Self-organized In(Ga)As/Ga(Al)As quantum dots have emerged as useful nanostructures that can be epitaxially grown and incorporated in the active region of devices. The near pyramidal dots exhibit properties arising from the three-dimensional quantum confinement and from the coherent built-in strain. The properties and current state-of-the-art characteristics of quantum-dot junction lasers, intersublevel infrared detectors, optical amplifiers, and microcavity devices are briefly reviewed. It is evident that self-organized quantum-dot optoelectronic devices demonstrate properties that are sometimes unique and often surpass the characteristics of existing devices.


Generally, limequat (Citrofortunella floridana J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore) fruits have a relatively short shelf life at supermarket display temperatures (17-22oC). In some cases, shelf life can be as short as four days, after which surface discolouration becomes evident, along with shrivelling, and in many instances, the development of post-harvest diseases. Therefore, for maintenance of marketable quality, these three factors must be controlled. Pre-harvest treatments are known to positively affect the post-harvest quality of many commodities. Among these, treatment with hexanal has resulted in improved post-harvest quality maintenance because of its retarding effect on enzyme-driven cellular degradation. This study was conducted to observe the effect of pre-harvest treatments with hexanal on the length of the shelf life and the post-harvest quality of limequat fruits. Pre-harvest spray applications of 2% and 4% EFF (Enhanced Freshness Formulation), containing hexanal as the active ingredient, were made at weekly and biweekly intervals 30-days before the expected date of harvest. Pre-harvest spray treatments of EFF at 2% and 4% to trees of limequat resulted in the delay in the rate of colour change from green to yellow by an average of 7 days and 14 days, respectively, in harvested mature fruit. Senescent changes and other signs of deterioration including surface discolouration as brown patches, appeared on the fruit only after full colour change from green to yellow had occurred. Pre-harvest treatment also resulted in a reduction in the incidence of post-harvest diseases by up to 21 days during storage at 17-19oC / 90-95% RH. Thus, pre-harvest spray application had a marked effect on appearance by delaying both yellowing and shrivelling of the fruit, and consequently on marketability since appearance is one of the main factors determining acceptability in the marketplace.


Shanghai's development begun with shipping industry and prospered with industrialization. Compared to the national industry, which has developed since the late Qing dynasty, the development of Shanghai's modern industry is more recent and is a very memorable history. It recorded the history of the traditional industrial development in Shanghai and its current situation, focusing on a large number of industrial enterprises that have had and still have the glory and dream. In this paper, we will discuss Zhang Hua plush textile company's technology and brand-making, and how they contributed to the company's success and profitability, in detail. Instead of symbols, their high-quality products, big name, and relationship with consumers definitely have powerful functions in the enterprise and in connecting consumers. In the brilliant, high-spirited but hard times, we hope that it would arouse awareness for a new understanding of the past days, give birth to the new beginning of the old story, and step on a new endeavor.


CHEMISTRY
Cadmium selenide nanoparticles are used in light-emitting diodes, lasers, and sensors and for biological labeling. However, the toxicity of cadmium is a major concern. Zinc chalcogenides, such as ZnSe, doped with transition metal ions may offer as much flexibility and dynamic range as CdSe, but it has been difficult to dope particles uniformly. Recent success in separating the nucleation and growth phases in making high-quality nanoparticles prompted Pradhan et al. to consider whether efficient and controlled doping could be introduced. For growth-stage doping, seed ZnSe particles were quenched, and copper was then added as a dopant. Overgrowth with additional ZnSe shifted the photoluminescence (PL) toward the red wavelengths. For the nucleation strategy, Mn was added to shift the PL even further toward the red. The nanoparticle syntheses were performed as one-pot reactions so control of the doping relative to the nucleation or growth could be achieved by varying the reactivity of the precursors and the temperature. — MSL

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 10.1021/ja055557z (2005).


We modelled and assessed the past, present and predicted future eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea. The assessment covers a 350-year period from 1850 to 2200 and is based on: (1) modelled concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP), chlorophyll-a, Secchi depth, and oxygen under four different of nutrient input scenarios and (2) the application of a multi-metric indicator-based tool for assessment of eutrophication status: HEAT 3.0. This tool was previously applied using historical observations to determine eutrophication status from 1901 to 2012. Here we apply HEAT 3.0 using results of a biogeochemical model to reveal significant changes in eutrophication status from 1850 to 2200. Under two scenarios where Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) nutrient reduction targets are met, we expect future good status will be achieved in most Baltic Sea basins. Under two scenarios where nutrient loads remain at 1997-2003 levels or increase, good status will not be achieved. The change from a healthy state without eutrophication problems in the open waters took place in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Following introduction of the first nutrient abatement measures, recovery began in some basins in the late 1990s, whilst in others it commenced in the beginning of the 21st century. Based on model results, we expect that the first basin to achieve a status without eutrophication will be Arkona, between 2030 and 2040. By 2060-2070, a status without eutrophication is anticipated for the Kattegat, Bornholm Basin and Gulf of Finland, followed by the Danish straits around 2090. For the Baltic Proper and Bothnian Sea, a good status with regard to eutrophication will not be expected before 2200. Further, we conclude that two basins are not likely to meet the targets agreed upon and to attain a status unaffected by eutrophication, i.e. the Gulf of Riga and Bothnian Bay. These results, especially the prediction that some basins will not achieve a good status, can be used in support of continuous development and implementation of the regional ecosystem-based nutrient management strategy, the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan.


Declining land availability and increasing rural poverty hamper further production growth and agricultural development in Burundi. Yet, over the last decades, food demand continued to increase as a result of high population growth and urbanisation. In a country like Burundi, where it is estimated that 90% of the people live from agriculture for both food supply and income earnings, agricultural specialists urge for a more optimal use of resources in agricultural production as a pathway out of poverty. However, it is difficult to optimize the complex prevailing farming systems without radical changes in farmers' decision making. Over time, small-scale farmers have developed complex cropping systems that are both intensive and risk averse in response to acute land scarcity and unreliable food markets. This has resulted in high rates of self-reliance among farmers and highly diversified mixed cropping systems. This paper examines the potential and effects of agricultural specialization in optimizing land use and farm production. We use a farm level mathematical programming model which is applied to different farm types. A special feature in this paper is the consideration of minimal household food needs. Simulation results revealed that optimal farm plans differ by farm type as each of them is subject to specific asset endowment constraints. Farmers could improve land use by producing a specific range of crops and benefiting from economies of scale; large farms can significantly increase returns to land, while landless households can benefit from increased returns to labour. However, the reforms require better markets, storage facilities and credit supply mechanisms.


The Lémann index (LI) is a unique tool that measures cumulative bowel damage in Crohn's disease (CD) using data on surgical procedures and severity and extent of bowel lesions. Magnetic resonance index of activity (MaRIA) is composed of features independently associated with endoscopic disease activity. Primary aim was to investigate differences in factors associated with elevated LI in total population and surgically naive patients. Secondary aim was to compare diagnostic accuracy of gMARIA and LI in determing active disease in surgically naive patients.

 In this cross-sectional study on 251 CD patients LI was calculated evaluating 20 small bowel, 7 large bowel and 3 upper GI segments. For each segment bowel resections, inflammatory, stricturing or penetrating lesions were taken into account. Global MaRIA (gMaRIA) index was calculated using following parameters on 6 bowel segments: bowel wall thickness, ulcers, edema and relative contrast enhancement. Longstanding disease was defined as ≥10 year disease duration. Disease activity was defined as combination of clinical and biochemical disease activity (CRP>5 or HBI≥5).

 This study included 251 CD patients [age 35 (25–47), 55.3% males, disease duration 7 (2–15) years]. There were 103 (40%) surgically naïve and 112 (44.6%) patients with longstanding disease. In total population, higher LI values were observed in patients with longstanding disease (10.47 vs 5.41, p<0.001), patients treated with biological therapy (9.6 vs. 6.3, p=0.005) and with prior surgery (11.92 vs. 1.57, p<0.005). There was no difference in LI according to activity (7.53 vs. 7.66, p=0.911) and smoking status (6.9 vs. 7.3, p=0.336). In multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender and BMI, independent predictors of elevated LI in total population was prior surgery (β=9.26, p<0.001) and disease duration (β=0.20, p<0.003). Independent predictors in surgically naive patients were current or ex smoking status (β=1.69, p<0.001) and gMARIA (β=0.10, p<0.001). Biological therapy, disease duration and clinical and biochemical disease activity were not significant predictors (p>0.05). Diagnostic accuracy of LI in surgically naive patients in defining active disease was lower [AUC 0.75 (95%CI 0.65–0.84)] compared to gMaRIA [AUC 0.82 (95%CI 0.73–0.89)].

 Since surgical procedures contribute significantly to the LI, it is important to determine predictors of cumulative bowel damage in surgically naive patients. CD patients should be strongly advised to stop smoking and to regularly monitor disease activity using radiological methods. gMaRIA is superior to LI in detecting active disease in surgically naive patients.


Synthesis of microsomal cytochrome P-450 in rat liver requires synthesis of apoprotein in rough endoplasmic reticulum and of heme in mitochondria. Dissociation of apoprotein and heme synthesis by concomitant treatment of rats with inducers of cytochrome P-450 (i.e., phenobarbital) and inhibitors of heme synthesis (i.e., cobalt) resulted in a relative excess of apocytochrome P-450. Under these circumstances, it was possible to reconstitute the holocytochrome by addition of hemin in vitro. The holocytochrome was detected spectrophotometrically by its CO-binding properties and functionally by its increased oxidative activity. Heme-mediated reconstitution was most efficient in cell fractions rich in mitochondria-rough endoplasmic reticulum complexes (640 times g fraction), suggesting that the structural association of these two organelles may represent a functional unit essential for the synthesis of holocytochrome P-450. These findings indicate that phenobarbital-mediated induction of apocytochrome P-450 is independent of heme synthesis. It is suggested that synthesis of the apocytochrome may be the primary and rate-limiting event in the formation of cytochrome P-450.


We present a new suffix array construction algorithm that aims to build, in external memory, the suffix array for an input string of length n measured in the magnitude of tens of Giga characters over a constant or integer alphabet. The core of this algorithm is adapted from the framework of the original internal memory SA-DS algorithm that samples fixed-size d-critical substrings. This new external-memory algorithm, called EM-SA-DS, uses novel cache data structures to construct a suffix array in a sequential scanning manner with good data spatial locality: data is read from or written to disk sequentially. On the assumed external-memory model with RAM capacity Ω((nB)0.5), disk capacity O(n), and size of each I/O block B, all measured in log n-bit words, the I/O complexity of EM-SA-DS is O(n/B). This work provides a general cache-based solution that could be further exploited to develop external-memory solutions for other suffix-array-related problems, for example, computing the longest-common-prefix array, using a modern personal computer with a typical memory configuration of 4GB RAM and a single disk.


Most gallstones originate from cholesterol-supersaturated bile. Statins inhibit hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and therefore may reduce the risk of gallstone disease. Population-based evidence, however, is sparse. Thus, the authors conducted a population-based case-control study using medical databases from northern Denmark (1.7 million inhabitants) to identify 32,494 cases of gallstones occurring between 1996 and 2008 and to identify age-, sex-, and county-matched population controls for each case. Cases and their matched controls who were exposed to lipid-lowering drugs were categorized as current users if their last prescription was redeemed ≤90 days before the case's diagnosis date; otherwise, they were categorized as former users. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for gallstone disease in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. In current users, the adjusted odds ratios associating statin use with the occurrence of gallstone disease were 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.30) for those who had 1-4 prescriptions, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.97) for those who had 5-19 prescriptions, and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.84) for those who had ≥20 total prescriptions. In former users, the corresponding adjusted odds ratios were 1.24 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.39), 0.97 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.10), and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.97), respectively. The use of other lipid-lowering drugs showed no similar association.


Why have informal enterprise networks failed to promote economic development in Africa? Although social networks were thought to offer a solution to state incapacity and market failure, the proliferation of socially embedded enterprise networks across Africa has generated disorder and economic decline rather than development. This book challenges the prevailing assumption that the problem of African development lies in bad cultural institutions by showing that informal economic governance in Nigeria is shaped, not just by culture, but by the disruptive effects of rapid liberalization, state decline and political capture. 'Identity Economics' traces the rise of two dynamic informal enterprise clusters in Nigeria, and explores their slide into trajectories of Pentecostalism, poverty and violent vigilantism. Drawing on over twenty years of empirical research on African informal economies, the author highlights the institutional legacies, networking strategies and globalizing dynamics that shape the regulatory role of social networks in Africa's largest and most turbulent economy. Through an ethnography of informal economic governance, this book shows how ties of ethnicity, class, gender and religion are used to restructure enterprise networks in response to contemporary economic challenges. Moving beyond primordialist interpretations of African culture, attention is drawn to the critical role of the state and the macro-economic policy environment in shaping trajectories of informal economic governance. KATE MEAGHER is a former Research Associate at Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford and is currently a Lecturer in the Development Studies Institute at the London School of Economics. Nigeria: HEBN


The freshwater content at the Mackenzie shelf/estuary is analyzed using observed and numerically simulated data. Field measurements cover the period from September 1986 to September 1987; calculations are based upon a time-dependent, one-dimensional model that treats the shelf as a single reservoir coupled to the surroundings through parameterizations of the inflows and outflows. The system is assumed to be controlled by transient Ekman flow dynamics, and forced by winds when the sea is ice free, and by tides when ice covered. Buoyancy fluxes due to river inflow, freezing and melting of ice, and outflow are added to the salinity conservation equation from which the freshwater content is calculated. Sensitivity studies from simulation of the 1986–1987 period show that the freshwater content of the Mackenzie shelf/estuary is highly influenced by freezing, ice advection off the shelf, and the wind-driven transport, all of which work effectively to remove fresh water from the shelf. Ice keels in the inner shelf may also reduce the export of fresh water to the outer shelf. The sensitivity of the system to altered river inflow from either hydroelectric development or climate change is also examined. For example, upstream storage would increase winter inflows and thus decrease the shelf's capacity to ventilate the halocline, while inflow reduction would enhance shelf ventilation.


The Salmonella typhimurium metE and metR genes share a common control region, with overlapping, divergently transcribed promoters. A double gene fusion was constructed in which the metE promoter directs expression of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene and the metR promoter directs expression of the E. coli galK gene. By using an E. coli strain lysogenized with a lambda bacteriophage carrying the metE-lacZ metR-galK double fusion (lambda Elac.Rgal), two classes of cis-acting mutations were isolated that increase metR-galK expression. The first class of mutations causes a simultaneous decrease in metE-lacZ expression by disrupting the normal MetR-mediated activation of the metE promoter. The mutations are located within a region extending from 17 to 34 base pairs upstream of the -35 region of the metE promoter. Gel mobility shift assays and DNaseI protection experiments demonstrated that the MetR protein specifically binds to a 24-base-pair region encompassing these mutations. The second class of mutations increases metR-galK expression by directly altering the promoter consensus sequences of the metE and metR promoters.


Composition C-4 is the most common plastic explosive employed by the military in Vietnam. Ingestion is followed in a few hours by multiple generalized seizures, hematuria, severe nausea and vomiting, muscle twitching, and mentation changes. Six patients requiring hospitalization were treated by gastric lavage, maintenance of airway, control of seizures, monitoring of urine volume, and maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance. No fatalities were observed.


Chinese hamster cells in culture, exposed to a dose of 2 Gy during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, were used to compare the results obtained from investigations of chromosome lesions after chemical modification by caffeine (10(-3) and 10(-2) M) and after premature condensation of chromosomes. The data obtained exhibited a similarity not only in the total yield of aberrations (which was thrice as high as that in metaphases with the same radiation dose), but also in the frequency of aberrations of different types. On the basis of the data obtained the potential radiation-induced chromosome lesions could be quantitated.


The southern African beetle genus Onymacris (family Tenebrionidae) comprises 14 species, six of which are polytypic. Despite longstanding research on the physiological and behavioral adaptations of these desert beetles, little is known about their evolutionary relationships, particularly regarding the validity of currently recognized subspecies. In this study, I examined the polytypic status of the species Onymacris unguicularis and O. rugatipennis, each composed of two subspecies. The first, Onymacris unguicularis, is restricted to vegetationless dunes and is renowned for an unusual drinking behavior called fog basking. Northern populations¾isolated from southern populations by approximately 300 km of duneless land¾compose the subspecies O. u schulzeae, which exhibits only minor morphological differences from the southern subspecies, O. u. unguicularis. The second species, Onymacris rugatipennis, also contains two subspecies¾O. r. rugatipennis and O. r. albotessellata¾which are distinguished by the latter's white wax bloom on the dorsum. Their ranges are contiguous and slightly overlapping, with O. r. rugatipennis occurring primarily along riverbanks and O. r. albotessellata occurring on dune bases. To assess the validity of the subspecies of O. unguicularis, I analyzed morphological variation in 35 specimens of O. u. schulzeae and 95 of O. u. unguicularis as well as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation in five O. u. schulzeae and ten O. u. unguicularis. For O. rugatipennis, I examined only mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, generating sequence data for 11 O. r. rugatipennis and 12 O. r. albotessellata. Phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNA data revealed reciprocal monophyly between O. u. unguicularis and O. u. schulzeae, a pattern complementary to their morphological variation. On the basis of congruent phenotypic diversity, geographic delimitation, and genetic variation, I support the recognition of O. u. unguicularis and O. u. schulzeae as valid taxa. Conversely, the limited genetic divergence, absence of phylogeographic structuring, and number of shared haplotypes between O. r. rugatipennis and O. r. albotessellata suggest this species would be better regarded as a monotypic taxon.


This paper studies the observability radius of network systems, which measures the robustness of a network to perturbations of the edges. We consider linear networks, where the dynamics are described by a weighted adjacency matrix and dedicated sensors are positioned at a subset of nodes. We allow for perturbations of certain edge weights with the objective of preventing observability of some modes of the network dynamics. To comply with the network setting, our work considers perturbations with a desired sparsity structure, thus extending the classic literature on the observability radius of linear systems. The paper proposes two sets of results. First, we propose an optimization framework to determine a perturbation with smallest Frobenius norm that renders a desired mode unobservable from the existing sensor nodes. Second, we study the expected observability radius of networks with given structure and random edge weights. We provide fundamental robustness bounds dependent on the connectivity properties of the network and we analytically characterize optimal perturbations of line and star networks, showing that line networks are inherently more robust than star networks.


Abstract. Using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we investigate the propagation of low-entropy magnetic flux tubes ("bubbles") in the magnetotail. Our simulations address fundamental properties of the propagation and dynamics of such flux tubes rather than the actual formation process. We find that the early evolution, after a sudden reduction of pressure and entropy on a localized flux tube, is governed by re-establishing the balance of the total pressure in the dawn-dusk and north-south directions through compression on a time scale less than about 20s for the typical magnetotail. The compression returns the equatorial pressure to its original unperturbed value, due to the fact that the magnetic field contributes only little to the total pressure, while farther away from the equatorial plane the magnetic field compression dominates. As a consequence the pressure is no longer constant along a flux tube. The subsequent evolution is characterized by earthward propagation at speeds of the order of 200-400km/s, depending on the initial amount of depletion and the cross-tail extent of a bubble. Simple acceleration without depletion does not lead to significant earthward propagation. It hence seems that both the entropy reduction and the plasma acceleration play an important role in the generation of fast plasma flows and their propagation into the near tail. Earthward moving bubbles are found to be associated with field-aligned current systems, directed earthward on the dawnward edge and tailward on the duskward edge. This is consistent with current systems attributed to observed bursty bulk flows and their auroral effects. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; magnetotail; plasma sheet)nguage:


Agricultural technologies have a huge potential for being classified in "environmental technologies" because agricultural activity allows us to reduce the environmental burden of human activities by using organic waste and sludge in biomass production. Furthermore, the recycling of this organic waste, which must continue to appear positively in the environmental assessment of the industry thanks to agricultural reuse, is subjected to environmental regulation more and more restricting. The ECODEFI project (ECOconception et DEveloppement de methodologies de Fabrication Innovante de machines d'epandage - Ecodesign and development of innovative production methods of spreading machines) is intended as a resolutely innovative research project in the area of organic waste spreading. In this paper, we present a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the purpose of analysing the environmental impacts of a centrifugal spreader using organic compost composed by plant waste and sewage sludge. We also propose a TRIZ -based eco-innovative design approach which allows designers to identify and solve problems related to environment.


There are 34000 neonatal deaths occurring annually in the United States, many of which occur after removal of life support. The purposes of this grounded theory study were to explore and describe parents' experiences with making the decision to discontinue life support for their critically ill infant and to identify the process that allows them to then move forward with their lives after the infant's death. Data were generated by face-to-face and telephone interviews with a theoretical sample of 15 parents. Three thematic concepts with subthemes emerged: Facing the Decision (No Real Choice, Time with the Infant), Life Goes On (Listen to Your Heart, An Abiding Loss, Not Left Out), and Lives Forever Changed (New Perspectives, Preparing to Meet Again). The substantive theory, The Process of Holding a Place, describes the basic social process parents used to carry their deceased infant forward with them in their daily lives. n 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


Faith plays important roles in the reconstruction of cultural identities for many immigrants, in particular for Black Caribbean immigrant women (BCIW). By understanding and appreciating the religious and spiritual dimensions of people's cultural identities, counsellors can enhance their knowledge when addressing salient aspects of faith in approaches to counselling. The discussion is intended to orient and demystify key practices within the Judeo-Christian Protestant tradition (specifically Pentecostal faith), address relevant feminist debates over the social positioning of women in this faith tradition, and highlight counselling implications for the culture-infused counselling model that emphasizes a social justice lens.


Locke's Essay concerning Human Understanding introduces a coherent theory of knowledge and a clear conception of philosophy, its method and purposes, yet it is far from being intended as a systematic work and, consequently, does not adopt an extreme coherentism. On several occasions and with regard to key aspects, Locke puts the readers in front of deliberately open-ended reflections and uncertainties which, rather than being symptomatic of weakness, reveal that he agreed with Bacon that the search for the truth should be a collective (shared and supportive) and in fieri (unexhausted and perfectible) activity. This is highlighted by his conception of abstraction: in the Essay, two different kinds of abstraction coexist, which are not always compatible, although they are sometimes treated as if they were equivalent. In addition to the classical conception of abstraction involved in the formation of general ideas, Locke puts forward another conception which introduces a non-inductive and, therefore, non-empiricist process focusing on the existence of the content. This second kind of abstraction, which has been, in my opinion, scarcely explored in the history of philosophy, helps reflect on Locke's concept of existence (or, maybe, on 'the concepts' of existence, given some ambiguities in his thought) and its central role in the Essay, adding a further element to what could be called a Lockean experimental ontology.


Abstract Humans face a fundamental challenge of how to balance selfish interests against moral considerations. Such trade‐offs are implicit in moral decisions about what to do; judgments of whether an action is morally right or wrong; and inferences about the moral character of others. To date, these three dimensions of moral cognition–decision‐making, judgment, and inference–have been studied largely independently, using very different experimental paradigms. However, important aspects of moral cognition occur at the intersection of multiple dimensions; for instance, moral hypocrisy can be conceived as a disconnect between moral decisions and moral judgments. Here we describe the advantages of investigating these three dimensions of moral cognition within a single computational framework. A core component of this framework is harm aversion, a moral sentiment defined as a distaste for harming others. The framework integrates economic utility models of harm aversion with Bayesian reinforcement learning models describing beliefs about others' harm aversion. We show how this framework can provide novel insights into the mechanisms of moral decision‐making, judgment, and inference.


I elaborate on the tension between Luhmann's social systems theory and Habermas' theory of communicative action, and argue that this tension can be resolved by focusing on language as the interhuman medium of the communication which enables us to develop symbolically generalized media of communication such as truth, love, power, etc. Following Luhmann, the layers of selforganization among the differently codified subsystems of communication versus organization of meaning at contingent interfaces can analytically be distinguished as compatible, yet empirically researchable alternatives to Habermas' distinction between "system" and "lifeworld." Mediation by a facilitator can then be considered as a special case of organizing historically contingent translations among the evolutionarily developing fluxes of intentions and expectations. Accordingly, I suggest modifying Giddens' terminology into "a theory of the structuration of expectations."


1. Saline which had bathed an isolated crab pericardial organ was chromatographed on a column of Sephadex G-25. The fractions were divided and assayed for cardioexcitor activity and for ninhydrin colour following hydrolysis.

2. Fluid from pericardial organs which had been stimulated electrically to give a maximum propagated compound action potential showed both cardio-excitor activity and ninhydrin colour. These were always in the same fractions, which corresponded to the volume for elution of small peptides. Fluid from unstimulated preparations gave negative assays.

3. The cardio-excitor activity of fluid from stimulated pericardial organs and of distilled-water homogenates of pericardial organs behaved identically in Sephadex G-25 chromatography.

4. No evidence could be obtained of the cardio-excitor peptide binding to a protein.

5. This work provides evidence that neural stimulation of crab pericardial organs results in release to the bathing fluid of cardio-excitor hormone as free peptide.


Abstract A national survey of registered art therapists in Britain was undertaken to create both quantitative and qualitative data about how ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation influence the therapeutic relationship. A tick-box scale was used alongside more open questions. This article presents the initial findings of the research and will focus on gender issues in the art therapy relationship; it will elucidate some of the ways in which art therapists conceptualise gender in the therapeutic alliance. The research indicates that the overwhelming majority of art therapists think that their own gender is very important to the therapeutic encounter. The personal preference of the client, personal history and presenting issues, which may be gender related, are highlighted by both male and female respondents. Art therapists seek to be aware and non-judgemental regarding gender. An interesting finding highlights that the transference gender might not correspond to the biological sex, suggesting that some art therapists have a 'mobile' understanding of gender, and are keen not to foreclose conceptual possibilities because of gender. This would also seem to indicate a permeation of postmodernist ideas into art therapy thinking.


This work shows that hepatic cell lines reproducibly can be derived from E14 embryos of many mouse inbred strains. These bipotential mouse embryonic liver (BMEL) cell lines present a mixed morphology, containing both epithelial and palmate‐like cells, and an uncoupled phenotype, expressing hepatocyte transcription factors (HNF1α, HNF4α, GATA4) but not functions (apolipoproteins, albumin). BMEL cells are bipotential: under inducing conditions they express hepatocyte and bile duct functions. In addition, they can undergo morphogenesis in Matrigel culture to form bile duct units. When returned to basal culture conditions, the differentiated cells revert, within a few days, to an undifferentiated state. The ensemble of markers expressed by BMEL cells implies that they originate from hepatoblasts, the endodermal precursors of the liver. In conclusion, the establishment of a simple and reproducible method to isolate from any mouse embryo bipotential hepatic cell lines that exhibit the properties of transit stem cells provides a novel paradigm for investigation of hepatic cell lineage relationships.


The transcription factor NF-κB is a key player in inflammation, cancer development, and progression. NF-κB stimulates cell proliferation, prevents apoptosis, and could promote tumor angiogenesis as well as metastasis. Extending the commonly accepted role of NF-κB in cancer formation and progression, different NF-κB subunits have been shown to be active and of particular importance in distinct types of cancer. Here, we summarize overexpression data of the NF-κB subunits RELA, RELB, and c-REL (referring to the v-REL, which is the oncogene of Reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T) as well as of their upstream kinase inhibitor, namely inhibitor of κB kinases (IKK), in different human cancers, assessed by database mining. These data argue against a universal mechanism of cancer-mediated activation of NF-κB, and suggest a much more elaborated mode of NF-κB regulation, indicating a tumor type-specific upregulation of the NF-κB subunits. We further discuss recent findings showing the diverse roles of NF-κB signaling in cancer development and metastasis in a subunit-specific manner, emphasizing their specific transcriptional activity and the role of autoregulation. While non-canonical NF-κB RELB signaling is described to be mostly present in hematological cancers, solid cancers reveal constitutive canonical NF-κB RELA or c-REL activity. Providing a linkage to cancer therapy, we discuss the recently described pivotal role of NF-κB c-REL in regulating cancer-targeting immune responses. In addition, current strategies and ongoing clinical trials are summarized, which utilize genome editing or drugs to inhibit the NF-κB subunits for cancer treatment.


We demonstrate a facile methodology to fabricate graphene aerogel (GA), and its application in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) for the first time. A new GADMFC design was proposed by using GA to replace two main components within the DMFC - gas diffusion layer (GDL) and flow flied plate (FFP). Results indicate a 24.95 mW / cm2 maximum power density of air polarisation was obtained at 25°C. The membrane electrolyte assembly (MEA) has a 63.8% mass reduction compared to ordinary one, which induced 3 times higher mass power density. Benefiting from its excellent organic solvent absorbency, the methanol cross over effect has been dramatically suppressed while using 12 M methanol, therefore, higher concentration or even pure methanol can be refilled into the fuel cell. Due to the excellent fuel storage function of GA, the methanol cartridge and complicated fuel circulation system in DMFC can be eliminated, which can reduce manufacturing cost for DMFC. We expect this research will promote the application of GA in fuel cell applications, as well as shed a light on the novel fuel cell technology to address future energy challenges.


During the development of the olfactory (antennal) lobe of the moth Manduca sexta, olfactory sensory axons induce glomerular branching patterns in their target neurons. Glial cells, by surrounding the developing glomerular template, are thought to mediate the developmental influence of olfactory axons on these branching patterns. Previous studies have demonstrated that, in the absence of glia, neurons in the antennal lobe branch in an aglomerular fashion, even in the presence of competent antennal axons (Oland and Tolbert, 1988, J. Comp. Neurol. 278:377-387; Oland et al., 1988, J. Neurosci. 8:353-367). We have begun to explore the molecular basis by which glial cells could influence patterns of neurite branching. For this work, we have utilized immunocytochemical techniques and a partial biochemical analysis to demonstrate that molecules antigenically similar and comparable in size to mammalian tenascin are localized on the neuropil-associated glial cells that form borders around glomeruli in the developing antennal lobe. These tenascin-like molecules associated with neuropilar glia are present at critical stages of glomerulus development; tenascin-like immunoreactivity declines after glomeruli form and become stabilized. Neither the arrival nor the absence of antennal axons in the lobe induces changes in either the molecular forms or the amounts of tenascin-like molecules. The spatiotemporal pattern of expression of tenascin-like molecules suggests that they are in a position to participate in the formation of a glomerular neuropil and could form a molecular barrier that constrains neurite outgrowth strictly to glomeruli.


In liver and adipose tissue, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) regenerates glucocorticoids from inactive 11-keto metabolites. Pharmacological inhibition or transgenic disruption of 11β-HSD1 attenuates glucocorticoid action and increases insulin sensitivity. Increased adipose 11β-HSD1 may also contribute to the metabolic complications of obesity. Here, we examine the effects of inhibition of 11β-HSDs with carbenoxolone in obese insulin-resistant Zucker rats, a strain in which tissue-specific dysregulation of 11β-HSD1 (increased in adipose, decreased in liver) mirrors changes in human obesity. Six-week-old male rats were treated orally with carbenoxolone (50 mg/kg/day) or water (1 ml/kg/day) for 3 weeks. Carbenoxolone inhibited 11β-HSD1 activity in liver (25 ± 3 versus 52 ± 2% conversion in lean; 18 ± 3 versus 35 ± 3% in obese; p < 0.01) but not in adipose tissue or skeletal muscle. Carbenoxolone had no effect on weight gain or food intake, did not affect plasma glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, and increased the plasma insulin response to glucose. However, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased by carbenoxolone in obese animals (1.52 ± 0.24 versus 1.21 ± 0.26 mM; p < 0.03). Carbenoxolone did not inhibit hepatic inactivation of glucocorticoid by 5β-reductase and had no significant effect on plasma corticosterone levels. In conclusion, carbenoxolone provides a model for liver-specific inhibition of 11β-HSD1, which results in improved lipid profile, in Zucker obese rats. Failure to inhibit 11β-HSD1 in adipose tissue and/or skeletal muscle may explain the lack of effect on glucose tolerance and obesity. Inhibition of adipose 11β-HSD1 is probably necessary to gain the maximum benefit of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor.


This study aimed to determine factors affecting the occurrence of hematotoxicity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients during maintenance phase therapy. This retrospective, observational study was conducted by analyzing the medical records of ALL patients undergoing 6-mercaptopurine (6MP)-based treatment (6MP, methotrexate, vincristine, and dexamethasone) during the maintenance phase at the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia, from January 2014 to December 2016. Ninety (89.1%) of ALL patients analyzed experienced hematotoxicity occurrence during the maintenance phase (anemia, 77.2%; neutropenia, 35.6%; and thrombocytopenia,26.7%). Most of the anemia and thrombocytopenia cases were grades 1−2, while the neutropenia cases were mostly grade 3−4. Bivariate analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in disease stratification, gender, body mass index, and serum albumin levels between patients with and without grade 3−4 neutropenia or between those with and without thrombocytopenia. Conversely, age, gender, and disease stratification were significantly different between those with and without anemia. In conclusions, ALL patients often experience hematotoxicity during maintenance phase therapy, especially those with grade 3−4 neutropenia. Anemia was more prevalent in males, in the younger age group, and in patients with standard risk stratification. Clinical article (J Int Dent Med Res 2019; 12(3): 1154-1161)


OBJECTIVE
Characterising clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from 1995 to 2006 in Bogotá , Colombia , using standardised IS6110-based RFLP typing for determining phylogenetic relationships. Calculating cases due to recent infection (grouped cases) cf endogenous reactivation (single patterns).

METHODS
This retrospective study characterised 137 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained in Bogotá from 1995 to 2006. Study variables consisted of gender, age, HIV status, homelessness, Ziehl Neelsen smear result and date of culture. All isolates were freshly identified by phenotypic methods, confirmed by PRA and evaluated for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents according to the proportional method. Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures were typed by standardised IS6110-based RFLP.

RESULTS
All isolates were confirmed as being M. tuberculosis by phenotypic and genotypic methods. 9,4 % monoresistance and 2,9 % MDR (rifampicin- and isoniazid-resistant) were found. 129 M . tuberculosis isolates were genotyped; 96 (74 %) of them presented unique DNA fingerprints, whilst 35 (26 %) were grouped into 17 clusters consisting of two to four isolates. Direct epidemiological links between patients could not be established in most cases. Only HIV status was a significant predictor of clustering amongst the variables being studied (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION
The results of our study revealed a high proportion of unique DNA fingerprints, suggesting high genetic variability between M. tuberculosis strains in Bogotá , Colombia , meaning that most cases of TB in this study were attributed to endogenous reactivation.


While a number of issues affect student success, an area of great concern is student retention. Studies have shown that students are more likely to stay in college if they have clear goals, are active learners, and are active participants in classroom activities. In other words, students learn more when they are intensely involved in their education and have opportunities to apply what they are learning. Students also benefit when they are engaged in the teaching and learning of their peers, such as group work, peer review, study groups, and peer teaching in and out of class. Flipping the classroom is a relatively new active learning technique that faculty at many institutions have incorporated in their teaching. In a flipped classroom, laboratory and in-class activities replace typical class-lectures. Lectures are normally delivered over some other medium such as video on-demand or podcasts. However, there is no specific model for flipped classrooms, it simply draws on such concepts as student engagement, hybrid course design, and course podcasting. This paper describes how the flipped classroom technique was incorporated into a three-credit electrical engineering course that met twice a week. This paper presents details about the course, discusses student survey results, and describes plans to improve the delivery of this and similar courses.


In this paper, we describe a novel method for discovering and incorporating higher level map structure in a real-time visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system. Previous approaches use sparse maps populated by isolated features such as 3-D points or edgelets. Although this facilitates efficient localization, it yields very limited scene representation and ignores the inherent redundancy among features resulting from physical structure in the scene. In this paper, higher level structure, in the form of lines and surfaces, is discovered concurrently with SLAM operation, and then, incorporated into the map in a rigorous manner, attempting to maintain important cross-covariance information and allow consistent update of the feature parameters. This is achieved by using a bottom-up process, in which subsets of low-level features are ldquofolded inrdquo to a parameterization of an associated higher level feature, thus collapsing the state space as well as building structure into the map. We demonstrate and analyze the effects of the approach for the cases of line and plane discovery, both in simulation and within a real-time system operating with a handheld camera in an office environment.


One of the major challenges in the current fuzzy control research is the automatic design of multiple input controllers for complex nonlinear systems. This paper presents a new genetic-based scheme to treat this issue: the so-called premise learning approach. We propose to search in the input domain for suitable rule premises. The rule premises are coded in a general way allowing AND- as well as OR-connections of the linguistic terms, in combination with a certain class of input and output fuzzy sets. The rule structure and the fuzzy sets are optimized by the genetic algorithm at the same time. With this new approach a considerable reduction of the number of necessary rules may be expected. This method is used to design a fuzzy controller to balance an inverted pendulum. Simulations as well as results of a real laboratory plant are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method.


Radiochromic film (RCF) dosimetry is usually based on densitometric methods which use an analyzing light source of a fixed or a broad spectrum of wavelengths. These methods have not exploited the sensitivity of the dose response of the RCF otherwise attainable by using a light source with wavelengths peaked at the two absorption peaks in the absorption spectrum of the RCF. A new algorithm of dual-peak dose measurement for the RCF has been proposed in this paper to make use of these dual absorption peaks to achieve the maximum attainable sensitivity. This technique relies on the measurement of the transmittance of the RCF at the wavelength of the major and minor absorption peaks, respectively. The dual-peak dose measurement is accomplished with the aid of a novel spectral microdensitometer developed in our Institute. The microdensitometer utilizes a monochromator to provide a light source of which the wavelength can be matched precisely to the wavelength of the absorption peaks of the RCF. The doses obtained at these wavelengths are fed into a weighted objective function and an optimum dose is searched by minimizing the objective function to give the best estimate of the dose deposited on the film. An initial test shows that there is a good agreement between the estimated and actual dose deposited; and the maximum discrepancy was found to be less than 1%.


Summary We show that under the alternative hypothesis the Hausman chi-square test statistic can be negative not only in small samples but even asymptotically. Therefore in large samples such a result is only compatible with the alternative and should be interpreted accordingly. Applying a known insight from finite samples, this can only occur if the different estimation precisions (often the residual variance estimates) under the null and the alternative both enter the test statistic. In finite samples, using the absolute value of the test statistic is a remedy that does not alter the null distribution and is thus admissible. Even for positive test statistics the relevant covariance matrix difference should be routinely checked for positive semi-definiteness, because we also show that otherwise test results may be misleading. Of course the preferable solution still is to impose the same nuisance parameter (i.e., residual variance) estimate under the null and alternative hypotheses, if the model context permits that with relative ease. We complement the likelihood-based exposition by a formal proof in an omitted-variable context, we present simulation evidence for the test of panel random effects, and we illustrate the problems with a panel homogeneity test.


This paper proposes a practical framework for the quantification of Liquidity-adjusted Value at Risk ("L-VaR") incorporating the market liquidity of financial products. This framework incorporates the mechanism of the market impact caused by the investor's own dealings through adjusting Value-at-Risk according to the level of market liquidity and the scale of the investor's position. Specifically, the optimal execution strategy for liquidating the investor's entire position is first calculated taking the market impact into account. Then the maximum loss that may be incurred by price fluctuations under optimal execution strategy is calculated as L-VaR. This paper presents a specific model providing a closed-form solution for calculating L-VaR, and examines whether this framework can be applied to the practices of financial risk management by calculating numerical examples. It also demonstrates that this L-VaR calculation framework may be applied under more general conditions, such as (1) when the market impact is uncertain, (2) when the investor's portfolio consists of multiple financial assets, and (3) when there is a non-linear relationship between the market impact and the trading volume.


More than a generation before the invention of Gutenberg's celebrated press, the new technology of image printing emerged. In this book, a distinguished group of scholars treats the earliest manifestations of printing in all aspects: technical experimentation, the complex relation of printed books to printed images, individual and institutional patronage, new iconographies, religious propaganda, and the wide variety of private and public ways in which printed images were first employed. The essays examine the technological, social, political, religious, personal, and institutional contexts of 15th-century woodcuts and challenge many assumptions about the phenomenon of early printing, including the beginnings of printing on cloth, the significance of monastic production, the development of book printing and book illustration, and the extent to which printing can or should be termed a "revolution."


RFC 4666 defines a protocol for supporting the transport of any SS7
MTP3-User signalling (e.g., ISUP and SCCP messages) over IP using the
services of the Stream Control Transmission Protocol. Some parts of
the specification are unclear that may lead to misinterpretations
that may impair interoperability between different implementations.
RFC 4666 doesn't define the application of IPSTP-IPSEP interface.
For the signalling network management function, messages and
procedures, it needs more contributes. This document provides
clarifications and amendments to RFC 4666.


Collisions between aircraft and birds, so-called "bird strikes," can result in serious damage to aircraft and even in the loss of lives. Information about the distribution of birds in the air and on the ground can be used to reduce the risk of bird strikes and their impact on operations en route and in and around air fields. Although a wealth of bird distribution and density data is collected by numerous organizations, these data are not readily available nor interpretable by aviation. This paper presents two national efforts, one in the Netherlands and one in the United States, to develop bird avoidance nodels for aviation. These models integrate data and expert knowledge on bird distributions and migratory behavior to provide hazard maps in the form of GIS-enabled Web services. Both models are in operational use for flight planning and flight alteration and for airfield and airfield vicinity management. These models and their presentation on the Internet are examples of the type of service that would be very useful in other fields interested in species distribution and movement information, such as conservation, disease transmission and prevention, or assessment and mitigation of anthropogenic risks to nature. We expect that developments in cyber-technology, a transition toward an open source philosophy, and higher demand for accessible biological data will result in an increase in the number of biological information systems available on the Internet.


When calcifying tissues were extracted with hot pyridine or hot benzene and then decalcified and stained with Sudan black B, the areas where mineralization was being initiated stained strongly, the rest of the calcified tissues being unstained. Histochemical methods showed that lipids were responsible for the staining. They were isolated biochemically and found to be phospholipids, very resistant to extraction before decalcification of the tissues and consisting predominantly of phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol. It was proposed that these phospholipids were active at nucleating sites in apatite crystal formation, since it is known that phosphatidyl serine binds calcium strongly. It has been shown that phosphatidyl serine is present in matrix vesicles.


This work describes the design and implementation of a DSP-based control regulating the output voltage of an electric generator for aircraft applications. Voltage regulation in an aircraft system is a challenging task due to a wide range of operating conditions. Control schemes based on the model of synchronous generators have been proposed because they naturally account for changes in the operation conditions. This paper proposes a multi-loop controller algorithm with model-based characteristics. That control algorithm was developed in simulations and tested experimentally in a DSP implementation. Simulation and test results show considerable improvement in the performance when compared to current practices. The controller has excitation and armature current loops whose characteristics are derived from the parameters of the machine and do not require additional tuning. Moreover, the model based characteristics produce a more uniform response in all the different operation conditions. In this way, the proposed controller algorithm overcomes some major issues currently existing for the type of applications under study


ABSTRACT Resistance training (RT) improves overall health, but the psychological effects of RT in healthy old adults have not been tested. The aim of this study was to investigate a sample of 65–70-year-old healthy and physically active women to assess their sense of coherence, health-related quality of life, hope, and affect, before and after taking part in a 24-week RT intervention (N = 14), compared to controls (N = 18). Findings showed a significant increase in hope (p = 0.013) and a significant decrease in negative affect (p = 0.002). Starting RT after age 65 does not appear to negatively impact on women's psychological health but seems to be associated with important psychological health benefits.


We offer new evidence on the real effects of credit shocks in the presence of employment protection regulations by exploiting a unique provision in Spanish labor laws: dismissal rules are less stringent for Spanish firms with fewer than 50 employees, lowering the cost of hiring new workers. Using a new dataset, we find that during the financial crisis, healthy firms with fewer than 50 employees borrowing from troubled banks grew faster in sectors where capital and labor were sufficiently substitutable. This result does not obtain when we use a different cut-off for Spain or the same cut-off for firms in Germany. Our evidence suggests that labor market flexibility can dampen the negative effect of credit shocks by allowing firms to keep growing by substituting labor for capital. JEL Classification: G21, J80, D20


With the popularity of smart mobile devices, mobile applications (most commonly referred to as an App) have gradually grown up to be a huge commercial market. Therefore, as the variety and download counts of Apps in the application stores of the two biggest operating systems increase, how to make a profit from Apps has become the most concerned issue for developers. Today the freemium strategy is widely observed in mobile App markets. Freemium is a business model by which an App is offered free of charge, but a premium is charged for advanced features. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore the factors driving mobile App users to pay for freemium services based on value-based adoption model. An online survey was conducted to collect empirical data in order to test the research model. The results of PLS analysis indicate that an App user's intention to pay is determined by perceived value, a thorough comparison of benefits and sacrifices, and trust of developer. Furthermore, perceived value will be affected by perceived effort and perceived usefulness while the App user has no experience on premium service. Finally, the implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed.


This paper describes segregated balance accounts (SBAs), a concept for a new type of account that could provide increased competition for deposits, reduce system-wide balance sheet costs, and improve the transmission of monetary policy by facilitating greater pass-through of interest on excess reserves (IOER). SBAs are designed to remove credit risk by creating narrow accounts that could allow any bank to compete for money market funds. Because of increased competition, the rates paid on borrowings secured by SBAs, along with other money market rates, would likely be pushed up closer to the IOER rate and would be more tightly linked to that rate. SBAs could promote a more efficient allocation of reserves within the banking sector by shifting reserves from banks with high balance sheet costs to banks with low balance sheet costs. SBAs would not require setting an additional administered rate; IOER would be paid on the balances held in an SBA and the rate paid on the loan secured by the balances in the SBA would be competitively determined. We discuss a number of potential risks that SBAs could pose as well as further steps that would be required before SBAs could be implemented.


The theory of nuclear quadrupole resonance and quadrupolar relaxation is reviewed, and the chemical interpretation of n.q.r. data is discussed.

The super-regenerative oscillator system as employed in the Decca spectrometer for the detection of n.q.r. is described. Details of the measurement of relaxation times using a pulsed r.f. spectrometer are also given.

In a study of hydrogen-bonded anions containing conveniently situated chlorine atoms a combination of the relative value of the 35C1 n.q.r. frequency and the magnitude of its shift on deuterium substitution is used to distinguish between centrosymmetric and asymmetric hydrogen bonds. The effect is clearly observed in the n.q.r. spectra of eight salts of the hydrogen or deuterium dichloride ion, and in four series of hydrogen di-chlorocarboxylate anions. For caesium and tetramethylammonium hydrogen dichlorides the direction of the n.q.r. frequency shift suggests that the asymmetry of the bond in the anion is increased on deuteriation. The very small deuteriation shift observed for the symmetrically hydrogen- bonded anion in tetraethylammonium hydrogen dichloride and caesium chloride, 1/3 hydronium hydrogen dichloride, is consistent with a single broad minimum potential function. The assignment to a torsional mode of a line at 85 cm- l in the neutron inelastic scattering spectrum of the latter salt is consistent with the observed temperature dependence of the 35 Cl n.q.r. frequency.

The temperature dependences of the 35Cl spin-lattice relaxation time in caesium and tetramethylammonium hydrogen dichlorides are not sensitive to deuteriation. It is proposed that below 250 K in the former salt and 300 K in the latter, relaxation occurs by field gradient fluctuations due to lattice vibrations, and that above these temperatures the severe decrease in TI with temperature may be explained by diffusion of hydrogen chloride molecules throughout the lattice.

The 35C1 T1 temperature dependence of the symmetrically bonded hydrogen dichloride ion in the hydronium dichloride salt is however sensitive to deuteriation, and this is consistent with a relaxation mechanism arising from field gradient fluctuations due to reorientation of the hydronium ions. Activation energies for this motion are estimated to be 8.1 k cals/mole for H30 +and 10.5 k cals/mole for D30 + •

The n.q.r. spectra of acid salts of mono, di, and trichloroacetic acids and ortho-, meta- and para-chlorobenzoic acids are discussed with relevance to the particular hydrogen bond structure of the anion.

In a series of complexes of general formula trans-L2 0sC14 , the measurement of the 35 C1 n.q.r. frequency provides the following order of cis-influence of ligands:

C1 <AsEt3 < PEt2Ph < PEt3

A phase transition in trans-(PEt3)20sC14 is indicated near 100 K. It is suggested that intramolecular non-bonding interactions for the earlier members of the series of complexes trans-LiMC14 and K 2 MC1 6 may have a Significant effect on the magnitude of the chlorine n.q.r. frequency and its temperature coefficient.

The chlorine n.q.r. frequencies of some 3-chloroacetylacetonato-complexes are shown to vary considerably with the polarity or charge of the complex, and to depend very little on the central element. The differences can be explained in terms of linear intramolecular electric
field shifts, the signs and magnitudes of which correlate with experimental values of the Stark coefficient.

The n.q.r. spectra of a series of six addition compounds of phosphorus pentachloride favour the ionic structure containing the tetrachloro-phosphonium ion in each case. Values for the libration frequency of the PC1 4 + ion are predicted.


ABSTRACT The implications of the choice of reaction progress variable on the performances of the flame surface density (FSD) based mean reaction rate closure and the well-established sub-models of the FSD transport have been analysed in context of Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations. For this purpose, a detailed chemistry direct numerical simulation (DNS) database of freely-propagating statistically planar air flames (with an equivalence ratio of 0.7) spanning the corrugated flamelets (CF), thin reaction zones (TRZ) and broken reaction zones (BRZ) regimes of premixed turbulent combustion has been considered. The FSD and the unclosed terms of its transport equation have been analysed for reaction progress variables defined based on normalised and mass fractions and temperature. The performances of the closures for turbulent flux of FSD, and tangential strain rate term have been found to be mostly unaffected by the choice of reaction progress variable. However, the well-established existing models for the unresolved tangential strain rate term have been found not to perform well for the cases representing the CF and TRZ regimes of premixed combustion. The performance of a well-established existing model for the combined propagation and curvature terms has been found to be significantly dependent on the choice of reaction progress variable. Furthermore, the surface-averaged value of the density-weighted displacement speed cannot be approximated by the corresponding unstretched laminar flame value especially for the flames in the BRZ regime. Detailed explanations have been provided for the observed behaviours of the FSD based reaction rate closure and sub-models for the unclosed terms of the FSD transport equation in different combustion regimes for different choices of reaction progress variable.


Flood risk analysis is subject to often severe uncertainties, which can potentially undermine flood management decisions. This paper explores the use of information gap theory to analyze the sensitivity of flood management decisions to uncertainties in flood inundation models and flood frequency analysis. Information gap is a quantified nonprobabilistic theory of robustness. To analyze uncertainties in flood modeling, an energy‐bounded information gap model is established and applied first to a simplified uniform channel and then to a more realistic 2‐D flood model. Information gap theory is then applied to the estimation of flood discharges using regional frequency analysis. The use of an information gap model is motivated by the notion that hydrologically similar sites are clustered in the space of their L moments. The information gap model is constructed around a parametric statistical flood frequency analysis, resulting in a hybrid model of uncertainty in which natural variability is handled statistically while epistemic uncertainties are represented in the information gap model. The analysis is demonstrated for sites in the Trent catchment, United Kingdom. The analysis is extended to address ungauged catchments, which, because of the attendant uncertainties in flood frequency analysis, are particularly appropriate for information gap analysis. Finally, the information gap model of flood frequency is combined with the treatment of hydraulic model uncertainties in an example of how both sources of uncertainty can be accounted for using information gap theory in a flood risk management decision.


This study examines the application of cluster analysis in the accounting domain, particularly discrepancy detection in audit. Cluster analysis groups data so that points within a single group or cluster are similar to one another and distinct from points in other clusters. Clustering has been shown to be a good candidate for anomaly detection. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of clustering technology to automate fraud filtering during an audit. We use cluster analysis to help auditors focus their efforts when evaluating group life insurance claims. Claims with similar characteristics have been grouped together and small-population clusters have been flagged for further investigation. Some dominant characteristics of those clusters which have been flagged are large beneficiary payment, large interest payment amounts, and long lag between submission and payment.


This paper discusses the role of indigenous knowledge (IK) in weather and climate prediction in Mahenge and Ismani wards focusing on Safari Road and Mahenge Mjini villages in Mahenge; and Uhominyi and Ismani Tarafani villages in Ismani. The perception of local communities about climate change is assessed. Local environmental and astronomical indicators used by local communities in weather and climate prediction are identified and documented. A team of five IK experts in both Mahenge and Ismani was identified and assigned the task of making continuous observations of the IK indicators and producing seasonal rainfall forecast for the purpose of testing the accuracy and reliability of IK. Key informant interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) approaches were used in data collection regarding existing IK in weather forecast. A total of 120 respondents were interviewed in study Mahenge and Ismani wards respectively. A Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for data analysis. More than 83% of the respondents were found to be aware of climate change. Plant phenology, particularly that of mango trees was found to be the most used indicator in both wards. An assessment of the forecasted and observed 2011/2012 seasonal rainfall indicates comparable results.


Strong communication has been identified by many sources as a critical skill for college graduates. While these communication skills are developed throughout the undergraduate curriculum, this paper focuses on a single course within the first semester of the senior year. In this class students are required to read several journal articles and complete associated brief writing assignments prior to class discussions. The method for assessing each writing assignment is a detailed rubric which is presented at the beginning of the semester and applied to all submissions. This paper discusses the reason behind and development of the rubric, the assessment of student technical writing and synthesis of course topics as a function of time throughout the semester, and an evaluation of the initial use of this rubric grading method in the course. Results found improvement in overall class performance as well as improved performance by a majority of individuals.


We propose a calculus of local equations over one-way measurement patterns [1], which preserves interpretations, and allows the rewriting of any pattern to a standard form where entanglement is done first, then measurements, then local corrections. We infer from this that patterns with no dependencies, or using only Pauli measurements, can only realise unitaries belonging to the Clifford group.


Who speaks for "citizen science" on Twitter? Which territory of citizen science have they made visible so far? This paper offers the first description of the community of users who dedicate their online social media identity to citizen science. It shows that Twitter users who identify with the term "citizen science" are mostly U.S. science professionals in environmental sciences, and rarely projects' participants. In contrast to the original concept of "citizen science", defined as a direct relationship between scientists and lay participants, this paper makes visible a third category of individual actors, mostly women, who connect these lay participants and scientists: the "citizen science broker".


: Nitrogen is among the main nutrients encouraging the growth of organic matter and algae which cause eutrophication in water bodies. Therefore, its removal from wastewater has become a worldwide emerging concern. In this research, an innovative Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) system named "moving bed membrane bioreactor (MBMBR)" was developed and investigated under intermittently-aerated mode for simultaneous removal of organic carbon and nitrogen. Results indicated that the variation of the intermittently aerated duration did not have an apparent impact on COD and NH4+–N removal rate, yielding the effluent with average COD and NH4+–N removal efficiency of more than 92 and 91% respectively. However, in the intermittently aerated cycle of (continuously aeration/0s mix), (aeration 90s/mix 90s) and (aeration 90s/mix 180s); the average TN removal efficiency was 67.6%, 69.5% and 87.8% respectively. At the same time, their nitrite accumulation rate was 4.5%, 49.1% and 79.4% respectively. These results indicate that the intermittently aerated mode is an efficient way to controlling the nitrification to stop at nitrition; and also the length of anoxic duration is a key factor in improving TN removal.


: Clinical data suggest, and experimental studies indicate direct cardiotoxic effects of carbon monoxide, apart from carboxyhemoglobin formation. Carbon monoxide interactions with cytochrome oxidase and myoglobin are suspect. Of these, myoglobin is the favored tissue target for carbon monoxide binding. On what evidence? Examination of the literature reveals the following: A 16% greater "volume of distribution" (Vd) for carbon monoxide, versus other blood volume indicators, concentrating in skeletal and cardiac muscle; A high myoglobin content in these tissues corresponding to this "excess" Vd for carbon monoxide; Evidence from animals of significant carboxymyoglobin concentrations; Hemeprotein independent changes produced by carbon monoxide which promote carbon monoxide-myoglobin interactions; A high ratio of deoxymyoglobin (carbon monoxide binding form) to oxymyoglobin intracellularly; Direct intercellular measurements of oxymyoglobin saturations and "cycling" in vivo illustrating favorable conditions for carbon monoxide binding; Data indicating decrements in cardiac performance with loss of functional myoglobin; Evidence that myoglobin is important to the proper functioning of cardio-adaptive mechanisms in stress. The total picture of carbon monoxide poisoning must take into account pathogenic effects due to carboxymyoglobin formation.


The low-carbon economy already became the tendency of global development, and logistics holds the important position in the low-carbon economy. The low-carbon concept is also inevitably transmited to the logistics industry. For this reason, the notion of low-carbon logistics is proposed. Through the analysis of the challenges and opportunities logistics industry faces in China under the background of low-carbon economy , then this article discussed that what measures and methods logistic industry should take to reduce logistics cost and to improve the international competitive advantage.


Our group recently identified InsB, an ESAT-6-like antigen belonging to the Mtb9.9 subfamily within the Esx family, in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Korean Beijing strain (Mtb K) via a comparative genomic analysis with that of the reference Mtb H37Rv and characterized its immunogenicity and its induced immune response in patients with tuberculosis (TB). However, the vaccine potential of InsB has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, InsB was evaluated as a subunit vaccine in comparison with the most well-known ESAT-6 against the hypervirulent Mtb K. Mice immunized with InsB/MPL-DDA exhibited an antigen-specific IFN-γ response along with antigen-specific effector/memory T cell expansion in the lungs and spleen upon antigen restimulation. In addition, InsB immunization markedly induced multifunctional Th1-type CD4+ T cells coexpressing TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ in the lungs following Mtb K challenge. Finally, we found that InsB immunization conferred long-term protection against Mtb K comparable to that conferred by ESAT-6 immunization, as evidenced by a similar level of CFU reduction in the lung and spleen and reduced lung inflammation. These results suggest that InsB may be an excellent vaccine antigen component for developing a multiantigenic Mtb subunit vaccine by generating Th1-biased memory T cells with a multifunctional capacity and may confer durable protection against the highly virulent Mtb K.


Purpose: Hamstring tightness has been documented in apparently healthy Nigerian adults and in those with musculoskeletal problems, but the influence of age on hamstring tightness has not been studied. This study was therefore designed to determine the influence of age on hamstring tightness in apparently healthy subjects. Methods: Hamstring tightness was measured using the active knee extension test (AKET) in 240 apparently healthy male andfemale subjects, aged 5-59 years. The subjects were recruited into 6 age groups using the purposive sampling technique. Hamstring tightness was compared across the age groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The independent t-test was used to compare hamstring tightness on both lower limbs in male andfemale subjects. Results: Subjects' mean age was 29.63 ± 16.72 years. All subjects had hamstring tightness (absolute extension lag) and this increased with age up to age group 40-49 years. The male subjects had significantly higher hamstring tightness than the females in all the age groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that hamstring tightness increases in apparently healthy Nigerians from childhood up to age 40-49 years and it is higher in males than females.


In this paper, we consider an integrated vehicle routing and service scheduling problem for serving customers in distributed locations who need pick-up, drop-off, or delivery services. We take into account the random trip time, nonnegligible service time, and possible customer cancellations, under which an ill-designed schedule may lead to undesirable vehicle idleness and customer waiting. We build a stochastic mixed-integer program to minimize the operational cost plus expected penalty cost of customers' waiting time, vehicles' idleness, and overtime. Furthermore, to handle real-time arrived service requests, we develop K-means clustering-based algorithms to dynamically update planned routes and schedules. The algorithms assign customers to vehicles based on similarities and then plan schedules on each vehicle separately. We conduct numerical experiments based on diverse instances generated from census data and data from the Ford Motor Company's GoRide service, to evaluate result sensitivity and to compare the in-sample and out-of-sample performance of different approaches. Managerial insights are provided using numerical results based on different parameter choices and uncertainty settings.


: Laboratory animals treated with radioactive compounds are a radiation-safety concern. It is important for technologists and technicians who work with these animals to understand ionizing radiation and radiation-safety practices. The author discusses licensing, contamination control, and how to deal with radioactive waste.


ABSTRACT There is an on-going focus exploring the use of gesture in design situations; however, there are still significant questions as to how this is related to the understanding and communication of design concepts. This work explores the use of gesture through observing and video-coding four teams of engineering graduates during an ideation session. This was used to detail the relationship between the function behaviour structure elements and individual gestures as well as to identify archetypal gesture sequences – compound reflective, compound directed one-way, mirroring, and modification. Gesture sequences occurred at critical periods during the design session, such as idea evolution and developing shared understanding. They are used to act out design concepts, repeat and learn from sequences, and establish shared understanding. Finally, a number of implications are identified for both researchers and those seeking to support practice.


Most of engineering systems today are dependent on automatic control rather than manual control. This is because automatic control has practical advantages compared with manual control. It is wrong morally to use human to carry a heavy work and expose them to threat of safety and continuous working. These works are more suitable for machines that require automatic control system. Some reasons by automatic control systems are preferred: 1. Human have a time delay reaction of about 0.3s. 2. A continuous work over long period and complex movement will cause pressure and consequently affect human's attitude. 3. It is possible to repeat standard human movement using mechanisms. 4. In most applications, operators may be exposed to dangerous environment, such as radiation, and long repetitive jobs. A controller is the bread and butter of a control system in which control action is generated and used as input to the system. One of the most commonly used and famous controller is the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. The PID controller is by far the most common control algorithm and is being used extensively in industries to control most feedback loops.


Landscapes in areas of active uplift and erosion can only remain soil‐mantled if the local production of soil equals or exceeds the local erosion rate. The soil production rate varies with soil depth, hence local variation in soil depth may provide clues about spatial variation in erosion rates. If uplift and the consequent erosion rates are sufficiently uniform in space and time, then there will be tendency toward equilibrium landforms shaped by the erosional processes. Soil mantle thickness would adjust such that soil production matched the erosion. Previous work in the Oregon Coast Range suggested that there may be a tendency locally toward equilibrium between hillslope erosion and sediment yield. Here results from a new methodology based on cosmogenic radionuclide accumulation in bedrock minerals at the base of the soil column are reported. We quantify how soil production varies with soil thickness in the southern Oregon Coast Range and explore further the issue of landscape equilibrium. Apparent soil production is determined to be an inverse exponential function of soil depth, with a maximum inferred production rate of 268 m Ma−1 occurring under zero soil depth. This rate depends, however, on the degree of weathering of the underlying bedrock. The stochastic and large‐scale nature of soil production by biogenic processes leads to large temporal and spatial variations in soil depth; the spatial variation of soil depth neither supports nor rejects equilibrium morphology. Our observed catchment‐averaged erosion rate of 117 m Ma−1 is, however, similar to that estimated for the region by others, and to soil production rates under thin and intermediate soils typical for the steep ridges. We suggest that portions of the Oregon Coast Range may be eroding at roughly the same rate, but that local competition between drainage networks and episodic erosional events leads to landforms that are out of equilibrium locally and have a spatially varying soil mantle. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A vision of future Health Science scenarios is outlined. The paper gives a succinct overview of the key issues and notes the Irish health policy context. Topics covered include future roles for librarians and the increasing importance of evidence-based practice. Other issues considered are patients and healthcare, consumer health, and health information literacy. The discussion is set against the backdrop of technological developments which influence how library space is used, collections are accessed and information retrieved.


Stress driven nucleation of nanocrystals in amorphous alloys has been a subject of intensive debate in the past decade. It has long been postulated that nanocrystals form succeeding the occurrence of shear bands in deformed amorphous alloys. In this study, we show, via in situ nanoindentation of amorphous Cu44Zr44Al12 alloy in a transmission electron microscope that the formation of nanocrystals occurred at an ultra-low stress of 0.25 GPa in the elastic deformation regime, accompanied by load-drops without evidence of shear bands. Furthermore, during successive loading, repetitive nanocrystal nucleation events were observed, and the stress required for nucleation kept on increasing to ∼0.54 GPa, implying the occurrence of a 'hardening' effect in the amorphous alloy. This study provides direct evidence to advance our understanding on deformation-induced nanocrystallization of amorphous alloys.


This paper proposes the application of the Lagrange multiplier method to implement the relative motion of stator and rotor in the finite element (FE) simulations of electric machines. The nonconformity at the interface between stator and rotor regions imposes no restriction on time or space discretization. This freedom is highly valuable for domain decomposition. Through the choice of particular dual shape functions for the Lagrange multiplier, the symmetry, sparsity and positive definiteness of the linear system can be preserved. The method is applied to the 2-D simulation of a permanent magnet excited synchronous machine, and the results are compared with a conforming moving band approach with re-meshing of the air gap.


We demonstrate an optical Fourier filtering method which can be used to characterize subcellular morphology during dynamic cellular function. In this paper, our Fourier filters were based on two-dimensional Gabor elementary functions, which can be tuned to sense directly object size and orientation. We utilize this method to quantify changes in mitochondrial and nuclear structure during the first three hours of apoptosis. We find that the technique is sensitive to a decrease in particle orientation consistent with apoptosis-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. The scattering signal changes were less pronounced in the nucleus and the remainder of the cytoplasm. Particles in these regions were less oriented than mitochondria and did not change orientation significantly.


Two stretches of rocky coastline on Grand Cayman are characterized by boulders that are up to 5.5 m long, 3.4 m. wide, and 2 3 m. high (estimated to weigh as much as 40 tonnes). Clusters of boulders, which are Irregularly distributed through the area, occur up to 100 m inland from the present day shoreline. All of the boulders were derived from the microcrystalline dolostone of the Bluff Formation that forms the coastal terraces of these areas. The occurrence of sponge borings, Lithophaga borings, encrusting vermetid gastropods, and encrustmg Homotrema on some boulders, however, shows that some must have been submerged in seawater prior to transportation to their present position. One boulder is also covered with Astrangia solitaria . Radiocarbon dating of this coral yielded an age of 1662 AD (1625 to 1688 AD at 68.3% confidence limits); an age that probably reflects the time when the coral was removed from its marine environment. Analysis of the boulders suggests that they were transported to their present position by a giant waves that swept across Grand Cayman approximately 330 years ago. Such waves moved some blocks, estimated to weigh 10 tonnes up to 18 m vertically and 50 to 60 m horizontally. These boulders may have been moved by hurricane-generated waves or a tsunami that was triggered by an earthquake or slumping on submarine slopes. No wave of comparable power has affected the island since 1662.


The global trend of increasing population movement has significant implications for missions. Many of these diaspora communities have significant percentages of Christians who live among populations where Christianity is not thriving. This article looks at the first century Jewish diaspora as an example of a diaspora community that served as a conduit of the gospel to the surrounding majority population. The ways in which a diaspora community intentionally assimilates and acculturates can create opportunities for the diaspora Christians to be vessels of the gospel to large populations with little access to the gospel.


The conventional multiscale homogenization theory, which has mainly been applied to determine constitutive laws for bulk materials, suffers from two drawbacks when applied to softening materials. Firstly, the coarse scale response is sensitive to the finite element mesh used to discretize the coarse scale domain. Secondly, increasing the size of the fine scale model does not lead to a converged homogenized response. In other words, a Representative Volume Element (RVE) does not exist for softening materials in the classical sense of homogenization. This work aims at devising a computational homogenization (CH) method, which is objective with respect to the (finite element) discretizations of the coarse scale/fine scale models and to the fine scale model size (size of a material sample upon which a fine scale model is applied). The method is applied to softening quasi-brittle materials. These materials have a random heterogeneous microstructure that undergoes localized damage such as concrete. The concept of an RVE for quasi-brittle softening materials has been revisited in this work in which we developed a new averaging technique coined the "failure zone averaging scheme". The basic idea of the scheme is to do the averaging over a propagating damaged zone, rather than over the entire fine scale domain. By doing so, we have been able to obtain homogenized initially rigid cohesive laws which are independent of fine scale model size (when this size is larger than a minimum value in order for the fine scale model to be independent of the microstructural randomness) which allows us to state that an RVE exists for softening materials when averaging towards a coarse scale cohesive law. Two CH based multiscale cohesive crack frameworks are developed by which the two aforementioned drawbacks associated with conventional homogenization theories applied for softening materials are eliminated. According to the first framework, referred to as a discontinuous homogenization scheme, the coarse scale bulk material is assumed to be linear elastic with effective properties computed a priori while the behavior of the coarse scale cohesive crack is coming from nested finite element computations performed on a fine scale model (in the spirit of FE2 methods). The method provides an energetically equivalent means to upscale a fine scale localization band to a coarse scale cohesive crack. Due to the assumption on the elastic behaviour of the coarse scale bulk, the number of nested finite element models is limited e.g. equals the number of integration points locating on the coarse scale cracks thus reducing the computational expense. The second computational homogenization procedure that has been developed in this thesis is referred to as a continuous-discontinuous CH scheme. According to the second CH scheme, constitutive behaviour of the bulk material as well as that of the cohesive crack at the coarse scale are determined from nested fine scale finite element computations. Although computationally expensive, the continuous-discontinuous homogenization scheme is more accurate than the discontinuous CH scheme for problems in which the energy dissipated prior to fine scale localization is significant. The models are verified against direct numerical simulations (DNS) and numerical examples show that with CH models, significantly reduced computational expense has been obtained compared to DNS without compromising the accuracy. Also presented in this thesis is a multiscale framework for modelling heterogeneous material layers. At the coarse scale, they are modelled by zero-thickness interface elements of which an initially elastic cohesive law is derived from a fine scale model. A new solution scheme to solve the coupled system of equations (the fine scale equilibrium equation and the fine/coarse scale transition equation) is presented. A fully numerical framework to study the mechanical behavior of hardening cement pastes is developed in this dissertation. Based on this micromechanical model, a macro-meso-micro three scale model for concrete is proposed. In order to make multiscale simulations feasible, parallelization of the multiscale code is realized by solving the fine scale models in parallel.


Given the variability of gender roles within different time and contexts, and the numerous limitations of BSRI, the aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of the BSRI for Croatian society. The participants were students of Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing and Faculty of Mathematics (62 males and 58 females). Students' task was to state the characteristics they considered socialy desirable for males and females in Croatian society. They could number 10 of less characteristics for each sex, and the characteristics could overlap. The procedure resulted with 186 different characteristcs. Analysis resulted with a large number of positive characteristics that were equally desirable for males and females (honesty, goodness, integrity, intelligence, education etc.). Traditionally male and female characteristics emerged in smaller number and with less frequencies. Therefore, statistical analysis of most of these characteristics could not be performed. Comparison of collected characteristic with the items in BSRI showed overlapping of 50 %, and the small frequencies of the overlapping items.


Though several generations of critics have reported finding English influences in the poetry of Luis Cernuda, no detailed or systematic study of the question has yet been undertaken. This book tackles the issue, concentrating on the traces in Cernuda's work of three major English language poets: Robert Browning, W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot. Hughes takes us through a wide selection of the poetry Cernuda wrote in exile -which he holds to be the best and most significant work- in support of his argument that Cernuda's conception of poetry underwent a radical reorganisation as a result of his absorption of certain of the techniques of his models. Browning's influence, it is argued, is noticeable chiefly in prosodic features and in the use of the persona, Yeats's is principally thematic, and Eliot's is in some ways the most pervasive, since it affects Cernuda's style and phrasing.


Summary Rates of dust accretion and deposition are dependent on the amount of available dust and the trap efficiency of a particular site. Several types of dust-trapping terrains are widespread in deserts: (1) Gravelly (Serir) surfaces that turn with time into Reg soils; (2) vegetated surfaces in the desert fringe that may turn into löessial terrains; (3) stabilized sand dunes; (4) playa surfaces. Loessial terrains exhibit a high rate of dust accretion during the late Pleistocene—0.07–0.15 mm a−1 on the interfluves and ≤0.5 mm a−1 along the flood plains. Gravelly surfaces usually trap about 0.1 mm a−1 of dust initially but the rates decrease to several μm a−1 due to plugging with dust and salts and may ultimately remain constant as a gravel-free B horizon develops. The amounts of imported dust, from both local and distant sources, have changed during the Quaternary due to climatic fluctuations. Roofless ancient building—most efficient dust traps—show that although large amounts of dust were available (much of it from local sources) during the late Holocene, there was not intensive dust accretion during this period due to increasing aridity and decreasing trap efficiency. Wash and gullying led to destruction of the once widespread efficient trapping terrains.


1. Hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase activity was purified 65-fold in good yield over that in cholate-solubilized microsomal fractions. 2. This preparation still contained five major polypeptides and numerous minor contaminants. 3. The smallest of the five major polypeptides (Mr approx. 18 500) could be purified from heat-treated microsomal fractions. 4. Antisera raised against the heat-stable protein doublet was used to immunoprecipitate specifically glucose 6-phosphatase activity from cholate-solubilized microsomal fractions. 5. This work indicates that hepatic microsomal glucose 6-phosphatase appears to be one or both of the low-molecular-weight heat-stable polypeptides.


Professional degree postgraduates at military academy are served to the demands of national defense and military development. With regard to current demands of troops for high-level talents, military postgraduate education shall focus on both academic abilities and military occupational abilities. In this paper, we investigate state-ofthe-arts of professional degree postgraduate education in America, Britain, Germany and Japan, and compare them from four main influencing factors. Then, we analyze the current problems of professional degree postgraduate education in military academy. Finally, we propose several strategies to tackle the problems and to promote the military occupational abilities.


We present the first complete implementation of a randomness and privacy amplification protocol based on Bell tests. This allows the building of device-independent random number generators which output provably unbiased and private numbers, even if using an uncharacterised quantum device potentially built by an adversary. Our generation rates are linear in the runtime of the quantum device and the classical randomness post-processing has quasi-linear complexity -- making it efficient on a standard personal laptop. The statistical analysis is tailored for real-world quantum devices, making it usable as a quantum technology today.
We then showcase our protocol on the quantum computers from the IBM-Q experience. Although not purposely built for the task, we show that quantum computer can run faithful Bell tests by adding minimal assumptions. At a high level, these amount to trusting that the quantum device was not purposely built to trick the user, but otherwise remains mostly uncharacterised. In this semi-device-independent manner, our protocol generates provably private and unbiased random numbers on today's quantum computers.


INTRODUCTION
There are different causes for knee joint effusions in children. Rheumatoid diseases and hematogenous septic arthritis are the most important differential diagnoses. It is less known that immunodeficiency syndromes may cause serous monarthritis.

RESULTS
A case of a five years old boy with monarthritis of the knee is presented. Blood assay and specific immunologic analysis revealed a so far unknown X-linked agammaglobulinemia (M. Bruton).

CONCLUSIONS
In case of a monarthritis in children the orthopaedic surgeon or the pediatrician is primarily involved. For differential diagnosis X-linked agammaglobulinemia should be considered as reason for monarthritis, especially, if there are other clues to that disease in the medical history. In the case of agammaglobulinemia effusion and swelling will decrease soon after treatment with intravenous gammaglobulin.