The lungs require an adequate supply of vitamin A for normal embryonic development, postnatal maturation, and maintenance and repair during adult life. We have previously shown that a nutrient-metabolite combination of vitamin A admixed with a small proportion (10%) of retinoic acid (RA), referred to as VARA, acts synergistically to increase lung retinyl ester (RE) concentration in neonatal rats. A series of studies was designed to test whether VARA increases RE in adult lungs, and whether VARA is more effective than vitamin A when given by the i.m. route. Orally administered VARA increased RE in the lungs of vitamin A-marginal adult rats more than either vitamin A or RA alone (P < 0.05). In vitamin A-deficient young adult rats, lung RE was increased by VARA when administered by the i.m. route. When a tracer of (3)H-retinol was added to the placebo (oil), vitamin A, and VARA doses, total (3)H and (3)H-RE increased in the lungs more with VARA than vitamin A alone, for oral and i.m. dosing. Nevertheless, when VARA and vitamin A were given by the oral route, they were more effective in increasing RE in the liver. Plasma retinol was increased similarly in vitamin A-deficient rats after administration of VARA and vitamin A, by either the oral or the i.m. route. Overall, VARA can increase retinol uptake and esterification in adult lungs when delivered intramuscularly as well as orally.


The conformation and dynamics of the trisaccharide methyl β-D-Glcp-(1--> 2)[β-D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)] α-D-Manp and its constituent disaccharides methyl β-D-Glcp-(1 --> 2) α-D-Manp and methyl β-D-Glcp-(1 --> 3) α-D-Manp have been studied using computer simulations and NMR spectroscopy. The computer simulations applied were Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations employing the HSEA force field and Langevin dynamics simulations using the PARM22 and CHEAT95 force fileds. The NMR methods used were measurement of long-range heteronuclear coupling constants across the glycosidic linkages, measurement of carbon-13 nuclear relaxation rates for the determination of dynamical parameters according the Lipari-Szabo "model free" approach and measurements of homonuclear NOE and TROE cross relaxation rates for the determination of proton-proton distances. Experimental data were then compared to the corresponding parameters extracted from the various computer simulations. Studies of the carbon-13 labelled O-polysaccharides from Escherichia coli O25 and O91 have also been performed. 13C-13C TOCSY experiments, with the spin-lock on the carbon-13 nuclei, were applied to sugar residues of different geometries. This circumvented the problem of hampered magnetisation transfer encountered in residues with 3JHH < 2Hz when the spin-lock is applied on the protons.The carbon-13 labelling was also used to demonstrate the biosynthesis of one of the substituents in the Escherichia coli O91 O-polysaccharide.


1. Several lac diploid strains of Escherichia coli were constructed and tested to discover whether mutations in the lac promoter alleviate catabolite repression. 2. In each of these diploids the chromosome carries one of the promoter mutations, L8, L29 or L1; so that the rate of synthesis of the enzymes of the lac operon is only 2-6% of the fully induced wild-type. Each diploid harbours the episome F'lacM15 that specifies the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase under the control of intact regulator, promoter and operator regions, but has a deletion in the structural gene for beta-galactosidase. In each diploid more than 90% of the thiogalactoside transacetylase is synthesized from the episome, and 100% of the beta-galactosidase is synthesized from the chromosome, and comparison of the extent of catabolite repression that the two enzymes suffered indicated whether the chromosomal promoter mutation relieves catabolite repression. 3. In the strains in which the promoter carries either of the point mutations L8 or L29 the enzymes were equally repressed, suggesting that neither L8 nor L29 affects catabolite repression. 4. In a diploid strain harbouring the same episome but carrying deletion L1 on the chromosome, synthesis of beta-galactosidase suffered much less repression than that of thiogalactoside transacetylase. 5. In a diploid strain in which the chromosome carries L1 and also a second mutation that increases the rate of expression of lac to that permitted by L8 or L29, the synthesis of beta-galactosidase again suffered much less repression than the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase. 6. The effect of L1 (which deletes the boundary between the i gene and the lac promoter) is ascribed to its bringing the expression of lac under the control of the promoter of the i gene. 7. Even in strains carrying L1, some catabolite repression persists; this is not due to a trans effect from the episome since it occurs equally in a haploid strain with L1.


A new protein has been detected in the nuclei of vaccinia virus-infected cells. This protein has an apparent mol. wt. of 28000 (VP28) on SDS--polyacrylamide gels and has been detected in Triton X-100-treated nuclei of infected BSC-40, L-929 and CVC cells. Within the infected cells, VP 28 was synthesized maximally at 1 to 2 h p.i. in the cytoplasm and accumulated in the nuclei at 4 to 5 h p.i. The appearance of VP28 was not affected by cytosine arabinoside (25 microgram/ml), an inhibitor of virus DNA synthesis, or rifampicin (100 microgram/ml), an inhibitor of vaccinia assembly, but was inhibited by irradiation of the infecting virions; thus classifying it as an early vaccinia virus gene product. Nuclear--cytoplasmic mixing experiments suggested that the nuclear location of VP28 was not an artefact of the cell fractionation techniques employed. VP28 did not appear to be phosphorylated.


Sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto®) is the first commercially available angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) approved for use in heart failure patients with a reduced ejection fraction. It is a combination drug that contains sacubitril, a neprilysin inhibitor, and valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Our report outlines a case of probable ARNI-induced hyponatremia occurring in an elderly woman with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. According to Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Assessment, score indicated a likely association between patient's hyponatremia and her use of sacubitril/valsartan.


Humans have a powerful and mysterious capacity to reason. By working through a series of purely mental steps, we can make inferences we would not be capable of making directly -- despite the fact that we get no additional data from the world. Similarly, when large language models generate a series of intermediate steps (a chain of thought) before answering a question, they often produce better answers than they otherwise would. We investigate why and how chain-of-thought reasoning is useful in language models, testing the hypothesis that reasoning is effective when training data consists of local clusters of variables that influence each other strongly. These training conditions enable the chaining of accurate local inferences in order to estimate relationships between variables that were not seen together in training. We prove that there will exist a"reasoning gap", where reasoning through intermediate variables improves inference, for the simple case of an autoregressive density estimator trained on local samples from a chain-structured probabilistic model. We then test our hypothesis empirically in more complex models, training an autoregressive language model on samples from Bayes nets but only including a subset of variables in each sample. We test language models' ability to match conditional probabilities with and without intermediate reasoning steps, finding that intermediate steps are only helpful when the training data is locally structured with respect to dependencies between variables and that the combination of locally-structured observations and reasoning is much more data-efficient than training on all variables. Our results illustrate how the effectiveness of reasoning step by step is rooted in the local statistical structure of the training data.


Nanofluids have attracted great interest from researchers worldwide because of their reported superior thermal performance and many potential applications. However, there are many controversies and inconsistencies in reported experimental results of thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux of nanofluids. In this paper, two major features of nanofluids, which are boiling and convective heat transfer characteristics are presented besides critically reviewing recent research and development on these areas of nanofluids.


The article is devoted to the works of Myroslav Skoryk, a prominent Ukrainian composer, who is well known on the Polish music scene. Two pairs of preludes and fugues from the polyphonic cycle for piano are discussed in particular: C major No. 1 and F major No. 6. The compositions are subjected to musicological and performance analysis. The stylistic and interpretative specificity of these pieces is also considered.


PURPOSE
To prospectively and intraindividually compare dedicated breast computed tomographic (CT) images with screen-film mammograms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
All patient studies were performed according to protocols approved by the institutional review board and Radiation Use Committee; informed consent was obtained. A breast CT scanner prototype was used to individually scan uncompressed breasts in 10 healthy volunteers (mean age, 52.1 years) and 69 women with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 4 and 5 lesions (mean age, 54.4 years). In women with lesions, breast CT images were compared with screen-film mammograms by an experienced mammographer and ranked with a continuous scale of 1-10 (score 1, excellent lesion visualization with CT and poor visualization with mammography; score 5.5, equal visualization with both modalities; and score 10, poor visualization with CT and excellent visualization with mammography). A Wilcoxon signed rank procedure was used to test the null hypothesis that ratings were symmetric at about a score of 5.5 for the entire group and for distinguishing microcalcifications versus masses and other findings and benign versus malignant lesions and for effect of breast density on lesion visualization. Women were asked to compare their comfort during CT with that during mammography on a continuous scale of 1-10. With a Wilcoxon signed rank procedure, the null hypothesis that comfort ratings were symmetric about a score of 5.5 (equal comfort with CT and mammography) was tested.

RESULTS
Overall, CT was equal to mammography for visualization of breast lesions. Breast CT was significantly better than mammography for visualization of masses (P = .002); mammography outperformed CT for visualization of microcalcifications (P = .006). No significant differences between CT and mammography were seen among benign versus malignant lesions or for effect of breast density on lesion visualization. Subjects found CT significantly more comfortable than mammography (P < .001).

CONCLUSION
Some technical challenges remain, but breast CT is promising and may have potential clinical applications.


Pclla was the capital of a great kingdom for several centuries, and for a few years of the civilized world, but until recently it was little but a name. The excavations conducted there between 1957 and 1968 by P. for the first time revealed some of its riches. The most remarkable finds were the great houses of the late fourth and early third centuries, with their floors in pebble-mosaic, which showed that this art, the precursor of tessellated mosaic, had reached heights of sophistication and beauty quite unsuspected before. Other aspects were no less important, particularly the discovery that the hill to the west of Palaia Pella was part of the Acropolis; preliminary investigations suggest that important buildings are to be found there. Between 1958 and 1975 P. published articles on the progress of excavation and discovery; and the scholarly world looked forward eagerly to further work and full publication. Unhappily, owing to circumstances briefly referred to on pages 161 ff. of the volume under review, he had to leave the site. He put offpublication in the hope that he would soon return and excavate further; but this did not happen. He has here gathered ten articles, the first from the Illustrated London News of 2nd August, 1958, the last 'Archaeological Chronicles 1968-70' from Makedonika xv (1975), with a brief preface. It is good to have the articles collected; but we must hope that the author will be enabled to take up his work again, and that one day we shall have the definitive book by him on Pella which we need. His book on the great tomb at Lefkadia (which gave us our first glimpse of what classical painting was really like, work unsurpassed in quality even by the spectacular compositions lately revealed by Andronikos at Vergina) shows that P. is an excavator capable of presenting his discoveries promptly, fully and worthily.


Experiment was conducted to evaluate the high density culture of Mystus cavasius and its effects on growth performances, survival rate and proximate composition of the fish in recirculating aquaculture system. Fishes were cultured at 571, 714, 857 and 1000 fries/m3 as the initial stocking density. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in specific growth rate, average daily gain, food conversation ratio, protein efficiency ratio, condition factor (k) and survival rate (%) of fish under the culture period of 120 days among the different stocking densities. The average survival rate was ≥ 99% among the treatments at the end of the culture period. The moisture contents were between 77.10 and 77.75%, ash content was 2.58 and 2.61%, crude protein was 15.86 and 16.07%, crude lipid was 5.45 and 5.68% with no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatments. There were no significant variations in DO, TAN, NO3-N, NO2-N and pH among the treatments during culture. This study showed that stocking density of at least 1000 fries/m3 was the best option as the total gain was highest compared to other lower densities under similar facilities.
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 29(2): 137-145, 2020 (July)


In the era of sharing economy, to get great economic and business value from cloud services, including cost avoidance, cost savings, rapid deployment, scalability, management simplicity, better security and resiliency, the organization transformational flexibility is becoming the core business strategies. As an organization responds to the emergence of digitalization, this study presents four sharing economy models by comparing the sharing economy platforms, then examined a few notable papers that have helped set the stage for current conceptualization, especially concerning the impact of innovative sharing technologies on the organizational boundaries and business value chain system. Finally, the results reconstructed traditional value chains with three stages, including redeploying slack resources, inter collaboration, and value-creating acquisitions. And the finding is that structures digitalization processes through the lens of organizational with cloud service and edge computing. The objective of this article is to advance our understanding of the impact of innovative sharing technologies on the organizational boundaries and business value chain system.


In recent years, the parameterized complexity approach has lead to the introduction of many new algorithms and frameworks on graphs and digraphs of bounded clique-width and, equivalently, rank-width. However, despite intensive work on the subject, there still exist well-established hard problems where neither a parameterized algorithm nor a theoretical obstacle to its existence are known. Our article is interested mainly in the digraph case, targeting the well-known Minimum Leaf Out-Branching (cf. also Minimum Leaf Spanning Tree) and Edge Disjoint Paths problems on digraphs of bounded clique-width with non-standard new approaches.

The first part of the article deals with the Minimum Leaf Out-Branching problem and introduces a novel XP-time algorithm wrt. clique-width. We remark that this problem is known to be W[2]-hard, and that our algorithm does not resemble any of the previously published attempts solving special cases of it such as the Hamiltonian Path. The second part then looks at the Edge Disjoint Paths problem (both on graphs and digraphs) from a different perspective -- rather surprisingly showing that this problem has a definition in the MSO_1 logic of graphs. The linear-time FPT algorithm wrt. clique-width then follows as a direct consequence.


The computer program DAIM (Decomposition and Identification of Molecules) has been developed to automatically break up compounds in small-molecule libraries for fragment-based docking as well as database analysis. Here, DAIM is evaluated on 130 ligands derived from known crystal structures of ligand-protein complexes. The decomposition and a new fingerprint-based identification technique are used to select anchor fragments for docking. The docking results show that the DAIM selection is superior to size-based or random selection of fragments. To evaluate the usefulness for analyzing the fragment composition of a large library, DAIM is applied to a collection of about 1.85 million commercially available compounds. Interestingly, it is found that the set of most frequent cyclic and acyclic fragments originating from the decomposition of the 1.85 million molecules shows a large overlap with the most frequent fragments in a library of 5120 known drugs. DAIM has been successfully used in the in silico screening for inhibitors of beta-secretase and EphB4 kinase by fragment-based high-throughput docking. Possible future applications for de novo ligand design are briefly discussed.


retinal paracentral periphery retinal detachment the intrapapillary region the staphylo- matous optic nerve the pathogenesis of non-rhegmatogenous retinal in with optic nerve head The association of the linear naevus sebaceous syndrome with the ectopic lacrimal gland tissue at the limbus confirms a recent report on complex limbal choristomas in the linear naevus sebaceous syndrome.


We develop a continuous-time framework based on multiplicative weight updates to approximately solve continuous optimization problems. The framework allows for a simple and modular analysis for a variety of problems involving convex constraints and concave or submodular objective functions. The continuous-time framework avoids the cumbersome technical details that are typically necessary in actual algorithms. We also show that the continuous-time algorithms can be converted into implementable algorithms via a straightforward discretization process. Using our framework and additional ideas we obtain significantly faster algorithms compared to previously known algorithms to maximize the multilinear relaxation of a monotone or non-monotone submodular set function subject to linear packing constraints.


A single-volume introduction to contemporary tort and injury law. This expert summary covers direct and intentional interference with person or property and explores their defenses. Reviews liabilities, damages, and the apportionment of responsibility among parties, and examines the criticism and choices in tort law. Economic and dignitary injury is considered as well.


The biological research on the origins of the Basque people was strongly motivated by the singularity of their language. Early investigations based on comparative craniometrics go back to the nineteenth century. These suggested the idea of a local evolution for the Basques. However, this approach soon proved to be unreliable. In the mid-twentieth century, classical markers seemed to confirm that Basques were descendants of local Mesolithic Europeans who had avoided the impact of Near East Neolithic farmers better than other European populations. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing and recent genome-wide studies have allowed a more realistic reconstruction of the evolutionary history of populations. Further implications emerge from the genetic analysis of human remains from ancient archaeological sites. Several lines of evidence indicate that at least some Basque DNA lineages have evolved in situ, probably since pre-Neolithic times. However, the place of the Basques in the European diversity landscape is still far from being completely elucidated.

Key Concepts:

Since mid-twentieth century it has been speculated that Basques were descendants of local Mesolithic Europeans who had avoided the impact of Near East Neolithic farmers.

Traits under the influence of the environment are not reliable approaches to infer the evolutionary origins of populations. These include craniometrics and blood groups.

At least some Basque DNA lineages might have evolved in situ, probably since pre-Neolithic times.

Evolutionary inferences made from modern DNA make substantial simplifications of human demographic history. Ancient DNA analysis can provide a clearer picture of our past and can enhance our chances to reconstruct our history.

The singularity of the Basques in the European diversity landscape is still controversial. Genetic heterogeneity within Basques is a possible confounder.

Keywords:

basques;
evolution;
anthropology;
origins;
human genetic diversity;
evolutionary history;
classical markers;
ancient DNA;
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA);
haplogroup V;
genome-wide studies;
genetic heterogeneity


Objective. For the first time since the mid-1970s, this study explored sociodemographic correlates of abortion attitudes among Israeli Jews and compared them with those reported by the General Social Survey in the United States. Methods. A survey in the representative sample of Jewish adults living in urban areas across Israel (N = 546) that included two related items on the attitude toward abortion for nonvital reasons. Results. Using multiple regression, four statistically and socially significant correlates of antiabortion attitudes were identified: Greater religiosity (especially Ultra-Orthodox affiliation), lower than average income, greater number of children, and right-wing political preference. Gender and age did not emerge as significant correlates of abortion attitudes. Whereas American Jews form the mainstay of the prochoice camp, Jews in Israel are clearly divided along the lines of religiosity, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and political views. Conclusions. In both Israel and the United States, the sociodemographic profiles of abortion supporters and opponents have been rather similar and stable over the last 25 years. This may point to the stable patterns of religiosity in both societies, since antiabortion sentiments have mainly been fueled by religious fundamentalism, regardless of formal denomination.


'Resilience' is a term that is increasingly being used regarding community development issues. It is a particular issue on Pacific Islands where development issues exist, and the exposure of communities to natural hazards is apparent. Climate change is increasingly affecting Pacific Island communities. Many Pacific Island communities live on low-lying atolls, and communities on 'high' islands are generally located close to the coast. Both sets of communities are therefore highly exposed to storm and high seas events. Additionally, earthquake, tsunami and volcanic hazards exist. Infrastructure is a key aspect of resilience. Policies and technical issues regarding infrastructure resilience globally are the subject of a literature review. Research presented compares the policies taken to resilient infrastructure in (Western) Samoa against those taken in American Samoa. These two territories shared common cultural histories until the 19th century, both are 'high' islands and both face a similar range of natural hazards faced due to their relative close proximity in the Pacific Ocean. Analysis highlights where lessons can be learnt both globally and from the Samoas' approaches to resilient infrastructure. The lessons learnt in this thesis include the value of taking a holistic approach to disaster risk reduction, involving the community in hazard identification and disaster risk reduction, and working on these issues in a timely manner. Additionally, it is seen that careful long-term planning of land use with natural hazards in mind, which is found to be an economically sound approach, is of value in disaster risk reduction.


The Internet does not offer a priori definition and maintenance of quality of service to applications. Efforts to change this reality are being deployed by IETF, with IntServ and Diffserv. However, traffic behavior is still not well known. Consequently, each management mechanism has its advantages and disadvantages, and its applicability may depend on service behaviors. The objective of this article is to present simulated behavior of distinct network services submitted to different traffic management mechanisms. We also empirically evaluate mechanisms' behaviors when traffic conditions change. Traffic behavior is varied in terms of charge and nature. Finally, we map traffic conditions with best-fit mechanisms and configurations.


The fetal posterior cerebral artery (f-PCA) is an anatomical variant of the circle of Willis, which was correlated with ischemic stroke, either ipsilateral, or controlateral. We present the case of a male 82-year old patient, who was admitted in the emergency care unit of the "Prof. Dr.N.Oblu" Emergency Clinical Hospital, Iasi, for a transient ischemic attack. The patient presented several comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension stage 2, renal hydronephrosis, atrial fibrillation, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. His first submission to the emergency unit in 2014 had been due to an episode of transient ischemic attack, but after one year of not respecting his treatment and not willing to engage enough in occupational therapy procedures, he developed a second stroke, this time a large one, with secondary reperfusion, which lead to patient's death in a short time from his admission in our hospital. The autopsy revealed an asymmetrical circle of Willis due to the presence of a left fetal PCA and right hypoplastic posterior communicating artery (PComA) and a brain infarction with reperfusion of in the territory of the right PCA. Data from literature regardingthis particular type of paradoxal stroke and the coexistence of the two anatomical variants in the circle of Willis has been researched with the selection of 13 significant articles published in the period of the last 20 years.


Value chain development has become a key approach in both research and policy fields, with an increasing number of bilateral and multilateral aid organizations adopting it to guide their development interventions. AICAD/JICA-Project supported by the three East African States of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania together with Japan International Cooperation Agency, adopted this approach to improve the livelihoods of the farming communities living in Rongo District of Migori County. The communities used to grow a lot of cassava which was however, wiped out by African Cassava Mosaic Disease in 1980s. Although, farmers resorted to maize and sugarcane farming, the yields were low due to the poor soils, lack of finances to purchase adequate farm inputs and presence of striga weed; a parasitic plant that has devastating effect on the yield of cereal crops. The project was aimed at re-introducing cassava crop in the District and empowering the community on how to produce, process, utilize and market its products for poverty alleviation and socio-economic development. The study, was conducted to assess the effects of the project intervention on the socio-economic development of the farmers, involved a sample of 40 beneficiaries obtained through stratified proportionate random sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used to analyze the collected data with the aid of SPSS computer programme. The results show that besides a significant increase in the average acreage under cassava ( from 0.4 acres to 0.98), the production, processing and marketing interventions had a positive and significant effects on the socioeconomic indicators among the small holders farmers.


Macromolecular platinum drugs were prepared from statistical copolymers or block copolymers. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerisation was applied to obtain copolymers based on 3-(trimethylsilyl) prop-2-ynyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) as the reactive building block for the conjugation of platinum drugs and oligo(ethylene glycol methyl ether) methacrylate (OEGMEMA) as the water-soluble part. Two statistical copolymers and one block copolymer were obtained, which were deprotected to allow the subsequent 'click' reaction. Inspired by the platinum anti-cancer drug cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)), the platinum drug was conjugated to the polymer via a stable, permanent amino ligand. Therefore, a BOC protected 2-azidopropane-1,3-diamine (N3-DAP-BOC) ligand was prepared, which was attached to the polymers by copper catalysed azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition 'click' (CuACC) reaction. Purification of the polymer to remove the copper complex was found to be difficult and several approaches were investigated. Subsequent platinum drug conjugation led to three different macromolecular platinum drugs P(OEGMEMA64-co-[(PMA-DAP)8-Pt7]), P(OEGMEMA62-co-[(PMA-DAP)16-Pt14]), and P(OEGMEMA84-b-[(PMA-DAP)48-Pt20]) with conjugation efficiencies of more than 80% for the statistical copolymers and 40% for the block copolymer. Binding efficiency to DNA of all three polymers was studied using fluorescence spectroscopy revealing the highest binding with the statistical copolymer with the highest drug density. Interestingly, the toxicity of all three polymers towards the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3 highlights the importance of further work that investigates cellular uptake and stability of the aggregates in vitro.


Abstract:  We describe a case of an 8‐year‐old girl with large irregular café au lait macules on the right cheek and right lower extremity presenting with sudden onset vision loss and found to have polyostotic fibrous dysplasia on imaging. The classic triad of McCune–Albright syndrome is discussed along with the importance of recognition in patients with partial presentation. This case also highlights a rare and potentially devastating neurologic complication of McCune–Albright syndrome, as well as the need for early diagnosis and continual surveillance in these patients.


Maternal mortality is one of the most serious public health concerns around the globe especially in developing countries like India. WHO estimated that almost 40% of pregnant women and 42% of children less than 5 years of age are anaemic globally and one-third of all women of reproductive age is also anaemic, and around half of maternal deaths in the world occur due only to anaemia. But the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in India has marginally declined as reported by the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS). Using secondary data provided by NFHS, the study reveals that the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India as well as in Assam has declined sharply during the period from 1998 to 2018. The improvement in this maternal health aspect is associated with a drastic decline of all types of anaemia including mild, moderate and severe, which is also observed in the state of Assam. Additionally, the share of women in Assam who received maternal cares during various NFHS rounds shows considerable rise in terms of receiving Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) tablets, Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine, antenatal care (ANC) and delivery assisted by health professionals. The study also finds that the proportion of moderately or severely thin women in Assam is greater than the national average whereas the proportion of obese and overweight women in the state is very less compared to the national level. Moreover, the consumption of nutritious food and iodized salt intake by Assamese women is satisfactory in the country.


We measured expression of the MDR1 gene (also known as the PGY1 gene) in the human gastrointestinal tract. MDR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were elevated in 13 of 15 colorectal carcinoma specimens and in six of 13 gastric carcinoma specimens. Well-differentiated colorectal carcinomas contained significantly higher concentrations of MDR1 mRNA than moderately differentiated colorectal carcinomas. Similarly, moderately differentiated gastric carcinomas contained higher concentrations of MDR1 mRNA than poorly differentiated gastric carcinomas. MDR1 gene expression in normal colorectal and gastric tissues adjacent to carcinomas was similar to that in the carcinomas. MDR1 gene expression in xenografts of colorectal and gastric carcinomas in nude mice was also investigated. Elevated expression of the MDR1 gene was seen in only four of 18 xenografts of colorectal carcinoma and was not seen in any xenografts of gastric carcinoma. P-glycoprotein was distributed over the luminal surface of the colorectal carcinoma. These results imply that the higher levels of MDR1 mRNA found in well-differentiated carcinomas derived from colorectal tissues are the results of increased expression of the MDR1 gene in the luminal surface cells. The level of expression of the MDR1 gene in colorectal and gastric carcinomas appears to correlate with the degree of differentiation and also appears to be affected by transplantation into nude mice.


: The standard Wiggers' method was used to induce hemorrhagic shock in 13 anesthetized dogs by bleeding to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 50 mm Hg for 2 hours and then to 30 mm Hg for 1 hour, followed by reinfusion of the shed blood. The experimental protocol was designed to determine and relate hepatic function to cardiac function during hemorrhagic shock. Cardiac function parameters were recorded throughout the experiment on a multichannel polyoscillograph monitor, while liver function tests were done by using an automatic analyzer. Indices for cardiac performance, that is, left ventricular pressure (LVP), max dp/dt of LVP, left ventricular stroke work (LVSW), and right ventricular stroke work (RVSW) were all shown to be severely depressed at terminal stage. Transaminases (SGOT and SGPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), both being hepatic rich intracellular enzymes were very much elevated at terminal stage. This suggested that hepatic cell injury occurs in hemorrhagic shock as these enzymes seem to be leaking from damaged cells into bloodstream. Hepatic cell damage was confirmed to be present as the LDH isoenzyme electrophoresis showed a high frequency of liver fraction peak 5. Centrolobular hepatic necrosis was revealed by light microscopy. Cardiac function deterioration in hemorrhagic shock aggravates hepatic dysfunction.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after a single intramuscular dose (4.0 mg/kg) in smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis).

ANIMALS
8 healthy adult male smooth dogfish in human care within the same habitat.

METHODS
All sharks received a single intramuscular dose of robenacoxib (4.0 mg/kg) in the right caudolateral epaxial musculature. Blood samples were collected under manual restraint from the ventral tail vessel at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, and 24 hours after drug administration. Plasma drug concentrations were determined by HPLC followed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of the data.

RESULTS
A maximum plasma concentration of 1.24 µg/mL was reached at a mean time of 30 minutes following robenacoxib administration with a plasma elimination half-life of 3.79 hours. Plasma concentrations did not fall below the lower limit of quantification (0.1 µg/mL) at the time points sampled in this study.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Intramuscular administration of a single dose (4.0 mg/kg) of robenacoxib in smooth dogfish resulted in rapid absorption to a maximum concentration at approximately 30 minutes after administration and persisted above levels considered to be therapeutic in domestic species for at least 8 hours.


Beginning in 2006 a United States Federal regulation required public water suppliers using surface water serving more than 10,000 population to analyze for Cryptosporidium in at least 24 consecutive monthly samples from each surface water source. In July 2012, the U.S. EPA released the resulting data consisting of ca. 45,000 records. No Cryptosporidium were found in 93% of samples and no Cryptosporidium were found in any samples analyzed from over half of 1670 locations sampled. Nevertheless, at 250 locations representing every region of the U.S., Cryptosporidium were found in sufficient numbers of samples to provide a picture of their occurrence nationwide. Data from about 100 sites reporting the highest numbers were examined in detail. Although analysis of matrix spikes was required for quality control, the results do not permit estimating organism concentrations. The data reported at each of the individual sample locations were analyzed in the form of cumulative probability distributions to describe key risk-related features of median level and variability. Taken as a whole, the data describe a spectrum of median Cryptosporidium occurrence in surface waters of the U.S. ranging from ca. 0.005 to ca. 0.5 oocysts/L. The variability at individual sites ranged from ca. 1 to 15 r.s.d. Based on the LT2 positive data, comparison to measurements of other water quality parameters, and independent means of estimating organism production from watersheds reported in the literature, the hypothesis is offered that Cryptosporidium may be found in surface water anywhere worldwide continuously and within the spectrum defined above.


The article deals with the problem of community building in Lithuania. The aim of the article is to develop the psychological model of Community building in Lithuania, based on the analysis of the understanding of the term "community´, social situation in Lithuania, the expierence of Community building in West European countries and USA and analysis of psychological and social problems of community building in developing countries. The model was developed, according data of social situation in Lithuania, the experience of Community building in foreign countries and data of research of learning needs and psychological characteristics of adults as learners in Lithuania (Beresnevicienė, 1995, Beresnevicienė, 1996b, Beresnevicienė, 1996c, Beresnevicienė 1999). According to the author, the psychological model of Community building in Lithuania consists of three parts: 1) development and self-development of the personality traits and competencies of social worker (acceptance and understanding of his role in the situation of meaningful learning, the development of the openness, emphaty and truth approach in his work with the clients, development of adequate self-esteem and expectations to the clients and pozitive attitude towards lifelong learning, with the aim to improve his competencies); 2) development of clients' motivation to socialization (appearance and further development of clients motivation to socialization, development of his reliance to the memebers of community and to himself; development of self-esteem of the client); 3) creation of adequate sociocultural, educational and psychological conditions of the life in the community (evaluation of psychosocial needs of community members; choosing of appropriate methods of social work with the clients; development of social skills of community members).


attempts, cannulation time and incidence of complications were recorded. Results and Discussions: Successful cannulation with few attempts was more in posterior approach (93.8%) than in conventional central approach (87.5%) and cannulation procedure time was also shorter in posterior approach (413.87 88.02) than central approach (319.62 69.58). Incidence of complications e.g. arterial puncture were less in posterior approach (7/80) compared to central approach (18/80). Conclusion(s): Internal jugular vein cannulation by posterior approach (non-palpation method) is superior to central approach (palpation method) in terms of number of attempts, speed of cannulation and risk of arterial puncture.


Abstract Recent offshore drilling in the SW Ross Sea has recovered three cores with a cumulative thickness of 1500 m of Oligocene-early Miocene strata. Together with data from earlier drilling, notably from the CIROS-1 drillhole 70 km to the south (702 m of core), the cores record shallow marine glacigenic sedimentation at the margin of a rift basin bordering a mountain range that was breached by outlet glaciers from an ice sheet. This paper focuses on the late Oligocene-early Miocene record, which preserves sedimentary facies that represent warmer glacier ice and climatic conditions than are evident in the Antarctic today. Strata were cored near the South Victoria Land coast, and sedimentary facies include diamictite, conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and rhythmite. Facies associations, combined with seismic stratigraphic data, indicate an alternating proximal and distal marine record of glacigenic sedimentation, including phases of glacier grounding and variable degrees of iceberg rafting. Reworking by gravity-flow processes and near-shore submarine currents is also evident. These facies, together with evidence for periglacial vegetation, provide evidence of a late Oligocene-early Miocene climatic regime resembling that in the high-Arctic today. Thus, the climate was transitional between cooltemperate conditions of early Oligocene and cold-polar conditions of Quaternary time.


ABSTRACT.
 Recent changes in the timing of spring migration associated with climate change are occurring in hundreds of species of Northern Hemisphere birds. Much less is known about effects on autumn migration, especially for birds of prey. I studied simultaneous changes in spring and autumn phenology using data from 14 raptor species at two bird observatories on the shore of Lake Superior, North America. Median migration date advanced by 0.13 days·year-1 in spring and was delayed by 0.23 days·year-1 in autumn, with significant heterogeneity among species. Long-distance migrants were observed late in spring and early in autumn and showed less phenological change during autumn than short-distance migrants. The migratory period has become more extended, especially for short-distance migrants. Opposite responses during the two seasons had the effect of extending time spent to the north of the study area, by up to 30 days in some species since the early 1970s. These phenological shifts—potentially related to climate change— are causing dramatic changes in the annual cycle of North American raptors; whether these are beneficial or detrimental is unknown.


The purpose of this guide is to help VDOT employees select the best ways to access Books24x7 when off the VDOT network and using home computers or mobile devices.


Contemporary informa tion databases contain many millions of electronic documents. Locating information on the Internet today is problematic, due to the enormous number of documents it contains. Several other studies have found that associating documents with a subject or list of topics can improve locatability of information on the Internet (Drori, 2000a 2000b 2000c). Effective cataloguing of information is performed manually, requiring extensive resources. Consequently, most information is currently not catalogued. This paper aims to present a software tool that automatically locates the subject of a document and to show the results of a test performed, using the software tool, TextAnalysis, specially developed for this purpose. The main purpose of this study is to inform clients of the subject of the corpus of texts it obtains from search engines as a search results list.


The relationship between economic freedom and economic growth has always been discussed and investigated in the economic literature. This study investigates both the relationship among economic freedom, inflation rate, economic growth and, separately, economic freedom indices, inflation rate and economic growth in 23 uppermiddle income countries during 1995-2010. Pooled Least Squares and Two-way Panel Least Squares methods are used to estimate two different models. According to the results of these tests, economic freedom has a significantly positive effect, while inflation rate has a significantly negative effect on economic growth. When the components of economic freedom are examined separately, it was found that the coefficient of some components of economic freedom, such as government size index and business freedom index, were not significant variables. All other components of economic freedom are significantly related to economic growth.


This thesis investigates the modelling of the New Zealand hydro-thermal elec tricity generation system in order to determine an optimal strategy for gen eration, in terms of minimizing fuel costs. The model currently used by ECNZ (Electricity Corporation of New Zealand) uses an SDP (Stochastic Dynamic Pro gramming) method for solution; this allows little detail of the physical system, and models two explicit hydro reservoirs. The model developed in this thesis is flexi ble, in order to allow the balance between ensuring stochastically stable solutions and the detail of the physical system, to be altered, whilst ensuring computational t ractibility. The areas of the system which are important to be modelled accurately are isolated, as are those which may lead to computational intractibility if they are modelled in too much detail . The flexibility in the model also allows the effects of t he approximations used on solutions to be explored in a wider framework . The time horizon of the model i s one t o two years , with time steps of the order of a week . The time horizon describes the level to which many aspects of the system are to be modelled. Transmission is modelled explicitly so as to include information on t he geographical locations of power stations and power users; this takes the form of a network structure underlying the model. The load at each geographic location is represented by a Load Duration Curve (which is more robust , in terms of forecasting, than a direct representation of load with respect to time) . Hydro river chains are modelled as single power stations with a single reservoir and connect t he model temporally; we model six explicit hydro river chains. Thermal stations are modelled individually, and the generation from run-of-river and geothermal stations is removed from load before solution begins . The initial approach considers a model which, upon further investigation, IS unacceptable. However , examination of the issues highlighted by this approach provide insight into the system. The resultant re-modelling of the problem leads to a linear model which does not explicitly model the uncertainty in the generating (/) 1 I . '2 I 2 I --=. I ' capacity of stations due to forced outages. This accentuates the reason why the usual approach to explicitly modelling the uncertainty of supply (within a week) cannot be used in the case where the geographic distribution of generation has been explicitly modelled. The deterministic model may then be formulated as a Generalized Network with side constraints. The deterministic model developed can be extended stochastically in many ways . The stochastic extension investigated uses Rockafellar and \Nets' Progres sive Hedging Algorithm. This takes a scenario approach , in which the stochastic variables are approximated by a number of scenarios of observed values. A policy is required which minimizes the expected cost of generation over these scenarios, ensuring that information on the observed values of the stochastic variables is not used before it would be available in practice. Results and implementation issues are discussed for both the deterministic and stochastic models. Consideration is given to the implementation of a finished prod uct , as well as implementation for the purposes of investigating the feasibility and examining the computational effectiveness of approximations made in the model .


The algorithms implemented through artificial intelligence (AI) and big data projects are used in life-anddeath situations. While research exists to address varying aspects of moral decision-making with algorithms, the definition of project success is not readily available. Nevertheless, researchers place the burden of responsibility for ethical decisions from AI systems on the system developers. Using a systematic literature review, this research identified 71 AI project success factors in 14 groups related to moral decision-making with algorithms. It contributes to project management literature, specifically for AI projects. Project managers and sponsors can use the results during project planning and execution.


This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-diabetic properties of aqueous leaf extract of Adansonia digitata leaf (ALEAD) on blood glucose level. 36 of the rats were randomly distributed into 9. Group one served as the normal control and Group 2 rats were administered with alloxan (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were orally administered with alloxan (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Group 6 were orally administered with metformin (150 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Groups 7, 8, and 9 were orally administered with aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. The serum concentration of glucose of all the rats in each group was determined after the 8th and 15th dose of treatment. Groups 3, 4 and 5 showed a decrease after the first week of treatment but this decrease was not significant (P>0.05). The group treated with metformin (150 mg/kg) also showed a decrease which was also not significant (P>0.05). The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis of aqueous leave extract of A. digitata indicated the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoid and steroids. These results suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata possess anti-diabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats.

 Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Adansonia digitata, anterior pituitary, wistar rats.


This book aims to provide a detailed and systematic account of Conrad Summenhart's (1455-1502) language of individual rights. This study analyses Summenhart's theory in its historical context treating it as a culmination of late medieval discourse on individual rights, particularly useful to those interested in the origin of human rights language, modern political individualism, and late medieval and early modern political and moral philosophy.


While variability in the reproductive performance of a population over time is a familiar and useful concept to ecologists, it can be difficult to capture mathematically. Commonly used ecological variability statistics, such as the standard deviation of the logarithm and coefficient of variation, discard the time-ordering of observations and consider only the unordered response variable values. We used a relatively new methodology, the cubic regression spline (a flexible curve fitted to a scatterplot of data), both to illustrate trends in reproductive performance over time and to explore the utility of the cubic regression spline roughness penalty ( J ) as a statistic for measuring variability while retaining time-ordering information. We concluded that although J measures variability in a mathematical sense, it can be inappropriate in a population ecology context because of sensitivity to small-scale fluctuations. To illustrate our methodology, we used the CRS approach in an analysis of historical data from two Cassin's Auklet colonies located on Frederick and Triangle Islands in coastal BC, developing a model for the annual mean nestling growth rate on each island over seven contiguous years. Model selection indicated a complex (nonlinear) trend in growth rate on both islands. We report higher variability in the resident bird population of Triangle Island than Frederick Island, based on a comparison of the fitted curves, and the values of the coefficient of variation and population variability summary statistics.


Sri Lanka's 69-year-old parliamentary democracy continues with power concentrated at the center, and consequently, the country's non-Sinhala-Buddhist minorities on the periphery continue to press for equal rights, while ethnic strife hinders prospects for unified progress. Maithripala Sirisena, president since 2015, promises reconciliation but has received little cooperation from the majority Sinhala Buddhists.


This multi-authored work tackles the problem of how to examine the historicity of identity. Through four discrete case studies, seven scholars of religion expose the disconnects in the academic discourse on diaspora, identity, and creolization, and suggests ways of achieving greater theoretical clarity in the study of identity-or better, identity claims-as it takes shape over time and space.


Correlations between pedestrian movement and connectivity of streets have been frequently found in numerous studies. The configuration of the street network and its relation to observed movement patterns found in space syntax research is, of course, a significant part from them. With an attempt to further investigate the relation between urban form and movement behaviour, this study tests the correlation between configurational measures and a more detailed data on pedestrian movement. Observed in three residential neighbourhoods from Stockholm, the first part of data collected is the number of pedestrian per street segment (on a given moment). This so-called 'snapshot' data of the pedestrian density is tested with the configurational measures of the street network. The preliminary result shows a significant degree of correlation between pedestrian density and configuration. More importantly, another set of data on pedestrian movement is the data of 200 individual trips made in one of the three study areas (with highest average movement density). The detailed data on individual walking trips is obtained through random on-site tracking of pedestrians, and includes the route and the details of the trip character. This data is also tested in its correlation to configuration measures. An interesting result from this is the large difference in the degrees of correlation found for origin/destination segments and route-in-between segments. The result also shows that the degree of correlation also differs according to the character of the walking activity e.g. utilitarian, recreational, etc. Testing with data on movement containing more details of pedestrian behaviour, this study tries to investigate how urban form interacts with pedestrian movement in the aspect of street connectivity.


The aim of our study was to compare the effect of various proportions of popped amaranth grain (Amaranthus cruentus) in piglet diets on selected blood indicators, such as red blood cell count (RBC), haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin concentration (HB) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), but also growth efficiency (daily weight gain) and tissue morphology of the gastrointestinal tract. Altogether, 122 piglets (12 litters) were divided randomly into four groups (4 × 3 litters). Diet of the piglets in the control group was without popped amaranth grain. Starting from day 5 until day 90 of life, each of the three experimental groups was offered one of the feed mixtures containing different amounts of heat-treated popped amaranth grain: 20% (group A20), 40% (group A40), and 79% (group A79). When comparing the three experimental groups with the control group, in relation to the mean haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count, higher values were measured in almost all periods of the piglets' life, except for five-day-old piglets in the experimental groups. Only in 90-day-old piglets, group A79 tended to have a higher body weight compared to the control piglets. In summary, differences in haematologic indices which occurred between groups were inconsistent and of minor practical impact. With regard to the costs of the Amaranthus diet, beneficial effects were not obvious. Swine, nutrition, anaemia, iron deficiency, haematocrit, haemoglobin


Vision transformers (ViTs) have demonstrated impressive performance on a series of computer vision tasks, yet they still suffer from adversarial examples. In this paper, we posit that adversarial attacks on transformers should be specially tailored for their architecture, jointly considering both patches and self-attention, in order to achieve high transferability. More specifically, we introduce a dual attack framework, which contains a Pay No Attention (PNA) attack and a PatchOut attack, to improve the transferability of adversarial samples across different ViTs. We show that skipping the gradients of attention during backpropagation can generate adversarial examples with high transferability. In addition, adversarial perturbations generated by optimizing randomly sampled subsets of patches at each iteration achieve higher attack success rates than attacks using all patches. We evaluate the transferability of attacks on state-of-the-art ViTs, CNNs and robustly trained CNNs. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the proposed dual attack can greatly boost transferability between ViTs and from ViTs to CNNs. In addition, the proposed method can easily be combined with existing transfer methods to boost performance.


Abstract. Fisheye camera installed on-board mass market UAS are becoming very popular and it is more and more frequent the use of such platforms for photogrammetric purposes. The interest of wide-angles images for 3D modelling is confirmed by the introduction of fisheye models in several commercial software packages. The paper exploits the different mathematical models implemented in the most famous commercial photogrammetric software packages, highlighting the different processing pipelines and analysing the achievable results in terms of checkpoint residuals, as well as the quality of the delivered 3D point clouds. A two-step approach based on the creation of undistorted images has been tested too. An experimental test has been carried out using a Parrot Bebop 2 UAS by performing a flight over an historical complex located near Piacenza (Northern Italy), which is characterized by the simultaneous presence of horizontal, vertical and oblique surfaces. Different flight configurations have been tested to evaluate the potentiality and possible drawbacks of the previously mentioned UAS platform. Results confirmed that the fisheye images acquired with the Parrot Bebop 2 are suitable for 3D modelling, ensuring accuracies of the photogrammetric blocks of the order of the GSD (about 0.05 m normal to the optic axis in case of a flight height equal to 35 m). The generated point clouds have been compared to a reference scan, acquired by means of a MS60 MultiStation, resulting in differences below 0.05 in all directions.


Knowledge of socio-demographic factors affecting attitudes to and perception of risk is an important instrument in enhancing efficiencies of interventions. The authors evaluated whether socio-demographic variables affected attitudes to an environmental issue (securing future drinking water). An important aspect was the delay between time of environmental pollution and time of human exposure and thereby potential health risk. Gender, education, place of residence and age all influenced the extent to which individuals were willing to allocate present resources to alleviate a future problem. Specifically, people above the age of 50 appeared more reluctant to pay for an intervention against a future potential health threat. The authors found a significant correlation between attitude and willingness to pay (WTP). In the authors' scenarios, the WTP variable worked more as a dichotomous variable than as a continuous variable, stressing the importance and relevance of the WTP=0 answers.


Objectives: Flow and mental toughness (MT) are concepts commonly associated with superior performance
functioning in sport. While previous studies have investigated the relationship between MT and flow, this study
sought to ascertain a more detailed understanding of this relationship by utilising a mixed method approach to
examine the flow experiences of individuals with higher / lower MT soon after repeated performances.
Design: A mixed method design was utilised to explore individual experiences of flow in athletes with higher / lower
MT.
Methods: An intensity sampling strategy using a questionnaire to identify individuals with higher / lower MT acted
as a prelude to the main data collection phase. Sixteen individuals (female n = 11; male n = 5) participated in a mixed
method investigation of flow experiences. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing flow within 24-hours of
five consecutive competitive performances (total observations = 83), and forty event-focused interviews (M length =
45 minutes) were conducted as soon as possible following the occurrence of flow (M = 4.5 days). Data were initially
interpreted using within-case and then cross-case analysis.
Results: Although the process of entering flow was similar for higher / lower MT participants, differences in the
psychosocial interactions underlying the transition into and out of flow were evident between groups. Intraindividual
differences concerning the situations in which individuals experienced flow emerged.
Conclusion: Findings support previous research by highlighting that differences exist in the flow experience of
individuals with higher and lower MT which may have applied implications for researchers, coaches, athletes and
practitioners.


An instrument to assess primary school science conceptual knowledge in pre-service primary teachers is developed and validated. A test with 50 multiple-choice items was developed based on the four blocks of curricular content for children in primary school: natural environment and its preservation, diversity of living beings, health science and personal development, matter and energy. A sample of 83 pre-service teachers at one important spanish university was taken for statistical validation purposes. Both external consistency (as measured by test-retest correlation) and internal consistency (as measured by Kurder-Richardson's 20th formula) were above 0.7. Item difficulty and discrimination was studied as well as distractor election. Everything suggests that this test is appropriate for its aimed purpose, although it needs some touch-ups. Furthermore, remarkable results about poor conceptual domain and misconceptions were identified in pre-service teachers. Implications of these findings are discussed.


The paraphyletic trilobite suborder Ptychopariina includes a large proportion of Cambrian trilobite diversity and is probably ancestral to most groups of post‐Cambrian trilobites. Resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within the group is therefore crucial to a better understanding of the initial radiation of trilobites. The recognition of approaches that can successfully resolve the relationships of ptychoparioid taxa is an important first step towards this aim. Cladistic analysis was used to determine relationships within the Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobite family Conocoryphidae, and to test claims that the family is polyphyletic. Ninety‐seven characters were coded for 40 conocoryphid species and nine non‐conocoryphids. The results indicate that the family consists of four distantly related clades. Three are recognized here as distinct families, including an extensively revised Conocoryphidae, and the families Holocephalidae and Atopidae. The fourth clade is referred to the subfamily Acontheinae (Corynexochida) as the new Tribe Hartshillini. Analysis of the disparity of these four clades shows that they are significantly less morphologically variable than the original polyphyletic taxon, demonstrating the possible effects of taxonomic error on macroevolutionary studies of morphological disparity.


Abstract This paper gives an overview of adaptive discretization methods for linear second-order hyperbolic problems such as the acoustic or the elastic wave equation. The emphasis is on Galerkin-type methods for spatial as well as temporal discretization, which also include variants of the Crank-Nicolson and the Newmark finite difference schemes. The adaptive choice of space and time meshes follows the principle of \goaloriented" adaptivity which is based on a posteriori error estimation employing the solutions of auxiliary dual problems.


This article investigates the impact on economic performance of the timing of moves in a policy game between the government and the central bank for a government with both distributional and stabilization objectives. It is shown that both inflation and income inequality are reduced without sacrificing output growth if the government assumes a leadership role compared to a regime in which monetary and fiscal policy is determined simultaneously. Further, it is shown that government leadership benefits both the fiscal and monetary authorities. The implications of these results for a country deciding whether to join a monetary union are also considered.


Employing concepts of place and space, we consider the implementation of Early College initiatives in two small school districts in Ohio, situated in very different regions of the state. One is a rural district near the foothills of Appalachia, and the other is a small town district on the shores of Lake Erie. The paper examines data collected through a state-wide evaluation project. Our analysis suggests that where a school is located matters to the kinds of resources, opportunities and constrains it has for implementing state programs. Resources like transportation, access to college partners, and even proximity to other school districts made important differences to how these school districts implemented the Early College program. Given the variable conditions of school districts in Ohio and other states with a large number of rural and small city school districts, state policy makers should consider flexible implementation plans and variable levels of support.


OBJECTIVES
To explore the correlation between health-illness transition (HIT) experiences and distress among patients with pancreatic cancer.

SAMPLE & SETTING
55 patients with a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer receiving chemotherapy at a tertiary cancer center in New York.

METHODS & VARIABLES
A prospective correlational study was performed to explore the frequency, extent, and management of HITs. HITs were evaluated using the Measurement of Transitions in Cancer Scale, and distress was measured with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer.

RESULTS
All patients experienced at least one HIT. The extent of HITs decreased over time. Patients reported that they managed HITs moderately well. There was a significant correlation between unmanaged HITs and distress. As distress increased, the extent of the physical and emotional HITs increased and management worsened.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
HITs are ubiquitous among patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Associated distress inhibits management. Nurses are well suited to assess for potential HITs and to support self-management of HITs.


This paper deals with the activities conducted in the GARTEUR Action Group HC/AG-24 to address noise scattering of helicopter rotors in presence of the fuselage. The focus of the paper is on the design for a generic "tail rotor" noise source used in the fuselage scattering study. The main design criterion is that the generic rotor noise source should resemble the main characteristics of the tail rotor with clear harmonic components. A two bladed simplified tail rotor model is considered. The performance of the tail rotor model in terms of thrust and torque with respect to the advance ratio is calibrated in the POLIMI wind tunnel. Acoustic measurements of the tail rotor model were tested in the DLR Acoustic Wind tunnel Braunschweig AWB. The results of the rotor performance and the rotor acoustic characteristics are described. The spectral variations resulting from unsteadiness of the source are explored in both with and without wind. The noise characteristics such as the spectral content, sound levels at fixed distances, and the time varying nature of the sound field are discussed


"As in real life" This study reports on teamwork within commercial organisations. How do team members experience team life, and which significance do they attribute to it? What are the consequences of these issues for the performance of the team concerned? The central research question study is: "Which particular significance do professionals render to working in a team?" Interviews revealed five themes of most importance to team members: drive, bonding and identification, communication, leadership, inclusion and exclusion. These themes have served as a guideline for further research. After consideration of these explicit themes other patterns become visible, such as the letting prevail of self- interest, the cherishing of a positive self-image and illusions, the performing, existential fears and the exercising of power in order to manage these fears. These are the basic patterns of the interaction, at work at a deeper level below the themes explicitly mentioned by team members. They are not – or only to a small extent – aware of these implicit themes. These themes were no natural subject of discussion. When introduced, the response was denial, disbelief and rejection. Conclusions Eventually the individual's interest is always a stronger incentive than the team's interest. Self-interest acts as a guide to the interpretations, even if, within the team, the illusion of communal targets is preserved. Performances (concealed behaviour), striving for hidden interests and limited awareness of 'what happens' are the main causes of ambiguity. Performances conceal 'what is there': they preserve illusions and create ambiguity. Performances are part of daily life. Therefore team members are not aware of their performances, or the performances in which they partake. Interests define what must be influenced, power defines the performance. Communication is an important means of power. It is used by anyone. Power is thus part of everyday life. Inclusion and exclusion are radical interaction processes. Here power is in the hands of the established members of the team. Successful enterers postpone their self-interest. Inclusion seems a rational process of consideration and selection, but is – just as in general society – directed by the undercurrent. Undercurrent and upper current define the life in teams. Denial or censure of the undercurrent can turn team life into quicksand. The denial itself accumulates the effect: even more items are suppressed. In this way the influence of the undercurrent is reinforced. Undercurrent factors, such as the concealed use of power, interests, (lacking) confidence, rationalisation, fear and emotion condone performing. Ambiguity, performances, power play and illusions are the result. Undercurrent factors erode mutual trust. This very trust is essential for the proper functioning of a team in complex surroundings or with a complicated assignment. Outcome This research shows that team life is just like ordinary life. The attentive beholder can observe the described patterns and processes in every team. Just as in 'real life' performances abound. Above everything else, professionals act as human beings, also in a context in which they are expected to act professionally. From these conclusions new ideas about the management of teams are presented in which the undercurrent is paid attention to. Inherent to the prominent role of self-interest the team members are allocated a more defining role in the management of their team.


ABSTRACT This paper discusses a Samburu pastoralist landscape idiom, ntoror, that encapsulates ideas about agentive pastoralist landscapes that inherently attract conflict; and passionate, place-based identities forged out of environmental and human-wrought disaster. The paper grows out of a project that experimentally integrated ethnographic self-scrutiny with a bio-archaeological excavation involving human remains, with the aim of encouraging reciprocal knowledge production. The inspiration for exploring ntoror and expanding its metaphorical reach came from our Samburu co-author, Musa Letua, who responded to the challenges the excavation posed by drawing upon the idiom of ntoror, which made sense to him. The overlapping stories of ntoror we narrate follow closely the ways in which Letua explored them in interviews associated with the excavation, and in other interview settings in earlier years. As such, this paper represents the fruits of cross-cultural collaboration and shared knowledge production.


: Free-running rhythms for eating, drinking, standing and walking activities were studied in two experiments with four cross-bred rams. In the first experiment the rhythms were entrained to a LD (12:12) (300:0) regimen. Following a change to continuous dim light (less than 2 lux) there was a suggestion of free-running activity for about three days in some of the variables. By the fourth day, however, the previously entrained rhythms had been damped out and were replaced by random patterns of activity in all variables. In the second experiment, two entraining agents were used: LD (12:12) (300:0) and restriction of feed to the light period only. There was again some indication of free-running activity for the first few days of continuous dim light (less than 2 lux) but by the fourth day only random patterns of activity were evident.


Among 67 blunt hepatic traumas treated during a 4 years period, 34 required an emergency surgery for reasons of severe bleeding, with 16 deaths of which 11 were directly due to the liver injury. 33 patients, whose hemodynamic stability contrasted with major hepatic lesions (5 deep fractures, 28 central hematomas combined with 5 subcapsular hematomas and 3 multiple parenchymatous fractures), were subjected to nonoperative management. One patient died from sudden hemorrhage and a second one underwent further drainage for a residual pelvic abscess. In the 32 alive patients, a close watch over with ultrasound and CT scan gave prominence to a complete disappearance of the lesions within 4 to 24 weeks. The nonoperative management of such hepatic injuries may be a safe and reasonable alternative to a high risk surgery, as far as the hemodynamic condition or associated visceral lesions do not require an emergency surgery.


Human land-use legacies have long-term effects on plant community composition and ecosystem function. While ancient and historical land use is known to affect biodiversity patterns, it is unknown whether such legacies affect other plant community properties such as the diversity of functional traits. Functional traits are a critical tool for understanding ecological communities because they give insights into community assembly processes as well as potential species interactions and other ecosystem functions. Here, we present the first systematic study evaluating how plant functional trait distributions and functional diversity are affected by ancient and historical Indigenous forest management in the Pacific Northwest. We compare forest garden ecosystems managed perennial fruit and nut communities associated exclusively with archaeological village sites with surrounding periphery conifer forests. We find that forest gardens have substantially greater plant and functional trait diversity than periphery forests even more than 150 years after management ceased. Forests managed by Indigenous peoples in the past now provide diverse resources and habitat for animals and other pollinators and are more rich than naturally forested ecosystems. Although ecological studies rarely incorporate Indigenous land-use legacies, the positive effects of Indigenous land use on contemporary functional and taxonomic diversity that we observe provide some of the strongest evidence yet that Indigenous management practices are tied to ecosystem health and resilience.


OBJECTIVE
To determine glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration and immunohistochemical staining characteristics of type-I, -II, and -X collagen from cartilage affected by osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in dogs.

ANIMALS
31 dogs with OCD and 11 clinically normal purpose-bred dogs.

PROCEDURE
Cartilage samples were evaluated microscopically, and GAG content was determined. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for type-I, -II, and -X collagen. Sections were subjectively evaluated for location and intensity of staining.

RESULTS
Cartilage affected by OCD had a variety of pathologic changes and significantly lower GAG concentrations than did normal cartilage. Normal cartilage had no detectable type-I collagen. For dogs < 9 months of age, cartilage affected by OCD had significantly more type-I collagen but significantly less type-X collagen than did control cartilage. For dogs > 12 months of age, cartilage affected by OCD contained significantly more type-I collagen than did control cartilage. There was a significant negative correlation between immunoreactivity of type-I collagen and that of type-II and -X collagen. A significant positive correlation was found between immunoreactivity of type-II and -X collagen.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Cartilage affected by OCD contains less GAG, more type-I collagen, and less type-X collagen, compared with normal cartilage. A direct correlation between these changes and the etiopathogenesis of OCD was not established.


Mesenteric tumors are uncommon lesions. Primary mesenteric carcinoid is a rare entity with only a few reported cases. Therefore, a thorough examination of the resected bowel is necessary to rule out the presence of possible primary tumor in the adjacent bowel loop. We present a case of primary mesenteric carcinoid.


The aim of this study is to identify cognitive constructs of prospective teachers about ideal teacher qualifications. This study was designed as phenomenological pattern which is one of the qualitative research designs. The study was conducted with 36 prospective teachers selected from Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Education. The study group was determined by using criterion sampling method as one of the purposive sampling methods. As a structured interview technique, 'repertory grid' was used for data collection. As a result of the study, 356 cognitive constructs were produced by prospective teachers about teacher qualifications and these cognitive constructs were grouped under ten categories namely communication skills, student centeredness, innovativeness, sensitivity, humaneness/joviality, teaching pedagogical skills, leadership/guidance, professional content knowledge, personal values and professional values by taking functions and similarities into consideration. Dominant categories of prospective teachers' cognitive constructs are teaching pedagogical skills, humaneness/joviality, personal and professional values. Their cognitive constructs play an important role in developing conceptual models of ideal teaching.


After the processes of crushing, screening and grinding, abandoned mortar powder can be used as a mineral admixture to replace cement. Physical-activating, alkali-activating and compound-activating have been used to stimulate the activity of abandoned mortar power. To get the mechanical properties and microstructure, compressive strength, flexural strength, XRD, TG-DTA and SEM were used. The results show that: Mechanical grinding and activator can greatly improve the activity of mortar power. Stimulating effect of compound activator was better than signal activator and it could promote further hydration of cement. The mortar which is stimulated by compound activator had higher strength than mortar by single activator. It can be seen from micro-test that the mortar with compound activator had more ettringite and other hydration products, and with compact structure.


The center post is the most critical component as an inboard part of the toroidal field coil for the low aspect ratio tokamak. During the discharge it endures not only a tremendous ohmic heating owing to its carrying a rather high current but also a large nuclear heating and irradiation owing to the plasma operation. All the severe operating conditions, including the structure stress intensity and the stability of the structure, largely limit the maximum allowable current density. But in order to contain a very high dense plasma, it is hoped that the fusion power plant system can operate with a much high maximum magnetic field BT ≥12 T~15 T in the center post. A new method is presented in this paper to improve the maximum magnetic field up to 17 T and to investigate the possibility of the normal conducting center post to be used in the future fusion tokamak power plant.


One of the most accurate yet still practical representation of material appearance is the Bidirectional Texture Function (BTF). The BTF can be viewed as an extension of Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) for additional spatial information that includes local visual effects such as shadowing, interreflection, subsurface‐scattering, etc. However, the shift from BRDF to BTF represents not only a huge leap in respect to the realism of material reproduction, but also related high memory and computational costs stemming from the storage and processing of massive BTF data. In this work, we argue that each opaque material, regardless of its surface structure, can be safely substituted by a BRDF without the introduction of a significant perceptual error when viewed from an appropriate distance. Therefore, we ran a set of psychophysical studies over 25 materials to determine so‐called critical viewing distances, i.e. the minimal distances at which the material spatial structure (texture) cannot be visually discerned. Our analysis determined such typical distances typical for several material categories often used in interior design applications. Furthermore, we propose a combination of computational features that can predict such distances without the need for a psychophysical study. We show that our work can significantly reduce rendering costs in applications that process complex virtual scenes.


New results are presented on the multiple emission of nucleons from 232Th following photo-excitation in the energy range 40-150 MeV. Using activation techniques, the cross-sections for 11 separate (gamma, xnyp) photoreactions have been determined from the residual alpha-activity of their reaction products. In the course of this investigation, improved half-lives have also been measured for several of the actinide nuclides studied. Photoreaction cross-sections, obtained from the electron and bremsstrahlung yield curves, have been compared with the predictions of the intranuclear cascade and hybrid exciton models for precompound nuclear decay. The photodisintegration models in their present form, while reproducing the general trends of the measured cross-sections, appear to underestimate the importance of precompound fast particle emission during the nuclear de-excitation sequence which follows photon absorption. Necessary improvements to these models, regarding their application to photonuclear interactions, are discussed. The importance of fission competition in the nuclear disintegration process has also been demonstrated and present estimations of the parameters governing fission decay in this energy domain, are shown to be reasonably valid. Comparisons of the real and virtual photon data gathered in this experiment suggest that present calculations of the virtual photon spectra, made in second order Born approximation, underestimate the E1 intensity for nuclei in this mass and energy range. The need for a virtual photon formalism which incorporates a full treatment of both nuclear size and charge effects is emphasised. This new data greatly extends the information available on photodisintegration in heavy nuclei and provides a useful testing ground for theoretical treatments of the final-state interactions and absorption mechanism associated with photonuclear processes at these energies.


To the Editor. —There has been concern that anterior chamber (AC) water, Fla) AC IOL 4 days later. During explantation, the intact loop had to be severed to facilitate removal because the distal portions of both loops were encapsulated in peripheral synechiae. Four weeks after this procedure, the patient's visual acuity was 20/25. The explanted IOL was examined grossly (Fig 1), and scanning electron microscopy clearly demonstrated the sheared appearance characteristic of a fracture in the superonasal loop when compared with the surgically severed loop (Fig 2). Comment. —Although traumatic fracture of AC IOL footplates has been reported,2in vivo fracture of an IOL loop or haptic not attributable to overt head or ocular trauma is very uncommon. The first such case, reported by Maguen and associates' in 1985, detailed the loop fracture of a Kelman Quadriflex AC IOL. The second case, reported by Park and coauthors3


In the through-the-wall radar imaging applications, errors in wall parameters cause targets to be imaged away from their true positions. The shifts of target locations depend on the estimation errors in the wall thickness and dielectric constant as well as the target locations with respect to the antenna array. In this paper, we propose a novel technique that enables proper imaging to be performed with unknown wall characteristics. In this technique, the imaging is performed for different sets of the assumed wall parameters at different standoff distances from the wall. For each set of wall parameters, the combined image for different standoff distances is obtained. A focusing metric is then applied to determine the wall characteristics corresponding to the maximum sharpness of the image. The proposed standoff-based imaging technique has several advantages in practical use, including safety, covertness, and rapid acquisition time.


The aim of the present study was to investigate inline lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) changes in clinically healthy dairy cows according to the number and stage of lactations, milk yield, and the reproduction status The LDH activity (μmol/min per litre) was measured using the dry-stick technology. A total of 378 cows were selected and classified according to their reproductive status into the following groups: fresh (1–44 days after calving); open (45–65 days after calving); inseminated (1–35 days after insemination); pregnant (35–60 days after insemination). According to their milk productivity, the cows were classified into the following groups: <15 kg/d, 15–25 kg/d, >25–35 kg/d, and >35 kg/d. They were milked with a DeLaval milking robot in combination with a Herd Navigator analyser. The results showed that the inline LDH concentration had a tendency to increase along with the increase in the number of lactation periods (P < 0.05). The highest level of LDH was observed in fresh cows 5–10 days in milk (DIM), and the highest LDH concentration was found in the milk of fresh cows. A positive statistically reliable relationship was found between the milk yield and LDH concentration (P < 0.05); LDH and milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were positively related in all groups of cows, although LDH concentration and SCC were the highest correlated variables in inseminated cows (P < 0.05). The present study shows that measuring LDH activity in milk is both easy and cost effective with high sensitivity and specificity, having a great potential as a diagnostic tool for detection of subclinical mastitis.


Immune response to a subset of antigens and epitopes derived from an infectious pathogen may be sufficient for competent protection; immune recognition of every potential epitope derived from the pathogen's genome does not appear to be required. The pneumococcal and hepatitis vaccines, both of which are subunit vaccines, illustrate this premise. Similarly, 'immunome-derived vaccines' are based on the concept that response to the subset of antigens and epitopes that interface with the host immune system (the immunome) and not the whole organism (represented by the proteome or genome) can be sufficient for protection. Competent immune responses to cancer are also probably restricted to the neoplasm's 'immunome', although the set of antigens that drive successful immune response to cancer cells has proven more difficult to uncover. Researchers are now using bioinformatics sequence analysis tools, epitope mapping tools, microarrays and high-throughput immunology assays to discover the components of the immunome, which are then used to compose these new vaccines. At least one immunome-derived vaccine is in clinical trials and many others are in the vaccine pipeline. Due to the rapid improvement of immunoinformatics tools and immunological assays, the era of immunome-derived vaccines has begun.


This study explores the responses of a selected group of female teenage viewers to the Ricki Lake Show. Although a number of studies have been done in the area of audience, very few of them have considered teenage and young adult audiences. Most of the current research to date has focused on either how television affects viewers' behaviour, primarily children, or in the field of reception research, where studies have explored how viewers respond to various television programs, primarily soap operas, where the subjects were mostly adult women. This study uses the reception research methodology of visiting participants in their homes. A total of seventeen teenage women were interviewed in ten sessions. Interviews covered the following areas: a) why they watch television talk shows; b) their perceptions of the components of the genre, i.e., host, topics, guests, studio audience members, expert, and visual style; and c) their overall perceptions of the genre of talk TV. Each session involved a different episode of the Ricki Lake Show, except for one repeat. Each session lasted for between two and three hours, one hour of which was spent watching the show. The remainder of the time was spent in discussions. A list of questions was used to guide discussions. Interviews and discussions were fully transcribed prior to analysis. The overall results strongly suggested that age and socio-economic status influenced the responses of the study participants. The results also made it clear that these viewers were active participants of media in the sense that they could critique and interpret the genre in a personal manner. However, the participants seemed to lack media awareness skills essential for critical viewing, such as an understanding of the techniques used in creating media images, awareness of the distinction between the view of the world presented on television and the real world, and awareness of the commercial motivations for creating these programs. T A B L E OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of


This collective writing project considers the central issue of how we account for, understand, and talk about, the professional work of care in early childhood education. As an international collective, we stake out some of the messiness, the specificities and complexities of care in early childhood education. Each scholar explores the issue of foregrounding care in the professional work of early childhood educators and reflects on the complexities of care in early childhood education and care. While these musing are collected together in this paper, they are each a standalone provocation to grapple with diverse issues of care in relation to etymology, policy, risk, relationships, power, and racism. As a collective, we explore ways of engaging in the messiness of care and education with a spirit of vulnerability and the courage of risk taking to unpack care in early childhood education.


Author(s): Uhlaner, Carole J | Abstract: Latinos are a large and growing portion of the US population but are less numerous among participants in politics than their numbers would suggest. Predictions of the future rates of participation among Latinos depend heavily upon understanding the causes of current rates. A substantial proportion of the disparity in participation rates between Latinos and non-Latinos can be accounted for by the numbers of noncitizens and by other factors related to a large pool of immigrants, differences in socioeconomic resources, and the young age distribution of Latinos. However, these summary statements obscure differences across types of participation. They also obscure differences across Latinos of different national origins. Much of the analysis done to date of the Latino National Political Survey (LNPS) has made clear that Puerto Ricans, Mexican-Americans, and Cuban-Americans can differ as much from each other as members of each group differ from non-Latinos. This paper uses the LNPS data to examine the factors related to different types of political participation among US Latinos of different national origins. Borrowing from the standard participation literature, we consider the impact of resources, engagement, and recruitment.The Latino population provides an especially useful case for testing hypotheses about the impact of mobilization upon activity. Political leaders have actively appealed to Latino ethnicity both in structuring political competition and in seeking support. I have proposed elsewhere that the success of such appeals in increasing participation will hinge in large part upon whether or not the targeted public believes itself well-represented by the leaders. The LNPS contains several items relevant to perceived representation. This paper will use the LNPS data to test the effect of perceived representation upon political participation, while taking account of the other factors that affect levels of activity.


Background Imitative ('copycat') suicide occurs when a media representation of suicide precipitates a suicide attempt. Several organisations have guidelines for responsible suicide reporting, designed to minimise risk of precipitating imitative suicide. Observational studies have explored the evidence for imitative suicide, showing that a large amount of suicide coverage in the news is followed by higher incidence of deaths from suicide. Those imitating a suicide tend to share characteristics such as gender and age with the person whose death was portrayed. The effect of sharing transgender status has not yet been explored. Suicide attempts are common in the transgender population: 40% have attempted suicide at least once. This systematic review will evaluate to what extent UK newspapers adhere to guidelines when reporting suicides of transgender people. Methods We searched the newspaper database Nexis for UK newspaper articles published September 2007–2017 which reported the suicide of a transgender person. One reviewer screened results and applied inclusion and exclusion criteria. A checklist tool of ten criteria was adapted from the suicide reporting guidelines of three organisations. Two reviewers independently applied the checklist to each article, noting any breaches. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. A measure of inter-rater reliability was calculated. Analyses were conducted in SPSS. Results The search found 996 articles, 187 of which were screened in full. The 79 articles which met inclusion criteria concerned 22 individuals' deaths, and came from 19 newspapers. Every article had ≥1 checklist breach, with a mean of 3.9/10 breaches (95% CIs 3.5 to 4.3). The majority of articles (63.3%) had 3–5/10 breaches. Percentage prevalence of breaches varied between checklist items, with the most commonly breached features being inappropriate headlines, failure to signpost readers to sources of support, and inappropriate descriptions of death/suicide method. The measure of overall inter-rater reliability showed nearly perfect agreement between reviewers (Cohen's kappa=0.86). Discussion Breaching responsible reporting guidelines is very common in UK newspapers when covering suicide deaths of transgender people, although a key limitation is that results cannot be extrapolated to internet news sources or social media. Because breaching guidelines has the potential to cause harm-- perhaps more so in transgender than cisgender individuals-- journalists should be aware of imitative suicide and try to minimise risk of harm. Although sometimes breaching guidelines may be justified, the priorities of public health and of journalism should be weighed against each other.


This paper presents the on-line diagnosis of the three-phase induction motor. The case of the inter-turn short circuits in stator windings is studied and an approach with observers is used to deal with fault detection. First, a model of the inter-turn short circuits in stator windings of induction motor is developed. This model is written in fault affine form that permits to express fault as an input vector applied to the system. This formulation constitutes a new model of the faulty three-phase induction motor. The observer's synthesis, intended to fault detection, is done by use of the sliding mode technique. The processing of observation errors and residuals permits fault isolation. Results of simulation, in the healthy and faulty working cases are given.


The Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum) is a marine fish that has made a highly successful transition to land. We report an extensive field study on the behavior of this remarkable fish and how it has coped with life on land. The fish occurs in great abundance above the waterline along the rocky coastlines of Micronesia. We found them to be terrestrial in all aspects of their adult daily life, but heavily constrained by large fluctuations in both tide and temperature with almost all activity limited to a brief period at mid-tide. Despite this, the fish were highly social and data were consistent with males defending exclusive territories on land. A variety of metrics ‐ the use of visual displays, the allometry of ornaments, and sexual dimorphism ‐ further imply sexual selection on both sexes was strong. Despite being restricted to an extremely narrow habitable zone in which conditions change constantly, the Pacific leaping blenny is remarkably adapted to life on land and rarely returned to water. The genus is unique among the living fishes in its degree of terrestriality and serves as a useful model of the constraints and adaptations that accompany major ecological transitions.