A wife who work does not need to rely on her husband financially. This
independence is then suppose to be a force for women to male dominance as people
put husband as the head of the family who are responsible for economic needs. Selfconcept
so embedded in mind a wife and husband against their spouse. The wife's
independent is affect to the communication pattern, which made the wife became a
decision maker in home by her finance independent. Differences revenue are not
inevitable and often become sensitive issues in the household for the husband should
be able to meet a financial obligation while his wife is able to fulfill the need.
The purpose of this study was to determine how the pattern of marital
communication with his wife as a career woman. Specifically, the study sought to
describe the experience of seeing marital communication and the communication
pattern with the wife's condition has financial independence.
The research is based on the phenomenon of working wives and using
phenomenology approach. Phenomenological approach to see how a couple with this
condition. Patterns of communication between husband and wife is framed through
Relational Dialectics Theory. In marital relationship with wife as a career woman
encountered a tension between the desire to dominate and yield, the desire to be
independent (independent) and bonded, as well as openness and closed on a particular
issue. The results of this study indicate that the couple chose to segment and
integration the dialectic. The impact is a balanced and mutually respectful
communication. Wife considers the income as common property for the benefit of the
entire family as well as to receive and cover the shortfall husbands, while husbands
still do their role. Couples tend to be more open in communication especially in
relation to family policy, but more careful in discussing financial issues. In the end
everything is trying to lose the ego to achieve the goals of each family and the
comfort of its members.
Keyword: career women, dialectics, communication pattern, self-concept


: This final rule implements Medicaid payment for primary care services furnished by certain physicians in calendar years (CYs) 2013 and 2014 at rates not less than the Medicare rates in effect in those CYs or, if greater, the payment rates that would be applicable in those CYs using the CY 2009 Medicare physician fee schedule conversion factor. This minimum payment level applies to specified primary care services furnished by a physician with a specialty designation of family medicine, general internal medicine, or pediatric medicine, and also applies to services rendered by these provider types paid by Medicaid managed care plans contracted by states to provide the primary care services. It also provides for 100 percent federal financial participation (FFP) for any increase in payment above the amounts that would be due for these services under the provisions of the approved Medicaid state plan, as of July 1, 2009. In other words, there will not be any additional cost to states for payments above the amount required by the 2009 rate methodology. In this final rule, we specify which services and types of physicians qualify for the minimum payment level in CYs 2013 and 2014, and the method for calculating the payment amount and any increase for which increased federal funding is due. In addition, this final rule will update the interim regional maximum fees that providers may charge for the administration of pediatric vaccines to federally vaccine-eligible children under the Pediatric Immunization Distribution Program, more commonly known as the Vaccines for Children (VFC) program.


This study attempts to reconcile competing positions in the debate over whether democracy improves human development by showing that some aspects of democracy – but not others – affect human development. Specifically, we argue that the "electoral" aspect of democracy improves human development while aspects related to citizen empowerment do not (or scarcely so). Likewise, composite indices of democracy bear only a weak relationship to human development, especially if they do not take the mutual dependence between electoral components into account in their aggregation procedures. We argue, finally, that public policies serve as a key causal mechanism in this relationship. Electoral competition incentivizes politicians to provide public goods and services, and these, in turn, save lives. This set of hypotheses is tested in a more rigorous fashion than has hitherto been possible. First, we enlist a new dataset compiled by the CLIO Infra project that measures mortality – infant mortality, child mortality, and life expectancy – for most sovereign countries over the course of the twentieth century. Second, we draw on a new political institutions dataset – Varieties of Democracy (V- Dem) – that provides highly differentiated measures of democracy, measured annually for most sovereign countries from 1900 to the present. Third, we apply a diverse set of empirical tests including fixed effects, lagged dependent variables, first-difference, system GMM, and instrumental variables. Considered together, these tests mitigate concerns about causal identification.


Aim: To assess the awareness of the necessity, deficiency of vitamin D, and knowledge about its appropriate attainment among the medical students at Combined Military Hospital Lahore Medical College (CMH LMC) Methods: The study undertaken was an observational cross-sectional one conducted among the medical students of CMH LMC. A structured questionnaire was distributed among the medical students from first-year to fifth-year levels. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part was based on socio-demographic information like age, sex, nationality, and the second half were based on questions regarding awareness of the benefits, deficiency and, attainment of Vitamin D. Results: The results were likely to highlight the mean awareness score with poor and good awareness identified among medical students. The questionnaire evaluated awareness regarding the main source and dietary source of vitamin D like milk, cheese, and fish; factors that affect vitamin D manufacture; the influence of vitamin D on health, and effects of its deficiency on body health; identifying high-risk groups; and significance of supplements in overcoming deficiency. Practical implication: The study would help increase and improve awareness of vitamin D necessity and deficiency issues among medical students. The awareness in the new generation of professionals can impact the evolution of future health education programs, policy development, the construction of social rules, and views about health and health-endorsing attitudes. Conclusion: The study concluded that the respondents were more aware of the necessity of vitamin D (M = -.05) and less aware of the deficiency and attainment level of vitamin D. (M = -.32; M = -.36) respectively. Keywords: Vitamin D, awareness, deficiency, attainment, medical students, health


(1956) found' found the average disability after splitskin grafting to be between seven and eight weeks." The disability period referred to in my paper concerned full-thickness grafts-i.e., Wolfe grafts. It is recognized that these grafts require longer to consolidate than splitskin grafts and this fact accounts for the longer disability period resulting from their use. The long-term results, however, are superior to those achieved by split-skin grafts. Mr. Moynihan puts forward split-skin grafting as a satisfactory method of treatment in the casualty department for all finger-tip amputations. It would appear to me that expediency plays a prominent part in advocating such a policy. For example, he mentions the large number of open hand injuries attending the casualty department, the inexperience of casualty officers, the training of students, and so on. Surely in these days. when we are aiming at the more eflicient treatment of hand injuries, minor as well as major, a policy of expediency is to be deplored. In one paragraph Mr. Moynihan states that finger-tip amputations are a major source of casualty attendance, yet in a subsequent paragraph the number of these injuries treated is stated to average two a week. A hand-surgery service, which must inevitably be closely linked with the casualty department, should be able to take this in its stride and treat each case purely on its merits. I maintain in hand surgery that it is wrong to treat a type of injury, in this case finger-tip avulsion, by the same method in every case.23 Each case should be carefully assessed. The level of amputation, the occupation of the patient, the texture of the hand-skin, and his age are all factors which should guide one as to the type of repair indicated. Loss of skin or minimal pulp may satisfactorily be repaired by free graft, be it split-skin, full-thickness skin, or toe-pulp. A more extensive loss involving bone in a skilled craftsman is best treated by a thenar or cross-finger flap. In such a case precision work demands supple fingers with pulp and skin of good sensory quality. In my experience this may only be achieved by a flap as described. A similar case in a labourer with horny skin might well be best treated by shortening the finger. I entirely agree with Mr. Moynihan that finger flaps require " most careful attention to detail, good facilities, and time," all of which should be available in a handsurgery service. Performance of these procedures by inexperienced persons under poor conditions cannot be too strongly condemned. Such can only bring disrepute to these excellent procedures. Incidentally, some years ago I recorded a disability period of under five weeks in fifteen consecutive thenar repairs. Finally, a word in support of the casualty officer. Many casualty departments are now staffed by senior casualty officers-men of considerable surgical experience. They should form a valuable link in the handsurgery service. This liaison between the casualty department and the hand-surgery team is absolutely essential if the so-called minor hand cases are to receive the treatment they deserve. Hand surgery demands a flexible approach and a full knowledge of all the available techniques which may be applied.-I am, etc., Plastic and Jaw Unit, D. A. CAMPBELL REID. United Sheffield Hospitals.


In recent years the Political Economy literature has focused on the question whether the presence of coalition governments favours excessive public spending and fiscal deficits. Some empirical contributions have already answered affirmatively; here we consider whether it is possible to do better by looking not at the type of government in charge (single party vs. coalition), but at its nature. We distinguish between homogeneous and non-homogeneous governments: the latter are held together only by extra-economic motives, while in the former there is also a common view on economic policy, as is the case not just with single party, but also with a number of coalition governments. By using cluster analysis on data regarding 11 OECD countries from 1962 to 1992 we come to the conclusion that classifying governments by nature makes more sense, as it isolates those coalitions where a strategic interaction over fiscal policy takes place between partners. Ideological coalitions have a greater probability to be associated with strong positive fiscal impulses, but also with strong negative ones. We argue this is not in contrast with the conclusions of the Alesina and Drazen model (1991).


The Web provides access to a wide variety of information but much of this information is fluid; it changes, moves, and occasionally disappears. Bookmarks, paths over Web pages, and catalogs like Yahoo! are examples of page collections that can become out-of-date as changes are made to their components. Maintaining these collections requires that they be updated continuously. Tools to help in this maintenance require an understanding of what changes are important, such as when pages no longer exist, and what changes are not, such as when a visit counter changes. We performed a study to look at the effect of the type and quantity of change on people's perception of its importance. Subjects were presented pairs of Web pages with changes to either content (e.g., text), structure (e.g., links), or presentation (e.g., colors, layout). While changes in content were the most closely connected to subjects perceptions of the overall change to a page, subjects indicated a strong desire to be notified of structural changes. Subjects only considered the simultaneous change of many presentation characteristics as important.


The aim of this study was to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of survivin, ki‐67, and p63 in oral leukoplakic lesions, histopathologically differentiated into dysplastic and nondysplastic. A tissue microarray containing 57 samples of biopsies from clinically classified lesions, such as leukoplakia, was immunolabeled for survivin, ki‐67, and p63. Samples were scored for percentage of positively stained. Scores were designated as follows: low = less than 25% of positive cells; and high = more than 25% of positive cells. On performing histopathological diagnosis, 20 dysplastic lesions and 37 nondysplastic lesions were seen, in which female patients (56.1%) were predominant with an average age of 58.27 years. The study showed a high expression of 37.5% for survivin, 43.7% for ki‐67, and 88.2% for p63 in dysplastic lesions. However, there was a high expression of 16.7% for survivin, 16.7% for ki‐67, and 92% for p63 in nondysplastic lesions. There is a positive correlation of expression among the three antibodies. In the association of immunoreactivity, in both dysplastic and nondysplastic lesions, increased expression of survivin reflects on the increased expression of ki‐67, and there is an overexpression of p63. In leukoplakia, the expression of survivin associated with that of ki‐67 reinforces the assumption that all these lesions are potentially malignant, regardless of histopathology; and the overexpression of p63 may indicate carcinogenic potential. These findings may help in the treatment of patients with this type of lesion.


In order to establish a supply system for energy resource coupled with the environment, the production technology of sugar beets was explored as a biological energy source. The low-humic andosol as the experimental soil, the panting method was direct planting, and cultivation technique was minimum tillage direct planting method. The control was conventional tillage transplant and no tillage direct planting. The results demonstrated that data revealed that the energy cost of no tillage and a direct planting method was 105 GJ/hm2 on average for two years, while that of the conventional tillage method was 112 GJ/hm2 per year. The ratio of output to input showed that the direct planting with no tillage was more efficient (3.61) than the conventional tillage (3.01). Moreover, the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere with no tillage and the direct planting was 71% of the conventional tillage planting technique. Therefore, direct planting without tillage reduces the impact on the environment.


The IDAMAP-2006 Working Notes will be printed from electronic manuscripts submitted by the authors and distributed at the workshop. This paper provides the style instructions.


A COMET Experiment Phase-I is designed to search for a muon to an electron conversion with a 100 times better sensitivity than the current upper limit on its branching ratio in order to investigate the new physics beyond the standard model. To achieve such an unprecedented sensitivity, a high intensity muon beam is mandatory. In consequence, an extremely high hit rate is predicted and it can cause a high trigger rate more than tens of kHz dominated by the background events. Then the high trigger rate would lead to the severe dead-time in the data acquisition. Therefore it is essential for a success of the experiment to reduce the trigger rate down to a few kHz within a processing time shorter than 5 μs while maintaining the signal efficiency high enough. We are developing an event classification algorithm utilising a CDC hit information and a dedicated fast online trigger system to accomplish this aim. The event classification based on a boosted decision tree shows 3.8 kHz of trigger rate, which almost satisfies the rate requirement, with a good compatibility to the trigger electronics. The total processing time to generate the trigger decision is estimated to be ~3 μs which also fulfils the timing requirement.


The central research question underlying this project is 'How to express in visual form,
the music of Arauco Libre and its role in their migration experience'. The case study in
this research is a group of exiles from Chile who formed a popular band, Arauco
Libre, in Hobart, Tasmania, thirty years ago. Their Andean-inspired music, played on
traditional South American instruments, has its roots in folk music, going back for
thousands of years, and is entwined with the identity of the people of the Altiplano.
In the politically turbulent 1960's and 70's, this music was associated with the
aspirations of the indigenous and the poor and the election of the Allende
government, but after the military coup which toppled this government, it also came
to speak of the experience of exile. The instruments, rich in associations of all these
things, are the subject matter in the series of paintings that are the outcome of this
research.
The nine still life paintings of these unique instruments are quasi-portraits of their
owners. Using the device of hanging the instruments from trees, I reference the poetic
trope of exiles from Psalm 137: 'we hung our harps on the willows'. This suspension of
the instruments engages the migrant narrative at a moment of in-between, of not
belonging, of leaving the past and facing an unknown future. The images explore the
tension between nostalgia for a past homeland and hope for a better life. These
dualities are expressed in the use of darkness and light. Along with the void and the raking light, these metaphors combine in a redemptive visual allegory of hope and
human endeavour.
In a series of interviews band members gave insights into both their music and their
migration story. Literature about music in society, and Andean society in particular,
provided an undergirding of the project. Among the still life artists that have directly
informed my work are Juan Sanchez Cotan, Francisco de Zurbaran, Adriaen Coorte,
and Harmen Steenwyk. I also refer to painters of musical instruments, Evaristo
Baschinas and Raoul Dufy. Chosen works of twenty first century painters, Cindy
Wright and Teresa Fischer, demonstrate how the still life genre can be invested with
contemporary meaning while the work of contemporary photographer Joachim
Froese is seminal, with his strategy of suspending objects, exposing their vulnerability.
The project celebrates and examines a small but significant part of Tasmanian history.
Positioned at the intersection of the sister arts of music and painting, the research
explores the significance of Andean-inspired music in the cross-cultural setting of
Hobart by interpreting this specific case and seeks to repurpose the still life genre to
communicate the nature of the migrant experience that it evokes.


This paper presents the current stage of an ongoing research project regarding isotopic analyses of the Unetice culture in Silesia District (SW Poland). This study provides a new model of contextual interpretation of barrow burial ground in classic phase of the Unetice culture (1900-1750 BC) in Central Europe. It combines several elements: archaeological landscape study of Szczepankowice necropoly, paleopathological and isotopic analyses of skeletons from barrows (first local strontium baseline for Silesia, and mobility case study) and finally radiocarbon dating.


BACKGROUND Plexiform neurofibroma is a benign tumor of the peripheral nerves. It is an unusual variant of neurofibroma originating from all parts of the nerve. Plexiform neurofibroma is primarily pathognomonic and exhibits an unusual variant from neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The possibility of malignancy and recurrence are the main reasons for long-term, close follow-up. OBSERVATIONS The authors report a case of a 14-year-old girl with a recurrent plexiform neurofibroma derived from the peripheral nerves, which also presented with a typical sign of NF1 disease. The aim of the tumor resection is symptomatic relief. LESSONS Accomplishing a good outcome can be related to good perioperative planning and a precise operative procedure. The result of anatomical pathology determines the prognosis of the patient. Clinical examination and radiological studies are needed to evaluate the recurrence of complications after surgical procedures.


In studies with toad bladders, the uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) reversed the inhibition of CO2 production produced by direct inhibition of transport. In contrast, DNP did not reverse the inhibition of CO2 production brought about by metabolic inhibitors. Therefore, the response to DNP distinguished between inhibition of transport and metabolism; this approach may be useful for the investigation of factors that regulate active transport.


Helicobacter pylori is one of the primary reasons that the gastric epithelium becomes chronically inflamed. As with other epithelial tissues, chronic inflammation can lead to hyperproliferation, metaplasia and eventually gastric cancer. The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is required for embryonic development including development of the gastrointestinal tract. In the pancreas, Hh signaling is extinguished after birth but becomes re-activated by chronic inflammation and when sustained contributes to pancreatic cancer. However, the contribution of Hh signaling in gastric cancer has been less clear. Components of the Hh pathway are elevated in human gastric cancer cell lines, and on this basis, its contribution to gastric cancers have been implicated. Unlike the pancreas, the gastric corpus produces abundant amounts of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) ligand. Recent studies have indicated that Shh expressed in the acid-producing parietal cells is required to recruit myeloid cells to the stomach during the initial phase of a Helicobacter infection. We will present evidence showing that the canonical Hh target gene Gli1 is required for the Helicobacter-induced inflammatory response as well as the subsequent development of mucous cell metaplasia, a pre-neoplastic lesion in the stomach. Citation Format: Juanita L. Merchant. Helicobacter gastritis, metaplasia, and gastric cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL02-02.


This paper deals with the English impersonal appearance construction (it seems/appears) and its relationship with the propositions over which it scopes. Attention focuses on four aspects: the presence/absence of explicit personalization via circumstantial element to me; the use of conjunctive, comparative or elided binder; the modal/temporal deicticity of the framed proposition; and the instantiation of these features across written and spoken modes of communication. These features are considered on account of prior studies assigning semantic correlates to their occurrence on the basis of qualitative analysis. The study applies log-linear analysis, a statistical technique that allows exploration of associations between two or more categorical variables, to test the degree of association between the four aspects mentioned. Three significant effects are included in the final model: a three-way interaction between mode of communication, binder choice and personalization, and two two-way associations between personalization and framed clause deicticity, and between binder choice and framed clause deicticity. The identified associations are discussed in the light of relevant literature and qualitative findings. The paper ends with concluding remarks and critical reflections on the use of log-linear analysis for the study of linguistic variation.


In this study an attempt is made to assess the role of micro enterprises creating employment opportunities and income generation opportunity in Timergara District Dir Lower, KPK Pakistan. During the study primary data were collected from the owners of 80 micro enterprises. Questionnaire was used as data collection instruments. For Data analysis descriptive statistical tools such as tables, frequency distribution and percentages, and inferential statistical tools such as regression analysis were used to describe the responses on the role of micro enterprises. The study elaborate that there is some positive growth rate of micro enterprises in Timergara City. Regarding employment creation these micro enterprises created around 4.75 average numbers of employees per micro enterprise. The total number of employees in 80 enterprises was 380 employees. Most of the enterprise owners (42.5%) get average monthly income from Rs.53000 to Rs.89000 and each employee in the enterprise get average income of Rs.11997 per month. The total average monthly sale of 80 enterprises in Timergara City is Rs.61000000. Besides this the enterprises also faced some constraints during start-up time and also face constraints during operation, such as financial shortage, security, high rent and energy shortage. To conclude that, micro enterprises play a great role in reducing unemployment and also play a great role in income generation to the owners and employees. Based on the major findings a number of policy recommendations are drawn. Among these the access to credit, price control, government check and provision of energy is very important for the development of these micro enterprises.


Introduction: The ACGME requires that residents perform scholarly activities prior to graduation, but this is difficult to complete and challenging to support. We describe a residency research program, taking advantage of environmental change aligning resident and faculty goals, to become a contributor to departmental cultural change and research development. Methods: A research program, Scholar Quest (SQ), was developed as a part of an Information Mastery program. The goal of SQ is for residents to gain understanding of scholarly activity through a mentor-directed experience in original research. This curriculum is facilitated by providing residents protected time for didactics, seed grants and statistical/staff support. We evaluated total scholarly activity and resident/faculty involvement before and after implementation (PRE-SQ; 2003–2005 and POST-SQ; 2007–2009). Results: Scholarly activity was greater POST-SQ versus PRE-SQ (123 versus 27) (p<0.05) with an incidence rate ratio (IRR)=2.35. Resident and faculty involvement in scholarly activity also increased PRE-SQ to POST-SQ (22 to 98 residents; 10 to 39 faculty, p<0.05) with an IRR=2.87 and 2.69, respectively. Conclusion: Implementation of a program using department environmental change promoting a resident longitudinal research curriculum yielded increased resident and faculty scholarly involvement, as well as an increase in total scholarly activity.


OBJECTIVE
To analyze quantitative indicators of food insecurity (FI), and estimate if FI modifies the association between maternal and child Zinc and energy intake as evidence for maternal dietary compromise in favor of her child.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Cross-sectional study (n=2 563), data derived from baseline impact evaluation of the Mexican Programa de Apoyo Alimentario. Quantitative indicators of FI were:Household food storage, maize and/or bean production, food expenditure, and spatial access to food markets. We evaluated percentage adequacy of energy (PAE) and Zinc (PAZn) intake. Multiple linear regression model was fitted to estimate the association between maternal and child PAE and PAZn.

RESULTS
Child PAE and PAZn were positively associated with those of their mothers. None of the FI indicators modified the association between maternal and child PAE and PAZn.

CONCLUSIONS
No evidence of maternal dietary compromise in favor of her child was observed using four quantitative indicators of FI in central-southern rural Mexican househods.


Domestic violence is a crime against humanity. This crime happens all over the country. Therefore, many countries have laws to eliminate domestic violence, including Indonesia Act No. 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. Law No. 23 of 2004 was formed to protect family members from various forms of violence. This law divides domestic violence into two types, that are physical violence and psychological violence and grants certain rights to the victims. This paper aims to identify the rights of women victims of domestic violence according to Law No. 23 of 2004. This paper uses normative legal research, in the form of descriptive analysis. The research material is derived from the library and the other responsible sources to get the latest materials. The results show that rights of victims according to this Law are the rights to obtain potential protective of the family, the police, prosecutors, courts, lawyers, social agencies, or other parties on a temporary or by determination of protection order from the courts; service health according to medical needs; treatment specifically related to the confidentiality of the victim; assistance by social workers and legal assistance at every level of the inspection process in accordance with the provisions of the legislation; and spiritual guidance. However, this legislation does not contain compensation that can be claimed by the victim if the victim suffered personal injury or property damage or financial loss. In addition, counseling is only provided to perpetrator and not to the victim.


A 1-year-old male Dalmatian dog with urinary obstruction was examined on an emergency basis. The macroscopic urine examination, direct radiography, positive contrast cystography, and ultrasonography revealed urolithiasis. Histology of the vesica urinaria showed urolith particles deeply embedded in a membrane on the mucosa. This is not commonly seen in dogs with urolithiasis.


The late stage functionalization (LSF) of complex biorelevant compounds is a powerful tool to speed up the identification of structure-activity relationships (SARs) and to optimize ADME profiles. To this end, visible-light photocatalysis offers unique opportunities to achieve smooth and clean functionalization of drugs by unlocking site-specific reactivities under generally mild reaction conditions. This review offers a critical assessment of current literature, pointing out the recent developments in the field while emphasizing the expected future progress and potential applications. Along with paragraphs discussing the visible-light photocatalytic synthetic protocols so far available for LSF of drugs and drug candidates, useful and readily accessible synoptic tables of such transformations, divided by functional groups, will be provided, thus enabling a useful, fast, and easy reference to them.


Methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) is a synthetic derivative of oleanolic acid, a triterpene, with apoptosis-inducing activity in a wide range of cancer cells. Induction of apoptosis by CDDO-Me is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of telomerase activity. In the present study, we investigated the role of ROS in inhibition of telomerase by CDDO-me. Treatment of MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines with CDDO-Me induced the production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions and inhibited the telomerase activity. Pretreatment of cells with N-acetylcycsteine, a general purpose antioxidant or overexpression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) or superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) blocked the telomerase inhibitory activity of CDDO-Me. Furthermore, blocking ROS generation also prevented the inhibition of hTERT gene expression, hTERT protein production and expression of a number of hTERT–regulatory proteins by CDDO-Me (e.g., c-Myc, Sp1, NF-κB and p-Akt). Data also showed that Akt plays an important role in the activation of telomerase activity. Together, these data suggest that inhibition of telomerase activity by CDDO-Me is mediated through a ROS-dependent mechanism; however, more work is needed to fully understand the role of ROS in down-regulation of hTERT gene and hTERT-regulatory proteins by CDDO-Me.


This research aimed to examine the effects of moving (videos) versus static (pictures) images on habituation and progression in a hierarchy during online symbolic exposure (OSE) for spider fear. Participants were 351 people with high spider fear who logged on to an OSE website (www.feardrop.com) for self-help purposes. The inclusion of moving images in the exposure hierarchy increased adherence rates relative to static images, particularly among those with lower relative to higher spider fear. Those who viewed moving images at Stage 2 showed higher Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) ratings overall, but a similar pattern of habituation relative to those who viewed static images. In addition, 71% of participants completed at least one stage of the OSE program, representing an improvement from 30% adherence in previous research that used an earlier version of the program. These findings support the development of tailored exposure hierarchies to maximise adherence and treatment benefit for individual participants.


Triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-bpoly(pyrenylmethyl methacrylate) (PEG-b-PDMAEMA-b-PPy) has been developed for use as an ideal gene delivery system, which showed both high stability under physiological conditions and efficient gene release in a mimetic cancer environment. The siRNA release from this system without external stimulation was 16% in 1 h and then remained steady. However, the photo-triggered siRNA release was 78% within 1 h and was higher than 91% after 24 h. The remarkable contrast between the stability and release efficiency of these siRNA-condensed micelleplexes before and after photo-irradiation has been rationalized by the lightand pH-induced structural transitions of the triblock copolymer micelles. The negligible cytotoxicity, high cellular uptake efficiency, and remarkable knockdown efficiency shown in in vitro tests further revealed the promising potential of these triblock copolymer micelleplexes for use in stimuli-responsive gene therapy.


The exploration of new anode materials with high gravimetric and volumetric Na-ion storage performances is urgent and advantageous, but it remains a great challenge. In this study, CoTe2/G composite nanosheets are prepared to achieve this goal by a solvothermal method due to the good properties and high density of 7.92 g cm−3 of bulk CoTe2. In the composite, CoTe2 nanoparticles with a size of 39 nm are uniformly anchored on graphene with strong interfacial interactions. The tap density of the composite can be as high as 1.82 g cm−3. As an anode material for SIBs, the CoTe2/G composite exhibits a high initial reversible gravimetric capacity of 382 mA h g−1 and a volumetric capacity of 695.2 mA h cm−3 along with excellent rate performance. Even at 1, 2 and 5 A g−1, the CoTe2/G composite still delivers gravimetric capacities as high as 295, 272 and 246 mA h g−1 and volumetric capacities of 536.9, 495.1 and 447.7 mA h cm−3. After 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1, the reversible gravimetric and volumetric capacities remain at 245 mA h g−1 and 445.9 mA h cm−3, respectively. The electrochemical dynamic analyses indicate that the Na-ion storage behaviour in the CoTe2/G composite is a surface-controlled capacitive process, which is helpful for higher rate performance. Besides, the enhanced performance of the CoTe2/G anode is ascribed to strong interfacial interaction between CoTe2 and graphene, which can effectively improve electron transfer and alleviate the volume changes of CoTe2 during the discharge/charge processes in SIBs. Accordingly, the CoTe2/G composite has great application prospect as a promising anode candidate for smart SIBs.


This document describes the RESPECT framework for user requirements specification. The process is divided into a number of stages for gathering user requirements and developing the system concept. A range of data gathering methods are described to support the user requirements capture process.


Dynamic cardiomyoplasty is a therapeutic possibility in irreversible cardiac insufficiency. With this operation, the latissimus dorsi muscle is mobilised and drawn into the thorax where it is placed around the heart. Lateral and supine positioning as well as thoracotomy and direct manipulation of the heart are associated with particular risks during surgery. Eight patients with the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy underwent cardiomyoplasty. The patients were classified as NYHA III-IV. Continuous dobutamine infusions were routinely started after induction of anaesthesia. All patients were intubated with single-lumen tubes. After sternotomy, lidocaine was administered. Monitoring included Swan-Ganz catheterisation and invasive blood pressure measurement. With early use of inotropic and vasodilatator agents the cardiac index and peripheral vascular resistance were adequately maintained. Double-lumen intubation seems to be unnecessary during cardiomyoplasty and only increases patient risk. Prophylactic lidocaine infusions are effective in preventing ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. We conclude that adequate intraoperative management can improve the haemodynamic status of these patients so that cardiomyoplasty may be performed without significant morbidity.


INTRODUCTION
The prevelance of allery and asthma has increased rapidly over the last 3 decades and is now estimated that 25-30% of population in Western industrialized countries show symptoms of allergy or asthma. The aim of this study was to reveal the success of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in Landspitali from 1977-2006.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
During the study period a total number of 289 individuals underwent immunotherapy in outpatient clinic of allergy and asthma in Landspítali. A total number of 169 individuals were contacted, of whom 128 (76%) accepted to participate in the study. The evaluation was based on medical records, standardized questionnaire and skin-prick tests.

RESULTS
Patients were evaluated on the average of 20 years after finishing treatment. 118 (92%) patients were desensitized to grass pollen, to birch pollen (30%), cat dander (30%) and dust mite (28%). At the time of the study 67% reported to be asymptomatic or with greatly improved allergy symptoms. Males had better response to AIT than women (p=0.04). Participants with positive family history of allergy and/or asthma in first degree relatives also reported better response to AIT (p=0.02). Furthermore, AIT to grass pollen and dust mite seemed to be more effective than AIT to cat dander and birch (p=0.04). AIT was also shown to reduce asthma.

CONCLUSION
AIT for 3-5 years provides significant beneficial effect of allergy and asthma symptoms in patients who undergo such therapy. Finally, it s findings support the notion that AIT may reduce the risk of new allergic manifestations.


Recent major natural disasters in Australia have highlighted how some of the economic costs of living in risk-prone areas are borne by the rest of society. This study used the town of Exmouth, in north-western Australia, to investigate economic strategies for coastal disaster risk reduction, as it typifies expanding development in coastal areas prone to extreme weather events. Using a GIS, coastal inundation scenarios from cyclonic storm-surge were investigated relative to coastal property, infrastructure and shire planning. It showed that some areas developed in the past decade are at high risk of storm-surge inundation. There has been a loss of disastermitigating ecosystem functions as well as increased risk to previously unaffected areas. The extent to which risk perceptions of cyclonic storm-surge inundation and flooding influenced the price buyers paid for residential property in Exmouth over the period 1988-2010 was examined using a Hedonic Price Model. This incorporated dwelling variables, proximity to the coast, cyclone Vance storm-surge and 1-in-100 year flood levels and indicated that prices did not reflect the real societal cost of risk. To internalize these costs, a mandatory private insurance scheme for high-risk properties (with a time-phased government subsidy) and penalties for local councils undertaking new high-risk developments are proposed. Further, a hybrid economic instrument aimed at correcting the market failure in coastal land which comprises an environmental offset by developers, a propertyowner tax and special disaster risk mitigation fund, is also proposed. This study is highly relevant in view of the planned revision of the Western Australian Coastal Planning Policy, the expansion of industry along the coast of northern Australia and the predicted effects of climate change on sea levels and extreme weather events.


Metal matrix composites are engineered materials which are a combination of two or more materials, one of which is a metal, whose tailored properties can be attained by systematic combination of different constituents. In this study, titanium carbide particulate reinforced aluminiums 11,8 wt% silicon alloy matrix composites were fabricated by carbon dioxide sand moulding process by varying the particulate addition by weight fraction on percentage basis using mechanical vibration mould. The influence of a wide range of vibration amplitudes and frequencies on the solidification kinetics, microstructure formation and mechanical properties of Titanium carbide reinforced aluminiums 11,8 wt% silicon alloy were examined. Results show strong influence of mould vibration during solidification on the fabricated composites. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength, surface hardness and physical properties such as density, thermal conductivity were significantly increased as a result of mould vibration. The maximum tensile strength is 141.125 MPa with vibration and 135.832 MPa without vibration. The maximum impact energy is 15.073 kJ with vibration and 14.514 kJ without vibration and hardness value based Rockwell superficial 15N-S scale is 85.88 for 2% without vibration and 86.08 with vibration. In addition, the change in microstructure and mechanical properties were successfully represented by the changes in solidification characteristics. Various vibration frequencies has reduced the lamellar spacing that changes the microstructure of the composites which as a result became more fibrous. The corresponding changes in mechanical properties indicate that ductility is more influenced by vibration than without vibration. The increase in ductility was believed to be due to the structural refinement.


Lighthouses fascinate us. They captivate our minds not only by their imposingly variable structures and engineering nuances, but also by the benefits they offer to sailors. John Thomas Smith of the Madras Army Corps of Engineers was directed to build the stonework lighthouse in Madras in the late 1830s. The present article chronicles the research he did before building the lighthouse and the task he completed in 1838– 1839. Today the light apparatus and the lantern seated atop this Doric tower have gone missing. What is immensely striking is that the Doric-column structure, which once provided a beaming light with a wide and long sweep for boats and ships passing along the Madras coast, today stands as a mute testimony of the acumen of a sharp army engineer, burying in it brilliant physical and engineering details of a unique edifice.


Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by a weak immune response to HBV. Regulatory T cells (Treg) can suppress the function of effector T cells and may thus be key players in this impaired immune response. Changes in the functionality or number of Treg could explain the decreased antiviral response in chronic HBV patients. To investigate the role of Treg in chronic HBV infection, we compared the proportional frequency and functionality of Treg in peripheral blood of 50 chronic HBV patients, 23 healthy controls, and 9 individuals with a resolved HBV infection. A higher percentage of Treg, defined as CD4, CD25, CD45RO, and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte–associated antigen 4–positive cells, was detected within the population of CD4+ cells in peripheral blood of chronic HBV patients compared with healthy controls and individuals with a resolved HBV infection. Accordingly, chronic HBV patients displayed a higher FoxP3 messenger RNA level than healthy controls. Depletion of CD25+ cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of chronic HBV patients resulted in an enhanced proliferation after stimulation with HBV core antigen. Reconstitution of these depleted PBMC with CD4+CD25+ Treg resulted in a dose‐dependent reduction of both HBV‐specific proliferation and interferon γ production. In conclusion, chronic HBV patients harbor an increased percentage of Treg in peripheral blood compared with controls. Treg have an immunosuppressive effect on HBV‐specific T helper cells. The presence of HBV‐specific Treg could contribute to an inadequate immune response against the virus, leading to chronic infection. (HEPATOLOGY 2005;41:771–778.)


: Recent studies have demonstrated that aging or senescence constitutes a potential limitation to the ability of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to sustain ischemic tissue repair. Excess amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in senescence, causing defective neovascularization. Conversely, estrogens have been shown to accelerate recovery of the endothelium after vascular injury. Estrogen reduces EPC senescence through augmentation of telomerase activity. In addition, the inhibition of EPC senescence by estrogen in vitro may improve the functional activity of EPCs in a way that is important for potential cell therapy. This review describes current understanding of EPC senescence and the role of estrogen in preventing EPC senescence.


This paper uses our new database on bank regulation and supervision in 107 countries to assess the relationship between specific regulatory and supervisory practices and banking-sector development, efficiency, and fragility. The paper examines: (i) regulatory restrictions on bank activities and the mixing of banking and commerce; (ii) regulations on domestic and foreign bank entry; (iii) regulations on capital adequacy; (iv) deposit insurance system design features; (v) supervisory power, independence, and resources, (vi) loan classification stringency, provisioning standards, and diversification guidelines; (vii) regulations fostering information disclosure and privatesector monitoring of banks; and (viii) government ownership. The results, albeit tentative, raise a cautionary flag regarding government policies that rely excessively on direct government supervision and regulation of bank activities. The findings instead suggest that policies that rely on guidelines that (1) force accurate information disclosure, (2) empower private-sector corporate control of banks, and (3) foster incentives for private agents to exert corporate control work best to promote bank development, performance and stability. JEL Classification: G38; G21; L51


We examine a one-parameter class of actions describing the gravitational interaction between a pair of scalar fields and Einsteinian gravitation. When the parameter is positive the theory corresponds to an axi-dilatonic sector of low-energy string theory. We exploit an SL(2,R) symmetry of the theory to construct a family of electromagnetically neutral solutions with non-zero axion and dilaton charge from solutions of the Brans--Dicke theory. We also comment on solutions to the theory with negative coupling parameter.


The article discusses issues related to planning of supply chains with use of simulation technology. In the era of well developed information technology companies are constantly looking for new solutions to improve the organization of supply chains. It is interesting that by using the specialized computer software, such as simulation, it is possible to create a tool to support decision making in the field of supply chain organization. The paper presents a simulation model supporting the design of supply chains for the chosen variant of coordination of transport processes. The model, which shows the cooperation between enterprises, was created on the map of Poland. In order to create the best representation of reality, a number of random variables are reflected inthe simulation, i.e. the speed of the transport, changing weather conditions (eg. hail, blizzards, torrential downpours), the probability of an accident or failure of the means of transport. Using thecreated simulation tool can show the financial benefits of the partnership for the defined routes.


Abstract Objectives: To assess the role of retinol supplementation in the process of angiogenesis in preeclampsia. Methods: The research was a double blind randomized clinical trial conducted Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital outpatient clinic since January 2009 - December 2010. Samples were analyzed in Prodia Laboratory and Showa University in Tokyo, Japan. Subjects were tested in trimester 1, 2 and 2 weeks after delivery. During pregnancy subjects were given pregnancy milk supplements available on the market which had and that has been retinol fortified. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed of which retinol milk feeding, retinol binding protein (RBP) level, and level of angiogenic factors as independent variables and preeclampsia acted as the dependent one. Results: One hundred four study subjects were divided into a control group of 55 and treatment of 49. Incidence of preeclampsia in this study was is 8.7% from which 8 persons (14.5%) came from the control group and 1 person (2%) from the treatment group. Characteristics of the two groups were equivalent. RBP levels obtained in the treatment group was lower than the control group, while in the subjects with preeclampsia the RBP level was higher than the group without preeclampsia. Correlation between the level of RBP with angiogenic factors showed no significant relationship except for the level of PlGF (p=0.036) which had a weak correlation (r=0.206). The level of angiogenic factors in the treatment group showed lower result than the control group whereas among the subjects with preeclampsia angiogenic factor levels were always higher than without preeclampsia. With multivariate analysis we found that significant factors associated with preeclampsia was sFlt-1 levels (p=0.004) and lt-1/PlGF ratio (p=0.017). Conclusions: Providing milk supplements can reduce the levels of retinol (RBP), and antiangiogenic factors, but does not significantly increase proangiogenic factor level. Assuming there is no problem with the process of angiogenesis provision of retinol-fortified milk can reduce the incidence of preeclampsia. However, further research with a larger scale is needed. [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 35-3:100-4] Keywords: retinol-fortified milk, RBP level, sFlt-1 level, sEng level, PlGF level, preeclampsia


PURPOSE We undertook a study to evaluate the effectiveness of corticosteroid injections in primary care patients with greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS). METHODS We evaluated the effect of corticosteroid injections compared with expectant treatment (usual care) in a pragmatic, multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial in the Netherlands. Patients (aged 18 to 80 years) with GTPS visiting 81 participating primary care physicians were randomly allocated to receive either local corticosteroid injections (n = 60) or usual care (n = 60). Primary outcomes of pain severity (numerical rating scale 0 to 10) and recovery (yes or no total or major recovery) were evaluated at 3-month and 12-month follow-up visits. Adverse events were collected at 6 weeks. RESULTS At the 3-month follow-up visit, 34% of the patients in the usual care group had recovered compared with 55% in the injection group (adjusted OR = 2.38; 95% CI, 1.14–5.00, number needed to treat = 5). Pain severity at rest and on activity decreased in both groups, but the decrease was greater in the injection group, for an adjusted difference in pain at rest of 1.18 (95% CI, 0.31–2.05) and in pain with activity of 1.30 (95% CI, 0.32–2.29). At the 12-month follow-up, 60% of the patients in the usual care group had recovered compared with 61% in the injection group (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.50–2.27). Pain severity at rest and on activity decreased in both groups and the 12-month follow-up showed no significant differences, with adjusted differences of 0.14 (95% CI, −0.75 to 1.04) for pain at rest and 0.45 (95% CI, −0.55 to 1.46) for pain with activity. Aside from a short period with superficial pain at the site of the injection, no differences in adverse events were found. CONCLUSION In this first randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of corticosteroid injections vs usual care in GTPS, a clinically relevant effect was shown at a 3-month follow-up visit for recovery and for pain at rest and with activity. At a 12-month follow-up visit, the differences in outcome were no longer present.


This paper proposes the modeling ,implementation and simulation of three phase induction motor driver, using voltage- fed space vector pulse width modulation technique (SVPWM).The sources of total harmonics (i.e. total effective harmonics,inter-harmonics,and sub-harmonics) and how it affects on drive system and their affects on the supply power network are studied. A developed formula of total harmonics distortion factor (THD) including ,inter -harmonic, and sub- harmonic has been introduced while in the previous studies are neglected. The effect of inter-harmonics and sub-harmonics on the performance parameter of total harmonics distortion factor , switching losses factor (SLF) and quality factor (QF) has been deduced. Modeling , and simulation of the system using PSIM software are also presented. All results are obtained by studying the waveforms of voltage and current at the source and load sides with different speeds of motor drive. The simulation and experimental result are consistent with theoretical studies and excellent , they indicate that the model is accurate and practicable.


The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of inpatient boarding on the degree of Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding. We developed a discrete-event simulation (DES) approach to model ED patient flow based on a census of 26,984 patients from January through May, 2008. We modeled the Emergency Department of the University of California, Davis, Medical Center (UCDMC). This hospital is a Level 1 academic trauma center with an annual ED census of approximately 60,000. We used the National Emergency Department Over-Crowding Scale (NEDOCS) as our primary performance metric. Our decision variable was the boarder-released-ratio, which we defined as the ratio of admitted patients whose boarding time is zero to all admitted patients. Our analysis shows that under the current boarder-released-ratio conditions at UCDMC, 88.4% of days were defined as "Overcrowded+" (a NEDOCS score of over 100). When the boarder-released-ratio was increased from 0% to 50%, Overcrowded+ days decreased from 88.4% to 68.0%. Likewise, when the boarder-released-ratio was 100% (no patients held in the ED awaiting inpatient beds), the Overcrowded+ ratio fell to 50.4%. These results show that inpatient boarding significantly impacts the NEDOCS score. This analysis provides a quantification of the impact of boarding on emergency department patient crowding.


S. epidermidis D-5/48, D-5/240, and S. aureus 209 P caused a local infectious process with an analogous course in intrascrotal infection of male albino mice; this process was characterized by the changes of the relative weight coefficient of the affected tissues, positive staphylococcus culture, and exudative inflammation. This confirmed the role of epidermal coagulase-negative staphylococci in the infectious pathology. Benzylpenicillin treatment of local staphylococcus infection proved to be ineffective, although the staphylococcus strains used for the infection were sensitive to this antibiotic. This treatment led to the selection of the antibiotic-resistant forms of the microorganisms and to the aggravation of the infectious process, suggesting greater virulence of the antibiotic-resistant strains. The minimal suppressive acridines concentrations prevented the development of penicillin resistance and selection of resistant staphylococci, increased the therapeutic efficacy of this antibiotic.


This paper set a typical long-span rigid frame bridge as a research object and established a finite element model for the long-span rigid frame bridge using finite element software MIDAS/CIVIL. The near-field and far-field ground motions from four stations were recorded to study the responses of the bridge under the longitudinal excitation of nearfield pulse type ground motion, and they were compared with the responses under farfield ground motion excitation. It aims to analyze the response characteristics of long-span bridge under the two types of ground motions and investigate the response characteristics of the rigid frame bridge with taking the account of horizontal and three-dimensional ground motion effects. The results indicate that: The bridge response caused by near-field pulse type ground motion is greater than that caused by non-pulse type when at longitudinal input under the ground motion and recording the action at same accelerated speed peaks; under the excitation of near-field pulse type ground motion, there would be a great increase in bridge response. Different effects on different structural parts; PGV/PGA is a major parameter affecting structure response; attention must be paid to the impact from the medium and long cycle velocity pulse of near-field ground motion on long period and flexible structure; near-field pulse type ground motion also has significant impact on longitudinal displacement at mid-span and pier top. All these phenomena shall be considered during the aseismic design for near-field rigid frame bridge appropriately


I criticize an argument presented by Pablo Navarro and Jorge Rodriguez (2014) against the conception of legal systems as sets of statements closed under logical consequence. First, I show that the example on which they ground their argument incurs in a fallacy of equivocation. Then, I recognize that the authors are right about the fact that two different normative bases can react differently to changes, but I claim that that is not a decisive reason for choosing always the expressly enacted norms as the system's basis, that the selection of the best basis should be guided by methodological considerations and that, to that purpose, it is necessary to consider the whole set of logical consequences as part of the system.


The terminal differentiation of neurons occurs as precisely timed waves, with specific neuronal types differentiating in defined sequences. The precision of neuronal differentiation in the central nervous system offers an unusual opportunity to study terminal differentiation in vivo. The p34cdc2 kinase complex and the anti-oncogenes p53 and RB are central in the regulatory network that controls cell proliferation. We found high levels of expression of CDC2 mRNA and protein in proliferating neuronal precursor cells. The expression of both CDC2 and cyclin A was dramatically downregulated upon terminal differentiation of neurons in vivo and in a neuronal precursor cell line, ST15A. p53 mRNA expression was also downregulated but to a lesser extent; RB mRNA levels were unchanged during neuronal differentiation. Immunohistochemistry showed that p34cdc2 was expressed not only in the neuronal precursors of the cerebellar external granule layer but also in the early differentiating granule neurons. The expression of p34cdc2 in early neurons suggests a function for this enzyme in the events that occur soon after proliferation ceases. On the basis of the results reported here and other recent findings, we propose a model in which terminal differentiation is achieved by a switch in the neuronal precursors from p34cdc2-based proliferation to a differentiated state controlled by p34cdc2-related kinases.


The presence of residual pesticides in the soil affect the microbial Communities, as well continuous use of pesticides exacerbates this problem. Glyphosate is one of the most used herbicides in the world. Up to date several studies have evaluated the tolerance and resistance of bacteria to glyphosate. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and has a very important role in soil fertility, thus altering of this bacterial communities of soil decrease the soil fertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of glyphosate application on four bacterial strains Pantoea agglomerans, Rhizobium nepotum, Rhizobium radiobacter and Rhizobium tibeticum. Glyphosate was applied as the sole source of carbon at a rate (0 g/l, 0.5 g/l, 1g/l, 3g/l, 6g/l and 12 g/l) with two methods.  Microbial growth was measured by Colony Forming Units (CUF /ml). Comparing with the control, the result shown that the growth of the four strains decreased by increasing the concentration of glyphosate. The four strains shown resistance to glyphosate in the direct enrichment compared to the continued enrichment method. Comparing strains with each other, Rhizobium radiobacter is the most resistant strain to glyphosate


Community and rights are intimately linked with both environmental legal and urban considerations. Perhaps the most significant locus of convergence is the representability of either with regard to the environment. Thus, both legal and ecological community debates centre around the community's ability to speak for the unspeakable, while rights are often seen as one of the vehicles for such representation. This is indeed the beginning of this chapter's debate, whose adequacy for the kind of considerations put forth in this book will, however, be thoroughly disputed. While recording the importance of ecological and humanistic nostalgia towards community, this chapter attempts to construct a notion of community that does not fit in what seemingly is the panacea for our ecological woes.
 In doing this, the text performs a very explicit withdrawal - indeed, a withdrawal from Luhmann's writings. This is a departure tout court: from Luhmann's preference not to deal with community, as well as from Luhmann's poetics of language. This is not coincidental: it is not possible to talk about the absence of community in autopoiesis, mainly because, to some extent, autopoiesis is predicated on the absence of community. Any observation of community would depart from the Luhmannian focus on the social. Hence, autopoietic terminology will have to be enriched in order to shift its epistemological stare towards these excluded territories, which refer, not to the internalised and domesticated absence of community with which each system deals, but to the kind of community with which the system is to remain unfamiliar. This chapter, therefore, departs from Luhmann's opinions and language, but not, I would like to think, from autopoiesis as such. In fact, the withdrawal is here presented as an operation of autopoiesis in more ways than one. Thus, the withdrawal is itself conceptualised as the location of community. In its departure from nostalgia and its couching in social rather than conscious terms, community - or rather, its absence - becomes autopoietically operationalised. Following the discussion on risk, community is discussed here as another example of the continuum/rupture form, especially in its location on the very movement between outside and inside. At the same time, community develops the form in ways risk does not. Thus, community is connected to the messianic, which, however, does not arrive in the guise of future risk, but as a fractal reiteration of the form in the folds of the present. The connection of community with the environmental concept of inter-generational equity occurs on the basis of a present, transient recursivity, thus semiologising community as absence.
 This absence is further employed in the domain of environmental rights. The paradoxicality of rights is explored and a locus standi of absence is adumbrated, in resonance of unutterance and withdrawal from collectivity. In search of the location of environmental rights, the discussion returns to autopoiesis with a conceptualisation of community as the circularity of observation on the basis of blind spot. Community is connected to rights, not through the collective, but through the absence of the collective as a representational entity that 'speaks' for nothing except its withdrawal.


Network synthesis is a powerful design tool when applied to the design of matching networks for wideband microwave amplifiers. Significant design improvements have been made in the computer-aided synthesis process which provides a powerful, efficient and friendly tool for the microwave amplifier designer. Design methodologies are given, computer automation methods outlined and a complete amplifier design example is included.


AIM
To characterize the profiles of alveolar hypoventilation during colonoscopies performed under sedoanalgesia with a combination of alfentanil and either midazolam or propofol.

METHODS
Consecutive patients undergoing routine colonoscopy were randomly assigned to sedation with either propofol or midazolam in an open-labeled design using a titration scheme. All patients received 4 μg/kg per body weight alfentanil for analgesia and 3 L of supplemental oxygen. Oxygen saturation (SpO₂) was measured by pulse oximetry (POX), and capnography (PcCO₂) was continuously measured using a combined dedicated sensor at the ear lobe. Instances of apnea resulting in measures such as stimulation of the patient, a chin lift, a mask maneuver, or withholding of sedation were recorded. PcCO₂ values (as a parameter of sedation-induced hypoventilation) were compared between groups at the following distinct time points: baseline, maximal rise, termination of the procedure and 5 min after termination of the procedure. The number of patients in both study groups who regained baseline PcCO₂ values (± 1.5 mmHg) five minutes after the procedure was determined.

RESULTS
A total of 97 patients entered this study. The data from 14 patients were subsequently excluded for clinical procedure-related reasons or for technical problems. Therefore, 83 patients (mean age 62 ± 13 years) were successfully randomized to receive propofol (n = 42) or midazolam (n = 41) for sedation. Most of the patients were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II [16 (38%) in the midazolam group and 15 (32%) in the propofol group] and ASA III [14 (33%) and 13 (32%) in the midazolam and propofol groups, respectively]. A mean dose of 5 (4-7) mg of IV midazolam and 131 (70-260) mg of IV propofol was used during the procedure in the corresponding study arms. The mean SpO₂ at baseline (%) was 99 ± 1 for the midazolam group and 99 ± 1 for the propofol group. No cases of hypoxemia (SpO₂ < 85%) or apnea were recorded. However, an increase in PcCO₂ that indicated alveolar hypoventilation occurred in both groups after administration of the first drug and was not detected with pulse oximetry alone. The mean interval between the initiation of sedation and the time when the PcCO₂ value increased to more than 2 mmHg was 2.8 ± 1.3 min for midazolam and 2.8 ± 1.1 min for propofol. The mean maximal rise was similar for both drugs: 8.6 ± 3.7 mmHg for midazolam and 7.4 ± 3.2 mmHg for propofol. Five minutes after the end of the procedure, the mean difference from the baseline values was significantly lower for the propofol treatment compared with midazolam (0.9 ± 3.0 mmHg vs 4.3 ± 3.7 mmHg, P = 0.0000169), and significantly more patients in the propofol group had regained their baseline value ± 1.5 mmHg (32 of 41 vs 12 of 42, P = 0.0004).

CONCLUSION
A significantly higher number of patients sedated with propofol had normalized PcCO₂ values five minutes after sedation when compared with patients sedated with midazolam.


This study analyzes the sensitivity of trade flows to trade barriers from gravity equations, using different econometric techniques recently highlighted in the literature. Specifically, we compare a benchmark OLS fixed effects specification a la Feenstra (2002) with three emerging estimation methods: the standard Heckman correction for selection bias, to account for zero trade flows; the Eaton and Tamura (1994) Tobit estimator, to solve limited-dependent variable issues; and, finally, the Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood (PPML) technique, to correct for the presence of heteroskedasticity. Our gravity model includes trade among 193 exporter and 99 importer countries, in 18 food industry sectors. The paper achieves two goals: First it provides estimates of the elasticity of substitution obtained using the four estimation techniques; Second, it gives a dimension to the trade reduction effect induced by existing border protection, by simulating the effect of a full trade liberalization scenario on 18 food sectors. The estimates reveal interesting variations in the elasticity of substitution across products and procedures. The simulation indicates that trade liberalization will strongly increase food exports, especially from emerging and developing countries.


Data hiding is a kind of secret sharing scheme. This paper proposes a new data hiding method using Pair Pixel technique which mainly focuses on Videos. The values of pixel pair will be used as a reference coordinate and search the coordinates in the neighborhood set of the pixel pair according to a message digit. The existing pixel pair will be replaced by the search coordinates to conceal the digit. This paper also proposes the idea of the visual cryptography scheme (VCS) which is a secret sharing scheme. Comparison for security level of the existing system and the proposed system is done and proves that the proposed system is more secure than the existing one.


The primary reasons for failure of pulsed magnets are excess heating and stresses due to the Lorentz forces. Thus, uniform heating and constant stress through all layers will improve the performance of a magnet. Here, a computer code is introduced to optimize the magnetic field of a pulsed magnet based on the type and dimensions of the conductor layers, and thickness of the reinforcement layers. Dimensions of each conductor layer are computed to achieve uniform final maximum temperature for all layers. Internal reinforcement thickness along with the type of each conductor are calculated based on the maximum stress in the reinforcement and the maximum elongation in the conductor. The program uses the finite difference Newton's method to find the optimum solution. This program was applied for the design of a 10 layer pulsed magnet with an 11 mm bore diameter. Copper-stainless steel wires were used for the conductors (with different percentage of steel resulting from the optimization) and a multiphase high strength alloy was utilized for the internal layer reinforcement. The results show that a 100 T field can be attained (with a bank energy of 1.9 MJ) by permitting a maximum final temperature of 400 K and maximum von Mises stress of 2.60 GPa.


It is too easy, according to business consultant Laurence Barton, Ph.D., for businesses to operate on cruise control, sure of the familiarity of the road and without the protection of a current crisis response plan that could offer some protection for the bumps and hazards to come. Numerous researchers, however, are sounding the alarm. Without the sense of urgency of a 9/11-scale crisis, the number of organizations without current crisis plans in place is slowly decreasing, according to a 2005 American Management Association study. Yet the warning signs of uncharted territory ahead are everywhere. Organizations must prepare for new crises that may develop with the deepening interconnectedness of our global society. The test for new leadership may be the degree to which managers can step forward to identify and plan for new and emerging crises that may not have been considered in the previous century. This article highlights current best practices in crisis management and crisis communication. It also offers strategies organizational leaders can consider in order to adapt effectively to the new reality of a crisis-rich environment, which exists along with the challenges posed by 24/7 news coverage and the ever-present social media.


These are lecture notes prepared for a minicourse given at the Cimpa Research School Algebraic and geometric aspects of representation the- ory, held in Curitiba, Brazil in March 2013. The purpose of the course is to provide an introduction to the study of representations of braid groups. Three general classes of representations of braid groups are considered: homological representations via mapping class groups, monodromy representations via the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov connection, and solutions of the Yang-Baxter equa- tion via quasi-triangular bialgebras. Some of the remarkable relations between these three dierent constructions are described.


The following conclusions stem from a study of limnology and bottom sediment in Garibaldi Lake, a glacial lake in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia. Meltwater streams entering the lake cause overflows or underflows depending on local conditions, notably stream temperature and sediment load, temperature distribution in the lake, and apparently the topography at the stream mouth. Conditions vary with season and tune of day. Mixing of stream and lake waters at shallow (less than 35 feet) and moderate (65 to 100 feet) depths could be demonstrated; penetration of stream waters to greater depths could not be precluded. Sediment loads of the two glacial streams entering the lake are relatively low, and persistent underflows forming significant subaqueous channels probably do not occur. The glacial streams, notwithstanding their low sediment content, provide most of the sediment reaching the lake; a minor amount of debris is apparently ice-rafted from nonglacial areas. The bottom sediment consists of rock flour in which clay minerals are rare or absent. Turbidity currents are considered responsible for the occurrence of graded laminae of fine sand and coarse silt in the deep, flat-bottomed part of the lake, up to 2½ miles from the source of this sediment. Subaqueous slumps probably caused the turbidity currents. Absence of visible varves is attributed to (1) low rate of accumulation of suspended sediment, averaging a small fraction of a millimeter a year, (2) a lag of years, rather than months, between the introduction of much of the suspended sediment into the lake and its deposition on the lake floor, and (3) obliteration of any thin and inconspicuous varves by small-scale slumping on the steeper slopes of the lake basin and by the deposits from nonperiodic turbidity currents on the flat lake floor.


Most evaluations of industrial real-time software are conducted on real embedded systems. The use of simulators that provides easily reproducible evaluations is often limited, due to different levels of abstraction, e.g., programming languages and run-time contexts. This paper extends previous work on a flexible task design, enabling tasks to be agnostic to run-time context, with evaluations conducted on bare-metal and real-time operating systems. Based on the same design and experiments we extend the proof-of-concept implementation in a discrete event simulation context, executing on a Windows based simulation host. Our experiments show that the flexible task design can be driven in a simulation run-time context, and still support typical industrial constructs. The result indicates that improved code reuse between discrete event simulators and industrial embedded systems is feasible.


Abstract In this article, we suggest that social policy may be on the cusp of a large-scale adoption of the notion of lived experience. However, within social policy and allied disciplines, the growing use of the term 'lived experience' is unaccompanied by discussion of what it may mean or imply. We argue that now is a good time to consider what this term could mean for social policy analysis. The peculiarities of Anglo-centric usage of the broader term 'experience' are explored, before we identify and discuss several roots from which understandings of 'lived experience' as a concept and a research strategy have grown: namely, phenomenology, feminist writing and ethnography. Drawing on multiple historical and contemporary international literatures, we identify a set of dilemmas and propositions around: assumed authenticity, questioning taken-for-grantedness, intercorporeality, embodied subjectivity; political strategies of recognition, risks of essentialising, and immediacy of unique personal experiences versus inscription of discourse. We argue that lived experience can inform sharp critique and offer an innovative window on aspects of the 'shared typical'. Our central intention is to encourage and frame debate over what lived experience could mean theoretically and methodologically within social policy contexts and what the implications may be for its continued use.


Results of research on technological processes for treatment of refractory gold-arsenic ores using bioleaching of concentrates are presented. In October 2001 the first line of bioreactors on Mill-2 began operation with projected throughput of 3 million tons a year. In July 2007 Mill-3 began operation with projected throughput of 5 million tons a year. At present the closed joint stock company Gold Mining Company «Polyus» occupies a leading position in gold extraction from hard rocks in the Russian Federation. Processing of refractory gold-arsenic ores is conducted on Mill-2 and Mill-3 by a flotation-cyanide scheme using a unique biooxidation technology, BIONORD®, designed to process concentrates in the extreme climatic conditions of the North, . The achieved productivity of the Olympiada Mining Combine, from the processing of both oxidized and refractory ores of the Olympiada deposit, is 26.7 tons of gold a year. The gold is mostly present as finely dispersed and submicroscopic particles in close association with sulfide minerals, usually pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite and antimonite. The average productivity of the lines is 1000 t/day. The process time is 100-150 h. The pulp density is 150-200 g/l. The working temperature is 39-40oC. The microbial association is represented by three species of chemolithotrophs: "Sulfobacillus olympiadicus", Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, and Ferroplasma acidiphilum present in proportions 60-80%, 10-20%, and 10-17%, respectively. During the process 87% of sulfide minerals are oxidized. Thus, 98% of the pyrrhotite, 95.4% of the arsenopyrite, 70% of the antimony sulfides and 60% of the pyrite is oxidised. Biooxidation enables 97% of the gold to be released.


This paper deals with the influence of artificial magnetic conductors (AMC), so called Sievenpiper high impedance surfaces (HIS), on the MIMO and diversity performance of a planar linear-polarized 2 times 2 dipole array at 2.45 GHz. By means of full-wave electromagnetic analysis (ANSOFTF HFSS) as well as a statistical channel model implementation the characteristic performance criteria such as envelope correlation, spectral efficiency, mean effective gain (MEG) and diversity gain of a coupled 2 times 2 dipole array are investigated. The obtained results justify the use of HIS for designing efficient low profile antenna setups in future communication systems due to the achieved MIMO and diversity performance compared to ideal configurations in free-space.


Since the end of the Cold War, Western powers have frequently used sanctions to fight declining levels of democracy and human rights violations abroad. However, some of the world's most repressive autocracies have never been subjected to sanctions, while other more competitive authoritarian regimes have been exposed to repeated sanction episodes. In this article, we concentrate on the cost–benefit analysis of Western senders that issue democratic sanctions, those which aim to instigate democratization, against authoritarian states. We argue that Western leaders weight domestic and international pressure to impose sanctions against the probability of sanction success and the sender's own political and economic costs. Their cost–benefit calculus is fundamentally influenced by the strength of trigger events indicating infringements of democratic and human rights. Western sanction senders are most likely to respond to coups d'état, the most drastic trigger events, and tend to sanction vulnerable targets to a higher extent than stable authoritarian regimes. Senders are also more likely to sanction poor targets less integrated in the global economy and countries that do not align with the Western international political agenda, especially in responding to 'weaker' trigger events such as controversial elections. The analysis is carried out using a new dataset of US and EU sanctions against authoritarian states in the period 1990–2010.


In this paper, a control chart is introduced for monitoring various defect types occurring on chenille yarns. To implement the control chart, a grey level image of chenille yarn is captured as an image matrix. Image preprocessing is applied and this involves thresholding to a binary image and a morphological opening operation for removing small objects from the image. The height of the pile yarn, measured from the processed images, is selected as the monitored quality characteristic. Since the monitored quality characteristic was highly autocorrelated, a first-order autoregressive AR(1) model was found to be appropriate for modelling the autocorrelation structure. Due to estimation of the AR(1) process parameters, a modified exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart for residuals is implemented as a tool for monitoring and detecting defects. It is shown that the modified EWMA control chart can be used successfully for monitoring different types of chenille yarn defects.


Seismic data on the East Shetland Platform, at about 59°50'N 1°12'E, image 4.7–6.6 km of folded possibly Devonian sediments partly coincident with a geophysical anomaly previously interpreted as a granite pluton at shallow depth. Seismic and potential field data constrain the possible distribution of granite, and well data indicate that shallow, lithologidly variable basement rocks may surround the deep ?Devonian basin. Geology Series Halibut Bank and Bressay Bank sheets. It shows the depth in metres below sea level to base Cretaceous, and the location of the northern end of seismicline FGS-64, illustrated in Fig. 3. Good control on the seismic reflectors down to base Jurassic is provided by well3/28-1. Previous work. Although there is a positive gravity anomaly centred upon the western margin of the East Shetland Platform in block 9/3, Donato & Tully (1982) showed that there is a negative residual gravity anomaly in this area of the East Shetland Platform, when a regional gravity field, based on a model of crustal thinning beneath the Viking Graben, and the gravity effect of the known Tertiary and Mesozoic strata are subtracted from the observed gravity field. They modelled this negative residual gravity anomaly as a granite batholith 40 km in diameter, buried beneath approximately 2 km of sediments, with its centre close to seismic line FGS-64 (Fig.2) Donato & Tully (1982) also described an associated horseshoe-shaped positive magnetic anomaly around the margins of the negative residual gravity anomaly (Fig. 2). They drew an analogy with Chevoit granite, where similar


Recommender systems recommend items to users based on their interests and have seen tremendous growth due to the use of internet and web services. Recommendation systems have seen escalating growth rate since late 1990's. A query on Google Scholar (famous research based search engine) gives 175,000 articles for the query "recommender system". With such a large database of research/application articles, there arises a need to analyses the data so as to fulfill the basic requirements of effectively understanding the potential of the quantum of literature available so far. The study focuses on the topic of recommender system with various soft computing techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural network and genetic algorithm. The major contribution of this work is the demonstration of progressive knowledge for domain visualization and analysis of recommender system with soft computing techniques. The analysis is supported by various scientometric indicators such as Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Doubling Time (DT), Co-Authorship Index (CAI), AuthorProductivity, Degree of Collaboration, Research Priority Index (RPI), Half Life, Country wise Productivity, Citation Analysis, Page Length Distribution, Source Contributors. This research presents first of its kind scientometric analysis on "recommender system with soft computing techniques". The present work provides useful parameters for establishing relationships between quantifiable data and intangible contributions in the field of recommender systems.


We propose a novel method called the Relevance Subject Machine (RSM) to solve the person re-identification (re-id) problem. RSM falls under the category of Bayesian sparse recovery algorithms and uses the sparse representation of the input video under a pre-defined dictionary to identify the subject in the video. Our approach focuses on the multi-shot re-id problem, which is the prevalent problem in many video analytics applications. RSM captures the essence of the multi-shot re-id problem by constraining the support of the sparse codes for each input video frame to be the same. Our proposed approach is also robust enough to deal with time varying outliers and occlusions by introducing a sparse, non-stationary noise term in the model error. We provide a novel Variational Bayesian based inference procedure along with an intuitive interpretation of the proposed update rules. We evaluate our approach over several commonly used re-id datasets and show superior performance over current state-of-the-art algorithms. Specifically, for ILIDS-VID, a recent large scale re-id dataset, RSM shows significant improvement over all published approaches, achieving an 11.5% (absolute) improvement in rank 1 accuracy over the closest competing algorithm considered.


Despite the strong promise that 3D printing holds for the future healthcare, there are critical concerns, and deep unknowns regarding the framework for potential tort liability. And while there has been only a single product liability lawsuit involving a 3D-printed product to date, there are tremendous concerns that 3D printing will present significant safety concerns for the first wave of consumers. While an application of traditional product liability principles may seem to be straightforward, those familiar with the framework realize that an application of those principles to 3D printing is complicated and unique. The question then exists – who is the manufacturer of a product created by a 3D printer as contemplated by the Restatement? Could a hospital be considered a manufacturer of a defective 3D-printed product or as "engaging in the business" of selling the product? 3D printing, in effect, will serve as one of the first technological advances to disrupt the product liability regime first envisioned, and eventually instituted by Justice Traynor. To avoid such an undesirable result, it is imperative that courts make a concerted effort to redefine the boundaries of product liability law to account for new technologies and to make room for liability to those supply chains which do not engage in traditional manufacturing. More specifically, the most realistic approach to the problem would be for courts to uniformly hold software designers responsible for the defects in 3D-printed products. Hospitals, or 3D printing manufacturers, should not be held strictly liable for any defect in the medical product.


This qualitative study investigated how men who lived with their female partner and children experienced bi-directional intimate partner aggression (IPA) and help-seeking in their relationships in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). Semi structured interviews with 13 men who had disclosed living with bi-directional IPA were analysed by taking an inductive, semantic, and realist/essentialist approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Five themes were identified that related to the men's experiences of IPA and help-seeking. The first theme identified the cycle of bi-directional aggression and comprised four subthemes: 1) unstable relationship foundations, 2) the build-up, 3) caught up in the challenge, and 4) point of de-escalation. Second, the impact of gender roles on bi-directional aggression was identified and comprised three subthemes: 1) gendered norms shape men's aggression, 2) response to incongruence in gender roles, and 3) female resourcefulness. The third theme described how the maintenance of the abusive relationship was enabled and consisted of four subthemes: 1) misinformed perspective of IPA, 2) denial and normalisation of IPA, 3) attachment to children kept men stuck, and 4) barriers to accessing services. The multi-layered impact of the abusive relationship was described in the fourth theme and comprised three subthemes: 1) negative psychological impact on men, 2) awareness of impact on partner, and 3) children caught in the crossfire. The power of positive help-seeking was identified in the final theme which comprised two subthemes: 1) facilitators to seeking help, and 2) making positive changes. Collectively the findings show how bi-directional aggression perpetuates over time and how the lack of individual and professional understanding can impact men's help-seeking and maintenance of the aggression. The need for research, policy, and practice to address this common form of IPA is discussed, specifically with regards to how society conceptualises IPA and the importance of providing education on the nature of bi-directional aggression.


This article analyses the development of economic growth in Brazil in terms of capital accumulation, following the Marxist approach. The aim is to identify the relationship between the two processes, looking at the profit rate, which along with investment effort determines productive investment. In turn, this one affects the capital-labour ratio and labour productivity. Both, with the addition of the price ratio, determine the productivity of capital, a key variable in understanding the accumulation process in Brazil. Using the period 1950-2008 allows comparing two phases in the Brazilian economy, the period of substitutive industrialisation and the neoliberal phase, all from the perspective of the relationship between the aforementioned variables.


Galactic cosmic rays are generally assumed to be accelerated in supernovae and their remnants.
The acceleration of the particles is attributed to their repeatedly interaction with the supernova remnant shock front. Model calculations have shown that a significant fraction of the supernova explosion energy can be converted to energy of cosmic rays. The feedback of this large energy transfer on the dynamical evolution and its impact on the age estimates of supernova remnants is addressed. True ages might be significantly lower than the standard Sedov ages. The impact is described by a quantitative model, which is tested on RX J0852.0-4622 (Vela Jr). Independent of this test conclusions are drawn about the evolution and lifetime of shell-type X-ray synchrotron sources and TeV gamma-ray sources associated with supernova remnants.


This article points to the potential of methods derived from group analytic practice for making management education more critical. It draws on the experience of running a professional doctorate for more experienced managers in a university in the United Kingdom over a 16-year period. Group analysis is informed by the highly social theories of S.H. Foulkes and draws heavily on psychoanalytic theory as well as sociology. First and foremost, though, it places our interdependence at the heart of the process of inquiry and suggests that the most potent place for learning about groups, where we spend most of our lives, is in a group. The article prioritises three areas of management practice for which group analytic methods, as adapted for research environment, are most helpful: coping with uncertainty and the feelings of anxiety which this often arouses; thinking about leadership as a relational and negotiated activity, and encouraging reflexivity in managers. The article also points to some of the differences between the idea of the learning community and psychodynamic perspectives more generally and the limitations of group analytic methods in particular, which may pathologise resistance in the workplace.


The presentation provides an update on ongoing research using three-dimensional Colour Mondrians. Two still life arrangements comprising hand-painted coloured blocks of 11 different colours were subjected to two different lighting conditions of a nearly uniform light and directed spotlights. The three-dimensional nature of these test targets adds shadows and multiple reflections, not found in flat Mondrian targets. Working from exactly the same pair of scenes, an author painted them using watercolour inks and paints to recreate both LDR and HDR Mondrians on paper. This provided us with a second set of appearance measurements of both scenes. Here we measured appearances by measuring reflectances of the artist's rendering. Land's Colour Mondrian extended colour constancy from a pixel to a complex scene. Since it used a planar array in uniform illumination, it did not measure the appearances of real life 3-D scenes in non-uniform illumination. The experiments in this paper, by simultaneously studying LDR and HDR renditions of the same array of reflectances, extend Land's Mondrian towards real scenes in non-uniform illumination. The results show that the appearances of many areas in complex scenes do not correlate with reflectance.


The problem of bandwidth efficient data transmission in multi-sensor OFDM systems is considered. Contrary to the mono-sensor systems, the effects of frequency selective fading may be alleviated in the multi-sensor systems without using a wireless overhead due to the space diversity. A modulation scheme is proposed which allows to improve the reliability of data transmission in fading multipath environments and perform an accurate channel equalization with a minimal excess bandwidth and no substantial training. The numerical study confirms the efficiency of this method in such bandwidth expensive applications as wireless asynchronous transfer mode (WATM) networking.


Zoomify Image is a mature product for easily publishing large, high-resolution images on the Web. End users view these images with existing Webbrowser software as quickly as they do normal, downsampled images. A Flash-based Zoomifyer client asynchronously streams image data to the Web browser as needed, resulting in response times approaching those of desktop applications using minimal bandwidth. The author, a librarian at Cornell University and the principal architect of a small, open-source company, worked closely with Zoomify to produce a cross-platform, opensource implementation of that company's image-processing software and discusses how to easily deploy the product into a widely used Webpublishing environment. Limitations are also discussed as are areas of improvement and alternatives.


Although endosomal compartments have been suggested to play a role in unconventional protein secretion, there is scarce experimental evidence for such involvement. Here we report that recycling endosomes are essential for externalization of cytoplasmic secretory protein tissue transglutaminase (tTG). The de novo synthesized cytoplasmic tTG does not follow the classical ER/Golgi-dependent secretion pathway, but is targeted to perinuclear recycling endosomes, and is delivered inside these vesicles prior to externalization. On its route to the cell surface tTG interacts with internalized β1 integrins inside the recycling endosomes and is secreted as a complex with recycled β1 integrins. Inactivation of recycling endosomes, blocking endosome fusion with the plasma membrane, or downregulation of Rab11 GTPase that controls outbound trafficking of perinuclear recycling endosomes, all abrogate tTG secretion. The initial recruitment of cytoplasmic tTG to recycling endosomes and subsequent externalization depend on its binding to phosphoinositides on endosomal membranes. These findings begin to unravel the unconventional mechanism of tTG secretion which utilizes the long loop of endosomal recycling pathway and indicate involvement of endosomal trafficking in non-classical protein secretion.