Objectives: To study the causes of low vision among children and adult patients presenting at low vision clinic of Mayo Hospital, Lahore.  Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on the patients presenting at Low Vision Clinic of Mayo Hospital Lahore, from September, 2008 to November, 2008, with non probability convenient sampling method. The visual acuity of each eye was assessed using Log MAR chart, Fein bloom chart and Lea symbols. Refraction was performed in all cases. All the patients after refraction were prescribed spectacles, telescopes, stand magnifier, filters and near spectacles necessary. Visual field was tested by simple confrontation method. Color vision was tested by Ishihara chart. Contrast sensitivity was also measured by contrast sensitivity chart. Posterior segment examination to investigate the cause of Low Vision was undertaken after dilating the pupil.  Results: 48% of patients had low vision due to retinitis pigmentosa and nystagmus 24% each. Third major cause of low vision was age related macular degeneration which affected 9% of adult population. Some other causes of low vision included maculopathy 8%, refractive errors 7%, diabetic retinopathy 4%, glaucoma, pseudophakia, corneal opacity 2% each, phthisis bulbi 1% and 16% others.  Conclusion: Retinitis pigmentosa and nystagmus were the major causes of low vision affecting 48% of patients. Age related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy were affecting only the adult population. 59% of the patients having unavoidable cause of low vision, where as 24% have avoidable causes of low vision.  16% of patients have other causes of low vision. Child population comparatively needs more specialized curative services because of concept of disability adjusted life years.


Objective The objective of this study was to highlight the role of first-trimester uterine artery Doppler in the prediction of later pregnancy complication. Background Hypertensive disorders represent the second most common cause of maternal death, affecting 5–10% of pregnancies worldwide. Pre-eclampsia is believed to develop from inadequate trophoblast invasion of the maternal spiral arteries. Doppler imaging permits noninvasive evaluation of the uteroplacental circulation and is invaluable in the management of high-risk pregnancies. Patients and methods Convenience sampling allowed for the recruitment of 120 patients (11–14 weeks gestation) who attended the obstetric outpatient clinic and department at Menoufia University Hospital between March 2017 and April 2018. A complete record of 103 participants was available for the final analysis. Seventeen women were later excluded for the following reasons: four pregnancies miscarried, one pregnancy was complicated by intrauterine fetal death and, finally, 12 (10%) women did not give birth in our departments and were thus lost at follow-up. Results The results of this study revealed that six (6%) participants developed pre-eclampsia [four (66.6%) cases of the six patients had a pulsatility index value above the 95th centile, whereas two (33.4%) cases had pulsatility index values above the 50th centile]. Conclusion Uterine artery Doppler is promising. An ultrasound screening program in high-risk pregnant women would offer clinicians the opportunity to prevent the disease before it manifests clinically.


We present a new question set, text corpus, and baselines assembled to encourage AI research in advanced question answering. Together, these constitute the AI2 Reasoning Challenge (ARC), which requires far more powerful knowledge and reasoning than previous challenges such as SQuAD or SNLI. The ARC question set is partitioned into a Challenge Set and an Easy Set, where the Challenge Set contains only questions answered incorrectly by both a retrieval-based algorithm and a word co-occurence algorithm. The dataset contains only natural, grade-school science questions (authored for human tests), and is the largest public-domain set of this kind (7,787 questions). We test several baselines on the Challenge Set, including leading neural models from the SQuAD and SNLI tasks, and find that none are able to significantly outperform a random baseline, reflecting the difficult nature of this task. We are also releasing the ARC Corpus, a corpus of 14M science sentences relevant to the task, and implementations of the three neural baseline models tested. Can your model perform better? We pose ARC as a challenge to the community.


Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fiber felt which contains abundant various SiC microthreads and some other microstructures was prepared through sintering the pretreated felt at high temperature at low nitrogen pressure. XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM analyses for the sintered felt were carried out to study its components and microstructures. There are SiC nanothreads, SiC submicron threads, SiC micron threads and a few SiO2 two- or three-dimensional microstructures (possibly intermix with the similar form of SiC) existed within the inner hollow spaces of the felt. The complex permittivity, complex permeability of the sample in the X-band frequency range were obtained.


Glass fiber/microcellular unsaturated polyester composites (GF/MCUP) were prepared using the supersaturated gas technology. Technological process included three stages. The effect of processing parameters on average cell size, cell density, impact strength and tensile strength was investigaed by orthogonal experiment. The results indicated that the major factor affecting them was the temperature in stageⅡ(T2). Under the optimizing processing condition, the average cell size of GF/MCUP was about 8 μm and the cell density was 1.57×109 cells/cm3. It was found that impact strength of GF/MCUP increased 88.81 and 188.12 % than that of glass fiber/unsaturated polyester composites (GF/UP) and unsaturated polyester plastics (UP), respectively. The corresponding 16.56 and 69.25 % increase in tensile strength-to-weight ratio were gained over that of GF/UP and UP, respectively.


Much scientific enquiry across disciplines is founded upon a mechanistic treatment of dynamic systems that ties form to function. A highly visible instance of this is in molecular biology, where an important goal is to determine functionally-relevant forms/structures that a protein molecule employs to interact with molecular partners in the living cell. This goal is typically pursued under the umbrella of stochastic optimization with algorithms that optimize a scoring function. Research repeatedly shows that current scoring function, though steadily improving, correlate weakly with molecular activity. Inspired by recent momentum in generative deep learning, this paper proposes and evaluates an alternative approach to generating functionally-relevant three-dimensional structures of a protein. Though typically deep generative models struggle with highly-structured data, the work presented here circumvents this challenge via graph-generative models. A comprehensive evaluation of several deep architectures shows the promise of generative models in directly revealing the latent space for sampling novel tertiary structures, as well as in highlighting axes/factors that carry structural meaning and open the black box often associated with deep models. The work presented here is a first step towards interpretative, deep generative models becoming viable and informative complementary approaches to protein structure prediction.


The life-long episodic bleeding associated with inherited deficiencies of blood coagulation Factor VIII (FVIII) or Factor IX (FIX) can be well controlled with periodic iv. injections of FVIII or FIX concentrates. Either concentrate can be isolated from large human pools (i.e., plasma-derived FVIII or FIX concentrate) or from culture supernatants of recombinant cells engineered to secrete FVIII or FIX. The validated viral inactivation strategies used by manufacturers of FVIII and FIX concentrates have essentially eliminated the transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV viruses. The low yields and inherent instability of FVIII (and FVIIIa in particular) and the additional costs of viral inactivation methods make the annual cost/patient for prophylaxis and treatment of haemophilia very expensive. Several strategies have been adopted and proposed to improve yields of FVIII. These include: deletion of portions of FVIII which are not associated with function; mutations to prevent inactivation of FVIII by protease degradation; and synthesis of FVIII fragments to replace portions deleted in some FVIII deficient patients. An approach to improve FIX replacement involves the production of more coagulatively active FIX mutants. Another promising approach in both FVIII and FIX replacement is gene therapy. Two major issues that will have to be critically addressed before gene therapy for haemophilia can become widespread are whether the procedures will be well-tolerated in patients with significant liver impairment (due to previous exposure to hepatitis viruses) and whether consistent long-term delivery of the transgenes can be achieved.


The Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) plays an important role because of low material cost, ease of production and high conversion efficiency as compared to other thin-film solar cell technologies. The main objective is to create and find the best configuration of the solar cell based on materials that are inexpensive and highly efficient in solar energy conversion and subsequently test the efficiency of dye sensitized titanium dioxide solar cell. We begin the process with two glass plates coated with Fluorine tin oxide (FTO). Titanium dioxide is applied to the conductive side of one plate and the other plate is coated with graphite. A dye is adsorbed on to the TiO2 layer and then the plates are sandwiched together. A drop of iodide electrolyte is then added between the plates. The tests carried out indoors under a lamp emitting all wavelengths in the visible spectrum were not found to provide consistent data due to substantial heating of the cell. The outdoor tests carried out in natural sunlight exhibited steady voltage at much higher level. Future research will involve the incorporation of quantum dots instead of the organic dye as a sensitizer. Quantum dots have the advantages of providing tunable band gaps and the ability to absorb specific wavelength.


Objective. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of general diseases and medication on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a Swedish adult population using the Swedish version of Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP). Material and methods. A three-site sample of 200 adults (20–86 years; participation rate 70%) was interviewed using the OIDP, and a medical anamnesis was performed in 2006–7. A self-reported questionnaire provided complementary socio-economic data. Results. The burden of medical diagnoses and medications was greatest among the older participants in the study. The mean number of medicines in regular users was: ≥60 years, 3.6 (SD 2.6); 40–59 years, 1.9 (SD 1.5); and 20–40 years, 1.9 (SD 1.8) (p =0.013). There were no gender differences in general health or medication variables. Self-reported health, medical diagnoses and medication were significantly and consistently associated with the OIDP score: subjects with ≥1 diagnosis, OR 2.22 (95% CI 1.19–4.14) and subjects with ≥1 medicines, OR 1.85 (95% CI 1.01–3.40) versus those without diagnoses or medication. However, there was a clear gradient: OIDP scores increased with increasing numbers of diagnoses and medicines. Conclusion. The Swedish version of the OIDP was found useful for measuring impacts of general health and medication on OHRQoL. Dental care should pay special attention to patients with medical conditions or who are on medication, because these patients are more likely to experience oral impacts on daily performances.


PURPOSE: The Lumbar multifidus muscle has been shown to provide a greater proportion of support in this region of the spine. Following a first episode of back pain the cross-sectional area of the muscle is reduced, the recovery of which is not automatic. During spinal surgery efforts are made to preserve the musculature, however in some cases there may be damage to the muscle and its nerve supply. This study aimed to measure the recovery of the lumbar multifidus muscle in patients after spinal surgery for lumbar disc prolapse. This study was part of a larger study identifying functional outcomes following spinal surgery for single level disc prolapse. RELEVANCE: This study will identify if the lumbar multifidus muscle recovers following spinal surgery for prolapsed intervertebral disc. SUBJECTS: 60 subjects who had undergone single level lumbar microdiscectomy or discectomy for disc prolapse were selected to the study. Patients previously trained in muscle stability exercises were excluded. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Prior to surgery the cross sectional area of lumbar multifidus, left and right side, at the level of the prolapse as confirmed on MRI, was measured using real-time ultrasound. Post operatively subjects were given the routine post-operative exercise programme, a general mobilising exercise programme. Subjects were reviewed at six weeks, 3 months and 6 months when repeated measurements of the lumbar multifidus were taken using real time ultrasound. ANALYSES: Comparisons of cross-sectional area of the multifidus muscle on the affected and unaffected side were analysed using mean percentage difference. RESULTS: The lumbar multifidus following surgery takes time to recover.In 56 cases at 6 months there was still asymmetry between sides. The mean percentage between side-difference at 6 months was 48 ± 18% (range 23-69%, P<0.001) . Further work in the larger study will identify if different exercise programmes have an effect on the recovery of the lumbar multifidus and restoration of function. CONCLUSIONS: The recovery of multifidus muscle following spinal surgery for disc prolapse surgery takes time and in most cases is not complete at 6 months. This has implications for rehabilitation programmes following spinal surgery for disc prolapse. Patients should be encouraged to continue their exercise programmes for at least 6 months after surgery.


PURPOSE
Bone marrow is a special compartment for antitumor immunological memory in patients with breastcancer. Until now, the influence of adjuvant systemic therapy on the immune system has only been investigated in peripheral blood and not in bone marrow. In this study, we analyzed the effect of hormone therapy and chemotherapy on the immune activation status in bone marrow.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
In 34 patients with breast cancer, bone marrow was aspirated 24 months after primary surgery and adjuvant systemic therapy. The immune system of these patients was compared with that of patients at the time of primary surgery (n = 90). Three-color flow cytometry was used to identify the number and activation state of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes/macrophages, and subsets by means of a panel of monoclonal antibodies.

RESULTS
The proportion of all T cells was significantly lower in patients after adjuvant systemic therapy than in patients with primary breast cancer or normal healthy donors. Chemotherapy apparently had a particularly suppressive effect on naïve CD4 T cells and, to a lesser extent, on memory CD4 T cells. Hormone therapy apparently had a significant suppressive effect on both naïve and memory CD8 T cells. The numbers of NK cells (CD56) and of monocytes/macrophages (CD14) recovered rapidly after adjuvant chemotherapy. However, subpopulations with potential antitumor reactivity, such as activated NK and NK T cells, were reduced per long term after chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest profound and long-lasting negative effects on the bone marrow immune system by present day adjuvant therapy in breast cancer.


OBJECTIVE
To assess seasonal variation in prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes on ruminant farms and identify management practices associated with ruminant listeriosis and fecal shedding of L. monocytogenes.

STUDY DESIGN
Case-control study.

SAMPLE POPULATION
2056 samples of feces, feed, soil, and water from 24 case farms with listeriosis and 28 control farms without listeriosis.

PROCEDURE
Samples were collected and evaluated via bacterial culture for L. monocytogenes. Univariate associations between farm management practices and listeriosis and fecal shedding of L. monocytogenes were assessed. Multivariate models were developed to identify farm management practices associated with listeriosis and fecal shedding of L. monocytogenes.

RESULTS
The prevalence of L. monocytogenes on cattle, goat, and sheep farms was seasonal, especially in fecal samples, with peak prevalence in winter. Although the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in feedstuffs from small-ruminant farms also peaked during winter, the bacterium was detected at a constant rate in cattle farm feedstuffs throughout the year. Farm management practices, animal health and hygiene, and feedstuff quality and storage were associated with ruminant listeriosis and fecal shedding of L. monocytogenes.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that the prevalence of L. monocytogenes on ruminant farms is seasonal, management practices are associated with ruminant listeriosis and fecal shedding of L. monocytogenes, and the epidemiologic features of listeriosis differ in cattle versus small ruminants. Awareness of risk factors may be used to develop control measures to reduce animal disease and introduction of L. monocytogenes into the human food chain.


The Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) is used to investigate the redistributive effects of direct taxes in six countries, Australia, Canada, Sweden, West Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom. Two periods are considered and comparisons are made among countries at different points in time and within countries across time. Lorenz curves are adapted and used to make ordinal comparisons of two very general measures of tax progressivity- so called "residual" and "liability" progression. Newly developed statistical inference procedures allow us to take the sampling variability inherent in the LIS data into account.


This text studies glass bottle intelligent inspector based machine vision instead of manual inspection. The system structure is illustrated in detail in this paper. The text presents the method based on watershed transform methods to segment the possible defective regions and extract features of bottle wall by rules. Then wavelet transform are used to exact features of bottle finish from images. After extracting features, the fuzzy support vector machine ensemble is putted forward as classifier. For ensuring that the fuzzy support vector machines have good classification ability, the GA based ensemble method is used to combining the several fuzzy support vector machines. The experiments demonstrate that using this inspector to inspect glass bottles, the accuracy rate may reach above 97.5%. Keywords—Intelligent Inspection, Support Vector Machines, Ensemble Methods, watershed transform, Wavelet Transform


Digital Thread offers the opportunity to use information generated across the product lifecycle to design the next generation of products. In this paper, we introduce a mathematical methodology that establishes the data-driven design and decision problem associated with Digital Thread. Our objectives are twofold: 1) Provide a mathematical definition of Digital Thread in the context of conceptual and preliminary design and establish a methodology for how information along the Digital Thread enters into the design problem as well how design decisions affect the Digital Thread. 2) Develop a data-driven design method that incorporates data from different sources from across the product life cycle. We illustrate aspects of our methodology through an example design of a structural fiber-steered composite component.


BACKGROUND
Chronic fatigue is increasingly common. Conventional medical care is limited in treating chronic fatigue, leading some patients to use traditional Chinese medicine therapies, including herbal medicine.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine herbal products in treating idiopathic chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome.

SEARCH METHODS
The following databases were searched for terms related to traditional Chinese medicine, chronic fatigue, and clinical trials: CCDAN Controlled Trials Register (July 2009), MEDLINE (1966-2008), EMBASE (1980-2008), AMED (1985-2008), CINAHL (1982-2008), PSYCHINFO (1985-2008), CENTRAL (Issue 2 2008), the Chalmers Research Group PedCAM Database (2004), VIP Information (1989-2008), CNKI (1976-2008), OCLC Proceedings First (1992-2008), Conference Papers Index (1982-2008), and Dissertation Abstracts (1980-2008). Reference lists of included studies and review articles were examined and experts in the field were contacted for knowledge of additional studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Selection criteria included published or unpublished randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of participants diagnosed with idiopathic chronic fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome comparing traditional Chinese medicinal herbs with placebo, conventional standard of care (SOC), or no treatment/wait lists. The outcome of interest was fatigue.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
13 databases were searched for RCTs investigating TCM herbal products for the treatment of chronic fatigue. Over 2400 references were located. Studies were screened and assessed for inclusion criteria by two authors.

MAIN RESULTS
No studies that met all inclusion criteria were identified.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Although studies examining the use of TCM herbal products for chronic fatigue were located, methodologic limitations resulted in the exclusion of all studies. Of note, many of the studies labelled as RCTs and conducted in China did not utilize rigorous randomization procedures. Improvements in methodology in future studies is required for meaningful synthesis of data.


Nonprofit overhead ratios (i.e., proportion of funds spent on fundraising and/or management) have long been used as a proxy for nonprofit efficiency. Prior studies find that donors negatively respond to charities with higher overhead. Using a survey experiment, we explore whether providing different types of information about overhead alleviates this donor aversion. When asked to choose between two organizations as donation recipients, donors preferred the organization with lower overhead. However, when presented with information that described the purpose of higher overhead as building long-term organizational capacity, an increased proportion of donors chose to give to the organization with higher overhead. Omitting the word "overhead" further increased the proportion of donors choosing the organization with higher overhead. This study adds to our understanding of overhead aversion and has practical implications for nonprofits that rely on voluntary private contributions to achieve their missions.


One of the major roles of nerve growth factor (NGF) is to mediate the selective survival of a proportion of the developing sympathetic and sensory neurones as they innervate their particular target tissues. The underlying basis of this phenomenon is the synthesis of limited amounts of NGF in the target, its secretion around, and uptake by, the nerve terminal and its retrograde transport along axons to the neuronal cell bodies. The cascades of reactions which lead to neuronal survival and maintenance are initiated by signal transduction somewhere in this pathway. Retrograde transport and the initial signal transduction step begin when NGF binds to NGF receptors on the nerve terminal. Receptor-mediated internalization and the survival and maintenance function of NGF are mediated by the higher affinity receptors. These receptors have relative molecular masses of approx. 145,000 and are trypsin-resistant when occupied. In contrast, the larger population of lower affinity receptors have relative molecular masses of 85,000 and are rapidly degraded by trypsin. Clustering of the lower affinity receptors by a variety of agents gives them many of the characteristics of the higher affinity receptors, suggesting receptor interconversion may play a role in NGF actions. The structure of the lower affinity NGF receptor, determined by gene transfer and cloning, shows it to be a unique, heavily glycosylated protein. The extracellular domain is rich in cysteine-containing repeat units while the intracellular domain lacks the consensus sequence for an endogenous kinase activity. It is likely that the higher affinity receptor contains this protein as the NGF binding subunit together with a second protein which determines both the nature of the signal transduction mechanism and the process of internalization.


The editor supplies explanatory annotations and textual notes. "Historical Backgrounds" is an especially rich collection of seventeenth-and eighteenth-century documents about colonizers and slaves in the new world. Topically arranged-"Montaigne on America," "The Settling of Surinam," "Observers of Slavery, 1654-1712," "After Oroonoko: Noble Africans in Europe," and "Opinions on Slavery"-these selections create a revealing context for Behn's unusual story. Illustrations and maps are also included. "Criticism" begins with an overview of responses to Behn and Oroonoko, from learned and popular writers of her time to Sir Walter Scott and Virginia Woolf, among others. Current critical interpretations are by William C. Spengemann, Jane Spencer, Robert L. Chibka, Laura Brown, Charlotte Sussman, and Mary Beth Rose. A Chronology of Behn's life and a Selected Bibliography are included.


Spin photocurrents generated by homogeneous optical excitation with circularly polarized radiation in quantum wells (QWs) are reviewed. The absorption of circularly polarized light results in optical spin orientation due to the transfer of the angular momentum of photons to electrons of a two-dimensional electron gas. It is shown that in QWs belonging to one of the gyrotropic crystal classes a non-equilibrium spin polarization of uniformly distributed electrons causes a directed motion of electrons in the plane of the QW. A characteristic feature of this electric current, which occurs in unbiased samples, is that it reverses its direction upon changing the radiation helicity from left-handed to right-handed and vice versa. Two microscopic mechanisms are responsible for the occurrence of an electric current linked to a uniform spin polarization in a QW: the spin polarization-induced circular photogalvanic effect and the spin-galvanic effect. In both effects the current flow is driven by an asymmetric distribution of spin-polarized carriers in k-space of systems with lifted spin degeneracy due to k-linear terms in the Hamiltonian. Spin photocurrents provide methods to investigate spin relaxation and to reach a conclusion as regards the in-plane symmetry of QWs. The effect can also be utilized to develop fast detectors for determining the degree of circular polarization of a radiation beam. Furthermore, spin photocurrents under infrared excitation were used to demonstrate and investigate monopolar spin orientation of free carriers.


Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is an ultrafast nonlinear optical technique that provides vibrational structural information with high temporal (sub-50 fs) precision and high spectral (10 cm(-1) ) resolution. Since the first full demonstration of its capabilities ≈15 years ago, FSRS has evolved into a mature technique, giving deep insights into chemical and biochemical reaction dynamics that would be inaccessible with any other technique. It is now being routinely applied to virtually all possible photochemical reactions and systems spanning from single molecules in solution to thin films, bulk crystals and macromolecular proteins. This review starts with an historic overview and discusses the theoretical and experimental concepts behind this technology. Emphasis is put on the current state-of-the-art experimental realization and several variations of FSRS that have been developed. The unique capabilities of FSRS are illustrated through a comprehensive presentation of experiments to date followed by prospects.


The impressive success of IgG based anti-tumor therapeutics has focused attention on the mechanism of antibody mediated cytotoxicity and the role of cellular effector responses triggered by Fc receptor ligation. A large body of pre-clinical animal data supports an unequivocal role for ADCC as a central mechanism for anti-tumor therapeutics augmented by contributions from immune complex mediated dendritic cell maturation initiated by FcR signaling. Supportive data has been accumulated in patient populations demonstrating a strong correlation between clinical response and alleles of activating FcRs. These results point to the importance of engineering the Fc domain to optimize activation FcR engagement in preference over inhibitory signaling. Such optimization can be achieved by amino acid and glycan modifications to the IgG Fc. Novel animal models have been developed for the in vivo evaluation of modified IgGs that will enable improved therapeutics based on rational engineering of the Fc domain. This abstract was published in Cancer Immunity, a Cancer Research Institute journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research.


In this paper, we describe the design process of a via-configurable logic block for regular fabric. The block consists of a via-configurable functional cell and two via-configurable inverter arrays. A via-configurable functional cell can efficiently implement most commonly used CMOS static cells, and a via-configurable inverter array is efficient in implementing inverters, repeaters, and some pass-transistor logic. The cells have prefabricated transistors, contacts, and M1 wires. The M2 mask is fixed. All of the functions can be realized by customizing only an M1-M2 via mask. We construct a general-purpose fabric based on the via-configurable block and show its great flexibility in implementing a variety of functions. Compared to other fabrics based on look-up tables or programmable logic arrays, our fabric has much higher performance, smaller area, and lower power consumption.


We use computational linguistic tools to investigate gender differences in language use within the context of marital conflict. Using the Language Inquiry and Word Count tool (LIWC), differences between genders were significant for the use of self references, but not for the use of social words and positive and negative emotion words. Using Coh-Metrix, differences were significant for the use of syntactic complexity, global argument overlap, and density of logical connectors but not for the use of word frequency, frequency of causal verbs and particles, global Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), local argument overlap, and local LSA. These results confirmed some expectations but failed to confirm the majority of the expectations based on the biological theory of gender, which defines gender in terms of biological sex resulting in polarized and static language differences based on the speaker's gender.


One of the methods of melt-treatment of Al-Si alloys is the modification that plays a very significant role in the development of (mechanical) properties of finished product. There are a lot of well-known processes for the investigation of effectiveness of modification but an objective, exact result cannot be obtained in each case by using these methods. The method suitable for the classifi-cation of modification worked out by us was developed by integrating two methods namely the comparison by means of etalon-images and the integration of measurement of morphological pa-rameters. This method is relatively simple, does not demand lots of measurements and gives reliable results.


This article investigates how different media (including digital photography and sound recordings) can facilitate students' creative engagement with complex concepts in the study of religion, particularly those associated with a 'lived religion' approach. In doing so, it explores possibilities for object-based learning and multisensory learning experiences in Higher Education (see also: Chatterjee et al., 2015; Innovating Pedagogy, 2020; Kelly and Sihite, 2018; Medina, 2009). It adopts a case study approach, focused on the critical evaluation of a range of assessed and unassessed activities that form part of the undergraduate second year (Level 5) Religious Studies course 'A227 Exploring Religion: Places, Practices, Texts and Experiences' offered at The Open University (UK). These activities ask students to take photographs and make sound recordings of aspects of religion in their local environment and then share and discuss these with other students on an online platform. The findings of this study are of particular relevance to blended and distance learning settings (including socially distanced settings in the context of the Covid19-pandemic) in Higher Education, where opportunities for object-based, multisensory learning have been especially underexplored. However, they will be of interest to anyone looking for creative ways to engage students in the study of religion.


In 1951 the Bureau of Reclamation completed construction on Cedar Bluff Dam and Reservoir located in Trego County, Kansas. Although the dam was built as a multi-purpose unit, it was built primarily to provide irrigation in a small portion of Trego County and a larger portion of Ellis County, Kansas. However, before the dam was completed, Cedar Bluff became immersed in a controversy of conflicting views between the Bureau, pro-irrigation forces, and anti-irrigation forces. From this controversy three distinct views of irrigation emerged. The Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) considered the Cedar Bluff Irrigation project as another component of its larger Missouri River Basin project. The BOR hoped that Cedar Bluff would stabilize agriculture in the area. Pro-irrigation forces also saw irrigation as a stabilizing factor. However, local irrigation supporters never fully embraced the basin wide view held by the Bureau. Instead, they saw irrigation as an opportunity for localized success. Anti-irrigation forces rejected irrigation as a stabilizing factor. Instead they saw irrigation as financially risky and culturally corrosive. These divergent views generated controversy throughout the creation of Cedar Bluff. The BOR entered Ellis and Trego counties expecting to find dry land and eager farmers. Instead local farmers attacked them. Rather than crumble under federal pressure, anti-irrigation forces sue in the Office of the Chief Engineer of the Kansas State Department of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources. The Chief Engineer of Kansas and the District Court rejected anti-irrigation arguments. When the courts failed to provide the solution that anti-irrigation supporters sought, they turned to political pressure and the threat of violence. The result of this protracted conflict was that the Cedar Bluff Irrigation District took 10 years to form and another 4 years to begin drawing substantial amounts of water from Cedar Bluff. Even though the District formed, all of those involved felt the sting of defeat. For the BOR, the Cedar Bluff project proved timely and costly. For irrigation supporters, the district was only half of the original proposal and water for that district ran out by 1978. For anti - irrigation forces, the BOR and pro-irrigation forces proved too powerful to defeat completely. In the end, the Cedar Bluff controversy proved that the history of water resource development in the American West is a complicated process that defies generalizations.


In this thesis JML* (an extension for JML used by the static verification tool KeY) is used
to formalize the behavior of several interfaces and classes, part of the Java Collections
Framework. For these specifications several specification styles were used, e.g., making
use of model fields, ghost fields, pure methods and abstract data types, which aids in
getting an understanding of which style would contribute to better understandability,
extensibility and verifiability of JML* specifications. After specifying several interfaces
and classes, a large part of the specifications has been verified with KeY.
To see whether the specifications made are understandable, a group of people only familiar
with basic JML has been asked to fill out a questionnaire. The questionnaire asked
whether certain methods – that represent the overall style of specifications done – would
be verifiable. Most of the answers provided, suggested that not just the specifications
provided, but JML in general is not straightforward to understand, e.g., people have the
idea specifications are not verifiable when they do not cover the complete behavior of a
method, and additionally the use of model fields as well as invariants is not completely
clear. The use of abstract data types (i.e., sequences) as well as framing of methods –
specifying the set of locations that might be changed by a method – did not cause a lot
of additional confusion for the participants in general.
To validate findings about understandability, extensibility and verifiability, a group of
experts in the fields of JML* and KeY (i.e., the KeY developers) have been asked to fill
out a questionnaire. Depending on one's experience it might be the case that a specific
construct is better for understandability as well as extensibility than the other. All
things considered, ghost fields seem to be worse for understandability and extensibility
compared to other constructs as they need to update state for every method that affects
them. Ghost fields are, however, easier for verifiability though, since – at least for KeY –
they can be treated like actual code. Higher forms of abstraction, i.e., using model fields
or model methods seem to be more problematic for verification as they can be very
complex, and verification tools need to be provided with manual instantiations to reason
about them. Moreover, higher abstraction also leads to improved understandability and
extensibility.


The regulatory role of activator protein-1 (AP-1) family members in mouse surfactant protein (SP) B (mSP-B) promoter function was assessed in the mouse lung epithelial cell line MLE-15. Expression of recombinant Jun B and c-Jun inhibited mSP-B promoter activity by 50-75%. Although c-Fos expression did not alter mSP-B transcription, Jun D enhanced mSP-B promoter activity and reversed inhibition of mSP-B by c-Jun or Jun B. A proximal AP-1 binding site (-18 to -10 bp) was identified that overlaps a thyroid transcription factor-1 binding site. Mutation of this proximal AP-1 site blocked both Jun B inhibition and Jun D enhancement and partially blocked c-Jun inhibition of promoter activity. Promoter deletion mutants were used to identify additional sequences mediating the inhibitory effects of c-Jun in the distal region from -397 to -253 bp. The AP-1 element in this distal site (-370 to -364 bp) is part of a composite binding site wherein AP-1, cAMP response element binding protein, thyroid transcription factor-1, and nuclear factor I interact. Point mutation of the distal AP-1 binding site partially blocked c-Jun-mediated inhibition of the SP-B promoter. Both stimulatory (Jun D) and inhibitory (c-Jun/Jun B) effects of AP-1 family members on mSP-B promoter activity are mediated by distinct cis-acting elements in the mSP-B 5'-flanking region.


VOLUME 1: THEORY AND INSTRUMENTATION Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Vibrational Spectroscopy Instrumentation for Mid- and Far-infrared Spectroscopy Instrumentation for Near-infrared Spectroscopy Instrumentation for Raman Spectroscopy Time-resolved Spectroscopy Dichroism and Optical Activity in Vibrational Spectroscopy Surface-enhanced Vibrational Spectroscopy Other Instrumental Approaches for Vibrational Spectroscopy Calibration Procedures and Standards for Vibrational Spectroscopy VOLUME 2: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Mid- and Near-infrared Transmission Spectroscopy Mid-infrared External Reflection Spectroscopy Mid-infrared Internal Reflection Spectroscopy Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy Other IR Sampling Techniques Raman Spectroscopy Low Temperature and High Pressure Sampling Techniques Microscopy Depth profiling by Vibrational Spectroscopy Optical Conduits for Vibrational Specroscopy Hyphenated Techniques Atmospheric VOLUME 3: SAMPLE CHARACTERIZATION AND SPECTRAL DATA PROCESSING Spectra-Structure Correlations Group Theoretical and Numerical Approaches to the Calculation of Vibrational Spectra Discrimant Analysis Two-dimensional (2D) Analysis Spectral Enhancement and Band Resolution Techniques Quantitative Analysis Anomalies, Atifacts and Common Errors in Using Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques Glossary VOLUME 4: APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY, MATERIALS AND THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES Analysis and Characterization of Polymers and Rubbers Rheo-optical Measurements of Polymers and Rubbers Materials Science Spectoelectrochemistry Process Vibrational Spectroscopy Atmospheric and Astronomical Vibrational Spectroscopy Industrial Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy Forensic Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy Catalysis Other Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy Vibrational Spectroscopy in Education VOLUME 5: APPLICATIONS IN LIFE, PHARMACEUTICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES Biomedical Applications Biochemical Applications Pharmaceutical Applications Food Science Agricultural Applications Abbreviations and Acronyms, Glossary, List of Contributors and Subject Index


The legal problem of this research was the company either provides or does not provide
overtime salary to its workers who keep on working excessively to their working period.
Meanwhile the workers need time for taking a rest and time for working. Thus there should be a
compensation received from the time sacrifice of the workers. This research used empirical
research method by samples of 3 (three) workers in PT. Karyatama Mitra Sejati Yogyakarta and
the source person, i.e. Diah Savitri R, SH as Branch Manager Head of PT. Karyatama Mitra
Sejati Yogyakarta. The purpose of this research was to find out and analyze whether the
implementation of overtime salary providing in PT. Karyatama Mitra Sejati Yogyakarta has
been appropriate to the stipulation of regulation on workers. From this research it found that in
PT. Karyatama Mitra Sejati there is violation to the Article 4 paragraph 1 of Ministerial
Decision of Workers and Transmigration Number 102/MEN/VI/2004 concerning on Overtime
Working Period and Overtime Working Salary. It is proven by the employer which either
provides or does not provide overtime salary to its workers. The employer should consider more
on the rights of worker in particularly about the overtime salary. The employer also has
obligation to establish the clear corporation regulation, the employer and Institution of Workers
and Social of Sleman Regency has obligation to conduct the valid regulation, and the Institution
of Workers and Social should give fine to the violating employers, appropriately to the fine
which has been ruled in regulation.


The geomechanical behavior of a salt rock cavern was studied using Brazilian geotechnical properties. To design the finite element model, it was necessary to implement, using Fortran language, a constitutive model representing the creep behavior, since the model used is not native to the program. The constitutive model implemented was the Multiple Deformation Mechanism Model. This model was chosen for being a robust model that represents the primary and secondary phases of creep and presents good agreement with the Brazilian salt rocks. The analyzes considered a period of 50 years after the mine closure and five internal pressures acting in the analyzed cave. The pressures considered correspond to 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% of the vertical stress at the top of the mine. The creep and dilation behaviors were analyzed, and the creep deformations obtained in the simulations was acceptable in relation to the failure criterion adopted in this paper. However, only the design of experiment that considered the two biggest internal pressure resulted in a permissible micro-crack ratio value.


Lack of cultural reality has often led to recession in most developing societies as perceived in cultural studies. However, traditional adaptations are often deployed to cushion and possibly reverse the severity of recession across time and space. Instances of such reversals include the Chinese reversal to Confucianism, the Indian resort to Hinduism and the traditional African invocation of ancestral myths, religious observances and festivals. From the re-enactment of the procreative Tombiana Egbelegbe festival we have seen that traditional value creates order and social cohesion in African societies. A reversal to these traditional means of social reengineering will endear these creative practices that create order and social cohesion in African societies. Thus, the theoretical position of Marxist cultural inquiry will be applied as the theoretical framework for this paper. The Methodology applied in this study is research participant observation and sources of data were primary and secondary sources. The findings revealed that consistently, festivals are efforts of man to alleviate human suffering, create order and control his environment through creativity and cultural resourcefulness in performance. It was recommended that given the reality that is subsisting in most Nigerian communities, agrarian festivals, innovative, resourceful and masked designs, costumes, make-up, craftsmanship, dance, and music, drum communication should be encouraged. It was thus concluded that continuous performance will lead to preservation, packaging, promotion and transmission of cultural values from one generation to another which will in turn lead to cultural tourism. Cultural tourism can lead nations out of recession and economic dependence as was experienced in the Indian and Chinese cultural revolutionary experience.
Key Words: Traditional theatrical practices, recession, human capacity development, TombianaEgbelegbe Festival


This Article develops an approach to environmental law that I refer to as "data-intensive regulation." The origins of data-intensive regulation lie in the public's ability to gather, for the first time, data at spatial and temporal scales of its choosing. This capability, and the knowledge-building efforts it supports, will eclipse the theoretical and computational procedures that guided environmental law's enactment. As environmental law evolves from a data-starved to data-rich enterprise, pollution control and ecosystem management will need to respond in two ways, focusing less on data supply and more on the demands of data users and the data's underlying architecture. Legal scholars neglect these questions, offering proposals to bridge and fill gaps in data. At the same time, environmental law has surrounded itself with supportive structures to accommodate these gaps, which are useful in data-limited contexts. I explore this architecture, and its next phase of evolution, through case studies of citizen monitoring arrays, hazardous substances and microenvironments, and disaster planning and peer-to-peer response. Data-intensive regulation promises to recast debates over regulatory design and federalism. It calls for the coordinated use of previously neglected regulatory tools. And it addresses a wider range of transaction costs, and their influence over responses to environmental harms, than costs related to data supply.


Summary The NPC (Non Playable Character) model is a very significant factor in the area of the on-line computer games and the design of virtual space systems. FSM (Finite State Machine) is the most widely used algorithm which uses the finite states to represent the behaviors of NPCs. The correct specification about the artificially intelligent NPC model prevents us from losing the resources in the phase of implementation, and makes it possible to verify the suitability for the requirement specification. In this paper, we defined the property about the behavior pattern of a fish object when we construct the virtual ocean, and we formalized and established the interrelationship of behavior pattern by environment changing. We designed and implemented NPC fish models which have a formal property in the virtual ocean by using FSM algorithm. And we proved propriety about the designed algorithm through verifying the functions of the NPC model with SMV, a model checker based on the CTL.


When patients are discharged from hospital it is vital that the information regarding their medication is provided to the General Practitioner (GP) as accurately and efficiently as possible. However errors frequently occur and the NHS is currently investigating how to improve discharge systems, one approach is to use pharmacists to write discharge prescriptions or To Take Out (TTOs). The aim of the audit was to compare discrepancies on TTOs (To take out) between different transcribers: doctors, pharmacists and nurses and identify factors which are predictors of discharge discrepancies.
Discharge summaries written by different transcriber groups from three study wards at one hospital were selected. Discrepancies were identified by comparing the unauthorised TTO (TTO prior to final pharmacy check) to authorised TTOs, medical notes and prescription chart. Discrepancies were classified according to the CHUMS classification procedure. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of discrepancies.
Two hundred and fifteen TTOs were included in the audit written by pharmacists, doctors and nurses (n= 85, 81 and 49, respectively). Nearly 50% of TTOs contained at least one discrepancy, the most common of which was omission of a medicine. The significant predictors of discrepancies were if a TTO was written by a nurse or a doctor or if there was more than three hours between an unauthorised TTO being authorised (Odds ratios were 3.45, 2.26 and 3.88, respectively).
Overall this study demonstrates the using pharmacist transcribers is at least as safe as previous systems and is unlikely to introduce additional discrepancies. Alternative approaches which support the healthcare team to work closer together at the time of discharge should reduce delays authorising the TTO and reduce discrepancies.


This study seeks to identify the internal and external factors determining Ethiopia's bilateral exports and total trade flows. It uses panel data covering 21 major trading partners of Ethiopia from 2000 to 2017 and estimates an augmented fixed effects gravity model. The results reveal that domestic and foreign revenues increase Ethiopia's bilateral exports, whereas the country's foreign direct investment and the population size of the trading partners decrease bilateral exports. The results further show that both the domestic and foreign income and similarity endowment of Ethiopia increase the country's total trade. The study provides recommendations for the effective implementation of supply side policies to enhance trade.


We study the correlation of wetting properties and corrosion rates on hydrophobized cast iron. Samples of different surface roughnesses (abraded by sandpaper) are studied without coating and with two types of hydrophobic coatings (stearic acid and a liquid repelling spray). The contact angles and contact angle hysteresis are measured using a goniometer while corrosion rates are measured by a potentiodynamic polarization test. The data show a decrease in corrosion current density and an increase in corrosion potential after superhydrophobization. A similar trend is also found in the recent literature data. We conclude that a decrease in the corrosion rate can be attributed to the changing open circuit potential of a coated surface and increased surface area making the non-homogeneous (Cassie-Baxter) state possible. We interpret these results in light of the idea that the inherent surface energy is coupled with the electric potential in accordance with the Lippmann law of electrowetting and Le Châtelier's principle and, therefore, hydrophobization leads to a decrease in the corrosion potential. This approach can be used for novel anti-corrosive coatings.


The estimation of the Hopf bifurcation point is an important prerequisite for the non-linear analysis of non-linear instabilities in aircraft using the classical normal form theory. For unsteady transonic aerodynamics, the aeroelastic response is frequency-dependent and therefore a very costly trial-and-error and iterative scheme, frequency-matching, is used to determine flutter conditions. Furthermore, the standard algebraic methods have usually been used for systems not bigger than two degrees of freedom and do not appear to have been applied for frequency-dependent aerodynamics. In this study, a procedure is developed to produce and solve algebraic equations for any order aeroelastic systems, with and without frequency-dependent aerodynamics, to predict the Hopf bifurcation point. The approach performs the computation in a single step using symbolic programming and does not require trial and error and repeated calculations at various speeds required when using classical iterative methods. To investigate the validity of the approach, a Hancock two-degrees-of-freedom aeroelastic wing model and a multi-degree-of-freedom cantilever wind model were studied in depth. Hancock experimental data was used for curve fitting the unsteady aerodynamic damping term as a function of frequency. Fairly close agreement was obtained between the analytical and simulated aeroelastic solutions with and without frequency-dependent aerodynamics.


Accurate risk assessment of developing cancer often includes genetic testing for germline mutations, which has clinical and treatment implications for the patient and his or her family members. When a mutation is detected, aggressive measures for cancer prevention and detection are often implemented. Depending on the gene or genes tested, a variable percentage of patients will receive a test report stating that a variant of unknown significance (VUS) has been detected. This means that a change in the genetic sequence has occurred, but whether the change is associated with an increased risk of cancer or another disease is unclear or unknown. The results are confusing and noninformative. Oncology nurses will undoubtedly encounter patients with a VUS; consequently, they need to understand the controversies and ambiguities that surround these test results. Resources that may be offered by healthcare providers and aid in patient understanding of VUS results are available (see Figure 1).


Hunting ducks with a firearm has become increasingly contested in industrialized and urbanized contemporary societies. In southern New Zealand, an area that maintains strong connections to rural life ways, duck shooting is still a very popular activity. However, even duck shooters living in this region are increasingly finding that they must justify an activity their grandparents practiced without compunction. Th is paper considers ethical discourses associated with the killing of ducks, particularly the ways in which people who shoot ducks construct the act of killing as an activity that can be ethically justified. As this paper will show, duck hunters assert that they have a more realistic and appropriate view of nature and animal life cycles than the average antihunter who might criticize them. New Zealand duck hunters also embed their hunting activities within a discourse of wetland conservation, arguing that they do far more to preserve and develop wetlands than do non-hunters. Th is paper concludes that duck hunters' understandings of nature are intrinsic to the ethical discourses that underpin duck hunting activities in New Zealand.


SDR-4X II is the latest prototype model which is a small biped entertainment robot. We improved the SDR-4X. In this paper we report about the sensor system of this robot which is important and essential for a small biped entertainment robot which can be used in the home environment. One technology is the design of a vision sensor system. The configuration and the distance image acquisition are explained. Another technology is the audio sensor system technology which obtains the sound and the voice information. The hardware system and the direction recognition are explained. Next technology is the inclination sensor system and the force sensor system which obtains the inclination of the trunk and the foot with force. These sensor systems are the key to make the biped robot walking and dynamic motion highly stable. The robot is used in normal home environment, so we should strongly consider the safety for humans. Lastly we explain the safety sensor system for humans.


Children's Perspectives of Kindergarten and Grade One: Analysis of Narratives and Drawings

 It is widely supported that the transition to school is exceptionally important in establishing positive and healthy relationships which may have long-term implications on the rest of children's school experiences (Entwisle & Alexander, 1998; La Paro & Pianta, 2000; Rimm-Kaufman & Pianta, 2005; Pianta, Belsky, Vandergrift, Houts, & Morrison, 2008). As such, transition to school could be viewed as embedded in the various relationships children develop prior to and during this period (Entwisle & Alexander, 1998). In Canada, few studies have examined children's perspectives on starting school and the role that their relationships take on during this process (Di Santo & Berman, 2012). This study examined children's perceptions of kindergarten and grade one, and the social support they received throughout. Results indicated that children perceived a distinct shift from a play-oriented nature in kindergarten to an academic-oriented nature in grade one. They reported missing play and creative arts in grade one. Attitudes towards homework were mixed; while some children reported liking homework, many children reported that homework took away from their out of school play time. Children reported that their parents helped them get ready for school, helped them with homework, and provided affection and emotional support; whereas their teachers were mostly providers of directives (e.g., telling them what to do), and their peers and siblings were mostly providers of companionship. Overall, the children offered new insight by describing aspects they liked, disliked or missed during this transition, as well, by describing the role their parents, teachers, siblings and peers played in supporting this process.


BACKGROUND
Pancreatic cancer mortality is greater in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI). This study analyzed pancreatic cancer mortality rates trends, and their correlation with HDI in Brazil over 40 years.

METHODS
Data on pancreatic cancer mortality in Brazil between 1979 and 2019 were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM). Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) and Annual Average Percent Change (AAPC) were calculated. Pearson's correlation test was applied to compare mortality rates and HDI for three periods: 1986-1995 was correlated with HDI of 1991, 1996-2005 with HDI of 2000, and 2006-2015 with HDI of 2010; and to the correlation of AAPC versus the percentage change in HDI from 1991 to 2010.

RESULTS
A total of 209,425 deaths from pancreatic cancer were reported in Brazil, with an annual increase of 1.5% in men and 1.9% in women. There was an upward trend for mortality in most Brazilian states, with the highest trends observed in the North and Northeast states. A positive correlation between pancreatic mortality and HDI was observed over the three decades (r>0.80, P<0.05) and also between AAPC and HDI improvement by sex (r=0.75 for men and r=0.78 for women, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION
There was an upward trend in pancreatic cancer mortality in Brazil for both sexes, but rates among women were higher. Mortality trends were higher in states with a higher percentage improvement in HDI, such as the North and Northeast states.


Global dynamics in the economic front have undergone several noteworthy changes in recent decades. At one hand, there is an increasing interest of the global finance capital in some prominent and emerging economies of South (emphasis ours). We see an increasing systemic resilience in these emerging economies towards shocks and economic fluctuations that have frequented the developed part of the globe more often than ever before. Many ascribe this resilience to an increasing recognition of the national governments of the Southern economies towards popular aspirations reflected in the manifestos of the ruling forces as well as formulation of pro-people policies than ever before. While this is something that needs attention, we also observe some contradictions of the growth process within the so called 'emerging south'. While the income of the nations is on the rise, the regional imbalances also are growing. At the same time, the deficit in some key development indicators such as health and education are also widening. Such a scenario is more so true in the context of countries of the South Asian region. Some flagship programmes and policies in the most South Asian countries clearly reflect the popular aspirations and development needs in these countries. The political forces in these countries have also become proactive in raising issues of development more prominently in their election campaigns and political literature. The present paper attempts to explain some such contradictions in the context of South Asia and based on the analysis of country specific data on income, health, education and other indicators from the global database of world development indicators (WDI) and with the help of vector auto-regression (VAR) method of analysis, the paper seeks to establish some linkages in these variables in the changing global scenario. JEL Classification: D-72, E-62, F-02, H-53, I-18, I-28, N-15, N-35


The number of older individuals living in the United States is projected to increase significantly over the next few decades. To help meet the health-care needs of this growing population, podiatric medicine must assure the public of the availability of specially educated teachers and practitioners who can not only provide direct patient care, but also participate in establishing national policies and priorities pertaining to foot health. Fellowship training, the traditional educational model beyond the first professional degree and residency education, is one means of accomplishing this goal. This article proposes a model for a geriatric fellowship in podiatric medicine. Implementation of such fellowship training in geriatrics can help the podiatric medical profession pursue its mission and fulfill its responsibility to the public.


Organ growth and size are finely tuned by intrinsic and extrinsic signaling molecules. In Drosophila, the BMP family member Dpp is produced in a limited set of imaginal disc cells and functions as a classic morphogen to regulate pattern and growth by diffusing throughout imaginal discs. However, the role of TGFβ/Activin-like ligands in disc growth control remains ill-defined. Here we demonstrate that Myoglianin (Myo), an Activin family member, and a close homolog of mammalian Myostatin, is a muscle-derived extrinsic factor that uses canonical dSmad2 mediated signaling to regulate wing size. We propose that Myo is a myokine that helps mediate an allometric relationship between muscles and their associated appendages.


In this paper, we develop a fair resource allocation scheme for a multiclass time-slotted optical overlapped code-division multiple-access (OV-CDMA) network. The resource management scheme is fair in the sense that the users have their power and rate allotted according to their multiclass time-slotted optical overlapped code-division multiple-access quality of service (QoS) requirements. In addition, no class of users can dominate over the other classes. A unified framework for the resource controlling scheme is proposed. It consists of simply finding a single control parameter based on which the optimal transmission rate and power are obtained for every class of users. Analytical results show that the maximum transmission rate for a given class of users is only achievable when the users in that class are transmitting with the highest possible laser transmission power. In addition, we have demonstrated that the optimal transmission rates can be obtained via the solution of the rate characteristic polynomial. It is shown that our proposed scheme provides a substantial improvement in the system capacity while preserving the required fairness criteria.


Research-based Learning (RbL) extends Inquiry and Project-based Learning by facilitating an early stage exposure and training for future scientists through authentic research activities. In this paper, an iterative problem-centric RbL process is introduced, and its activities and management aspects are described. The process helps implement course-integrated research systematically and practically. Furthermore, the novel process follows constructivist methods in incorporating inquiry, scaffolding, open-ended projects, as well as a goal oriented learning approach. The RbL process is adopted in two advanced computing courses, at two different universities: a leading comprehensive Western university and a new university in a developing country. The paper summarizes new lessons learned in these rewarding experiences. In particular, the instructor should help students start their projects, by providing them with previous work or data and pre-approving the papers to review by students. He should also maintain a continuous feedback to and from students to keep the students motivated and help the instructor refine and adapt the RBL process. We note that research collaborators can help students in identifying the research topics early. The paper also shows how to alleviate difficulties that may be encountered by students who find the novel approach demanding, and consequently it also helps the instructors better manage the course contents.


Two notable features of the mineralization in SW England are the asymmetrical pattern of mineral lodes and the mineral zoning within this distribution. Despite the fact that many theories have been advanced to explain the mechanisms of mineralization qualitatively no numerical models have been produced. In this paper, the finite element technique is used to construct a very simple model which helps to explain general features of the pattern of mineralization. The model describes the steady state convection of fluid in the environment of the Cornubian batholith. Convection is driven by the radiothermal contrast between the granite and the host rocks. Results show that the locations of upward flowing, hot fluids are determined by the three-dimensional shape of the batholith. Initially, upward flow was concentrated along the axis of the batholith and these regions correlate with high temperature mineralization. Erosion of the cover rock above the granites altered the fluid flow pattern such that the upward flow became concentrated outside the outcropping granites. These regions correlate with low temperature mineralization. A correlation also exists between kaolinization and areas of downward flowing fluid for present day levels of erosion.


Internet can be considered as one of the greatest achievements of humanity of the last century, which connected the entire world. It created a new space for connections, information and communications, as well as cooperation. Thus, it created also a new platform for conflicts that involved not only individuals but also states. The invention of the twentieth century, the Internet, has become another sphere for international relations, and a new space for defensive and offensive policies for regulating and balancing those affairs. The space called cyberspace has become a platform for interactions not only between individuals, but also between states. The interactions on their side were not only developed in a positive manner, but were also transformed into attacks, which pose a real threat to the security of states. Thus, the following questions arise: Can cyberspace be considered a new sphere for war? Can conflicts and offensive and defensive operations in cyberspace be considered a real war? The aim of this article is to specify offensive and defensive actions occurring in cyberspace and to explain the differences and similarities between them and the classical approach to war present in other spheres: land, water, air, and space. Despite the overgrowth of offensive interactions in cyberspace and defensive strategies for enriching the cyber arsenal of states, military specialists have concerns over the reality of cyberwars in general. Parallels are drawn to show the similarities and differences between definitions and perceptions of war, and whether concepts from the classical approach can be transferred to describe wars in the cyber sphere. This research puts cyberwars in line with other wars, thus analyzing their peculiarities, whilst Cyberspace is seen as another sphere for war and international relations in addition to the existing spheres of land, water, air, and space


An analysis of the clinical course of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed in medical personal of the Western Pomeranian macroregion in the years 1978-1987 was carried out. Most often nurses develop this disease followed by technicians and doctors. 43% of this population did not have constant contact with active tuberculosis. Symptoms led to a diagnosis in 40% of the cases. In 27 patients radiological changes involved less than two pulmonary fields. In 17 cases a three drug regimen was instituted. The average hospitalization period was lower in these cases than in other treated in this region. Also the incidence rates of at risk medical personal were lower than overal incidence rates.


Although 23Na MRI has been shown to delineate acute myocardial infarction (MI), the time course of in vivo 23Na MRI during infarct healing remains unknown. In this study 23Na MRI was combined with contrast‐enhanced (CE) 1H MRI to noninvasively characterize infarct healing in vivo. Serial in vivo 3D 23Na MRI and 1H MRI were performed for up to 9 weeks postinfarction in 10 dogs. Radioactive microspheres were used to measure myocardial perfusion, and Hematoxylin‐Eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome (MT) staining were used to assess interstitial cell infiltrate and collagen content. In vivo 23Na MRI accurately delineated infarct size up to day 5 postinfarction in comparison with 1H MRI (8.9% ± 8.1% vs. 8.6% ± 7.9% on day 1 postinfarction, P = NS; and 6.3% ± 6.2% vs. 6.2% ± 6.2% on days 4/5 postinfarction, P = NS). The in vivo 23Na MRI signal intensity, expressed as the signal intensity ratio of infarcted tissue vs. noninfarcted tissue (MI/R) peaked on day 1 of infarction (2.04 ± 0.23) but decreased significantly to 1.27 at 9 weeks postinfarction (P < 0.05) due to granulation tissue infiltrate and collagen deposition. To confirm the MI/R decrease during scar formation ex vivo, we performed 23Na MRI in 12 rats on day 3 post‐MI (N = 5) and after 6 weeks (N = 7). H&E and Picrosirius Red staining confirmed granulation tissue infiltrate on day 3 and scar formation after 6 weeks. MI/R decreased significantly from 1.91 ± 0.45 on day 3 post‐MI to 1.3 ± 0.09 after 6 weeks. Thus, in vivo 23Na MRI accurately delineates infarct size up to day 5 postinfarction. In vivo 23Na MRI signal intensity decreases during infarct healing as a result of the underlying infarct healing process. Magn Reson Med 53:843–850, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


We present a QCD sum rule analysis for the anticharmed pentaquark state with and without strangeness. While the sum rules for most of the currents are either nonconvergent or dominated by the DN continuum, the one for the nonstrange pentaquark current composed of two diquarks and an antiquark is convergent and has a structure consistent with a positive-parity pentaquark state after subtracting out the DN continuum contribution. Arguments are presented on the similarity between the result of the present analysis and that based on the constituent quark models, which predict a more stable pentaquark state when the antiquark is heavy.


Lead zirconate titanate is a ferroelectric material of considerable interest with a wide range of technological applications. It has been the subject of many experimental and theoretical studies yet there are a number of unsolved questions preventing further miniaturisation and optimisation of this and other ferroelectric materials. Exotic ultra-dense domain morphologies, as an example, offer an exciting avenue for the development of novel nanoelectronics. In this work, large scale molecular dynamics is used to construct a strain-temperature phase diagram of the domain morphology of PbTiO3 ultrathin films. By sampling a wide range of strain values over a temperature range up to the Curie temperature, it is found that epitaxial strain induces the formation of a variety of closure- and in-plane domain morphologies. The local strain and ferroelectric-antiferrodistortive coupling at the film surface vary for the strain mediated transition sequence and this could offer a route for experimental observation of the morphologies. Remarkably, a new nanobubble domain morphology is identified that is stable in the high-temperature regime for compressively strained PbTiO3. It is demonstrated that the formation mechanism of the nanobubble domains morphology is related to the wandering of flux closure domain walls, which is characterised using the hypertoroidal moment. Molecular dynamics calculations, supplemented with electrical measurements from collaborators, are used to provide insight into the microscopic switching properties of near-morphotropic PZT. The simulations and experiments exhibit qualitatively similar hysteretic behaviour of the polarisation at different temperatures, showing widening of the Polarisation - Electric field hysteresis loops, and the decrease of the coercive field towards high temperatures. Remarkably, polarisation switching at low temperatures is shown to occur via a polarisation rotation and growth mechanism that is fundamentally different from the high temperature switching, where nucleation is rate limiting. Analysis of B-cation contributions show that nucleation and switching are facilitated by Zr centred unit cells and, by extension, Ti centred unit cells in Zr-rich environments. Ti-rich clusters in morphotropic PZT, at low temperature, are observed to have suppressed ferroelectric displacements which may incorrectly be perceived as ferroelectrically inactive `dead-layers'. Finally, fundamental insight into the microscopic mechanisms of the ageing processes are provided. From simulations of the prototypical ferroelectric material PbTiO3, it is demonstrated that experimentally observed ageing phenomena can be reproduced from intrinsic interactions of defect-dipoles related to dopant-vacancy associates, even in the absence of extrinsic effects. Variation of the dopant concentration is shown to modify the material's hysteretic response, identifying a universal method to reduce loss and tune the electromechanical properties of inexpensive ceramics for efficient technologies.


In the course of the past two decennia, a 3rd route of complement activation (next to the classical and the alternative routes) has been identified: the lectin route in which mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays an essential role. MBL is produced in the liver. From the phylogenetic and functional points of view, complement activation via MBL falls in between the alternative and the classical routes and combines the advantages of the former (an early response, without the intervention of antibodies) with those of the latter (high specificity). The binding of MBL to the surface of a microorganism results in the activation of two serine proteases (MASP1 and MASP2) that are coupled to MBL. These enzymes can activate C4 and C2 so that, via the MBL route, the C3-convertase of the classical route (C4b2b) is produced long before there are any specific antibodies. The gene for MBL is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 and consists of a promoter gene and 4 exons coding for the protein. The prevalence of mutations in the MBL gene is about 10%, but in Africa South of the Sahara it is as high as 30%. MBL deficiency predisposes both children and adults to all sorts of infectious diseases, chronic diarrhoea, tonsillitis, otitis media, pneumonia, (meningococcal) meningitis, sepsis and osteomyelitis. Remarkably, MBL deficiency may actually be advantageous in some infections, because certain microorganisms use MBL or complement to invade the cell.


Information on the timing of intercourse relative to ovulation can be incorporated into time to pregnancy models to improve the power to detect covariate effects, to estimate the day-specific conception probabilities, and to distinguish between biological and behavioral effects on fecundability, and therefore the probability of conception in a menstrual cycle. In this paper, Bayesian methods are proposed for joint modeling of intercourse behavior and biologic fecundability. The model accommodates a sterile subpopulation of couples, general covariate effects, and heterogeneity among fecund couples in menstrual cycle viability and in frequency of unprotected intercourse. Methods are described for incorporating cycles with varying amounts of intercourse information into a single analysis. A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is outlined for estimation of the posterior distributions of the unknowns. Themethods are applied to data from a North Carolina study of couples attempting pregnancy.


Renal enzymuria was measured in hemophiliacs: enzymes of tubular epithelium, associated with cytomembrane, lysosomal, cytosolic, marker of glomerular defect. The enzymological markers indicated impairment of nephron tubular component in all the examinees. Patients with hematuria had also defects in glomerular apparatus. A direct relationship existed between the severity of calciuria and activity of membrane-associated enzymes of canalicular epithelium.


. Globalization and mass customization are commonly translated into increased levels of complexity in manufacturing systems. One of the main reasons is the increased number of variables, parameters, and interrelations on the shop floor. This intrinsic complexity can grow exponentially when considering the manufacture of large-size products with high levels of variability and variants: the mass production of large recreational motorboats with high levels of customization and low production volumes, mass customization. With the increasing role of sustainability and concepts of Industry 5.0, focusing not just on improving production systems but also human wellbeing, quick decision making becomes essential. Data and digitalization are becoming the cornerstone for system improvement, and digital data availability and analysis can facilitate the utilization of computerized tools to support decision making and maximize the performance of complex systems. For that purpose, simulation can be a powerful analytical tool to design, maintain, and improve complex manufacturing systems. Simulation techniques usually allow handling the size and complexity commonly associated with manufacturing systems. However, in systems with highly customized and large-size products, manual processes, and limited floor space, the implementation of simulation techniques is not straightforward, especially considering the aspects of variability, data collection, model validation, and system reconfiguration. With a particular focus on large-size products and limitations of a constrained existing facility layout, this paper presents the implementation of a simulation-based reconfiguration assessment considering manual production, assembly, and internal logistics requirements. Going through an industrial case study of large recreational motorboats manufacturing, the paper analyses the system analysis, data collection, implementation, and validation of the methodology step by step. Considering different what-if scenarios, the focus is on the capacity reconfiguration using Discrete-Event Simulation. The results can serve as a guideline for decision-makers and stakeholders working with complex mass customization manufacturing systems and space-constrained facility layouts.


Time dependent development of the spatial organization of NH 4 + - and NO 2 − -oxidizing bacterial populations in a domestic wastewater biofilm and in an autotrophic nitrifying biofilm were investigated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a set of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Population dynamics of nitrifying bacteria in the biofilms were correlated with the biofilm performance. In situ hybridization indicated that Nitrosomonas spp. (excluding probe NEU stained NH 4 + -oxidizing bacteria: i.e., N. marina -lineage, N. europaea -lineage, N. eutropha , and N. halophila ) and Nitrospira -like bacteria were the numerically dominant nitrifying species in the domestic wastewater biofilm. However, probe NEU stained NH 4 + -inoxidizing bacteria became dominant populations in the autotrophic nitrifying biofilm (which were initially cultured with the primary settling tank effluent) after switching to the synthetic media. This population shift might be attributed to the effect of NO 2 − -–N accumulation and higher growth rates of N. europaea -lineage and N. eutropha , outcompeting other Nitrosomonas spp. in the synthetic medium. This evidence indirectly supports that N. europhaea has been most commonly isolated and studied in most of the previous researches. For the spatial organization of NH 4 + - and NO 2 − -oxidizing bacterial populations, bacteria of the genus Nitrobacter could not be detected, instead Nitrospira -like bacteria were found as the main nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in both biofilms. Whereas most of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were found throughout the biofilms, the location of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was restricted to the active nitrite-oxidizing zone, which was detected in the inner part of the biofilms. Microelectrode measurements showed that the active ammonia-oxidizing zone was located in the outer part of a biofilm, whereas the active nitrite-oxidizing zone was located just below the ammonia-oxidizing zone and overlapped the location of NO 2 − -oxidizing bacteria, as determined with FISH. These observations have considerable significance to our understanding of microbial nitrification occurring in wastewater treatment processes and in the natural environment.


The importance of coaches' interactive behaviour with respect to athlete development has long been recognized. While a number of observational coding systems exist to record the instructional content of coaches' interactive behaviour, none is designed to explicitly capture the intervention tone of these interactions – 'how' coaches say what they say. The current project entailed the development of a new behavioural coding system designed to focus on the intervention tone of youth sport coaches' interactive behaviour. Behaviour categories were developed through an iterative combination of literature review and observation of recorded youth sport coaching sessions. A coder training protocol was developed and refined until coders consistently met a minimum standard of agreement with respect to both inter- and intra-rater reliability. The full coding system was then initially validated across six different team and individual youth sports in multiple contexts over a one year period.


OBJECTIVE
To study factors influencing GPs' decisions to prescribe lipid-lowering drugs and how their judgements agree with the Swedish guidelines on hyperlipidaemia.

DESIGN
Postal questionnaire.

SETTING
Primary health care. Authentic written case descriptions of patients, all with a cholesterol value of at least 5.5 mmol/l and with variations in seven other variables (cues) in a Clinical Judgement Analysis (CJA) design.

SUBJECTS
Sixty randomly selected primary health care doctors in the south-eastern Stockholm area.

RESULTS
Thirty-eight doctors answered the questionnaire. Coronary heart disease had the highest influence on judgements, followed by cholesterol. The majority of doctors used two or three of the eight cues. Doctors differed markedly in their strategies. One in four did not use coronary heart disease in their judgements, even though all patients with this risk factor present (12/40) should receive pharmacological treatment, according to the guidelines. Doctors who adhered to the guidelines in this respect were younger than those who did not. The GPs' insights into their own strategies were good.

CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that doctors use very different judgement strategies for drug prescription concerning patients with hypercholesterolaemia. A fairly large subgroup of the doctors did not include coronary heart disease in their judgements, in contrast to the present guidelines.


Genome editing technology is currently the most effective tool for accurately manipulating genomes at specific locations. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system were used genome editing technologies. Both editing done with ZFNs and TALENs consist of DNA-binding domains which are fused to endonucleases. This is done to enable a broad range of genetic modifications by inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) that stimulate the error-prone Non-Homologous End-Joining (NHEJ) or a homology-directed repair (HDR) at specific genomic locations. Different to ZFNs and TALENs, the CRISPR/Cas system is an RNA-mediated specific recognition process which DSB been introduced after the sgRNA binds to the targeted DNA sequence. The ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 systems modify these genomic characteristics precisely through these repair mechanisms, and have been successfully used to manipulate the genome in human cells. These genome editing tools can be used to investigate gene function, to explore the genetic mechanisms of a disease, to discover new therapeutic targets, and to develop new disease models. Moreover, these genome editing technologies have a great potential in gene therapy. Here, we review the latest advances in the application of genome editing technology for the study and treatment of genetic diseases [Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), hemophilia], cancers [chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy (CAR-T) technology], viral infections [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV)], bio-agricultures, and microorganisms.


Swallow syncope, characterised by transient loss of consciousness induced by swallowing, is a rare form of neurally mediated syncope. We present ECG tracings from a patient with a clear history of swallow syncope with brief discussion on management options.

A 60-year-old lady presented with a 5-year history of light-headedness and loss of consciousness while eating certain foods, particularly large chunks of bread. There were no other associated symptoms and no symptoms unrelated to mealtimes. She had no past medical history and was not taking any medications. Physical examination, resting 12-lead ECG and transthoracic echocardiography were all normal.

On the basis of the history, a diagnosis …


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This paper examines an important episode in the history of early modern physics – the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence of 1715-16, an exchange that occurred at the intersection of physics, metaphysics and theology – before turning to questions of interpretation in the historiography of physics.  Samuel Clarke, a disciple of Isaac Newton, engaged in a dispute over Newton's commitment to absolute space and absolute time with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who criticized Newton's views and advanced a rival account.  I clarify the positions at stake in the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence, define a variety of terms – absolute space, absolute time, substantivalism, and relationalism – endogenous to the exchange, and reconstruct key elements in the philosophical dimension of the dispute.  I then use the Leibniz-Clarke exchange as a springboard from which to examine interpretive considerations in the historiography of physics.  I argue that the history of physics can benefit from reassessing its historiographical commitments by borrowing or appropriating some of the intellectual resources used by philosophers working in the history of philosophy.  This historiographical reassessment, I contend, will not only shed new light on the Leibniz-Clarke exchange but may also reinvigorate the history of physics.


Context. Multi-molecule observations towards an increasing variety of galaxies have been showing that the relative molecular abundances are affected by the type of activity. However, these studies are biased towards bright active galaxies, which are typically in interaction. Aims. We study the molecular composition of one of the most isolated galaxies in the local Universe where the physical and chemical properties of their molecular clouds have been determined by intrinsic mechanisms. Methods. We present 3 mm broad band observations of the galaxy CIG 638, extracted from the AMIGA sample of isolated galaxies. The emission of the J = 1–0 transitions of CCH, HCN, HCO + , and HNC are detected. Integrated intensity ratios between these line are compared with similar observations from the literature towards active galaxies including starburst galaxies (SB), active galactic nuclei, luminous infrared galaxies (LIRG), and GMCs in M 33. Results. A significantly high ratio of CCH with respect to HCN, HCO + , and HNC is found towards CIG 638 when compared with all other galaxies where these species have been detected. This points to either an overabundance of CCH or to a relative lack of dense molecular gas as supported by the low HCN/CO ratio, or both. Conclusions. The data suggest that the CIG 638 is naturally a less perturbed galaxy where a lower fraction of dense molecular gas, as well as a more even distribution could explain the measured ratios. In this scenario the dense gas tracers would be naturally dimmer, while the UV enhanced CCH, would be overproduced in a less shielded medium.


Purpose The offer to return a summary of results to participants after the conclusion of clinical research has many potential benefits. The authors determined current practice and attitudes and needs of researchers in establishing programs to return results to research participants. Methods An Internet survey of all 236 principal investigators (PIs) of the Children's Oncology Group in May 2002 recorded PI and institutional demographics, current practice, and perceived barriers to and needs of PIs for the creation of research results programs. Results One hundred fifty (63.8%) PIs responded. Few institutions (n = 5) had established, comprehensive programs to offer the return of results. PIs indicated that major impediments to the implementation of such programs are the preparation of lay summaries, time constraints, the task of contacting participants, and potential distress for the participants. PIs identified the following facilitators to the establishment of a program in their own institution: lay summaries, web site, preparation of an oncologist's summary, and financial credits. There was no clear consensus as to when the results should be shared: 30% indicated after the study was closed and 24% indicated at the time of publication of results. A substantial proportion of respondents opposed or strongly opposed the implementation of a universal offering of results to research participants. Conclusions Few Children's Oncology Group institutions have programs that offer the return of results to research participants. Significant barriers and facilitators to this process have been identified.


Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is characterized by clinical symptoms such as seizures, visual disturbance, and altered mental status. It also presents abnormal findings on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicating cerebral edema in the white matter of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes. Both the clinical symptoms and abnormal imaging findings can be reversed by controlling blood pressure or treating the underlying condition including infection. This report describes a patient with RPLS that occurred secondary to eclampsia. A 26-year-old female, gravida 0 para 0, developed weakness and pain in her upper and lower extremities and gait disturbance during the 34th week of pregnancy, and severe pregnancy-induced hypertension near the end of the 37th week. On the first day of the 38th week, she developed constricted visual fields and complained of visual illusions. MRI revealed a high-signal-intensity area in the right occipital lobe. Immediately after MRI, the patient had a 10-sec tonic convulsion. Diagnosed with eclampsia, she underwent emergency cesarean section. MRI on the 2nd postoperative day showed that the high-signal-intensity area was slightly improved. Her visual illusions were diminished by the 4th postoperative day, and almost all subjective symptoms disappeared by the 7th postoperative day. The patient was discharged at 12th postoperative day. We recommend MRI not only for symptomatic patients with suspected RPLS, but also for asymptomatic patients with severe pregnancy-induced hypertension. If findings such as cerebral edema are observed on MRI, immediate delivery should be considered before eclamptic seizures or exacerbation of neurological symptoms.


Abstract:This article examines obligatory backward resumption in Karuk (kyh; isolate), a verb-final language of Northern California, and argues that it is the result of conflicting word-order requirements. This conceptual analysis is further developed within the chain-resolution framework of Landau 2006, in which resumption is the result of partial deletion. The Karuk facts indicate that partial deletion targets spellout domains and not phases, contra van Urk 2018. Examination of two case studies from the literature and a reinterpretation of the Dinka resumption data discussed in van Urk 2018 further demonstrate that partial deletion of spellout domains has broader empirical coverage than partial deletion of phases. The second part of the article pivots to the predictions made by the chain-resolution analysis about alternatives to backward resumption. These predictions are shown to be borne out in three other verb-final languages, namely Hindi-Urdu, Persian, and Turkish. The article closes with an examination of the parallels between backward resumption and regular forward resumption and concludes that both may be derived by movement or by basegeneration of the proform.


Author(s): Mulaveesala, Manutej | Advisor(s): McKnight, Tracy R | Abstract: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of primary brain cancer that has an extremely high mortality rate. Imaging has the capacity to serve as a crucial tool for tracking malignant growth and treatment response. Newer, advanced imaging methods such as relaxometry and diffusion have allowed for an extension of traditional anatomical imaging. In this multi-parametric study, murine models were injected with human U87 tumor cells and then scanned using MRI. Three out of six mice were treated while three remained untreated. Using relevant equations for relaxometry and diffusion, a semi-automated post processing tool was created in Matlab that could segment malignant regions of interest (ROI). Diffusion maps and T2 relaxometry maps were created. ROIs from segmentation were used to plot the distribution of T2 and ADC values as a histogram within an area of interest. Tumor volume comparison indicated that the tumor volume was significantly decreased for the treated mice, but the volume did not disappear in any of the treated mice. The distribution data showed that there was a stark change in T2 values following treatment, which was not reflected in the tumor volume, indicating that a shift in T2 values is an earlier marker of treatment response. Following initial treatment, the T2 value distribution was seen to return toward baseline levels, while the tumor volume remained small. Diffusion distributions also indicated that treatment with TMZ had a response. Mean diffusion (MD) and radial diffusion (RD) decreased with treatment, while fractional anisotropy (FA) and longitudinal diffusion (LD) increased in untreated mice. Comparison amongst these diffusion maps indicates that MD and RD show complementary information, as do FA and LD. T-test was applied to compare treated and untreated mice at each week, but there was no statistically significant difference, possibly because the sample size for this study was too small. The pattern evident in the histograms may be significant if more data is acquired to increase the sample size. This study provides new insight to the relevance of using diffusion and T2 values as potential biomarkers for treatment response.