Research on automatically solving mathematical word problems (MWP) has a long history. Most recent works adopt Seq2Seq approach to predict the result equations as a sequence of quantities and operators. Although result equations can be written as a sequence, it is essentially a structure. More precisely, it is a Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG) whose leaf nodes are the quantities, and internal and root nodes are arithmetic or comparison operators. In this paper, we propose a novel Seq2DAG approach to extract the equation set directly as a DAG structure. It is extracted in a bottom-up fashion by aggregating quantities and sub-expressions layer by layer iteratively. The advantages of our approach approach are three-fold: it is intrinsically suitable to solve multivariate problems, it always outputs valid structure, and its computation satisfies commutative law for +, x and =. Experimental results on Math23K and DRAW1K demonstrate that our model outperforms state-of-the-art deep learning methods. We also conduct detailed analysis on the results to show the strengths and limitations of our approach.


Purpose of reviewEverolimus administration after cardiac transplantation has been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy, acute cellular rejection, and cytomegalovirus infection. This immunosuppressive agent, which inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin, has also been associated with impaired renal function when used with full-dose calcineurin inhibitors. Recent experience has provided strategies for using everolimus without the diminution in renal function. This review evaluates the most recent clinical experience with everolimus. Recent findingsEverolimus was first shown in cardiac transplant recipients to reduce cardiac allograft vasculopathy, cardiac allograft rejection, and cytomegalovirus infection while diminishing renal function and exacerbating hypertriglyceridemia. Recent studies have evaluated new approaches for using everolimus while minimizing the adverse events noted in previous clinical trials. Recent clinical observations from European countries where everolimus is approved for clinical use have shown that everolimus dosed at an optimal trough blood level of 6-8 ng/ml can be used with reduced-dose cyclosporine with trough levels of 150-175 ng/ml in the first 3 months, with further reductions later, without the deterioration in renal function seen in the pivotal clinical trial in which full-dose cyclosporine was used. Steroids could also be discontinued in some patients. SummaryEverolimus is a novel mammalian target of rapamycin or proliferation signal inhibitor that has been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiac allograft rejection and vasculopathy in clinical trials. In clinical practice with reduced-dose cyclosporine, renal function was preserved in cardiac allograft recipients.


Ferrimagnetic insulators (FMIs) have abundant advantages for the application in spintronic devices, which have attracted intensive studies. However, in most previous studies on heavy metal (HM)/FMI bilayers, the FMI layers are deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), and the HM layers are deposited by magnetron sputtering. This will cause the interfacial contamination due to the inevitable vacuum breaking, and then significantly affect the spin‐orbit torque (SOT) generation and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) in the HM/FMI bilayers. In this work, the SOT and DMI in the HM/FMI bilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering without vacuum breaking are studied. The successful fabrication of the Tm3Fe5O12 (TmIG) layer, a typical FMI, with good crystallinity and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) by magnetron sputtering is first demonstrated. Then by systematically varying the TmIG thickness, the SOT and DMI in the Pt/TmIG bilayers are studied. It is shown that the effective spin Hall angle in the Pt/TmIG bilayers is much larger than most previously reported values. It is further demonstrated that the DMI constant scales linearly with the inverse of the TmIG thickness, indicating the interfacial origin of the DMI. The study provides a piece of information for the basic understandings of the SOT and DMI in the HM/FMI bilayers.


Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa eye infections often becomes a challenge due to the ability of this bacterium to be resistant to antibiotics via intrinsic and acquired mechanisms. Transfer of resistance due to interchangeable genetic elements is an important mechanism for the rapid transfer of antibiotic resistance in this pathogen. As a result, drug‐resistant strains are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. This review systematically analyses data from recent publications to describe the global prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity of ocular P. aeruginosa. Thirty‐seven studies were selected for review from PubMed‐based searches using the criteria 'microbial keratitis OR eye infection AND Pseudomonas aeruginosa AND antibiotic resistance' and limiting to papers from 2011 onward, to demonstrate the antibiotic resistance from isolates from around the world. Subsequently, we reviewed the ways in which P. aeruginosa can become resistant to antibiotics. Both the rate of isolation of bacteria in general (79 per cent of cases), and prevalence of P. aeruginosa (68 per cent of all isolates) were highest in contact lens‐related microbial keratitis. The average resistance rate to common ocular antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin (9 per cent), gentamicin (22 per cent) and ceftazidime (13 per cent) remained relatively low. However, there were large variations in resistance rates reported in studies from different countries, for example resistance to ciprofloxacin reached up to 33 per cent. We next reviewed the types of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids, integrons and transposons that are frequently associated with drug resistance in P. aeruginosa. MGEs are important for the transmission of resistance to beta‐lactams and aminoglycosides and recently have been shown to be potential factors for the transmission of fluoroquinolone resistance. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of resistance transfer in ocular P. aeruginosa have begun to be reported and will provide valuable information on the emergence of new antibiotic resistance and potential to treat resistant strains.


Research Framework : The family is an important setting for gendered socialization including the way individuals are built and gendered in a normative social and cultural setting. The family contributes to the reproduction of masculinities, though it can also constitute a space for emancipation and subversion of gender norms. Objectives : This article is an introduction to the Enfances Familles Generations Journal issue on masculinity and families. It aims to present the state of research and paths of reflection on the articulation of masculinity and the family. Methodology : This introductory article is based on research into masculinity and the practices of men. The analysis is then put into context using the field of study on families and its current transformations. Results : Studies on families and men are politicized fields of research which are intimately connected. Despite recognition that transformations are currently taking place, there remains a desire for further knowledge on whether the subject of masculinity within the family is being reinvented, or whether it is still participating in the reproduction of gendered social orders. This is a complex issue which will be further explored in this text. Conclusions : Several masculinity related themes are explored in the research. The contributions made by this issue will help fill in these shortcomings. The topics we address here discuss the new realities of men in the family, including househusbsands, fathers of premature children and the evolution of social discourse on maleness. Contribution : This article reviews issues surrounding the transformation of masculinity and family plurality and identifies new paths of research to be further fleshed out regarding these issues.


Surfaces are actively involved in numerous biological systems as well as catalytic reactions. The control of matters at surfaces is also of uttermost importance with the advent of nanotechnology. A thorough knowledge of surface processes would not only help to describe the mechanism of different reactions or interactions at surfaces but also lead to rational design of surfaces for construction of functional systems. Among the various surface characterization techniques, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) offers outstanding spatial resolution which enables investigation of surface processes at single molecular level and establishment of microscopic models. In this dissertation, AFM is used to study different surface processes, with a focus on the dynamics of surface reactions (Chapter 2) and the dynamic change of surface properties (Chapter 3 & 4). In Chapter 2, the AFM is configured in a certain way to improve the temporal resolution, and the electrochemical etching of gold within a nanoshaved self-assembled monolayer is investigated. Novel kinetic information is obtained which also demonstrates the potential of electrochemical etching in the fabrication of high-resolution nanoplasmonic structures. In Chapter 3 and 4, self-assembled monolayers that contain electroactive species are used to construct dynamic surfaces that can alternate their charge states upon control of applied potential. The nanoscale dynamic surface patterns are fabricated by AFM at nanometer scale and the characterization of the different surface charge states by AFM is explored in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, AFM is used to probe the adhesion of polyelectrolyte on the dynamic surface, which serves as a model system for studying electrostatic interaction between charged substances in biological systems. Microscopic picture of the interface is described based on the information obtained from Dynamic Force Spectroscopy (DFS). Background information for Chapter 2,3,4 is introduced in Chapter 1.


Various kind of Kala is one of temple ornament, that are patterned face of the giant's head Kala at every Hindu Indonesia Java temple entrances. Kala's ornament is come from India named Kirtimukha. It has beautiful form, strange, unique and mythic, it also is noted by many parties. Its presence raises contradiction. Giant Kirtimukha was born out of anger of Siva, which raised a fire of anger from between her eyebrows. Kirtimukha that has very big power called Mahakala, with grim face, grinning mouth and sharp fang, killer and cannibal, was assigned to keep the palace/temple. Giant Kirtimukha or Mahakala is ornament of palace doors in India deva and Java temple, and then spreads to the East Java named Banaspati, to Bali named Boma, the mask, Betara Kala, Barong, Gupala, Bhutakala and others. Frequently, the word Kala is also associated with time and the sun. Each Kala in separated region has its own form and function. Heaven Palace buildings architect named Wisvakarma. Kala as temple ornament in Dieng is classical style built on (± 600-900), in Plaosan Lor is middle classical style built on (± 900-1250 AD), in Panataran temple is late classical style built on (± 1250-1400 AD ). Form and function changes in classical style Kala were done in anthropomorphich, metamorphosis, deformative by creative and innovative artist in each period. Period of Hindu artist produce classical Kala ornament as enterance guard on temple or and the like. Period of Islam produces Batara Kala and Gunungan Wayang Kulit Purwa and others.

The change of the political, religious and authorities in various regions, is a major cause of changes in form and function of Kala. In a classic Indonesian Hindu temple, Middle and modern period Kala have different name and form, but his function still as an ornamental and security guard of its owner. Modern period produce new type of reliefs and paintings for building wall and many others. Kala ornament is created by creative and innovative artist ranging from design, preparation of materials/equipment and the forming, till producing giant pattern art works or mask.


The grand narratives of European music history are informed by the dichotomy of placements and displacements. Yet musicology has thus far largely ignored the phenomenon of displacement and underestimated its significance for musical landscapes and music history. Music and Displacement: Diasporas, Mobilities, and Dislocations in Europe and Beyond constitutes a pioneering volume that aims to fill this gap as it explores the interactions between music and displacement in theoretical and practical terms. Contributions by distinguished international scholars address the theme through a wide range of case studies, incorporating art, popular, folk, and jazz music and interacting with areas, such as gender and post-colonial studies, critical theory, migration, and diaspora. The book is structured in three stages—silence, acculturation, and theory—that move from silence to sound and from displacement to placement. The range of subject matter within these sections is deliberately hybrid and mirrors the eclectic nature of displacement itself, with case studies exploring Nazi Anti-Semitism in musical displacement; musical life in the Jewish community of Palestine; Mahler, Jewishness, and Jazz; the Irish Diaspora in England; and German Exile studies, among others. Featuring articles from such scholars as Ruth F. Davis, Sean Campbell, Jim Samson, Sydney Hutchinson, and Europea series co-editor Philip V. Bohlman, the volume exerts an appeal reaching beyond music and musicology to embrace all areas in the humanities concerned with notions of displacement, migration, and diaspora.


This paper deals with automatic speaker recognition in forensic applications and handling mismatched technical conditions in a Bayesian framework for evaluating the strength of evidence. Mismatch in recording conditions has to be considered in the estimation of the strength of evidence, i.e., how likely it is that a questioned recording (trace) has been produced by a suspected speaker rather than by any other person from a relevant population. In forensic speaker recognition, in order to estimate such a likelihood ratio, a Bayesian interpretation framework and a corpus based methodology is employed. Although automatic speaker recognition has shown high performance under controlled conditions, the conditions in which recordings are made by the police (anonymous calls and wiretapping) cannot be controlled and are far from ideal. Differences in the phone handset, in the transmission channel and in the recording tools introduce a variability, over and above the variability of human speech. In this paper we focus on how to estimate and deal with differences in recording conditions of the databases used: detection of whether there is good discrimination between speakers within a database, detection of significant mismatch in recording conditions and statistical compensation in case of mismatch.


Program representation, which aims at converting program source code into vectors with automatically extracted features, is a fundamental problem in programming language processing (PLP). Recent work tries to represent programs with neural networks based on source code structures. However, such methods often focus on the syntax and consider only one single perspective of programs, limiting the representation power of models. This paper proposes a multi-view graph (MVG) program representation method. MVG pays more attention to code semantics and simultaneously includes both data flow and control flow as multiple views. These views are then combined and processed by a graph neural network (GNN) to obtain a comprehensive program representation that covers various aspects. We thoroughly evaluate our proposed MVG approach in the context of algorithm detection, an important and challenging subfield of PLP. Specifically, we use a public dataset POJ-104 and also construct a new challenging dataset ALG-109 to test our method. In experiments, MVG outperforms previous methods significantly, demonstrating our model's strong capability of representing source code.


In recent years, the introduction of new DNA sequencing platforms dramatically changed the landscape of genetic studies. These protocols for next-generation sequencing (NGS) are able to generate massive amounts of data, requiring the creation of new computational tools to deal with this data quickly and economically. With the development of the RNA-Seq methodology, which uses the new sequencing protocols to get information about RNA samples, the study of the transcriptome gained a new boost. Problems such as the identification of genes expression levels and alternative splicing can be solved with the assembly and the study of the transcriptome. At the same time, the use of this technology has the great advantage of allowing new biological discoveries and observations. This technology has, however, the downside of requiring a very considerable computational effort. This work aims to present a detailed study about the problem of transcriptome alignment, presenting an efficient computational solution, which requires the development of heuristics to identify splice junctions using methods and data structures for an efficient mapping.


Equine melanoma is one of the most common skin neoplasms encountered in equine practice. Surgical excision of melanocytic tumors is a viable treatment option and is considered to be locally curative. In the literature, information regarding surgical removal and long-term outcome of perirectal melanomas is limited. A total of three cases were included in this report, all presented with large perirectal melanomas, infiltrating the retroperitoneal musculature, leading to extra-luminal obstruction of the rectum. Horses were showing signs of dyschezia and tenesmus, secondary to rectal fecal impaction. Rectal palpation and transrectal ultrasonography aided in assessing the depth and size of the masses, as well as tumor invasion into the rectal wall. Tumor biopsy by fine needle aspiration was used to confirm the diagnosis. All horses underwent surgical excision of the masses to permanently alleviate clinical signs. In one horse, complete incision and reconstruction of the rectal wall was necessary in order to excise the whole tumor. Although surgery was successful in all three horses, one of them had to be euthanized 5 days after surgery, as clinical signs persisted. The aim of this report was to extensively describe the surgical approach, pre-operative considerations and postsurgical complications associated with surgical excision of perirectal melanoma in the horse.


The deployment of renewable energies relies upon incentive policies to make their use profitable for owner. However, their development needs adjustments of network to manage intermittency and additional energy fed into the grid. Moreover, the Public Service Obligation Tariffs (PSOT) are increasing to fund policies that support renewable energy deployment. Therefore, some decisions are taken to promote self-consumption by owners of renewable energy power plants, as photovoltaic prosumers. This behavior is encouraged by payment exemptions of PSOT, special tariffs dedicated to remunerate each self-consumed energy unit or savings on the variable part of the network tariff. Thus, some cross-subsidies appear between self-consumers and other users of the network to compensate all these previous self-consumers' gains. We show that these cross-subsidies occur but they strongly rely on self-consumption rate and on renewable energy share in the total produced or consumed energy. So, currently, the levels of cross-subsidies are not significant for consumers. We also show that regulator could fund these cross-subsidies increasing the fixed part of the network tariff for prosumers.


Supply chain management has been influenced greatly by e-business, so does coordination which is regarded as the core of supply chain management. The characteristics of supply chain management based on e-business are analyzed firstly, which describe that information transmission has been accelerated and the relation between enterprises has become not only competitive but also cooperative under e-business environment. Differences of coordination mechanism between tradition environment and e-business environment are compared secondly. Finally, according to market relation and competitive-cooperative relation between enterprises, the suitable coordination mechanisms based on e-business are put forward. The paper presents a framework to assist managers in adopting the suitable coordination mechanisms under different business environment.


This chapter gives an overview of the rise and fall of the idea of human security within the related fields of development and international studies. Human security is analysed as a product of the so-called development-security nexus. While the Cold War origins of the nexus are briefly examined, as a focal point of international aid policy, human security emerged in the early 1990s. Indeed, its main function was to provide a moral justification and practical guide for post-Cold War liberal interventionism. However, with the launch of the War on Terror at the end of 2001, it began to fall from fashion. Today, human security lives on as a legacy concept rather than a guide to action. As a means of mobilising international opinion and framing policy, it has been replaced by the constellation of ideas and practices associated with resilience.


Food for Apollo: Cultivated Music in Antebellum Philadelphia. By Dorothy T. Potter. (Studies in Eighteenth-Century America and the Atlantic World.) Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press, 2011. [234 p. ISBN 9781611460025. $65.] Illustrations, appendices, bibliography, index. Philadelphia has long been recognized as one of the United States' principal cultural centers, known in particular for its early publishing houses, musical institutions, and concert life. In her most recent publication, historian Dorothy Potter explores this rich landscape and explicitly aims to bring together historical and musicological research by focusing on musical practice and performance between 1786 and 1861. A welcome addition to the relatively small body of new scholarship devoted to antebellum music in Philadelphia, Potter's investigation draws from a rich collection of primary and secondary sources from across disciplines. Her chronological study considers the rise of what she refers to as "cultivated" music, foregrounding a series of events in Philadelphia's history that she situates within the city's changing cultural and physical landscape. Potter begins by setting the colonial scene in 1700, broadly describing the musical opinions and practices of Pennsylvania's early Quaker, Mennonite, and Moravian settlers. She maps both the sacred and secular music of this period onto the social and political scene, while also highlighting music in relation to religious ideologies. Likewise, she discusses several leading musical figures, including psalmbook compiler Henry Ainsworth, singing masters Andrew Adgate and James Lyon, and composer William Billings. In addition, Potter underlines the cultural ties the colonies shared with England, drawing evidence from similarities between their respective repertoires and publications. She argues for the extent to which American practices came from England and explores the influence of British-trained musicians such as Alexander Reinagle, Benjamin Carr, and George Gillingham. These professionals, Potter maintains, "laid the foundations for a cultural revolution," via their "composing and publishing skills, and the many contemporary European works they imported and performed . . . which became as permanent as that which Franklin, Washington, Hopkinson, and Jefferson had launched in 1776" (p. 33). In the remaining four chapters, Potter connects nonmusical events with some of the European repertoire as it appeared in the United States. She draws connections between the political upheavals such as the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, noting for instance how they resulted in the migration of European music publishers to American cities like Philadelphia (p. 118). All the while, she paints a vivid backdrop by including detail about the streetscapes, theaters, and music stores where these musical events played out. Together, Potter uses this body of extensive and detailed research to show how nonmusical events informed musical practices in antebellum Philadelphia. Her approach- multi-faceted, wide-ranging, and detailed- intends to provide a more comprehensive understanding, but risks glossing over the information. In her introduction, Potter carefully acknowledges the modern constructs of "popular" and "classical" music-two of the categorical distinctions that often prove problematic in discussions of antebellum music (see Ralph P. Locke and Cyrilla Barr, "Introduction: Music Patronage as a Female- Centered Cultural Process," in Cultivating Music in America: Women Patrons and Activists since 1860, ed. Ralph P. Locke and Cyrilla Barr [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997], 1-2. See also Ralph P. Locke, "Music Lovers, Patrons, and the "Sacralization" of Culture in America," 19th-Century Music 17, no. 2 [Autumn 1993]: 149-73). Although her employment of these terms is not made entirely clear, Potter seems to rely on H. Wiley Hitch - cock's earlier classification of the terms "cultivated" and "vernacular" (see H. …


ABSTRACT This paper offers a new perspective on the policing of football fans by exploring the recruitment and use of 'informants', or 'Covert Human Intelligence Sources' (CHIS), in this area of police practice. Drawing upon semi-structured interviews with both football fans and police officers in Scotland we foreground fan experiences against a backdrop where intensive police surveillance has become a routine feature of football events. In particular, our research uniquely provides accounts of fans whom the police sought to recruit as informants, a process known colloquially in policing as being 'pitched'. In doing so we highlight the impact this tactic has on football fans, both individually and collectively. In understanding police perspectives, we note how the use of informants in football policing is frequently justified as a 'legitimate' means to provide intelligence to prevent violence and disorder amongst fans. Cautioning upon the dangers of further 'surveillance creep', we highlight that the use of informants in the policing of football fans and events raises both practical and ethical issues. In particular, we argue that the use of informants in the covert policing of football fans, if this tactic is to be used, must be grounded in a clearly articulated threat of violence and disorder that is accepted by football fans and the wider community. In the absence of this, the use of such tactics is likely to be considered unnecessary and disproportionate by football fans, feeding a wider narrative of criminalisation and a perception of illegitimate and disproportionate forms of policing.


This paper presents a two-dimensional (2D) transient numerical model for simulating the vapor deposition process for growing perovskite films. The diffusion process of methylammonium iodide (MAI) vapor through the processing chamber to react with the lead iodide (PbI2) substrate and grow the perovskite layer is analyzed with a diffusion coefficient that has been determined by measuring thicknesses of perovskite layers grown in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber. Innovations applied to the CVD chamber to improve the uniformity of layer thickness and offer control over the growth process are applied and computationally assessed. One is the addition of screens at various strategic locations in the chamber to improve flow uniformity. Another is changing the locations of MAI sublimation bowls and chamber outlet numbers and locations. The results show that adding screens makes the MAI vapor flow more uniform in the plenum while allowing a quicker purge of the N2 inert gas. This leads to a higher and more uniform growth rate of perovskite. The MAI vapor flow is influenced by the reaction plenum geometry, so the chamber is expected to allow good control of the process to achieve uniform surface deposition rate and controlled grain growth of the perovskite layer.