Biochemistry on the Media: daily science in audio and video Melo,B. P 1 ; Henriques, L. R 1 ; Junior, H. G 2 ; Galvao, G. R 2 ; Costa, M. M 2 ; Silva, A. S 3 ; Costa, M. P 3 ; Barreto, L. P 3 ; Almeida, A. A 3 ; Fontes, P. P 3 ; Meireles, L. M 3 ; Costa, P. A 3 ; Costa, C. B 3 ; Monteiro, L. M. O 3 Konig, I. M 3 ; Dias, B. K. M 1 ; Santos, R. C. V 1 ; Bagno, F. F 1 ; Fernandes, L 1 ; Alves, P. R 1 ; Sales, F. M 1 ; Martins, T. C. N 1 ; Moreira, V. J. V 1 ; Marchiori, J. M 1 ; Medeiros, L. 4 ; Leite, J. P. V 5 ; Moraes, G. H. K 6 . 1 Members of ETP-Biochemistry UFV; 2 Students of program Jovens Talentos para a Ciencia UFV; 3 Graduating Students of ETP; 4 Coordinator in Espaco Ciencia UFV; 5 Pharmaceutical, professor at Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department (BBD) UFV, ETP's tutor; 6 Agronomist, professor at BDD, work's advisor. INTRODUCTION: The Educational Tutorial Program in Biochemistry (ETP) from UFV have worked in qualification of basic science teachers, offering courses about Biochemistry. In courses, was detected the necessity of a personal material to inspire them. To do it, ETP compiled some media spots in a box and have used it in qualification courses. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work was construct a part of a permanent material to be used in courses to qualifications high school's teachers and evaluate it. METODOLOGY: Applying questionnaires to high school students, ETP's members had detected that these students don't have a solid idea about how is Biochemistry. Thus, themes about common Biochemistry daily things were elected to be transformed in spots to radio and television. Texts about shampoo composition, vegetable's darkening, bread's fermentation, etc, were written and a script done by Journalism's students of Espaco Ciencia(*). Finally, the spots were recorded and vehiculated on universitary channel. In 2013, the spots were compiled in a media box. It has been included in a permanent material used in qualification courses. According to ALBAGLI (1996), science popularization can be done by a lot of communication vehicles. Corroborating, MEDEIROS (2005) tells that "the science makes knowledge and the journalism strives in disseminate it". RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In the end of courses, questionary has been applied to evaluate the material's quality and the applicability to students, showing that 83,3% of teachers thought excelent the quality of the material offered and 73,3% thought the content applicable or partially applicable. CONCLUSION: The box is a good material and its content is aplicable to high school. We can offer a vehicle for science popularization, and we can rouse curiosity and critical sense on the public, making it an effective way to divulge the Biochemistry. Thus, the album allows that the educational process can be done in a playful manner. Key-words: radio, television, spots, audio, video. Biochemistry Education. Sponsors: FAPEMIG and National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions (NISTPPI) (*) Espaco Ciencia is a project developed by Journalism's students from UFV. In this project, they have done television and radio programs with scientific themes to divulgate on College's Radio and TV. ANNEXES: Visual Elements: Below, the art made to illustrate the book and the cover's box.


Although there has been a policy thrust towards making all Australians more cognisant of the relative scarcity of water resources, the approach adopted for urban dwellers differs markedly from that applied to irrigators. These differences are examined from a property-rights perspective focussing primarily on the institutional hierarchies in the Victorian water sector. The analysis reveals significant attenuation of urban dwellers' rights, presumably on the basis of the information deficiencies that circumscribe urban water use. Alternative policy options are then proposed, which might alleviate some of these information deficiencies and simultaneously address the efficiency losses that attend the present arrangements.


Employers often recruit workers by invoking corporate social responsibility, organizational purpose, or other claims to a prosocial mission. In an era of substantial labor market inequality, commentators typically dismiss these claims as hypocritical: prosocial employers often turn out to be no more generous with low-wage workers than are other employers. In this article, we argue that prosocial commitments in fact inadvertently reduce earnings inequality, but through a different channel than generosity. Building on research on job values, we hypothesize that college graduates are more willing than nongraduates to sacrifice pay for prosocial impact. When employers appeal to prosocial values, they can thus disproportionately reduce pay for higher-educated workers. We test this theory with data on online U.S. job postings. We find that prosocial jobs requiring a college degree post lower pay than do standard postings with exactly the same job requirements; prosocial jobs that do not require a college degree, however, pay no differently from other low-education jobs. This gap reduces the aggregate college wage premium by around 5 percent. We present a variety of supplementary evidence using labor market data, worker survey responses, and a vignette experiment with hiring managers. The findings reveal an unintended consequence of employers' embrace of prosocial values: it offsets macro-level inequality.


Electricity storage systems (ESS) for bulk energy storage are principally used for load levelling purposes or for relieving the intermittency of renewables. Another use is electricity arbitrage through the rule of 'buy low, sell high'. This operation tracks the market‐clearing price (MCP) profiles and produces profit by exploiting the differences between peak and off‐peak prices. The profits made in this way depend on technology characteristics and the market competition level. We investigate the influence of demand‐side management (DSM) on ESS profitability when the only income is from provision of electricity arbitrage services, by optimizing the time allocation of the charge and discharge operations. Two scenarios of DSM in the market have been selected for two management periods (MP): 1 day and 3 days. The longer MP is examined in order to investigate the potential for higher economic value when energy transfer to the next day is permitted. The key finding is that a very small load shifting from peaks to off‐peaks, due to DSM, significantly affects the ESS profit. The significant profit losses the ESS showed are a result of the high capital costs and the small difference of the peak and off‐peak electricity prices in the Greek market. Therefore, under the assumptions we have made for this research, any attempt to use ESS in 'buy low, sell high' operation is not profitable. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Nasal deposition studies can demonstrate whether nasal sprays treating allergic rhinitis and polyposis reach the ciliated posterior nasal cavity, where turbinate inflammation and other pathology occurs. However, quantifying nasal deposition is challenging, because in vitro tests do not correlate to human nasal deposition; gamma scintigraphy studies are thus used. For valid data, the radiolabel must distribute, as the drug, into different-sized droplets, remain associated with the drug in the formulation after administration, and not alter its deposition. Some nasal deposition studies have demonstrated this using homogenous solutions. However, most commercial nasal sprays are heterogeneous suspensions. Using mometasone furoate nasal suspension (MFS), we developed a technique to validate radiolabel deposition as a surrogate for nasal cavity drug deposition and characterized regional deposition and nasal clearance in humans. Mometasone furoate (MF) formulation was spiked with diethylene triamine pentacaetic acid. Both unlabeled and radiolabeled formulations (n = 3) were sprayed into a regionally divided nasal cast. Drug deposition was quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography within each region; radiolabel deposition was determined by gamma camera. Healthy subjects (n = 12) were dosed and imaged for six hours. Scintigraphic images were coregistered with magnetic resonance imaging scans to quantify anterior and posterior nasal cavity deposition and mucociliary clearance. The ratio of radiolabel to unlabeled drug was 1.05 in the nasal cast and regionally appeared to match, indicating that in vivo radiolabel deposition could represent drug deposition. In humans, MFS delivered 86% (9.2) of metered dose to the nasal cavity, approximately 60% (9.1) of metered dose to the posterior nasal cavity. After 15 minutes, mucociliary clearance removed 59% of the initial radiolabel in the nasal cavity, consistent with clearance rates from the ciliated posterior surface. MFS deposited significant drug into the posterior nasal cavity. Both nasal cast validation and mucociliary clearance confirm the radiolabel deposition distribution method accurately represented corticosteroid nasal deposition.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the recovery method and oxygen tension on in vitro embryo (IVP) production. In Experiment 1 the effect of two recovery methods, aspiration and dissection on embryo division and development rates was evaluated. The 72 hour post-insemination division rate was 71.4% with aspiration and 61.0% with dissection (p<00.5), while no statistical difference was found on blastocyst rates 7 and 9 days post-insemination. In Experiment 2 two oxygen tensions, 5 and 20%, were compared in the culture stage obtaining higher division rate and 7-day blastocyst rate with 5% oxygen tension (69.7 and 29.8% respectively) compared with 20% oxygen tension (59.7 and 19.3% respectively). The results suggest that the aspiration recovery method and 5% oxygen tension must be considered to achieve optimal conditions for in vitro embryo production.


Background : Tuberculin skin test (TST) is a readily available test for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This study was designed to evaluate LTBI in low-risk children aged 1-15 years. Methods : This cross-sectional study was performed in Shiraz, Iran, over six months during 2009. Totally, 1289 boys and girls were selected by stratified multistage random sampling from four municipality areas before allocating them to 15 groups. Inclusion criteria included age 1-15 years, documented history of BCG vaccination at birth, Iranian nationality and a healthy state of being. Children with acute febrile diseases, immunosuppression, on medication and immigrants were excluded. We considered a TST ≥ 10 mm of induration as positive. Results : The prevalence of LTBI in 1-15 years old children was 4.5%. The percentage was 3.5% in 1-5 year old, 4.1% in 6-10 year old and 5.7% in 11-15 year old children. The highest rate of infection was 9.8% in 15 year olds and the lowest was 2.2% in 3-year old children. Gender had no effect on LTBI rate. There is no significant difference of LTBI prevalence between four municipality areas. Conclusion : The prevalence of LTBI in this study was lower in comparison with other studies performed in Iran. Positive predictive value of TST decreases in low endemic areas for tuberculosis, especially in low-risk groups; therefore, most positive results are false-positive created by nonspecific reactions and infection with environmental mycobacteria. Hence, there is a need for new diagnostic tools that are easy and cost-effective.


Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been associated with a reduction in the risk of developing adenomas and colorectal cancer. The available scientific evidence justifies the need for more studies that evaluate the protective effect of aspirin and other NSAIDs as a preventive measure against cancer of the colon; define the minimum efficient dosage; the age at which to begin treatment; the most convenient duration of the latter; and the sub-populations for which the benefits of chemoprophylaxis outweigh possible adverse effects.


Punishing Schools, Fear and Citizenship in American Public Education. By William Lyons and Julie Drew. Ann Arbor: The Univ. of Michigan Press, 2006. Pp. 264. $65.00 cloth; $24.95 paper. Lyons and Drew explore what has arguably been the dominant trend of American public schooling over the past several years: the increasing likeness of public schools to prisons and the criminalization of youth culture. As conveyed in their subtitle, Lyons and Drew examine how a culture of fear, aggravated by the shootings at Columbine, but accelerated by 9/11, has so deeply permeated the daily routines of public schools. The sweep of this change is their topic, for it is American education in general that has been altered, and altered in ways that reach beyond police searches and lockdowns. Of far greater consequence is a transformation of the understood social contract that is public education. This is a deeply thoughtful work that integrates a variety of perspectives into a compelling interpretation of what has happened to American education. It is superbly written and is, as such, accessible to a diverse audience. The title implies a double entendre. By punishing schools the authors certainly mean an environment that has surveillance and control as an ever-present focus. The object of this preoccupation is the defiance that emanates from youthful sexuality and its racial overtones. The school as panopticon exaggerates the menacing potential of the youthful body and its private demeanors, promoting in consequence a "slow hemorrhage of freedoms" (p. 89). With a reference to Foucault, the authors suggest how the microtechnologies of backpack searches and lockdowns facilitate this punishing gaze, yet have their counterpart in the continuous flow of boyfriend-girlfriend conflicts that blunt the demeaning character of searches and lockdowns. But it is a second meaning that is the authors' primary intention. This meaning is framed by a strategy that compares two schools that differ markedly in racial and socioeconomic composition: one suburban (SHS) and one urban (UHS). As the authors reveal the differences between the two schools, they develop a theoretical interpretation that is multilayered, empirically convincing, and deeply nuanced. Their comparison reveals how schools are differentially punished by the wake of deindustrialization; differentially abused by the false prophets of charter schools, redirected lottery funds, and urban renewal; and differentially neglected by local and state politics unrestrained by the racial coalitions that once upheld the social contract of a public education. With great insight, the authors pinpoint a difference between the schools that illustrates these larger changes. For the suburban school, the punishing routines of daily life emanate from within. …


This paper sets out to explore the changing face of fashion communication and its role in creating fashion ideas and promoting trends. The focus is on the generation that do not know life without the internet, looking particularly at the online material that they engage with and the influence this has on their style ideas. It draws on the theory put forward by Roland Barthes 'The Fashion System' and the importance of textual dissemination of fashion through specialist magazines and editorials.

The authoritative voice of the fashion journal is being challenged by assertive fashion bloggers, so much so that even a blogger can gain international recognition for their own predictions on next seasons fashion trends. If the internet has changed the process by which an expert is declared, so too is it changing the way in which the discourse or message is received and the meaning conveyed. It is therefore important to consider the fashion content of the online communications that are engaging this generation from websites, music sites, You-Tube and social networking sites like Face book and Bebo.

The internet allows time and space to be treated differently. The control has shifted from the sender to the receiver as audiences are no longer passive but actively seek information and engagement with ideas and relevant discourse. However, how does this technologically savvy generation deal with a communications network that gives free access to infinite amounts of information on fashion without editorial guidance. Can they really push parameters of fashion style without a concept of the boundaries they are challenging? Do the boundaries exist within themselves and their own conflict driven by the need to express themselves and assert individual identity opposing the need to belong to a collective. Does communicating fashion ideas on the internet give them both?


We study field-driven magnetic domain wall dynamics in garnet strips by large-scale three-dimensional micromagnetic simulations. The domain wall propagation velocity as a function of the applied field exhibits a low-field linear part terminated by a sudden velocity drop at a threshold field magnitude, related to the onset of excitations of internal degrees of freedom of the domain wall magnetization. By considering a wide range of strip thicknesses from 30 nm to $1.89\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, we find a nonmonotonic thickness dependence of the threshold field for the onset of this instability, proceeding via nucleation and propagation of Bloch lines within the domain wall. We identify a critical strip thickness above which the velocity drop is due to nucleation of horizontal Bloch lines, while for thinner strips and depending on the boundary conditions employed, either generation of vertical Bloch lines, or close-to-uniform precession of the domain wall internal magnetization takes place. For strips of intermediate thicknesses, the vertical Bloch lines assume a deformed structure due to demagnetizing fields at the strip surfaces, breaking the symmetry between the top and bottom faces of the strip, and resulting in circulating Bloch line dynamics along the perimeter of the domain wall.


Accelerated-aging studies of chirped Bragg gratings written in deuterium-loaded germano-silicate fibers were carried out using isothermal and continuous isochronal anneal methods. The master aging curve obtained from the isothermal decay is explained using the Arrhenius-rate-model-based equation. An empirical polynomial function was used to fit the continuous isochronal anneal data. The estimated attempt frequency (n) values from the two anneal methods were found to agree well within error. Further, the model-based calculations were found to predict postanneal long-term behavior of the gratings extremely well. Implications of the two anneal methods to accurately predict the thermal stability of chirped fiber Bragg gratings are discussed in light of rapid and reliable qualification of different types of gratings written in different fibers.


Historically, cooperation across borders was an area of activity dominated by central government actors. However, in the EU some of the earliest institutionalised forms of territorial cooperation are based on bottom-up initiatives involving border municipalities. Current territorial cooperation arrangements continue to be strongly based upon local and regional institutions and actors. Theoretical work on Europeanisation, multi-level governance and new regionalism highlights the increased role of sub-national actors in driving economic development and participating in external networking and cooperation activities. However, the scope and diversity of programmes mean that the opportunities for local and regional partners in terms of influencing the outcomes of programmes are equally varied. There have been significant differences in governance dimensions of programmes. Key questions this paper explores are to what extent bottom-up or top-down approaches are used as well as differences in terms of centralised or localised management or implementation structures. The first part of this paper explores which actors influence key processes in the territorial cooperation cycle at which stage and how these can vary across programmes in order to assess the existence of governance dimensions. The second part of the paper builds on the first section and will specifically focus on the impact that macro-regional strategies have had and can expected to have in the future. These strategies have the potential to significantly affect established territorial cooperation programmes (such as INTERREG). However, its full implications are not fully understood. This section will also explore how these macro-regional strategies may lead to changes in governance approaches and have an impact on the types of partners that European territorial cooperation attracts. The paper's overall aim is to assess to what extent the multi-level governance paradigm extents to the operationalization of territorial cooperation programmes and how future developments will affect it. The paper focuses INTERREG A and B strands of European territorial cooperation but its findings can be applied more broadly. It draws from data collected in relation to a major ESPON study (ESPON TERCO). The paper makes use of data from 8 broad case studies that are based on 224 in depth interviewees as well as 5 in-depth case studies that examined issues of governance, coordination, management and implementation of territorial cooperation. For these 5 in depth case studies a total of 35 respondents were interviewed.


Background and Aim: The communication process includes both verbal and nonverbal elements. Nonverbal behavior or body language includes facial expression, eye contact, posture and prosody. Prosody conveys semantic or affective information to a listener. Nonetheless, so far in Iran no report on assessment of speech prosody comprehension in patients has ever been published. The aim of this study was to measure the validity and reliability of the prosody comprehension test specifically designed for the Persian language and culture. Methods: This study is a type of test development. 73 sentences were orated by 22 professional vocalists in eight different prosodies. A total of 6582 voices were prepared which were listened by 200, 18-30 year-old students and a voice specialist. Having the content validity calculated for all voices, 1473 voices were found to be unanimously agreed upon by all participants in terms of emotional status which were analyzed by a voice specialist. Eventually, 169 voices were selected for developing the prosody comprehension test including the following four subtests: none motional prosody discrimination, emotional discrimination, naming of prosody and naming conflicts. Reliability of the test was determined by performing the test on 32, 18-60 year-old normal people. Results: The designed test of comprehension prosody had 100% content validity ratio and 94% reliability and the correlation of test of prosody was 89% (p=0.001). Conclusion: This test in Persian language has appropriate validity and reliability and is appropriate for assessment of prosody comprehension.


Traditional construction in New Zealand lacks thermal mass. This is a major barrier to the efficient use of solar thermal energy in such buildings. To overcome this problem a window system has been designed that incorporates thermal mass in the form of a Phase Change Material (PCM) inside hollow section aluminium window surrounds within the window head, sill and reveals. Excess daily solar heat gains are stored and can be made available later in the day as space heating becomes a requirement. The thermal development within the PCM is investigated experimentally for different window configurations using a solar simulator. The diurnal performance of the complete PCM window system is measured experimentally using a pair of matched test cells and is compared to that of a typical window system. Using a validated general-purpose thermal analysis program for residential buildings and realistic climatic data the effect of the PCM window system is predicted for daily and yearly time periods for Wellington New Zealand. Diurnal simulation results are compared with the measured results. For a standard New Zealand House insulated to current Building Code levels and heating to 19oC, the system as designed has the potential to store and make available up to 903 MJ of useful energy per annum. Conference Theme: Building technology


The deposition of Pd nanoparticles onto thiol-functionalized SnO2 nanoparticles was carried out at the aqueous/organic liquid/liquid interface to prepare Pd-loaded SnO2 nanoparticles for high-sensitive sensor materials. The method is based on the self-assembly deposition of Pd onto dimercaptosucinic acid (DMSA)-functionalized SnO2 nanoparticles (mean diameter: 4 nm) prepared by a hydrothermal method. Pd nanoparticles of 2-3 nm in chloroform were prepared by thermal decomposition of a Pd complex at high temperature (170 °C). Thin film-type device using the prepared Pd-loaded SnO2 nanoparticles was fabricated and tested for its sensing properties.


Technology in the learning process is a key success factor for innovative learning services such as massive open online courses (MOOCs). Prerequisite for the success of both service provider and recipient is the faithful appropriation of the provided learning methods in technology-mediated learning services (TMLS). However, information systems research lacks insights how to systematically support the appropriation in such IT-supported services. In this research-in-progress paper, we use the insights of scaffolding theory to design IT-supported scaffolds that support users in TMLS and engage the appropriation process. We therefore derive requirements from scaffolding theory for TMLS design. We address in a second step these requirements with IT-supported scaffolds that are implemented and evaluated in a TMLS. As practical contribu-tions, we are able to engage the integration of service recipients and ensure productive TMLS. As a theoretical contribution, we enrich the knowledge body of IT-supported services by consid-ering scaffolding theory to support the service process. The implementation is currently running and the evaluation is planned.


Introduction: The term renal malformations include a number of development aberrations which include structural and developmental anomalies. Renal agenesis, Renal dysplasia, hypoplasia and polycystic kidney disease are some of the renal anomalies. Materials and Method: The approximate age, sex and crown rump length were recorded for the 50 foetuses included in the study. The embalmed fetuses were dissected as per protocol and anomalies were recorded. The size, shape and the kidneys, the arrangement of the attached structures such as the hilum, ureter, bladder abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava were noted and recorded. Results: out of the 50 foetuses 29 were males and 21 were females. 2 of the fetuses had abnormal kidneys, out of which, one was male with Right Renal agenesis and the other was female with congenital polycystic kidney. The surface of both the kidneys of the male fetus showed cysts which looked like gas bubbles, thereby showing the presence of congenital polycystic kidney. There was agenesis observed in the right kidney and ureter in the female fetus while the left kidney was normal. Conclusion: Although the renal anomalies are relatively uncommon, it is better for early detection so that corrective measures can be taken either pre or postnatally.


In a mail survey of shellfish consumers in the U. S. Northeast, a conjoint experiment was conducted where respondents were asked to rank oyster alternatives that differed on the following attributes: source information, price, and inspection information. Ordered probit analysis of all responses revealed that inspection information was the most important attribute, followed by source information, and price. Respondents most preferred oysters that were farm- raised, priced at $3.49/oz., and inspected by the Food and Drug Administration. Individual part- worths were also estimated using ordinary least squares regression. Logit analysis revealed that the probability of inspection information being the most-valued attribute increased when the respondent believed that farm-raised shellfish are harvested in cleaner water than those caught in the wild. The probability of source information being the most important attribute increased when the respondent believed that farm-raised shellfish are safer than wild-caught.


We consider the pricing of exotic options when the price dynamics of the underlying
 risky asset are governed
by a discrete-time Markovian regime-switching process driven by an observable, high-order
 Markov model (HOMM). We assume that the market interest rate, the drift, and the volatility of the underlying risky asset's return switch over time according to the states of the HOMM, which are interpreted as the states of an economy. We will then employ the well-known
 tool in actuarial science, namely, the Esscher transform to determine an equivalent martingale measure for option valuation. Moreover, we will also investigate the impact of the high-order effect of the states of the economy on the prices of some path-dependent exotic options, such as Asian options, lookback options, and barrier options.


This policy brief examines approaches to reducing the impact of "fake news" on children, exploring elementary safeguarding measures and an educational focus to distinguish authentic from manipulative material. We focus on a two-layered approach. Our first proposal encourages social media platforms to sign up to a sharing and checking standard, involving enhanced sharing protocol and measures to encourage the production and dissemination of fact checks. We then propose a schools' curriculum, which delineates the range and type of threat presented by web-based media, helps young people to identify these threats, provides young people with the tools to evaluate misinformation and potential deceit, and alerts them to the consequences of sharing misinformation.


The environmental sustainability of businesses depends largely on employees9 creative environmental ideas and innovative solutions to environmental problems. This article analyzes how companies that want to improve their environmental performance can increase their employees9 willingness to eco-innovate. Results of an employee survey show that supportive behaviors from line managers significantly increase the probability that employees will try environmental initiatives. Even in firms that have sustainable development policies, line managers are less supportive when managing environmental issues compared to managing other business issues. Stated environmental policies may not have much of a direct influence on employees9 willingness to eco-innovate. This article shows how firms can encourage line managers to adopt behaviors that employees perceive to be supportive of environmental actions, and it indicates which behaviors and policies are most effective at supporting environmental innovations.


Conventional studies of the late-nineteenth-century international monetary system refer heuristically to "core" and "peripheral" countries. In this article, we seek to provide rigorous foundations to such expressions. Applying a formal procedure borrowed from network analysis produces indices of centrality and systematic rankings. We show that the international monetary system of the late nineteenth century is best described as a three-tier system. Other findings include the discovery of a closely knitted European foreign exchange system, a complete lack of foreign exchange linkages within Latin America, emerging intra-Asian relations, and a fairly late ascendancy of the U.S. dollar.


The aim of this paper is to discuss integrated farming system between cassava plants (Manihot utilissima) and dairy cattle. This model is directed to extend the production cycle by optimum utilization of waste. The main product of dairy cattle is milk while feces as a byproduct. The feces is processed to produce biogas and fertilizer for cassava plants. The main product of the cassava is tubers and its byproduct such as bark and leaves can be further processed into animal feed in form of concentrates and silage for dairy cattle. Discussion is based on the principles of integrated farming system. The main principles cover food, feed, fuel, and fertilizer. Data used in this experiment are secondary data and primary data which are related to productivity of cassava plant and dairy cattle using SWOT analysis. The results of study indicated cassava and dairy cattle meet the concept of the integrated farming system.  Milk and cassava are food products having good nutrition. Such cassava byproducts as tapioka, gaplek, onggok meal and and cassava leave silage can be utilized as animal feeding. Biogas technology can produce alternative energy and fertilizer for soil fertility. The analysis showed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strength is that West Java Province has the second highest population of dairy cows after East Java with total population reach 135,345 heads. In addition, it has 85,288 ha of cassava plantation area producing 2,000,224 tons/year. The weakness of the integrated system can be seen on the issue of low productivity of dairy cows and a longer cassava harvest time compared with that of rice and corn. This model has opportunity in terms of additional economic value for the farmer's income with an environmentally friendly concept. The threats faced are adoption rate, knowledge of human resources, and land to implement the integrated farming system. The strategy that should be implemented is harmonization and coordination among stake holders which should focusing on the farmer development in terms of increasing their welfare.


CONTENTS PART I: HISTORIES
1. Lytton Strachey's Eminent Victorians: The rise and fall of the intellectual aristocracy - William C. Lubenow
2. The Bleak Age: J.H. Clapham, the Hammonds and the standard of living in Victorian Britain - Stewart Weaver
3. Victorian Prime Ministers: Changing patterns of commemoration - Michael Bentley
4. Quiller-Couch, the Function of Victorian Literature and Modernism, 1890–1930 - Michelle Hawley
5. G. M. Young and the early Victorian revival - Miles Taylor
6. Culture or Society?: Victorian Studies, 1951–64 - Martin Hewitt PART II: REPRESENTATIONS
7. Industrialisation and Catastrophe: The Victorian economy in British film documentary, 1930–50 - Timothy Boon
8. The revival of interest in Victorian decorative art and the Victoria and Albert Museum - Anthony Burton
9. 'No glorious assurance': The 1951 Festival of Britain looks at the Victorian past - Becky Conekin
10. The BBC and the Victorians - James Thompson
11. Theme park Victoriana - John Gardiner
12. The Victorians at school: The Victorian era in the 20th century curriculum - Eric Evans PART III: REVISIONS 13. Victorian Studies in the digital age - Patrick Leary
14. Victorian Studies in North America - Christopher Kent
15. The state of Victorian Studies in Australia and New Zealand - Miles Fairburn
16. Victorian Studies in the UK - Helen Rogers Timeline of Victorian Studies


A tooth is a complex biological organ and consists of multiple tissues including the enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. Tooth loss is the most common organ failure. Can a tooth be regenerated? Can adult stem cells be orchestrated to regenerate tooth structures such as the enamel, dentin, cementum and dental pulp, or even an entire tooth? If not, what are the therapeutically viable sources of stem cells for tooth regeneration? Do stem cells necessarily need to be taken out of the body, and manipulated ex vivo before they are transplanted for tooth regeneration? How can regenerated teeth be economically competitive with dental implants? Would it be possible to make regenerated teeth affordable by a large segment of the population worldwide? This review article explores existing and visionary approaches that address some of the above-mentioned questions. Tooth regeneration represents a revolution in stomatology as a shift in the paradigm from repair to regeneration: repair is by metal or artificial materials whereas regeneration is by biological restoration. Tooth regeneration is an extension of the concepts in the broad field of regenerative medicine to restore a tissue defect to its original form and function by biological substitutes.


A general approach to evaluate the converter dynamics versus the necessary dynamics for operation as an active power factor corrector is introduced. A simple criterion is developed in the time domain that enables characterization of converter topology and component values for APFC applications. This criterion can be incorporated in the design of APFC circuits to define the upper bounds on reactive component values whereas the lower bound is derived from the ripple requirements. The input current distortions caused by a converter whose characteristics do not meet the minimum requirements are calculated for a boost converter, which is chosen as a particular example.


Centromeres are defined by a unique self-propagating chromatin structure featuring nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A. CENP-A turns over slower than general chromatin and a key question is whether this unusual stability is intrinsic to CENP-A nucleosomes or rather imposed by external factors. We designed a specific genetic screen to identify proteins involved in CENP-A stability based on SNAP-tag pulse chase labeling. Using a double pulse-labeling approach we simultaneously assay for factors with selective roles in CENP-A chromatin assembly. We discover a series of new proteins involved in CENP-A propagation, including proteins with known roles in DNA replication, repair and chromatin modification and transcription, revealing that a broad set of chromatin regulators impacts in CENP-A transmission through the cell cycle. The key factor we find to strongly affect CENP-A stability is SENP6. This SUMO-protease controls not only the levels of chromatin bound CENP-A but is required for the maintenance of virtually the entire centromere and kinetochore, with the exception of CENP-B. Acute depletion of SENP6 protein reveals its requirement for maintaining centromeric CENP-A levels throughout the cell cycle, suggesting that a dynamic SUMO cycle underlies a continuous surveillance of the centromere complex.


In a review of the literature addresses the causes, characteristics of the purulent process of the hand, the questions of treatment of purulent diseases of the hand, methods of anesthesia and rehabilitation of the patients with this pathology. The typical mistakes in the delivery of health care of this category of patients.


This guide was designed to support students enrolled in HES, however, others conducting research might also find the content useful.


ABSTRACT Background: Elder mistreatment, social ageism, and human rights are increasingly powerful discourses in positioning older people in society, yet the relationship between them has rarely been subjected to critical investigation. This perceived relationship will have implications for how mistreatment is understood and responded to. Method: Critical gerontological approach based on narrative and textual analysis. Results: Reports of public attitudes toward mistreatment suggest that it is thought to be more common than scientific evidence would suggest; however, reporting is much lower than prevalence. While the discourse over mistreatment has tended to focus on interpersonal relationships, ageism has emphasized social attitudes, and human rights have concentrated on relations between the state and the individual. Conclusions: In this paper, a series of models have been examined which mark a tendency to restrict and then attempt to reintegrate individual, interpersonal, and social levels of analysis. It is concluded that a focus on the processes of transaction across boundaries rather than contents would facilitate both integrative modeling and deeper understanding of the qualities of abusive situations.


The "Parque Estadual Cachoeira da Fumaça" (PECF) is located between Alegre and Ibitirama, region of Caparaó, South of Espírito Santo, protecting springs and remnants of a preserved section of the Braço Norte Direito river, affluent of the Itapemirim river. In this work, we are presented the species of Passifloraceae stricto sensu in the PECF. The family is represented for the genus Passiflora with six species: Passiflora alata, P. amethystina, P. capsularis, P. edulis, P. porophylla and P. speciosa. Descriptions, photos, geographic distribution data and palinotaxonomy, in addition taxonomic comments are presented.


This study investigates the three dimensions (cognitive, relational, and structural) of social capital within social, gaming, and mixed virtual world platforms. Utilising ANOVA in examining data collected from three different virtual worlds' users (Second Life, Word of Warcraft, and Entropia Universe). Finding supports no significant differences between cognitive (shared values and language) and relational (trust) social capital between the different virtual world platform. However, there are significant differences in structural social capital (network ties) between the different types of virtual world platforms. The study findings help virtual world operators, developers, and business in understanding the social capital dimensions needed to build stronger social capital, and trust, between the virtual world community participants, developers, and business.


Functional enrichments of putative transcriptional target genes have been utilized to understand the functions of transcription factors and cascades in a cell. To investigate their features, transcriptional target genes were predicted using open chromatin regions of human immune and ES cells, as well as known transcription factor binding sequences. Gene Ontology annotations showed four times larger numbers of functional enrichments in putative transcriptional target genes than gene expression information alone in the cell types. More than two times larger numbers of functional enrichments in putative target genes was observed using forward-reverse orientation of CTCF-binding sites than without them. These analyses would be useful to find genomic features involved in chromatin interaction and improve the prediction of transcriptional target genes.


We analyze the constraints on the the vacuum polarization of the Standard Model gauge bosons from a minimal set of flavor observables valid for a general class of models of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking. We will show that the constraints have a strong impact on the self-coupling and masses of the lightest spin-one resonances. Our analysis is applicable to any four and higher-dimensional extension of the Standard Model reducing to models of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking.


According to Supprian (10, 13, 14) the postulate of internal desynchronisation of drive and mood is a necessary condition for the estimation of the time-structure of endogenous depression. This hypothesis could not be substantiated in a longitudinal study of four depressive patients. A subsequent reanalysis of data, published by Supprian (13) contradicts the central postulate of internal desynchronisation. A critical review of other publications (10, 11, 14) suggests the assumption that the statistical analysis of this data might be erroneous too.


In this article, we provide some reflections on how to define and understand the concept of terrorism risk in a professional risk assessment context. As a basis for this discussion we introduce a set of criteria that we believe should apply to any conceptualization of terrorism risk. These criteria are based on both criteria used in other areas of risk analysis and our experience with terrorism risk analysis. That is, these criteria offer our perspective. We show that several of the suggested perspectives and definitions have weaknesses in relation to these criteria. A main problem identified is the idea that terrorism risk can be conceptualized as a function of probability and consequence, not as a function of the interactions between adaptive individuals and organizations. We argue that perspectives based solely on probability and consequence should be used cautiously or not at all because they fail to reflect the essential features of the concept of terrorism risk, the threats and attacks, their consequences, and the uncertainties, all in the context of adaptation by the adversaries. These three elements should in our view constitute the main pillars of the terrorism risk concept. From this concept we can develop methods for assessing the risk by identifying a set of threats, attacks, and consequence measures associated with the possible outcome scenarios together with a description of the uncertainties and interactions between the adversaries.


OP081 CONCENTRATIONS OF GENISTEIN, DAIDZEIN AND EQUOL IN BREAST TISSUE AFTER INGESTION OF SOY TABLETS IN A PROSPECTIVE DOUBLED BLIND PLACEBO CONTROLLED STUDY H. Depypere, M. Bracke, J. Maubach, D. De Keukeleire, Ph. Blondeel, R. Serreyn, K. Van De Sype, M. Mareel Department of Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital, de Pintelaan, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, University Hospital, de Pintelaan, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harelbekestraat, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, de Pintelaan, Gent, Belgium


In order to have a better understanding of mechanical properties of the Nano-TiO2 antibacterial cotton fabric, FAST system was used to measure the compression, bending, shearing, extension and other low stress mechanical properties of cotton fabrics with and without treated by Nano-TiO2 antibacterial. The structural parameter and dimensional stability are also tested. Results indicated that weight, weft density, surface thickness, bending, formability, shearing and relaxation shrinkage of weft direction are all increased slightly, while shearing at warp 45°, relaxation shrinkage of warp direction and hygral expansion decreased. As a whole, most of the mechanical properties are still within the normal range and some is even better.


Ti-4Si-xZr-yY2O3/5TiO2 matrix composites, containing various weight percentages (0 and 1.3) of zirconium and (0 and 0.3) yttrium oxide, were synthesized via ball milling and powder metallurgical route. Mechanical alloying of the powders was confirmed after ball milling using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ball-milled powders were cold compacted at a pressure of 550 MPa. Sintering was done first at 600 °C for 2h, followed by 800 °C for 2h, then 1000 °C for 2h and finally at 1250 °C for 3h, all in a controlled vacuum environment. The effect of the addition in weight percentages of Zr and Y2O3 on the microstructure, porosity, hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of the sintered composites, were studied. The results show improvements in the microhardness by 2.2 times, elastic modulus by 34.3%, porosity by 50 %, and fracture toughness by 57%, when Zr and Y2O3 content was 1.3 wt% and 0.3 wt%, respectively. The improvements in the microstructure and mechanical properties can be attributed to the formation of more stable; Ti5Si3 and Ti5Si4 phases and the solid solutions of Ti2Zr, Zr3Si2, and Ti2Zr3Si3 compounds.


Presented in this paper is a study on the lateral unloading creep tests under different excess pore water pressures. The marine sedimentary soft soil in Shenzhen, China, was selected in this study. The results show that the excess pore water pressure plays a significant role in enhancing the unloading creep of soft soil. Higher excess pore water pressure brings more obvious creep deformation of soft soil and lower ultimate failure load. Meanwhile, the viscoelastic and the viscoplastic modulus of soft soil were found to exponentially decline with creep time. A modified merchant model and a combined model of the modified merchant model and plastic elements are used to simulate the viscoelastic and the viscoplastic deformation, respectively. Therefore, a lateral unloading creep model of soft soil is developed based on the modified merchant model. The accuracy and applicability of this model were verified through identifying the parameters in the model. Research results are of particular significance to the numerical simulation of underground space excavation in soft soil areas which considers the effects of excess pore water pressure.


Respiratory effort has been widely used for objective analysis of human sleep during bedtime. Several features extracted from respiratory effort signal have succeeded in automated sleep stage classification throughout the night such as variability of respiratory frequency, spectral powers in different frequency bands, respiratory regularity and self-similarity. In regard to the respiratory amplitude, it has been found that the respiratory depth is more irregular and the tidal volume is smaller during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep than during non-REM (NREM) sleep. However, these physiological properties have not been explicitly elaborated for sleep stage classification. By analyzing the respiratory effort amplitude, we propose a set of 12 novel features that should reflect respiratory depth and volume, respectively. They are expected to help classify sleep stages. Experiments were conducted with a data set of 48 sleepers using a linear discriminant (LD) classifier and classification performance was evaluated by overall accuracy and Cohen's Kappa coefficient of agreement. Cross validations (10-fold) show that adding the new features into the existing feature set achieved significantly improved results in classifying wake, REM sleep, light sleep and deep sleep (Kappa of 0.38 and accuracy of 63.8%) and in classifying wake, REM sleep and NREM sleep (Kappa of 0.45 and accuracy of 76.2%). In particular, the incorporation of these new features can help improve deep sleep detection to more extent (with a Kappa coefficient increasing from 0.33 to 0.43). We also revealed that calibrating the respiratory effort signals by means of body movements and performing subject-specific feature normalization can ultimately yield enhanced classification performance.


Lipomas are the most common benign tumour of mesenchymal origin. They arise in any location where fat usually is present. Only 13% of lipomas are seen in the head and neck region, and the most common site is the posterior triangle. Deep-seated intramuscular chest wall lipomas are rarer than superficial lipomas. We present two cases of lipoma in rare locations, one in the right lateral thoracic wall with a deep attachment to the external intercostal muscles and the other in the left supraclavicular fossa with deep extensions.


To assess a tendency to rapid opposite responding associated with the type of creative cognition called janusian thinking, timed word association tests were administered to 12 creative scientists who were Nobel laureates, 18 hospitalized patients, and 113 college students divided as controls into high and low creative groups. Nobel laureates gave the highest proportion of opposite responses at the fastest rate of all groups, whereas patients gave the lowest proportion of opposite responses at the slowest rate. Both Nobel laureates and high creative students gave opposite responses at a significantly faster rate than they gave common, popular (nonopposite) responses, and their average speed of opposite response was fast enough to indicate that conceptualizing opposites could have been simultaneous. The results support the connection between janusian thinking and creativity and indicate a distinction between creative and psychopathologic cognitive modes.


Nowadays ballistic protective helmets are made of synthetic composites like para-aramide fibers and advanced laminate materials (UHMWPE). The absorption of impact energy occurs through plastic and elastic deformation. The so-called 'dynamic back face deflections' caused by the kinetic energy of the projectile during the ballistic impact can generate serious, irreversible traumatic head injuries. That leads to the question: Which cranio-cerebral injuries are to be expected due to a bullet impact without penetration and which clinical implications for the wearer of the helmet can arise? This paper presents a first prototype of a head-shaped measurement setup for ballistic impact tests of combat helmets. Shooting tests were conducted and force-time sequences caused by the helmet-head contacts during the impact were obtained. The force values of additional trials are planned to be loaded onto a 3D human head finite element model. The objective of the work is the biomechanical interpretation of the simulations. They shall allow conclusions on possible cranio-cerebral injuries and clinical implications.


Adversarial Training (AT) is known as an effective approach to enhance the robustness of deep neural networks. Recently researchers notice that robust models with AT have good generative ability and can synthesize realistic images, while the reason behind it is yet under-explored. In this paper, we demystify this phenomenon by developing a unified probabilistic framework, called Contrastive Energy-based Models (CEM). On the one hand, we provide the first probabilistic characterization of AT through a unified understanding of robustness and generative ability. On the other hand, our CEM can also naturally generalize AT to the unsupervised scenario and develop principled unsupervised AT methods. Based on these, we propose principled adversarial sampling algorithms in both supervised and unsupervised scenarios. Experiments show our sampling algorithms significantly improve the sampling quality and achieves an Inception score of 9.61 on CIFAR-10, which is superior to previous energybased models and comparable to state-of-the-art generative models.


Along with the development of social culture science and technology, the curriculum in educational institution is required to be dynamic. The development of society and education have dialectical relation. The society want education role. On the other hand, the education can produce works which affect the society development. The evaluation of curriculum on higher education is very important to increase the quality process and learning outcome on higher education. One of the curriculum evaluation models which is chosen is CIPP (Context, Input, Process, and Product) evaluation model. Base on four curriculum evaluation dimension, the evaluation of curriculum implementation on higher education focused on: lecturer, higher student, lectures, and learning facilities. The result of curriculum evaluation implementation can be recommended for curriculum improvement and revision, partially or entirely.


This study investigated elderhood in ethnic conflict management in Kenya"s Rongai Sub-county from 1992 to 2015. It is to be appreciated that ethnic conflict management results in peace which in turn creates a fertile environment for achievement of sustainable development. Western and contemporary conflict resolution mechanisms, which have been in use for decades, have not yielded the desired results and rather than solely relying on their legal and lengthy judicial processes, indigenous mechanisms have been sought. One such mechanism is the institution of elders which has become instrumental in addressing the prevailing challenges of ethnic based violence. This study specifically investigated the nature, origin and causes of ethnic conflicts, examined the institution of elderhood, and interrogated the roles of elders in ethnic conflicts management in Rongai Sub-county. The study was based on the following premises: Land was the major cause of ethnic conflicts in Rongai Sub-county, elderhood institutions commanded respect among majority of ethnic groups in Rongai Sub-county and that the institution of elders played a significant role in ethnic conflict management in Rongai Sub-county. The study was guided by Protracted Social Conflict Theory and Conflict Transformation Theory. The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population was the people of Rongai Sub-county. The sample size was obtained using purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. Both primary and secondary data was collected. The primary data was collected using indepth interviews and focus group discussions while secondary data was obtained from both published and unpublished records, magazines and books. The data collected was analyzed using thematic analysis where categories of responses for each objective from the respondents were identified, classified and combined into themes. The data was then interpreted and presented based on these categories and themes. This study has three major findings. First, the ethnic conflicts in Rongai Sub-county were mainly of violent nature, originated from the reintroduction of multi-party politics in Kenya in early 1990s and were caused mainly by land and political issues. Secondly, the institution of elderhood was strong in Rongai Sub-county and commanded respect in the management of ethnic conflicts. Thirdly, the elders were the lead actors in ethnic conflicts management in Rongai Sub-county and played key roles that were aimed at achieving peaceful co-existence among ethnic groups. The study, therefore, recommends that the institution of elderhood be supported by the government and given a leading role in ethnic conflicts management. Secondly, the underlying cause of ethnic conflicts be identified and resolved proactively. Thirdly, ways should be found to weed out the culture of intolerance and impunity among ethnic communities in Rongai Sub-county.


Bacteria forms biofilm to be resistant to antibacterial agents and other unfavorable environment as compared to planktonic bacterial cells. Due to resistance of bacterial biofilms to commonly used antimicrobial agents and adverse effects of these biofilms in different industries, potential natural compounds which can inhibit bacterial biofilms have attracted more attention in recent years. Lichens are known to have unique secondary metabolites with various biological activities including anti-biofilm properties. Therefore, Bacillus toyonensis, Bacillus mojavensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus licheniformis, isolated from soak liquor samples in the previous study, were tested for their ability to form biofilm in this study. Biofilm-forming Bacillus species were detected as B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. velezensis. The anti-biofilm effect of the acetone extracts of Usnea sp. was evaluated at various concentrations against these biofilm-forming isolates. The anti-biofilm effect of acetone extracts of Usnea sp. against B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens was observed at the concentration of 5 µg/mL by inhibition ratios of 62.75% and 72.72%, respectively. In addition, biofilm formation of B. velezensis was inhibited by the treatment with 1.25 µg/mL extracts at a 62.69% inhibition rate. Biofilm formations of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. velezensis were also suppressed by the extracts at varying percentages of inhibition ranging between 10.11-43.69% and 21.25-46.35%, respectively. This study may provide an alternative approach to overcome the biofilm formation and bacterial resistance to the antibacterial agents in the leather industry.


The number of babies needing neonatal care is increasing due mainly to technological and therapeutic advances. These advances have implied a decreasing neonatal mortality rate for low birth weight infants and also a falling incidence of preterm stillbirth. Unfortunately, the neonatal system is facing some challenges, such as the nurse shortage and the lack of cots that could impact neonates' length-of-stay (LOS), medical conditions, and so on. In this paper, we aim at studying the variability of the neonatal system and its population. We first analyse the length of stay, gestation age and birth weight of babies admitted to an English neonatal hospital. We then perform an analysis of variation of the LOS for each level of care based on variables specific to babies' pathways, i.e. reasons for admission, types of referral, discharge destinations and booked places. Finally, we estimate the pairwise correlations between intensive care unit LOS, high dependency unit LOS and special care unit LOS. Hence, understanding babies characteristics and how long they will stay at each level of care is an important step for an efficient management of the neonatal system.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on podcasting experience by faculty and students in a South African higher education institution (HEI), identify issues, limitations and discuss implications for the design of future tools. Design/methodology/approach – This work consisted of two parts: semi-structured interviews with lecturers, content/curriculum developers and a student survey. Findings – Rogers's diffusion of innovations theory provided the framework for this research including determining how new innovations are disseminated, their rate of adoption, the five-stage decision-making process for adoption and the characteristics an innovation must possess to be attractive to adopters. The methodology used relied heavily on descriptive and qualitative data analyses in order to determine the current podcasting practices and experiences. Results reveal that by assuming some of the respondents are "innovators" or "early adopters", they are still in the early stages of the decision-making process. Research limitations/implications – Some instructors who are identified as "early adopters" are experimenting with podcasting as an add-on to existing lecture resources. However, innovations and their subsequent adoption require an understanding of lecturers' and students' perceptions, opportunities and challenges. Originality/value – Podcasting in developing HEIs and the tools therein to support the process has not been given much attention. The context of this study is the first kind of empirical research in this area. The findings from this exploratory research will be valuable for podcasting users.


In this paper, water-soluble polymer PEG of different molecular weight was grafted on the SIS films by plasma surface grafting modification. These surface modifed SIS films were characterized by contact angle measurement, ATR-FTIR and XPS. The contact angle of water decreased significantly while the surface free energy and hydrophilicity increased. The relative ratio of oxygen to carbon increased from 0.06 to 0.21 . All the results revealed that the PEG molecules were incorporated onto the surface of the SIS films through covalent bonds and the surface properties changed to some extent. The blood compatibilities of the surface-modified SIS films were examined using APTT, APTT of the SIS-PEG2000 exhibted the best blood compatibility


Background and Purpose— In alteplase-treated patients with acute ischemic stroke, we investigated the relationship between penumbral reperfusion at 24 hours and clinical outcomes, with and without adjustment for baseline ischemic core volume. Methods— Data were collected from consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients with baseline and follow-up perfusion imaging presenting to hospital within 4.5 hours of symptom onset at 7 hospitals. Logistic regression models were used for predicting the effect of the reperfused penumbral volume on the dichotomized modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days and improvement of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at 24 hours, both adjusted for baseline ischemic core volume. Results— This study included 1507 patients. Reperfused penumbral volume had moderate ability to predict 90-day mRS 0 to 1 (area under the curve, 0.77; R2, 0.28; P<0.0001). However, after adjusting for baseline ischemic core volume, the reperfused penumbral volume was a strong predictor of good functional outcome (area under the curve, 0.946; R2, 0.55; P<0.0001). For every 1% increase in penumbral reperfusion, the odds of achieving mRS 0 to 1 at day 90 increased by 7.4%. Improvement in acute 24-hour National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was also significantly related to the degree of reperfused penumbra (R2, 0.31; P<0.0001). This association was again stronger after adjustment for baseline ischemic core volume (R2, 0.41; P<0.0001). For each 1% of penumbra that was reperfused, the 24-hour National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale decreased by 0.069 compared with baseline. Conclusions— In patients treated with alteplase, the extent of the penumbra that is reperfused is a powerful predictor of early and late clinical outcomes, particularly when baseline ischemic core is taken into account.


Results of a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (N = 686) indicated factorial invariance of a 3-factor model of the Indecision scale of the Career Decision Scale (CDS; Osipow, Carney, Winer, Yanico, & Koschier, 1976). Differential item function was not observed when ΔCFI (comparative fit index) was used for comparison of models, thus indicating strong measurement invariance across gender. Men had significantly greater latent means for all 3 dimensions of career indecision. Given the multidimensional structure, use of the CDS may provide an initial step to help practitioners identify possible factors that are responsible for a client's career indecision. Clients may need assistance for initiating a career search, information to help them identify career possibilities for a chosen major, or detailed information concerning several possible careers that are under consideration.Keywords: career indecision, measurement invariance, confirmatory factor analysisThe Career Decision Scale (CDS; Osipow, Carney, Winer, Yanico, & Koschier, 1976) provides reliable assessment of career indecision, and it has been recommended for assessment prior to determining appropriate interventions for resolving career indecision. The CDS has utility for yielding one total score of indecision (Osipow, 1994); thus, it has been used to provide a global measure of indecision in cluster analytic research (Niles, Erford, Hunt, & Watts, 1997) and criterion validity research (Guerra & Braungart-Rieker, 1999), and it has been used as an outcome measure following an intervention (Jurgens, 2000; Kelly & Pulver, 2003). However, use of multiple CDS indecision scales may be more informative for understanding the antecedents of career indecision (Vondracek, 1991).There has been some debate concerning the factor structure of the Indecision scale. A four-factor structure was identified initially (Osipow, Carney, & Barak, 1976), which included lack of confidence with decision making, perception of barriers to a career decision, perception of a conflict that involves two or more alternatives, and personal conflict. This structure was supported in other studies (Chartrand & Robbins, 1990; Schulenberg, Shimizu, Vondracek, & Hostetler, 1988; Shimizu, Vondracek, Schulenberg, & Hostetler, 1988; Vondracek, Hostetler, Schulenberg, & Shimizu, 1990), although issues were raised about its dimensional structure without additional theoretical and clinical knowledge (Laplante, Coallier, Sabourin, & Martin, 1994).Kelly and Lee (2002) investigated the dimensions of career indecision using exploratory factor analysis. Instruments included the CDS and two additional instruments, the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (Gati, Krausz, & Osipow, 1996) and the Career Factors Inventory (Chartrand, Robbins, Morrill, & Boggs, 1990). The sample included lst-year students who were undecided about a career. Three interpretable factors that included more than one CDS item were identified: Identity Diffusion, Positive Choice Conflict, and Tentative Decision. A recent confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supports this structure (Feldt et al., 2010) when the CDS is used alone.Given this structure, the CDS has the potential to do more than simply serve as a global measure of career indecision or as a possible outcome measure. Rather, it has the potential to identify three facets of career indecision. However, its utility depends on the extent to which assessment is invariant across gender, the generalizability aspect of construct validity (Messick, 1995). The present study builds on the previous analysis (Feldt et al., 2010) to determine the extent to which CDS items are invariant across gender. I hypothesized that the CDS Indecision items are invariant across gender.MethodA total of 686 undergraduate college students (521 women and 165 men) were recruited from introductory psychology, nursing, and sociology classes. …


Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) membranes based on crosslinked tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene (FEP) have been fabricated by pre-irradiation grafting method. The chemical structures of crosslinked materials have been analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and 19F solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The radical yields of irradiated samples were measued by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), and the mechanism of grafting reaction has been discussed. The styrene grafted materials were sulfonated by chlorosulfonic acid. The ion exchange capacity of the obtained sulfonated crosslinked FEP (S-FEP-X) showed 2.0 to 2.4 meq/g, which were 2.2 to 2.7 times higher than that of Nafion®112. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of S-FEP-X were almost independent on crosslinking dose of FEP, and show about 96 °C, which are slightly higher than that of Nafion®. The electrochemical properties of the membranes have been measured, and cell performances of them have been evaluated. Ionic conductivities (ICs) of S-FEP-X are 1.2 to 1.6 times higher than that of Nafion®. The higher network densities gave the higher open circuit voltage (OCV). The power density of S-FEP-600kGy was about 10% higher than that of Nafion® at 500mA/cm2. Thus, the obtained sulfonated membranes can be expected to apply for high efficiency PEFC.


This book introduces graduate students and researchers in mathematics and the sciences to the multifaceted subject of the equations of hyperbolic type, which are used, in particular, to describe propagation of waves at finite speed. Among the topics carefully presented in the book are nonlinear geometric optics, the asymptotic analysis of short wavelength solutions, and nonlinear interaction of such waves. Studied in detail are the damping of waves, resonance, dispersive decay, and solutions to the compressible Euler equations with dense oscillations created by resonant interactions. Many fundamental results are presented for the first time in a textbook format. In addition to dense oscillations, these include the treatment of precise speed of propagation and the existence and stability questions for the three wave interaction equations. One of the strengths of this book is its careful motivation of ideas and proofs, showing how they evolve from related, simpler cases. This makes the book quite useful to both researchers and graduate students interested in hyperbolic partial differential equations. Numerous exercises encourage active participation of the reader. The author is a professor of mathematics at the University of Michigan. A recognized expert in partial differential equations, he has made important contributions to the transformation of three areas of hyperbolic partial differential equations: nonlinear microlocal analysis, the control of waves, and nonlinear geometric optics.


This study was initiated to explore the possibility that an increase in the supply of gluconeogenic precursors contributes to the overproduction of glucose by the liver in NIDDM patients. To address this issue, a form of experimental NIDDM was produced in rats by injecting a low dose (38 mg/kg) of STZ and comparing lactate and alanine production and PDH activity in skeletal muscle and isolated adipocytes from normal and diabetic rats. Skeletal muscle lactate production was measured by using a hindlimb perfusion technique and was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the diabetic rats compared with two groups of control rats: one perfused at normal glucose levels and the other perfused at glucose concentrations comparable with those observed in diabetic rats. Alanine production by hindlimb from diabetic rats was 46% greater than hindlimbs from control rats perfused at normal glucose levels (P < 0.01) but was not significantly greater than control rats perfused at diabetic glucose levels. The percentage of glucose converted to lactate by muscle from both control groups was 4–5%, significantly lower than the 18% conversion rate observed in diabetic animals (P < 0.001). An increase in the ratio of lactate produced/glucose transport by isolated adipocytes from diabetic rats also was observed when measured in both the basal state (0.65 ± 0.12 vs. 0.15 ± 0.03, P < 0.01) and in the presence of maximal amounts of insulin (0.15 ± 0.02 vs. 0.04 ± 0.01, P < 0.02). Total PDH activity in fat and muscle was similar in both groups of animals, but PDH present in the active form was significantly reduced in the diabetic compared with the normal rats in fat (39 ± 6 vs. 58 ± 5%, P < 0.05) and in muscle (11 ± 5 vs. 47 ± 10%, P < 0.01). In conclusion, low-dose STZ-induced diabetes in rats is characterized by reduced PDH activity and increased lactate production in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, changes that, in the presence of insulin deficiency, could contribute to enhanced HGP.


Flexible learning is nowadays widely used to describe a variety of aspects (time, content, approach, delivery, etc.) which are  considerably affected by the different teaching/learning scenarios. The paper presents a case study framed in an online specializing course to train online tutors. The aim of the investigation is to highlight the potential of designing a flexible learning path using different online spaces and tools. The design of the course implied the use of aspects of flexibility that showed to have affected both the learning process and students' attitudes towards e-learning. Besides flexibility is also meant here as a necessary characteristic of the professional profile of the online professional (tutor and teacher) and was a main learning outcome of the course. The diverse support offered to students by the teaching team during the course and the structure itself of the course acted as a  model of flexibility.


In the article is described a new method of treatment of chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis of femur in children in case of its total affection. The essence of the method consists in making a longitudinal groove along the whole length of a bone by means of chisels and milling cutters till the medullar canal is reached and removal of pus, sequesters, pathologic granulations and zones of excessive osteosclerosis. The cavity after bathing is subjected to ultrasound cavitation; fibrinous film and gauze plastrons, impregnated with hemostatic sponge, are placed in it with the proximal and distal ends connection to the tubular drainage in order to ensure permanent lavage of cavity with antiseptic solution and active vacuum aspiration of its content with the subsequent application of sutures on the wound, tight bandaging of a limb and its immobilization. 6 patients have been subjected to treatment by this method with good outcomes in all cases. The results have been followed through 2.5-8 years.


BOOK REVIEW: RACE, ETHNICITY, CRIME, AND JUSTICE: AN INTERNATIONAL DILEMMA Gabbidon, S. M. (2010). Race, ethnicity, crime, and justice: An international dilemma. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (ISBN 978-1-4129-4988-0, paperback, $ 34.95; 241 pages) For over 10 years, Dr. Shaun Gabbidon, the son of Jamaican parents who was born in England and raised in the United States and is currently a Professor of Criminal Justice at Penn State University, has studied race and crime. In his latest book: Race, ethnicity, crime, and justice: An international dilemma, Gabbidon posits that colonialism has been a huge contributor to the development of criminal actions in racial minorities. He lays claim to the singular importance of colonialism on the justice system and racial minorities worldwide. Gabbidon positions colonialism at the forefront of racial and ethnic challenges in post colonial societies today. Gabbidon credits his interest in colonialism and its impact on the international community in terms of race, ethnicity, and justice to the works of pioneers, namely Marshall, Tatum, and Agozino. These authors, according to Gabbidon, gave him a broader perspective on the pervasive nature of race and its influence on crime and the justice system on an international basis. Gabbidon's exposure to the colonial model has now been extended past the boundaries of the United States to encompass the entire world. With such a background, he wrote this book. Gabbidon's objectives are to offer exposure to the scope of the race and crime interrelations around the globe and to compare and contrast the experiences of racial and ethnic minorities in the highlighted countries. He affirms that colonialism has shaped societies around the world. The author sees the brutal processes of colonialism as having an impact on racial minorities within the judiciary system today on a worldwide basis. Gabbidon further states that because of the colonial process of invasion and control, race based societies are created where the indigenous culture is suppressed, natives have less political power, and the criminal and justice systems are utilized to maintain control. The research and discussion in this book are centered on Great Britain, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. Each country is described by its early history, current conditions, and crime and justice among racial and ethnic groups. Gabbidon aims to discover the extent of the race and crime problems around the world. The author states that these countries were selected because they all had a strong colonial history with long and short term effects on crime and justice among racial minorities. In Chapter 1, Gabbidon reviews the colonial model as the context for a discussion and investigation of race and crime in each country. In subsequent chapters, he highlights each country's racial and ethnic history, current demographics, and specific crime and justice problems. He concludes by comparing and contrasting race and crime in the specified countries. The author provides substantial data to support his claims regarding the status of race and crime among the citizens of the countries, with particular attention to ethnic minorities. In this book, race is determined by color, biological notions, genetic inheritance, and specific traits. Ethnicity is associated with a group's cultural traditions, geographical ties, common language, and other commonalities. According to Gabbidon, there are five races: Ethiopians (i.e., African or Negroid), Mongolian (i.e., Asian), American (i.e., American Indian), Malaysian (i.e., Pacific Islander), and Caucasian (i.e., White) based on the classification by Linnaeus (1806) and Blumenbach (1865). While there are slight DNA differences in these groups, the author contends that the findings from the Human Genome Project confirmed a 99.9% common human genetic makeup. Different countries use various terms to describe their ethnic minorities such as people of color, visible minority, or new minority. …


The light emission and detection characteristics of a GaInAsP lateral current injection (LCI) laser were studied to examine feasibility for optoelectronic functional devices. LCI lasers which can be fabricated on semi-insulating substrates in quasi-planar structures are very appropriate for integration with electronic devices, and are promising light sources for optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs). For the light emission characteristics, the LCI laser has a modulation bandwidth above 2 GHz. Also, good eye openings at 1-Gb/s signals is confirmed for the laser in eye diagrams for pseudorandom bit stream input signals. For the light detection characteristics, the 3-dB detection bandwidth of more than 2 GHz, high responsivity of 0.54 A/W, and small polarization dependence of 0.17 dB are confirmed. These performances show that the LCI laser might be a good candidate for the light emission and detection diode in OEICs in future.


The development of new therapies is tremendously hampered by the insufficient availability of human model systems suitable for preclinical research on disease target identification, drug efficacy, and toxicity. Thus, drug failures in clinical trials are too common and too costly. Animal models or standard 2D in vitro tissue cultures, regardless of whether they are human based, are regularly not representative of specific human responses. Approaching near human tissues and organs test systems is the key goal of organs-on-chips (OoC) technology. This technology is currently showing its potential to reduce both drug development costs and time-to-market, while critically lessening animal testing. OoC are based on human (stem) cells, potentially derived from healthy or disease-affected patients, thereby amenable to personalized therapy development. It is noteworthy that the OoC market potential goes beyond pharma, with the possibility to test cosmetics, food additives, or environmental contaminants. This (micro)tissue engineering-based technology is highly multidisciplinary, combining fields such as (developmental) biology, (bio)materials, microfluidics, sensors, and imaging. The enormous potential of OoC is currently facing an exciting new challenge: emulating cross-communication between tissues and organs, to simulate more complex systemic responses, such as in cancer, or restricted to confined environments, as occurs in osteoarthritis. This review describes key examples of multiorgan/tissue-on-chip approaches, or linked organs/tissues-on-chip, focusing on challenges and promising new avenues of this advanced model system. Additionally, major emphasis is given to the translation of established tissue engineering approaches, bottom up and top down, towards the development of more complex, robust, and representative (multi)organ/tissue-on-chip approaches.


Faced with increasing prison populations, limited capacity, and rising prison construction costs, prison administrators have intensified their search for new innovative and creative technologies and solutions .[1] The part of that entity is the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). New technological innovations have been developed to monitor and to improve the performance of the prison institutions, but we know little about how and why ICT are adopted, and the consequences. The aim of the paper is to provide an examination of a wide range of ICT that have applications in the areas of prison institutions. We provide a description of recent ICT solutions, and then emphasize the impact of new ICT on operation of prison institutions. We specifically discuss three key social groups in prisons – (1) prison administration, (2) prison staff, (3) prisoners and the impact of the use of new ICT on them respectively. They are the fundamental and important nods and conduits through which the main information and financial resources are circulating in the prison network. Finally, we would outline any other developing ICT that can be used in the future. Ide kell beírni az esetleges egyéb információkat is a cikkel kapcsolatban. (Pl. Ha valamilyen pályázat támogatásával készült.)


Dynamical systems theory studies the behaviour of time-dependent processes. For example, simulation of a weather model, starting from weather conditions known today, gives information about the weather tomorrow or a few days in advance. Dynamical systems theory helps to explain the uncertainties in those predictions, or why it is pretty much impossible to forecast the weather more than a week ahead. In fact, dynamical systems theory is a geometric subject: it seeks to identify critical boundaries and appropriate parameter ranges for which certain behaviour can be observed. The beauty of the theory lies in the fact that one can determine and prove many characteristics of such boundaries called invariant manifolds. These are objects that typically do not have explicit mathematical expressions and must be found with advanced numerical techniques. This paper reviews recent developments and illustrates how numerical methods for dynamical systems can stimulate novel theoretical advances in the field.


Imaging observations of Jupiter with high spatial resolution were acquired beginning in 2016, with a cadence of 53 days to coincide with atmospheric observations of the Juno spacecraft during each perijove pass. The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) collected Jupiter images from 236 to 925 nm in 14 filters. The Near-Infrared Imager (NIRI) at Gemini North imaged Jovian thermal emission using a lucky-imaging approach (co-adding the sharpest frames taken from a sequence of short exposures), using the M′ filter at 4.7 μm. We discuss the data acquisition and processing and an archive collection that contains the processed WFC3 and NIRI data (doi:10.17909/T94T1H). Zonal winds remain steady over time at most latitudes, but significant evolution of the wind profile near 24°N in 2016 and near 15°S in 2017 was linked with convective superstorm eruptions. Persistent mesoscale waves were seen throughout the 2016–2019 period. We link groups of lightning flashes observed by the Juno team with water clouds in a large convective plume near 15°S and in cyclones near 35°N–55°N. Thermal infrared maps at the 10.8 micron wavelength obtained at the Very Large Telescope show consistent high brightness temperature anomalies, despite a diversity of aerosol properties seen in the HST data. Both WFC3 and NIRI imaging reveal depleted aerosols consistent with downwelling around the periphery of the 15°S storm, which was also observed by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. NIRI imaging of the Great Red Spot shows that locally reduced cloud opacity is responsible for dark features within the vortex. The HST data maps multiple concentric polar hoods of high-latitude hazes.


This global survey of 203 B2B E-Commerce auditors examined a model of E-Commerce audit effectiveness using the methods drawn from the information technology auditing and information systems research domain. The findings support the positive and significant relationship of information technology audit expertise and information and communication technology expertise on E-Commerce audit judgment while the system change management impact was indirect via information technology audit expertise. The results of this empirical study furthers our understanding of the role of an accountant in e-commerce audit engagement and the importance of auditor expertise in systems and network change management which has been an under researched area in E-Commerce auditing. The highly technology-centric nature of E-Commerce requires various expertise areas for the E-Commerce auditor to develop a higher level of audit judgment expertise. The most significant contribution made by this study to the accounting literature is the empirical validation of the theoretical observations and the professional opinions on the need of boundary spanning role played by accountants in the e-commerce audit engagements. E-Commerce audit judgment expertise model presented here uses global sampling of forty six countries with financial, information systems and operational auditor respondents. Further, this study provides measurement scales for future empirical studies to not only confirm these scales on independent samples but also to extend the theory developed and tested in this paper. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide a sound theoretical and operational basis for research focused on differentiating the efficacy of varying E-Commerce audit judgment expertise configurations and for future accounting studies that determine the paths of audit expertise system design and redesign for our fast changing technological milieu.


In this study, the particle size distribution and chemical composition of gold mine tailings were examined experimentally. A series of viscosity and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) tests were used to study the relations between the viscosity of cemented tailings backfill (CTB) slurry, the solid content (SD), and the cement-to-tailings ratio (c/t). Relations between UCS performance of CTB and SD, c/t, and curing time (CT) were discussed while examining the microstructure of 28-day cured backfill with different solid contents. Results illustrate that a major increase in CTB viscosity by increasing the SD leads to the formation of tailings grains for a skeleton formation, which is formed due to consolidation and gravitational forces. The CTB's strength increases with the increase of c/t, SD, and CT, due to a decrease in water-to-cement ratio and porosity, and an increase in hydration products over time. The SEM micrographs show how CTB's microstructure is affected by the SD, generating ettringites and calcium silicate hydrates in the backfill matrix. The findings of this study will lead to an efficient CTB mix design for reaching the higher performance in underground mining structures, thereby reducing expenses related to the backfill.


Background: The purpose of this study is to develop an addiction preventing program for nurses, which will improve nurses' general competency of preventing the addiction problem. Methods: The develop process is in 3 steps. First, We analyzed the studies. A group of addiction experts did the focus group interview and drew out the core competency that is necessary to the general nurses. At the second step of the process, we developed 8 modules of addiction preventing program. For the last step, we calculated the content validity index (CVI) from the expert, and the average of CVI was 0.9. Results: Each module's topic is; Overall understanding of addiction, Type and characteristic of addiction, Addiction preventing program with SBIRT (Alcoholism, Addiction of internet-game and smartphone, Gambling addiction, Substance addiction), and the Addiction management for internet-game and smartphone addicted adolescent, and employee's alcoholism). Conclusions: This study provides the basic educational information of the four major addiction prevention. Since nurses are the first line medical staff who is responsible for the screening, it is very important to provide and educate nurse.


Introduction: This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of compassion satisfaction (CS) and/ or compassion fatigue (CF) among midwives. While there is limited research into CS and CF in midwives, these have been demonstrated as key aspects that affect professional quality of life (ProQOL) in a range of caring professions.
 Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional online survey was used as the approach to the research. Demographic questions and the ProQOL v5 questionnaire were used as methods of data collection. Survey Monkey software was used to gather the responses. Midwives from a large Melbourne based metropolitan health service were recruited for this survey from three maternity settings, which were geographically dispersed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using SPSS version 20 to analyse the data.
 Results: The survey had a 32% response rate, and data from 152 midwives were analysed. The Midwives were from hospital A (42.1%), B (30.9%), C (21.7%), and 5.3% worked across the three campus; all were female with mean age of 39.16 (SD 11.97). Overall findings on the levels of CS and CF were; 25% of midwives had high levels of CS and 75% had average to high levels of STS and BO. Midwives who experienced average to low levels of STS were at risk of similar levels of BO. Midwives with STS still had high CS meanwhile midwives with BO had average to low CS. The key statistically significant findings were high levels of compassion satisfaction [n= 42, t (150) =2.43, p=0.016] in midwives who were employed full time, and high levels of secondary traumatic stress [n= 110, t (150) = -2.49, p= 0.014] in the midwives who were employed part time. In this study the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for ProQOL v5 subscales was Compassion satisfaction (CS) α=0.884, Burnout (BO) α=0.815 and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) α= 0.81.
 Conclusion: CS and CF (STS) in this study were linked to being either a full time or part time employee respectively. There is a need for similar research to be done to further explore the prevalence of these concepts in midwifery. The findings have implications for midwives and managers in being aware of the factors that are possibly linked to CS and CF in the professional midwifery workforce.


This paper presents a comparative analysis of three tropical commodity chains, for a set of commodities often grouped together as the tropical beverages: coffee, cocoa and tea. The analysis demonstrates the ways in which the structures of these chains reinforce the north-south dimension of international inequality and help to explain its persistence over time. It focuses on attempts by actors in the producing regions to move forward into the more advanced processing stages of the chains, in order to realize higher returns from their commodity exports. Comparisons across commodity chains identify structural features of the chains that set limits on, and open possibilities for, forward integration. Features considered include economies of scale in the early processing stages and the stage at which intermediate products first become storable and transportable. Comparisons across countries within commodity chains identify additional factors that help to explain successes or failures in individual cases: forms of state action, the strength of the local capitalist class and the size of the domestic market. Control over the consumption end of the commodity chain by transnational corporations is the most important factor limiting the benefits derived from forward integration strategies.


We consider the Grand Unified SU(5) model with a small or vanishing cubic term in the adjoint scalar field in the potential. This gives the model an approximate or exact Z$_2$ symmetry whose breaking leads to domain walls. The simplest domain wall has the structure of a kink across which the Higgs field changes sign ($\Phi \to -\Phi$) and inside which the full SU(5) is restored. The kink is shown to be perturbatively unstable for all parameters. We then construct a domain wall solution that is lighter than the kink and show it to be perturbatively stable for a range of parameters. The symmetry in the core of this domain wall is smaller than that outside. The interactions of the domain wall with magnetic monopole is discussed and it is shown that magnetic monopoles with certain internal space orientations relative to the wall pass through the domain wall. Magnetic monopoles in other relative internal space orientations are likely to be swept away on collision with the domain walls, suggesting a scenario where the domain walls might act like optical polarization filters, allowing certain monopole ``polarizations'' to pass through but not others. As SU(5) domain walls will also be formed at small values of the cubic coupling, this leads to a very complicated picture of the evolution of defects after the Grand Unified phase transition.


A taste and odour (TO) episode in a Swiss town, where consumers complained about a musty odour in their drinking water, was investigated. The application of a combined organoleptic and instrumental method for TO analysis allowed the identification of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), with an odour threshold of 30 pg l(-1), in the drinking water in concentrations of up to 24 ng l(-1). The absence of this compound in the raw water and after treatment showed that it was formed in the distribution system. Experiments conducted in the laboratory showed that trichlorophenol as a potential precursor or chlorine as residual disinfectant played a key role in the formation of TCA, which was only formed in the presence of biofilms. Based on these results, appropriate counter-measures, such as water distribution without residual chlorine and maintenance of household particle filters, are suggested to mitigate this TO problem.


Imaging plays a crucial role in oncology to assist in the management of patients and selection of drug regimen. Recent advances in imaging techniques allowing to predict and evaluate response to treatments in oncology will be reviewed. The standard in the evaluation of response to treatment is based on the measurement of lesion size. Functional imaging assesses physiological or molecular processes that may be earlier indicators of early response to treatment. Dynamic imaging of tumor vascularization assesses the biodistribution of a contrast agent within tumoral tissues. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging can differentiate free water from water restricted by tissues, providing an assessment of tumor cellularity. MR spectroscopy assesses the relative quantity of specific chemical components within normal and tumoral tissues. 18 FDG PET imaging provides an assessment of the metabolic activity of tissues. FDG uptake is proportional to cellular proliferation and number of viable cells within a tumor. Results from studies assessing the role of these emerging imaging techniques remain preliminary and the medical community must determine their respective role in the routine evaluation of response to treatment in oncological patients.


The ability to "move business" from one vendor to another has been one of the historical strengths of the centralized hospital materials management function. It continues to be one of the most effective economic motivators in the discounting of hospital supplies. Conversion to standardized products is a proven way of moving business, but is it only effective where it is accompanied by good planning and the disciplined willingness to see the process through. This applies whether hospitals are using independent supply contracts, group purchasing contracts, prime vendor agreements, or stockless purchasing affiliations. It also applies to hospitals with active value analysis/product standardization committees and those without them.