Recent studies on the stratosphere-troposphere exchange of tracers have focused on the importance of the Asian monsoon anticyclone (hereafter 'AMA'), which is planetary-scale, thermally driven circulation dominating the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) over South and Southeast Asia (Randel et al., 2010). On 360-380K isentropic surfaces, in most cases, the AMA is surrounded by a boundary between the tropospheric air inside and the stratospheric air outside. Isentropic mixing between inside and outside the AMA is suppressed by the strong anticyclonic circulation, which corresponds to the maximum in PV gradient acting as a mixing barrier (Ploeger et al., 2015). On the other hand, the AMA itself has a large intra-seasonal variability including synoptic-scale disturbances and vortex-shedding due to instability (Popovic and Plumb, 2001), which are probably essential processes that lead to irreversible mixing. In this study, we explore dynamical characteristics of synoptic-scale disturbances around the AMA, focusing on a vertical flow. We used ERA-Interim reanalysis data for June-September, 2011-2015 with the horizontal resolution 1.5x1.5. Because of possible large differences in the UTLS region among reanalysis data sets, we also performed the same analyses using JRA55 and MERRA to confirm the results. First, the intermittent nature of the occurrence of a large PV air in 5-20N on the southern flank of the AMA is confirmed. The air with large stratospheric PV is formed as an occasional cutoff of mid-latitude stratospheric air and is advected from the northeastern part of the AMA ('in-mixing'). The positive anomalies of PV averaged over 0-20N on 370K decay gradually during westward migration, suggesting that in-mixing is essentially irreversible. Thus, we next focus on individual events of PV disturbances and associated meridional circulation, which is likely important for the irreversible diabatic mixing. On 150 hPa level, it seems that most high PV anomalies appear with a downward flow. This feature can be understood as a low-latitude version of a well-known tropopause descent around a westerly jet, which is seen also on the northern flank of the AMA. Similar results are obtained from different reanalysis data. Next, this characteristic vertical flow pattern is examined from a perspective of the balanced jet dynamics. Even in the low latitude UTLS region, the horizontal flow roughly satisfies the geostrophic balance because it is dominated by easterly jet. This means that the meridional circulation on a plane perpendicular to the geostrophic wind can be diagnosed using the Sawyer-Eliassen equation, which is based on a balanced-jet approximation (Hoskins, 1975). N∂ψ/∂y+2S∂ψ/∂y∂z+Fs(∂ψ/∂z-ψ/4H)=Qy Note that Qy is regarded as the forcing by the balanced flow. A previous study on the tropopause folding around the cold-front jet (Uccelini et al., 1985) successfully reproduced a spatial pattern of the meridional flow using this equation. On the northern flank of the AMA, a similar pattern of Qy is observed around the meandering jet, which is characterized as a vertical dipole across the jet exit region. However, on the southern flank, Qy is not always consistent with the vertical flow pattern. Instead, we found that it can be explained as moist symmetric instability. Figure 1 shows snapshots of PV, vertical flow, equivalent potential temperature and absolute angular momentum. Isopleths of the latter two quantities are inclined southward closely each other around 15-25N, 125-250hPa. This implies the existence of oblique instability forming a vertical flow pattern observed near the tropopause. AAS11-09 Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016


Abstract. A cold hanging glacier located on the south face of the Grandes Jorasses (Mont Blanc, Italy) broke off on the 23 and 29 September 2014 with a total estimated ice volume of 105 000 m3. Thanks to accurate surface displacement measurements taken up to the final break-off, this event was successfully predicted 10 days in advance, enabling local authorities to take the necessary safety measures. The break-off event also confirmed that surface displacements experienced a power law acceleration along with superimposed log-periodic oscillations prior to the final rupture. This paper describes the methods used to achieve a satisfactory time forecast in real time and demonstrates, using a retrospective analysis, their potential for the development of early-warning systems in real time.


Many signaling pathways, molecular and cellular actors which are critical for wound healing have been implicated in cancer metastasis. These two conditions are a complex succession of cellular biological events and accurate regulation of these events is essential. Apart from inflammation, macrophages-released ROS arise as major regulators of these processes. But, whatever the pathology concerned, oxidative stress is a complicated phenomenon to control and requires a finely tuned balance over the different stages and responding cells. This review provides an overview of the pivotal role of oxidative stress in both wound healing and metastasis, encompassing the contribution of macrophages. Indeed, macrophages are major ROS producers but also appear as their targets since ROS interfere with their differentiation and function. Elucidating ROS functions in wound healing and metastatic spread may allow the development of innovative therapeutic strategies involving redox modulators.


Abstract The term resistance has been applied to interindividual variability in platelet reactivity during antiplatelet therapy or to thrombosis despite appropriate therapy. In particular "aspirin resistance" and "clopidogrel resistance" have been the subject of intense investigation for their association with poor cardiovascular outcomes. Several mechanisms have been investigated including resistance arising from poor bioavailability, especially in clopidogrel therapy as resulting from a loss of function variant in hepatic metabolism required for prodrug activation. A limitation of studies linking on-treatment reactivity and clinical outcome is that they have been performed in high-risk patients with recent atherothrombotic disease. On-treatment platelet reactivity correlates with acuity of recent atherothrombosis, and variability in pretreatment platelet function predicts on-treatment platelet function for both aspirin and clopidogrel. It is therefore likely that high on-treatment platelet function at the time of testing may often result from underlying platelet hyperreactivity related to acute atherothrombosis, rather than true pharmacological resistance. The association of high on-treatment platelet reactivity with poor clinical outcomes may therefore be attributed to variability in underlying burden of disease instead of, or in addition to, pharmacological resistance to antiplatelet therapy.


Although personality has been one of the most-studied factors in management and decision-making research, this stream of research has generated inconsistent support for the relationship between personality traits and individuals' susceptibility to heuristics, and therefore biased judgment. The aim of this study is to investigate how the provision of correct information and individual difference factors influence susceptibility to anchoring effect. To test this hypothesis, individual levels of the personality traits have been measured. Then, participants were provided with an anchoring task involving the Taj Mahal either providing them correct information before the experiment or not. Providing individuals with the correct information limited susceptibility to the irrelevant anchor; even if only 33% of those exactly recalled it when providing the estimate. High values in agreeableness and openness to experience were found to be related with reduced susceptibility to the anchor.


The paper represents an experimental study of the burr formation mechanism in feed direction. The influence of tool angles and workpiece angles, as well as and other cutting conditions on burr dimensions is considered. The work contains experimental graphs of burr cross-sections obtained using a laser measurement system at various stages of burr formation. The analysis of the experimental work shows that, depending on the cutting conditions, a few mechanisms of burr formation can be distinguished. The study could be useful in the search for optimal tool geometry for burr minimization and for the modeling of a burr formation mechanism.


The purpose of this article is to bring to international attention and defend the African National Congress's decision to attempt to include certain social rights in a new South African constitution. The authors hope to engender international academic and political debate concerning the limits and possibilities of entrenching social rights in a new South African constitution, as well as to offer thoughts that might be of broader relevance to other societies adopting or renewing their constitutions. Part I outlines two types of arguments against the constitutional justiciability of social rights. Part II addresses the legitimacy of social rights and contends that the exclusion of justiciable social rights from a South African constitution would threaten the realization of social justice in South Africa because of law's constitutive influence on society's and individuals' self-understandings. In Part III, the authors scrutinize and find wanting claims of institutional incompetence, notably claims which deny the capability of courts to impose positive obligations on governments and claims which allege that social rights are too imprecise for adjudication. Part IV discusses the "interdependence" of civil and political rights with social rights and argues that such interdependence helps to challenge further claims that judicial bodies can neither legitimately nor competently scrutinize social rights as a matter of constitutional review. Part V then shifts from international law to comparative constitutional law and invokes emergent jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of India, which is infused with the principle of interdependence, to tell a story of the rhetorical possibilities of constitutionalized social rights. Part VI offers some concrete textual and institutional strategies to minimize the antidemocratic potential of judicial review.


The pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) involves bidirectional cooperation and close interaction between inflammatory and coagulation pathways. A key molecule linking coagulation and inflammation is the procoagulant thrombin, a serine protease whose concentration is elevated in plasma and lavage fluids of patients with ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, little is known about the mechanism by which thrombin contributes to lung inflammatory response. In this study, we developed a new mouse model that permits investigation of lung inflammation associated with intravascular coagulation. Using this mouse model and in vitro approaches, we addressed the role of non-muscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) in thrombin-induced endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and lung neutrophil (PMN) infiltration. Our in vitro experiments revealed a key role of nmMLCK in ICAM-1 expression by its ability to control nuclear translocation and transcriptional capacity of RelA/p65 in EC. When subjected to intraperitoneal thrombin challenge, wild type mice showed a marked increase in lung PMN infiltration via expression of ICAM-1. However, these responses were markedly attenuated in mice deficient in nmMLCK. These results provide mechanistic insight into lung inflammatory response associated with intravascular coagulation and identify nmMLCK as a critical target for modulation of lung inflammation.


This special edition presents seven invited works that focus on different aspects of the design with emerging technologies. With silicon facing barriers to the future development of traditional CMOS technology, it is now time to think ahead and look for new alternatives that can add exciting new characteristics to future applications. In this sense, new materials and substrates must be investigated. Some of them enable the development of fast and low power switching devices that represents digital state by different physical properties, such as optical excitation, magnetic field, and phase state. Associated with that, new non-von Neumann computing architectures can be explored, including computing-in-memory that minimizes the problems associated to data transfer between memory and logic units. In the following, we present a short description of the papers appearing in this Special Issue.


The response of the cancer patients to chemotherapy treatment varies from person to person. For some patients cancer cells are resistant to treatment and these cells can relapse again which is known as minimal residual disease. A microfluidic-based biochip capable of monitoring minimal residual disease is under development by our research group. The role of the biochip is to capture the target cells, which were separated by immunomagnetic beads on micro square tiles. Then biochips are imaged using a bright field optical microscope and it is planned to perform image-processing methods to detect the target cells, immunomagnetic beads and micro tiles. In this work the current progress of image processing methods for differentiating the immunomagnetic beads and micro tiles is presented


In this paper we present a precise contact modeling environment for skeleton based implicit objects. To render the scene composed of these implicit objects, we have implemented the state-of-the-art raycasting algorithm, called marching points, on GPU using CUDA. Further, we introduce how to interactively deform the implicit objects when they collide. To achieve this we studied several ways to deform the objects. We implemented two well-known approaches, where we also proposed a new method created as combination of both approaches. Both these approaches as well as our method are described in this paper. The implicit objects are implemented as distance surfaces. The field function for these only depend on the distance from the skeleton, and are easy to evaluate. We have achieved support for deformations of objects based on point and line skeletons.


Background: Purulent pericarditis, if not recognized and managed timely, it can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. There are no guidelines for the management of purulent pericardial effusion in pediatric patients. Aim: The study describes our experience with the management of 22 patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of purulent pericardial effusion seen over a 7-year period. Materials and Methods: Hospital records of 22 children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with purulent pericardial effusion during January 2012–December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The mean age of presentation was 4.6 years. The most common presentation was fever. History of antecedent trauma was present in 27.27% of patients. Empyema was the most common associated infection. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated organism. Out of 22, pericardial drainage was done in 13 patients (59%). Only one of these patients required pericardiectomy later on. Six (27.2%) patients responded to antibiotics alone. Three (13.6%) patients died before any intervention could be planned. Conclusion: Echocardiography-guided percutaneous pericardiocentesis and pigtail catheter placement are a safe and effective treatment for purulent pericardial effusion. When pericardial drainage is not amenable, close monitoring of the size of effusion by serial echocardiography is required. Small residual pericardial effusion may be managed conservatively.


Chaos/complexity theory first emerged in the study of the natural sciences over thirty years ago. Through the years, experts from a variety of fields have held this theory up as a new way in which to view the world around us, including its applications to the study of second language acquisition. The language classroom, like the natural world, can also be observed from this perspective because it exhibits many features of chaotic/complex systems. Language instruction in a classroom setting not only produces strange attractors and fractals, but is dynamic, complex, nonlinear, chaotic, selforganizing, unpredictable, sensitive to initial conditions, open, feedback sensitive, and adaptive. In this paper's introduction, I briefly define these characteristics and explain how I began to apply them to my teaching practicum. The body of the paper deals with my observations of the language classroom and how it exhibits features of chaos/complexity theory. I have found that an impediment to constructing a better learning environment for my students resides in the fact that the characteristics of a natural, chaotic environment are not present in the classroom. As a result, I also explore ways of bringing chaos/complexity into my lesson and course planning. Because language influences thinking, teachers familiar with c/c theory will develop a greater awareness of what is going on in a language classroom and be able to reflect on their teaching with a new framework. ERIC Descriptors: Classroom Techniques Creative Teaching Instructional Improvement Instructional Innovation Second Language Instruction Teaching Guides Teaching Methods


The microstructure of Ni sulfides prepared by thermal sulfidation of pure Ni and their dependence of fabrication parameters were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractions. Sulfidation was made by isothermally annealing Ni with the sulfur in vacuum sealed glass ampoules at 673 K for 120 – 600s under the sulfur pressure of 100 and 220 kPa. The sulfide layers formed in the early stage were found to consist of spherical particles smaller than 0.5um, which were grown and agglomerated with increasing annealing temperature. Thickness of sulfides developed on Ni substrate was found to increase with increasing annealing time and sulfur pressure. It was also found that compositions of dominant Ni sulfides changed with varying annealing time. At the initial stage, only Ni3S2 sulfide was formed on pure Ni, which was tightly bonded to Ni substrate. On increasing annealing time, NiS sulfide was formed. On further increasing annealing time, NiS1.97 sulfide was formed, which always coexisted with NiS sulfide. A mechanism for sulfidation of Ni is proposed as follows: 3Ni + 2S Ni3S2, Ni3S2 +S NiS, NiS + S NiS1.97


While Nancy Astor9s 1919 victory at the polls—making her the first female member of British Parliament—figures prominently in narratives of women9s political progress in Britain, the taunt thrown at her while she was campaigning at the Barbican earlier that year, "It9s your face that is carrying you through!" figures nowhere in discussions of women9s entry into formal political life there. Astor9s rejoinder, "No, it9s the heart behind it," points to a tension in her candidacy and subsequent political career that is characteristic of modern celebrity: between the superficial and the genuine, the artificial and the authentic. This text describes how a "film star" and "a personality," rarely seen by contemporaries as a politician in any masculine sense, successfully publicized the democratic elements of her persona in order to make privilege more palatable in the age of universal suffrage.


The Spacelab 2 space shuttle mission included experiments on the production of waves in the ionospheric plasma by the injection of pulsed electron beams. The Spacelab 2 mission took place during July and August of 1985 and provided an extensive data set which continues to yield new results. The experimental results reported here were obtained with the combined use of the University of Iowa plasma diagnostics package (PDP) and the Stanford/Utah State vehicle charging and potential experiment (VCAP). To date most of the analysis has focused on the sequences performed during the release of the PDP as a free-flying satellite. However, over 300 beam sequences were conducted with the PDP mounted in the orbiter's payload bay. The results of these experiments provide important new information which helps answer some of the outstanding questions which remain. The wave environments which exist in the orbiter payload bay and at several hundred meters away are compared both during ambient conditions and during electron beam injections. The dependence of beam-generated wave characteristics on the duty cycle and the frequency of the pulsed beam are investigated. The duty cycle of the beam is found to be one of the most important parameters affecting the amplitude and the harmonic structure of the waves. Maximum amplitudes are produced by 50% duty cycles and amplitudes are proportional to instantaneous, rather than average, beam current. Harmonic structure also provides insight into the spatial integrity of the propagating beam. The dependence on pulsing frequency is found to show good agreement with theory for whistler mode waves produced through the Cherenkov resonance confirming previous results. Theoretical predictions for the dependence of wave amplitudes on parameters which could not be experimentally investigated are also provided. The results of both the experimental and theoretical studies have important practical consequences for experiments attempting to produce and detect propagating radiation using artificial electron beams.


Debates in ICT and Computing Education explores the major issues teachers encounter in their daily professional lives. It encourages critical reflection and aims to stimulate both novice and experienced teachers to think more deeply about their practice, and link research and evidence to what they have observed in schools. Chapters tackle established and contemporary issues enabling teachers to reach informed judgements and argue their point of view with deeper theoretical knowledge and understanding. Debates include teacherless classrooms; personalised learning; creativity; digital literacy; visual literacy; e-tools; learning platforms; and opportunities for lifelong learning.


Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex and common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, which is accompanied by follicle growth arrest at the small antral stage, minimal granulosa cell proliferation, and chronic anovulation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are necessary for the body's metabolism, growth and development. Although PUFAs play an important role in the regulation of female reproduction, their role in ovarian development in PCOS is still unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different ratios of n-3/n-6 PUFAs (omega-3/omega-6) on ovary development in PCOS rats. Serum levels of reproductive hormones and enzymes related to steroidogenesis were assessed. The results indicated that PUFAs (n-3/n-6: 1/15) significantly increased ovarian weight and improved the ovarian structure although they had no significant effect on body weight in PCOS rats. Meanwhile, apoptosis was attenuated accompanied by increased cell proliferation by PUFAs (n-3/n-6: 1/15). Moreover, serum levels of hormones (FSH and E2) were also significantly increased by PUFAs (n-3/n-6: 1/15) accompanied by decreased T levels. To investigate whether PUFAs regulate the expression of enzymes related to hormone synthesis, western blotting was used to determine the protein levels of CYP51, CYP19, StAR and 3β-HSD. The results showed that PUFAs significantly increased the protein levels of all of these enzymes. These results indicate that PUFAs enhance the reproductive performance of PCOS by increasing the expression of steroidogenesis enzymes, which are related to hormone secretion and ovarian functions. These findings provide evidence that a balanced n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio is beneficial for PCOS reproduction.


The concept that SE Asia, and indeed Asia as a whole, has been built up during the Phanerozoic by the amalgamation of allochthonous terranes derived from the northern margin of East Gondwana, is now well established in the literature (e.g. Audley-Charles 1988; Sengor et al. 1988; Metcalfe 1996, 1999 and references therein). In Early Permian time all the major continental land masses, including East and West Gondwana, were joined together in the supercontinent of Pangaea (Fig. 14.1). At this time the continental blocks of North and South China, Indochina and Simao had already separated from East Gondwana. In Metcalfe's (1999) version of the concept a series of elongated terranes separated successively from the northern Gondwana margin by the development of ocean basins behind them. These oceans are referred to as Palaeo-Tethys, Meso-Tethys and Ceno-Tethys. The Indochina Block, with East Malaya, forms the core of SE Asia and is considered to have separated from Gondwana by Late Devonian times to amalgamate with the South China Block by the Early Carboniferous. Indochina is characterized by an Upper Palaeozoic to Mesozoic fauna and flora of Cathaysian and Tethyan type, exemplified by the Gigantopteris flora of Jengka Pass (Kon'no & Asama 1970; Hutchison 1994), related to those of the North and South China blocks, but with no relationship to the flora and fauna of Gondwana. To this core was added the Shan-Thai or Sibumasu Block, which separated from Gondwana in the Permian and amalgamated with the Indochina Block in the Late Permian or Triassic


This paper shows thermal measurement and analysis of a microfluidic device integrated with local thin film heater. Thermal analysis was calculated by finite element modeling. Electrical property of the micro heater was calibrated in advance of the thermal analysis due to the difference from the bulk property of Pt. The thermal analysis results agreed well with experimental results. Our integrative approach suggests an importance of proper electrical measurement in micro heaters with Joule heating.


Abstract This paper aims to discuss the issue of diversity from its incorporation into the training of health professionals through the analysis of the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) of two Brazilian undergraduate health courses: medicine and psychology. Thus, it debates the concept of diversity from the contribution of the social sciences, considering the multiple concepts in the nature of social and cultural differences, breaking with essentialist concepts of difference. Reflecting on how diversity appears in the curricular guidelines of these courses, it analyzes from recent studies how this has been considered in training and the main challenges. Intersectionality is an essential political theoretical framework to apprehend the articulation of multiple differences and inequalities acting in a dynamic, fluid, and flexible way from particular historical contexts. Thus, it is sensitive to address the issue of diversity in the training of health professionals. We highlight the importance of studying differences, suggesting an analytical framework that articulates discourses, practice, subjectivation, and social relationships.


The digital interactive video exploration and reflection (Diver) system lets users create virtual pathways through existing video content using a virtual camera and an annotation window for commentary. Users can post their Dives to the WebDiver server system to generate active collaboration, further repurposing, and discussion. Although our current work focuses on video records in learning research and educational practices, Diver can aid collaborative analysis of a broad array of visual data records, including simulations, 2D and 3D animations, and static works of art, photography, and text. In addition to the social and behavioral sciences, substantive application areas include medical visualization, astronomic data or cosmological models, military satellite intelligence, and ethnology and animal behavior. Diver-style user-centered video repurposing might also prove compelling for popular media with commercial application involving sports events, movies, television shows, and video gaming. Future technical development includes possible enhancements to the interface to support simultaneous display of multiple Dives on the same source content, a more fluid two-way relation between desktop Diver and WebDiver, and solutions to the current limitations on displaying and authoring time/space cropped videos in a browser context. These developments support the tool's fundamentally collaborative, communication-oriented nature.


Attentional prioritization of stimuli in the environment plays an important role in overt choice. Previous research shows that prioritization is influenced by the magnitude of paired rewards, in that stimuli signalling high-value rewards are more likely to capture attention than stimuli signalling low-value rewards; and this attentional bias has been proposed to play a role in addictive and compulsive behaviours. A separate line of research has shown that win-related sensory cues can bias overt choices. However, the role that these cues play in attentional selection is yet to be investigated. Participants in the current study completed a visual search task in which they responded to a target shape in order to earn reward. The colour of a distractor signalled the magnitude of reward and type of feedback on each trial. Participants were slower to respond to the target when the distractor signalled high reward compared to when the distractor signalled low reward, suggesting that the high-reward distractors had increased attentional priority. Critically, the magnitude of this reward-related attentional bias was further increased for a high-reward distractor with post-trial feedback accompanied by win-related sensory cues. Participants also demonstrated an overt choice preference for the distractor that was associated with win-related sensory cues. These findings demonstrate that stimuli paired with win-related sensory cues are prioritized by the attention system over stimuli with equivalent physical salience and learned value. This attentional prioritization may have downstream implications for overt choices, especially in gambling contexts where win-related sensory cues are common.


Background:  Motivation for this study was found in concern expressed by civil aviation organisations that specialists in the air navigation services provider sector require appropriate and beneficial organisational leadership to encourage, enable and manage transformation within this highly structured setting. Also, academic research puts emphasis on a need for investigations of the roles, expectations and requirements of followers in the leadership–followership relationship. Followers' experiences and expectations of leadership behaviours in an air navigation service provider (ANSP) organisation were investigated and served as orientation and setting applicable to this study. Aim:  The aim of the research was to identify and understand how follower experiences and expectations of leadership behaviours in a safety-critical commercial environment can affect leadership training and growth. The above-mentioned motivated this investigation of leadership traits and behaviours within an explicit context and from a follower's viewpoint. Setting:  The setting for the study was twenty two Air Traffic and Navigation Services Company sites where followers' experiences and expectations of leadership behaviours in an air navigation service provider (ANSP) organisation were investigated and served as orientation and setting applicable to this study. Methods:  An ethnographic case study research style was adopted and followed because it allowed for an all-inclusive, holistic narrative report and interpretation. The samples for the quantitative and qualitative components of this study were parallel and methods employed addressed different aspects of the phenomenon, which allowed for a mixed methods research design. A one-way causality in the research design was observed because traits of followers that might influence leaders' behaviours were excluded. Data were collected by means of a Leader Trait and Behaviour Questionnaire completed by participants, individual interviews and focus group consultations. Results:  Research findings dispensed a deeper appreciation of followers' epistemological and ontological views, within a specified context, which were supported by a common need to achieve organisational safety objectives. A practical managerial benefit was found in the insights presented by followers of leadership, which can possibly benefit leadership development and training needs, along with training and advancement of followers. Conclusions:  Research findings potentially add to enhancing understanding of leadership development theory, synonymous with a safety-critical commercial setting. A critical insight into the 'unexplored' leadership behaviour qualities found within a safety-critical milieu is subsequently offered.


We demonstrate a new method for the direct conversion of heat to electricity using the recently discovered multiferroic alloy, Ni45Co5Mn40Sn10 1 . This alloy undergoes a low hysteresis, reversible martensitic phase transformation from a nonmagnetic martensite phase to a strongly ferromagnetic austenite phase upon heating. When biased by a suitably placed permanent magnet, heating through the phase transformation causes a sudden increase of the magnetic moment to a large value. As a consequence of Faraday's law of induction, this drives a current in a surrounding circuit. Theory predicts that under optimal conditions the performance compares favorably with the best thermoelectrics. Because of the low hysteresis of the alloy, a promising area of application of this concept appears to be energy conversion at small ΔT, suggesting a possible route to the conversion of the vast amounts of energy stored on earth at small temperature difference. We postulate other new methods for the direct conversion of heat to electricity suggested by the underlying theory.


specific infection, seems a convincing argument for routine testing by general practitioners of the sexually-active women patients on their lists. Even if a large majority of women examined should prove to be free from any form of genital infection, routine screening programmes-wherever carried out -offer the only means of eventually controlling sexually-transmitted disease.-We are, etc., 'ec SELWYN J. K. OATES


The language people use on social media has been shown to provide insight into their personality characteristics. We developed a mobile system that aids the exploration and comparison of personal personality profiles with those of others. We conducted a user study to evaluate system usability, gauge user interaction of interest, and the system's performance in completing exploration and comparison tasks. Our study shows that the system is easy to use and enables users effectively explore and compare personality profiles, and users were interested in comparing their personality traits with the personality traits of friends, role models, and celebrities.


Historical research report on the external architectural surfaces of the fortress of San LeoThe hinterland of Rimini is characterized by the presence of many castles, but the fortress of San Leo is certainly the most representative because of its position and the different constructive contributions that over time have updated its appearance and military functions. Cited by Dante and Machiavelli for the impervious nature on which it stands, its origin dates back to the early Middle Ages. It was rehashed following the imprint of Francesco di Giorgio Martini in the fifteenth century, restored by Giuseppe Valadier at the end of the eighteenth century and converted to a prison in 1631. A peculiarity that makes the studies on the fortress of San Leo absolutely interesting is the treatment of the external architectural surfaces of which there is ample documentation in the historical archives and of which there are multiple uses in the various areas of the factory; the research aims to offer useful knowledge for the subsequent conservation and restoration project. The theme, completely original, arises from indirect investigations of a documentary and iconographic nature, conducted at the State Archives of Pesaro, Florence, Rome, the Central State Archive and the Vatican Secret Archive, which repeatedly refer in the accounting of works, starting from the seventeenth century, the execution of plasters executed outside the monument. The interpretative tension of the archival documents and the drawings continued by looking for a direct comparison between historical information and materiality of the fortress, in order to identify a correspondence between historical data and constructive reality. It emerges clearly that the external surfaces of many parts of the fortress were treated and finished with plaster since its origins, probably due to the exposure to atmospheric agents; therefore a rethinking of what is reported in the literature is necessary both in terms of interpretative profile of the fortress, and about how its image was perceived over the centuries.


This paper summarizes the lessons learned using a physics-based macromodel in studying electromagnetic wave propagation over an imperfectly conducting ground in cellular wireless communication. First, it has been observed that the path loss exponent is independent of the nature of the ground parameters inside the cell of interest. Second, the electrical parameters of the environment have little effect on the path loss exponent in the cellular band. Third, it is observed that lowering the base station antenna toward the ground provides a stronger signal in the near field within the cell of interest. Furthermore, tilting the transmitting antenna toward the sky enhances the signal strength. Tilting the antenna toward the ground increases the signal strength but, in addition, enhances the interference pattern and, hence, is not a good solution. A typical path loss inside the cell is 30 dB per decade of distance, and outside the cell, it increases to 40 dB per decade. By bringing the antenna closer to the ground and then tilting it toward the sky, a good nonintuitive solution is provided. In such scenarios, a path loss of 20 dB per decade for some components of the field, the lowest possible, can be achieved for certain orientations and deployment of the base station antenna. In addition, it is shown that operating an antenna inside a metallic box eliminates its radiation capabilities and, hence, has no physical meaning even though it is claimed in the contemporary literature that it simulates a rich multipath environment. Finally, a note on the proper interpretation of the term channel capacity and its implications is delineated.


This Essay introduces a collection of essays that have evolved from papers presented at a conference on "International Law in the Domestic Context." The conference was a response to the questions raised by the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Medellin v. Texas and also a product of our collective curiosity about how other states address tensions between international obligations and overlapping regimes of national law. Our constitutional tradition speaks with many voices on the subject of the relationship between domestic and international law. In order to gain a broader perspective on that relationship, we invited experts on foreign law to introduce us to the way other states attempt to reconcile international commitments and the domestic constitutional order. The essays collected here were presented in three separate panels during the conference. The organization of the volume follows the same organizational principle. The first three papers thus focus on questions relating to the implementation of international human rights as domestic law. The two papers that follow address issues relating to international obligations and the foreign affairs power. The final section, which comprises four papers, provides a comparative perspective on how other international law is introduced into the domestic legal systems of Australia, Canada, China and the United Kingdom. Each contribution attests to the continuing relevance of Holmes' dictum: the life of the law is not logic but experience. Programmatic statements in founding documents or in law review articles do not determine the status of international law in the domestic context. It is worked out through the various legal histories of each state. As each state grapples to reconcile its national legal traditions with its international obligations, it is worthwhile to pause and consider the experiences of others. It is our hope that this volume contributes to that process.


The recruitment of leukocytes from the circulation into tissues requires leukocyte migration through the vascular endothelium. The mechanisms by which leukocytes attach and firmly adhere to the endothelial cell surface have been studied in detail. However, much less is known about the last step in this process, the diapedesis of leukocytes through the vascular endothelium. This minireview focuses on the interactions between leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules that are important during leukocyte extravasation. In the past few years a series of endothelial cell surface and adhesion molecules have been identified that are located at endothelial cell contacts and found to participate in leukocyte diapedesis. These junctional cell adhesion molecules are believed to have an active role in controlling the opening and closure of endothelial cell contacts to allow the passage of leukocytes between adjacent endothelial cells. Alternatively, leukocytes can cross the endothelium at nonjunctional locations, with leukocytes migrating through a single endothelial cell. Further work is clearly needed to understand, in greater detail, the molecular mechanisms that allow leukocytes to cross the endothelium via either the paracellular or the transcellular pathway.


Detailed two- and three-dimensional finite element analyses are performed to develop an engineering method to estimate elastic-plastic J for cracked structures under combined primary and secondary stresses, based on the V-factor. Extensive analyses with a wide range of geometry and load combination are considered. The results suggest important factors affecting the value of the V-factor. The most important one is the load magnitude, parameterized by the proximity of plastic yielding. The second one is the relative magnitude of the secondary stress to the primary stress. Although the effect of material, in particular materials with Lüders strain seems to be present, such an effect could be neglected, compared to those of the above two parameters. Based on the present results, an engineering method to estimate J for combined primary and secondary stress can be proposed using bilinear equations in terms of the above two parameters.


ABSTRACT Educational researchers frequently study the impact of treatments or interventions on educational outcomes. However, when observational or quasiexperimental data are used for such investigations, selection bias can adversely impact researchers' abilities to make causal inferences about treatment effects. One way to deal with selection bias is to use propensity score methods. The authors introduce educational researchers to the general principles underlying propensity score methods, describe 2 practical applications of these methods, and discuss their limitations.


While literature on multicultural education indicates that Human Relations approaches to multicultural education are the most commonly practiced, such approaches also tend to be the most heavily critiqued by theorists. Scholars often offer speculative theoretical suggestions on how to improve upon Human Relations approaches. However, ethnographic case studies showing how such suggestions are carried out in the artroom at the elementary level are virtually non-existent in the literature. This article aims to provide readers with an illustrative case of how, in practice, an elementary art teacher is moving beyond the most heavily critiqued characteristics of Human Relations approaches. Descriptive detail is provided to paint a vivid picture of how she implements her curriculum, so that other art educators might draw from her practices and apply similar strategies within their own artrooms, as they see fit. IJEA Vol. 17 No. 4 http://www.ijea.org/v17n4/ 2


Patients with atrial fibrillation taking either indirect anticoagulant acenocumarol or most often prescribed antiaggregant aspirin were followed for 1 year. The results have shown that therapy with acenocumarol lowers content of D-dimer, prevents formation and promotes lysis of left auricular thrombi and lowers risk of development of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and high risk of thromboembolism. Therapy with aspirin in a dose providing maximal suppression of platelet function, does not lower D-dimer levels, does not promote lysis of left auricular thrombi and is inferior to acenocumarol in prevention of ischemic stroke.


Preoxidation of the MA956 superalloy, proposed as a prosthetic biomaterial, generates a compact and inert a-alumina surface layer. The aim of this study is to assess the wear resistance provided by this alumina layer on the MA956 alloy in comparison with the same coated alloy and versus high density polyethylene. Comparative wear tests were carried out in both dry and wet conditions using the couples MA956/MA956, MA956/UHMWPE (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) and 316LVM/UHMWPE. The results corresponding to the couples MA956/MA956, with and without alumina layer, show that the load has more significant effect than the rotation speed on the weight loss and on the roughness. On the other hand the alumina surface layer provides a clear wear protection. The weight losses of the MA956 specimen in this couple are ten times lower when testing under wet conditions than under dry conditions. The MA956/UHMWPE couple behaves much better than the 316LVM/UHMWPE, as it pfesents the lowest valúes of friction coefíicient and weight losses of the MA956 specimen. These are only detectable after lOfiOO cycles under a 70 MPa contact pressure. This couple offers the best guarantee of a prolonged service Ufe for articulated parts in a prosthesis.


Magnetostrictive composites were usually fabricated using a wet process. The settlement of particles in liquid polymers due to the gravity results in the inhomogeneous and low magnetostrictive properties. To solve the problem, magnetostrictive composites were prepared using a dry process, and their properties were tested in this paper. Measurement of magnetostriction on different positions along the length direction of the material indicates the magnetostrictive composites prepared by the dry process present uniform properties due to the uniform distribution of the active particles in the polymer matrix. The saturation magnetostriction and the maximum dynamic magnetostriction of the [1-3] Terfenol-D composites prepared in the study was 1005ppm and 4.08nm/A, respectively, which was larger than the [0-3] ones.


Introduction Despite technological advancements in recent years, glenoid component loosening remains a common complication after anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty (ATSA) and is one of the main causes of revision surgery. Increasing emphasis is placed on the prevention of glenoid component failure. Previous studies have successfully predicted range of motion, patient-reported outcomes and short-term complications after ATSA using machine learning methods, but an accurate predictive model for (glenoid component) revision is currently lacking. This study aims to use a large international database to accurately predict aseptic loosening of the glenoid component after ATSA using machine learning algorithms. Methods and analysis For this multicentre, retrospective study, individual patient data will be compiled from previously published studies reporting revision of ATSA. A systematic literature search will be performed in Medline (PubMed) identifying all studies reporting outcomes of ATSA. Authors will be contacted and invited to participate in the Machine Learning Consortium by sharing their anonymised databases. All databases reporting revisions after ATSA will be included, and individual patients with a follow-up less than 2 years or a fracture as the indication for ATSA will be excluded. First, features (predictive variables) will be identified using a random forest feature selection. The resulting features from the compiled database will be used to train various machine learning algorithms (stochastic gradient boosting, random forest, support vector machine, neural network and elastic-net penalised logistic regression). The developed and validated algorithms will be evaluated across discrimination (c-statistic), calibration, the Brier score and the decision curve analysis. The best-performing algorithm will be used to create an open-access online prediction tool. Ethics and dissemination Data will be collected adhering to the WHO regulation on data sharing. An Institutional Review Board review is not applicable. The study results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.


The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between rumination and feeding and lying behavior in dairy cows. Rumination time was monitored electronically using HR-Tags (SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel). Feeding time and dry matter intake (DMI) were monitored using Insentec feed bins (Insentec BV, Marknesse, the Netherlands). All measures were collected in 2-h periods for 42 mature Holstein cows for a minimum of 9 d in the early dry period. Pearson correlation was used to describe associations, among 2-h periods within cow, first examining the relationship within a single period, and then modeling how this relationship changes when a lag of 2, 4, or 6h was imposed. Periods when cows spent more time ruminating were associated with lower feeding times and lower DMI (r = -0.71 and r = -0.72, respectively), likely because cows were unable to feed and ruminate simultaneously. The correlations with rumination time changed from negative to positive when lags of 2, 4, and 6h were modeled (r = -0.09, 0.24, and 0.15, and r = -0.16, 0.23, and 0.17 for feeding time and DMI at lags of 2, 4, and 6h, respectively). These results indicate that following periods of high feeding times and intakes, cows spent more time ruminating. This relationship peaks at approximately 4h after feeding. Periods of rumination were also associated with time spent lying down. Cows that spent more time ruminating per day, spent less time feeding (r = -0.34) and rumination times did not relate to DMI (r = 0.11). These data indicate that rumination time can be used to estimate within-cow variation in feeding behavior and intake, but daily summaries of rumination behavior are a poor indicator of DMI.


Abstract. Cosmic rays are observed to possess a small non uniform distribution in arrival direction. Such anisotropy appears to have a roughly consistent topology between tens of GeV and hundreds of TeV, with a smooth energy dependency on phase and amplitude. Above a few hundreds of TeV a sudden change in the topology of the anisotropy is observed. The distribution of cosmic ray sources in the Milky Way is expected to inject anisotropy on the cosmic ray flux. The nearest and most recent sources, in particular, are expected to contribute more significantly than others. Moreover the interstellar medium is expected to have different characteristics throughout the Galaxy, with different turbulent properties and injection scales. Propagation effects in the interstellar magnetic field can shape the cosmic ray particle distribution as well. In particular, in the 1–10 TeV energy range, they have a gyroradius comparable to the size of the Heliosphere, assuming a typical interstellar magnetic field strength of 3 μG. Therefore they are expected to be strongly affected by the Heliosphere in a manner ordered by the direction of the local interstellar magnetic field and of the heliotail. In this paper we discuss on the possibility that TeV cosmic rays arrival distribution might be significantly redistributed as they propagate through the Heliosphere.


This guide provides information on Books, Articles, Web Resources available at the University of Victoria Libraries. It also includes resources on Mental Health Law in Canada and subject headings to find books and other materials relevant to Mental Healt


Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) has been widely used since the end of the 20th century, with various industrial, Earth sciences, and research applications. To obtain precise thermal measurements, it is important to extend the currently available DTS calibration methods, considering that environmental and deployment factors can strongly impact these measurements. In this work, a laboratory experiment was performed to assess a currently available duplexed single-ended DTS calibration algorithm and to extend it in case no temperature information is available at the end of the cables, which is extremely important in geothermal applications. The extended calibration algorithms were tested in different boreholes located in the Atacama Desert and in the Central Andes Mountains to estimate the geothermal gradient in these regions. The best algorithm found achieved a root mean square error of 0.31 ± 0.07 °C at the far end of a ~1.1-km cable, which is much smaller than that obtained using the manufacturer algorithm (2.17 ± 0.35 °C). Moreover, temperature differences between single- and double-ended measurements were less than 0.3 °C at the far end of the cable, which results in differences of ~0.5 °C km−1 when determining the geothermal gradient. This improvement in the geothermal gradient is relevant, as it can reduce the drilling depth by at least 700 m in the study area. Future work should investigate new extensions of the algorithms for other DTS configurations and determining the flow rate of the Central Andes Mountains artesian well using the geothermal profile provided by the DTS measurements and the available data of the borehole


The transition from normal aging to mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease (AD) is often indistinct. Imaging studies suggest early changes in posterior brain regions, including posterior temporoparietal and occipital cortex, but pathologic studies show initial changes in the medial temporal lobe with progressive neocortical involvement as cognition deteriorates. We evaluated the regional distribution of AD pathology in 41 elderly brain donors from the Framingham Heart Study who were cognitively intact, mildly impaired, or demented on the basis of probable AD. We found that 52% of the cognitively intact subjects, and all subjects with mild cognitive impairment or dementia, had dense neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuropil threads, and tau-immunoreactive neurites surrounding neuritic plaques (NPs) in visual association cortex Brodmann area 19. All cognitively intact subjects with area 19 NFTs also had dense core NP and &bgr; amyloid (A&bgr;) angiopathy in area 19. Area 19 pathology was occasionally present in the absence of substantial pathology in the hippocampus or entorhinal cortex and was not correlated with medial temporal lobe pathology. Dense AD pathology in area 19 is present in some cognitively intact subjects with preclinical AD. The unique metabolic, connectional, and vascular features of this region may confer enhanced vulnerability to neurodegeneration.


Overexpression of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-met) has been detected in many human tumors. To investigate the possible involvement of c-met in human gastric carcinogenesis, we examined c-met expression in 45 patients with gastric carcinoma using Northern blot analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemical staining. The c-met mRNA expression was increased twofold and sevenfold in gastric carcinoma tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissues by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR, respectively. In the immunohistochemical study, c-met protein was detected in 32 of 45 (71.1%) patients, with marked overexpression in gastric carcinoma compared with matched normal gastric tissues. The c-met-positive immunoreactivities were more frequently encountered in serosa-exposed and serosa-infiltrating gastric cancer (p = 0.003). In addition, tumor stage was another statistically significant parameter that was observed between the two groups (p = 0.02). Multivariate analyses revealed that the tumor stage (p = 0.014) and c-met overexpression (p = 0.031) were independently correlated with survival. These data suggest that overexpression of c-met may play a part in gastric carcinogenesis and may represent a prognostic factor for gastric cancer.


Crystals have been obtained of glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase from the extreme thermophile, Thermus aquaticus. This enzyme is stable and active at 363 K, thus its three-dimensional structure should add insight into the structural basis of protein thermostability. Large high-quality crystals were grown using isopropanol and polyethylene glycol at pH 8.4. They crystallize in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with cell dimensions a = 144.77(6), b = 148.77(5), c = 149.50 (7) /~, and diffract to beyond 2.8/~. The volume of the unit cell and the packing observed in other GAPDH structures suggest that there are two tetramers per asymmetric unit. With 300kDa/asymmetric unit expected in this form, its solution represents a challenging molecular replacement problem. A low-resolution data set has been recorded and used to carry out self-rotation, cross-rotation and Patterson-correlation refinement calculations. We found that the Q molecular axes of both tetramers are approximately coincident with the crystallographic a axis, and the non-crystallographic symmetry relating the two tetramers is approximately a rotation of 90 ° about the a axis.


Background/Context While an abundance of evidence demonstrates how unequal conditions in schools contribute to unequal learning outcomes, the extent to which students' affective experiences of schooling reflect similar incongruences warrants further inquiry. Framing this discussion are empirical accounts and popular narratives of schools as socializing institutions that ascribe particular gendered, racialized, and otherwise socially defined identities to young people. These intersections form the basis of their experiences as students and likely shape their individual happiness in schools. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article examines, from an intersectional perspective, whether there are group differences in self-reported happiness in school. Our findings challenge the broad argument that girls are happier in schools because this pattern only holds when comparing levels of happiness between White girls and boys. Research Design Using data from the Measures of Effective Teaching (MET) study, we provide descriptive averages of levels of happiness by sex and race/ethnicity. Given that these patterns are likely shaped by classroom (and teacher and school) conditions, we next use classroom fixed effects models that predict levels of happiness. This modeling strategy makes comparisons only among students in the same classroom who are taught by the same teacher and housed in the same school. Findings/Results We found that the argument that girls are happier than boys in schools only applies to White students. In contrast, there are no gender differences among Latinx and Asian American students, and we found that Black girls are less happy than their male counterparts. Conclusions/Recommendations Overall, our article's findings challenge widespread notions that there are universal gender differences in happiness in schools. More broadly speaking, our work speaks to the socializing function of schools and indicates that the gendering process cannot be interpreted without an analysis of how schools also construct race and ethnicity. Future work can build from our study to examine whether the patterns revealed in this study hold true in older grades, given that one of our secondary findings is that older students seem less happy in schools than their younger peers. Research should also examine how interactions with key social actors, such as peers and teachers, shape student happiness in school.


Abstract:Like all contemporary nondemocratic systems, the Chinese system suffers from weak legitimacy at the level of regime type. The most likely form of transition for China remains the model of Tiananmen, when three elements came together: a robust plurality of disaffected citizens, a catalytic event, and a split in the leadership. Had China chosen the path of dialogue in 1989, it might be more stable today.


This paper describes old shorelines formed on the shelves of the Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk during the latest postglacial transgression. A complex of features detected during geological surveying on the shelf areas are employed in the identification and mapping of old shorelines. The irregular but progressive development of the latest postglacial transgression contains several well-defined stages and phases that are recorded by shoreline features that include distinctive relief forms and complexes of littoral, marine, and lagoonal sediments. Comparison of submerged shorelines lying on the continental shelf in this region suggests that their common formation is related to an irregular (pulsating) rise of global sea level at the end of the late Pleistocene and continuing into the Holocene. Differences in hypsometric positions of similarly aged shorelines in different regions and the formation of additional shorelines at intermediate levels in certain areas are assumed to be associated with neotectonic movements.


The exhibition "Osmanen in Hamburg - a relationship history during the First World War" which was shown in the Hambrug State and University Library from November 6th, 2014 to January 4th, 2015, devoted itself to the 100th anniversary of the "Urkatastrophe" (the Great War) to he German-Ottoman relations from the perspective of Hamburg, and focused on the years between 1914 and 1918. The archival objects were presented for the first time and are documented in this publication. They illustrate not only economic, diplomatic and cultural contacts., but also give an impression of the presence and the life of the ethnically and religiously heterogeneous group of the Ottomans (e.g. Armenians, Greeks, Sephardic Jews, Muslim Turks) in Hamburg who can be traced back to the 19th century. This catalog, however, does not only want to document the exhibition which was divided into eight sections. With an additional eight contributions, it provides a deeper insight into the complex and ambivalent Ottoman-German and/ or Hamburg-Ottoman relations. In addition to transcultural encounters such as cultural differences between the time of 1850 and 1909 the colonial ambitions and oriental emblems of the German Reich, as well as the role of German women in the Ottoman Empire between 1914 and 1918, are illuminated in three chapters.


The thesis postulated in this dissertation is that wholistic education is important to and feasible within mainstream education systems. A more balanced curriculum (including the affective and spiritual domains), smaller sized schools and greater teacher participation in decision making could promote the attainment of full human potential for students.

Appropriate methodologies for the study are found in feminist and action research. The literature review considers the concept of the ideal human as an attainable goal and aspects of Rudolf Steiner's ideas are presented to enlarge the description of an example of wholistic education, Waldorf education.

The study describes the climate of the Perth Waldorf School as an embodiment of Steiner's educational ideas. The experiences of teachers, parents and students are used to develop an overview of wholistic education and it is compared with the public education system.

Some dissatisfaction with mainstream education is evident in the questionnaire and interview responses of the teachers, parents and students at two state schools. Thus the effectiveness of the large scale educational organisation is considered in relation to the small, human scale approach of the Waldorf School.

Human scale, wholistic education could feasibly be introduced within a large educational bureaucracy. As an example of wholistic education, Waldorf education has aspects which could be integrated into conventional educational settings. A small part of this study involves experimentation with the implementation of this specific approach. Yet it may not be relevant for all schools and students. Thus it is suggested that the minischool concept could provide a range of options to cater for and permit diversity. Balance may thus be possible for both the individual and the organisation.


We consider a novel dynamic pricing and learning setting where in addition to setting prices of products in sequential rounds, the seller also ex-ante commits to 'advertising schemes'. That is, in the beginning of each round the seller can decide what kind of signal they will provide to the buyer about the product's quality upon realization. Using the popular Bayesian persuasion framework to model the effect of these signals on the buyers' valuation and purchase responses, we formulate the problem of finding an optimal design of the advertising scheme along with a pricing scheme that maximizes the seller's expected revenue. Without any apriori knowledge of the buyers' demand function, our goal is to design an online algorithm that can use past purchase responses to adaptively learn the optimal pricing and advertising strategy. We study the regret of the algorithm when compared to the optimal clairvoyant price and advertising scheme. Our main result is a computationally efficient online algorithm that achieves an $O(T^{2/3}(m\log T)^{1/3})$ regret bound when the valuation function is linear in the product quality. Here $m$ is the cardinality of the discrete product quality domain and $T$ is the time horizon. This result requires some natural monotonicity and Lipschitz assumptions on the valuation function, but no Lipschitz or smoothness assumption on the buyers' demand function. For constant $m$, our result matches the regret lower bound for dynamic pricing within logarithmic factors, which is a special case of our problem. We also obtain several improved results for the widely considered special case of additive valuations, including an $\tilde{O}(T^{2/3})$ regret bound independent of $m$ when $m\le T^{1/3}$.


Social and economic inequalities have been a concern in human societies throughout history. In recent years especially wealth and income inequality have been the focus of controversial public, political, and scientific debates. The present thesis seeks to contribute to the ongoing inequality debate by regarding economic inequality from a psychological point of view. Together with Detlef Fetchenhauer, Thomas Schlosser, and Daniel Ehlebracht, I experimentally investigated the psychological determinants and consequences of economic inequality in three different studies. Of the many aspects that inequality comprises, we particularly focused on the association between inequality and justice (Chapter 2 and Chapter 3) as well as its consequences for affects, emotions, and cooperation (Chapter 2 and Chapter 4).
In this context, inequality as conceived in Chapter 2 might be most comparable to income inequality because it emerges as a consequence of individuals' performance in a working task. Inequality as conceived in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 might be most comparable to wealth inequality because it is the result of a random assignment to an advantageous or disadvantageous societal position, as is inheritance. Nevertheless, all inequalities examined within this research project are closely related, as they share an economic or monetary basis.
In Chapter 2, we experimentally explored the emotional and affective consequences of inequality and their association to justice perceptions. In particular, our participants had to solve effort-based tasks and were assigned to compensation systems referred to as tournament system and equality system. Whereas tournament systems evoked high outcome disparities, equality systems, as they were applied, caused equal outcome distributions. In accordance with prior research (e.g., Schlosser & Fetchenhauer, 2015), we found that the equality system was perceived to be more just than the tournament system. Yet, the effect of the system's justice on affect and emotions was found to be small and both appeared, instead, to be crucially determined by the income and the status of a participant within a given system. For instance, those that benefited from the unequal tournament system perceived the system to be unjust but reported the highest positive affect and the lowest negative affect, anger, and guilt. A possible explanation might be that—within our research paradigm—beneficiaries cannot be hold accountable for the negative consequences of the exogenously determined compensation systems which might detach their justice perceptions and affects as well as emotions.
In Chapter 3, we investigated whether a person's personal sensitivity towards justice (i.e., justice sensitivity) predicts equality preferences in democratic systems. Prior research found that unequal distributions are likely to be perceived as unjust (e.g., Deutsch, 1975), hence, we assumed that persons who are truly concerned about the just treatment of others (i.e., other-sensitive persons) hold a genuine preference for equal distributions and low inequality. Persons who show the tendency to predominantly care about a just treatment for themselves (i.e., victim-sensitive persons) were instead assumed to hold no genuine distributional preferences, but rather prefer the degree of inequality within their monetary self-interest. With the help of a so-called welfare state game (e.g., Biniossek & Fetchenhauer, 2007; Lotz & Fetchenhauer, 2012), we measured equality preferences in a democratic decision-making process. Indeed, other-sensitive persons displayed a general preference for low inequality irrespective of whether they financially gained or lost out on that decision. In contrast, victim-sensitive persons preferred either low inequality or high inequality depending on whether the one or the other was in their financial interest.
In Chapter 4, we finally investigated the relationship between democratically determined economic inequality and cooperation. Based on previous research which found that in particular endogenously induced inequality harms preconditions for cooperative behavior, such as trust (e.g., Greiner et al., 2012), we assumed that democratically induced inequality hampers cooperation. In accordance with this assumption, we found that groups which previously implemented high inequality through a majority choice displayed relatively low levels of cooperation compared to groups which previously implemented low inequality. In addition, we found that the mechanism driving this effect is likely based on motivated reasoning rather than based on self-selection, similarity, risk, or inequality aversion. These findings suggest that high degrees of inequality harm cooperation in democratic systems.
Chapter 5 provides an integrative discussion of the presented empirical research findings, while Chapter 6 suggests possible paths for future research.


Based on knowledge equivalent classification of an uncertain system, from view of the knowledge coordinating relations and dependence of condition attributes and the decision attributes in an information universe,a new concept of information consistency of a database is presented to simplify knowledge of an uncertain system. A basic algorithm and realization of knowledge simplification on the information consistency of a database is suggested in this paper. It is more legible and convenient for knowledge simplification by way of the information consistency of a database than the idea of knowledge dependence. The feasibility of the proposed approaches of knowledge simplification and reasoning decision rules is validated by some of example of a classic CTR car knowledge representation system with a large-scale database here.


Despite the high popularity of personal use of online social media, a low percentage of students and instructors use them for educational purposes. This qualitative study explores the use of social media among faculty in the discipline of public administration in the United States. Eight instructors participated in telephone interviews about their experiences and perceptions of using social media for teaching and learning. Instructors perceive that informal learning using social media could be facilitated by instructors and integrated into formal learning environments for enriched discussions, increased engagement, and broad connections. This study provides qualitative empirical support for social learning theories while offering strategies for and examples of how social media can be used to connect formal and informal learning.


Kernel sparse representation based classification (KSRC) in compressive sensing (CS) represents one of the most interesting research areas in pattern recognition, image processing and especially facer recognition and identification. First, it applies dimensionality reduction method to reduce data dimensionality in kernel space and then employs the L1 -norm minimization to reconstructing sparse signal. Nevertheless, these classifiers suffer from some shortcomings. KSRC is greedy in time to achieve an approximate solution of sparse representation based on L1 -norm minimization. In this paper, a new method is mathematically developed and applied for face recognition based on Gabor-wavelets for feature extraction and KSRC for precise classification. The aim of the proposed algorithm is to improve the computational efficiency of KSRC by applying a supervised kernel locality preserving projections (SKLPP) for dimension reduction. In fact, the L1 -norm minimization is performed by the use of the fast compressive sampling matching pursuit method (FCoSaMP). Experimental results prove that the proposed classification method is efficient, fast, and robust against variations of illumination, expression, and pose. Indeed, its computation time is highly reduced compared to the baseline performances.


Abstract The current commonly used treatments for cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) include multiple treatments such as medication, uterine artery embolization, curettage and surgery, and their combinations. However, every treatment option has risks of excessive hemorrhage from uterus. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the risk factors for intraoperative hemorrhage of different treatments for CSP patients, with the hope to provide the guidance for CSP treatment. Fifty-eight cases of CSP patients who were treated with curettage after medication, curettage after uterine artery embolization, or surgery were retrospectively analyzed and compared for the clinical efficacy, length of hospital stay, and hemorrhage rate. Further, they were divided into the bleeding group (≥200 mL, 15 cases) and the control group (<200 mL, 43 cases). The hemorrhage-related risk factors were subjected to univariate analysis, including age, pregnant times, delivery times, abortion times or curettage times, the time from last cesarean section, menolipsis time, serum human chorionic gonadotropin level, ultrasound typing, maximum diameter of gestational sac or mass under ultrasound, peritrophoblastic blood flow around the mass, and the distance of gestational sac or mass from the uterine serosa layer. The significant indexes in univariate analysis were further analyzed using both receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The success rate, length of hospital stay, and hemorrhage rate were not significantly different among the 3 treatment groups (P > .05). Univariate analysis found that patients in the bleeding group had significantly longer menolipsis time and greater maximum diameter than patients in the control group (P < .05). ROC analysis showed that the optimal cutoff for menolipsis time and maximum diameter were 51 days and 27 mm, respectively, and the areas under their corresponding ROC were 0.680 and 0.787, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that only the maximum diameter in the retrospective equation was of significance (P < .05, odds ratio: 1.067, 95% confidence interval: 1.014∼1.123]. All treatments have high success rates and no significant effects on intraoperative bleeding. Both menolipsis time and maximum diameter can be used to predict the risk of intraoperative bleeding, and the latter have a greater predictive value.


Exposure of pregnant F0 mouse dams to the obesogen tributyltin (TBT) predisposes unexposed male descendants to obesity and diverts mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward the adipocytic lineage. TBT promotes adipogenic commitment and differentiation of MSCs, in vitro. To identify TBT-induced factors predisposing MSCs toward the adipocytic fate, we exposed mouse MSCs to TBT, the PPARγ-selective agonist rosiglitazone or the RXR-selective agonist LG-100268. Then we determined their transcriptomal profiles to determine candidate microRNAs (miR) regulating adipogenic commitment and differentiation. Of the top 10 candidate microRNAs predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, miR-21, miR-33 and miR-223 were expressed consistent with an ability to differentially regulate target genes during adipogenesis. 24-hour exposure to 50 nM TBT caused miR-223 levels in MSCs to increase; expression of its target genes ZEB1, NFIB, and FOXP1 was decreased. ROSI and TBT increased miR-223 levels. This induction was inhibited by the PPARγ antagonist T0070907 but not by the RXR antagonists HX531 or UVI3003, placing miR-223 downstream of PPARγ. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed TBT-induced binding of PPARγ to regulatory elements in the miR-223 promoter. miR-223 levels were elevated in white adipose tissue of F2 and F3 male descendants of pregnant F0 mouse dams exposed to 50 nM TBT throughout gestation. miR-223 levels were potentiated in males fed with an increased fat diet. We infer that TBT induced miR-223 expression and increased adipogenesis in MSCs through the PPARγ pathway and that transgenerationally increased expression of miR-223 plays an important role in the development of obesity caused by TBT exposure.


Context. Clusters of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proposed as candidates for evaporating very small grains, which are thought to be precursors of free-flying PAHs. Evaporation rates have been calculated so far only for species containing up to a few 100-C atoms, whereas interstellar PAH clusters could contain up to 1000 C atoms. Aims. We present a method that generalises the calculation of the statistical evaporation rate of large PAH clusters and provides rates for species containing up to 1000 C-atoms. Methods. The evaporation of non-rotating neutral homo-molecular PAH clusters containing up to 12 molecules from a family of highly symmetric compact PAHs is studied. Statistical calculations were performed and completed with molecular dynamics simulations at high internal energies to provide absolute values for the evaporation rate and distributions of kinetic energy released. The calculations used explicit atom-atom Lennard-Jones potentials in the rigid molecule approximation. A new method is proposed to take both interand intra-molecular vibrations into account. Results. Without any parameter adjustment, the calculated evaporation rates agree well with available experimental data. We find that the non-rotation assumption has a limited impact on the evaporation rates. The photostability of PAH clusters increases dramatically with the size of molecules in the clusters, and to a lesser extent with the number of molecules in the clusters. For values of the UV radiation field that are typical of the regions where evaporating very small grains are observed, the smallest clusters in this study ( 50 C-atoms) are found to be quickly photo-evaporated, whereas the largest clusters ( 1000 C-atoms) are photostable. Conclusions. Our results support the idea that large PAH clusters are good candidates for evaporating very small grains.


Using a comparative mode of analysis, this article offers a new perspective on Indian
assimilation policy in the United States. It focuses on one aspect of assimilation
policy common to the United States and Australia in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries-the practice of removing indigenous children from their families
and communities and placing them in institutions. The article argues that there is a
subtle difference in the way that Americans and Australians described "assimilation"
taking place-namely, the extent to which white Americans and white Australians
openly planned to "whitewash" indigenous identity through interracial relationships.
Nevertheless, while children of mixed descent played a very different role in the grandiloquent
words used by reformers and politicians to describe their nation9s policies,
similar ideas about their role in the absorption and eventual disappearance of the
indigenous population into the white one can be discerned in both contexts.


MIE is a highly complex major surgery, which requires a lot of discipline to learn, master and to teach. It is not surprising to hear about serious on-table disasters, and even mortality. I believe that the year that I spent learning MIE and all the other aspects of minimally invasive esophageal surgery in UPMC (Pittsburgh) under the auspices of Professor James D. Luketich was undoubtedly the most inspirational and enlightening surgical training I have experienced. This was the MIE fellowship everyone wanted. There was a huge volume of work, and the expectations and teaching were unparalleled.


This is a Review Essay. It uses as a starting point ideas from the recent book by Geoff A Wilson, Community resilience and environmental transitions, to develop arguments about the nature of work by geographers on the resilience of human communities. It considers the legacy of ideas about resilience derived from ecology and engineering, whilst noting a third interpretation relating to adaptive resilience and the contribution of work from psychology on resilience in individuals. The Review addresses the notion of 'community capital', considering how ideas from Pierre Bourdieu have been extended in the past two decades, including attempts to measure various capitals. Scale effects of resilience are examined as is the development of theory linking multi-functionality and resilience. Related work on adaptability and transition pathways are also addressed as are contributions on the resilience of cities and regions. The Review concludes by presenting critiques of some of the work on resilience, whilst referring to potential alternatives and potentially fruitful future lines of inquiry.


Climate change projections suggest increased frequency and duration of streambed drying in many regions across the globe. These predictions even apply to streams in temperate environments, which are typically characterised by perennial river flow. The subsurface sediments of streams are an important refuge for benthic invertebrates during streambed drying; this role may become more important given the predicted increased future extent and duration of stream drying. However the vertical movement of organisms into subsurface and hyporheic sediments, and factors affecting this movement, has received limited attention historically. The research in this thesis employed a series of laboratory experiments to examine the impact of sedimentological characteristics (particle size, porosity, sedimentation) on the vertical movement of macroinvertebrates. This research also used tightly controlled flume and field experiments to examine how the duration of drying events affected macroinvertebrate survival. Specifically, the laboratory studies used direct observation in transparent artificial mesocosms containing different sediment sizes and interstitial pore space volumes to examine the subsurface vertical movements of five lotic taxa displaying different biotic traits in response to water level reduction. The results indicated that lotic macroinvertebrates actively moved into subsurface sediments in response to water level reduction. The extent to which taxa moved vertically through sediments was: i) species-specific, and ii) restricted by sediment porosity. In addition, the research examined the effect of varying loads of fine sediment (particles < 2 mm) on the vertical movement of the freshwater shrimp, Gammarus pulex, through transparent mesocosms during water level reduction. The results demonstrate the limiting effect of fine sediment load and size on the ability of G. pulex to remain submerged as sand particles (0.5 - 1 mm) capable of bridging interstitial pathways into the subsurface impeded and prevented the movement of individuals into the subsurface. Finally, this thesis presents the results of flume and field mesocosm studies which examine the effect of surface water loss duration on the survivorship of G. pulex within the subsurface. These experiments demonstrate how increasing drying duration and variability in water quality can significantly reduce faunal survival within subsurface sediments. The results and synthesis illustrate the value of laboratory / mesocosm-based research and effective riverbed management to ensure instream ecology can access and utilise the vital hyporheic refuge in the face of increased drying due to climate change and anthropogenic management.


Previously we investigated the frequency of malocclusion in children who visited the Pedodontic Clinic of Kyushu University and the types of appliances to treat the reversed occlusion in deciduous dentition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the maxillary protracting bow appliance to the reversed occlusion in deciduous dentition. Patients at the Hellman's dental age IIA and without molar cross-bite were selected. Eleven patients (6 males and 5 females) were treated with the maxillary protracting bow appliance, and 9 patients (5 males and 4 females) were treated with the chin cap. The controls were 15 patients (5 males and 10 females) without, distal step type of terminal plane, caries and malocclusion. For the sake of evaluation, the study models and lateral cephalograms were analyzed, which were taken before and after the correction of reversed occlusion. The results were as follows: 1. The effects of maxillary protracting bow appliance were the maxillary forward movement associated with counter-clockwise rotation of the nasal floor and the mandibular backward movement associated with clockwise rotation. 2. The maxillary protracting caused the labial inclination of the primary incisors in the maxilla, but the dental arch length was reduced by the mesial movement of the primary second molars in the maxilla. 3. From the results of multiple regression analysis in the maxillary protracting group, it was indicated that the increase of the overjet was attributable to the change of angles of SN-GN, SNB, SNA and GZN.


Increasing wind power penetration levels bring about new challenges for power systems operation and planning, because wind power forecast errors increase the uncertainty faced by the different actors. One specific problem is generation re-dispatch during the operation period, a problem in which the system operator seeks the cheapest way of re-dispatching generators while maintaining an acceptable level of system security. Stochastic optimal power flows are re-dispatch algorithms which account for the uncertainty in the optimization problem itself. In this article, an existing stochastic optimal power flow (SOPF) formulation is extended to include the case of non-Gaussian distributed forecast errors. This is an important case when considering wind power, since it has been shown that wind power forecast errors are in general not normally distributed. Approximations are necessary for solving this SOPF formulation. The method is illustrated in a small power system in which the accuracy of these approximations is also assessed for different probability distributions of the load and wind power.


This study was carried out during an intervention program tackling bullying in classrooms. The study's main aim was the exploration of emotional expressions (verbal and nonverbal) of bullies, victims and bystanders, the hypothesis being that these children react in emotionally different ways. The intervention program was carried out in an Italian elementary school over a period of 8 months. The sample of the study included 6 experimental classes (in which intervention strategies were carried out) and 3 control classes (in which the normal curriculum was used). Peer nominations were used to single out bully, victim and bystander children. In experimental classes Cooperative Group Work (CGW) was carried out once a week. This was video-recorded and so was children's behaviour in the playground. Using these videos children were interviewed at the beginning and at the end of the intervention by means of Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR, Kagan and Kagan, 1991). These interviews were also video-recorded, and then analysed using content analysis for the verbal emotional expressions and the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX, Izard, 1979) for facial expressions. Moreover, naturalistic observation in the playground was carried out using a behavioural check list, again at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Results show that during IPR victims displayed significantly less verbal and non verbal emotional expressions than bullies and bystanders, and that the latter showed indifference towards victims' experience. In the last interview more empathy and more awareness about their own and the others' emotions was found in most children. Some bullies and some victims did not show any change in the considered behaviours. Both victims and bystanders showed improvement of social skills during playground activities. Finally, peer nomination scores of bullies and victims of experimental classes significantly improved compared to those of control classes.


We investigated the differences between size selectivity of a commercial codend (40 mm diamond mesh – 40D), a larger mesh codend (48 mm diamond mesh – 48D), and a square mesh codend (40 mm square mesh – 40S) for Parapenaeus longirostris in international waters of the Aegean Sea. Selectivity data were collected by using a covered codend method and analysed taking between-haul variation into account. The results indicate significant increases in L 50 values in relation to an increase in mesh size and when the square mesh is used in the commercial trawl codend. The results demonstrate that the commercially used codend (40D) is not selective enough for P. longirostris in terms of length at first maturity. Changing from a 40D to a 48D codend significantly improves selection, with an increase of about 15% in the L 50 values (carapace length 14.5 mm for 40D and 16.6 mm for 48D). Similarly, 40 mm square mesh, which has recently been legislated for EU Mediterranean waters, showed a 12.4% higher mean L 50 value (16.3 mm) than 40 mm diamond mesh for this species. However, despite these improvements, the 48D and 40S codends still need further improvements to obtain higher selectivity closer to the length at first maturity (20 mm carapace length).


Abstract Instability of volcano flanks may result from the mechanically and thermally generated pore fluid pressures that accompany dyke intrusion. These complementary methods of pore pressure generation act on potential basal failure planes, decreasing effective stresses and consequently decreasing frictional resistance to failure. The twin agents of pore pressure generation provide a rational and quantifiable means of initiating and sustaining flank instability, even as the driving forces provided by magma pressurization ultimately drop as flank displacement is initiated, Pore pressures developed by mechanical and thermal effects are readily evaluated using simple, but mechanistically rigorous, models. Mechanically induced pore fluid pressures are evaluated through an analogy with a moving line dislocation within a saturated porous-elastic medium. Thermally induced pore fluid pressures are evaluated from a one-dimensional advective-diffusive solution for low Peclet transport, representing behaviour around a plane feeder dyke of infinite extent. Induced pore pressure magnitudes condition stability through the parameters representing the geometry and dimensions of the flank and failing flank block, together with the parameters modulating volumetric magma intrusion rate and heat supply. Where appropriate parameter magnitudes are selected, the resulting mechanical and thermal pore fluid pressures are sufficient to initiate failure. Where the pervasive influence of thermally induced pore pressures is included, or where shear collapse of the saturated pore structure occurs, the disturbance is sufficient to sustain failure. This presents the possibility for long runout instabilities of extremely large volume.


Background Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly efficacious procedure used most commonly for the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Despite the high value of incorporating FMT into practice, there remain concerns about its safety. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been an updated meta-analysis reporting pooled rates of adverse events in FMT for CDI. Methods A search for studies of FMT in patients with CDI was performed with the rate of serious adverse events (SAEs) related to FMT evaluated as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included SAEs unrelated to FMT and minor adverse events associated with FMT. A pooled analysis was then performed. Results Initial search identified 378 reference articles. Data were extracted from the 61 of these studies that met the inclusion criteria, comprising 5099 patients. Pooled analysis showed that SAEs related to FMT developed in less than 1% of patients. The pooled rate of SAEs not related to FMT was higher at 2.9%. The pooled rate of minor adverse events also showed infrequent self-limited gastrointestinal and systemic discomfort. Conclusions This meta-analysis supports FMT as a safe option for treating recurrent CDI. Future randomized trials are needed to improve our current understanding of FMT safety and further examine the improvements in the quality of life of patients treated with FMT compared to standard therapy of antibiotics.


Jane Cook and Jane Short write:

Dr Scott, who became a considerable force in medical politics as regards the status of women doctors, died suddenly at her home in Pitlochry, Perthshire, on 5 November, 2010.

She was born on 18 September 1921 in Airdrie, Lanarkshire, and, following school in school in Coatbridge, she attended Glasgow University graduating MB ChB in 1944 followed by an MD with commendation in 1948. Her thesis was on anaemia in pregnancy, and in 1949 her first paper on this topic was published in the British Medical Journal . This led to her becoming an internationally known expert on the subject. She established the first antenatal blood clinic in the west of Scotland and showed clearly that anaemia was the most common and serious complication of pregnancy. Dr Scott worked as a clinical pathologist in many Glasgow hospitals, her last appointment being at the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital and Wolfson Medical School at Strathclyde University.

After her formal retirement she continued to serve on committees furthering good causes of which she approved—the National Trust for Scotland, the Pitlochry Civic Trust, the Pitlochry Conservation Society, the WRVS, and the local church.

She continued cycling till the year prior to her death, when she re-cycled her bicycle to a child in Malawi.

Her husband predeceased her in 1995, but she continued to care for her garden in Pitlochry with its magnificent collection of rhododendrons.

Dr Scott is survived by her daughter, Marion, and son in law, Geoff, in Canada.

David A Cruikshank writes in his eulogy for Dr Scott:

An esteemed and highly respected lady.

Consultant haematologist and pathologist of international renown in her working life and for many years after her retiral in 1981.

Known as Dr Scott to so many who new her—her doctorate a fitting …


In the twentieth century, celebrations of historical anniversaries abounded. There was the bicentennial of the French Revolution, the 150th anniversary of photography, Bach's 300th anniversary, and the 200th anniversary of the American Constitution, to name just a few. Every year hundreds of anniversaries still attract media attention and government investment in ever greater degrees. Deploying an astonishing array of insights, "Celebrations" explores the causes and consequences of this major phenomenon of our time. As Johnston shows, anniversaries fulfill a number of needs. They provide the kind of experience of regularity across a lifetime that the weekly cycle supplies in daily life. The use of anniversaries for political ends emerged during the French Revolution and expanded to promote nationalism during the nineteenth century, although there are differences in how they are used. Europeans tend to celebrate cultural heroes, while Americans tend to celebrate events. Entire nations exploit anniversaries of founding events in order to promote national identity. Commercially, there are whole industries built around commemoration, and they provide intellectuals an opportunity to take center stage. Using methods of cultural history, sociology, and religious studies, Johnston shows how the cult of anniversaries reflects postmodern concerns. It fills a void left by the disappearance of ideologies and avant-gardes. In an era when there is little consensus about styles or methods, anniversaries allow intellectuals, businesses, and governments to acknowledge and celebrate every nuance of opinion. By suggesting ways to use anniversaries more creatively, this book offers a broad range of insights.