The cleft lip deformity has been present throughout mankind, and has entered into the folklore of Nations. There has been a multitude of described repairs. Still they do not provide the hoped for final results. Some of the changes have been based on "thought out" ideas, others on futile guesses. The last few years have seen changes in the surgical direction due to a clearer understanding of the basic embryology. These changes have been made possible by advances in equipment and technology. Changes in animal research, both intra- and extra-uterine, have made possible experiments which may answer some of the suppositions put forward covering both development and healing. The classification of cleft lip places all the deformities in one group, but there may in fact be several groups with different actual causes and failures leading to the same clinical picture. The understanding of the failure or failures that occur in development should lead to a logical approach to the repair of the cleft deformity.


Universal role of cholinergic mechanisms has been revealed in triggering of activation during two forms of sleep in cold-blooded animals--the primary sleep (fish, amphibians) and intermediate sleep (reptiles). The intensity of activation phenomenon in the brain during these forms of the sleep is controlled by functional interaction between cholinergic and adrenergic systems of the brain. It is suggested that the vegetative nervous system is the most ancient regulatory system of the cycle awakefulness-sleep in vertebrates. The observed activation phenomenon, developing during sleep in the cold-blooded animals, with respect to its biological role plays presumably the same function as paradoxical stage during slow--wave sleep in warm-blooded animals.


The hydrological cycle is an important component in the understanding of the climate system, and a good understanding of the moisture transport in the atmosphere is important in a changing climate. The climate change may have large impact on the Arctic sites. In this thesis we look at the moisture source for NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Drilling Project) in Greenland (77.45◦N, 51.05◦W, 2484m a.s.l.) and Tustervatn in Norway (65.83◦N, 13.92◦E, 439m a.s.l.), by diagnosing the origin of moisture through calculations of a back trajectory, and compare with the interpretation of stable isotope measurements. Stable water isotopes are natural tracers in the global water cycle, and are powerful tools to assess the atmospheric water cycle. The processes involved in stable isotopes is however highly complex, and not fully exploited. This study can be considered as an approach to finding the mean conditions of the moisture source for two Arctic sites, and to investigate and increase the understanding of the stable isotopes. The moisture sources to NEEM and Tustervatn show differences in the transport, between an inland location and a location near the coast, and agreements in their seasonal cycles, e.g. of the moisture uptake. The two Arctic sites also show a clear change from local moisture uptake in the winter to moisture transport from lower latitudes in the summer. The secondary isotope parameter, d-excess, is found to have a high correlation with the latitude, and clear dependencies with the temperature and humidity from the evaporation site and the land fraction. The stable isotopes, δD and δO, are found to have the highest dependencies with the temperature and humidity.


Remote-sensing satellite imagery interpretation was conducted to explore the thermal ground field distribution and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity in Xiamen, China. Field trials and effective measures were explored to mitigate UHI effect. Jimenez singleband algorithm was used to inverse surface temperature of Xiamen based on TM+6. Data reveal surface temperature distribution reflecting characteristic distribution in constructed areas. Fixed-point field trials to mitigate the UHI effect were implemented and the sustainable development measures were first put forward based on Low Impact Development (LID) strategies. Results show that permeable pavement and lawn ground can help cool the surface temperature. Ecological roof, especially shrubs-planted roof, significantly decreases temperature, compared to areas with the traditional flat roof. These findings could be used as a reference for Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies.


Based on the conditions of Guanjiao tunnel, numerical analysis of air flow field is carried out by the finite element software—CFD in this paper. The results show that when the wind speed is 11m/s, the outlet to the face is less than 50m was better; if the speed is 8m/s ~ 4m/s, the distance is less than 40m better. Under the same conditions, the face wind speed of 40m is larger than of 30m. The faster of the speed, the greater of the attenuation along the way. The best distance from duct to the face is suggested according to different wind speed, which can provide a reference for the construction ventilation of the similar projects in the future.


Electrodeposited nanocrystalline (nc) Ni having an average grain size of 20 nm was annealed at 443 K for different holding times. An examination of the microstructure following annealing showed three important features. First, all annealed samples exhibited abnormal grain growth, which was manifested by the presence of large grains that were surrounded by regions of small grains (bimodal grain distributions). Second, annealing twins existed in the large grains of the samples that showed a bimodal grain distribution. Third, by estimating the density of annealing twin, it was found that annealing nc-Ni at 443 K resulted in a maximum twin density after 5h. Following annealing treatment, specimens with different volume fractions of twins were tested under uniaxial tension at 393 K and a strain rate of 10-4 s-1. The results showed that both strength and ductility in nc-Ni attained maximum values after annealing for 5h. The role of both bimodal grain distributions and annealing twins in enhancing ductility and strength was discussed.


A brief guide to the services and equipment offered by CNAQ Library Digital Media Centre- where we encourage you to explore the use of digital multimedia technologies to create knowledge and content for your class assignments. Citing Media Souces


The paper presents an empirical test of local fiscal competition in Norway based on the observation that interregional migration during the business cycle creates very different incentives for rural and urban municipalities to influence population movements. Panel-data evidence is presented suggesting that municipalities indeed attempt to control population flows. The sensitivity of municipal spending and revenue decisions to population movements varies between municipalities in a way that is consistent with the municipalities' incentives to influence location decisions of households.


Keystroke dynamics is a soft biometric based on the assumption that humans always type in uniquely characteristic manners. Previous works mainly focused on analyzing the key press or release events. Unlike these methods, we explored a novel visual modality of keystroke dynamics for human identification using a single RGB-D sensor. In order to verify this idea, we created a dataset dubbed KD-MultiModal, which contains 243.2 K frames of RGB images and depth images, obtained by recording a video of hand typing with a single RGB-D sensor. The dataset comprises RGB-D image sequences of 20 subjects (10 males and 10 females) typing sentences, and each subject typed around 20 sentences. In the task, only the hand and keyboard region contributed to the person identification, so we also propose methods of extracting Regions of Interest (RoIs) for each type of data. Unlike the data of the key press or release, our dataset not only captures the velocity of pressing and releasing different keys and the typing style of specific keys or combinations of keys, but also contains rich information on the hand shape and posture. To verify the validity of our proposed data, we adopted deep neural networks to learn distinguishing features from different data representations, including RGB-KD-Net, D-KD-Net, and RGBD-KD-Net. Simultaneously, the sequence of point clouds also can be obtained from depth images given the intrinsic parameters of the RGB-D sensor, so we also studied the performance of human identification based on the point clouds. Extensive experimental results showed that our idea works and the performance of the proposed method based on RGB-D images is the best, which achieved 99.44% accuracy based on the unseen real-world data. To inspire more researchers and facilitate relevant studies, the proposed dataset will be publicly accessible together with the publication of this paper.


Study Design. A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 14 patients operated on between March 1998 and April 2005. Objectives. To report on patients having undergone revision lumbar surgery anteriorly to remove interbody devices placed anteriorly or posteriorly and to determine the incidence of associated complications. Summary of Background Data. The popularity of interbody lumbar surgery has grown in recent years. Consequently, the number of anterior revision procedures has increased. The risks associated with anterior approach for revision procedures and interbody device removal, in particular, have not been reported. Methods. The results of 13 consecutive patients who had removal of interbody devices through an anterior approach and 1 patient with removal of anterior fixation (7 males, 7 females; mean age 43 years) were reviewed. The procedure during which the original implant was placed was a posterior lumbar interbody fusion in 4, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in 5, and anterior lumbar interbody fusion in 5 patients. Four attending spine surgeons performed the procedures with the assistance of 4 experienced access surgeons. Results. Ten of 14 (71%) patients had complications associated with anterior exposure of revision surgery. Vascular injury is the most common complication (57%). Vascular complications occurred in 100% (4/4) of the revisions of previous posterior lumbar interbody fusions and 80% (4/5) of previous anterior lumbar interbody fusions. The complication rate at L4–5 and L5–S1 was 89% and 40%, respectively. There was 1 postoperative mortality. Conclusions. Anterior removal of lumbar interbody devices placed anteriorly or posteriorly has a high incidence of complication. Average blood loss and hospital stay are increased with revision anterior surgery. The vascular complication rate is 2-fold higher at L4–L5 level compared to L5–S1.


Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is a new analytical technique for the real-time quantification of several trace gases simultaneously in air and breath. It relies on chemical ionization of the trace gas molecules in air/breath samples introduced into helium carrier gas using H(3)O(+), NO(+), and O(2) (+.) precursor ions. Reactions between the precursor ions and trace gas molecules proceed for an accurately defined time, the precursor and product ions being detected and counted by a downstream mass spectrometer, thus effecting quantification. Absolute concentrations of trace gases in single breath exhalation can be determined by SIFT-MS down to ppb levels, obviating sample collection and calibration. Illustrative examples of SIFT-MS studies include (i) analysis of gases from combustion engines, animals and their waste, and food; (ii) breath and urinary headspace studies of metabolites, ethanol metabolism, elevated acetone during ovulation, and exogenous compounds; and (iii) urinary infection and the presence of tumors, the influence of dialysis on breath ammonia, acetone, and isoprene, and acetaldehyde released by cancer cells in vitro. Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry (FA-MS) is briefly described, which allows on-line quantification of deuterium in breath water vapor.


This article looks at a quite different form of mediation, a tactile book on the Parthenon Frieze for the visually impaired that has recently been produced by the British Museum. As a material expression of the current concern with equal opportunities and access within the museum sector, this book attempts to provide a form of access through an artefact to another set of artefacts (the sculptures themselves) for a group of people on the margins of the museum's visual space. Conscious of the conservational problems of allowing objects to be touched directly, the book provides an optical prosthesis that allows the hand to extend into an otherwise visual space. But as a form of mediation the book reproduces the representational codes of Enlightenment scopics, in which the view point is reduced to the optics of the subject. In contrast, Hetherington argues that the body of the visually impaired person, notably the hand, offers another and quite different form of mediation in which the body, through its haptic capacities, comes to challenge (stop) this correspondence between the optic and the scopic. Associating instead the haptic with the scopic opens up the possibility with a new form of connection with the sign's materiality and performativity.


The current paper presents a novel methodology for calculating the rheological para-meters for dilute aqueous solutions of a power-law non-Newtonian fluid, xanthan gum (XG). Previous studies have verified the fidelity of finite-element modelling of the Navier—Stokes equations for reproducing the velocity fields of XG solutions in a microfluidic T-junction with experimental observations obtained using micron resolution particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV). As the pressure-driven fluid is forced to turn the corner of the T-junction, a range of shear rates, and therefore viscosities, are produced within the flow system. Thus, a setup that potentially establishes the rheological profile of XG from a single experiment is selected. An inverse method based on finding the mapping between the statistical moments of the velocity field and the constitutive parameters of the viscosity profile demonstrated that such a system could potentially be used for the design of an efficient microfluidic rheometer. However, μ-PIV technology is expensive and the equipment is bulky. The current paper investigates whether different flow features could be used to establish the rheological profile.


During recent decades, urban transport systems in Southeast Asia's industrialising high growth economies were transformed. The ownership and use of privately owned cars and motorcycles grew in all cities, simultaneous to the introduction of new forms of public transportation including rail rapid transit in the larger metropolises. While these cities all experienced dynamic change, the relative rate and direction of the changes to urban transport systems varied greatly as did levels of success.

Singapore emerged as a highly efficient transit metropolis whilst Bangkok and other cities gained notoriety as some of the world's great traffic disasters. Why these differences emerged, particularly given a regional and global context of increasing interaction and exchange of ideas and of capital flows, presents a compelling question largely unanswered by previous research. A review of the general state of knowledge about urban transport worldwide reveals fundamental disagreements over basic questions such as the social value of motorisation, the relative merits of specific modes and technologies, and prescriptions for change. However, there is a general consensus that interest groups or rent-seekers influence urban transport, which can not be understand in solely technical or value-free terms. A literature review focused on Southeast Asian cities finds that in contrast to theoretical perspectives on cities of the industrialised world, there is less acknowledgement of interests and values and more emphasis on instrumental knowledge which can be used to address immediate problems such as rapid growth in motorisation, traffic congestion, and pollution. Questions such as who wins and who loses from changes to urban transport systems are not systematically examined in the existing literature on Southeast Asian cities. In order to address this gap, a case study analysis of three key cities, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore is undertaken. This analysis utilises policy and planning documents, monographs and academic works, newspapers and archival materials, discussions with key informants, and participant observation, to reveal the significant actors and processes which shape urban transport.

The study finds that the presence or absence of actors and complexions of interests in the development of urban land, urban transport equipment, infrastructure construction and operation, and local environmental improvements are linked to specific urban transport outcomes. The findings provide a basis for future research, particularly in cities of the developing world characterised by economic growth, rapid motorisation of urban transport systems, and substantial inequalities of wealth and power.


ABSTRACT Aim: Despite evidence supporting the benefits of risk reduction, protocols for early detection and prevention among women from families affected by hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) are not yet proven, and clinical trials have not been undertaken for patients aged 18 to 25. The absence of psychosocial data may leave genetic counsellors without uniform guidance on how to manage the care of these patients. This project sought to investigate how best to work with HBOC patients aged 18-25 given their unique developmental, familial, and medical challenges. Methods: Certified genetic counselors were recruited through the NSGC's Cancer Genetics Special Interest Group listserv. Researchers constructed an online survey which included 41 items and elicited information about: counsellor demographics, training, and practice settings; approaches to cancer risk assessment; and common challenges in work with 18- to -25-year-old patients. The survey was also informed by previous work by researchers with 18 to 25-year-olds with BRCA gene mutations. Researchers used a combination of grounded theory and content analysis on open-ended responses, supported and triangulated with statistical analysis. Results: Respondents experienced 18-25-year-old patients presenting for cancer risk assessment differently than older patients, and some reported adapting their counseling style to address these differences. Respondents differed in the extent to which they felt familiar with the developmental needs of patients in this age group. Respondents aged 39 and under reported familiarity with this stage in life, having more recently completed it; respondents aged 40 and over reported less familiarity with, and more interest in learning about, this age group. A primary challenge, reported primarily by counsellors aged 39 and under, is navigating family dynamics in the counselling room and addressing the developmentally labile young adult. Conclusions: With respect to BRCA-related cancer risk, where penetrance is incomplete and onset in early adulthood is rare, optimal screening and prevention protocols now exist. This shifts the risk management landscape from one of choice to one of adherence. A rich understanding of the trajectories of human growth over time might enhance the counsellor's capacity to assess patients and their family members. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Objective: To determine the accuracy of ultrasound (US) estimation of fetal weight (EFW) in gastroschisis. Methods: The reliability of US EFW in gastroschisis has been questioned, mainly due to the presumed decrease in abdominal circumference resulting from bowel evisceration. In order to answer this question, we performed a retrospective review of all infants delivered at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital between 1991–2003 with gastroschisis. EFW was determined from the most recent US prior to delivery combined with a correction for normal anticipated interval growth (Williams RL, Obstet Gynecol 1982). Adjusted EFW was then compared with actual birth weight (BW). The primary outcome was the difference between adjusted EFW and BW. Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison of nonevenly distributed continuous variables. Type 1 error was set at 0.05 (two-sided). Results: Overall, US accurately predicted weight in 26 cases of gastroschisis with a mean difference of 2% ± 15% SD. However, there was a trend for US < 36 w GA to overestimate BW, compared to US ≥ 36 w GA: 45% vs. 0%, p 0.09. Similarly, when anticipated normal growth was factored in, US performed ≥ 2 w from delivery was more likely to overestimate BW than US < 2 w from delivery: 90% vs. 0%, p < 0.001. Infants born < 36 w (N = 10) had a mean BW at the 52% for GA compared to 37% for infants born ≥ 36 w (N = 16), p 0.14. No infants born < 36 w were < 10% for GA, compared to 12.5% born ≥ 36 w, p 0.51. Conclusions: Overall, US is an accurate predictor of fetal weight in gastroschisis. When compared to the expected growth rate of normal fetuses, the rate of fetal growth appears to be slower in fetuses with gastroschisis, particularly after 36 w GA.


A preliminary screening experiment was conducted to evaluate 47 cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes for use as a weed-suppressing cover crop. Of these, 11 were selected for further testing on the basis of vigorous growth and weed- suppressing ability. In a field experiment repeated over 4 years, the selected genotypes were not different from the leading cover crop cultivar 'Iron Clay' in biomass production. Vigor ratings, vine growth ratings, and canopy widths of some genotypes exceeded those of 'Iron Clay' Vigor ratings and canopy measurements were efficient selectioncriteriathatcouldbeusefulforbreedingcovercropcowpeacultivars.Allexcept one selection were highly resistant to southern root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood), and the selections varied in seed size, photoperiod, and response to foliar diseases.


In the context of ray tracing, the extremal nature of optical path lengths has largely been ignored. However, by using this property it is possible to derive the following: If a general ray, specified by its initial position and direction (which are considered as variables), is traced through a system of homogeneous media so that the coordinates of the intercepts with the refracting surfaces are known as power series accurate to a certain order in the initial variables, then the characteristic function of the system (and hence all the geometrical optical information) may be directly determined accurately to twice this order. Subsequently, a routine is devised that allows the power series of the characteristic function of a specified optical system (composed of homogeneous lenses and mirrors) to be computed to arbitrary orders. This routine requires significantly less computing time than the existing programs for analytic (as opposed to numerical) analysis of optical systems.


Regression estimation under two-phase sampling is a cost-effective technique for estimating a finite population total. This dissertation consists of four papers, summarized in an introductory chapter, all of which focus on the use of auxiliary information in estimating the variance of the generalted regression estimator under two-phase sampling.The first paper deals with the analysis of results from so-called computersimulation experiments for policy analysis. In particular, we consider applications based on input from the National Resources Inventory, which is a stratified two-stage area sample of nonfederal land in the United States. The estimation problem is formulated in terms of generalised two-phase regression estimation, and a variance estimation strategy is developed.In the second paper, a new approach to variance estimation is suggested. Compared with the reference estimators considered, the new approach, which may be seen as a generalisation of the approach used in paper one, makes more extensive use of the available auxiliary information, and hence it may be expected to be more efficient.Yet another approach to variance estimation is discussed in the third paper. Although conceptually different from the approach discussed in the second paper, it yields very similar results when applied to the generalized regression estimator under two-phase sampling. The approach may readily be extended to allow for variance estimation under multi-phase sampling.The fourth paper, finally, deals with jackknife variance estimation. Twoestimators of potential practical interest are derived, and the estimators are compared empirically by means of a small-scale Monte Carlo study.


Abstract Background: Worldwide propagation of minimally invasive surgeries (MIS) is hindered by their drawback of indirect observation and manipulation, while monitoring of surgical instruments moving in the operated body required by surgeons is a challenging problem. Tracking of surgical instruments by vision-based methods is quite lucrative, due to its flexible implementation via software-based control with no need to modify instruments or surgical workflow. Methods: A MIS instrument is conventionally split into a shaft and end-effector portions, while a 2D/3D tracking-by-detection framework is proposed, which performs the shaft tracking followed by the end-effector one. The former portion is described by line features via the RANSAC scheme, while the latter is depicted by special image features based on deep learning through a well-trained convolutional neural network. Results: The method verification in 2D and 3D formulation is performed through the experiments on ex-vivo video sequences, while qualitative validation on in-vivo video sequences is obtained. Conclusion: The proposed method provides robust and accurate tracking, which is confirmed by the experimental results: its 3D performance in ex-vivo video sequences exceeds those of the available state-of -the-art methods. Moreover, the experiments on in-vivo sequences demonstrate that the proposed method can tackle the difficult condition of tracking with unknown camera parameters. Further refinements of the method will refer to the occlusion and multi-instrumental MIS applications.


In many adult stem cell lineages, the continuous production of functional differentiated cells depends on the maintenance of progenitor cells in an undifferentiated and proliferative state, as well as the subsequent commitment to proper terminal differentiation. In the Drosophila male germline stem cell (GSC) lineage, a key differentiation factor, Bag of marbles (Bam), is required for the transition from proliferative spermatogonia to differentiating spermatocytes. We show that bam mRNA, but not Bam, is present in spermatocytes, suggesting that bam is regulated post-transcriptionally. Consistent with this, repression of Bam accumulation is achieved by microRNAs via the bam 3′UTR. When the bam 3′UTR was substituted with the 3′UTR of a constitutively expressed α-Tubulin, Bam became stabilized in spermatocytes. Moreover, such a persistent expression of Bam in spermatocytes was recapitulated by specifically mutating the putative miR-275/miR-306 recognition site at the bam 3′UTR. In addition, overexpression of miR-275 or miR-306 in spermatogonial cells resulted in a delay of the proliferation-to-differentiation transition and resembled the bam loss-of-function phenotype, suggesting that these microRNAs are sufficient to downregulate Bam. Finally, the failure of Bam downregulation in spermatocytes affected spermatid terminal differentiation and resulted in increased male sterility. Our results demonstrate that microRNAs control the stem cell differentiation pathway through regulating Bam, the downregulation of which is crucial for proper spermatid terminal differentiation.


A series of norbornane-based HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitors are designed theoretically to displace the tetrahedrally coordinated internal water molecule that bridges inhibitor to flaps via hydrogen bonds. These designed inhibitors use the norbornenone oxygen atom to mimic this structural water molecule and contain diols to interact with the carboxylate oxygens of catalytic aspartates. The binding free energies were estimated by modified linear interaction energy approach [Zoete H, Michielin O, Karplus M, J Comput Aided Mol Des17:861, 2003], in which the binding free energy is written as a linear combination of the electrostatic interaction energy between PR and the ligand, Eelec, the van der Waals interaction energy between PR and the ligand, EvdW, and the difference of the solvation free energies of the complex, the receptor, and the isolated ligand, ΔGsolv. The equation obtained in previous work [Da W. Zhang, Philip Lin Huang, Sylvia Lee-Huang, John Z. H. Zhang, J Theor Comput Chem7:485, 2008] is applied directly to calculate the binding free energy of designed norbornane-based HIV-1 PR inhibitors.


The article develops the concept of ethnic revolution which the author regards as one of the major socio-historical processes of the modern stage of globalization. The ethnic revolution is associated with the phenomenon of the «revival of ethnicity» and understood as a general process of re-establishment of ethnicity and ethnic identities which is not limited to any particular territory. In this respect, the issue should refer to a new characteristic. The author examines different types of ethnicity in the context of renovation of social norms and relationships and suggests that the so-called «post-national identity» is only a transitional step towards the formation of fundamentally new ethno-national communities. The situational analysis in different countries, including the EU countries, Russia and other post-Soviet states, reveals specific features of ethnic revolution; its genetic dependence on the spatial structure of economic interactions and communications is described. The author warns against researchers' attempts to define ethnicity as an archaism; presenting it as a form of socio-psychological and cognitive compensation for the growing complexity of the social world and as a factor of economic competitiveness (ethno-economy), the author proves its functionality in modern social practices.


Nickel mining industrial activity in Pomalaa, Southeast Sulawesi Province – Indonesia has provided revenue for government and community. However, this mining has caused impact for an environmental issue. This study aims to analyze river quality in the nickel mining industrial area in Pomalaa. The Total Suspended Solid (TSS) parameter was tested by a gravimetric technique, Fe ions were analyzed by spectrophotometry, and Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Pb were performed by Atomics Absorbance Spectroscopy (AAS). Subsequently, the determination of pH was compared to an Indonesia standard parameter (SNI 06-6989.11-2004). It was performing an evaluation towards the Pollutant Index (PI) value were 0 ≤ PIj ≤ 1.0 (good condition), 1.0 < PIj ≤ 5.0 (lightly polluted), and PIj> 10 (heavily polluted). The result shows that the seven rivers located around Pomalaa nickel mining industrial area are still categorized in a good condition for conducting the mining activity, but Huko-huko river has been categorized lightly polluted because of the impact activity of nickel industrial processing. The quality of Kumoro and Puuroda rivers are still in a good condition for mining activity, processing, and as the second class water quality standard. However, the water quality of Baula, Huko-huko, Pesouha, Sopura, and Oko-oko rivers are categorized to be lightly polluted at which functions as facilities and infrastructure of water recreation, freshwater fish farming, livestock, and irrigation. Meanwhile, the water quality of the Kumoro and Puuroda rivers are still in a good condition.


From the Publisher:
Thirty years ago, cryptography was the almost exclusive preserve of the Government and Military. Today it is the key technology underlying the Internet revolution and is of critical commercial and academic importance.

The broadband technology necessary to make Internet commerce a reality is already with us, but the best networks in the world are effectively useless if no one will trust them with their sensitive commercial, financial, medical or military data.

Most books on cryptography are written by mathematicians for mathematicians and assume more background than many are likely to possess. This book readdresses this balance with self-contained tutorial-styled chapters along with worked examples.

Looking to the future, completion of the sequencing of the Human Genome has opened new doors in the treatment of disease. This book suggests it will be cryptographers not medics who will make critical advances.


Abstract. Reconstruction is an action that re-builds a ruin or a non-existing structure trying to reproduce its form and shape at a given moment of its past. Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage monuments used to be common practice during the 19th and 20th centuries. However, contemporary ways of thinking and approaching the issue of reviving the past have introduced a lot of scepticism as far as reconstructions are concerned. An attractive alternative is virtual reconstruction, which does not involve any intervention to the existing relics, while it offers all advantages to the curator. In this paper the virtual reconstruction of a non-existing building of the Athenian Agora is described, presented and visualized. All data collected were evaluated and used appropriately for the final product. It is evident that, on one hand, the data collected do not all belong to the target period and, on the other, not all the data necessary to built up the model are available today. Therefore, one needs to carefully select the data corresponding to the period of study and complete them with suitable hypotheses. It is imperative that both tasks must be done in collaboration of the archaeologists and architects responsible for the monument. In this context a hierarchy of the data was developed, based on their reliability as far as their "correctness" is concerned. The data were categorized for their reliability after careful evaluation. The accuracy of the data depends on the source; hence the data which originate from a drawing or from one study of the 3D reconstructed monument are considered more accurate than data which come from a source referring to architectural elements of other monuments or written reports of travelers. Sometimes the data appear in more than one source, in this case they must be checked for their reliability. In cases of remaining artifacts that could be found in the museum and belonged to the building a different approach was followed. They were used to produce 3D models and these were later attached to the final 3D model. From the final virtual reconstruction a short video has also been produced for the better visualization of the result.


Two well-ground and polished plane glass plates if put together, adhere. This phenomenon is called optical contact and is very much used in the manufacture of optical instruments, since the boundary between the two glass surfaces shows practically no reflection of light, when the gap between the two glass surfaces is exceedingly small in comparison with the wave-length of visible light. An analogous phenomenon can be easily observed in mica. Two freshly split mica foils if put together adhere again with an appreciable force. It is interesting to see if the restoration is perfect, i. e ., if we need to apply the same force to split two mica sheets placed in optical contact as to split a fresh one. In the present work it will be shown that the splitting strength is a constant for mica ; that we can determine a surface energy of mica which is independent of the shape of the mica sheets chosen and that mica placed in optical contact is totally restored. A description will also be given of some electrical phenomena obtained by splitting mica in a high vacuum. It appears that the cleavage surface of mica is covered with electrical charges ; further, that the strength of mica in a high vacuum is more than in air and is also a fairly well-defined constant. The present observations are connected with the well-known work of A. Joffe on the tensile strength of rock salt. In the case of rock salt the surface was either dissolved to avoid the effect of imperfections of the surface or the surface action was avoided altogether as in the experiment with the rock salt sphere.


This paper examines the competitiveness of industries in six Asian countries—China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan—using the World Input–Output Database tables from 1995 to 2011. Competitiveness is measured by the value-added that industries contribute to the production of final goods, which we refer to as global value chain (GVC) income, rather than by gross exports. We find that, unlike EU countries, Asian countries have generally been able to combine increasing GVC job opportunities with a rise in real income. The GVC income in Asian countries presents a different picture to that in European countries.


Glossy magazine launched to promote healthy lifestyles

Last week health secretary John Reid visited a north London swimming pool to launch a new glossy lifestyle magazine. Your Life! looks like the real thing. There is a soap star turned singer and a magic diet on the cover. Rock star Ms Dynamite pouts inside. And it fits in your handbag. But Your Life! is not the real thing. It is a health promotion magazine—21st century patient information about how to look after yourself, live longer, and find a smoking cessation clinic when you need one.

Your Life! is free and funded jointly by the Department of Health and 75 primary care trusts. It is produced by Dr Foster, independent publishers best known for their consumer guides to health care. All three are hoping that 24 pages of celebrities doing what they do best (talking about themselves) will reach …


Abstract The spatial structure of the world is unequal, centres and peripheries alternate. There are significant social and development differences between countries in the world, but there is also an unequal development within the countries. The main purpose of the regional policy is to reduce spatial inequalities by catching up the underdeveloped areas. Nowadays, in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, technological progress creates possibilities for developing regions to catch up, because new technologies require new skills that are less dependent on factor endowments of countries. Most economies are unable to create new technologies because they do not have the appropriate resources or their institutional environment does not favour innovation. However, technological progress can also be observed in these countries by adopting and applying new technologies effectively. This research aims to illustrate the regional differences in the conditions of technological progress in Europe, using multivariate statistical methods. Based on the European Regional Competitiveness Index, the research question to be analysed is whether new technologies may be able to decrease spatial differences. We compare the European regions in the field of innovation in order to highlight the critical areas that can promote or prevent the reduction of inequalities.


The performance of an exhaust turbine driving a supercharger is investigated by means of a sample calculation based on reasonable assumptions for the purpose of determining whether the assumed installation is stable with respect to changes in the mass of gas handled, boost pressure, etc. The arrangement was found to be stable throughout the entire range of operation. The method developed can be generally applied.


Environment-friendly "green" composites were fabricated from a starch-based, dispersion-type biodegradable resin and cellulose nanofibers. The mixture of the dispersion-type biodegradable resin and cellulose nanofibers were blended well by using a home-use mixer and a stirrer, and then dried in air or in a vacuum. Composites were prepared by conventional hot pressing at a constant temperature of 140°C and at pressures from 10 to 50 MPa. Their flexural strength as well as flexural modulus increased with increasing the molding pressure, and were also affected by preparation methods and conditions. Their mechanical properties such as strength and modulus had a good correlation with their density. Especially it can be seen that there is significant effectiveness in a stirrer mixing process, which results in the improved uniform dispersion of nanofibers.


Human activity is an increasingly important mechanism of plant dispersal, particularly in densely populated countries such as England. We investigated which species are commonly dispersed by the following vectors: soil carried on motor vehicles, topsoil, sugar factory topsoil, horticultural stock, and garden throw-outs. We compared the ecological traits of the species associated with each vector with those of a representative sample of the regional flora. Traits examined were life history, canopy height, lateral spread, flowering start, flowering period, seed persistence in the soil, vegetative reproduction, wind dispersal, log seed weight and specific leaf area. We identified two major anthropogenic dispersal pathways, each associated with a clearly defined group of species. Species associated with topsoil, cars and horticulture depend essentially on soil movement, and are often small and fast-growing, but their most consistent unifying characteristic is the production of numerous, small, persistent seeds. In contrast, garden throw-outs, which are themselves functionally similar to increasing garden escapes, tend to be tall, spreading perennials with transient seed banks, attributes which are almost the exact opposite of the soil-borne group. Some recent studies of the British flora have failed to find any dispersal-related differences between those species with increasing or decreasing ranges, or between natives and invasive aliens. Others have found contradictory attributes of aliens; they were more likely to have bigger seeds than natives, but also more likely to have a persistent seed bank. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that there exist two contrasting groups of successful alien invaders: tall, spreading competitors and small, short-lived, fast-growing species with high reproductive outputs. The parallel with the two groups of species identified here is remarkable, and is further evidence of the probable importance of anthropogenic dispersal in the modern landscape.


This Article introduces and frames a symposium issue of Harvard Law School's Unbound, Journal of the Legal Left that is devoted to an assessment of Local 1330, United Steel Workers v. U.S. Steel (6th Cir. 1980) on the 30th anniversary of the decision. The Author provides a historical and legal context for the federal courts' decisions on the Steelworkers' novel community property and contractual claims brought by the plaintiffs in an effort to prevent U.S. Steel from closing its manufacturing operations Youngtown, Ohio. In this context, the Author discusses the relationship of the plaintiffs' community property claim to the origins of the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act of 1988 and to the 'new' property claims addressed in the landmark welfare rights case, Goldberg v. Kelly (S. Ct. 1970). The Author explains that the strategy to stop plant closings in the 1970s and 80s was not limited to litigation or legislative reform and that the movement to stop plant closings thirty years ago provides an historical antecedent to the current mobilizations of union workers in 2011 that are challenging efforts to curtail the labor rights of public sector employees in Wisconsin, Ohio and other states.


This essay uses entangled political economy to explore how concerns over Covid-19 have influenced conduct within the public square. Entangled political economy represents a merging of ideas that Frank Knight (1933) and Harold Lasswell (1936) set forth to indicate that politics and economics dealt with the same societal material. We explore the relationship between entanglement and public reason within a context of Michael Polanyi's (1962) conceptualization of a Republic of Science. The point of our paper is not to offer some critique of particular policy measures but to advance our understanding of how democratic societies operate in stressful times.
It seems patently clear that Covid-19 presents some difficult problems of public health regarding a sometimes-lethal contagious disease that spreads through personal interaction. Times of crisis like that which many people think Covid-19 presents surely amplifies the challenges that policy formation presents to democratic societies. Our interest in this paper, however, lies not in selecting among different policies that people have proposed to combat the pandemic. Rather, we explore the properties of different organizational arrangements through which contestation among political, economic, and scientific entities influence the emergence of societal outcomes. To do this, we adopt the approach of entangled political economy which Wagner (2016) summarizes. Entangled political economy contrasts with the standard notion of additive political economy. With additive political economy, political action is independent of economic action as is entailed in the presumption that political action offsets market failures. In contrast, with entangled political activity there is continual interaction between political and economic entities, sometimes to mutual advantage and sometimes not, but politics and economics do not represent distinct realms of activity in any case.
At the core of our analysis lies recognition of the wisdom of Frank Knight's oft-made remark that our most severe problem with knowledge does not lie in what we don't know but rather lies in what we know that isn't true. There might well be one best response to Covid-19, but there is no universal agreement about what that response might be. Many people claim to know what's best, and not all of them can be right. In the face of such systemic ignorance, there is no effective option to relying on processes of social contestation to winnow down the possibilities. Hence, we focus on contestation within a policy-making processes that entails interaction among political, economic, and scientific entities. That contestation, moreover, cuts across different linguistic communities. The scientific community mostly uses languages grounded in concepts and categories of such fields as molecular biology, epidemiology, virology, and statistics. The commercial or economic community mostly works with languages grounded in revenue, costs, and profits. The political community mostly works with languages grounded in public perception and the reduction of technical categories and concepts to those that seem intuitively reasonable or plausible.
The social process of contestation thus resembles a three-ring circus where activity in the main political ring is shaped by activities undertaken within the commercial and scientific rings, and with that shaping running in both directions. We examine the societal impact of Covid-19 from the perspective of entangled political economy which construes societies as dense and complex ecologies of interacting enterprises. The framework of entangled political economy is built on recognition of the dispersed nature of knowledge. Within this analytical framework, policy is not so much an object of choice by some ruling coalition as it is an emergent outcome of interaction among interested participants as shaped through an organizationally structured process of political competition (Podemska-Mikluch 2014).
The framework of entangled political economy recalls the formulations by two scholarly giants associated with the University of Chicago in the 1930 s, Frank H. Knight (1933) and Harold D. Lasswell (1936), each of whom articulated nearly congruent visions of the domains of economics and politics, and with nearly a century later this vision now carrying the label entangled political economy. In The Economic Organization, Knight (1933) explained that any society will have to address the same set of questions: what will be produced, how it will be produced, and how much of that output different people will receive. In very small societies, these decisions might be made explicitly through some procedure of collective choice. In large societies, such explicit choice is impossible. Nonetheless, those three sets of decisions will be necessary in even the largest of societies. Knight's point was simply that the making of such decisions was present in the very operation of the society, even though there might be innumerable processes for reaching such decisions. For Lasswell (1936), politics addressed questions of who gets what, when they get it, and how they get it. It's plain to see that what Wagner (2016) describes as entangled political economy is congruent with Knight's and Lasswell's formulations of the problems that are common to all societies.
Furthermore, entangled political economy suggests that both market and political entities are similar in being led by leaders who seek to be successful at what they do. One significant difference between political and market enterprises is that there exists a market for ownership shares in market enterprises which means that those enterprises will command market value. This contrast between the two categories of enterprise influences the types of interaction that occur between those enterprises. All the same, what we denote as policy outcomes emerge through processes of contestation across the three rings. How the outcomes of that contestation might measure up against some imagined standard of societal welfare is something about which many people might have opinion, only there is no god-like vantage point like Mount Olympus from which correct or true judgment might be rendered.
We open the paper with an overview of the role the concept of public goods and public reason has played in advancing lines of demarcation between political and commercial activity. We then contrast this effort at demarcation with the efforts of Elinor Ostrom (1990) and her associates to explain how people often are able to overcome the public goods problems they face without resorting to some arbitrary imposition of power to resolve theoretical impasses. Following this, we contrast the assembly of knowledge within an idealized setting of a Republic of Science (Polanyi 1951; 1962) with recognition that science and politics are inescapably entangled in settings like that which Covid-19 presents. We close by reflecting on how ideas from entangled political economy might alter the contributions social sciences might make to political processes.


Humans make complex inferences on faces, ranging from objective properties (gender, ethnicity, expression, age, identity, etc) to subjective judgments (facial attractiveness, trustworthiness, sociability, friendliness, etc). While the objective aspects of face perception have been extensively studied, relatively fewer computational models have been developed for the social impressions of faces. Bridging this gap, we develop a method to predict human impressions of faces in 40 subjective social dimensions, using deep representations from state-of-the-art neural networks. We find that model performance grows as the human consensus on a face trait increases, and that model predictions outperform human groups in correlation with human averages. This illustrates the learnability of subjective social perception of faces, especially when there is high human consensus. Our system can be used to decide which photographs from a personal collection will make the best impression. The results are significant for the field of social robotics, demonstrating that robots can learn the subjective judgments defining the underlying fabric of human interaction.


We previously reported intense pial cerebral collateralization and arteriogenesis in a mild and lean model of type 2 diabetes, Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Further 3-dimensional fluroscein (FITC) imaging studies revealed regional differences in increased cerebral neovascularization which was associated with poor vessel wall maturity. Building upon these findings, the goals of this study were a) to compare and contrast this pathological neovascularization pattern in db/db mice and GK models of diabetes, and b) determine the effect of glycemic control on erratic cerebral neovascularization. Total vascular volume, density and surface area as well as structural parameters including microvessel/macrovessel ratio, non-FITC perfusing vessel abundance, penetrating arteriole (PA) branching density and diameter, and tortuosity were measured by 3 dimensional reconstruction of FITC stained vasculature using Z-stacked images obtained with confocal microscopy. Lean GK rats exhibited an increase in both micro and macrovessel density, non-perfusing vessel abundance, branch density, diameter and tortuosity. Glycemic control with metformin prevented these changes. Obese db/db mice, on the other hand, showed an increase in only microvascular density but this was not associated with an increase in non-FITC perfusing vessels. PA branch density was higher than controls but branch diameter was reduced. Diabetes also promoted astrogliosis. These results suggests that type 2 diabetes leads to cerebral neovascularization and remodeling but structural characteristics of newly formed vessels differ between lean and obese models that have mild or severe hyperglycemia, respectively. The prevention of dysfunctional cerebral neovascularization by early glucose control suggests that hyperglycemia is a mediator of this response. N=4-8 * p≤ 0.05, ** p≤ 0.005 \***| 0.0005

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Abstract- : Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one important cause of transfusion-associated in morbidity and mortality infecting immuno-suppressed individuals.
Aim: The goal of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to CMV in blood donors at KHMC
Methods: The seroprevalence of CMV antibodies was tested using CMV IgG/IgM Chemiluminescence's by Immulite 2000 system. and Enzyme linked sorbent immune assay -ELISA
Results: Of the 2000voluntary blood donors screened for CMV, 1800 were positive and 200 were negative for IgG antibodies, with CMV positive prevalence rate of 90%. All of the IgG positive blood donors were negative for CMV IgM antibodies. About 96% of the donors aged between 30 to 39 years were seropositive for CMV, as against 91.9% in those aged 20-29 years, 88.6% in 40 to 49 years, 75.0% (3 out of 4) in 50 to 59 years, and 100% (1 out 1) in 60-69 years. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the CMV IgG status in different age groups. The highest rate was found in adult male blood donors units (1800 out of 2000), making sex comparisons statistically undesirable.
Conclusion: 90% of blood donors at KHMC were CMV IgG seropositive, it is advisable to screen blood donors in Jordan for CMV to identify the CMV-seronegative blood donors, and maintain an inventory of them for use as donors. We conclude that CMV IgG titer in blood units is high with possibly subsequent transmission of infection but a single serum titer is of limited diagnostic value in determining active disease.


This article arises from the need to reflect upon the possibility of developing new ways of teaching electroacoustic music, based on the opportunities recently offered by technology and the theories about learning that have been developed in recent decades. After taking into consideration the limits of the current teaching methods, the article examines various theories and approaches that involve questioning the objectivity of the learning process, the concept of multiple intelligences, the concentration on the experience as the focal point of learning and so forth. On the basis of these reflections, and after evaluating various teaching experiences over the past twenty years, the authors make some practical proposals, without imagining a curriculum, but rather by outlining several possible activities within an organic teaching project. To this end, a software program is described and realised in which the learner is engaged through the use of an interactive game format that can be played by the individual or in a group, and that encourages the development of the capacities of analysis, perception, practical skill, knowledge, imagination and creativity.


Book synopsis: This volume of essays explores the themes of radicalism and dissent within Protestantism. The comparisons highlight the contingent nature of particular settlements and narratives, and reveal the extent to which the definition of religious radicalism was dependent upon immediate context and show that radicalism and dissent were truly transnational phenomena. The historiography of the so-called radical reformation has been unduly shaped by the hostile categories imposed by mainstream or magisterial reformers during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This volume argues that scholars should adopt an open-ended understanding of evangelical reform, and recognize that the boundaries between radicalism and its opposite were not always firmly drawn. The distinction between the two is an inheritance of the Lutheran Reformation of the 1520s, which shaped not only the later course of the Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire but also attitudes towards and writings on religious dissent in the Netherlands and England. Radical critique is immanent within mainstream Protestantism, in a faith that emphasizes the power of the gospel with its unrelenting demands.


Many rivers in tropical and subtropical karst regions are supersaturated with respect to CaCO3 and have high water hardness. After flowing through waterfall sites, river water is usually softened, accompanied by tufa formation,which is simply described as a result of water turbulence in fast-flowing water. In this paper, a series of laboratory experiments are designed to simulate the hydrological conditions at waterfall sites. The influences of air-water interface,water flow velocity, aeration and solid-water interface on water softening are compared and evaluated on a quantitative basis. The results show that the enhanced inorganic CO2 outgassing due to sudden hydrological changes occurring at waterfall sites is the principal cause of water softening at waterfall sites. Both air-water interface area and water flow velocity increase as a result of the "aeration effect", "low pressure effect" and "jet-flow effect" at waterfall sites, which greatly accelerates CO2 outgassing and therefore makes natural waters become highly supersaturated with respect to CaCO3, consequently resulting in much CaCO3 deposition and reduction of water hardness. Aeration, rapidly increasing air-water interface area and water flow velocity, proves to be effective in reducing water hardness. This study may provide a cheap, safe and effective way to soften water.


Horizontal wells covering entire length of the reservoirs are not economically suitable. Frictional pressure drops increases with the increase in well length and flow rates. Optimal Horizontal length is estimated through economic analysis i.e. Net present Value of the project (NPV). Well construction costs including incremental costs of drilling horizontal section, friction losses in horizontal section, Hydrocarbon prices and Drainage area affect NPV. This thesis work estimates NPV and Productivity Indices of horizontal well projects with the use of simulation results under operating conditions of draw drawdown limits and constant Bottom hole flowing pressures using Finite conductivity concept. Horizontal wells assuming frictionless wellbores are also discussed. The results of NPV and PI are used to estimate the optimal length of horizontal wellbore in this work. Relatively shorter well lengths were found to be more economical than the lengthier ones in every case. Well bore flow rates of 1600 stb/day in the case of well bore roughness variation didn't decrease productivity to high extent . Higher flow rates such as a minimum of 2600 stb/day were reported to be involved in decreasing productivity for well lengths of 3000-4000 ft. for diameter of 2.5 inches. Well length optimization through objective functions based on NPV, flow rates and bottom hole flowing pressures are possible future works.


It is common practice to forecast social, political, and economic outcomes by polling people about their intentions. This approach is direct, but it can be unreliable in settings where it is hard to identify a representative sample, or where subjects have an incentive to conceal their true intentions or beliefs. The authors propose that, as a substitute or a supplement, forecasters use historical outcomes to predict future ones. The relevance of historical events, however, is not guaranteed. The authors apply a novel technique called Partial Sample Regression to identify, in a mathematically precise way, the subset of events that are most relevant to the present. The outcomes of those events are then weighted by their relevance and averaged to give a prediction for the future. The authors illustrate their technique by showing that it correctly predicted the winner of the last six U.S. presidential elections based only on the political, geopolitical, and economic circumstances of the election year.


Seven isolates from various human body sites displayed general chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics of the genus Brevibacterium. This was corroborated by the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain CF62T, showing a sequence similarity of 99% to Brevibacterium mcbrellneri. However, DNA-DNA hybridization, a peculiar amino acid content of the cell wall and some phenotypic properties clearly suggested that these strains belong to a new species, for which the name Brevibacterium paucivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of B. paucivorans is CF62T (= DSM 13657T = LMG 19814T). The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 55.8 mol%.


The fault detection problem is investigated for a class of wireless network control systems which has stochastic uncertainties in the state-space matrices, combined with time delays and nonlinear disturbance. First, the system error observer is proposed. Then, by constructing proper Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, we acquire sufficient conditions to guarantee the stability of the fault detection observer for the discrete system, and observer gain is also derived by solving linear matrix inequalities. Finally, a simulation example shows that when a fault happens, the observer residual rises rapidly and fault can be quickly detected, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.


The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of the role of particle-associated bacteria in phytoplankton degradation in the Chesapeake Bay, USA, and to identify environmental parameters that control production by free and particle-associated bacteria. Surface and bottom waters at 10 stations along the length of the Bay were sampled over a 2 yr period. Samples were analyzed for temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, phaeophytin, particulate protein, thymidine incorporation (an estimate of bacterial growth rate), and bacterial total direct counts. Results demonstrated that freeliving bacteria were responsible for most of the total bacterial production, which was correlated with temperature and particulate protein, but not with chlorophyll. In contrast, attached bacteria were much more active than free-living bacteria on a per-cell basis. Cell-specific thymidine incorporation by freeliving bacteria correlated with temperature and particulate protein quantity, whereas that by attached bacteria correlated with temperature, particulate protein quantity and particulate organic quality, as indicated by extent of phytoplankton degradation.


Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a cause of gonorrhea which is the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Bacterial culture is a gold standard method for this bacterial detection, but it is time-consuming and skilled technicians are needed. Therefore, the development of a rapid, easy and sensitive detection technique is still required. In the present study, we developed a specific gold nanoparticle probe for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae genomic DNA compared to a conventional PCR method. The average size of the synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was approximately 13 nanometers. GNP probes could bind specifically with complementary sequences of DNA. Due to their salt-tolerance, GNPs solution remained in red color, which could be detected by naked eyes, after adding 100 mM MgSO4 solution. This method is easy and rapid with the detection limit of 20 ng/?L genomic DNA of N. gonorrhoeae. Twelve strains of bacteria were tested by this detection method and the results showed high specificity to N. gonorrhoeae. In conclusion, this developed method has the potential to apply for medical diagnosis.


Residual amounts of hormonal-active substances were isolated from the tissues of farm animals stimulated with metandrostenolone-3H. The process of isolation included extraction with a mixture of polar solvents, hydrolysis, adsorption and partition column chromatography, thin-layer and paper chromatography, with radio-isotope, fluorometric, spectrophotometric and densitometric methods employed for identification. Results subsequent to determination of residual amounts of the compound are reported.


The flow force acting on a valve disk plays an important role in the overall performance of pressure safety valves (PSVs). To quantify the disk force, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods have been widely implemented. In this paper, the capability of CFD models, and the identification of the most suitable turbulence models' geometry modeling and mesh requirements have been assessed to establish the accuracy of CFD models for disk force prediction. For validation purposes, a PSV disk force measuring rig was designed and constructed to obtain the steady-state flow forces exerted on the valve disk at different valve openings. The CFD model assessment is achieved by comparing the simulation results to experimental measurements; this is achieved in two stages. Stage 1 investigates the use of Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based turbulence models where two-dimensional (2D) simulations are performed with five turbulence models. The results indicate that a variety of force results are produced by different turbulence models, among which the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω was found to have the best performance. Stage 2 investigates meshing and the use of symmetry and geometry simplifications; 2D, 1/8 three-dimensional (3D) and 1/2 3D mesh models are examined. The results indicate that the 1/8 3D mesh model is the optimal choice, owing to its higher accuracy and reasonable grid scale. The studies performed in this paper extend the knowledge of compressible flow force prediction, and should facilitate the design or optimization of PSVs.


This update summarizes bilateral, multilateral, regional, and international events affecting the Palestinians and the future of the peace process. It covers the quarter beginning on 16 November 2016 and ending on 15 February 2017. Neither the Palestinians nor the Israelis made any efforts to resume peace negotiations this quarter. The Palestinians opted to coordinate with outgoing U.S. president Barack Obama on UN Security Council resolution 2334 condemning Israeli settlements, while the Israelis pressed incoming U.S. president Donald Trump for a new regional peace approach. U.S. secretary of state John Kerry presented six principles for a Palestinian-Israeli peace deal, and the French government hosted an international peace conference in Paris. Trump took office in January and began backpedaling on his pledge to move the U.S. embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. Meanwhile, Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu continued his efforts to marginalize the Palestinian minority and political opponents in Israel in order to placate the fury of his ruling coalition9s ultranationalists over the evacuation of Amona, an illegal settlement outpost. Settler movement leaders used their leverage with Netanyahu to pass a sweeping new bill in the Knesset retroactively legalizing such settlement outposts.


Agent-based modeling techniques have been used by researchers in the field of computational philosophy to provide insights into a number of philosophical questions. In the study reported here, we ran a series of agent-based simulation experiments to see whether groupwide adherence to certain specific moral rules and practices might provide an evolutionary advantage. In each experiment, two groups of individuals competed with each other to harvest food. The members of one group ("sharers") then shared food with each other as specified in one of two sharing rules; members of the other group ("hoarders") never shared food. Individuals who had at least a specified amount of food survived and reproduced, while those who did not died of starvation. Changes in population size were used as a measure of evolutionary fitness. In some experiments, the sharers followed an "unconditional" sharing rule under which they were always obligated to share food. In other experiments, sharers followed a "conditional" sharing rule that made an exception when sharing could put the sharer itself at risk of starving. We found that unconditional sharing had an evolutionary advantage over hoarding when food was plentiful, but a disadvantage when food was scarce. Conditional sharing also offered an advantage over hoarding in a high-resource environment, but unlike unconditional sharing, it did not result in a disadvantage in a low-resource environment. Our observation of these evolutionarily favorable characteristics of conditional sharing provides an interesting example of the potential use of agent-based modeling to inform discussions about the evolution of morality.


For a variety of reasons, the governments of Central America have struggled to provide basic healthcare services to their rural and impoverished populations. The lack of incentives for healthcare personnel to reside in or even to travel to remote areas, along with the deep rural-urban and rich-poor divides have resulted in poor coverage and poor health indicators. Further, language and cultural barriers and the lack of a budget for transportation in the rural departments have added to the complications in meeting the needs of the poor. In an effort to address the poor health indicators and the clients' complaints, to achieve equitable access to healthcare, and to reach the goals established by the Millennium Development Goals, the Salvadoran Government sought to extend essential healthcare services to disadvantaged populations, especially mothers and children, the poor, and rural and indigenous populations. With the help of a World Bank loan, the Ministry focused on: (1) solidifying the provision of health services to remote and poor areas; (2) expanding coverage; and (3) institutionalizing the program to assure its sustainability and governance for improved health results. Given the emerging financial crisis, which could affect the size and effectiveness of social budgets, the challenge is to maintain this program and consolidate the improvements of the health indicators.


Brain‐wave activity (EEG) even at minute levels recorded from the dolphin head surface may be processed in synchrony with sound to reveal an auditory‐evoked potential (AEP). AEPs can provide objective information about the auditory system and many features are consistent across species so that experience with common laboratory animals and humans may be of help in evaluating responses. Although AEPs do not require a behavioral response, they may be compared with behavioral responses as sound is attenuated toward threshold. Some components of the AEP are unaffected by level of consciousness, allowing their use to evaluate hearing in sleeping infants and to determine brain damage or brain death. Auditory thresholds, and related information such as temporary threshold shifts, are critical for evaluating the potential impacts of ocean noise pollution on marine animals. Most species that are of concern, such as the great whales will not likely be brought into the laboratory so that their auditory system can be studied; however, many opportunities exist for brief studies when such animals become stranded or entrapped. Physiological studies, including AEPs, could go a long way toward providing critical information needed to define some limits for safe noise exposure for marine animals.


The need for parents to attend programs such as the Parent Project and understand the effectiveness of parent education classes is important, especially for those raising troubled or out of control youth. At Partners For Peace they provide just that, parent education through the Parent Project program. It has been stated that support groups help parents alleviate stress (Armenta and Huerta, 2015) therefore, the project consisted of bringing former Parent Project graduates together to continue supporting each other by reconnecting them in a barbeque, providing free food and games for them and their families, and hosting an enrichment workshop facilitated by a bilingual Salinas Police Officer due to the population being served were Spanish speaking parents. The purpose of the project was for parents to give each other wise advice and increase their peer to peer support. It also encouraged the parents to use the tools they received while they attended the Parent Project courses. By getting all parents from different graduating classes together, the agency learned more about their needs and the changes that they can make to better the program. After also providing a quick questionnaire it was found that many parents informed that the program is helpful because by educating themselves they can help their youth. The majority mentioned that the program would be so much more helpful to other families as prevention rather than intervention and that is the most important recommendation to the agency because by educating the parents at an early stage they can avoid problems down the road.


The purpose of this research is to modify natural rubber (NR). The optimum conditions for synthesis of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was investigated. The synthesized ENR was modified by hydrogenation reaction. This modified ENR was called HENR. The optimum amount of CuSO4 ·5H2O used in this reaction was investigated. It was found that the optimum condition for synthesizing ENR is as followed. The type of surfactant is POE(12)tridecyl ether and the amount of this surfactant is 5 phr. The highest epoxide content which received from fresh NR latex and concentrated NR latex in selected condition are 25.53 and 22.51% respectively. The highest percentage of hydrogenation from this condition is 67.90%. It can be concluded that after hydrogenation reaction HENR shows higher thermal resistance than that of synthesized ENR.


The elasticity cavity swelling is investigated, and based on equivalent loading and elastic wave theory, blasting propagation model at great depth is established. Using the potential functions which is equal to different boundary conditions, a transformation rule between velocity field and stress field is given. The result shows that for the same stress condition, the particle's velocity is smaller, the reason for which is that the factors influencing the magnitude of this difference are the propagation distance and speed. Through the stress field attenuation analyses under shock wave loading, variable attenuation of spherical wave field is r-1at least. At the beginning of the medium's movement, the circumferential stress is tensile stress, and then turns into compressive stress. The tensile stress may cause radial cracks. The shearing stress is the decreasing function of r/R0in the area from seismic source to elastic wave front.


In response to global climate change, loss of biodiversity, and the immense human impact on the carrying capacity of the earth systems, attention has been given to sustainable development worldwide. In this paper, we explore the emerging field of sustainability science within the context of the socio‐cultural milieu of Malawi, a sub‐Saharan African country. Through interviews in vernacular languages and observations in the field, our research explores how traditional agriculture practices of African elders may contribute to the sustainability of the environment and culture in Africa. Findings indicate that traditional farmers and food preservationists choose to practice indigenous ways of living with nature to live sustainably in a globalized economy. Further discussion elucidates how merging worldviews and hybridized knowledge and languages can be leveraged to create a third space for dialogue and curriculum development by connecting indigenous ways of living with Eurocentric science.


In this article, we draw on concepts of time, liminal space and narrative therapy to explore the interactions that we, the authors, engaged in before, during and after our sessions together. New Beginnings is a project which works with parents who have children on care orders or whose children are subject to the child protection process. For a period of six months, women attend trauma-informed sessions where together, with the support of project facilitators and each other, they explore how past trauma has not only affected their identity but has also shaped their parenting practices. The main objective of the project is to provide space for the women to create their own maternal commons, a place where they can share stories and enact transformational beginnings. In this article, we draw on reflective notes from one case which connected the project lead and a mother she worked with to one another. Using the concepts of time and liminal space theory, we explore three themes that emerged: being ready, standing still and moving forwards. The contribution of this article is therefore three-fold; it argues that 'time' in the child protection process is compounded by bureaucracy and legal processes which do not take into consideration the trauma that has been experienced or how it then unfolds in present interactions between practitioner and parent; it extends the concept of liminality in social work by exploring the lived experience of a mother on the project and it demonstrates how narrative therapy can be used as a method to elucidate the rite of passage a person can take (or not) when attempting to traverse liminal spaces.


Although the suggestibility of eyewitness memory is well documented, previous studies have not clearly established the extent to which misled Ss might come to believe they actually remember seeing the suggested details they report. To assess whether Ss confuse misleading suggestions for their "real memories" of a witnessed event, Ss were asked specific questions about their memory for the source of suggested items. The results of 5 experiments showed that misled Ss do sometimes come to believe they remember seeing items that were merely suggested to them, a phenomenon we refer to as the source misattribution effect. Nevertheless, the results also showed that the magnitude of this effect varies and that source misattributions are not an inevitable consequence of exposure to suggestions.

http://www.personal.kent.edu/~mzaragoz/publications/zaragoza %26 lane 1994.pdf


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Many early phase trials in stroke have not been subsequently confirmed. Randomization balance in baseline factors that influence outcome are difficult to achieve and may be partly responsible for misleading early results. We hypothesized that comparison with an outcome function derived from a large number of pooled control arms would mitigate these randomization problems and provide a reliable predictor for decision-making before proceeding to later phase trials. We developed such a model and added a novel feature of generation of multidimensional 95% prediction surfaces by which individual studies could be compared. We performed a proof-of-principle study with published clinical trials, determining whether our method correctly identified known outcomes.

METHODS
The control arms from all randomized, controlled trials for acute stroke with >or=10 subjects, including baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, age, and 3-month outcomes published between 1994 and May 2008, were identified. A Matlab program (PPREDICTS) was written to generate outcome functions based on these parameters. Published treatment trials were compared with these 95% intervals to determine whether it successfully identified positive and negative trials.

RESULTS
Models of mortality and functional outcome were successfully generated (mortality: R(2)=0.69; functional outcome, modified Rankin Scale 0 to 2: R(2)=0.81; both P<0.0001). The National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator trial and 3 studies yet to be subjected to Phase III study had modified Rankin Scale 0 to 2 outcomes above the 95% prediction interval. Sixteen treatment arm outcomes fell within prediction surface bounds. This group included 2 major trials, Stroke-Acute Ischemic NXY Treatment and Abciximab Emergent Stroke Treatment Trial, that initially appeared promising but went on to negative Phase III results.

CONCLUSIONS
This proof-of-principle analysis confirmed all positive and negative clinical stroke trial results and identified some promising therapies. The use of a pooled standard treatment group function combined with statistical bounds may improve selection of early studies for further study. This method may be applicable to any condition in which baseline factors influence outcome and at any stage of the development process.


We consider a saturated tree network with flow control. The network consists of two layers of polling stations, all of which use the random polling service discipline. We obtain the equilibrium distribution of the network using a Markov chain approach. This equilibrium distribution can be used to efficiently compute the division of throughput over packets from different sources. Our study shows that this throughput division is determined by an interaction between the flow control limits, buffer sizes, and the service discipline parameters. A numerical study provides more insight in this interaction. The study is motivated by networks on chips where multiple masters share a single slave, operating under flow control.


BACKGROUND: Despite distant historical studies that demonstrated the adequacy of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, current surgical practice continues to use antibiotics for postoperative coverage up to 24 hours. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate a change in antibiotic prophylaxis duration and its effect on surgical site infection in a high-volume modern colorectal practice. DESIGN: A case-controlled series retrospectively reviewed outcomes through a prospective validated data base. SETTING: The study was conducted at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. PATIENTS: A total of 965 patients were evaluated. Our study analyzed patient outcomes related to surgical site infection comparing cohort 1 (2012–2013), which had the same antibiotic coverage preoperatively up to 24 hours postoperatively, and cohort 2 (2014–2015), which eliminated postoperative doses and relied solely on pre- and intraoperative dosing duration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes of this study are superficial and deep surgical site infection. RESULTS: There were no differences identified for superficial or deep surgical site infection rates between cohorts. Before the change in antibiotic dosing duration (2012–2013), 28 of 493 patients (5.7%) vs after the practice change (2014–2015), 25 of 472 patients (5.3%) were reported to have superficial or deep surgical site infection (p = 0.794). LIMITATIONS: This study is limited by its retrospective design within a single institution. CONCLUSION: These equivalent results present an opportunity for surgeons to reconsider optimal antibiotic duration and minimize unnecessary antibiotic dosing. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A322.


For the economic and reasonable application of high strength composite shaft lining of steel and concrete, the mechanical characteristic of this kind of structure were studied. First of all, according to the similarity theory, the shaft lining model is designed, then making the specimen and the loading test are put into effect. The results show that the combined action of inner and outer steel tube and middle concrete improves their respective performance. In shaft lining structure the stability of steel tube would be enhanced and the brittleness of high strength concrete would be improved also, so shaft lining structure shows fairly plastic feature when it is destroyed. Moreover, because of the restraint function of double-layer plate, the concrete in shaft lining structure completely is in triaxial compression stress state, the compressive strength can improve 1.53 ~ 1.90 times more than the concrete under uniaxial compression. The bearing capacity of shaft lining also increased greatly. Therefore, it is proposed that the improvement coefficient of the concrete's compressive strength should be considered in the strength calculation of high composite shaft lining structure of steel and concrete.


In accordance with the feature of non-linear and time varying for parameters that in the process of molecular distillation extract fructus schisandrae, intelligent logic control algorithm for temperature control in molecular distillation was proposed. The temperature deviation of molecular distillation and its deviation variety rates was applied as a feedback signal, the intelligent logic control rule was established. The test results show that the control of temperature for wiped film type molecular distiller with the method of this paper is simple, practical, and the control accuracy is improved, can very well solve the temperature control in molecular distillation.


A Clinical Task Force, composed of clinical leaders from Alzheimer's Disease Centers (ADC), was convened by the National Institute on Aging to develop a uniform set of assessment procedures to characterize individuals with mild Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in comparison with nondemented aging. The resulting Uniform Data Set (UDS) defines a common set of clinical observations to be collected longitudinally on ADC participants in accordance with standard methods. The UDS was implemented at all ADCs on September 1, 2005. Data obtained with the UDS are submitted to the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center and represent a unique and valuable source of data to support and stimulate collaborative research.


This research applies emotion detection to messages from online mental health social media. In particular, this focusses on specialised social media for users to report health or mental health problems. Automatically detecting the emotion in social media can help to rapidly identify any concerning problems which could benefit from intervention aiming to prevent self-harming or suicide. Detecting emotions enables messages to be colour coordinated according to the emotion to enhance the human-computer interaction. A supervised classification method is applied to a labelled dataset and results presented. A prototype user interface system is developed based on detecting emotion, colour coding the message to display detected emotions to users in real-time. Emotion


Background: The variability in the developmental skills is reduced after the first three years of life; therefore, it is necessary to identify and manage early developmental delays. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of developmental stimulation program on the developmental measures of the toddlers. Method: The present randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 31 toddlers aged 1-3 years residing at Ali Asghar Foster Care Center within 2016-2017. Developmental interventions were carried out based on the modified guidelines of West Virginia Early Learning Standards Framework for eight weeks (three 2-hour sessions a week). The interventions included a range of age- and developmental-specific activities described in the given guidelines. Child development age was measured based on motor dimensions (i.e., gross and fine) and language development (i.e., receptive and expressive) before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 11) using independent t-test and Chi-square test. Results: The mean ages of the participants in the control and intervention groups were 19.9±5.5 and 20±6.02, respectively (P=0.62). The mean ages of receptive language development (P=0.003), expressive language development (P<0.001), and gross motor development (P=0.02) were significantly different between the two groups. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the fine motor development (P=0.96). Implications for Practice: The developmental stimulation program was effective in the receptive language, expressive language, and gross motor development. However, it exerted no significant effect on fine motor development.


In developing regions missing data are prevalent in historical hydrological datasets, owing to financial, institutional, operational and technical challenges. If not tackled, these data shortfalls result in uncertainty in flood frequency estimates and consequently flawed catchment management interventions that could exacerbate the impacts of floods. This study presents a comparative analysis of two approaches for infilling missing data in historical annual peak river discharge timeseries required for flood frequency estimation: (i) satellite radar altimetry (RA) and (ii) multiple imputation (MI). These techniques were applied at five gauging stations along the floodprone Niger and Benue rivers within the Niger River Basin. RA and MI enabled the infilling of missing data for conditions where altimetry virtual stations were available and unavailable, respectively. The impact of these approaches on derived flood estimates was assessed, and the return period of a previously unquantified devastating flood event in Nigeria in 2012 was ascertained. This study revealed that the use of RA resulted in reduced uncertainty when compared to MI for data infilling, especially for widely gapped timeseries (>3 years). The two techniques did not differ significantly for data sets with gaps of 1–3 years, hence, both RA and MI can be used interchangeably in such situations. The use of the original in situ data with gaps resulted in higher flood estimates when compared to datasets infilled using RA and MI, and this can be attributed to extrapolation uncertainty. The 2012 flood in Nigeria was quantified as a 1-in-100-year event at the Umaisha gauging station on the Benue River and a 1-in-50-year event at Baro on the Niger River. This suggests that the higher levels of flooding likely emanated from the Kiri and Lagdo dams in Nigeria and Cameroon, respectively, as previously speculated by the media and recent studies. This study demonstrates the potential of RA and MI for providing information to support flood management in developing regions where in situ data is sparse.


Active suspension control aims to suppress the undesirable vibration and other loading effects and should provide improvements in term of passenger comfort. This study deals with the design and implementation of robust active force control (AFC)-based schemes that incorporates artificial intelligence techniques plus a number of feedback control strategies applied to a vehicle suspension system. The overall proposed control system essentially comprises four feedback control loops, namely, an innermost loop for force tracking of the pneumatic actuator using a proportional-integral controller, two intermediate loops applying the skyhook and AFC strategy for the compensation of the disturbances and an outermost loop for the computation of the desired force for the actuator using a proportional-integral-derivative controller. Adaptive neural network and adaptive fuzzy were proposed and employed to compute the inverse dynamics of the nonlinear pneumatic actuator and estimated mass of the system within the AFC loop. The integration of all the interrelated elements leads to the formation of two main proposed schemes known as the Skyhook Adaptive Fuzzy Active Force Control and Skyhook Adaptive Neuro Active Force Control. The suspension system was modelled based on a two degree-of-freedom quarter car configuration. A number of road profiles were also modelled as the main disturbance elements to evaluate the system robustness and vehicle dynamic performance related to ride comfort. Simulation results both in time and frequency domains demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed AFC-based schemes in countering the disturbances and other loading conditions. The schemes show evidence of at least 33.9% improvement in performance over the passive suspension. This is complemented by an experimental study on a developed full scale quarter car suspension test rig which shows a very good agreement with the simulation counterpart.


In this experimental paper, the judder vibration of automotive disk brake was analyzed by the finite element method and compared with experimental results. The relationship between specific modes of disk and pad, and hot spot was investigated. Characteristics of the judder vibration were measured by using the chassis-dynamo and hot spots were photographed by highspeed infrared camera. Vibration modes of the brake disk and pad were measured and an specific relationship between mode shapes and hot spots was found. Results show that the judder vibration occurred due to the frequency modulation of the specific mode frequency of disk brake due to the non-linearity phenomenon. This relationship was examined by the frequency analysis of the judder vibration.


The direct metal forming remanufacture system based on the arc welding and the reverse engineering technique is researched. A broken parts rapid recovery method combined reverse engineering and green remanufacture forming technology is proposed. The intact product and the damaged product should be measured separately, and compare the two groups of measured data to determine the accurate data of repair parts. So the damage position is definite accurately and the 3D model of the damage position is reconstructed by reverse engineering. According to the materials of repair parts and powder materials, the technological parameters are setting, the repair working scheme is proposed and the NC programs are prepared. And then the restoration and direct metal forming is carried out. The problem of accurate positioning during the direct metal forming is solved. The experimental results show that this method can repair the damaged parts accurately.


Two protuberance designs were modeled in the channel nozzle of the NASA Johnson Space Center Atmospheric Reentry Materials and Structures Facility with the Data-Parallel Line Relaxation computational fluid dynamics code. The heating on the protuberance was compared to nominal baseline heating at a single fixed arc-jet condition in order to obtain heating augmentation factors for flight traceability in the Boundary Layer Transition Flight Experiment on Space Shuttle Orbiter flights STS-119 and STS-128. The arc-jet simulations were performed in conjunction with the actual ground tests performed on the protuberances. The arc-jet simulations included non-uniform inflow conditions based on the current best practices methodology and used variable enthalpy and constant mass flow rate across the throat. Channel walls were modeled as fully catalytic isothermal surfaces, while the test section (consisting of Reaction Cured Glass tiles) was modeled as a partially catalytic radiative equilibrium wall. The results of the protuberance and baseline simulations were compared to the applicable ground test results, and the effects of the protuberance shock on the opposite channel wall were investigated.


In intrinsic plagiarism analysis we are given a document, allegedly written by a single author, and the task is to find sufficient evidence either to accept or to reject this hypothesis. Existing research to intrinsic plagiarism analysis tries to quantify changes in the writing style by analyzing the distributions of particular style markers. This way, acceptable detection rates can be achieved if the portion of plagiarized sections is known a-priori and if the document is of a single genre. However, both assumptions may not be fulfilled in practice. In [6] Koppel and Schler propose a new approach to the authorship verification problem, where the task is to determine whether two texts are written by the same author. Their approach is ingenious in that it provides a means to detect relatively shallow differences in writing style while being independent of language, period, and genre. Since the approach requires two (relatively large) samples of text to be compared to each other it cannot be applied directly to the intrinsic plagiarism analysis problem. Main contribution of our paper is the idea to address the shortcomings of existing approaches to intrinsic plagiarism analysis with the technology presented in [6]. We propose a hybrid approach that employs style marker analysis for the purpose of hypotheses generation which then are accepted or rejected by an authorship verification analysis. A second contribution of our paper is the evaluation of style markers for German text and their application to a real-world plagiarism case.