Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid n6 (LA) and linolenic acid (ALA) n3 obtained from the diet are precursors of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (Lc-PUFAs) arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) respectively. Consumption of PUFAs is related with a better neurological and cognitive development in newborns. It has been demonstrated that consumption of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs decreases blood triglycerides by increasing fatty acid oxidation through activation of PPARalpha or by reducing the activation of SREBP-1 inhibiting lipogenesis. Dietary PUFAs activate PPARalpha and PPARgamma increasing lipid oxidation, and decreasing insulin resistance leading in a reduction of hepatic steatosis. Beneficial effects of PUFAs have been observed in humans and in animals models of diabetes, obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. It is important to promote the consumption of PUFAs. Main food sources of PUFAs n-6 are corn, soy and safflower oil, and for PUFAs n-3 are fish, soy, canola oil and, flaxseed. Finally FAO/WHO recommends an optimal daily intake of n6/n3 of 5-10:1.


The author discusses the prevailing issues concerning the high seas. At first, the genesis of the concept "high seas" is considered by exposing the status of the high seas. According to the 1982 UNO Convention on the Maritime Law and the experience of the states, the following freedoms of the high seas are analysed: freedom of navigation, freedom of flights, freedom of laying submarine cabels and networks of pipes, freedom of building artificial islands, freedom of fishery and freedom of scientific research. It is a continuing article: exceptions to the state jurisdiction applied to ships in the high seas will be discussed in the next part.


BACKGROUND
Australia has experienced rising notifications of HIV diagnoses despite widely available combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). New HIV diagnoses have also been younger than the average age of those living with HIV. We investigated the degree to which several risk factors could explain this rise in notifications and the younger age profile.

METHODS
Numbers and ages of men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV in Australia from 1983 to 2007 were calculated from notifications of HIV diagnoses and deaths. We compared the trend over time as well as the average ages of MSM newly diagnosed with HIV infection from 1998 to 2007 with those for: notifications of gonorrhoea and syphilis, total MSM living with HIV infection, and the component not on CART.

RESULTS
The percentage of younger MSM not taking CART has increased since 1998 (aged <30 years P<0.001; 30-39 years P=0.004). The trend of new HIV diagnoses was most significantly correlated with the total number of MSM living with HIV infection and the sector not taking CART (P<0.0001). Based on similarity of average ages, MSM living with HIV infection and not taking CART was the best predictor of the increasing trend in new HIV diagnoses (99.9999% probability, Akaike information criterion).

CONCLUSIONS
Our analyses suggest MSM living with HIV infection and not taking CART could be the source of the increase in HIV infections. Consequently, greater CART enrolment should decrease HIV incidence, especially in younger MSM.


We discuss the estimation of the order of integration of a fractional process that may be contaminated by a time-varying deterministic component, or subject to a break in the dynamics of the zero-mean stochastic component, and the estimation of the cointegrating parameter in a bivariate system generated by fractionally integrated processes and by additive polynomial trends. In Chapter 1 we review the theoretical literature on fractional integration and cointegration, and we analyse a situation in which a fractional model reconciles two apparently conflicting economic theories. In Chapter 2 we consider local Whittle estimation of the order of integration when the process is contaminated by a deterministic trend or by a break in the mean. We propose a simple condition to assess whether the asymptotic properties of the estimate are unaffected by the time-varying mean, and a test, with asymptotically normal test statistic under the null, to detect if that condition is met. In Chapter 3 we discuss local Whittle estimation when the zero-mean stochastic component is subject to a break: we show that the estimate is robust to instability in the short term dynamics, while in presence of a break in the long term dynamics only the highest order of integration is consistently estimated. We propose a test to detect that break: the limit distribution of the test statistic under the null is not standard, but it is well known in the literature. We also propose a procedure to estimate the location of a break when it is present. In Chapter 4 we consider a cointegrating relation in which a nonstationary, bivariate process is augmented by a deterministic trend. We derive the limit properties of the Ordinary Least Squares and Generalised Least Squares estimates: these depend on the comparison between the deterministic and the stochastic components.


A large number of coupled systems in nature and society can be modeled by complex cyber-physical networks, whose normal functioning significantly relies on the tight interactions between its physical and cyber components. Many modern critical infrastructures can be appropriately modelled as complex cyberphysical networks. Typical examples of such infrastructures are power grids, the Internet, WWW, and public transportation systems. The ubiquity of such networked systems leads to many important and fascinating scientific problems concerning how network topologies and parameters affect collective dynamics, and how to control them. Analysis and control of complex cyberphysical networks have received a lot of attention recently, from various scientific and engineering communities. Furthermore, revealing the fundamental properties and controlling the collective behaviors of networked systems not only can provide a better understanding of the emergence mechanisms for cooperative behaviors, but also can provide benefits to various applications of cyber-physical networked systems, such as smart grids, Internet of Things and unmanned aircraft systems. The focus of this special issue is on new approaches to analysis and synthesis of complex cyber-physical networks as well as their potential practical applications. The special issue aims to establish a forum for international researchers from different fields of electrical engineering, bioinformatics, systems and control theory, and applied mathematics, to present and evaluate the most recent developments and new ideas on analysis and synthesis of complex cyber-physical networks, regarding both fundamental theory and practical applications. The topics to be covered include, but are not limited to:


Between 2007 and 2010, the Social Enterprise Development (SEND-Ghana) Foundation, one of the IBP's partners, monitored the performance of the Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP, a government program that integrates social protection interventions), engaging with 50 district assemblies, 50 focal civil society organizations (CSOs), and 50 District Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)/Citizens Monitoring Committees (DCMC) in seven regions across the country. SEND-Ghana used information from this monitoring exercise to promote improvements in the program with district assemblies and officials from collaborating ministries, departments, and agencies directly at the national, regional, and district levels, but also indirectly through the media.


> Make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler.
>
> —Albert Einstein

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is an intracoronary pressure-derived index that circumvents many of the limitations of angiography in assessing stenosis severity.1 From a broad perspective, the greatest achievement of the investigators from Aalst, Eindhoven, and Houston who developed FFR was incorporating intracoronary physiology to routine clinical practice. Key elements in FFR success were (1) the simplicity of the technique, (2) the use of a well-defined cutoff (initially 0.75; since the FAME study, 0.80) that facilitated interpretation of the results, and (3) the gathering of evidence in properly designed trials.2 But, above all, the key aspect was the relevance of the question answered by FFR: Does this stenosis requires revascularization?

Article see p 301

The latter is an important issue, which largely explains why physiology indices used in the pre-FFR era did not reach clinical application. Leaving aside a few exceptions, the most important studies using Doppler-derived coronary flow reserve (CFR) in the 1990s, such as Doppler Endpoints Balloon Angioplasty Trial Europe (DEBATE), DEBATE II, French Randomized Optimal Stenting Trial (FROST), and Doppler Endpoint STenting INternational Investigation (DESTINI) (including in total 1734 patients), explored whether optimization of the results of balloon angioplasty with CFR could reduce restenosis or avoid the use of coronary stenting (the so-called provisional stenting strategy).3,4 A posteriori, it is easy to understand why, despite the positive results of several of these studies, the Doppler guidewire never became indicated for this purpose not a part of the interventionalists toolbox.

On the contrary, the robustness of the question behind FFR (focused on revascularization appropriateness) increased over time, becoming maximal in current scenario, dominated by major doubts on the overall benefit of percutaneous coronary intervention, concerns on percutaneous coronary intervention overindication, and urge for …


The breadth of interest and activity represented by the seventeen lectures in this volume bespeaks the current vitality of investigative efforts in the field of human behavior. The essays deal with subjects ranging from neuroanatomy, physiology, and pharmacology; through animal conditioning experiments, experimental psychodynamics, studies of the psychotherapeutic process, and the application of recent methodological developments to microanalytic studies of linguistic and kinesic behavior; to overviews of the present status of research in psychiatry, the outlook for its future and problems in recruitment and training of research personnel; ending finally with critical examinations of the importance of both the innate and experiential in development of children, the problems to be faced and dealt with in studies of the action of psychotropic drugs, the place of anxiety in a unified theory of human behavior, the concept of dynamics in psychiatric research, and a general classification of dimensions of


As the oceans absorb anthropogenic CO2 they become more acidic, a problem termed ocean acidification (OA). Since this increase in CO2 is occurring rapidly, OA may have profound implications for marine ecosystems. In the temperate northeast Pacific, fisheries play key economic and cultural roles and provide significant employment, especially in rural areas. In British Columbia (BC), sport (recreational) fishing generates more income than commercial fishing (including the expanding aquaculture industry). Salmon (fished recreationally and farmed) and Pacific Halibut are responsible for the majority of fishery-related income. This region naturally has relatively acidic (low pH) waters due to ocean circulation, and so may be particularly vulnerable to OA. We have analyzed available data to provide a current description of the marine ecosystem, focusing on vertical distributions of commercially harvested groups in BC in the context of local carbon and pH conditions. We then evaluated the potential impact of OA on this temperate marine system using currently available studies. Our results highlight significant knowledge gaps. Above trophic levels 2–3 (where most local fishery-income is generated), little is known about the direct impact of OA, and more importantly about the combined impact of multi-stressors, like temperature, that are also changing as our climate changes. There is evidence that OA may have indirect negative impacts on finfish through changes at lower trophic levels and in habitats. In particular, OA may lead to increased fish-killing algal blooms that can affect the lucrative salmon aquaculture industry. On the other hand, some species of locally farmed shellfish have been well-studied and exhibit significant negative direct impacts associated with OA, especially at the larval stage. We summarize the direct and indirect impacts of OA on all groups of marine organisms in this region and provide conclusions, ordered by immediacy and certainty.


Cloud computing systems face the substantial challenge of the Long Tail problem: a small subset of straggling tasks significantly impede parallel jobs completion. This behavior results in longer service response times and degraded system utilization. Speculative execution, which create task replicas at runtime, is a typical method deployed in large-scale distributed systems to tolerate stragglers. This approach defines stragglers by specifying a static threshold value, which calculates the temporal difference between an individual task and the average task progression for a job. However, specifying static threshold debilitates speculation effectiveness as it fails to consider the intrinsic diversity of job timing constraints within modern day Cloud computing systems. Capturing such heterogeneity enables the ability to impose different levels of strictness for replica creation while achieving specified levels of QoS for different application types. Furthermore, a static threshold also fails to consider system environmental constraints in terms of replication overheads and optimal system resource usage. In this paper we present an algorithm for dynamically calculating a threshold value to identify task stragglers, considering key parameters including job QoS timing constraints, task execution characteristics, and optimal system resource utilization. We study and demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm through simulating a number of different operational scenarios based on real production cluster data against state-of-the-art solutions. Results demonstrate that our approach is capable of creating 58.62% less replicas under high resource utilization while reducing response time up to 17.86% for idle periods compared to a static threshold.


Over the past decade, interest in human enhancement has waxed and waned. The initial surge of interest and funding, driven by the US Army's desire for a 'Future Force Warrior' has partly given way to the challenges of meeting operational demands abroad. However the ethical opportunities provided by soldier enhancement demand that investigation of its possibilities continue. Benefits include enhanced decision-making, improved force capability, reduced force size and lower casualty rates. These benefits — and enhancement itself — carry concomitant risks, including morale issues due to tension between enhanced and unenhanced soldiers, the issues of enhanced veterans and ownership of enhanced bodies, challenges to the army's core values and personal identity issues. A range of measures should be designed to highlight the opportunities offered by enhancement while also minimising the potential risks. This includes providing advice on which areas the army ought to demonstrate restraint in research for ethical reasons.


This paper presents the performance of an efficient location tracking algorithm based on Alpha-Beta (α-β) filtering with vision-assisted in a wireless sensor network (WSN) environment. With a vision-assisted calibration technique based on normalized cross-correlation scheme, the proposed approach is an accuracy enhancement procedure that effectively removes system errors causing uncertainty in measuring a dynamic environment. That is, using the vision-assisted approach to estimate the locations of the reference nodes as landmarks, an α-β tracking scheme with the landmark information can calibrate the location estimation and improve the corner effect. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed location-tracking algorithm combining vision-assisted scheme with α-β filtering approach can achieve an accurate location very close to the traditional Kalman filtering (KF) algorithm in a ZigBee positioning platform. As compared with the KF-based approach, the proposed tracking approach can avoid repeatedly calculating the Kalman gain and achieve reasonably good performance with much lower computational complexity.


cDNA corresponding to two type-I vacuolar H+-inorganic pyrophosphatases (V-PPases) (SlVP1, SlVP2) and one type-II V-PPase (SlVP3) was isolated from tomato fruit to investigate their role in fruit development. Southern analysis revealed that type-I V-PPase genes form a multigene family, whereas there is only one type-II V-PPase gene in the tomato genome. Although SlVP1 and SlVP2 were differentially expressed in leaves and mature fruit, the highest levels of both SlVP1 and SlVP2 mRNA were observed in fruit at 2–4 days after anthesis. The expression pattern of type-II SlVP3 was similar to that of SlVP2, and the highest levels of SlVP3 mRNA were also observed in fruit at 2–4 days after anthesis, thus suggesting that SlVP3 plays a role in early fruit development. Because SlVP1 and SlVP2 mRNA was more abundant than SlVP3 mRNA, expression of type-I V-PPases was analysed further. Type-I V-PPase mRNA was localized in ovules and their vicinities and in vascular tissue at an early stage of fruit development. Tomato RNAi lines in which the expression of type-I V-PPase genes was repressed using the fruit-specific promoter TPRP-F1 exhibited fruit growth retardation at an early stage of development. Although the major function of V-PPases in fruit has been believed to be the accumulation of materials such as sugars and organic acids in the vacuole during cell expansion and ripening, these results show that specific localization of V-PPase mRNA induced by pollination has a novel role in the cell division stage.


Aim Research into social networking addiction has greatly increased over the last decade. However, the number of validated instruments assessing addiction to social networking sites (SNSs) remains few, and none have been validated in the Italian language. Consequently, this study tested the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), as well as providing empirical data concerning the relationship between attachment styles and SNS addiction. Methods A total of 769 participants were recruited to this study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multigroup analyses were applied to assess construct validity of the Italian version of the BSMAS. Reliability analyses comprised the average variance extracted, the standard error of measurement, and the factor determinacy coefficient. Results Indices obtained from the CFA showed the Italian version of the BSMAS to have an excellent fit of the model to the data, thus confirming the single-factor structure of the instrument. Measurement invariance was established at configural, metric, and strict invariances across age groups, and at configural and metric levels across gender groups. Internal consistency was supported by several indicators. In addition, the theoretical associations between SNS addiction and attachment styles were generally supported. Conclusion This study provides evidence that the Italian version of the BSMAS is a psychometrically robust tool that can be used in future Italian research into social networking addiction.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted residency application process for all specialties, including plastic surgery residency. Almost all plastic surgery residency programs have suspended visiting sub-internship rotations. This study quantifies the impact of a webinar through an analysis of poll questions and a post-webinar survey sent to all registered participants. Methods: A dedicated webinar was organized and held by the Harvard Plastic Surgery Residency Training Program. All attendees were asked several poll questions during the webinar. The 192 participants were also sent a post-webinar survey. Results: The response rate was 68.2% (n = 131). Respondents were more confident about matching into a plastic surgery residency program at the end of the webinar compared with before the webinar (P < 0.001). Respondents who did not have a plastic surgery residency program at their home institution were less confident at the start of the webinar (P = 0.009). In addition, respondents who had not taken time off for research or for other endeavors during or after medical school were less confident about their chances to match at the start of the webinar (P = 0.034). Conclusions: An online webinar program increased confidence levels of medical students interested in applying for residency positions in plastic surgery. Residency programs should consider webinars as a method to inform and assist medical students during the upcoming application season.


In this paper, I put forward an interpretation of the Kantian state that offers an alternative to the traditional minimalist and to recent welfare interpretations of the Kantian state. I show that although the Kantian state has no duty to redistribute, Kant's conception of equity or fairness (Billigkeit, MS RL VI: 234) allows the state to recognize redistribution as belonging to the ideal republic (republica noumenon), towards which all states have a non-coercible obligation to strive. I back up my interpretation with passages of the Metaphysics of Morals and of Kant's lectures in which Kant questions the character of the duty of beneficence as a meritorious duty, given the fact that need is often the result of previous injustice of governments. The problem is that although the destitute have a right to collective aid, unlike strict right, these rights cannot be juridically enforced. This has led to the wrong conclusion that the state or the supreme commander has a duty of virtue towards its subjects and that the poor have no right to aid.


ABSTRACT The classification of North American species of Prionus (Prionus) Geoffroy, sensu lato, is reevaluated based on male antennal morphology, with three subgenera being recognized: P. (Prionus), consisting of P. aztecus Casey, P. californicus Motschulsky, P. evoluticornis Komiya & Nogueira, P. flohri Bates, P. heroicus Semenov, P. howdeni Chemsak, P. laticollis (Drury), P. lecontei Lameere, P. mexicanus Bates, P. pocularis Dalman, and P. poultoni Lameere; P. (Antennalia) Casey, revived status, consisting of P. fissicornis Haldeman; and P. (Neopolyarthron) Semenov, revived status. The species of P. (Neopolyarthron) are revised and consist of P. imbricornis (Linnaeus), P. debilis Casey, revived status, and P. cuneatus Casey, revived status, with the latter two species being removed from synonymy with P. imbricornis. Prionus robustus Casey, new synonymy, is transferred from synonymy with P. imbricornis to synonymy with P. cuneatus. Prionus fissicornis parviceps Casey, revised synonymy, is removed from synonymy with P. imbricornis and returned to synonymy with P. fissicornis. A lectotype is designated for Cerambyx imbricornis Linnaeus. Keys to North American subgenera of Prionus and to species of P. (Neopolyarthron) are provided. The species of P. (Neopolyarthron) are redescribed, diagnosed, and illustrated, with the female of P. debilis being illustrated for the first time. A county-level distribution map is provided for each species of P. (Neopolyarthron) along with a detailed discussion of distribution, host records, habitat, and conservation status. Prionus imbricornis is associated with forested habitats, P. debilis is associated with tallgrass prairies, and P. cuneatus is associated with prairies and other grasslands. Prionus fissicornis is diagnosed from species of P. (Neopolyarthron), and the type specimens of P. (Antennalia) fissicornis parviceps Casey, P. (Antennalia) fissicornis transversus Casey, and P. (Antennalia) thoracicus Casey are reviewed and illustrated. The date of publication for P. fissicornis is corrected from 1846 to 1847. The following new state records are provided: for P. imbricornis: Delaware and New Jersey; for P. debilis: Minnesota; and for P. cuneatus: Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The following previously published country, state, and provincial records are considered to be in error and are removed from the distribution of the relevant species: for P. imbricornis: Canada (Ontario), Croatia, Dominican Republic, Germany, Haiti, Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; for P. debilis: Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Texas; for P. fissicornis: Ontario, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina; and for P. californicus: Arkansas and Georgia.


The ability to discriminate between self- and nonself-molecules is characteristic of all living organisms. This feature forms the basis for the activation of innate immune responses upon microbial attack. If microbes bypass the external physical barrier, plants have evolved two classes of immune receptors to detect nonself-molecules to prevent further pathogen progress. One class consists of membrane-resident pattern-recognition receptors that sense molecules from microbes, the so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The second class consists of plant resistance (R) proteins that have capacity to detect directly or indirectly isolate-specific pathogen effectors encoded by avirulence genes. These receptors are mainly intracellular. An alternative route is effector molecules that act as transcription factors. Signal transduction cascades link recognition and defence responses through second messengers, transcription factors and crosstalk between plant hormones to fine-tune the overall response.

Keywords:

effectors;
hormones;
MAMPs;
signalling;
transcription factors


This book, which appeared first in a Danish version in 1980 and subsequently in an English translation in 1986, reverses the history of the English language: it takes present-day English 'irregularities' in grammar and spelling as its point of departure, providing historical explanations only to the extent that they illustrate modern forms. A number of comparisons with developments in other Germanic languages are given, not only with Danish phenomena as in the original Danish edition, but also with Dutch and German ones. The authors believe that such comparisons shed light on English language history as well as contribute to make the book more interesting also to students of other Germanic languages.


We have previously reported that the prophylactic administration of factor(s) from T-cell supernatants derived from Salmonella enteritidis-immune chickens (ILK) have a favorable effect in controlling or eliminating salmonellosis in neonatal poultry. Experimentally, we have used the intraperitoneal injection as the standard method of administering ILK to neonatal poultry. However, this method is neither easy, practical, nor economical for the poultry industry. In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of oral (p.o.), intranasal (i.n.), and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of ILK for ease of delivery, induction of protective resistance against Salmonella enteritidis (Se) organ invasion, and the ability to activate peripheral blood heterophils in day-old chickens. In the first experiments, delivery of ILK p.o., i.n., and s.c. significantly (P < 0.01) increased the resistance of day-old chickens to Se organ invasion. The level of protection was equivalent to that induced by the i.p. route. Administration of a comparable protein control (bovine serum albumin, BSA) by the 3 routes induced no protective effect against Se organ invasion. Likewise, a significant increase was found in the number of circulating heterophils within 4 h of administration of the ILK by all routes. In the 2nd experiment, the function of the heterophils from ILK-treated birds was compared with that of the control cells in adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis assays. The heterophils from birds given ILK i.p., s.c., p.o., or i.n. had significantly (P < 0.01) increased functional activities when compared to the activities of the heterophils from the control birds. These studies indicate that the delivery of ILK either orally or parenterally, routes which can be used by the poultry industry, can confer protection to chickens against a localized enteric Se organ invasion by potentiating the systemic heterophilic innate response.


Dear Editor, Volatile substance abuse (VSA) is intentional inhalation of volatile substances for psychoactive effects. As volatile substances have lawful commercial, household and medical uses, it is easily accessible. VSA is recognised to occur more frequently in marginalised societies, in people with low socioeconomic levels and in males.1 Despite the prevalence of VSA in most countries—especially among young adults and youth—it is often overlooked. In Great Britain, there have been 834 VSA-related deaths since 2001, and 64 recorded in 2016 alone.2 The harms of VSA addiction and adverse effects of ethyl chloride is often underappreciated due to the poor knowledge on VSA and the general perception that VSA is not a "true form" of drug abuse. There is limited medical literature on ethyl chloride abuse, most of them from the 1980s and 1990s. While there are reports on other VSAs, reports on ethyl chloride abuse are few. Ethyl chloride abuse has been reported in the mainstream media in Singapore3 but awareness among the general public and health care professionals remains poor.


Objective: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social interactions, as well as patterns of repetitive or restrictive behaviors and interests. Challenging behavior occurs at very high rates among individuals with Autism and is broadly defined as behavior that jeopardizes an individual or excludes them from community involvement. Common challenging behaviors that occur across the lifespan include self-stimulation and stereotypy, self-injury, noncompliance, physical aggression, and other destructive or disruptive behaviors. Challenging behaviors impede learning, social and adaptive skill acquisition, and may lead to extended hospital admissions or the use of physical or chemical restraints. A number of studies provide evidence for the use of behavioral and psychosocial interventions as a first line treatment for the core symptoms of Autism in children. This study examined the impact of psycho-social intervention on challenging behavior in children with highfunctioning autism spectrum disorder. Material and Method: According to the objective of the study, a two-group experimental design with pretest-posttest was administered. The statistical population of research included 24 children with autistic spectrum disorder, aged 8-12 years old who were divided into two groups. First, the ASD was used to study the symptoms of autistic disorder in children and to determine the severity and number of autistic traits. Then, GARS check list was applied to evaluate the challenging behavior. Only the experimental group participated in the psycho-social intervention group training. The group training ran for both parents and children in 10 sessions each lasting for 60 minutes. Later on, the post-test was administered for both groups. Group training objective summary: During these ten sessions, parents learned how to behave and control the challenging behavior in their children. First; they become familiar with ASD syndrome and types of challenging behavior in their children. As the sessions continued parents learned how to recode their children behaviors at home. During the sessions it was emphasized that parents need to control stress in their children behaviors. In psycho-social program, parents play an active role in controlling and training their children's behaviors. In 10 sessions held for the children, at first we recorded their challenging behaviors, then with games predetermined, they became aware of their challenging behaviors. We used behavior techniques such as Reinforcement and punishment in correct potions. In the following stages, children learned how to regulate their emotion in relation to the environment. Results: The results showed that, the mean score for challenging behavior in experimental group was 34.58 (SD= 4.31) in pretest and was 24.50 (SD= 1.93) in posttest. Moreover, the mean score for social interaction in experimental group in pretest was 37.67 (SD= 4.33) and was 34.08 (SD= 4.12) in posttest. ANCOVA was used to compare the pretest and posttest results. A significant difference was observed between the two groups of this study in challenging behavior (F=21.04, p≤0.0001) and social interaction (F=5.08, p≤0.037). Conclusion: Psycho-social intervention included both training sessions with parents and with their children. We used behavioral technique in training sessions with children. Previous reviews have supported the use of behavioral intervention for the reduction of challenging behaviors including self-injury, stereotype, and aggression. On the other hand, training self-management to children with autism spectrum disorder has a positive effect in reducing challenging behavior. Redirecting behavior involves the prompting of an alternative appropriate response contingent on occurrence of the target behavior. In our research we use the mechanism of redirecting behavior to reduce challenging behavior. Thus, we can conclude that in an intervention program that both parents and their children participate, following the taught techniques is useful to decrease challenging behavior.


This paper compares various types of current controllers, including a novel method based on flux control. A proportional integral (PI) control method is used initially, to control the current in a high-speed permanent-magnet synchronous machine. The performance of this simple PI loop is presented, Various improvements to the PI controller are investigated, and the change in performance examined. A new current control scheme based on a flux-linkage model of the machine is introduced. The performance of the model-based control is demonstrated and compared with the performance of the PI current controller. Factors affecting the accuracy of the model-based control are given. By incorporating these factors into the model, the performance of the flux controller is further enhanced.


This study aims to determine consumer response based on geographical segments to the market shock in Batam City, especially in the nine districts that are in the geographic area of Batam Island. Market segmentation is a concept that is very important in this life. In business activities, market segmentation is used for selecting target markets, looking for opportunities, undermine the leader segment of the market, formulate communication messages, serve better, analyze consumer behavior, and designing products. To analyze the response of various segments to the shock market in Batam used qualitative method with descriptive approach. Data analysis method is Model Analysis Spradley with departing from the broad focus of study and then find more widespread. Batam city composed of 12 districts in eight districts scattered as many as 25 shock markets. Geographically, the market is divided into geographic units as diverse as country, region, province, city, or neighborhood; while in this study, geographic units based on those districts. Geographically, all the shock market in the territory of Batam Island. Spreading shock market dominated by the District of Batu Aji with 10 shock market following the five District of Sekupang with shock market, while the District Sagulung four shock market and the District of Batam City as much as two shock market. For Districk of Nongsa, Batu Ampar, Bengkong, Sei Beduk, each one shock market, and the latter districts Lubuk Baja did not have a market shock at all.


The electrooptical effect on the hot 2D carriers in MQW is discovered in the longitudinal electric field. The samples being investigated were n-type GaAs-AB,,Ga, ,& modulationdoped MQW structures on semi-isolating substrate with GaAs quantum wells of 60 8, width and a barrier of 140 8, width, repeated 150 times. Electron concentration was 6.3 X 10" cm-'. The samples were parallelepipeds with two sides ground at the angle of 45'. The light beam focused onto the 45" polished edge of the wafer was reflected in crystal 10 times as a result of total intemal reflection. The value of the effect was increased due to repeated transmission of MQW layers. The electric field was applied along the layers of structure. According to the calculations, there is one energy state of size quantization in this type of structure. The light absorption for two orthogonal polarizations is different. The corresponding mechanisms of absorption are the direct transitions from bound state to the extended continum states above the top of the barrier and indirect intrasubband phonon-assisted transitions. The electron heating by the electric field causes the different changes of light absorption for two polarizations Aa,(F) and Aa,,(F). In accordance with Kramer-Kronig relations, these changes must cause the different changes of refraction indexes An,(F) and Aq,(F) or birefringence, Results of investigations of 2D-electron mobility in the wide-temperature range, absorption spectra for two polarizations of light at T = 80 and 300 K, light modulation and birefringence at h = 10.6 pm, T = 80 K in heating the electric field are presented. The physical mechanism of light absorption and birefringence is discussed. 'University of Virginia, U S A


A finite ground coplanar (FGC) line-to-waveguide transition utilizing a novel, free-standing printed E-plane probe has been demonstrated in W-band (75-110 GHz). One way to improve the performance of such a transition and to extend its utility well into the submillimeter range is to thin the supporting substrate beneath the probe. This paper presents the W-band performance of a fully micromachined finite ground coplanar line-to-silicon diamond waveguide transition with the substrate beneath the probe entirely removed, thus forming a free-standing metal structure.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to understand the impact of transformational leadership (TL) on follower emotional intelligence (EI) and examine the potential mediation role played by follower EI in the relationship between TL and follower outcomes (i.e. growth satisfaction in the job and job stress (JS)).

Design/methodology/approach
Data were obtained through survey using questionnaire collected from 908 employees who worked across six different sectors, i.e. manufacturing, IT, healthcare, hospitality, educational and public services in Southern India. The mediation model proposed in this study was tested using structural equation modelling and bootstrapping method.

Findings
The relationship between TL and Follower EI was significant. Follower EI was found to partially mediate the relationship between TL and followers' growth satisfaction in job. Contrary to expectations, the follower EI did not significantly predict JS in this study and hence the follower EI did not mediate in the proposed model. However, follower EI and growth satisfaction in the job jointly mediated the relationship between TL and follower JS fully.

Research limitations/implications
Self-report bias about supervisors' TL behaviours and followers' own EI assessment and collection of data from the mono-source (subordinate self-report) might have impacted the results of this study. Moreover, some items were negatively worded and reverse coded as cognitive speed bumps to restrain the respondent's tendency to rush through answering the survey questionnaire.

Practical implications
This study established a partial and joint mediation of follower EI on the relationship between TL and follower outcomes. Basing on these findings, this study highlights the need for the practitioners to better understand the importance of EI training for the leaders in the organisations for obtaining better outcomes in the followers.

Social implications
The study establishes the fact that the attunement of transformational leaders' EI and follower EI help leaders as well as followers to guide their behaviour towards positive outcomes.

Originality/value
This study is among the first to examine the impact of TL on follower EI and the potential mediation of follower EI between TL and follower outcomes. From a theoretical perspective, this study is one step closer to fully understand the intervening process between TL and follower outcomes.


Study Design Randomised Controlled Trial. Objectives To determine effects of three ankle rehabilitation programs on hopping ability of high-school athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI). Background CAI interventions have been evaluated; however, a specific program that is most effective has not been determined. Methods and Measures Thirty-six patients with 'giving way' and history of ankle sprains (i.e. CAI) were randomised into four rehabilitation groups: Resistance band (RB) (n=12, 171.24±10.13 cm, 65.75±11.16 kg, 16.42±0.99 years), Biomechanical Ankle Platform System (BAPS) (n=9, 178.22±10.36 cm, 77.52±22.84 kg, 16.133±1.00 years), Combination (BAPS/RB) (n=7, 172.00±12.16 cm, 68.61±17.94 kg, 16.57±1.13 years), and Control (CON) (n=8, 171.45±11.52 cm, 71.78±25.66 kg, 16.75±0.89 years). Two tests were used to assess hopping abilities: figure-of-8-test (FET) and side-hop-test (SHT). FET required patients to hop 5-metre distance in a figure-of-8 pattern two times. SHT required patients to hop 30 centimetres medially/laterally 10 times. Hopping ability was measured in time to complete (sec). Shorter time indicated improvement. Rehabilitation programs were completed 3/week for four weeks. RB completed 3 sets of 10 repetitions of ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion/inversion/eversion. BAPS completed 5 sets of 40 s trials of clockwise/counterclockwise rotations, changing direction every 10 s. BAPS/RB completed both programs and CON completed no exercises. After 4 weeks, baseline measurements were repeated. Two 4 × 2 mixed-model ANOVAs were used for data analysis (α=0.05). Tukey's HSD post-hoc tests were conducted on significant interactions. Results Main effects for time were significant for FET (p<0.00001) and SHT (p<0.003). Main effects for group were not significant for FET (p=0.608) or SHT (p=0.229). Significant group by time interaction was found for FET (F1,32=4.08, p=0.015) but not SHT (F1,32=2.10, p=0.119). FET post-hoc testing showed BAPS/RB (p<0.003) improved pretest to posttest whereas CON, RB and BAPS did not. Conclusion All rehabilitation programs showed improvement from pretest to posttest with BAPS/RB showing more improvement. Each can be used to improve hopping abilities in individuals suffering from CAI.


Density dependence in North American ducks.— The existence or otherwise of density dependence within a population can have important implications for the management of that population. Here, we use estimates of abundance obtained from annual aerial counts on the major breeding grounds of a variety of North American duck species and use a state space model to separate the observation and ecological system processes. This state space approach allows us to impose a density dependence structure upon the true underlying population rather than on the estimates and we demonstrate the improved robustness of this procedure for detecting density dependence in the population. We adopt a Bayesian approach to model fitting, using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods and use a reversible jump MCMC scheme to calculate posterior model probabilities which assign probabilities to the presence of density dependence within the population, for example. We show how these probabilities can be used either to discriminate between models or to provide model–averaged predictions which fully account for both parameter and model uncertainty.


Crohn disease (CD), environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and celiac disease are prevalent enteropathies linked to chronic gut inflammation. However, unlike celiac and Crohn that are prevalent in westernized countries, EED is seen in only in low- and middle-income countries of the developing world. Recent work has defined specific EED duodenal microbiota associated with stunting, and transmission of EED histologic changes and weight loss by microbial transfer to germ free mice.

 We performed high throughput transcriptomics of 94 duodenal samples from the SEEM cohort:52 undernourished EED participants, 17 celiac and 25 healthy North American controls. We compared those to our previously reported transcriptomics of 248 newly diagnosed ileal CD from RISK. Comparison were performed between cases and controls within each cohort.

 Above 90% of the expressed protein coding genes are shared between duodenum samples within SEEM, and Crohn ileal within RISK enabling the anticipated comparison. A substantial number of the down-regulated genes in undernourished EED participants overlapped with celiac (212/481, 44%) and with Crohn Disease (249/481, 52%). Shared reduced signatures and functions included decrease in epithelial lipid metabolism, vitamins, and brush border transport signatures. Relative to celiac disease, suppression of antioxidant and detoxification genes were EED- and Crohn-specific, which include the reduction of metallothioneins (MT family) that buffer against toxic metals, and aldo-keto NADPH- genes (AKR1C family) involved in detoxification of environmental compounds. A smaller proportion of the EED up-regulated signal overlapped with celiac (85/781), and we noted a more significant overlap with Crohn disease (248/781, Chi squares p<0.05). Relative to celiac disease, up-regulation of an innate anti-microbial DUOX2 and LCN2 gene, and of myeloid response signals, several CCL chemokines, and extracellular matrix signature were EED- and Crohn-specific. Consistent with this, greater level of DUOX2 protein was detected in duodenal biopsies from EED subjects vs. celiac and controls and in ileal CD vs. ileal controls. As opposed to the robust dysbiosis previously characterized in Crohn disease, we were unable to identify significant microbial signal in celiac patients in comparison to controls, while recent studies identified microbial patterns linked with EED.

 We highlight important biologic signals widely overlapping between Crohn Disease (CD) and EED transcriptome in the small intestine, suggesting mechanisms involving altered gut microbiota. Inhibiting innate immune activation or reverting Crohn dysbiosis may be beneficial future therapy for Crohn Disease and EED.


1. The effects of the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin were examined in mechanically skinned skeletal muscle fibres of rat in order to determine whether the FK506‐binding protein plays a role in the coupling between the voltage sensors and the Ca2+ release channels. 2. Both FK506 (1 microM) and rapamycin (1 microM) rapidly and reversibly potentiated Ca2+ release evoked by either depolarization of the transverse tubular system or caffeine application, suggesting a direct effect of the agents on the Ca2+ release channels. 3. In addition, repeated depolarizations in the presence of either FK506 (1 microM) or rapamycin (1 microM) caused irreversible loss of depolarization‐induced Ca2+ release, without preventing direct activation of the Ca2+ release channels by caffeine or low [Mg2+]. If a fibre was exposed to either immunosuppressant for a similar period (10 min) without stimulation, or if the voltage sensors were kept inactivated, there was little if any loss of coupling. 4. The loss of coupling was faster at higher drug concentrations, with 20 microM rapamycin causing 50% inhibition in 7‐8 min without stimulation; this was further accelerated by repeated depolarizations in the presence of the drug, but was not noticeably altered by direct activation of the release channels by repeated exposure to caffeine. The irreversible loss of coupling indicates that the FK506‐binding protein may play a vital role in enabling the voltage sensors to activate the Ca2+ release channels.


Abstract Single crystals of Ca9Y(VO4)7 (1), Ca9Y(VO4)7:Li+ (2) and Ca9Y(VO4)7:Mg2+ (3) were grown by the Czochralski method. Their chemical composition was analyzed by ICP spectroscopy and their crystal structure was examined by single crystal X-ray analysis. The crystals are characterized by trigonal symmetry, space group R3c. Hexagonal unit-cell parameters are as follows: a=10.8552(1) Å, c=38.0373(2) Å, V=3881.65(1) Å3 for 1; a=10.8570(1) Å, c=38.0161(3) Å, V=3880.77(4) Å3 for 2; a=10.8465(1) Å, c=38.0366(2) Å, V=3875.36(3) Å3 for 3. All crystals are characterized by β-Ca3(PO4)2-type structure with statistical distribution of Ca2+ and Y3+ over M1, M2 and M5 sites in different ratios and with completely empty M4-cationsite. The impurity of Mg2+cations in structure 2 has been detected in octahedral M5 site. Ferroelectric phase transitions are evidenced by DSC and SHG. At about 1220 and 1300 K, they demonstrate phase transitions. Upon heating the symmetry of the crystal structure changes according to the scheme R3c→R3̅c→R3̅m and is restored during consequent cooling. The first of them is of ferroelectric and the second of non-ferroelectric nature. Even a small amount of impurities in Ca9Y(VO4)7 structure is accompanied by a noticeable decrease in the temperature of the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition.


The Rincon geothermal system is located in the East Rincon Hills 56 km north of Las Cruces, at a topographic high dividing the Rio Grande and Jornada del Muerto basins. Rincon is a blind geothermal system that has no surface expression, and its exact size and extent are unknown. Temperatures are as high as 96 °C at 310 m depth on the hanging wall of an east-dipping normal fault known as the East Rincon Hills Fault (ERHF). Five thin (<1 m thick) opal beds have been mapped adjacent to the ERHF. An overturned temperature profile (from well-bore SLH-1) and the distribution of opal deposits indicate that the geothermal system has been active episodically for at least 2 Ma. We have completed two transient electromagnetic (TEM) transects that extend across the foot- and hanging-wall of the ERHF. An additional magnetotelluric (MT) survey is planned for the Fall of 2018. Formation resistivity maps based on 1D TEM inversions collected from our two transects have identified a laterally extensive conductive feature near the water table that may be associated with a geothermal outflow plume of hot, brackish water. We hypothesize that fault permeability increases following relatively low magnitude (< M 5) seismic events and then gradually declines due to silica mineralization. Future work will focus on integrating MT surveys into our study.


The present paper investigates the complete regulation strategy for a large double-fed asynchronous motor-generator equipped with a 3-level VSI cascade for applications mainly in the field of pumped storage plant. For the present application, the specific problem of the DC link capacitors voltage balancing is investigated. Also a sensorless method for the determination of the rotor angle is proposed and verified in practice. Measurements of the system performed on a laboratory low power system are discussed and compared to simulations.


In a previous paper we developed a general theory of input/output logics. These are operations resembling inference, but where inputs need not be included among outputs, and outputs need not be reusable as inputs. In the present paper we study what happens when they are constrained to render output consistent with input. This is of interest for deontic logic, where it provides a manner of handling contrary-to-duty obligations. Our procedure is to constrain the set of generators of the input/output system, considering only the maximal subsets that do not yield output conflicting with a given input. When inputs are authorised to reappear as outputs, both maxichoice revision in the sense of Alchourrón/Makinson and the default logic of Poole emerge as special cases, and there is a close relation with Reiter default logic. However, our focus is on the general case where inputs need not be outputs. We show in what contexts the consistency of input with output may be reduced to its consistency with a truth-functional combination of components of generators, and under what conditions constrained output may be obtained by a derivation that is constrained at every step.


Have you been following Amy's Marathon of books ? Inspired by by Terry Fox's and Rick Hansen's Canadian journeys, Amy Mathers is honouring her passion for reading and Canadian teen literature while working around her physical limitations through a Marathon of Books. Amy will be reading teen fiction books from every province and territory, exploring Canada and promoting Canadian teen authors and books by finishing a book a day for each day of 2014, writing a review for each book she reads. The goal is to raise money for the Canadian Children's Book Centre (CCBC) in order to endow a Canadian teen book award to be presented at the yearly Canadian Children's Literature Awards gala. Amy will collect fundraising pledges (which are eligible for a charitable tax receipt). http://amysmarathonofbooks.ca/ The National Reading Campaign (NRC) is thrilled to announce the inaugural week-long event READING TOWN CANADA . For one week, May 3-10 th , 2014, the National Reading Campaign will turn Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan into an exemplary model of what a reading Canada would look like. Reading will be woven into every feature of life through a series of exciting events: Imagine having a poem delivered with your pizza, wandering into a fully-stocked 'reading glen' in Crescent Park, discovering a book by a local author in your Welcome Wagon package, or finding a tiny lending library at the end of your street. http://www.nationalreadingcampaign.ca/about-reading-town-canada/ IBBY Canada (the Canadian national section of the International Board on Books for Young People) named Bonnie Tulloch as the Frances E. Russell Grant recipient. Bonnie is a graduate student in the children's literature program of the School of Library, Archival and Information Studies at the University of British Columbia. She is doing an analysis of contemporary Canadian children's and young adult novels that focus on island adventures; the resulting work will be titled "No 'Man' is an Island: Examining Island Imagery and its Relation to Female Identity in a Selection of Canadian Children's and Young Adult Fiction." http://www.ibby-canada.org/?p=2080 CANSCAIP is presenting two upcoming workshops: Imagine a Stor y, a day of workshops for those interested in writing, illustrating and performing for children, will be held May 31 at Dawson College in Montreal; Packaging Your Imagination , Canada's oldest and largest conference on the craft and business of writing, illustrating and performing for children, will be held October 18 at Humber College Lakeshore Campus in Toronto. Registration for the latter conference will commence in late May. http://www.canscaip.org/ Award Season is soon to be blossoming along with spring and summer. Recent announcements for shortlists include the 2014 Atlantic Book Awards and The Canadian Science Writers' Association (CSWA). The shortlists for the Atlantic Book Awards are: Ann Connor Brimer Award for Children's Literature Nix Minus One , by Jill MacLean (Pajama Press) The Power of Harmony , by Jan L. Coates (Red Deer Press) The Stowaways , by Meghan Marentette, Illustrated by Dean Griffiths (Pajama Press) Lillian Shepherd Award for Excellence in Illustration Lasso the Wind: Aurelia's Verses and Other Poems Illustrated by Susan Tooke and written by George Elliott Clarke (Nimbus Publishing) Pisim Finds her Miskanow Illustrated by Leonard Paul and written by William Dumas (Portage & Main Press) S ingily Skipping Along , Illustrated by Deanne Fitzpatrick and written by Sheree Fitch (Nimbus Publishing) In addition two other children's titles were also shortlisted: Ghost Boy of MacKenzie House by Patti Larsen (Acorn Press) for the Prince Edward Island Book Award (fiction category) Formac Publishing was nominated for the APMA Best Atlantic-Published Book Award (sponsored by Friesens Corporation), for Bluenose Adventure by Jacqueline Halsey with illustrations by Eric Orchard. http://atlanticbookawards.ca/ The shortlist for the Canadian Science Writers' Association for outstanding youth book: Au labo, les Debrouillards! written by Yannick Bergeron (Bayard jeunesse) Before the World Was Ready written by Claire Eamer and illustrated by Sa Boothroyd (Annick Press) Buzz About Bees written by Kari-Lynn Winters (Fitzhenry & Whiteside) Dirty Science: 25 Experiments with Soil written by Shar Levine and Leslie Johnstone, illustrated by Lorzeno Del Bianco (Scholastic Canada) A History of Just About Everything: 180 Events, People and Inventions That Changed the World written by Elizabeth MacLeod and Frieda Wishinsky, illustrated by Qin Leng (Kids Can Press) Pandemic Survival: It's Why You're Alive w ritten by Ann Love and Jane Drake, illustrated by Bill Slavin (Tundra Books). http://sciencewriters.ca/2014/04/01/cswa-book-awards-shortlist-2/ Gail de Vos Gail de Vos, an adjunct instructor, teaches courses on Canadian children's literature, Young Adult Literature and Comic Books and Graphic Novels at the School of Library and Information Studies for the University of Alberta and is the author of nine books on storytelling and folklore. She is a professional storyteller and has taught the storytelling course at SLIS for over two decades.


How should the world economy adapt to the increased demand for exhaustible resources from countries like China and India? To address that issue, this paper presents a dynamic model of the world economy with two technologies for production; a resource technology, which uses an exhaustible resource as an input and an alternative technology, which does not. I find that both the time path of resource extraction and the adoption of the alternative technology depend on the optimal allocation of capital across the technologies, and on the size of the capital stock in relation to the resource stock. In particular, if the capital stock is low, only the resource technology is used initially and the alternative technology is adopted with a delay. Next, I use the model to analyze the effects of industrialization of developing countries on the extraction of oil and technology choice for energy production. As a result of industrialization, the alternative technology for energy production is adopted earlier.


Deep learning has been recently shown to improve performance in the domain of synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) image classification. Given the constant resolution with a range of SAS, it is no surprise that deep learning techniques perform so well. Despite deep learning's recent success, there are still compelling open challenges in reducing the high false alarm rate and enabling success when training imagery is limited, which is a practical challenge that distinguishes the SAS classification problem from standard image classification set-ups where training imagery may be abundant. We address these challenges by exploiting prior knowledge that humans use to grasp the scene. These include unconscious elimination of the image speckle and localization of objects in the scene. We introduce a new deep learning architecture that incorporates these priors with the goal of improving automatic target recognition (ATR) from SAS imagery. Our proposal—called SPDRDL, structural prior driven regularized deep learning—incorporates the previously mentioned priors in a multitask convolutional neural network (CNN) and requires no additional training data when compared to traditional SAS ATR methods. Two structural priors are enforced via regularization terms in the learning of the network: 1) structural similarity prior—enhanced imagery (often through despeckling) aids human interpretation and is semantically similar to the original imagery and 2) structural scene context priors—learned features ideally encapsulate target centering information; hence learning may be enhanced via a regularization that encourages fidelity against known ground truth target shifts (relative target position from scene center). Experiments on a challenging real-world data set reveal that SPDRDL outperforms state-of-the-art deep learning and other competing methods for SAS image classification.


A theoretical comparison of the photophysical and photochemical properties has been made among a series of diarylethene-containing Pt(II) complexes that have two kinds of isomers exhibiting different optical behaviors. It is found that the extension of conjugated systems and electron-withdrawing substituents on a host-ligand promotes the rigidity of structures, which is beneficial to electron transfer during excitation. Moreover, the phosphorescence emission and quenching of complexes can be controlled by utilizing the contrasting optical performance of their two isomers. In closed-ring forms, the complexes suffer phosphorescence quenching due to the inefficient involvement of Pt in the excitation and the low energy gap between the first triplet excited state and the ground state. In open-ring forms, the shift of conjugated systems makes the excitation switch from diarylethene to Pt so that the spin–orbit coupling effect can be achieved, which leads to an effective phosphorescence emission. In addition, the calculation of the radiative decay rate constant kr is proposed to give an evaluation of the radiative decay process of open-ring forms. And the analysis of the potential energy surface of the triplet-excited state presents an in-depth description of the role of isomerization in its non-radiative decay process. All the above results show the tunability and applicability of diarylethene in organometallic materials. Based on these results, new complexes have been designed as promising candidates with better photoresponsive and phosphorescence performance.


The Cerebral Microvascul Edited by Howard M E Robert L Suddith (pp 335 York: Plenum Press, 1980 This volume of Advanc4 mental Medicine and Biol the papers presented at on the blood brain ba Galveston, Texas, in th( 1979. The contributions divided into two sections, port properties and pern papers), which includes active transport, enzyme sodium and potassium flu cerebral capillaries and er and behaviour in cell culti endothelial cells. There a the metabolism, structure of the vascular basemer blood-retina barrier and t central adrenergic contrc permeability. The second book is on "Purtabations c (12 papers) and includes effects of anaesthesia, agents, changes in blc trauma, ischaemia and tui Most authors present ct recent work at symposia lished proceedings are ofte communications with t paper to follow. The p volume have all been co] panded for publication comprehensive references considerably to the value ( a source of reference. A publications, the papers z specific and limited aspeci ject and, as such, should source of reference on s1 rather than read as a r topic as a whole. Most pi symposia are of interest who attend it, but this v( more widely used as a SO1 ence by those working in therefore most large mec will require a copy. 1 adequate subject index bu no author index. but there will Circulatory and Developmental Aspects he subject in of Brain Metabolism Edited by Maria Spatz, BB Mrsulja, Lj M Rakic, and IAN MCKINLAY WD Lust (pp 426; $49.50) New York: Plenum Press, 1980. This volume contains the proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Pathophysiology of Cerebral lature Vol 131 Energy Metabolism, held in Belgrade 35senberg and in September 1919. About one-third of ;$39.50) New the chapters are contributed by the


This report provides a brief summary of the basic requirements to obtain coherent or heterodyne mixing of the optical radiation backscattered by atmospheric aerosols with that from a fixed frequency source. The CW mode of operation for a coherent lidar is reviewed along with the associated lidar transfer equation. A complete optical design of the three major subsystems of a CW, coherent lidar is given. Lens design sotlware is implemented to model and optimize receiver performance. Techniques for the opto-mechanical assembly and some of the critical tolerances of the coherent lidar are provided along with preliminary tests of the subsystems. Included in these tests is a comparison of the experimental and the theoretical average power signal-to-noise ratio. The analog to digital software used to evaluate the power spectrum of the backscattered signal is presented in the Appendix of this report.


Introduction: Abdominal dermolipectomies have shown to be highy valuable in promoting a better life quality for postbariatric patients, with the navel being an essential scar for the aesthetics of the abdomen. Several neo-omphaloplasty techniques are described in the literature in patients who undergo anchor-line abdominoplasty, but the systematic use of a mold for preoperative marking has not been reported yet. The objective of this study was to standardize the marking of the flaps for the preparation of the neo-omphaloplasty using a mold and to demonstrate the results of its clinical application. Methods: A prospective, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted. Between April 2015 and December 2016, 50 patients underwent anchor-line abdominal dermolipectomy with neo-omphaloplasty using a mold to mark the two flaps for the neo-navel. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the satisfaction index regarding the new navel. Results: Fortyeight patients were female. The mean age and body mass index of the patients before abdominoplasty was 40.5 years and 27.9 kg/m2, respectively. The new navels resulted in a smaller, more oval scar, with no scars around and with adequate depth. The rate of complications was low, and none of the patients expressed dissatisfaction. Conclusion: The use of the mold in the standardization of the preoperative marking in neoomphaloplasty was effective, easy and safe to learn, low-cost, fast, and reproducible, with a low index of complications, good surgical results, and excellent patient satisfaction. ■ ABSTRACT


For coaches, athletes and students of biomechanics, the new edition of Sports Biomechanics: The basics answers real-world questions in sports using easily comprehensible language and clear and concise diagrams. Each chapter is devoted to answering questions in a single area of sports biomechanics with the scientific underpinnings of sports performance clearly explained. Biomechanics is simply the science of 'mechanics', a particular section of physics, as it relates to the human body. In the sport sciences, biomechanists do just about everything, including improving aerodynamics of vehicles, improving swim stroke technique to maximise swimming propulsion, and optimising running technique to increase running speed or efficiency. Biomechanics is a core subject on all sports science courses, and undergraduates must complete this module in their first (and often second) year. Because of the use of maths and physics to explain biomechanical concepts, students often find it difficult to grasp the basic elements of biomechanics. Anthony Blazevich's book is designed to explain to students the key concepts of biomechanics, using clear examples, tying all theory to practical examples to help students relate the biomechanics principles to improving in their coaching and performing. [Book Synopsis]


This study investigates the human vulnerability caused by tornadoes that occurred between sunset and sunrise from 1880 to 2007. Nocturnal tornadoes are theorized to enhance vulnerability because they are difficult to spot and occur when the public tends to be asleep and in weak building structures. Results illustrate that the nocturnal tornado death rate over the past century has not shared the same pace of decline as those events transpiring during the daytime. From 1950 to 2005, a mere 27.3% of tornadoes were nocturnal, yet 39.3% of tornado fatalities and 42.1% of killer tornado events occurred at night. Tornadoes during the overnight period (local midnight to sunrise) are 2.5 times as likely to kill as those occurring during the daytime hours. It is argued that a core reason why the national tornado fatality toll has not continued to decrease in the past few decades is due to the vulnerability to these nocturnal events. This vulnerability is magnified when other factors such as escalating mobile (or "manufactured") home stock and an increasing and spreading population are realized. Unlike other structure types that show no robust demarcation between nocturnal and daytime fatalities, nearly 61% of fatalities in mobile homes take place at night revealing this housing stock's distinct nocturnal tornado vulnerability. Further, spatial analysis illustrates that the American South's high nocturnal tornado risk is an important factor leading to the region's high fatality rate. The investigation emphasizes a potential break in the tornado warning dissemination system utilized currently in the United States.


The results of twenty-three distal femoral varus osteotomies (in twenty-one patients) that were performed between 1977 and 1984 were evaluated. Fifteen osteotomies were done for osteoarthritis; three, for post-traumatic arthritis or deformity; three, for rheumatoid arthritis; and two, for renal osteodystrophy. The median age of the patients was fifty-six years (range, nineteen to seventy years). The length of follow-up averaged four years (range, two to nine years). The average tibiofemoral angle preoperatively was 18 degrees of valgus, which was corrected postoperatively to an average of 2 degrees of valgus. At follow-up, nineteen (83 per cent) of the twenty-three knees were rated as good or excellent according to The Hospital for Special Surgery knee score, which had improved from an average of 65 points preoperatively to 86 points post-operatively. Of the fifteen patients who had osteoarthritis (93 per cent), all but one had a good or excellent result. Most patients had no substantial improvement in the range of motion of the knee as a result of the operation. Eighty-six per cent of the patients expressed satisfaction with the outcome. We concluded that varus osteotomy of the distal part of the femur is a reliable and effective surgical procedure for the treatment of gonarthrosis associated with valgus deformity due to osteoarthritis or trauma. We do not recommend its use in patients who have rheumatoid arthritis or in those who have inadequate motion of the knee before the operation.


AIM
The aim of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to compare assessments and relationships of stress of conscience, perceptions of conscience, burnout and social support between healthcare personnel (HCP) working in two different organisations for care of older people.

METHODS
This cross-sectional, descriptive comparative study was performed among Registered Nurses and nurse assistants working in two different organisations (n(1) = 98, n(2) = 488) for residential care of older people. The organisations were chosen to be as different as possible, and data were collected using four different questionnaires. Hierarchical cluster analysis with multiscale bootstrap resampling was used to compare the associations between all items in the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, 95% confidence intervals, chi-squared tests, Cohen's d, Cramer's V and the φ coefficient were all used to judge differences between the organisations.

RESULTS
The associations between stress of conscience, perceiving one's conscience as a burden, and burnout were similar in both organisations. Perceiving one's conscience as far too strict and having a troubled conscience from being unable to live up to one's standards were associated with stress of conscience and burnout in one organisation. Women had higher levels of stress of conscience and reported lower social support from co-workers compared with men.

CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that associations between perceptions of conscience, stress of conscience and burnout are common experiences that are similar among HCP despite great differences in the characteristics of organisations. It can be burdensome for HCP to be unable to realise their ambitions to provide good care, and sex/gender can be an important factor to consider in the development of measures against the negative effects of stress of conscience. More studies are needed about how HCP's ambition to provide good care and sex/gender are related to perceptions of conscience, stress of conscience and burnout.


Small scale mining is a major threat to water resources and agricultural activities in most mining communities across Ghana. This study investigated the effect of small scale mining on the quality of water for irrigation from some selected sites along a river and a reservoir which was used as a control. The physical and chemical parameters of the water samples were measured using standard methods for water quality analysis. The samples were acid digested and assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The study revealed that several of the physico-chemical parameters (turbidity, pH, conductivity, TDS) and heavy metals such as Pb and Hg were significantly higher (5% level of significance) at the river sites compared to the reservoir. Whilst most of the parameters measured were within range of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) limit for irrigation water quality, Hg, Cd, K and turbidity levels were higher than FAO permissible limits for irrigation water. Hazard assessment based on the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), US Salinity laboratory classification and the Wilcox diagram for irrigation water quality showed the water to be within acceptable salinity and sodium limits for irrigation. It is inferred from the findings that activities of small scale miners along the river affects the quality of the water. The high turbidity and detection of some level of heavy metals in the water should be a major concern to stakeholders in the Municipality as continuous influx of small scale miners in the area could increase heavy metal concentration beyond the acceptable thresholds.


Innovation and entrepreneurship have become the cornerstone of growth and competitiveness policies. They are both multidimensional, and thus highly complex, concepts. The focus of the article is on the process nature of innovation which is extensively illustrated by means of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) results for Belgium, its three main neighbouring countries and the EU as a whole. The CIS offers an original view of how firms are performing in the innovation stakes in each economy, defining innovation as the introduction of a new or significantly improved product or process. Among the various dimensions considered are expenditure on innovation, including R&D, cooperation with other economic agents, hampering factors, public support and innovation policies. The specific role of entrepreneurship as a driver of innovation is also considered. The article points up the importance of general framework conditions and the structural characteristics of an economy for its innovation process and performance. In the case of Belgium, its external openness, the necessary fiscal restraint, and the position of its firms at the core of the international production process really do exert an influence on its overall innovation profile.


The aim of this study is to present a model for an effective mathematics instruction with respect to how ICT integration is put into practice. The research was established on three bases as effective mathematics instruction, ICT integration and 5E learning cycle. A learning environment was created by grounding on these three elements. In this study, which was carried out in accordance with design-based research model, the participants were 47 preservice mathematics teachers. As data-collection tools, video-recordings, check-lists, and lesson plans were used. By the nature of design-based research model, data was collected during 12 weeks to enable the designs to be improved constantly, and it was analyzed instantly, consistently, retrospectively by means of frequency, percent and content analysis. As a result of the data analysis, it was revealed that the learning environment made a positive contribution to the process of preparing lesson plans aimed at providing ICT integration for effective mathematics instruction. When the realization process of ICT integration in prepared lesson plans has been investigated that 95 percent of 101 lesson plans of all weeks have been successful in terms of ICT integration. As a result, a model involving "PlanningImplementation-Evaluation" for implementing ICT integration was proposed.


Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, which is located at the intersections of the nerve and muscles in the lymph nodes of the internal organs motor systems and in various parts of the central nervous system. A decrease of acetylcholine in brain is associated with Alzheimer's disease. That is why it is an important agent for this disease. In this study, a bienzymatic biosensor system with acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase was prepared with carbon paste electrode modified with carbon nano Dot‐(3‐Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (CDs‐APTES) for determination of the amount of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase enzymes were immobilized onto a modified carbon paste electrode by cross‐linking with glutaraldehyde. Determination of acetylcholine was carried out by the oxidation of enzymatically produced H2O2 at 0.4 V versus Ag/AgCl. The effect of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on the acetylcholine response of the prepared biosensor was investigated. In addition, the optimum CDs‐APTES amount, the linear operating range of the biosensor, and the interference effect were also investigated.


Despite rampant colour pattern diversity in South America, Heliconius erato exhibits a 'postman' wing pattern throughout most of Central America. We examined genetic variation across the range of H. erato, including dense sampling in Central America, and discovered a deep genetic break, centred on the mountain range that runs through Costa Rica. This break is characterized by a novel mitochondrial lineage, which is nearly fixed in northern Central America, that branches basal to all previously described mitochondrial diversity in the species. Strong genetic differentiation also appears in Z‐linked and autosomal markers, and it is further associated with a distinct, but subtle, shift in wing pattern phenotype. Comparison of clines in wing phenotype, mtDNA and nuclear markers indicate they are all centred on the mountains dividing Costa Rica, but that cline width differs among data sets. Phylogeographical analyses, accounting for this new diversity, rewrite our understanding of mimicry evolution in this system. For instance, these results suggest that H. erato originated west of the Andes, perhaps in Central America, and as many as 1 million years before its co‐mimic, H. melpomene. Overall our data indicate that neutral genetic markers and colour pattern loci are congruent and converge on the same hypothesis—H. erato originated in northwest South America or Central America with a 'postman' phenotype and then radiated into the wealth of colour patterns present today.


abstract: the inverse relation between (wage)inflation and the unemployment rate of traditional macroeconomic theory lacks a microeconomic foundation in a neo-classical framework. neoclassical reasoning implies that employment is always at the full employment level and independent of inflation. in part 2 it is shown how search theory offers a derivation of the phillips relation in a neoclassical framework by removing the complete information postulate of walrasian equilibrium theory. part 3 gives an economic rationale for sticky prices in a market economy with incomplete information, whereas part 4 keynes' concept of unvoluntary unemployment is reexamined in the light of search theory. part 5 gives a critical evaluation why the search theorists' derivation of the short-run phillips relation might not be convincing on theoretical grounds.;


beta-Adrenoceptor density was measured in lymphocytes from neonates and from normotensive and hypertensive adults aged from 18 to 85 years. Receptor density did not differ in young and elderly people. In normotensive but not in hypertensive people there was a peak in beta-adrenoceptor density in middle life; otherwise, receptor densities were similar in normotensive and hypertensives. Neonates had a lower lymphocyte receptor density than adults. Decreases in beta-adrenoceptor-mediated responses in old age may be due to alterations in postreceptor events.


Modern space systems are increasing in complexity. The advent of the Internet of Space Things, coupled with the commercialisation of space has resulted in an ecosystem that is difficult to control and brings about new security challenges. In such critical systems, it is common to conduct verification strategies to ensure that the underpinning software is correct. Formal verification is achieved by modelling the system and verifying that the model obeys particular functional and safety properties. Many connected systems are now the target of a variety of threat actors attempting to realise different goals. Threat modelling is the approach employed to analyse and manage the threats from adversaries. Common practice is that these two approaches are conducted independently of one another. In this paper, we argue that the two should be mutually informed, and describe a methodology for security-minded formal verification that combines these analysis techniques. This approach will streamline the development process and give a more formal grounding to the security properties identified during threat analysis.


Eighty species of living and extinct bryozoans have been studied to ascertain the mode of secretion of the skeleton and its structural diversity throughout geological time. In the growing tip of the cheilostomes Membranipora and Electra and the ctenostome Bowerbankia , periostracum secreted by a cap of palisade cells expands forwards by intussusception. Older periostracum, left behind by the advancing cell cap in cheilostomes and cyclostomes, becomes the seeding sheet of a calcitic layer (primary layer) of vertically disposed crystallites with minor banding, nodules and lenses, deposited by epithelium generated immediately proximal of the cell cap. The periostracum is composed of mucopolysaccharide and some chitin but its outer surface varies, being a fibrillar triple-unit membrane in cheilostomes and the cyclostomes Berenicea and Lichenopora , and a homogenous granular layer in Bowerbankia and the cyclostome Crisidia . The mineral skeleton of most cheilostomes is secreted on periostracum by succeeding epithelium. But coelocystic structures, deposited within folds of epithelium, also occur and vary from frontal walls and cryptocysts to almost complete skeletons of Cupuladria and Iodictyum . In some living cheilostomes and in most fossil species examined, only a primary shell, more commonly calcitic than aragonitic, is found, but in the majority of living species there occurs an organic-carbonate secondary layer usually composed of discrete laminar or lenticular aggregates of vertically disposed crystallites enclosed in proteinous sheets. In Celleporella , however, the laminae are more strongly defined because they consist of spirally growing calcitic plates separated from one another by simultaneously secreted proteinous sheets. More rarely, a tertiary layer is found in some species. It is almost entirely calcitic or aragonitic and may be banded, granular or composed of acicular crystallites. Puncta and basal kenozooids, as in Schizoporella and Cupuladria, penetrate the shell of some species and accommodate papillae with storage cells. The mineral skeleton of most cyclostomes, including the earliest known genera like the Ordovician Corynotrypa, has always been subperiostracal, and may also be pierced by puncta accommodating storage papillae and distally closed by periostracal plugs (e.g. Crisidia, Berenicea ). The skeleton of Heteropora , Hornera, Lichenopora and related genera which first appeared in early Mesozoic times, is coelocystic. It may also be ornamented by inwardly pointing cones of secondary shell (pseudopuncta) with or without axial rods of granular calcite (e.g. Hornera ) , or include vesicular tissue between radiating rows of zooecia as in Lichenopora . All cyclostomes, however, have always had a double-layered calcitic skeleton consisting of a primary layer of vertically disposed acicular crystallites, granules or tablets altered to a granular texture in the fossil state, and a laminar secondary layer with spirally growing plates and/or overlapping fibres coated by protein sheets. The mineral skeleton of the remaining stenolaemates represented by extinct trepostomes, cystoporates and cyclostomes, is exclusively double-layered and coelocystic. The primary layer is granular, the secondary composed of lenticular fibres. Pseudopuncta were almost invariably developed and interzooecial cavities (mesopores) commonly occurred and were filled with vesicular tissue as in Lichenopora . Phylogenetic considerations suggest that the prototypic bryozoans possessed a pseudopunctate coelocystic skeleton, indented by mesopores and composed of a chitinous or proteinous periostracum, a primary layer of acicular crystallites and a secondary layer of lenticular fibres. This structure was inherited by trepostomes, cystoporates and cryptostomes. It reappeared in Mesozoic cyclostomes subsequent to their divergence from a cystoporate-like ancestor by the development of a variably punctate subperiostracal skeleton which, however, was composed of the same shell types. The subperipheral skeleton of early cheilostomes may have evolved by extension of the ctenostome secretory regime. In any event a new type of secondary shell, composed of acicular crystallites arranged in proteinbound laminae and lentides, became characteristic mainly of Tertiary and Recent species. Nevertheless, a coelocystic skeleton and even a stenolaemate-like secondary shell have already appeared within the Order.


Background & Aims: Glioblastoma (GBM, WHO Grade IV) is considered as the most lethal neoplasm of all solid cancers due to its inherent intensive invasiveness. GBM may arise de novo, or following progression from lower grade gliomas. Recently, solid tumor progression has been recognized as the product of an evolving crosstalk between the cancer cells and its surrounding glial cells. The intensive invasion activity of GBM cells might be regulated by surrounding normal cells such as oligodendrocytes or fibroblasts. In this study, we evaluated the interactive factors between GBM cells and normal glial cells to determine the role of oligodendrocytes in regulating the invasiveness of glioblastoma cells. Methods: Two GBM cell lines, T98G and U251, were used. Two oligodendrocyte cell lines, ODC1 and ODC2, were derived one each from surgical tissues of patients with low-grade glioma (WHO Grade II). Two fibroblasts cell lines, GF1 and GF2, were derived one each from surgical tissues of patients with GBM. Oligodendrocytes and fibroblasts were confirmed by immuno-histochemical staining. The invasive property of GBM cells was analyzed in the presence or absence of conditioned medium from oligodendrocytes or fibroblasts by wound-healing assay and Boyden chamber invasion assay. The proliferation ability of GBM cells was examined by MTT assay. Subsequently Cytokine array was used to examine the cytokines and growth factors in the conditioned medium from oligodendrocytes or fibroblasts. Results: Oligodendrocyte cells, ODC1 and ODC2 cells, significantly (p Conclusion: Oligodendrocytes might up-regulation of the invasiveness of GBM cells via angiopoietin-2 signaling pathway. Hence, angiopoietin-2 can be considered as a promising target for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Citation Format: Toshiyuki Kawashima. Oligodendrocytes might up-regulate the invasiveness of glioblastoma cells via Angiopoietin-2 signaling pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5162.


The impact of soil hydraulic parameters upon the formation of local convective precipitation is investigated by using the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Four soil hydraulic parameter effects are considered. These comprise the effect of two different soil datasets (US vs. Hungarian), the effects of different parameterizations of field capacity and the wilting point soil moisture contents and the subgrid-scale variability effect of soil moisture content, respectively. Precipitation from 6 convective events were simulated and verified on a spatial scale of 18 km by comparison with observed precipitation fields. The latter were analysed from a total of 657 precipitation gauges using ordinary block kriging. It is demonstrated that the simulated convective precipitation is sensitive to the used soil dataset. The rank order correlation coefficient of Rs = 0.62 (explained variance 38 %) between observed precipitation and simulations using the Hungarian soil dataset (control run) is higher than those using the US soil dataset (Rs = 0.53, explained variance 29 %). The difference of about 10 % explained variance is highly significant (p < 0.01). Simulations with alternatively field capacities result in a correlation of Rs = 0.60, which is not significantly different from the control run. Simulations with alternatively wilting points, however, result in Rs = 0.56, which is significantly lower than the correlation for the control run (p < 0.05). Finally, the application of an alternatively spatial distribution of soil moisture contents results again in a lower correlation of Rs = 0.54 (p < 0.01). Amongst the four soil effects, the soil dataset effect and the subgridscale variability of the soil moisture were greater than the parameterization effects. The results suggest that regional soil datasets should be preferred in the mesoscale models. It is also obvious that high-resolution global soil data sets in the climate models should be constructed extremely carefully because of the sensitivities obtained.


Background: The Lønning II white paper asks for more knowledge on clinical priorities in different areas of health care. This in particular goes for resources used in intensive care units. Thanks to improvements in medical and technological knowledge and a greater proportion of older patients with complex diseases intensive care units face serious challenges regarding bedside priorities. Which patients and what kind of treatment should be prioritised? Aim: The aim of this research has been to shed light on the values and considerations that affect the priority decisions with regard to limitation of intensive care treatment in intensive care. Further it was to illuminate if and how resource restrictions were followed by specific limitations in medical and nursing care. Method: This research is based on qualitative method through field observations and in-depth interviews with intensive care physicians and intensive care nurses in three intensive care units in Norwegian University Hospitals. Emphasis was on eliciting the underlying rationale for prioritisations in clinical intensive care with particular focus on clinicians' value considerations when limiting intensive care treatment. Findings: Informants perceived that provision of treatment that was not found to be meaningful represented an increasing dilemma in intensive care. One possible explanation could be that the basis for decision-making was uncertain, complex and contradictory. The informants claimed that those who were responsible for making decisions on the admitting ward wished to prolong futile treatment because of feelings of guilt or responsibility for something that had gone wrong during the course of treatment. The assessments of the patient's situation that were made by physicians from the admitting ward were often more organ-oriented, and their expectations tended to be less realistic than those of the clinicians in the ICU, who frequently had a more balanced perspective on the patient's total condition. Aspects such as the personality and the specialisation of those involved, the culture of the unit and the degree of interdisciplinary cooperation constituted important issues in the decisionmaking processes. Significant others could cause unintentional discrimination of ICU patients. Family members who were demanding could receive more time and attention to the patient as well as for themselves. The status and position of patients and next of kin and /or an interesting medical diagnosis appeared to govern the clinicians' priorities with regard to patients and families – consciously as well as unconsciously. Scarcity of resources in the ICUs regularly gave rise to suboptimal professional standards of medical treatment and nursing care. The clinicians rarely referred to national priority criteria as a rationale for bedside priorities. Because prioritisations were undertaken implicitly and most likely partly without the clinician being aware of it, essential patient rights, such as justice and equality, could be at risk. Conclusion: Under-communicated value considerations jeopardise the principle of justice in intensive care. If intensive care patients are to be ensured equal treatment, strategies for interdisciplinary, transparent and appropriate decision-making processes must be developed, in which open and hidden values are rendered visible, power structures are revealed, employees are respected and the various perspectives on the treatment are awarded legitimate attention.


In this research, 29 species of 11 amphibian and reptile families were detected in the endorheic basin of Aksehir and Eber. Of these species, 5 are anurans, 1 is a tortoise, 1 is a turtle, 9 are lizards, and 13 are snakes. In addition, the chorotype classification of the species recorded in the study area and their distributions depending on plants are also provided. It was established that specimens of subspecies Ophisops elegans macrodactylus and O. e. centralanatolia were sympatrically found in the vicinity of Ortakoy and Tuzlukcu. Moreover, in addition to the species determined in previous studies, Platyceps najadum and Hemorrhois nummifer were first detected in this region.


The Secondary School Enrichment Program (SSEP) is one of the outreach initiatives developed in the Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales (UNSW). In the face of declining enrolments in the enabling sciences, the program seeks to foster a culture of academic generosity by bringing our current and future scientists together to participate in authentic scientific research. Developed jointly with a local, non-selective but high performing secondary school, the SSEP aims to draw talented students into university science degree programs, particularly in the enabling science disciplines.

The SSEP provides secondary school students with an insight into university campus life and how research is conducted via their participation in a research project, under the mentorship of science PhD students. Since its inception three years ago, the program has obtained consistently positive feedback from the participants. However, in order to better understand the benefits of such a program, this paper investigates the program's perceived educational benefits for these students through pre- and post-program surveys. The program's effectiveness will be defined in terms of (a) students' interest in science; (b) providing an authentic scientific experience, (c) introduction to campus life, and (d) increased interest in tertiary study, tertiary study of science and study at UNSW.

Here, we share our experiences in developing and coordinating the program, and evaluating its success in achieving the above objectives. Discussion will focus on exploring the usefulness of such programs to reinvigorate interest in tertiary study in science, and the feasibility of expanding the program.


Background Dhat syndrome or semen-loss anxiety is characterized by vague somatic symptoms of fatigue, weakness, anxiety and loss of appetite. Sufferers experience guilt attributed to semen loss through nocturnal emissions, urine and masturbation resulting in hypochondriasis, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Aims The study aims to evaluate the presence of depression among patients with Dhat syndrome and compare beliefs on issues related to sexuality between patients with Dhat syndrome and a control group. Methods Thirty two patients with Dhat Syndrome attending the psychiatry clinic of a general municipal hospital in India and 33 healthy males accompanying other patients to the clinic were administered a questionnaire regarding sexual myths and misconceptions. Depression was assessed using Beck's depression inventory (BDI). Results All patients with Dhat syndrome were diagnosed as having depression on the BDI total score whereas only 30% of the controls fulfilled criteria for depression. There was a significant difference in the mean BDI scores between the two groups. Myths and misconceptions on sexual issues were identified in both cases and controls, though they were less common in the control group. Conclusion The findings suggest a strong association between Dhat syndrome and depression. There is a need to assess depressive symptoms in patients with Dhat syndrome. The findings also suggest a need to educate the public regarding issues related to sexuality and the Dhat syndrome. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljpsyc.v3i1.4455 SL J Psychiatry 2012; 3 (1):17-20