality of full field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) as a means of optical biopsy. The objective is to build a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tool that can speed up the detection of tumoral areas in skin excisions resulting from Mohs surgery. Since there is little prior knowledge about the appearance of cancer cell morphology in this type of imagery, deep learning techniques are applied. Using convolutional neural networks (CNN), we train a feature extractor able to find representative characteristics for FFOCT data and a classifier that learns a generalized distribution of the data. With a dataset of 40 high-resolution images, we obtained a classification accuracy of 95.93%.


The metabotropic glutamate (mGluRs) receptors are a distinct class of G-protein-coupled receptors that act through activation of phospholipase C and/or inhibition of adenylate cyclase. They encompass seven-transmembrane domain proteins, comprehensively expressed in neuronal and glial cells within the brain, spinal cord and periphery and are involved in controlling pathophysiology of a number of diseases. These receptors may be sorted into three groups based on similarity of amino acid sequence, pharmacology and the transducer pathways they couple. The agonists and antagonists act at the N-terminal glutamate binding site and present a pharmacological strategy to modulate pathogenesis. A number of these compounds are positive or negative allosteric modulators that bind within the receptor transmembrane heptahelical domains. This imparts improved subtype selectivity, improved bioavailability and better drug like properties (e.g. CNS penetration). The mGluRs are presently the focal point of sizeable attention because of their potential as drug targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders of the brain including Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, addiction, anxiety, depression, epilepsy and pain. The present review focuses on signal transduction mechanisms implicated to control and functionally upregulate the glutamatergic transmission system. The article also hallmarks agonists and antagonists for mGluRs as pivotal agents to ameliorate an array of neurological and psychiatric disorders.


Over the past 15 years the Italian brewing scene showed interesting changes, especially with regard to the creation of many breweries with an annual production of less than 10,000 hectoliters.
The beers produced by microbreweries are very susceptible to attack by spoilage micro-organisms that cause the deterioration of beer quality characteristics.
In addition, most of the microbreweries do not practice heat treatments of stabilization and do not carry out quality checks on the product. The high presence of beer spoilage bacteria is an economic problem for the brewing industry because it can damage the brand and it causes high costs of product retrieval.
This thesis project was aimed to study the management of the production process in the Italian microbreweries within a production less than 10,000 hl.
In particular, the annual production, type of plant, yeast management, process management, cleaning and sanitizing of a representative sample of microbreweries were investigated.
Furthermore was made a collection of samples in order to identify, with simple methods, what are spoilage bacteria more present in the Italian craft beers.
21% of the beers analysed were positive at the presence of lactic acid bacteria. These analytical data show the importance of understanding what are the weak points of the production process that cause the development of spoilage bacteria.
Finally, the thesis examined the actual production of two microbreweries in order to understand the process management that can promote the growth of spoilage bacteria in beer and production plant.
The analysis of the data for the two case studies was helpful to understand what are the critical points where the microorganisms are most frequently in contact with the product. The hygiene practices are crucial to ensure the quality of the finished product, especially in the case of non-pasteurized beer.


This research examines Orientalism in Northern Africa and the modern responses to it. Eugene Delacroix's "The Women of Algiers in their Apartment" is the main focus of the paper, along with Pablo Picasso's multiple reproductions, and Lalla Essaydi's photographic response. Specifically, the paper intends to place each painting in its social and cultural context, while comparing the original piece to the later pieces. Through this research I intend to observe how Orientalism portrays race and gender, as well as the reactions of different time periods and artists. Additionally, the intent of the artist will be critically examined to determine the implications of their pieces relating to the artist's gender and time period.


OBJECTIVE
To compare nuclear DNA by flow (FCM) and image cytometry (ICM) in thymic neoplasms and to relate results to clinical outcome.

STUDY DESIGN
DNA ploidy of 44 thymomas and 6 thymic carcinomas was studied by FCM and ICM of single nuclear suspensions from paraffin blocks.

RESULTS
By FCM, 33 thymomas (75%) and one thymic carcinoma (17%) were diploid; 6 thymomas (14%) and 4 thymic carcinomas (67%) were aneuploid. By ICM, 36 thymomas (82%) were diploid; 7 thymomas (16%) and 6 thymic carcinomas (100%) were aneuploid. Mean follow-up in 44 cases was 46.2 months (range, 1-162). Ten patients with persistent/recurrent disease included four with thymic carcinoma, who died of the disease (two aneuploid by both techniques, two aneuploid by ICM with unsatisfactory/diploid FCM). Four had invasive thymoma and recurrence after 13-150 months (two diploid and two aneuploid by both methods), one had diploidy and noninvasive thymoma that recurred at 92 months, and one had an epithelial thymoma that recurred at 144 months (aneuploid by FCM, diploid by ICM).

CONCLUSION
The results obtained in this preliminary, retrospective study show a high concordance between FCM and ICM; aneuploidy correlated with poor outcome by both methodologies. While these findings are encouraging, larger numbers of cases will be needed to define the role of FCM and ICM in predicting outcome in thymic tumors.


When I conducted ethnographic fieldwork in the high-technology world of startup capitalism in Bangalore, India, the air was full of possibility. This is India's "Start Up City," a vision for the future that is promised by state governments, driven by entrepreneurs and funders, and crafted by local media. In full page advertisements and dedicated supplements, media discourses about a new generation of workers who "do what they love" proliferate. These mediatized expressions of work and affect as interconnected align with global media proclamations about the rise of passionate entrepreneurs (Walter Isaacson 2011Isaacson, Walter. 2011. Steve Jobs. New York: Simon & Schuster. [Google Scholar]). Yet these mediatized affective realms obscure the material conditions under which such "loving innovations" are produced transnationally. Far from the homes of Silicon Valley multimillionaires are the proliferating spaces (manufacturing factories, startups, offshore offices) and actors (jobbers, workers, entrepreneurs) in the Global South who transform Do What You Love discourses into concrete products and services.


Abstract:This article focuses on a piece written by Tiqqun, the French philosophical collective, in 2001. 'Rapport à la S.A.S.C. concernant un dispositif impérial', published in their second journal Tiqqun 2, is a psychogeographical 'report' submitted to the Society for the Advancement of Criminal Science, a fake authority invented by the authors. The report surveys the rise, through the late nineties and early two-thousands, of a particular kind of suburban mega-mall, as epitomised by the newly-opened 'Bluewater' shopping centre in Kent. Tiqqun characterise this emerging mall culture as presenting a new type of 'apparatus,' [dispositif], one they claim will produce a particular kind of consumerist subjectivity. Focusing on an incident that Tiqqun describe, my article takes a genealogical approach to reading the implications of what unfolds, homing in on three strands of enquiry. I analyse the figure of the loiterer in millennial Britain, using the concept of 'spatial justice' and the more recent but related idea of 'spatio-legality' and I consider the relationship between gender, surveillance and consumption in contemporary shopping malls. Drawing on Derrida's work on 'hospitality', I try to uncover the contradictions in the way Bluewater welcomes and treats its 'invited guests', as it describes customers in its glossy brochure. Tying these enquiries together, I argue that Tiqqun's article functions as a kind of 'non-standard' manifesto, one designed to force readers to recognise the highly constructed and regulated nature of the contemporary consumerist experience.


The National Science Foundation (NSF) advanced technological education (ATE) project # DUE-9950029 is aimed to help increase the pool of qualified Information Technology (IT) workers in the U.S. It addresses the severe national and statewide shortage for such workers that are projected to persist well in the 21st century. It aims to provide a 2+2+2 seamless transition for students from their junior year in high school, through an associate degree at the community college level or at university, to Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in Information Engineering Technology. The growth in employment of all occupations in the U.S. Information Technology industry between 1996-2006 is projected at 88.25% while the growth of college/university IT and Computer Science (CS) faculty is projected at only 18.3%. This motivated the faculty of several U.S. educational institutions to propose the NSF CCLI-EMD project that is aimed on the design and development of several IT and computer science online degree programs in US colleges and universities. One of the primary goals of both NSF projects is active utilization of innovative Web-based telecommunication, software engineering, portal, multiagent, streaming multimedia, teaching, learning and information technologies.


We investigated the effects of an increase in dissolved CO2 on the microbial communities of the Mediterranean Sea during two mesocosm experiments in two contrasting seasons: winter, at the peak of the annual phytoplankton bloom, and summer, under low nutrient conditions. The experiments included treatments with acidification and nutrient addition, and combinations of the two. We followed the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the abundance of the main groups of microorganisms (diatoms, dinoflagellates, nanoeukaryotes, picoeukaryotes, cyanobacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria) and on bacterial activity, leucine incorporation, and extracellular enzyme activity. Our results showed a clear stimulation effect of OA on the abundance of small phytoplankton (pico- and nanoeukaryotes), independently of the season and nutrient availability. A large number of the measured variables showed significant positive effects of acidification in summer compared with winter, when the effects were sometimes negative. Effects of OA were more conspicuous when nutrient concentrations were low. Our results therefore suggest that microbial communities in oligotrophic waters are considerably affected by OA, whereas microbes in more productive waters are less affected. The overall enhancing effect of acidification on eukaryotic pico- and nanophytoplankton, in comparison with the non-significant or even negative response to nutrient-rich conditions of larger groups and autotrophic prokaryotes, suggests a shift towards medium-sized producers in a future acidified ocean.


A fault current limiter (FCL) may be manufactured at competitive qualities and prices by using rectangular-shaped YBCO films which are prepared by metal-organic deposition (MOD) method, because the MOD method can produce large size elements with a low-cost and non-vacuum technique. Prior to constructing a superconducting FCL (SFCL), AC over-current carrying experiments were conducted for 120 mm long elements where YBCO thin film of about 200 nm in thickness was coated on sapphire substrate with cerium oxide (CeO2) interlayer. In the experiments, only single cycle of the ac damping current of 50 Hz was applied to the pure YBCO element without protective metal coating or parallel resistor and the magnitude of the current was increased step by step until the breakdown phenomena occurred in the element. In each experiment, current waveforms flowing through the YBCO element and voltage waveform across the element were measured to get the voltage-current characteristics. The allowable over-current and generated voltage were successfully estimated for the pure YBCO films. It can be pointed out that the lower n-value trends to bring about the higher allowable over-current and the higher withstand voltage more than tens of volts. The YBCO film having higher n-value is sensitive to the over-current. Thus, some protective methods such as a metal coating should be employed for applying to the fault current limiter.


Interface between Carbon NanoTubes (CNT) and epoxy matrix is admitted to play an important role in the dispersion quality and in the mechanical stress transfer. To improve the interfacial adhesion, we propose to chemically graft molecules onto CNT surface. To achieve this chemical modification, a controlled radical polymerization, named Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization NMP, is used to synthesize a diblock copolymer based on Acrylic Acid (PAA block) and Methyl MethAcrylate (PMMA block). In the present paper, this polymerization is performed "in situ". The PAA block presents a good affinity with the CNT which enable grafting. The PMMA miscibility with epoxy is expected to give a good adhesion - between the CNT and the matrix - and to bring a better dispersion. In order to compare the chemical modification and the physical adsorption of the copolymers onto CNT dispersion, the same block copolymer was synthesized with and without CNT. The copolymer synthesis was controlled and characterized by different methods as NMR 1H (conversion and composition), SEC (molecular weight) and TGA (grafting density). We show that the better dispersion quality and better physical properties have been obtained with grafted CNT.


This paper studied the impact of cashless policy in Nigeria. The policy was introduced by Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in December 2011 and was kick-started in Lagos in January 2012. Survey research was adopted with questionnaire as data collection instrument. Responses from the respondents show that cashless policy will increase employment; reduce cash related robbery thereby reducing risk of carrying cash; cashless policy will also reduce cash related corruption and attract more foreign investors to the country. The study, therefore, shows that the introduction of cashless economy in Nigeria can be seen as a step in the right direction. It is expected that its impact will be felt in modernization of Nigeria payment system, reduction in the cost of banking services, reduction in high security and safety risks and also curb banking related corruptions.


In the United States, a woman is battered in her home every 9 seconds, and up to 4,000 women are beaten to death every year, making family violence one of the most common crimes in the United States today. Family violence has been identified as a national health concern; however, long-standing societal belief, myths regarding family violence, and the lack of training for healthcare professionals have created barriers to identifying and caring for these women. There is no single profile of the victim or perpetrator of family violence. All women should be asked about family violence in a safe, nonthreatening manner at all healthcare visits, including when bringing children for pediatric visits. Family violence begins slowly and increases with time. Goals for caring for the battered woman include decreasing her isolation, increasing her safety, accurate documentation, and appropriate referrals. Language: en


To identify pathogens causing nosocomial fungal infections and the secular trend in their incidence in US hospitals, data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System, 1980-1990, were analyzed. During that period, 30,477 fungal infections were reported. The rate rose from 2.0 to 3.8 infections/1000 discharges. The highest number of nosocomial fungal infections/1000 discharges was reported from the burn/trauma service (16.1). Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated fungal pathogen (59.7%), followed by other Candida species (18.6%). The rate increased at all four major anatomic sites of infection. Patients with bloodstream infections who had a central intravascular catheter were more likely to have a fungal pathogen isolated than were other patients with bloodstream infection (relative risk = 3.2; P < .001): 29% of fungemia patients and 17% of patients with bloodstream infection due to other pathogens died during hospitalization (P < .001). Fungi are emerging as important nosocomial pathogens and control efforts should target fungal infections, especially fungemia.


Network processors usually consist of multiple heterogeneous processing and memory units connected by on-chip network, and the target applications generally need to process packets at full line rate from Gbit/s to multiple 10 Gbit/s. Network processor based applications are real-time, resource-constrained and heterogeneous. We believe that component technology is a promising approach for complex embedded system development. However, the general purpose component technology is not suitable for the contexts of network processor. This paper gives general guidelines for applying component technology to network processor based systems. A component model is proposed according to the features of hardware architecture and target applications. We show that the component model could simplify composition and improve predictability for network processor based systems.


The article discusses the significance of science theatre and the role of nature of science in it, as well as the significance of history of chemistry, and different methods for popularizing it and using it in teaching. The study includes two surveys (N=45 and N=126) conducted among the audiences of "Virtanen!" play, performed in 2011. The data was analyzed using content analysis. Based on the results, the history of science was mainly portrayed through the life of the protagonist of the play, and the play showed the human side of science to the audience. In addition, from the viewpoint of nature of science, the play emphasized the role of social interaction in science as well as the interaction between science and the society. According to the audiences, national expertise in chemistry should be emphasized more in order to increase interest towards the subject and also to promote national self-esteem. It was suggested that history of chemistry should be presented through different methods, such as science theater, school teaching, exhibitions, and documentary films, in future. Also, it was hoped that history would be included in chemistry teaching together with other chemistry contents, through historical portraits of scientists, in collaboration with other school subjects or as a separate lesson on history of science. Science theatre was found to be a good method to teach history of chemistry and nature of science, and to popularize chemistry.


Lymphatic vessels are important in removing excess fluid from the intestines and preventing intestinal edema. In this study we used the relationship between intestinal lymph flow rate (QL) and lymphatic outflow pressure (PO) to analyze the flow from intestinal lymphatics in unanesthetized sheep. We cannulated intestinal lymphatic vessels in six anesthetized sheep. One to 3 days after the surgery, we measured QL as we increased PO in steps. We found no QL decrease until PO greater than 15 cmH2O, but QL decreased significantly for PO greater than 15 cmH2O and was decreased to zero at PO = 34 +/- 13 (SD) cmH2O. In three experiments, we used the pressure pulses generated by the active lymphatic pump to estimate the pump stroke volume and frequency. These data indicate that increases in lymphatic pumping prevented a QL decreased for PO less than 15 cmH2O and the QL decrease for PO greater than 15 cmH2O was associated with lymphatic pump failure. When we increased portal venous pressure from baseline (10.1 +/- 4.1 cmH2O) to 24.3 +/- 6.2 cmH2O, lymph flow increased, but it was much more sensitive to outflow pressure. These results are important because they indicate that the ability of the lymphatics to remove fluid from edematous intestines may be compromised by small increases in lymphatic outflow pressure.