Background Despite the large mortality burden of World War One (WW1) on New Zealand (NZ) military forces, no analysis using modern epidemiological methods has ever been conducted. Aims To study injury-related mortality amongst NZ military forces for WW1 and consider issues around preventability. Methods An electronic version of the Roll-of-Honour for NZ Expeditionary Force (NZEF) personnel was supplemented with further coding and analysed statistically. We also performed literature searches to provide context. Results Out of a total of 16 703 deaths occurring during the war (28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918), injury deaths predominated: 65.1% were 'killed in action' (KIA)', 23.4% 'died of wounds' (DOW), 1.0% were other injuries ('accidents', drownings, and executions), and 10.5% were other causes (mainly disease). During the course of the war the annual mortality rate from injury (for KIA+DOW) per 10 000 NZEF personnel in the North Hemisphere peaked at 1335 in 1915 (Gallipoli campaign) and then peaked again in 1917 at 937 (largely the Battle of Passchendaele). Cumulative injury mortality proportions for WW1 differed by ethnicity which reflected differing roles in the military: European/Other (1245/10 000); Māori (906); and Pacific soldiers (83). While historical interpretations differ, there are many plausible preventive measures that could have reduced mortality eg: better diplomacy (to prevent the war); better military planning to avoid failed campaigns (eg, Gallipoli); and improved design and resourcing of medical services. Significance WW1 was by far the worst mass injury event in New Zealand's history. Many of these injury deaths could have been prevented.


French and English literature in the eighteenth century are generally held to have a symbiotic relationship and the links between the two sentimental traditions, in particular, have been well documented by scholars. However the connections between the sentimental and the libertine discourse have tended to be obliterated. The main assumption underlying this project is the existence of an intimate interplay between sentimentalism and libertinism. Its main aim is to trace the strong attraction existing between the two and to question the genre and national dimensions which have been perpetuated by previous critical discourses through close textual analyses of mid-century French and English novels (Sterne's A Sentimental Journey and Crebillon's Les Egarements du Coeur et de I 'esprit and Les Heureux Orphelins, Haywood's The Fortunate Foundlings, Riccoboni's Lettres de Milady Juliette Catesby, Burney's Evelina, and Cleland's Fanny Hill). The focus will be on the moment when the libertine is tempted to behave sentimentally or when the sentimental (wo)man is tempted to act as a libertine. The relationships between these core texts being very rich, they will be approached from different perspectives in each of the issue-based chapters which will centre on questions of language, non-linguistic communication, sociability, epistolarity and difference.


The subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) is a viscoelastic structure connecting the median nerve (MN) and the flexor tendons in the carpal tunnel. Increased strain rates increases stiffness in viscoelastic tissues, and thereby its capacity to transfer shear load. Therefore, tendon excursion velocity may impact the MN displacement. In carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) the SSCT is fibrotic and may be ruptured, and this may affect MN motion. In this study, ultrasonography was performed on 14 wrists of healthy controls and 25 wrists of CTS patients during controlled finger motions performed at three different velocities. Longitudinal MN and tendon excursion were assessed using a custom speckle tracking algorithm and compared across the three different velocities. CTS patients exhibited significantly less MN motion than controls (p ≤ 0.002). While in general, MN displacement increased with increasing tendon excursion velocity (p ≤ 0.031). These findings are consistent with current knowledge of SSCT mechanics in CTS, in which in some patients the fibrotic SSCT appears to have ruptured from the tendon surface. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:483–487, 2015.


Research problem: For many organizations, high-quality technical information products for global audiences are becoming an increasingly important part of doing business. Component content management attempts to facilitate the creation of such information products. A growing number of technical communication groups are adopting the strategies, standards, and technologies of component content management. This integrative literature review examines the impacts of component content management on the quality of multilingual information products. Research questions: How are the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality conceptualized? How do best practices address the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality? Literature review: Two divides characterize component content management and multilingual quality. The divide between the academy and industry is marked by different levels of interest in quality, particularly its practical aspects. The divide between technical communication and technical translation and localization is defined by the lack of communication between the representatives of each field that leads to a narrower understanding of multilingual quality. Therefore, a comprehensive picture of the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality requires combining the perspectives of scholarly and industry authors in technical communication and technical translation and localization. Activity Theory provides an approach for bridging the divides and creating such a comprehensive picture. Methodology: To provide such a comprehensive picture, I systematically reviewed literature sources on component content management and multilingual quality in scholarly and trade sources in technical communication and technical translation and localization, then classified all selected publications by their relationships to the research questions, themes within them, and characteristics of the source. Results and conclusions: Contradictory conceptual understandings exist on the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality. While some sources praise benefits of component content management, particularly increased consistency and the promise to provide additional adaption possibilities, other sources focus on the challenges of using it, especially a lack of context, text segmentation, and human resources. Although best practices offer some suggestions for overcoming these challenges, the suggestions do not resolve them sufficiently and do not reconcile the contradiction between consistency and adaptation of information products based on the different expectations of audiences around the globe. This study is limited by the fact that it primarily focused on English language publications. Future research needs to be conducted collaboratively by stakeholders in academia and industry and from technical communication and technical translation and localization.


This study evaluated the output, level of participation and perceptions of effectiveness and value among participants in a virtual forum. Twenty-three experts in the field of adult education and community development were invited to participate in a three-week interactive session using a WWW-based, asynchronous computer conferencing system. Data gathered through surveys, interviews, transcript analysis and on-line discussion revealed that this technology has relative advantage for organizers and sponsors, but is perceived by most users as being less satisfying than face-to-face interaction. The on-line forum was found to be observable, trialable and relatively easy to use (compared with existing tools), indicating that this innovation has potential to become a widespread medium for continuing professional education.


Objective: To assess the risk of COVID-19 to healthcare workers (HCWs) in Tertiary care hospitals and its association with demographic factors.
Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study.
Place and Duration of Study: Tertiary Care Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May to Dec 2020.
Methodology: Healthcare workers working in a designated COVID-19 Tertiary care hospital were included in the study. A modified "Risk assessment and management of exposure of HCWs in the context of COVID-19 tool" was distributed. HCWs were categorized as "high risk" and "low risk" of COVID-19 infection. Frequency and percentages were computed for demographic variables.
Results: A total of 182 healthcare workers were included, and 167(91.7%) returned the study questionnaire. Most of them were nurses (n=65, 40.1%) working in the medical unit (n=99, 61.1%). Low risk HCWs were 73.5%( n=119) and only 26.5%( n=43)were high risk. Gender (p-value: .02) and type of HCWs (p-value: .01) were significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19.
Conclusion: One-fourth of HCWs were at high risk of COVID-19 virus infection. Female gender and nurses were more likely to acquire COVID-19 infection.


(WP 02/04 Clave pdf) The results of our model show that it would be advisable to undertake policies expressly aimed at the process of sustainable technological change in a way that is complementary to the conventional equilibrium oriented environmental policies. In short, the main objectives of this paper are to understand more fully the dynamics of the process of technological change, its role in sustainable development, and to assess the implications of this dynamic approach to techno-environmental policy. To achieve these goals we have developed an agent based model, using distributed artificial intelligence concepts drawn from the general methodology of social simulation.


Todays, some challenges such as soil, water and air pollution, and severe health hazards to humanity are the results of growing manufacturer in the real world. These challenges are so-called posing risk for sustainable development of the planet. In this matter, the need of achieving higher economic prosperity, along with the least environmental impact has led to a new manufacturing paradigm so-called Green Manufacturing (GM). In this way, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Iran with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certification, and Just-In-Time inventory control, which make up 99.8 percent of all businesses, are responsible for 70 percent of all industrial pollution. In this paper, we explore the drivers of the GM of SMEs' environmental processes in field of the industrial chemistry and their impacts on GM. Unfortunately, there is no proper work considering a wide range of drivers of GM in an industrial chemistry. We evaluate 500 Iran SMEs in the field on industrial chemistry, and select the Tage Company as a case study for this purpose considering its Greenhouse Gas Emission (GHG). This paper aims to gather the common drivers of GM from several sources on a case study in Tage Iran Company, as well as to analyze them by utilizing Analytical Network Process (ANP) in an uncertain environment. To tackle this uncertainty, the fuzzy ANP is utilized to prioritize the barriers to GM based on environmental, social, and economic perspectives. Finally, based on the obtained drivers, the fuzzy ANP identifies essential critical driver and the priority of drivers by utilizing a pair-wise comparison


Timing and distribution of attack on East African highland banana (Musa AAA-EA) by the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar), (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was studied in a field trial at a farm 25 km NE of Kampala, Uganda. Weevils were released at three densities (5, 20 and 40 females per mat) in 324 m2 banana plots (cv Atwalira) that had been established 18 months earlier and maintained relatively free of weevils. Two weeks after release, entire mats were removed and examined for weevil eggs and first instar larvae. At a density of 20 weevils per mat, oviposition occurred on 25% of plants less than 6 six months old (suckers) with an average of three eggs (range 0-16) per infested plant. At the same time, 85% of flowered plants were attacked with mean oviposition of 15 eggs (range 0-41) per plant. An inverse relationship existed between weevil population density and eggs/female/plant. Five females per mat produced an average of 7.2 eggs per flowered plant, whereas 20 females produced 15 eggs per flowered plant and 40 females produced 12.5 eggs. This suggests the existence of density-dependent factors in weevil oviposition. Over 90% of the oviposition occurred in the base of the pseudostem, with the remaining eggs found in the corm and roots near the soil surface. However, in stands displaying high mat, (a condition in which part of the corm appears above the soil surface) more eggs were found on the corm than pseudostem.


for vocational training? Is there any proof other than their own and their teachers' satisfaction that graduates submitting themselves to formal vocational training for general practice are better providers of patient care in comparison with those seeking informal training, as commonly occurred until 1973? Should the organized profession "be in it, mate" in seeking adequate pensions for practitioners at age 60 or 65 so the unemployed or underemployed young graduate has his chance?


Abstract:  This report describes a novel assay for the detection of gastrointestinal anthelmintics using mice infected with Haemonchus contortus and adapted to the 1 animal/test group protocol. Mice infected with both H. contortus and Heligmosomoides polygyrus were fed ivermectin-medicated diets for 6 days. A dietary level of 0.09375 ppm was 98.1% effective against the 0- to 6-day-old abomasal stomach worm of sheep, whereas a level of 0.75 ppm reduced the 3- to 9-day-old H. polygyrus worm burden by 94.0%. H. contortus was approximately 8-fold more sensitive to ivermectin than was H. polygyrus in this model. The sensitivity of this assay rivals that of the gerbil-Trichostrongylus colubriformis model while utilizing a more economical host.


The Peel Commission (1936–37) was the first British commission of inquiry to recommend the partition of Palestine into two states. The commissioners made their recommendation after listening to several weeks of testimony, delivered in both public and secret sessions. The transcripts of the public testimony were published soon afterward, but the secret testimony transcripts were only released by the United Kingdom9s National Archives in March 2017. Divided into two parts, this article closely examines the secret testimony. Part I discusses how the secret testimony deepens our understanding of key themes in Mandate history, including: the structural exclusion of the Palestinians from the Mandate state, the place of development projects in that structural exclusion, the different roles played by British anti-Semitism and anti-Arab racism, and the importance of the procedural aspects of committee work for understanding the mechanics of British governance. Part II extends this analysis by focusing on what the secret testimony reveals about how the Peel Commission came to recommend partition.


The use of soft materials to transmit power to the human body has numerous advantages, amongst which safety and kinematic transparency stand out. In previous work we showed that a tethered fabric-based exosuit for the elbow joint, driven by an electric motor through a Bowden cable transmission, reduces the muscular effort associated with flexion movements by working in parallel with its wearer's muscles. We herein propose a refined design of the suit and present an untethered control architecture for gravity compensation and motion-intention detection. The architecture comprises four interconnected modules for power management, low-level motor control and high-level signal processing and data streaming. The controller uses a silicone stretch sensor and a miniature load cell, integrated in the fabric frame, to estimate and minimise the torque that its user needs to exert to perform a movement. We show that the device relieves its wearer from an average of 77% of the total moment required to sustain and move a light weight, with a consequent average reduction in muscular effort of 64.5%.


Uncertainty within supply chains, design changes, and lack of predictability of the production capacity of subcontracting trades, are only a few of the factors that make construction projects unpredictable. For residential finishing works, this is true even at the daily level; however most available production control methods, such as Last Planner, do not operate at this resolution. As a result, a production system is needed in which intelligent decisions about effective utilisation of available resources can be made daily or even hourly. A theoretical understanding is needed of the flow of operations on the micro-level of project management – at the level of daily resource utilisation – in order to develop appropriate systems. Various models of process flow developed in manufacturing industries for management of production on the operational level, which might apply to construction, are presented and discussed. A detailed case study, in which the patterns of flow of finishing trades were observed and recorded in a large residential project, provided a basis for exploration of different models. The patterns of flow of trade crews through the building demonstrate reentrant flow similar to that found in semiconductor job shop situations, but also exhibit differences and contradictions with the main assumptions of factory production management. Heuristic solutions appear to hold promise for guiding the flow of construction crews at the daily operational level if and when conditions emerge that invalidate work packages assigned in a weekly work plan.


We used a database capturing large wildfires (> 405 ha) in the western U.S. to document regional trends in fire occurrence, total fire area, fire size, and day of year of ignition for 1984–2011. Over the western U.S. and in a majority of ecoregions, we found significant, increasing trends in the number of large fires and/or total large fire area per year. Trends were most significant for southern and mountain ecoregions, coinciding with trends toward increased drought severity. For all ecoregions combined, the number of large fires increased at a rate of seven fires per year, while total fire area increased at a rate of 355 km2 per year. Continuing changes in climate, invasive species, and consequences of past fire management, added to the impacts of larger, more frequent fires, will drive further disruptions to fire regimes of the western U.S. and other fire‐prone regions of the world.


Background Child health status in the Indian Sundarbans – the delta region in the southeast part of West Bengal – is characterized by chronic malnutrition and high prevalence of communicable diseases, and greatly determined by socio-economic and political factors. Mothers' perception regarding determinants of child health is pertinent to strengthen community level decision-making on health service delivery. In the present study we used 'photo voice', a visual action research technique, to glean the perception of the mothers on their children's health and its determining factors. Methods For the present study, the photo voice technique was conducted in three randomly selected blocks of the Indian Sundarbans, with three groups each (average 8–10 members), the members having at least one child in the age range 0–6 years. Training about the technical process of photo documentation was conducted with each group prior to the research. Respondents took two rounds of photographs within six months, interspersed by fortnightly group meets with researchers as facilitators. The research findings were later communicated to different community policy stakeholders during policy interface sessions. Findings Respondents stressed on specific health issues – disabilities, mental health and non-communicable diseases of their children – that they could manifest through photo, other than documenting common and frequently occurring communicable diseases. While reflecting on the determinants, respondents' photos and narratives focused on determinants of child health which they prioritise on the basis of lived experiences. The determinants that figured prominently included: (1) food insecurity and related malnutrition among the children; (2) livelihood; (3) shelter; (4) water and sanitation; (5) poor healthcare services; (6) accessibility issues; (7) general health and hygiene awareness; and (8) climate. During the group meets, respondents also stressed on social factors not captured trough photo, including early marriage, recurrent pregnancies and domestic violence. While selecting the priority issues to be presented in the interfaces with community policymakers, respondents selected five issues: (1) malnutrition; (2) livelihood; (3) water and sanitation hygiene; (4) accessibility; and (5) rupture of embankments. During interfaces with local non-government organisations, key community leaders and local health providers, respondents stressed on these determinants, which according to them are intertwined and should be considered in conjunction for improving the health of their children. Respondents' interface with community policymakers resulted in initiation of road infrastructure, human resource availability in the primary health centres and local government representatives raising related demands at the key forum and committees dedicated to planning on convergence. Discussion Photo voice has the potential in voicing community's knowledge regarding the determinants of health of their children through the eyes of the mothers. Our study explored the perceived health determinants of geo-climatically vulnerable population of the Sundarbans. The study adds to the existing knowledge of difference in perception of policymakers and implementers of the health system, who have a tendency to compartmentalise issues in terms of health and non-health spheres on the one hand, and the community members viewing health of their children as an integrated phenomenon on the other hand. Our study explored the social determinants of child health through a feminist lens, a major theoretical underpinning of photo voice as a community-based action research method. It also seeked to voice vulnerable populations' knowledge grounded in experience and to recognize local expertise, an insight that cannot be fully realised from the outside, as against the sectoral perceptions of the largely masculine power and pre-dominantly male bastion of decision-makers in most policy bodies. Our study thus adds to existing literature of how participatory action research techniques like community-owned documentary photography and narratives will empower vulnerable populations to record community health as an integration of medical and socio-political factors to inform basic health policy. Grant funding (DfID – Department for International Development, UK) for research but no other competing interests.


Symptoms and signs of a stroke indicate which areas of the brain are affected and may also suggest the pathophysiology. We report herein a case of global aphasia without hemiparesis due to embolic infarct. Our case suggests that this situation may be an important sign for embolic cerebral infarction, as reported in literature.


Inverting optical logic gates based on the monolithic integration of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with a heterojunction photothyristor (PNPN) are described. Logic functions INVERT, NAND, and NOR are experimentally demonstrated for the first time using latchable and cascadable PNPN/VCSEL switches, which can be triggered with very low optical energy, while producing high optical gain and optical contrast. These gates are integrable on a single epitaxial structure to provide multifunctional logic and memory arrays.<<ETX>>


To analyze the importance of bone quality, we studied 21 primary compressive trabecular system by micro-computed tomography(micro-CT), finite element analysis and destructive mechanical test. Significant correlations were found between histomorphometry and biomechanical parameters. The results indicate that the bone quality of primary compressive trabecular system is determined more by its combined micro-structural parameters (histomorphometry) and biomechanical parameters than histomorphometry only. Assessment of trabecular bone by finite element analysis may become important not only for assessment of bone quality but also for prediction of bone fracture risk of bone degeneration.


An Eu NMR study in the ferromagnetic phase of pure and Gd-doped EuO was performed. A complete description of the NMR line shape of pure EuO allowed for the influence of doping EuO with Gd impurities to be highlighted. The presence of a temperature-dependent static magnetic inhomogeneity in Gd-doped EuO was demonstrated by studying the temperature dependence of the line shapes. The results suggest that the inhomogeneity in 0.6% Gd-doped EuO is linked to colossal magnetoresistance. The measurement of the spin-lattice relaxation times as a function of temperature led to the determination of the value of the exchange integral J as a function of Gd doping. It was found that J is temperature independent and spatially homogeneous for all samples and that its value increases abruptly with increasing Gd doping.


Left main coronary artery thrombosis is a rare but potentially fatal phenomenon. We present the unusual case of total occlusion of the left main coronary artery suspected to be secondary to embolized thrombus from a patient's mechanical, prosthetic aortic valve resulting in an anterior wall ST elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. The acute interventional management and review of literature of left main thrombosis is described.


Field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of the National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan, Nigeria (7° 30' N, 3° 50' E), at altitude 168 m above the sea level, during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons, to assess the yield responses of two grain amaranth varieties (TE81/28 and CEN 18/97) to planting densities (100,000, 60,000 and 40,000 plants ha-1) and soil amendments (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg N ha-1 organic fertilizer and 100 kg N ha-1 inorganic fertilizer). The experiment, designed as 2 x 3 x 6 factorial and fitted to randomized complete block design (RCBD) was laid out in split-split-plots and replicated three times. Measurements were taken on yield components (dry matter, biological yield, unthreshed seed weight and harvest index) and grain yield. All data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the split-split-plots model and significant means separated by the least significant difference at five percent probability level (LSD0.05). The results revealed that grain amaranth gave optimum grain yield responses when grown at a planting density of 60,000 plants ha-1 and with the application of soil amendment at 100 kg N ha-1 inorganic fertilizer, while the grain yield was significantly (p < 0.01) higher with the CEN18/97 amaranth variety than in the TE81/28 across soil amendment and planting density treatments in both years of assessment. However, significant second order interaction effects of variety x planting density x soil amendment observed in the study  revealed that grain yield was best with variety TE81/28 planted at 60,000 plants/ha density with the application of 100 kg N/ha of inorganic soil amendment. In conclusion, results of this study revealed that the application of inorganic fertilizer was the best soil amendment treatment for the grain amaranth production. Nevertheless, the results suggested that the use of organic fertilizer at the rate higher than 100 kg N ha-1 holds a great potential as an alternative, where the use of inorganic fertilizer has an issue, especially for environmental and health reasons.

 Key words: Grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L), responses to, organic and inorganic fertilizers, planting density.


The impending final deciphering of the complete human genome, coupled with the advancement of highthroughput technologies, is positioned to bring about a fundamental transformation in cancer research. The era of molecular biology is transforming into the era of genomic biology, with an unprecedented promise of understanding multifactorial diseases and of identifying specific targets that can be used to develop patient-tailored therapies. Although the genomic approach is in an early phase of its development and its tools need to be honed, the application of genomic technologies to cancer research has already generated exciting results both in target identification and in disease classification. In this article, we review some of the developments pertinent to cancer research, discuss potentially problematic areas associated with them, and comment on future trends and issues.


Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate complications in patients with head and neck venous malformations (VMs) treated with foam sclerotherapy using sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS). Methods: The authors retrospectively evaluated the complications, pain. and degree of satisfaction in 69 consecutive patients affected by cervicofacial VM managed with STS using the Tessari method in a single institution. Results: The average number of procedures for each patient was 2.1. The most frequent complication was blistering. We observed 1 patient of temporary weakness of a facial nerve branch, 1 paradoxical embolism, and 1 orbital compartment syndrome. The average pain score was 0 (no pain at all) (51.5%). There was no statistically significant correlation between patient satisfaction and the presence of complications or the degree of pain. Conclusions: Sclerotherapy with STS is an effective treatment that yields to very high patient satisfaction. This procedure has an overall low complication rate and is usually effective within a few sessions. However, severe complications may occur; these must be pointed out in the informed consent and the surgeon must be aware of and ready to quickly treat them to prevent long-term sequelae.


The later twentieth century saw a huge wave of academic interest in women's writing, which led to the rediscovery of neglected works from a wide range of genres, periods and languages. Many books that were immensely popular and influential in their own day are now studied again, both for their own sake and for what they reveal about the social, political and cultural conditions of their time. A pioneering resource in this area is Orlando: Women's Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present (http://orlando.cambridge.org), which provides entries on authors' lives and writing careers, contextual material, timelines, sets of internal links, and bibliographies. Its editors have made a major contribution to the selection of the works reissued in this series within the Cambridge Library Collection, which focuses on non-fiction publications by women on a wide range of subjects from astronomy to biography, music to political economy, and education to prison reform.


The Community of Inquiry model provides a framework for recognizing and evaluating interpersonal behaviors in online educational settings. One of its three components, teaching presence, describes behaviors that are under the auspices of the online instructor. By examining behaviors through the theoretical lens provided by teaching presence, and by measuring them with the Teaching Presence Scale (TPS), it may be possible to better understand the most effectively online instruction practices. The purpose of the study was to confirm the factor composition of TPS in an online professional development course and to determine the relationship between teaching presence and student satisfaction. Participants (n = 718) were in-service educators enrolled in online professional development. Confirmatory factor analysis results provided strongest support for a three-factor TPA model using 17 of the 28 original TPS items and evidence of a strong relationship between TPS and student satisfaction. The implications for practice center primarily on how enhanced knowledge of teaching presence may be used to develop instructor/facilitators as online educators of adults. It is important that such instructors have a solid knowledge base in their field, as well as knowledge and experience with andragogy.


This paper presents preliminary results in the frame of the development of a very high speed synchronous drive with a rated power of 6 kW at the rated speed of 180 krpm taking place in the context of a university-industry partnership. Due to the very high speed, direct sensors, for speed and position, must be avoided. This paper presents the use of very sensitive back-emf based position and speed indirect sensors for the speed control of the considered synchronous drive. The validation of the used control scheme by experimental results is presented at the end of the paper.


Vibrationally resolved absorption spectra of a series of anthraquinoidic dyes have been obtained with a polarizable continuum model time-dependent density functional theory approach. Firstly, we assessed the impact of the atomic basis set on both the transition energies and the vibronic shapes of 1,4-NH2-anthraquinone using a large panel of Pople's basis sets, up to the 6-311++G(3df,3pd). In a second stage, an extensive functional benchmark has been performed to determine an adequate approach for the same compound. In the third step, a complete analysis of the origin of the band shape was performed for the same derivative. In the fourth stage, a set of functionals has been applied to investigate the position isomers in the dihydroxy anthraquinone series. Finally, in a last phase, the methodology has been used for three dyes of technological interest. It turns out that the chosen basis set has a relatively limited impact on the computed transition energies as well as the topology of the vibronic shape, but both are significantly influenced by the selected functional. In the present case, no single functional simultaneously provides highly accurate positions and intensities of the different bands, but ωB97XD appears to be a good compromise. This analysis allows to rationalize the difference in shapes experimentally noticed for the visible band of apparently similar anthraquinones.


In a current application development scenario in different environments, technologies and contexts, such as IoT, Blockchain, Machine Learning and Cloud Computing, there is a need for particular solutions for domain-specific software development processes. The proper definition of software processes requires understanding the involved teams and organization's particularities and specialized technical knowledge in Software Engineering. Although it is an essential part of Software Engineering, many university curricula do not dedicate as much effort to teach software processes, focusing more on the basic principles of Software Engineering, such as requirements, architecture and programming languages. Another important aspect of software processes is modeling. The modeling of a software process provides a basis for managing, automating and supporting the software process improvement. In this context, teaching software process modeling becomes challenging, mainly due to the great emphasis on theory and few practices. This work presents an experience report teaching the definition and modeling of software processes in different domains. We applied in the discipline of software processes a practice for defining and modeling processes in various application domains, such as: IoT, cloud, mobile, critical systems, self-adaptive systems and games. The processes were modeled in the Eclipse Process Framework (EPF) Composer tool based on references from the literature for each domain. In the end, we evaluated the process modeling practice with the students. We concluded that the modeling tool and the maturity in the domain are essential for the good performance of the process.


abstract The proportion of persons 60 and older in South Africa is projected to almost double over the 30 year period between 2000–2030, from 7% to 12%, because of a marked decline in fertility in the last few decades. For Africans in particular, population ageing has meant that a larger proportion of females are reaching old age than their male counterparts (Makiwane, Schneider and Gopane, 2004), leading to a higher proportion of elderly households being headed by women. Through a secondary analysis of the General Household Survey data (2010) this paper explores the intersection between gender, race and ageing in South Africa. The findings from the analysis suggest that more than six out of ten older persons in South Africa are females who generally live longer than males. African females are the least educated and White males are the majority among the elderly with a matric and post-matric qualification. White women are the majority amongst women with secondary school and post-matric qualification and African women are least represented amongst elderly women in employment with the percentage of White women being much lower than that of elderly White men in employment. In feminist politics and theory the imbrication of gender, race and class in explicating women's experiences and development outcomes has been conceptualised in the notion of 'intersectionality', a term that denotes the ways in which race, gender and class interact to shape women's, and particularly, Black women's experiences in society. In South Africa, race, gender and class intersect in complex ways to shape elderly people's experiences and development outcomes. This Article argues that state intervention is required to ensure that the most vulnerable group among the elderly population is ensured for a decent standard of living in their old age.


Within the Nile Delta gas province, reservoirs are dominated by Pliocene slope-channel systems, which are spectacularly imaged on high-quality three-dimensional seismic data. This article deals with the detailed seismic geomorphology of the Sequoia channel system, focusing on the geometry and distribution of its component sand bodies and the impact they have on reservoir heterogeneity. The Sequoia reservoir serves as a potential analog for similar but less well-imaged, deep-water slope systems. The reservoir consists of a succession of sandstones and mudstones organized into a composite upward-fining profile. Sand bodies include laterally amalgamated channels, sinuous channels, channels with frontal splays, and leveed channels and are interpreted to be the products of deep-water gravity-flow processes. Above a major basal incision surface, the reservoir is highly sand prone and made up of laterally amalgamated channels. The medial section of the reservoir is more aggradational and exhibits laterally isolated and sinuous channels. Within the upper part of the reservoir, channels are smaller, straighter, and built of individual channels with associated frontal splay elements and less common leveed channels. The main channel system is buried by a prograding slope succession that includes lobate sand-sheet elements. The stacking of facies within the Sequoia channel system implies a punctuated waning of sediment supply prior to eventual abandonment. The Sequoia channel is interpreted to be the late lowstand to transgressive infilling of a third-order early lowstand slope incision. The channel fill is overlain by a mudstone unit, which delineates a major correlatable hot gamma-ray event, and on seismic data, is a prominent downlap surface and therefore a possible maximum flooding surface. The Sequoia channel system shows evidence for synsedimentary faulting, including a large-scale downdip widening of the channel and small-scale channel diversions and intraslope ponding of flows. Understanding reservoir architecture in terms of sand-body geometries and connectivity is vital within Sequoia because the gas column occupies the most complex and heterogeneous upper part of the reservoir. Correspondingly, the basal sand-rich part of the reservoir will significantly influence aquifer behavior during production.


Recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) are an efficient method for developing sustainable aquaculture and the development of a feed strategy for RASs could be a key factor for the success of culturing Oreochromis niloticus. The daily protein intake (DPI) mathematical function related to body weight (BW) was designed (DPI = −3.818 ln (BW) + 30.158) named DPI 1.0 = 100%. Three feeding rates were established, DPI 1.4, 1.2 and 1.0, and were implemented in an RAS production cycle (100 fish/m³) for 34 weeks. The final growth measurements were 908.0 ± 57.9 g (DPI 1.4), 887.0 ± 113.5 g (DPI 1.2) and 702.2 ± 38.1 g (DPI 1.0) (p   .05) for all treatments. DPI levels conditioned the growth of the fish and the proportion of lipid: protein in the bodies of O. niloticus but not in the fillets. The mathematical function DPI 1.2 = 120% (DPI = −4.582 ln (BW) + 36.19) used in the RAS at the 40% protein level improved fish growth, the protein efficiency ratio and FCRs. The DPI values were estimated for 49 different cases and feeding strategies showed lower values than most of the different DPI mathematical functions used and cited in this work. Therefore, DPI metric is a good tool that provides the specific requirements of protein for O. niloticus growth, which can enable farmers to ration feed and improve energy use (kWh/fish) and facilitate the integration of RAS with horticulture.


Abstract Despite claims that planners' attitude towards public participation has not always been enthusiastic, there have been genuine attempts to devolve powers through participation—although seldom with success. In this paper we discuss several major attempts to improve participation in Sweden including case studies of e-participation. Despite great expectations on information and communication technologies, Swedish experience indicates that the status quo between planners and people remains.


Discoidin domain receptor (DDR) is a new member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family. There are two isoforms of discoidin domain receptor (DDR), DDR1 and DDR2. These receptors play a major role in the adhesion, motility and cell proliferation. Due to the important role of DDR2 in the development of tumor extension, this receptor is pivotal in the field of carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mRNA and protein expression of DDR2, in the malignant, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and normal tissues of patients with prostate cancer. In this study the gene and protein expression of DDR2 in adjacent normal (n=40), BPH (n=40), and malignant (n=40) prostate tissue were measured using real-time PCR and Western blotting. Then, the correlation of DDR2 gene and protein expression with prognostic factors such as age, tumor grade, tumor stage, lymph node involvement, and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration were evaluated. The relative mRNA and protein expression level of DDR2 in malignant and benign prostate tissue was significantly higher than those of adjacent normal tissues (P<0.01). This expression was found to increase approximately 3.5 and 2.1 fold for mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Spearman test indicated a significant correlation between DDR2 mRNA and protein expression with prognostic factors such as tumor grade, stage, lymph node involvement, and serum PSA concentration. However, significant correlation with age was not observed. These findings suggest that DDR2 is a cancer-related gene associated with the aggressive progression of prostate cancer patients.


List of Plates. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Part One: What is Art?. Preface. John Dewey. The Live Creature. Richard L. Anderson, from Calliope's Sisters. The Artworld. Arthur C. Danto. Crafty Women and the Hierarchy of the Arts. Roszika Parker and Griselda Pollock. Zen and the Art of Tea. D. T. Suzuki. Dressing Down Dressing Up. The Philosophic Fear of Fashion. Karen Hanson. Part Two: Experience and Appreciation: How Do We Encounter Art?. Preface. A Contested Term: What is "Aesthetic"?. The Aesthetic Attitude. Jerome Stolnitz. Locating the Aesthetic. Marcia Eaton. From Truth and Method. Hans Georg Gadamer. How is Art Presented to the Public?. Artistic Dropouts. Kevin Melchionne. Museums: From Object to Experience. Hilde Hein. The MoMA's Hot Mamas. Carol Duncan. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Arthur Danto. Part Three: Aesthetic Evaluation: Who Decides?. Preface. Of the Standard of Taste. David Hume. From Distinction. Pierre Bourdieu. Disinterestedness and Political Art. Peggy Zeglin Brand. High and Low Thinking About High and Low Art. Ted Cohen. Part Four: Can We Learn from Art?. Preface. From The Republic. Plato. The Sovereignty of Good. Iris Murdoch. From Love's Knowledge. Martha Nussbaum. Carnage and Glory, Legends and Lies. Michael Norman. Paintings and Their Places. Susan L. Feagin. Part Five: Tragedy, Sublimity, Horror: Why Do We Enjoy Painful Experiences in Art?. Preface. Tragedy: Sophocles, Choral Ode from Oedipus at Colonus. From the Poetics. Aristotle. From The Birth of Tragedy. Friedrich Nietzsche. Sublimity. Descent into the Maelstrom. Edgar Allen Poe. From A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. Edmund Burke. From The Critique of Judgement. Immanuel Kant. Horror. From The Philosophy of Horror. Noel Carroll. Realist Horror. Cynthia Freeland. Part Six: Where is the Artist in the Work of Art?. Preface. Genius and Creativity. From Critique of Judgement. Kant. Gender and Genius. Christine Battersby. Interpreting the Artist in Society. What is an Author? Michael Foucault. Truth and other Cultures. Michael Baxandall. Musical Thinking and Thinking About Music. Bruno Nettl. Index.


Electromyography (EMG) is a technique that gives information about the neuromuscular pattern and function which is commonly-used in the practice of neurology. With this method, the signals obtained from the muscle cells using an amplificatore are enhanced to an amount enough to study on. The potentials monitored are called Motor Unit Action Potentials (MUAPs). In this study, the findings gathered by the simulation using the dipole model for the motor unit action potential (MUAP) have been evaluated. With the motor unit modeling and simulation, the effect of different anatomic characteristics of nerves and muscles on MUAP and EMG signals may be examined. It is not possible to perform such an action empirically. The modeling and simulation for MUAP and EMG also provides a good opportunity of practicing and studying for those who started recently and wish to learn EMG. In the simulation made using the dipole model, the variables such as the diameter and distribution of muscle fibers and the location of motor end-plate area have been studied; and the effect of these variables on the formation of MUAP has been analyzed. The result of the study has suggested that the MUAP simulation with the dipole and line source model was a proper tool to understand the physiology of MUAP and the pathological processes. Reliability and effi ciency on diagnosing muscle and nerve disorders using electromyography (EMG) are essential points. We analyze the dipole and line-source model for modeling muscular action potential (AP). 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 05C38, 15A15; Secondary 05A15, 15A18.


No-show reduction at restaurants can not only mitigate losses incurred when customers fail to honor a booking but also affect consumers' reservation behaviors. This study analyzed the ability of restaurant booking policies to reduce no-shows as well as the negative impacts. We herewith to summarize the results of the interview and suggest four reduce No-Show policies for restaurants, they are Re-offering seats, Overbooking, Partial reservations, and Noshow penalties. These four methods are also the most common reduce No-Show policies for restaurants. A survey was conducted to understand the booking policies of the Taiwanese restaurant industry. The findings indicated that each sector of the restaurant industry possesses unique characteristics. This study shows that restaurant differentiation is important in setting booking policies. Reservation no-shows cause problems to wasted capacity and result in restaurants' losses. Our goal is to solve the wasted capacity and mitigation no-show loss, and to offer recommendations on what restaurants should do. Study was found that the restaurant operators generally believed that it was effective to have no-show penalty. Only each restaurant still has its own operating factors that affect its execution ability; the study also found that restaurants of different sizes may have variant reservation policies.


Like in many parts of the world, water resources in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been pivotal for human survival, economic growth, social development, and practicing certain religion and cultural ethos. However, in spite of the intrinsic values of water, its use and management in sub-Saharan Africa has not been without limitations. The demand for water resources is increasing mainly due to rapid population growth, industrialization and urbanization and dealing with water-related issues has been complex and challenging for sustainable growth. Whilst there are various efforts by national governments, non-government organizations and communities to effectively and efficiently utilize and manage water resources, there are few comprehensive studies in sub- Saharan Africa that show the impact of the efforts on poverty reduction. Although certain reports indicate that many SSA countries lack clear vision on how water use can be harnessed with pro-poor growth and how poor communities can be capacitated to use water for poverty reduction, there are little exhaustive studies that clearly show familiar and innovative water use and management interventions followed by communities, national governments and other stakeholders, and demonstrate the challenges and successes of the same. Cognizant of the knowledge gap, in 2012 OSSREA launched a research project on ordinary and innovative water use and management patterns and practices in SSA, with a view to generate new knowledge on unexploited opportunities that could enhance the contribution of water resources to poverty reduction. This anthology documents various issues including water use and management in agriculture especially in irrigation projects in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe; water harvesting in Kenya and Uganda; the role of local water use institutions in Ethiopia; and water source maintenance and protection in Uganda.


NEAMS MeshKit module is capable of generating geometry and meshes that accurately describe the computational model for simulating a variety of nuclear reactors. MeshKit uses a graph-based process for specifying the overall meshing problem, with graph nodes representing meshing and other operations, and graph edges as dependencies between those operations. In our previous papers on Reactor Geometry (and Mesh) Generation (RGG) tool in MeshKit: basic working, examples of models generated using serial and parallel version of the tool were presented. In this paper, we briefly describe the MeshKit design philosophy and list currently available algorithms for Hex/Quad, Tet/Tri along and other helper-meshing algorithms in MeshKit. New keywords and features introduced to RGG are highlighted with the help of examples. Reactor assembly examples include the XX09 assembly used in Shutdown Heat Removal Tests (SHRT) that demonstrated passive safety features of EBR-II Experimental Breeder Reactor and an Advance Burner Test Reactor (ABTR) fuel assembly. Reactor core examples include the ABTR core model with restraint rings, homogenized High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) and homogenized EBR-II core model with detailed XX09 assembly.


Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are associated with an increased risk of occurrence of cancers of the lip or oral cavity. This paper presents an updated report on the nomenclature and the classification of OPMDs, based predominantly on their clinical features, following discussions by an expert group at a workshop held by the World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer in the UK. The first workshop held in London in 2005 considered a wide spectrum of disorders under the term 'potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa' (PMD) (now referred to as oral potentially malignant disorders: OPMD) including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, palatal lesions in reverse smokers, lupus erythematosus, epidermolysis bullosa and dyskeratosis congenita. Any new evidence published in the intervening period was considered to make essential changes to the 2007 classification. In the current update, most entities were retained with minor changes to their definition. There is sufficient evidence for an increased risk of oral cancer among patients diagnosed with "oral lichenoid lesions" and among those diagnosed with oral manifestations of chronic graft-versus-host disease. These have now been added to the list of OPMDs. There is, to date, insufficient evidence concerning the malignant potential of chronic hyperplastic candidosis and of oral exophytic verrucous hyperplasia to consider these conditions as OPMDs. Furthermore, due to lack of clear evidence of an OPMD in epidermolysis bullosa this was moved to the category with limited evidence. We recommend the establishment of a global research consortium to further study the natural history of OPMDs based on the classification and nomenclature proposed here. This will require multi-centre longitudinal studies with uniform diagnostic criteria to improve the identification and cancer risk stratification of patients with OPMDs, link them to evidence-based interventions, with a goal to facilitate the prevention and management of lip and oral cavity cancer.


Information from Seventy interviews and secondary evidence was used to investigate the relationship between Ghana Immigration Service's (GIS) lobbying and the outcomes it produced. The focus of the investigation was in four areas: the strategies and tactics of lobbying employed; intermediate outcomes achieved; final outcome attained; and the effect of GIS' lobbying on politics-administration relations. The evidence showed that the strategies succeeded in achieving the desired policy reforms. In addition to this final outcome, GIS' lobbying also succeeded in attaining intermediate outcomes: increased attention; increased knowledge; and persuasion. Among others, the study's contributions are that: it has explicated the overlooked conditions under which bureaucratic lobbying or influence is likely to occur; it has shown that lobbying impact should include not only final outcomes but also intermediate effects. Moreover, it has shown that politics-administration relations is a dynamic rather than a static category that is not explained by one best practice model but rather a best fit model or combination of models that is contingent on factors producing transient changes in the relationship.


Most of the problems associated with conventional gas well test are related to the nonlinearity of the equations describing real gas flow, the presence of the rate dependent (non-Darcy) skin, and the long shut-in time periods required to collect the data for the analysis in tight reservoirs in which the wellbore storage period can be excessively long. This paper presents a new pressure buildup technique that reduces the wellbore storage effects, eliminates the long shut-in periods experienced with conventional tests by using afterflow rate and pressure data, and most importantly provides a direct method to estimate non-Darcy skin. The proposed technique uses normalized pseudofunctions to avoid the nonlinearities of the governing equations and involves using two different plots. The formation permeability is obtained from the slope of the first plot. The mechanical and non-Darcy skin factors are obtained respectively from the slope and intercept of the second plot. A field example and two simulated cases are presented to illustrate the application of the new technique.


Herein, three functional isoreticular zeolite-like supramolecular assemblies (ZSAs), [Co4(NH2-ImDC)4(1,2-PDA)4]·8H2O (ZSA-7), [Co4(CH2OH-ImDC)4(1,2-PDA)4]·8H2O (ZSA-8), and [Co4(Pr-ImDC)4(1,2-PDA)4]·9H2O (ZSA-9), NH2-ImDC = 2-amino-4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid, CH2OH-ImDC = 2-hydroxymethyl-4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid, Pr-ImDC = 2-propyl-4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid, 1,2-PDA = 1,2-propanediamine, were hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. All three compounds are isoreticular to ZSA-1, with the modification of different functional groups of –NH2, –CH2OH, and –Pr in imidazole dicarboxylate ligands. ZSA-7 and ZSA-8 display high CO2 adsorption abilities (109.8 and 114.0 cm3 g−1 at 273 K, respectively, under 1 bar) and outstanding natural gas selectivity separation, especially for CO2 over CH4 (39.8 and 35.7 for CO2/CH4 = 0.5/0.5 and 76.0 and 51.6 for CO2/CH4 = 0.05/0.95, respectively, under 1 bar at 298 K). In contrast, ZSA-9 is used for comparison to illustrate the effect of the introduction of Lewis basic sites (LBSs). Thus, all three ZSAs are promising materials for gas adsorption and purification applications.


Abstract This paper presents an analysis of semi-rigid beam-to-column connections in which the beam is connected to column not at 90 degrees angle. Beam-to-column bolted end-plate connections that are subjected to pure bending were modelled by three-dimensional finite elements. Numerical modelling of connection covers the geometrical and material non-linearities as well as contact and separation between various components of connection. Moment-rotation M-Φ curves for modelled connections using numerical results are made and stress distribution in connection components is presented. The study shows a significant influence of inclination of beam and quantity and location of bolts on the joint rigidity.


A tyrosine-dependent sorting signal in membrane-proximal region of the envelope protein cytoplasmic tail domain is conserved across all primate lentiviruses. It is known to be involved in mediating endocytosis of envelope from the cell surface and in directing sorting of envelope to the basolateral membrane in polarized cells, and its strict conservation implies that this motif is critical for viral function. Our laboratory has previously shown that ablation of two amino acids from this motif produces a virus, SIVmac239∆GY, that replicates well in rhesus (RhM) and pig-tailed macaques (PTM), but fails to infect macrophages in vivo and spares CD4+ T cells in gastrointestinal lamina propria. Further, while 90% of SIVmac239∆GY-infected PTM control the virus to undetectable levels, a small subset of PTM and all RhM progressed to AIDS without evidence of increased gut damage and microbial translocation, uncoupling this source of immune activation from development of AIDS. Additional mutations in the gp41 cytoplasmic tail in progressors were correlated with development of disease. In this thesis, we identify in vitro properties that distinguish SIVmac239∆GY from its parent and evaluate a number of putative compensatory mutations for their ability to restore a wildtype phenotype to SIVmac239∆GY in these assays. We determined that SIVmac239∆GY virions have reduced envelope levels on virions that are partially rescued by addition of one of two compensatory mutations, S727P or R722G. Growth of SIVmac239∆GY was reduced in macaque PBMCs and modulated by mutations that arose in vivo during chronic SIVmac239∆GY infection. We also identified differences in Env cellular localization and impaired endocytosis and basolateral sorting resulting from the ∆GY mutation. A novel ∆QTH mutation that arose in vivo produced functional tyrosinedependent motifs that restored basolateral sorting and endocytic function to SIVmac239∆GY, the latter in an AP-2 dependent manner. Compared to SIVmac239, SIVmac239∆GY-containing mutants also exhibited differences in cell surface distribution of envelope that may contribute to reduction in envelope content of virions. To test if putative compensatory mutations were sufficient to reconstitute an SIVmac239-like phenotype in animals, we then inoculated naïve PTM with SIVmac239∆GY R722G or SIVmac239∆GY R722G + ∆QTH (YFQL). We assessed key differentiators of SIVmac239 and SIVmac239∆GY, including the ability to infect macrophages and to deplete gut CD4+ T cells. Although full pathogenicity and macrophage infection were not restored, 3/6 animals became progressors and developed high peak viral loads, with trends toward increased depletion of gut CD4+ T cells, and two died. Engineered mutations were stable throughout infection, and in progressing SIVmac239∆GY + R722G infected animals, additional mutations arose that appear to reconstitute endocytosis signals. These findings serve to further highlight the exceptional importance of the membrane-proximal tyrosine motif to optimal function of SIV in vivo. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1699 Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor James A. Hoxie


There is growing literature documenting the positive outcomes of engagement arising from the direct involvement of citizens in administrative processes. However, little has been done assessing the impact that engagement has on economic and social growth. Building on theory of intangible assets as applied to the public sector, this paper focuses on the relationship between expectations, engagement (as an indicator of intangible value), and tangible growth, and suggests a model for exploring the global impact of citizen engagement through international comparisons between Northern and Southern European countries. The specific target is young citizens. Data from the World Bank are used for valuable indicators on economic and social growth at the macro level of countries and data from the European Social Survey are used to elaborate indicators of the intangible value of engagement.


1. Whole cell recordings were performed on the somata of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampal slice preparation Remote synaptic events were evoked by electrical stimulation of Schaffer collateral/commissural fibers in outer stratum radiatum. To isolate non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), bath solutions contained the NMDA receptor antagonist, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV; 30 microM), the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor antagonist, bicuculline (10 microM), and the GABAB receptor antagonists, CGP 35348 (30 microM) or, in some experiments, saclofen (100 microM). 2. Local application of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 0.5-10 microM) into the proximal region of the apical dendrite reduced the peak amplitude of somatically recorded EPSPs by 28% on average. In contrast to dendritic TTX application, injection of TTX into the axosomatic region of the recorded neuron reduced EPSP amplitude by only 12% on average. 3. Spill-over of dendritically applied TTX into stratum pyramidale or into outer stratum radiatum was ruled out experimentally: somatic action potentials and field EPSPs recorded near the stimulation site in outer stratum radiatum remained unaffected by local TTX application. 4. Variations of somatic membrane potential revealed a strong voltage dependence of EPSP reduction after dendritic TTX application with the effect increasing substantially with membrane depolarization. Together with the field recordings from stratum radiatum, this finding argues strongly against a predominantly presynaptic site of TTX action. 5. We therefore ascribe the EPSP decrease after local TTX application to the proximal dendrite to suppression of dendritic Na+ channels, which we assume to give rise to a noninactivating (persistent) Na+ current (INaP) in the subthreshold voltage range. Our data suggest that presumed dendritic INaP produces considerable elevation of remote excitatory signals, thereby compensating for much of their electrotonic attenuation. 6. The experimental findings were related to computer simulations performed on a reduced compartmental model of the CA1 neuron. Because the experimental evidence available so far yields only indirect clues on the strength and distribution of INaP, we allowed considerable variations in these parameters. We also varied both size and location of synaptic input. 7. The major conclusions drawn from these simulations are the following: somatic INaP alone produces little EPSP enhancement; INaP density at the axon hillock/initial segment has to be at least twice the density at the soma to produce substantial EPSP amplification; depending on the density and distribution of dendritic INaP, < or = 80% of a remote synaptic potential arrives at the soma (compared with only 52% in a passive dendrite); synaptic potentials receive progressively more elevation by dendritic INaP the stronger they are; even if restricted to the proximal segment of the apical dendrite, INaP also affects dendritic processing at more distal segments; and spatial distribution rather than local density appears to be the most important parameter determining the role of dendritic INaP in synaptic integration.


Background. White sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) is one of the most serious threats for sturgeon aquaculture as the mortality in juvenile individuals can reach 95%. At the turn of the century WSIV was reported among hatcheryraised white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836, in North America, Russian sturgeon , Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt et Ratzeburg, 1833, in northern Europe but also pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes et Richardson, 1905) and shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque, 1820) in North and South Dakota. The clinical signs of infection include cessation of feeding and edematous and pale gills. Those pathological changes lead to respiratory problems of the juveniles and deterioration of their overall condition. Rapid detection of pathogen particles under aquaculture conditions is crucial, therefore the principal aim of this study was to establish a molecular method for rapid and effective detection of the WSIV. This is the first study thoroughly comparing WSIV detection methods in sturgeons cultured in Poland, Germany, and Italy. Material and methods. A total of 244 samples were collected from 82 sturgeons representing six species: beluga, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758); sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758; Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869; Russian sturgeon, A. gueldenstaedtii; Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchill, 1815; and European sea sturgeon, Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758, as well as five sturgeon hybrids: Siberian × Russian, Adriatic (Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, 1836) × Siberian, Adriatic × beluga, Siberian × sterlet, and beluga × sterlet. The samples were screened for the WSIV using conventional PCR, real-time PCR, and in situ hybridization (ISH) methods. Results. In total, positive results were obtained in 231 (94.67%) out of 244 analysed samples, except for H. huso where DNA of WSIV was not identified. DNA of WSIV was most frequently detected in the kidney (97.92%), intestine (97.50%), skin (94.97%), and gills (93.29%). The most effective method for detecting DNA of WSIV in sturgeons was real-time PCR (92.62% of), PCR (90.98%), and ISH (49.24%). Conclusion. The host range of the WSIV seems to be wider than expected, however, further studies are necessary since no clinical symptoms were observed in sturgeons and their hybrids.


Recent discussions of 4D repeatability have focused primarily on the effect of acquisition differences prior to processing. We show that acquisition differences in areas with target reflector dip will always result in non-repeatability prior to regularization and that this is caused by differing reflection points. Processing elements such as 4d binning and regularization attempt to move traces to a common subsurface position (in a 4D sense) and to their bin center. They are designed to overcome differences in acquisition and cannot be overlooked in a full repeatability analysis. Since regularization and imaging destroy the association of traces and navigation attributes, a variogram analysis based on differences in source and receiver positions cannot be performed beyond these steps. Consequently it is difficult to predict final repeatability from a variogram analysis prior to regularization.


Glioblastoma multiforme is composed of multiple cellular compartments with different morphologic, kinetic, metabolic, vascular, and genetic properties. Optimal therapy may consist of a variety of therapeutic strategies designed for individual compartments, administered in close temporal relation. These concepts may turn out to be valid for other solid tumors as well. Microwave-induced hyperthermia can be used to treat metabolically quiescent, relatively hypoxic, nondividing cells (Go) otherwise resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Similarly, polychemotherapy can treat a broad spectrum of cell types if the blood-brain barrier can be circumvented. Radical surgery, repetitively applied, can be safely used to "set up" experimental agents if the operation microscope and laser are employed. A consecutive series of 74 adult patients with malignant astrocytoma were treated with primary resection, radiation therapy, and 1,3,-bis(2 chloroethyl) 1 nitrosourea chemotherapy. At recurrence, all patients were offered reoperation with the microscope and the laser prior to administration of phase-I agents--hyperthermia via an implantable miniature microwave antenna (6 cases); aziridinylbenzoquinone chemotherapy (13 cases); and blood-brain barrier reversal with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polychemotherapy (9 cases). It was concluded that temperatures of 45 degrees C could be safely achieved and human tumors could not efficiently dissipate heat; that DMSO plus drug therapy could be tolerated but blood-brain barrier reversal demonstrated by us in animals could not be shown in humans; and that aggressive multimodality therapy and reoperation could produce a 40% 2-year survival rate for patients younger than 40 years.


In this dissertation, the feedback whistling problem with digital hearing instruments is investigated. The work focuses on the properties of the feedback path, the modelling of the feedback path and the feedback suppression techniques. The properties and modelling of the feedback path are first discussed. Along the propagation path, different components compose the feedback path. The effects of these components are analyzed and categorized. Accordingly an ideal feedback path model, which consists of a fixed model, a slowing varying model and a fast varying model, is suggested in the dissertation. Methods to extract the fixed model are proposed and proved to be effective in representing the invariant part of the feedback path. Based on the investigation of the dynamic changes of the feedback path in adverse situations, for example when the user picks up the telephone handset, a reflection model is developed as one type of the fast varying models. The techniques to suppress the feedback are then reviewed. To improve the existing feedback suppression systems, two approaches are proposed to address the so-called "bias problem". The first approach improves the performance of the adaptive feedback canceller with filtered-X adaptation by injecting nearly inaudible noise. The second approach uses a linear predicative coding based vocoder to synthesize the hearing-aid output in order to decorrelate the hearing-aid output signal and the desired input signal. In the end, a discussion about the use of the proposed feedback path models in the feedback cancellation systems is presented.


Electromagnetic tracking systems are often used to track location and orientation of an implantable medical instrument in the human body. This paper presents a 3D tracking system that is based on AC magnetic field transmitting and sensing. The concept and principle to detect position and orientation are introduced. Then the tracking behaviors for different degree-of-freedom (DOF) are investigated using finite element analysis. The tracking errors on the position and orientation accuracy are presented using the equivalent dipole field model and some improving measures are proposed, especially for the tracking at close region. We can find that using the finite element analysis to simulate the mutual inductance between transmitting and sensing coils is an effective method to research the tracking behaviors.


Down-regulator associated protein, DrAp1, acts as a negative cofactor (NC2α) in a transcription repressor complex together with another subunit, down-regulator Dr1 (NC2β). In binding to promotors and regulating the initiation of transcription of various genes, DrAp1 plays a key role in plant transition to flowering and ultimately in seed production. TaDrAp1 and TaDrAp2 genes were identified, and their expression and genetic polymorphism were studied using bioinformatics, qPCR analyses, a 40K Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray, and Amplifluor-like SNP genotyping in cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and breeding lines developed from a cross between spelt (T. spelta L.) and bread wheat. TaDrAp1 was highly expressed under non-stressed conditions, and at flowering, TaDrAp1 expression was negatively correlated with yield capacity. TaDrAp2 showed a consistently low level of mRNA production. Drought caused changes in the expression of both TaDrAp1 and TaDrAp2 genes in opposite directions, effectively increasing expression in lower yielding cultivars. The microarray 40K SNP assay and Amplifluor-like SNP marker, revealed clear scores and allele discriminations for TaDrAp1 and TaDrAp2 and TaRht-B1 genes. Alleles of two particular homeologs, TaDrAp1-B4 and TaDrAp2-B1, co-segregated with grain yield in nine selected breeding lines. This indicated an important regulatory role for both TaDrAp1 and TaDrAp2 genes in plant growth, ontogenesis, and drought tolerance in bread and spelt wheat.


Introduction p38 MAPK has been linked to the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) but its role has not been fully investigated. We have previously highlighted the importance of the p38 MAPK pathway in the proliferative response of pulmonary artery fibroblasts to hypoxia. In addition, the BMPR2 mutations seen in PH can lead to increased signalling through the p38 MAPK pathway. These findings suggest p38 MAPK may be an appropriate target for the treatment of PH. Methods We undertook an in vivo prevention study on male Sprague-Dawley rats that were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (at 550 mm Hg=10% FiO2) for a period of 2 weeks. Five animals were dosed daily via an intraperitoneal route, with SB-203580, a p38 MAPK specific inhibitor, and a further five animals acted as controls. After 2 weeks the animals had right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) measured, degree of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) assessed and lung histology analysed for evidence of vascular remodelling. The lungs were stained with α-smooth muscle actin and the degree of distal muscularisation in vessels <80 mm in diameter assessed. Results were analysed with appropriate statistical tests. Results There was a significant difference in the RVSP between groups (control 37.09 mm Hg±5.09 vs drug 20.59 mm Hg ±3.19; p=0.025). There was less RVH (control 0.38 vs drug 0.25;p=0.0032) in the drug treated group (see Abstract S68 figure 1) and the total RV weights were also less (control 147 mg vs drug 109 mg; p=0.018). There was no difference in haematocrit between groups. There was less pulmonary vascular remodelling as indicated by a reduction of fully muscularised and an increase in non-muscularised vessels observed in the drug treated group (p<0.001).Abstract S68 Figure 1 RV/LV+septum ratio. Conclusion We have shown in a chronic hypoxic model of PH that by inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway in vivo the development of pulmonary hypertension can be prevented. This suggests that the p38 MAPK pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for PH. Further studies are warranted, in particular to see if inhibition can reverse established disease.


Many applications (e.g., cluster based storage and MapReduce) in modern data centers require a high fan-in, many-to-one type of data communication (known as TCP incast), which could cause severe incast congestion in switches and result in TCP goodput collapse, substantially degrading the application performance. The root cause of such a collapse is the long idle period of the Retransmission Timeout (RTO) that is triggered at one or more senders by packet losses in congested switches. In this paper we develop a packet labelling scheme PLATO, which improves the loss detection capabilities of NewReno using an innovative packet labelling system. Packets carrying this special label are preferentially enqueued, at the switch. This allows TCP to detect packet loss using three duplicate acknowledgements, instead of the time expensive RTO; thus avoiding the goodput collapse. PLATO makes minor modifications to NewReno and does not alter its congestion control mechanism. The implementation and simulations have been done in Network Simulator 3 (NS3). PLATO's performance is significantly better than NewReno as well as state-of-art incast solutions Incast Control TCP (ICTCP) and Data Center TCP (DCTCP). We also show that TCP PLATO can be implemented using commodity switches with Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) function.


Connected and collaborative learning that leads to co-creation of ideas and solutions is imperative across all levels of education. To make the shift we want to see, we need to understand the pedagogy of online learning in a global context. This commentary shares an understanding of thought leaders who have developed and shared new approaches that take learning beyond the immediate environment sca olded by digital technologies. It also poses the question, "What if we collaborated as a global community?" and starts a conversation about new pedagogical approaches to support " at," connected learning. This is already happening now—the future is now— it's time to connect the world.


The gravity model of trade states that the volume of trade between two countries is proportional to the product of the sizes of the two countries and the inverse of the distance between them. The gravity model, however, was initially suggested for other types of social interactions, and it also predicts well the probability of militarized disputes. This raises a concern about omitted-variable bias in the literature on trade and conflict: if the gravity model is correlated with both trade and conflict, it is necessary to control for the size of both countries in the dyad. In this article, I analyze the nature of this bias both empirically and theoretically. I find that a correct model specification leads to a stronger relationship between trade and conflict than in the traditional models. However, the empirical finding must be reinterpreted: what is crucial is not the relationship between the value of the bilateral trade and the size of the larger economy in the dyad (`trade dependence'), but rather `trade efficiency'—the extent to which the two countries trade more than expected from the gravity model.


The share of labour on income, in the private non-farm section of the Italian economy, has lost about five percentage points in the last two decades; in the meanwhile, total employment has risen by 21,1%. Both in the industrial branches, and private services, the calculations of a "mark-up", as derived from formulations of a "full-cost" approach, show, with differential patterns, trends in income shares unfavourable to dependent labour. The analysis is, subsequently, extended to investigating for the effects of the changes in distribution on an overall macroeconomic equilibrium. Where macro-distribution, for primary shares of profits and wages, is derived from the mark-up, an inverse relationship emerges between values of mark-up and of a "Keynesian multiplier". This implies that, with rising mark-up, a higher contribution from the "autonomous" components of demand will be required, "ceteris paribus", in order to achieve a given level of product and employment. These components, over the period considered (1980-2002), have shown, however, a progressively weakening propulsion; the factors which may contribute towards a risk of "stagnation" for the economy appear to have been on a strengthening trend.


Edinburgh Castle appears to be the most besieged place in Great Britain, and one of the most beleaguered places in the world. The number of occasions recorded here, sixteen, for the period from 1093 to 1544 is almost certainly an underestimate because our records for much of the medieval period are so poor. Also, this paper does not take account of the long occupation of the Castle Rock prior to its emergence as a castle in the late eleventh century nor the important sieges endured by the castle after the 1540s. For much of its history Edinburgh Castle was a desirable place to have, a royal palace. It also functioned at times as an administrative centre, as a treasure house and as an arsenal.


The diversity, population structure and regeneration status of woody species were studied at Xobe and Shorobe Villages in northern Botswana. A total of 130 and 111 quadrats of 20 × 20 m size were laid down at 50 m intervals along parallel line transects at Xobe and Shorobe, respectively. A total of 46 woody species, 27 from Xobe and 41 from Shorobe were recorded. Of the 46 woody species, only 22 were recorded at both sites. Ten genera and six families were found only in Shorobe while one genus and one family were found only in Xobe. The diversity and evenness of woody species were 1.5 and 0.5 in Xobe, respectively, and 2.18 and 0.6 in Shorobe, respectively. The similarities of woody species in terms of richness of species, genera and families at the two sites were about 50%, 54% and 56%, respectively. The mean densities of woody species were 2745.7 ± 1.35 and 4269.7 ± 36 individuals ha-1 at Xobe and Shorobe, respectively. Despite differences in absolute numbers, the total mean densities of woody species at both sites did not exhibit significant (P = 0.35) differences. At both sites, woody species were dominated by individuals of only a few species, which also exhibited the highest values of important value index. The population structure patterns of the woody species were categorized into five groups. The species in the first group exhibited reverse J-shaped distribution, which indicates stable population structures. The species in the second group showed relatively good recruitment but the regeneration is negatively affected. The species in the other three groups exhibited hampered regeneration as a result of disturbances caused by humans, domestic animals and annual fires. The parameters assessed indicate the need for attention and appropriate management interventions by the relevant national authorities at various levels.


Montaigne's book-keeping. We can't tell Montaigne was directly influenced by book-keeping writers as Benedetto Cotrugli, Jean Ympyn ou Pierre de Savonne. However we can find some analogies between double-entry book-keeping as developed at the end of Renaissance and Montaigne open form of essay. For instance in the Essais lays the idea of current account. Montaigne keeps records of credits and debits in one same page trying to keep the balance. The chapter « Des noms », is a good example.


In June 2002, a managing director of an â¬Sactive investorâ¬? hedge fund is considering the possible gains from increasing the debt capitalization of The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. Wrigley has been conservatively financed, and at the date of the case, carries no debt. The tasks for the student are to: ⬢ Estimate the potential change in value from re-levering Wrigley using adjusted present value analysis; ⬢ Assess the impact on weighted average cost of capital, earnings per share, the credit rating of the firm, and voting control of the Wrigley family;⬢ Consider the merits of dividend or share repurchase as a means of returning cash to shareholders.The central teaching objective of the case is to explore the financial effects of capital structure change. Key here is the trade-off between the tax benefits of debt and the associated costs in the form of financial distress and loss of flexibility. Related issues include signaling to investors, clientele effects (control considerations for the Wrigley family), and incentives created for directors and managers. Finally, the case affords a comparison of dividends and share repurchases.


OBJECTIVE
This study seeks to examine the applicability of the Dual-Process Model of Ideology, Politics, and Prejudice (DPM) as a theoretical explanatory frame-work to ageism.

METHODS
The study is based on a secondary analysis of the European Social Survey (ESS), a quantitative project established in 2001 that includes 34 European countries. The sample was a representative random sample of the adult population of eight participating countries, and included a total of 19,073 participants.

MAIN FINDINGS
In general, this study's findings point to the fact that no statistically significant correlation exists between the personality variables, whether authoritative or social dominant, and ageism.

PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS
It appears that the theoretical framework of the DPM model may not be appropriate as a theoretical and explanatory model of the phenomenon of ageism. This may indicate that ageism possibly differs from similar social phenomena, such as sexism and racism, at least in its DPM model basis. More research is needed in this field to better understand the applicability of the DPM model to ageism.


In 25 patients with cysticercosis of central nervous system, classified in two clinical forms, benign and malign, evoked potentials were obtained. Normal exam was found in 9 cases with the benign form. From 4 patients with malign clinical presentations, 2 had multiple abnormalities of the evoked potentials, and F wave alterations (mixed pattern). The authors suggest that this mixed pattern may be indicative of severe prognosis.


Existence of singular points inside the solution domain or on its boundary deteriorates the accuracy and convergence rate of numerical methods. This phenomenon usually happens due to discontinuities in the boundary conditions or abrupt changes in the domain shape. This study has focused on the solution of singular plate problems using the exponential basis functions method. In this method, unknown functions are considered as a linear combination of exponential basis functions and the coefficients are calculated by approximate satisfaction of the boundary conditions. To increase the accuracy and convergence rate in problems with singular points, a series of singular, quasi-exponential functions are added to the method's exponential basis functions. These functions have proper discontinuity in location of the singular points and satisfy the homogenous differential equation. The results obtained from the solution of three cracked plate problems show considerable increase in the accuracy and convergence rate of the proposed method compared with the exponential basis functions method * : يكينورتكلا تسپ ،تابتاكم لوئسم : firstname.lastname@example.com


An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted on the Suicide Ideation Scale (SIS) with a large military clinical sample (total N = 3,072). The EFA identified a two-factor solution with the first factor (Resolved Plans/Preparation) accounting for 17.3% of the variance and the second (Suicidal Desire) accounting 15.1% of the variance. This 2-factor solution demonstrated a good fit to the data in the CFA. SIS construct validity and internal reliability data are also reported. The results of this study provide additional psychometric data for the SIS that support use of the measure in clinical work and research. Implications for theories related to suicide assessment and clinical practice are discussed.


The de novo design of simplified porphyrin-binding helical bundles is a versatile approach for the construction of valuable biomolecular tools to both understand and enhance protein functions such as electron transfer, oxygen binding and catalysis. However, the methods utilised to design such proteins by packing hydrophobic side chains into a buried binding pocket for ligands such as heme have typically created highly flexible, molten globule-like structures, which are not amenable to structural determination, hindering precise engineering of subsequent designs. Here we report the crystal structure of a de novo two-heme binding "maquette" protein, 4D2, derived from the previously designed D2 peptide, offering new opportunities for computational design and re-engineering. The 4D2 structure was used as a basis to create a range of heme binding proteins which retain the architecture and stability of the initial crystal structure. A well-structured single-heme binding variant was constructed by computational sequence redesign of the hydrophobic protein core, assessed by NMR, and utilised for experimental validation of computational redox prediction and design. The structure was also extended into a four-heme binding helical bundle resembling a molecular wire. Despite a molecular weight of only 24kDa, imaging by CryoEM illustrated a remarkable level of detail in this structure, indicating the positioning of both the secondary structure and the heme cofactors. The design and determination of atomic-level resolution in such de novo proteins is an invaluable resource for the continued development of novel and functional protein tools.


The Michigan Supreme Court has developed an unfortunate reputation nationally for reversing its own precedents based on political majorities on the court. That reputation undermines public confidence in the judiciary. The court should avoid statements in its opinions that highlight the shifting political majorities and should take other specific steps to rebuild public confidence in the integrity and stability of its decisions.


The estimation of borrow pit volumes is common in many surveying and highway applications. The trapezoidal method (rectangular or triangular prisms), classical cross sectioning (trapezoidal, Simpson, and average formula), and improved methods (Simpson-based, cubic spline, and cubic Hermite formula) have been presented in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to compare volumes determined by the existing methods with volumes calculated by rectangular prisms using the gridding method of natural neighbor on example 2 in a paper by Chen and Lin, which was also used in a work by Easa. The multiquadric and minimum curvature gridding methods tested in Yanalak and Baykal are also applied to this example. For these volumes, excavation height values in a 1 m grid are interpolated using gridding methods of natural neighbor, multiquadric, and minimum curvature. Then, excavation volume is determined as rectangular prisms. The results are compared with the existing volumes in a paper by Easa.


First, this study aimed to evaluate the effects on hatchability of in ovo supplementation of beta alanine (βA). Second, it assessed the effects on performance, meat quality and serum constituents of broiler chickens of βA injection in ovo and of supplementation with βA in feed for the first seven days after hatching. For this purpose, 960 fertilized broiler chicken eggs were distributed to hatchery trays in four treatment groups with six replicates on day 17 of incubation. The treatment groups consisted of eggs that were not injected (T1; negative control), injected with sterile solution with 0.9% salt (T2; positive control), injected with in ovo 1% βA solution (T3), and not injected, but with chicks were fed 1% βA for the first seven days after hatching (T4). Upon hatching, chicks from T1, T2, and T3 were fed commercial starter feed. All treatments were assessed with six replicates of 28 birds (14 females and 14 males) throughout the grow-out period. As a result of this study, T3 increased hatchability, yolk-free hatching weight and chick quality, and decreased yolk weight and feed access time at hatch. Both T3 and T4 improved carcass yield and meat quality, and T3 increased serum total antioxidant status at 42 days afer hatching. The results demonstrated that in ovo βA feeding improved hatching characteristics, and βA administration in ovo or in feed improved carcass yield and meat quality without affecting growth performance. ______________________________________________________________________________________


Body weight and carcass characteristics of broilers was investigated in a feeding experiment using 135 broilers of Abor acre strain in a completely randomised design that lasted for eight weeks at the Teaching and Research farm, Department of Agricultural education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka Lagos Nigeria. The birds were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments of 45 chicks per treatment. Each treatment was replicated three times (15 chicks per replicate). Three isocaloric (2713.41 and 2918.76 Kcal/kg starter and finisher diets respectively) and isonitrogenous (Starter 24%CP and Finisher 20.37%) diets were formulated. The control diet was without mixture of ginger and garlic. The two other diets were T 1 :7.5g Ginger plus 7.5g Garlic mixture/25kg diet and T 2 : 15g Ginger plus 15g Garlic mixture/25kg diet. The experimental diets (starter and finisher diets) were offered to the respective bids with water ad libitum. The body weight gain (Kg) of birds fed control, T 1 and T 2 :1.85, 1.90 and 1.74 respectively were not significantly different (p > 0.05).The feed intake (kg); 4.77, 4.22 and 4.02; and feed conversion ratio: 2.70; 2.22 and 2.31 for birds on control, T 1 and T 2 respectively were not different (p > 0.05) too. Birds on diet T 2 recorded the highest liveability percentage (96%). Mixtures of ginger and garlic in ratio 1.1 up to 7.5g each in 25kg diets slightly increased final body weight gain and liveability; improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), reduced feed intake and dressed carcass percentage significantly (p<0.05) reduced weight of internal organs like liver, heart, kidney and gizzard. The increased final body weight gain and liveability as well as improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds could possibly be due to improvement in feed digestion, additive advantage of nutrients and the anti-microbial property of the mixtures of ginger and garlic in the diets. While the reduced feed intake and dressed carcass percentage may be responsible for by the high fiber content, and some anti-nutritional factors in the ginger and garlic mixtures. Keywords : body weight, carcass characteristics, broiler chicken, Allium sativum , Zingiber officinale


In this paper, we introduce the NER dataset from CLUE organization (CLUENER2020), a well-defined fine-grained dataset for named entity recognition in Chinese. CLUENER2020 contains 10 categories. Apart from common labels like person, organization, and location, it contains more diverse categories. It is more challenging than current other Chinese NER datasets and could better reflect real-world applications. For comparison, we implement several state-of-the-art baselines as sequence labeling tasks and report human performance, as well as its analysis. To facilitate future work on fine-grained NER for Chinese, we release our dataset, baselines, and leader-board.


The globular cluster (GC) system of our Galaxy contains four planetary nebulae (PNe): K 648 (or Ps 1) in M15, IRAS 18333-2357 in M22, JaFu 1 in Pal 6, and JaFu 2 in NGC 6441. Because single-star evolution at the low stellar mass of present-epoch GCs was considered incapable of producing visible PNe, their origin presented a puzzle. We imaged the PN JaFu 1 with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to obtain photometry of its central star (CS) and high-resolution morphological information. We imaged IRAS 18333-2357 with better depth and resolution, and we analyzed its archival HST spectra to constrain its CS temperature and luminosity. All PNe in Galactic GCs now have quality HST data, allowing us to improve CS mass estimates. We find reasonably consistent masses between 0.53 and 0.58 M⊙ for all four objects, though estimates vary when adopting different stellar evolutionary calculations. The CS mass of IRAS 18333-2357, though, depends strongly on its temperature, which remains elusive due to reddening uncertainties. For all four objects, we consider their CS and nebula masses, their morphologies, and other incongruities to assess the likelihood that these objects formed from binary stars. Although generally limited by uncertainties (∼0.02 M⊙) in post-AGB tracks and core mass versus luminosity relations, the high-mass CS in K 648 indicates a binary origin. The CS of JaFu 1 exhibits compact, bright [O iii] and Hα emission, like EGB 6, suggesting a binary companion or disk. Evidence is weaker for a binary origin of JaFu 2.


The third Australian edition of Educational Psychology, 3rd Australian Edition (O'Donnell et al.) draws together the pre-eminent academic voices in Australia's educational psychology landscape to help pre-service teachers develop a practical framework to implement teaching strategies that promote students' learning, development and potential. This is achieved through jargon-free language, extensive lesson plan analysis and engaging, in-situ media. Available as a full-colour printed textbook with an interactive eBook code, this text enables every student to master concepts and succeed in assessment by taking the roadblocks out of self-study, with features that are designed to ensure you get the most out of what you're learning. This edition helps inform the 'prac' teaching experience with extensive lesson plan analysis and honing the development of skills with thought-provoking questions and activities, and is complemented with videos that allow you to connect the theoretical with the practical, Concept Check questions that tests your comprehension, with instant feedback that provides guidance in where your strengths and weaknesses lie (for further study), as well as learning tools you can use to develop skills you can build on throughout your teaching career, and the opportunity to work between the online (interactive e-text) and offline (print) to cater to how you study best. [Book Synopsis]