Graphical Abstract Abstract Terrestrial animals and robots are susceptible to flipping-over during rapid locomotion in complex terrains. However, small robots are less capable of self-righting from an upside-down orientation compared to small animals like insects. Inspired by the winged discoid cockroach, we designed a new robot that opens its wings to self-right by pushing against the ground. We used this robot to systematically test how self-righting performance depends on wing opening magnitude, speed, and asymmetry, and modeled how kinematic and energetic requirements depend on wing shape and body/wing mass distribution. We discovered that the robot self-rights dynamically using kinetic energy to overcome potential energy barriers, that larger and faster symmetric wing opening increases self-righting performance, and that opening wings asymmetrically increases righting probability when wing opening is small. Our results suggested that the discoid cockroach's winged self-righting is a dynamic maneuver. While the thin, lightweight wings of the discoid cockroach and our robot are energetically sub-optimal for self-righting compared to tall, heavy ones, their ability to open wings saves them substantial energy compared to if they had static shells. Analogous to biological exaptations, our study provided a proof-of-concept for terrestrial robots to use existing morphology in novel ways to overcome new locomotor challenges.


The relationship between the M-species stochastic Lotka-Volterra competition (SLVC) model and the M-allele Moran model of population genetics is explored via timescale separation arguments. When selection for species is weak and the population size is large but finite, precise conditions are determined for the stochastic dynamics of the SLVC model to be mappable to the neutral Moran model, the Moran model with frequency-independent selection, and the Moran model with frequency-dependent selection (equivalently a game-theoretic formulation of the Moran model). We demonstrate how these mappings can be used to calculate extinction probabilities and the times until a species' extinction in the SLVC model.


Objectives Many studies have explored the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and osteoporosis. However, the results remain controversial. Therefore, we performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and osteoporosis. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies. Data sources Databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, were screened from inception to 30 April 2018. Eligibility criteria Case–control studies aimed at assessing the association between H. pylori infection and osteoporosis. Data extraction and analysis Study characteristics and study quality sections were reviewed. Studies were selected, and data were extracted by two reviewers. Pooled ORs and 95% CIs were calculated using random effects model if heterogeneity existed; otherwise, fixed effects model was used. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the source of heterogeneity. Publication bias and sensitivity analyses were also tested. Results A total of 21 studies with 9655 participants were included in our analyses. Taking together, we found that H. pylori infection was associated with increased odds of osteoporosis (OR (95% CI): 1.39 (1.13 to 1.71)); there was no significant difference between osteoporosis and osteopaenia; the association between osteoporosis and H. pylori infection was relatively higher in men than women but did not reach significant level. However, the decrease of bone mineral density in H. pylori-positive patients was not significant when compared with H. pylori negative controls, which may due to the sample size. Conclusions Our meta-analysis suggests an association between osteoporosis and H. pylori infection. The clinicians should pay more attention to the patients infected with H. pylori. Further studies were still needed to exploring the confounding factors among studies and to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.


A soluble specific substance was isolated from Mexican typhus Rickettsia which gave, with Proteus X-19 antiserum and typhus human serum, the same precipitation reactions as the polysaccharides extracted from B. proteus OX-19. The soluble specific substance extracted from Rickettsia and Proteus OX-19 is likely to be of a polysaccharide nature owing to the strong Molisch reactions obtained with such extracts, the heat stability and the negative protein reactions (biuret). Since, however, it still contains 7 per cent nitrogen, this is not certain. In the antigenic composition of both Proteus X-19 and typhus Rickettsia there is a common soluble specific factor which is responsible for the Weil-Felix reaction.


A review, supplemented by own observations, on the human epidermal stem cells on identification, anatomical location, proliferation capacity and storage of these cells has been presented. There are no specific markers for epidermal stem cells and the criteria for identification are based on low kinetics of cycling, retention of bromdeoxyuridine or thymidine, expression of beta integrin, transferrin receptor, protooncogene p63 and adherence to collagen IV. The regenerative capacity resides not only in stem cells but also in their more committed progeny. Problems concerning practical aspects as transplantation of epidermal stem cells at single-cell level or in context of whole epidermis for covering large skin defects and in gene therapy are discussed.


The aim of this paper is to define the optimal couple of the total pressure and the magnetization of the permanent magnets for self-maintaining under optimal conditions an asymmetric magnetron radio frequency (RF) discharge. Electro-dynamics discharge simulations are based on a self-consistent particle model using Monte Carlo method for the treatment of collisions between charged particle and background gas. The simulations are performed at a fixed mixture of 90% Ar/10% O2 by simultaneously decreasing the total pressure P and increasing the magnetization σ. In the case of a sinusoidal RF power supply with 200 V for peak voltage and 13.56 MHz for frequency, the magnetization of the permanent magnets varies between 500 Gauss at 25 mTorr to 1400 Gauss at 5 mTorr. We use a semianalytical method for calculating the applied magnetic field generated by two permanent magnets that are composed of concentric rings. This enables generating, in a specific region of the interelectrode gap near the cathode, an optimal magnetic field crossing the RF electric field for application to magnetron discharges. The simulation results of RF magnetron discharge shown that, in the case of the lowest considered pressure (5 mTorr), a high magnetization of 1400 Gauss is the most favorable for self-maintaining the discharge and generating a quasi-ion beam energy distribution near the cathode that is interesting for cathode sputtering processes.


Background/Aims/Methods: To determine the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection (Hp-I) in 73 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and 40 controls, serologic analyses of Hp and 13C-urease breath tests (INFAI) were performed. Gastric mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained to determine the presence of Hp-I using a rapid urease test, i.e. the Campylobacter-like organism (CLO) test, and cresyl violet staining. Peripheral blood (PB) flow cytometry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD19 and CD34 was conducted in 35 patients and in controls. Results:Hp-I was detected by: (a) serology in 75.34% of patients (p = 0.000), (b) INFAI in 57.69% of patients, (c) CLO in 60.71% of patients and (d) histological confirmation in 80.36% of patients (p = 0.001). No correlation between Hp-I and CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD19 expression, leukemic transformation or death was observed. However, in 20 cases, significant variation in the PB lymphocytic proportion possibly attributable to Hp-I was ascertained, in contrast to the expected MDS ratio. Conclusion: Although there is no evidence for a causal relationship between Hp-I and MDS, the increased prevalence of Hp-I among the MDS patients is an interesting finding that deserves further investigation as it may indicate a common factor causing susceptibilities to both MDS and Hp-I or that Hp might influence the pathophysiology of MDS.


Lately our society is based on huge amount of informations. Handling, storing and connecting the information is more and more demanding to become a good teacher or trainer. The crossing domains of knowledge shares a lot of data that has to be linked together to provide a good process of teaching and learning. Technology comes in our help to apply pedagogical methods using e-learning platforms, games, role play, scenarios, interactive communication between teacher and pupils. Moodle offers may ways of communication sincron and asincron to have a complete cross section scheme of data shown as a map. Using Resources and activities matching the study of a specific subject the teacher applies his own perspective on a lesson, by interaction with the students and students among them the process becomes transversal. In this scenario the main pon is the teacher. First step is establishing the target group: - we chose the pupils between 12 to 18 years old - they have experience in using the computer - knows the principles of communication in social networking Second step is organizing the information: - for this specific group is important computer science, math, geography, history, foreign languages, etc. Third step is applying the scenarios: - using initial questionnaires - evaluation / quizzes - workshops - virtual classrooms - forums - online social games - offline activities - assignments - role play The result in applying this method will reveal the necessity of using cross domains knowledge, technical and human, to engage pupils in learning activities. The authors applied many methods in the teaching process using Moodle as a complex tool has increased the interest of the young generations. Moodle as a social constructivist platform uses 100% the engagement of human touch.


The process by which humans name objects is highly flexible and dynamic. This is particularly true of group work where common names for objects may be gradually established through the processes of proposal, translation and adoption. This paper introduces a naming model, for use mostly by humans, which supports this process of group naming and specifically allows names to be ambiguous and changeable. The model defines techniques for resolving names, translating names between different group members and proposing common names for objects within a group. The paper also discusses how individual naming contexts which support these facilities could be federated into a structured namespace and how the process of flexible name resolution can therefore be extended to large scale distributed environments. The resulting functionality contrasts strongly with existing, often hierarchical, naming models which deliberately attempt to reduce ambiguity of names and which provide minimal support for managing name changes. The intention is that the proposed naming model could be layered on top of existing naming services in order to provide additional human and group oriented support for naming.


Quality is an important consideration in modern construction as evidenced by clients' increasing use of reputations of companies for quality work as a basis for choosing prospective contractors. TQMP and performance relationship is a popular discussion in the literature. Quality performance and TQM relationship is supported with various studies but the issue of project performance has not been thoroughly explored. Most scholars stress on the importance of TQMP on performance outcomes. The main aim of the study was to analyze the effects of TQMP on the Performance of Construction Projects. The specific objective of the study was to establish the effects of Leadership on the performance of Construction Projects. A descriptive survey research design was applied for this study. Census was conducted for data collection. A pilot study was done in Kakamega County where 20 questionnaires were distributed. The questionnaires were then evaluated for content validity and reliability. 110 questionnaires were then distributed to project professional in Trans Nzoia County according to the sample frame. The study received responses from 100 respondents of the targeted 110 respondents.Data analysis involved cleaning data and identifying common themes from the respondents' description of their experiences. Data collected was then coded, tested for completeness and analyzed. Frequency counts of the responses were obtained to generate information about the respondents and to illustrate the general trend of findings on the various variables that were under investigation. The multiple linear regression model indicated that 25.2% of performance of construction projects in Trans Nzoia County is influenced by total quality management practices. From the findings it can be concluded that leadership enhance the performance of construction projects in Trans Nzoia County. The study recommends that construction projects  leadership should be incorporated in construction policies. Keywords : Total quality management, Leadership


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory arthropathy affecting 1% of the population, with a female predominance. Systemic inflammation is a key component of RA disease; corticosteroids are often required to rapidly control disease activity. Both inflammation and corticosteroids, however, have an adverse effect on bone mineral density, potentially resulting in osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. In this article, we describe the link between RA and impaired bone health, together with appropriate strategies to maintain bone density and reduce fracture risk. Key approaches include achieving adequate control of inflammation, minimising corticosteroid use, monitoring bone mineral density and intervening with antiosteoporosis medications when indicated.


ABSTRACT There is currently limited understanding about how best to communicate the results of violence risk assessments to legal decision makers. To advance this literature, a two-part study was conducted assessing whether layperson perceptions of risk and dangerousness varied across common communication formats. Participants in both studies were exposed to a deidentified vignette about a defendant who was charged with a felony offense followed by expert testimony regarding that defendant's level of risk for general violence. Study 1 (N = 103) compared perceptions across numerical, ordinal, and risk management (action-oriented) approaches using a sample of former criminal trial jurors. Results showed that, while exposure to numerical data was associated with the lowest ratings of risk, all participants overestimated risk of reoffending (ranging from about 40% to 62% compared to the expert's estimate of 17% in 7 years and 31% in 10-years). Study 2 (N = 199) was an exploratory investigation of elaboration strategies to enhance application of numerical data in particular, using a sample consisting largely of undergraduates. Participants again overestimated risk regardless of condition, albeit to a slightly less extent than in Study 1. Based on these results, we make several recommendations to advance future research on risk communication, including using methodologies that approximate courtroom proceedings as closely as possible.


Purpose: This study aims at comparing the composition and resistance patterns of nasal flora by analyzing swab samples of subjects living in rural Ghana and subjects living in Germany. Special attention is paid to the various reasons for the development of antibiotic resistances, MRSA prevalence, and the nasal cavity resembling a reservoir of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Methods: 200 nasal swabs of patients of a Ghanaian polyclinic and 101 nasal swabs of healthy German volunteers were examined for bacterial growth and antibiotic resistances. 17 of the swabs taken from German subjects were sterile and were therefore not included in the statistics. Results: 17.5% of the swabs from of Ghanaian subjects and 57.1% of the swabs of the German volunteers showed exclusively apathogenic bacterial growth. Potentially pathogenic bacteria grew in 82.5% of the samples of Ghanaian patients and in 36.6% of the German subjects' samples. MRSA was found in 3.0% of all swabs from of Ghanaians (accounting for 17.7% of all Staphylococcus aureus strains in this group). None of the Germans' swabs showed MRSA growth. In 37.0% of the samples of Ghanaians and in 6.0% of the samples of German volunteers enterobacteriaceae were detected. Significant differences in antibiotic resistance patterns were found for chloramphenicol, oxacillin, erythromycin, and lincosamides. These were particularly obvious in staphylococci which, due to higher prevalence, accounted for higher significance. 43.5% of Ghanaian patients and only 7.1% of German volunteers received antibiotic treatment in the four weeks prior to swabbing. Only 22 of the Ghanaian patients saw a doctor for symptoms of respiratory tract infections; of these, 16 patients (72.7%) were populated with pathogenic bacteria (i.e. less than the average of all Ghanaian patients). Conclusion: Taking into account the differences in medical treatment and living conditions, a possible connection can be established between the nasal bacterial population and the antibiotic resistances in these bacteria. Chloramphenicol (rarely used in Germany anymore) showed a major variation in the two groups. With bacterial resistances becoming a more threatening issue, it seems crucial to thoroughly evaluate when and how to treat patients with antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary to improve education about understanding the interrelation of treatment and resistance in both patients and medical staff.


Current theories of the origin of the Universe, including string theory, predict the existence of a multiverse containing many bubble universes. These bubble universes will generically collide, and collisions with ours produce cosmic wakes that enter our Hubble volume, appear as unusually symmetric disks in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and disturb large scale structure (LSS). There is preliminary observational evidence consistent with one or more of these disturbances on our sky. However, other sources can produce similar features in the CMB temperature map and so additional signals are needed to verify their extra-universal origin. Here we find, for the first time, the detailed three-dimensional shape and CMB temperature and polarization signals of the cosmic wake of a bubble collision in the early universe consistent with current observations. The predicted polarization pattern has distinctive features that when correlated with the corresponding temperature pattern are a unique and striking signal of a bubble collision. These features represent the first verifiable prediction of the multiverse paradigm and might be detected by current experiments such as Planck and future CMB polarization missions. A detection of a bubble collision would confirm the existence of the Multiverse, provide compelling evidence for the string theory landscape, and sharpen our picture of the Universe and its origins.


Sheet from the Local & State ("B") section of the StarNews newspaper from July 2010 including the first and last two pages of the section. It includes the text of an article (starting on 2B) about Helen Wyatt Snapp and her experience as a female pilot during WWII. The article includes photographs of Snapp in her youth after receiving a Congressional Gold Medal. There is a handwritten note beside the article, reading, "Helen, Thank you! Hope you enjoy it. Chris Mudarri." This section includes a number of other articles and advertisements, as well as the weather forecast on the back page.


The L1-regularized Gaussian maximum likelihood estimator has been shown to have strong statistical guarantees in recovering a sparse inverse covariance matrix even under high-dimensional settings. However, it requires solving a difficult non-smooth log-determinant program with number of parameters that scale quadratically with the number of Gaussian variables. Earlier methods thus do not scale to problems with more than 20,000 variables. In this talk, I will describe a quadratic approximation method that can solve 1-million dimensional L1-regularized log determinant problems (which would thus have a trillion parameters) on a single computer. In order to do so, we carefully exploit the underlying structure of the problem. Our innovations include (i) a second-order Newtonlike method, (ii) division of the variables into free and fixed sets, (iii) a block co-ordinate descent method, and (iv) a memory efficient scheme that approximates key quantities within the algorithm. Even with the latter approximations, the proposed BIGQUIC algorithm can achieve a quadratic convergence rate. Experimental results using synthetic and real application data demonstrate the improvements in performance over previous state-of-the-art methods.


Aim: To assess the associations of age and diagnosis with visual ratings of medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), parietal atrophy (PA), global cortical atrophy (GCA), and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and to investigate their clinical value in a large memory clinic cohort. Methods: We included 2,934 patients (age 67 ± 9 years; 1,391 [47%] female; MMSE 24 ± 5) from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (1,347 dementia due to Alzheimer's disease [AD]; 681 mild cognitive impairment [MCI]; 906 controls with subjective cognitive decline). We analyzed the effect of age, APOE e4 and diagnosis on visual ratings using linear regression analyses. Subsequently, we compared diagnostic and predictive value in three age-groups (<65 years, 65–75 years, and >75 years). Results: Linear regression analyses showed main effects of age and diagnosis and an interaction age*diagnosis for MTA, PA, and GCA. For MTA the interaction effect indicated steeper age effects in MCI and AD than in controls. PA and GCA increased with age in MCI and controls, while AD patients have a high score, regardless of age. For WMH we found a main effect of age, but not of diagnosis. For MTA, GCA and PA, diagnostic value was best in patients <65 years (optimal cut-off: ≥1). PA and GCA only discriminated in patients <65 years and MTA in patients <75 years. WMH did not discriminate at all. Taking into account APOE did not affect the identified optimal cut-offs. When we used these scales to predict progression in MCI using Cox proportional hazard models, only MTA (cut-off ≥2) had any predictive value, restricted to patients >75 years. Conclusion: Visual ratings of atrophy and WMH were differently affected by age and diagnosis, requiring an age-specific approach in clinical practice. Their diagnostic value seems strongest in younger patients.


For many wood cutting processes, the interest of high-speed tool steels and tungsten carbides remains very important because of their good tool edge accuracy and easy grinding. The wear of high-speed steel and tungsten carbide is an important economic parameter. Wood extractives and silica have a potential adverse effect on tool wear. Rapid chemical wearing due to corrosion and mechanical wearing has been attributed to the presence of extractives and silica in wood and wood composites. This paper presents the wear characteristics of SKH51 high-speed steel and K10 tungsten carbide caused by extractive and abrasive materials present in the lesser-known Tapi-Tapi wood and wood composites of wood cement board, particleboard, MDF, and oriented strand board (OSB). Experimental results showed that wearing of the cutting tools tested was determined by extractives and silica contained in the wood and wood composites. Wood cement board, which is high in silica content, caused severe damage to the cutting edge of the high-speed steel. A corrosion/oxidation mechanism was found to contribute to the wear of SKH51 and K10 when cutting the Tapi-Tapi wood, MDF, particleboard, wood cement board, and OSB. The silica and extractives determined the abrasion and corrosion wear mechanism to a varying degree.


Hairpin windings are gaining increasing popularity in recent years due to their advantages in improving electrical machine performance while reducing manufacturing time and costs. Their geometrical features introduce new challenges and opportunities on thermal management. In particular, spray cooling is increasingly being used, since hairpin windings open up regular and accurately defined gaps in the end-windings compared to the traditional random windings. To date, technical literature on the effectiveness of spray cooling with hairpin windings is lacking, with no practical guidelines available to researchers. In this article, taking an existing hairpin-wound stator, a test rig is developed to investigate the cooling ability of different spray cooling setups on the end-windings. Three types of commercial spray nozzles are chosen to carry out a series of experiments, varying the oil flow rate, pressure, outlet velocity, and number of nozzles. The winding temperature and heat transfer coefficients are presented and discussed. Furthermore, the efficiency of spray cooling is reviewed based on the experimental results. Finally, suggestions on designing similar cooling setups and increasing the cooling efficiency are also provided.


We analysed 1.6 million population-based EUROCARE-4 cancer cases (26 cancer sites, excluding sex-specific sites, and breast) from 23 countries to investigate the role of sex in cancer survival according to age at diagnosis, site, and European region. For 15 sites (salivary glands, head and neck, oesophagus, stomach, colon and rectum, pancreas, lung, pleura, bone, melanoma of skin, kidney, brain, thyroid, Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) ageand region-adjusted relative survival was significantly higher in women than men. By multivariable analysis, women had significantly lower relative excess risk (RER) of death for the sites listed above plus multiple myeloma. Women significantly had higher RER of death for biliary tract, bladder and leukaemia. For all cancers combined women had a significant 5% lower RER of death. Age at diagnosis was the main determinant of the women's advantage, which, however, decreased with increasing age, becoming negligible in the elderly, suggesting that sex hormone patterns may have a role in women's superior ability to cope with cancer. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


When Carcinus was exposed to 20 μ-mol l −1 cadmium, the haemolymph cadmium level was initially dependent upon the salinity of the external medium. After 14 days the mean haemolymph cadmium level in 50% s.w. animals was nearly twice that of 100% s.w. animals. This trend was not sustained, however, and the situation was complicated by occasional inconsistent values. In both in vivo and in vitro conditions nearly all the haemolymph cadmium becomes bound to haemolymph protein within a few days. The relationship between haemolymph cadmium, copper and protein concentration has been investigated. Although the latter are highly correlated with each other, cadmium formed a significant positive relationship with haemolymph copper ( r = 0.523) and protein ( r = 0.533) only after 3–4 weeks uptake. Exposure to 20 μ-mol l −1 cadmium has no obvious effects on haemolymph protein and copper concentrations, which are clearly dependent on feeding status. Mortalities among experimental animals were often preceded by a rise in haemolymph cadmium concentration. This is usually seen before there are any obvious signs of tissue breakdown. Urine cadmium loss is probably unimportant as a pathway for the elimination of this metal. Urine cadmium concentrations often exceeded serum cadmium levels indicating that cadmium may sometimes be eliminated in bound form.


This thesis concerns centred product development and more specifically how methodological choices in user requirements elicitation can enable the users to communicate their requirements to the product developers. During the development process choices have to be made concerning what methodology to use for eliciting user requirements. These choices include the choice of data collection method, the choice of participants, the choice of mediating object, and the choice of context. In order to explore how different methodological choices can work as enabler in user requirements elicitation two case studies, three comparative studies, and a survey have been carried out. The results show that all four methodological choices influence user requirements elicitation in terms of their enabling effect. Product use experience and to what extent the method could provide the users with product use experience seem to be the most important factor to enable the users. An important finding was that enabling the user also includes enabling the designer to understand the user and the use situation in order for the designer to interpret the users' requirements. A conscious choice of methods can be used as a common tool enabling the user as well as the designer.


The city of Lhasa has experienced urban transformation in recent decades. Accordingly, this paper aims to discover and characterise the urbanisation process of Lhasa, which is the first large, high-altitude city in China to be urbanised. Until 1995, Lhasa mainly served as a regional capital in China with political and administrative functions. Since 2005, the rapid economic development of Lhasa has become a key driver of its urban expansion due to the presence of market mechanisms and the continuous inflow of visitors. After the opening of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway in 2006, the development of urban infrastructures in Lhasa has facilitated the development of the city as well as promoted the health and well-being of its citizens. However, these advancements were accompanied by changes in land use. The land use/cover change reveals the large floating population in Lhasa and underscores the role of high population growth in the economic prosperity of the former agricultural and pastoral areas in the city. The increased amount of air and water pollution, the reduction in the size of agriculture land and the changes in the environment intensify the contradictions between urbanisation and sustainability in a nature-sensitive region such as Lhasa. The paper also proposes some strategies, planning practices and implication on the land use and urban development in the frontier regions of West China cities.


In relation to traditional modes of research within academic context, there is a recent interest in research methods where artistic practices set a larger part of the managerial guidelines, i. e. where the artist or artwork is not the subject of investigation, but rather the operative agent for the carrying through of a project and for the dissemination of results. These methods are by necessity tied to more idiosyncratic and more experimental ways of communicating research. From a «pure» conveying perspective this may seem controversial: Why introduce new interpretative layers into the academically formalized frameworks of communication? However, from an «empirical» art perspective, as well as from the semiotic perspective of the pervasive presence of «vagueness» (Peirce), it is understandable that certain qualities in artistic work, as well as in empirical research, might get lost when conventional methods of investigation are setting the norm. When artistic methods – like practice-based investigatory techniques, critical institutional intervention, unforeseen technologies of information processing, and experimental modes of dissemination – are brought into traditional academic modes of investigation, the benefit seems to be of a reciprocal sort: both academia and art world may conquer pre-conceptualization in their respective knowledge traditions. The conventional terminology by which research applications, as well as art projects, are generally described generally include notions like «background», «theory», «method», «relevance», etc, and these are used to reach an understanding from experts as well as from non-expert readers. It is in this paper suggested that such basic concepts could be discussed also in relation to another set of terms, less frequent but relevant for this field: «ground», «wit» and «margin». «Ground» relates to the abstract correspondence between two distinct phenomena, as in iconic and indexical ground (Peirce, Sonessson, a o). «Wit» stands for the conclusive logic mechanism of a humorous or non-humorous creation (Freud, a o). And «Margin» is here thought of as the reduced or neglected surroundings to a thematic context that nevertheless influence the focus of thematic attention (Gurwitsch, a o). An underlying question is to what extent the common terminology is also decisive for the communicational performance of research within creative arts.


There is currently no structured classification system to quantitate heterotopic bone formation after artificial disk replacement procedures. The purpose of this work was to develop a method of classifying heterotopic bone formation that is reliable between investigators with different levels of training and easy to remember with only five gradations of severity. One hundred one radiographs of clinical patients and 17 microradiographs from nonhuman primates having undergone various types of disk replacement were classified by seven independent reviewers. The &kgr; statistics were calculated for interobserver variation between the seven participants with various levels of spinal training and the intraobserver error based on two assessments made at least 2 months apart. The interobserver reliability correlation coefficient for seven raters calculated using the intraclass &kgr; correlation coefficient and the Kish &rgr; was r = 0.9683 (P < 0.0001). The intraobserver reliability based on readings at two time intervals at a minimum of 2 months apart was r = 0.8949 (P = 0.01). This classification of heterotopic ossification, periannular calcification, and ectopic bone formation associated with total disk arthroplasty proved to be highly reliable and reproducible.


BACKGROUND
Mistletoe therapy (MT) is a method of complementary medicine whose efficacy is controversially discussed. Until now there is a lack of data of high-dose intratumoral application.

PATIENT AND METHODS
We are presenting a 3-year follow-up of an 80-year-old woman with metastasized breast cancer (c(2)T3/N1/M1) receiving combined intra- and peritumoral and subcutaneous MT with ABNOBAviscum(r) and concomitant pamitron acid. At time of admission the patient had bone metastases (thoracic vertebra 11 fracture), a lymphangiosis carcinomatosa, bilateral pleural effusions, and a reduced quality of life (QoL).

RESULTS
Under MT we induced an eosinophilia and an elevation of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Simultaneously, we ascertained a reduction of 50% of Ca 15-3 and a sustained partial tumor remission. After 5 months the mistletoe-lectin-1 antibodies IgG-1 and -3 were maximally increased and we perceived a second Ca 15-3 reduction. After 3 months we observed a benefit in QoL. During the following 5 months the patient gained about 10 kg in weight. In the second year slow tumor progress was observed. After 19 months the patient had pneumonia which caused an MT pause. Subsequently, a combined intratumoral mistletoe and letrozol therapy brought a partial remission. The patient lived without chemo and radiation therapy more than 3 years with good QoL and died after 41 months, after a sepsis and a following stroke without signs of tumor progress.

CONCLUSION
In metastasized breast cancer a palliative high-dose local MT can make a contribution to a tumor reduction and a benefit in QoL.


The adaptation of rats to the exercise program the intensity of which corresponded to metabolic power output of 190% VO2max, did not produce any significant changes in Mg2+ and Ca2+ activated ATPase activity in the different types of skeletal muscle fibers. The increase in the cross-sectional area of glycolytic muscle fibers was due to the hypertrophy of all cellular structures, especially the srcoplasmic reticulum. The sytochrome aa3 concentration increased by 23%. The submaximal exercise program (130% VO2max) elicited a significant elevation of Mg2+ activated actomyosin ATPase activity in the oxydative-glycolytic muscles and a decrease of the latter enzyme activity in glycolytic muscles. The endurance exercise (70% VO2max) caused a small decrease in Mg2+ activated actomyosin ATPase activity in the oxydative-glycolytic muscles and an increase in the oxydative ones. The character of the adaptive response of the actomyosin ATPase in different types of skeletal muscle fibers depends on the intensity and duration of the running program.


OBJECTIVE
Our goal was to determine the persistence of human papillomavirus infection of the cervix in a prospectively evaluated cohort of pregnant women observed from the first trimester until after delivery.

STUDY DESIGN
A group of 232 women were enrolled in the first trimester of pregnancy and had cervico-vaginal lavage specimens collected for detection of the deoxyribonucleic acid of human papillomavirus. They underwent sampling again in the third trimester (146 patients available) and at 4 to 12 weeks after delivery (83 patients available). Human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid was detected by means of the Hybrid Capture assay.

RESULTS
In the first trimester of pregnancy, 31% of the patients had positive test results for human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid, whereas 35.6% had positive results in the third trimester (P = 1.0). A comparison of first-trimester test results with postpartum results (paired data available from 83 patients) showed a decline from 39.8% positivity to 26.5% (P =.04). Comparing third-trimester results with postpartum results (paired data available from 74 patients) showed a decline from 35.1% to 25. 7% positivity (P =.12). When specimens positive for human papillomavirus were divided between those containing "high cancer risk" types (9 virus types often associated with dysplasia or malignancy) and "low cancer risk" types (5 types usually found in benign lesions), similar trends were seen, although not all comparisons were statistically significant.

CONCLUSION
The increased prevalence, during pregnancy, of detectable human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid, which was previously reported (Fife et al, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1487-93), persists at a similar level throughout pregnancy but declines in the postpartum period. This observation is most consistent with activation of the virus by the physiologic changes of pregnancy.


Research linking interorganizational networks to innovation has focused on spanning structural boundaries as a means of knowledge recombination. Increasingly, firms also partner across institutional boundaries (countries, industries, technologies) in their search for new knowledge. When both structural and institutional separation affect knowledge recombination, aggregate characterizations of ego network attributes mask distinct recombination processes that lead to distinct types of innovation outcomes. We address this issue by focusing on triads as the locus of recombination in networks. We partition firms' networks into three configurations of open triads—foreign, domestic, and mixed—based on the distribution of the broker and its partners across or within institutional boundaries. We argue that each configuration embodies distinct recombination processes, with foreign triads offering high access to novel knowledge, domestic triads facilitating relatively efficient knowledge integration, and mixed triads balancing the two. We apply this approach to a global research and development alliance network in the biotechnology industry, using countries as institutional boundaries. The results show that domestic triads affect innovation volume (i.e., the productivity of innovation) more strongly than mixed or foreign triads. In contrast, foreign triads have a greater impact on innovation radicalness (i.e., the path-breaking nature of the innovation) than mixed or domestic triads. The findings suggest that different brokerage configurations embody unique recombination processes, leading to distinct innovation outcomes. Our research provides a deeper understanding of how networks and institutions jointly influence distinct aspects of innovation.


Binding of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) to origins of replication marks the first step in the initiation of replication of the genome in all eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the structure of the active form of human ORC determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. The complex is composed of an ORC1/4/5 motor module lobe in an organization reminiscent of the DNA polymerase clamp loader complexes. A second lobe contains the ORC2/3 subunits. The complex is organized as a double-layered shallow corkscrew, with the AAA+ and AAA+-like domains forming one layer, and the winged-helix domains (WHDs) forming a top layer. CDC6 fits easily between ORC1 and ORC2, completing the ring and the DNA-binding channel, forming an additional ATP hydrolysis site. Analysis of the ATPase activity of the complex provides a basis for understanding ORC activity as well as molecular defects observed in Meier-Gorlin Syndrome mutations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20818.001


This research analyzes the sensitivity of the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) flow rate and sediment yield to DEM spatial resolution. A scaling analysis is performed using 1 to 50 m resolution lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) derived DEMs. Thomas Brook, Canada, serves as a case study watershed for a five year simulation period. Results indicated monthly water yield was insensitive to DEM resolution, unless a change in area was also present. Sediment yield from the 50 m DEM showed a 200 t reduction compared to the 1 m DEM. The 5 to 50 m DEMs also showed a reduction in channel deposition of 45 to 90 t, respectively, compared to the 1 m DEM. Results suggest parameterization using multiple resolution DEMs is desirable, one commensurate with the scale used to establish universal soil loss equations for defining hillslope scale, and high resolution for stream network and sub-basin delineation.


Nearly three hundred thousand maternal deaths occur worldwide every year. More than 99% of deaths occur in developing countries. The use of skilled birth attendants is low in those countries where maternal mortality rates are high and most of these deaths could be prevented if skilled birth attendant services were available. Only 36 percent of women use skilled birth attendants in Nepal. There are many reasons for non-use of skilled birth attendant services, such as inequalities, lack of access to services, role of gender and culture and lack of women's autonomy in decision-making. The purpose of this study was to explore the views, experiences and perceptions of women influencing utilisation of skilled birth attendants in rural Nepal. Listening to the women's voices and views were central to this study in order to understand why women use or does not use skilled birth attendants. Women's individual characteristics, family, community and organisation factors are interconnected in regards to uptake of skilled birth attendants, as well as policy factors.

A case-study approach using mixed methods was taken to explore the women's experiences and perceptions in a hill district of western Nepal. Interviews were conducted with 24 'new mothers' aged 18-49 years and five mothers-in-law, two husbands and a father-in-law. A survey was conducted of 100 qualified skilled birth attendants (doctors, nurses and midwives) to understand service providers view towards women's use of skilled birth attendant in two hospitals (one private and one public hospital): 56 SBAs responded. The qualitative data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach and descriptive statistics were derived from the quantitative data.

The study found that individual characteristic of women, the location and infrastructure of health facilities, cultural and gender factors, including women's expectations and preferences about skilled care use, affected uptake of skilled birth attendant services. Socio-cultural and political contexts were found to be interconnected in health service utilisation. Socio-economic inequality based on caste and gender, access to qualitative services and women's lack of autonomy are some of the factors that influence the uptake of care by skilled birth attendants.

This study asserts that capturing women's experiences and perceptions is essential in order to improve the uptake of skilled birth attendants. Understanding women's views and voices provided a clear picture of what women want and need during pregnancy and childbirth. The empirical evidence derived from this study about the poor standards of care received in hospital and the preference for locally based services could be used along with other evidence to review current policy and inform future plans. Development should be aimed at improving professional standards and access while making maternal health services in Nepal more women-centred.


Abstract Many oceanic islands harbor diverse species that differ markedly from their mainland relatives with respect to morphology, behavior, and physiology. A particularly common morphological change exhibited by a wide range of species on islands worldwide involves either a reduction in body size, termed island dwarfism, or an increase in body size, termed island gigantism. While numerous instances of dwarfism and gigantism have been well documented, documentation of other morphological changes on islands remains limited. Furthermore, we lack a basic understanding of the physiological mechanisms that underlie these changes, and whether they are convergent. A major hypothesis for the repeated evolution of dwarfism posits selection for smaller, more efficient body sizes in the context of low resource availability. Under this hypothesis, we would expect the physiological mechanisms known to be downregulated in model organisms exhibiting small body sizes due to dietary restriction or artificial selection would also be downregulated in wild species exhibiting dwarfism on islands. We measured body size, relative head size, and circulating blood glucose in three species of reptiles—two snakes and one lizard—in the California Channel Islands relative to mainland populations. Collating data from 6 years of study, we found that relative to mainland population the island populations had smaller body size (i.e., island dwarfism), smaller head sizes relative to body size, and lower levels of blood glucose, although with some variation by sex and year. These findings suggest that the island populations of these three species have independently evolved convergent physiological changes (lower glucose set point) corresponding to convergent changes in morphology that are consistent with a scenario of reduced resource availability and/or changes in prey size on the islands. This provides a powerful system to further investigate ecological, physiological, and genetic variables to elucidate the mechanisms underlying convergent changes in life history on islands.


This paper concerns an important aspect of current developments in medical and biological imaging: the possibility for imaging soft tissue at relatively high resolution in the micrometer range or better, without tedious and/or entirely destructive sample preparation. Structures with low absorption contrast have been visualized using in‐line phase contrast imaging. The experiments have been performed at the Advanced Photon Source, a third generation source of synchrotron radiation. The source provides highly coherent X‐ray radiation with high photon flux (>1014 photons/s) at high photon energies (5–70 keV). Thick gerbil cochlear slices have been imaged and were compared with those obtained by light microscopy. Furthermore, intact gerbil cochleae have been imaged to identify the soft tissue structures involved in the hearing process. The present experimental approach was essential for visualizing the inner ear structures involved in the hearing process in an intact cochlea. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Ecological analysis involves using aggregate data for a set of groups to make inferences concerning individual level relationships. Typically the data available for analysis consists of the means or totals of variables of interest for geographical areas, although the groups can be organisations such as schools or hospitals. Attention has focused on developing methods of estimating the parameters characterising the individual level relationships across the whole population, but also in some cases the relationships for each of the groups. Applying standard methods used to analyse individual level data, such as linear or logistic regression or contingency table analysis, to aggregate data will usually produce biased estimates of individual level relationships. Thus much of the effort in ecological analysis has concentrated on developing methods of analysing aggregate data that can produce unbiased, or less biased, parameter estimates. There has been less work done on inference procedures, such as constructing confidence intervals and hypothesis testing. Fundamental to these inferential issues is the question of how much information is contained in aggregate data and what evidence such data can provide concerning important assumptions and hypotheses.


This paper introduces a framework to study the links between the supply of liquid assets for the financial market and the international allocation of economic activity. Private assets' liquidity properties their usefulness as collateral or media of exchange in financial transactions affect assets' values and interest rates, with consequences on firm entry, production, aggregate productivity, and total market capitalization. In a closed economy, the liquidity market increases the size and productivity of the sector of the economy that generates liquid assets. In an open economy, however, cross-country differences in financial development|as measured by the degree of liquidity of a country's assets generate an allocation of real economic activity that favors the country that supplies the most liquid assets. In such a setting, trade liberalization magnifies the gap in economic activity between the countries. JEL-Codes: E430, E440, F120, F400.


In the last 15 years, calcium channel blockers have been widely used for treating cardiovascular diseases. These agents are a heterogeneous group of drugs with differing cardiovascular effects, and are effective in the treatment of angina and hypertension. These synthetic compounds bind separately with receptor sites located in or near the calcium channel, at molecular sites still to be fully identified. Verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem are the most representative calcium channel blockers and used as prototypes for the design and development of new anticalcium molecules with potential efficacy and reduced toxic effects. There are three different types of voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCs): L-type, T-type and N-type, which are considered extra-cellular, but some anti-calcium agents as bepridil possess potential intracellular calcium activity. Many synthetic compounds containing heterocyclic ring in their structures have attracted considerable interest since current studies revealed their mechanisms and sites of action. This article reviews the new advances in the calcium channel antagonist group, showing new structures with longer-acting and higher vascular selectivity.


The aim of this study was to determine whether a physiological increment in plasma insulin could promote substantial hepatic glucose uptake in response to hyperglycemia brought about by intravenous glucose infusion in the conscious dog. To accomplish this, the plasma glucose level was doubled by glucose infusion into 36-h fasted dogs maintained on somatostatin, basal glucagon, and basal or elevated intraportal insulin infusions. In the group with basal glucagon levels and modest hyperinsulinemia (33 +/- 2 micro U/ml), the acute induction of hyperglycemia (mean increment of 120 mg/dl) caused marked net hepatic glucose uptake (3.7 +/- 0.5 mg . kg-1 . min-1). In contrast, similar hyperglycemia brought about in the presence of basal glucagon and basal insulin levels described net hepatic glucose output in 56%, but did not cause net hepatic glucose uptake. The length of fast was not crucial to the response because similar signals (insulin, 38 +/- 6 micro U/ml; glucose increment, 127 mg/dl) promoted identical net hepatic glucose uptake (3.8 +/- 0.6 mg . kg-1 . min-1) in dogs fasted for only 16 h. In conclusion, in the conscious dog, a) physiologic increments in plasma insulin have a marked effect on the ability of hyperglycemia to stimulate net hepatic glucose uptake, and b) it is not necessary to administer glucose orally to promote substantial net hepatic glucose uptake.


In full color throughout, and based on European Society of Cardiology guidelines, Cardiac Imaging is an essential resource for all clinical trainees, It provides practical hands-on advice for cardiology, medical, radiology and technical personnel who need easily accessible, detailed information on how to use the full range of imaging modalities to investigate cardiac disease. The handbook provides a comparative overview of the different techniques and how they can be applied in different pathologies, acting as a portal to more in-depth, modality focused texts.


Abstract. Risk analysis has become a top priority for authorities and stakeholders in many European countries, with the aim of reducing flooding risk, considering the population's needs and improving risk awareness. Within this context, two methodological pieces have been developed in the period 2009–2011 within the SUFRI project (Sustainable Strategies of Urban Flood Risk Management with non-structural measures to cope with the residual risk, 2nd ERA-Net CRUE Funding Initiative). First, the "SUFRI Methodology for pluvial and river flooding risk assessment in urban areas to inform decision-making" provides a comprehensive and quantitative tool for flood risk analysis. Second, the "Methodology for investigation of risk awareness of the population concerned" presents the basis to estimate current risk from a social perspective and identify tendencies in the way floods are understood by citizens. Outcomes of both methods are integrated in this paper with the aim of informing decision making on non-structural protection measures. The results of two case studies are shown to illustrate practical applications of this developed approach. The main advantage of applying the methodology herein presented consists in providing a quantitative estimation of flooding risk before and after investing in non-structural risk mitigation measures. It can be of great interest for decision makers as it provides rational and solid information.


The glycolytic enzyme glucokinase (GCK) and the pro-apoptotic protein BAD reportedly reside within a five-membered complex that localizes to the mitochondria of mammalian hepatocytes and pancreatic β-cells. Photochemical crosslinking studies using a synthetic analog of BAD's BH3 domain and in vitro transcription/translation experiments support a direct interaction between BAD and GCK. To investigate the biochemical and biophysical consequences of the BAD:GCK interaction, we developed a method for the production of recombinant human BAD. Consistent with published reports, recombinant BAD displays high affinity for Bcl-xL (KD = 7 nM), and phosphorylation of BAD at S118, within the BH3 domain, abolishes this interaction. Unexpectedly, we do not detect association of recombinant, full-length BAD with recombinant human pancreatic GCK over a range of protein concentrations using various biochemical methods including size-exclusion chromatography, chemical cross-linking, analytical ultracentrifugation, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Furthermore, fluorescence polarization assays and isothermal titration calorimetry detect no direct interaction between GCK and BAD BH3 peptides. Kinetic characterization of GCK in the presence of high concentrations of recombinant BAD show modest (<15%) increases in GCK activity, observable only at glucose concentrations well below the K0.5 value. GCK activity is unaffected by BAD BH3 peptides. These results raise questions as to the mechanism of action of stapled peptide analogs modeled after the BAD BH3 domain, which reportedly enhance the Vmax value of GCK and stimulate insulin release in BAD-deficient islets. Based on our results, we postulate that the BAD:GCK interaction, and any resultant regulatory effect(s) upon GCK activity, requires the participation of additional members of the mitochondrial complex.


Since the mid-1990s, assimilation has gradually regained momentum as both a normative and an analytical concept for understanding the ways in which migrants are incorporated into societies at large. Although scholars have investigated various dimensions of this process, they have tended to privilege the experience of migrants themselves. Comparatively little attention has been dedicated to the perspective of the dominant groups, particularly in relation to what ethnic majority people demand that migrants do in order to be accepted. This article explores these demands of assimilation through qualitative data collected among white local elites in four regional case-studies in Western Europe. The analysis reveals a different picture from the one usually portrayed by 'new assimilation theory'. Accordingly, I suggest rethinking assimilation in ways which incorporate more fully the plurality of demands put forward by dominant ethnic groups.


1. Chairman, Department of English, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan 2. M. Phil Research Scholar, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan 3. Lecturer, Department of English, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan PAPER INFO ABSTRACT Received: June 05, 2020 Accepted: August 25, 2020 Online: September 15, 2020 This study mainly focused on the use of language and pictures in website homepages and strategies employed by the universities to manipulate and influence their visitors. Three private universities were selected for the study by using simple random sampling technique. From the website homepages of each of these universities 20 screenshots were taken by using snipping tool. From these 20 screenshots, 3 screenshots per university were selected by using simple random sampling technique. Fairclough's three-dimensional model was used for the analysis of these screenshots. The study showed that the private universities use different discursive techniques and strategies to manipulate and impress students and thereby influence them to give preference to these universities over other universities for taking admission. The analysis revealed that these universities rely on pictures of young beautiful females, majestic buildings, and ideologically loaded language for attracting students to take admission in them. The websites of private universities make a calculated choice of pictures, vocabulary and grammar for loading them with their implicit ideologies, which are taken for granted by prospective students as common sense assumptions. In this way, they or their parents, unaware of the power exercised over them, are influenced and deceived by the persuasive language, without taking notice of the hidden ideologies of these universities


Phosphoinositides have a pivotal role as precursors to important second messengers and asbona fide signaling and scaffold targeting molecules. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PtdIns 4-kinases or PI4Ks) are at the apex of the phosphoinsitide cascade. Sequence analysis revealed that mammalian cells contain two type II PtdIns 4-kinase isoforms, now termed PI4KIIα and PI4KIIβ. PI4KIIα was cloned first. It is tightly membrane-associated and behaves as an integral membrane protein. In this study, we cloned PI4KIIβ and compared the two isoforms by monitoring the distribution of endogenous and overexpressed proteins, their modes of association with membranes, their response to growth factor stimulation or Rac-GTP activation, and their kinetic properties. We find that the two kinases have different properties. PI4KIIβ is primarily cytosolic, and it associates peripherally with plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi. In contrast, PI4KIIα is primarily Golgi-associated. Platelet-derived growth factor promotes PI4KIIβ recruitment to membrane ruffles. This effect is potentially mediated through Rac; overexpression of the constitutively active RacV12 induces membrane ruffling, increases PI4KIIβ translocation to the plasma membrane, and stimulates its activity. The dominant-negative RacN17 blocks plasma membrane association and inhibits activity. RacV12 does not boost the catalytic activity of PI4KIIα further, probably because it is constitutively membrane-bound and already activated. Membrane recruitment is an important mechanism for PI4KIIβ activation, because microsome-bound PI4KIIβ is 16 times more active than cytosolic PI4KIIβ. Membrane-associated PI4KIIβ is as active as membrane-associated PI4KIIα and has essentially identical kinetic properties. We conclude that PI4KIIα and PI4KIIβ may have partially overlapping, but not identical, functions. PI4KIIβ is activated strongly by membrane association to stimulate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate synthesis at the plasma membrane. These findings provide new insight into how phosphoinositide cascades are propagated in cells.


Purpose
This paper aims to investigate in a transformative service research (TSR) context how users can be involved through co-design and what contributions they can make during this process.

Design/methodology/approach
A six-step co-design process was used to plan and facilitate two co-design sessions that involved a total of 24 participants. The collected data include field notes, transcripts from group discussions, recordings of idea presentations and the evaluation of ideas.

Findings
A recruitment strategy that uses strong networks and sensitizes users through generating awareness of the underlying issue can prevent the waste of valuable resources. During the facilitation stage, experts need to find the fine line between close guidance and giving voice to the users. User-generated ideas set the starting point for new value propositions that more effectively support users in their value creation processes.

Research limitations/implications
The findings are limited to one specific sample and design task. Future research is required that investigates the application of co-design to other TSR contexts.

Practical implications
In TSR, organizations will need to follow a different co-design approach owing to the sensitive nature of the design task and/or users that are not driven by innovation-related motivations. Organizations should tap into their networks to raise awareness and recruit suitable participants. To capture users' unique insights and foster the collective creativity, facilitation should focus on enabling participants through the use of design tools and team management.

Originality/value
The study contributes new insights into requirements, challenges and benefits of applying co-design to TSR contexts. The study shows that ordinary users, if empowered, can give important insights into the design of new value propositions.


The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is an abundant predator in cropping systems throughout its range. It has been documented to be an important predator of numerous crop pests, as well as being an agricultural pest itself. Information on the impact of insecticides on natural enemies such as fire ants is necessary for the integration of biological and chemical control tactics in an effective pest management program. Therefore, a residual vial bioassay was developed to determine the concentration-mortality responses of S. invicta workers to four commonly used insecticides: acephate, chlorpyrifos, methomyl and lambda-cyhalothrin. Fire ant workers showed a mortality response to serial dilutions to all four chemicals. Methomyl (LC50 0.04 microg/vial, fiducial limits 0.03-0.06) was the most toxic, followed by chlorpyrifos (LC50 0.11 microg/vial, fiducial limits 0.07-0.17) and acephate (LC50 0.76 microg/vial, fiducial limits 0.50-1.04). Of the chemicals assayed, it took a much higher concentration of lambda-cyhalothrin (LC50 2.30 microg/vial, fiducial limits 1.57-3.59) to kill 50% of the workers compared with the other three chemicals. The results of this study demonstrate the wide range in responses of fire ants to four insecticides that are labeled and commonly used on numerous agricultural crops throughout the United States. These results further suggest the possibility of using a discriminating dose of lambda-cyhalothrin to control the target pest species while conserving fire ants in the agricultural systems in which their predatory behavior is beneficial to the integrated pest management program.


BACKGROUND
The growth of managed health care in the United States has been accompanied by controls on access to specialty physician services. We examined the relationship of physician specialty to treatment and outcomes of patients with asthma in managed care plans.

METHODS
We conducted a mail survey of adult asthma patients who were enrolled in 12 managed care organizations and had at least 2 contacts for asthma (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 493.x) during the previous 24 months; we also surveyed their treating physicians. This report concerns 1954 patients and their 1078 corresponding physicians. Treatment indicators included use of corticosteroid inhalers, use of peak flow meters, allergy evaluation, discussion of triggers, and patient self-management knowledge. Outcome measures included canceled activities, hospitalization or emergency department visits, asthma attacks, workdays lost, asthma symptoms, physical and mental health, overall satisfaction with asthma care, and satisfaction with communication with physicians and nurses.

RESULTS
Significant differences were noted for patients of specialists and experienced generalists compared with those of generalist physicians. Peak flow meter possession was reported by 41.9% of patients of generalists, 51.7% of patients of experienced generalists, and 53.8% of patients of pulmonologists or allergists. Compared with patients of generalists, outcomes were significantly better for patients of allergists with regard to canceled activities, hospitalizations and emergency department visits for asthma, quality of care ratings, and physical functioning. Patients of pulmonologists were more likely to rate improvement in symptoms as very good or excellent.

CONCLUSIONS
In a managed health care setting, physicians' specialty training and self-reported expertise in treating asthma were related to better patient-reported care and outcomes.


Problem In China, injury is the leading killer of children aged under 14; around 43% child injury occurs at home (1 survey of childhood unintentional injury patterns and parental awareness in three cities in China (Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai 2004, Safe Kids Worldwide-China and National Center Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC)). Objectives (1) To understand home injury among children through moms stories. (2) To educate moms about home safety by sharing real stories related to injuries photos among moms. Method (1) On-line collection of household child injuries by moms telling stories and how she could change her behaviour to avoid such injuries. (2) Analyse the risky behaviours in each story. (3) Share moms stories through Internet to educate more parents. Results (1) 5000 stories were collected with how the child was injuries and what mom could do to avoid such injuries later. (2) 2280 stories from 14 cities were quality enough for behaviour analysis. (3) The top four household injuries are falls (25%); burns including electric shocks (16.7%); cuts (9.1%) and poison (2.6%). (4) No-household injuries: injuries related to traffic is 71%; drowning is 5%. Conclusion (1) The survey got the quality data on household injuries as moms are giving the real stories. (2) On-line story sharing made the survey as a kind of education intervention, too as moms also tell how they should do in further to avoid such injuries. (3) The survey made a great use of limited resources through on-line platform and combining survey and education intervention together.


As a eusocial species, Apis mellifera, the European honey bee, is effectively a superorganism—a group of genetically related individuals functioning as a collective unit. Because the unit of selection is the colony and not the individual, standard methods for assessing toxicologic pathology can miss colony-level responses to stress. For over a decade, US populations of honeybees have experienced severe annual losses attributed to a variety of environmental stressors varying temporally and geographically; differentiating among those stressors is accordingly a high priority. Social interactions among individuals in this social species, however, mean that the "footprint" of stressors such as pesticides, phytochemicals, pathogens, and parasites may be most discernible in individuals that did not themselves directly encounter the stressor. For example, neurotoxic effects of pesticides on nurse bees may impair their behavioral responses to queen-destined larvae, which may then emerge as adults with altered anatomy or physiology. Similarly, pesticide-induced size alterations in nurse hypopharyngeal glands, which produce royal jelly, the exclusive food of larval and adult queens, may disproportionately affect the queen's (and thus colony) health. Thus, evaluating toxicologic pathology in the honeybee requires a new perspective and development of assays that preserve the social context that ultimately determines colony health.


Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus – 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus, primarily transmitted through droplets, able to persist on different surfaces and in the air for several hours. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Health Care Workers should be considered a high risk profession. Beside social distancing rules and the proper use of Personal Protective Equipment, sanitization measures and ventilation system disinfection are essential to reduce viral transmission. Objectives: This is the first Italian study aiming to assess the magnitude of environmental contamination in a COVID-19 non-Intensive Care Unit. Methods: In addition to ordinary cleaning procedures, surface and air samplings have been performed before and after the application of two different sanitization devices. Samples have been analyzed with Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction in order to find viral RNA. Results: All samples obtained from surfaces and air before and after extra-ordinary sanitization procedures turned out negative for viral detection. Discussion: These findings highlight the efficiency of ordinary cleaning procedures in guaranteeing a safer workplace. The adoption of additional sanitization protocols should be considered in order to further reduce environmental viral contamination.


Nanotechnology or nanoscience covers the investigation, design, manipulation, precision placement, measurement, modelling or fabrication of matter, structures, devices and systems that exist at the nanoscale – essentially at the atomic and molecular size levels. Nanotechnology has the potential to change the way we address some of the world's most critical development problems. In 2005, the United Nations (UN) Millennium Project's Taskforce on Science, Technology and Innovation concluded that nanotechnology can contribute to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), specifically, the goals to reduce child mortality, improve maternal mortality and combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. Health, specifically improved primary healthcare, is one of six focus areas highlighted in South Africa's National Nanotechnology Strategy (NNS), where nanotechnology can offer the most significant benefits for the country. Nanotechnology can revolutionise the practice of medicine and the delivery and accessibility of health care. However, despite the significant benefits of nanotechnology, there are problems that could prevent it from being widely accepted. The qualities that make nanotechnology so appealing are also those that give rise for concern. In particular, there are uncertainties about its potential impact on human health, the environment and societies in general, along with the concern that nanotechnology, much like genetic engineering or modification, is "messing" with the building blocks of nature and is therefore "unnatural" even unethical. This article considers these concerns and concludes that there is nothing intrinsically good or bad about nanotechnology, but that its acceptability will depend largely on how it used and introduced into society.


Hailed as the most innovative and unique human rights monitoring mechanism at the United Nations, the Universal Periodic Review process promises to promote and protect the universality of all human rights issues and concerns in an objective, universal, and transparent manner. With the interactive dialogue session being at the heart of the review, coupled with the possibility of peer States potentially raising any international human rights norm to hold States accountable, there is a possible challenge to the universality of human rights norms, vocalised by State representatives when certain contentious issues are raised during State reviews. Selecting one such issue, this paper uses the issue of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) as a focus to explore whether, and to what extent normative claim of universality of international human rights norms in relation to FGM is challenged during the State reviews in the first cycle of the UPR process.


Phospholipid flippase proteins regulate plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry. Characterization of these transmembrane proteins is an ongoing area of research, as the mechanisms by which flippases function is poorly understood and the identification of proteins that exhibit flippase activity is incomplete. We have investigated flippases activity in our giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) and intact RBL-2H3 cells. Results from our fluorescence quenching assays provide insight on flippase kinetics as well as flippase mediated phospholipid distribution across the membrane bilayer. With fluorescent annexin V binding assays, we also demonstrate that RBL-2H3 cells can be stimulated or perturbed in various ways that promote flippase mediated phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the cell surface. In particular, activated RBL-2H3 cells display distinctly punctate PS exposure, while cholesterol depleted cells exhibit sparse PS exposure on the membrane extracellular leaflet. Cells treated with the cysteine modification reagent Nethylmaleimide (NEM) exhibit more uniform PS exposure at the cell surface, consistent with NEM-sensitive flippases. These studies further characterize the sensitivities of plasma membrane flippases and may potentially aid in the identification of additional proteins with flippase functionality.


The kinetic and optical properties of Co(II)-substituted pyruvate kinase in the presence of D-phenylalanine (D-Phe) were investigated. The results are discussed in comparison with the effects of its optical isomer L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) on the same enzyme. The catalytic effect of D-Phe on rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase depended upon the nature of the activating divalent metal ion used. It has stimulatory effect on Mg(II)-activated enzyme, but inhibitory effect on Co(II)-activated enzyme. Unlike the inhibitory effect of L-Phe, the inhibition of Co(II)-enzyme by D-Phe was not sensitive to the changes of pH and temperature, could not be reversed by L-alanine (L-Ala), displayed hyperbolic kinetics, and was noncompetitive with respect to phosphoenopyruvate saturation. D-Phe induced substantial visible circular dichroism (CD) spectral changes of Co(II)-enzyme similar to those induced by L-Phe. Although ultraviolet CD spectrum was not affected, D-Phe induced an ultraviolet difference absorption spectral change very similar to, but much smaller than, that induced by L-Phe. Our results support that D-Phe and other amino acids interact with the enzyme at two different sites: a common site, causing similar conformational changes which bear little direct kinetic relevance, and a kinetically relevant site, which is sterically dependent upon the side chain of the amino acids.


Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease. Control of schistosomiasis currently relies on a single drug, praziquantel, and despite its efficacy against the all schistosome species that parasitize humans, it displays some problematic drawbacks and alone is ineffective in counteracting adverse pathologies associated with infection. Moreover, due to the development of the potential emergence of PZQ-resistant strains, the search for additional or alternative antischistosomal drugs have become a public health priority. The current drug discovery for schistosomiasis has been slow and uninspiring. By contrast, repurposing of existing approved drugs may offer a safe, rapid and cost-effective alternative. Combined treatment with PZQ and other drugs with different mode of action, i.e., antimalarials, shows promise results. In addition, a combination of anthelminthic drugs with antioxidant might be advantageous for modulating oxidative processes associated with schistosomiasis. Herein, we review studies dealing with combination therapies that involve PZQ and other anthelminthic drugs and/or antioxidant agents in treatment of schistosomiasis. Whereas PZQ combined with antioxidant agents might or might not interfere with anthelminthic efficacy, combinations may nonetheless ameliorate tissue damage and infection-associated complications. In fact, alone or combine with other drugs, antioxidants might be a valuable adjuvant to reduce morbidity and mortality of schistosomiasis. Therefore, attempting new combinations of anthelmintic drugs with other biomolecules such as antioxidants provides new avenues for discovery of alternatives to PZQ.


According to the feather of the many mine shafts extends to the deep, a new high lift head mammoth electric diving pump for drainage was developed. To study the unsteady characteristics that caused by interaction between the impeller and guide vanes, the sliding mesh technology and RNG k −ε Turbulence models was adopted to simulate the unsteady flow in the pump. The pressure distribution characteristics of the relevant section for the impeller, guide vane and return guide vane was obtained by calculation. The unsteady pressure fluctuation characteristic of each monitoring point was analyzed in the electric diving pump. The effective lift head by calculation fits the actual situation, which is greater than the measured lift head and has only 5% relative deviation.


BACKGROUND
Re-stenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is related to clinical and angiographic features.

AIM
To describe the clinical and angiographic characteristic of our patients with coronary cardiopathy subjected to PTCA and the predictor factors for re-stenosis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We gathered the clinical and angiographic characteristics of all patients who underwent a successful PTCA of a native coronary artery. All patients had a clinical assessment one year after the procedure. Patients were classified in Group 1, if they did not have angina or coronary events after the angioplasty or Group 2, if they had angina or a coronary event after the procedure. Only Group 2 patients were subjected to a coronary angiogram.

RESULTS
We collected 383 PTCA procedures. Follow up information was obtained in 92.2%. Three hundred forty two patients (89.3%) were assessed one year the procedure. Nine patients (2.3%) died of a cardiovascular cause. Ninety patients (26.3%) were classified in Group 2. In 65 patients, angiographic re-stenosis was demonstrated (19%). Re-stenosis occurred in 36 and 13% of patients with an without Diabetes Mellitus, respectively (p <0.01). The other clinical predictor variables were a history of myocardial infarction (p =0.007), obesity (p =0.041) and hypercholesterolemia (p =0.050). None of the angiographic characteristics predicted restenosis. Stents were protective factors against restenosis (15.6% in stented lesions vs 25.4% in nonstented; p =0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Re-stenosis after angioplasty occurred in 19% of our patients with angina or coronary events. The clinical variables associated with a higher risk of re-stenosis were diabetes (the main risk factor), previous myocardial infarction, obesity and hypercholesterolemia. Angiographic variables were not associated with re-stenosis. The use of stents decreases the incidence of re-stenosis in all groups).


The binding of chemokines to their receptors guides lymphocyte migration. However, the precise mechanism that links the chemotactic signals with the energy and traction force generated by the actomyosin complex of the cell has not been elucidated. Using biochemical approaches and mass spectrometry analysis, we found an association between the C-termini of CXCR4 and CCR5 and the motor protein nonmuscle myosin H chain-IIA. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that this association also occurs between the endogenous molecules in T lymphocytes. As expected, myosin L chain was also associated with CXCR4. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that CXCR4 and motor protein nonmuscle myosin H chain-IIA colocalize at the leading edge of migrating T lymphocytes, together with filamentous actin and myosin L chain. These results provide the first evidence of a biochemical association between chemokine receptors and motor proteins, a mechanosignaling mechanism that may have a key role in lymphocyte migration.


Background The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed unprecedented challenges on the nursing practice, particularly in Poland. Nurses, as crucial healthcare service providers, have faced organisational disruptions, altered working conditions, and heightened professional anxieties. Methods We undertook a comprehensive survey across all medical centres in Lublin, Poland in 2020 to understand nurses' attitudes towards their roles and working conditions during the pandemic. This involved 470 nurses completing a questionnaire which focused on four pivotal areas: readiness to be on call in a disaster situation (even when not formally asked); willingness to work overtime in a disaster without additional compensation, preparedness to undertake health risks by caring for individuals with infectious diseases or exposure to hazardous substances, and willingness to be transferred to other departments during a disaster. Results We found that excessive workload, fear of infection, and feelings of helplessness significantly influenced nurses' readiness to work overtime, particularly when unpaid. We also presented the ethical dilemmas that nurses encountered during the pandemic and how these dilemmas affected their decision-making processes. We further explored the impact of variables such as nurses' professional experience, tenure, and level of organisational preparedness on their readiness to respond to crisis situations. Conclusions Gaining an understanding of nurses' perspectives is key for formulating strategies to bolster their professional engagements and resilience during crises. Addressing these issues can help build a more robust and well-prepared healthcare system that can effectively navigate future crises.


Crisp classification trees have been used to model many situations such as disease classification. With the introduction of fuzzy theory, fuzzy classification trees are gaining popularity especially in data mining. Very little work has been done in comparing crisp and fuzzy classification trees. This paper compares crisp classification trees and fuzzy classification trees using Gini index as the impurity measure. The objective is to determine which of the two classification trees gives fewer errors of classification. The data used consisted of two sets of observations from multivariate normal distributions. The first set of data were from two 3-variate normal populations with different mean vectors and common dispersion matrix. From each of the two populations 5000 samples were generated. 1000 samples out of the 5000 were used to create the trees. The remaining 4000 samples from each population were used to test the trees. The second set of data were from three 4-variate normal populations with different mean vectors and common dispersion matrix. A similar sampling and testing procedure as for the case of first set of data was employed. Computations were implemented using R statistical package. The results from the test showed that fuzzy classification trees allocated observations to the correct population with fewer errors than did crisp classification tree.


The Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) is chosen by our laboratory for the integration of passive components in the microwaves domain and for the miniaturization of integrated inductors and transformers. Magnetic and morphological characterizations are essential for the development of these components. To fabricate a micro-inductor of solenoid type, we have deposited on an alumina substrate, by RF sputtering, a thin YIG film between two layers of copper. We have also used the photolithography technique in a clean room to obtain the desired pattern of the coil. The YIG films are amorphous after deposition, the annealing at 740°C for 2 hours is necessary for them to be crystallized and to have magnetic properties. To avoid the deterioration of copper layers, the Classical Thermal Annealing (CTA) was replaced by a Vacuum Thermal Annealing (VTA). Before manufacturing the integrated inductor, it is interesting to do the magnetic, crystallographic and morphological characterizations of YIG films after annealing with both techniques of thermal treatment. To check the quality of the prototype, we have done different characterizations: VSM, Kerr effect, XRD, SEM. The results obtained with VTA were better than of CTA comparing them with bulk YIG properties.


Phylogeography and zooarchaeology are largely separate disciplines, yet each interrogates relationships between humans and commensal species. Knowledge gained about human history from studies of four commensal rats (Rattus rattus, R. tanezumi, R. exulans, and R. norvegicus) is outlined, and open questions about their spread alongside humans are identified. Limitations of phylogeographic and zooarchaeological studies are highlighted, then how integration would increase understanding of species' demographic histories and resultant inferences about human societies is discussed. How rat expansions have informed the understanding of human migration, urban settlements, trade networks, and intra‐ and interspecific competition is reviewed. Since each rat species is associated with different human societies, they identify unique ecological and historical/cultural conditions that influenced their expansion. Finally, priority research areas including nuclear genome based phylogeographies are identified using archaeological evidence to understand R. norvegicus expansion across China, multi‐wave colonization of R. rattus across Europe, and competition between R. rattus and R. norvegicus.


The stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) experiments with half-cavity targets have been carried out at the Shenguang-II laser facility. The imitative optic multiple-channel analyser (OMA) spectrograph is used to obtain the SRS experimental spectrum. We have developed a two-dimensional laser plasma interaction (LPI2D) code. The SRS spectrum for half-cavity targets is analysed theoretically and simulated numerically using the LPI2D code. These simulations quantitatively reproduce the experimental results firstly.


Data is central to scholarly research, but the nature and location of data used is often under-reported in research publications. Greater transparency and citation of data have positive effects for the culture of research. This article presents the results of a survey of data citation in six years of articles published in the journal GESTURE (12.1-17.2). Gesture researchers draw on a broad range of data types, but the source and location of data are often not disclosed in publications. There is also still a strong research focus on only a small range of the world's languages and their linguistic diversity. Published papers rarely cite back to the primary data, unless it is already published. We discuss both the implications of these findings and the ways that scholars in the field of gesture studies can build a positive culture around open data.


An optical approach for pigmented lesions detection in human skin is presented. As differences between normal skin tissue and pigmentation tissue (and even a change in pigmentation development) can be detected by their optical properties, this paper presents a new, potentially noninvasive approach for skin cancer detection. Since each wavelength has different penetration depth into the tissue and different absorption, the goal was to check whether a combination of information obtained from five different wavelengths, can increase the detection probability and reduce the false positive probability, compared to using only one wavelength. Temporal tracking of back-reflected secondary speckle patterns generated while illuminating the tested area with several lasers and applying periodic vibrations to the surface via a controlled vibration source at several stimulation frequencies. As a sequel to the previous work conducted in our laboratory which investigated pigmented lesions interaction with one light source, this work deals with increasing the number of parameters that are being looked at and considered at the same time. Using five wavelengths, 9 vibration frequencies and 19 signal analysis parameters, ex-vivo experiments were performed on porcine skin tissues and were analyzed using artificial intelligence tools which could detect the strong features for each wavelength individually. Combining the wavelengths produced impressive results compared to the results by each wavelength separately: both types of errors, false positive and false negative, decreased to less than 2%. Such a significant change in its impact on patients shows the value of this method. This paper shows the possibility of optically separating normal skin from pigmentation tissue, by using the advantages of multi-spectral optimization. This is a necessary proof of concept as a preliminary step toward our future experiments, which may differentiate between different types of pigmentation, and even malignancy and benign tissues.


This thesis describes the development, refinement and application of analytical techniques in conjunction with other methods for studying the environmental occurrence, distribution and transformation of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The procedures involve selective high-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation on a styrene-divinylbenzene gel permeation column and 2-(1-pyrenyl)ethyldimethylsilylated silica column combined with high resolution gas chromatography and low resolution mass spectrometry. The determination of PCNs on a congener specific basis was investigated and it was concluded that several combinations of liquid and gas chromatographic systems were needed to achieve a complete congener separation. The finally chosen method enabled the separation of 42 of the 49 possible chlorinated naphthalenes (CNs) containing four to seven chlorines. Levels of PCNs were generally found to follow those of PCBs, both geographically and in time trends, thus indicating a common source. Exceptionally high levels of PCNs were found at sites with high levels of PCBs, such as close to some paper mills processing recycled paper, but also at sites with chlorine production industries using graphite electrodes in the chloralkali process. High levels of the persistent 1,2,3,4,6,7- and 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexaCN congeners were found in avian top predators by the Baltic Sea. These levels may contribute to an impaired health and reproduction for these species. Levels of total PCNs in Swedish background sediments were found to be between 0.1 and 1ng/g on a dry weight basis. Several of the 1,3,5,7 and 1,4,6,7 substituted tetra- penta and hexaCN congeners were found to be more abundant in these samples than in source related samples, thus indicating that these congeners are more persistent in the environment. In order to investigate the potential alteration in CN congener profile by sunlight exposure, a photolysis experiment was conducted. Both sunlight and artificial UV exposure resulted in an overall dechlorination. In particular, several of the 1,8-substituted CN congeners were affected. These results may partly explain the differences seen in CN congener profiles between source related samples and background samples.


It is essential for safety-critical applications of deep neural networks to determine when new inputs are significantly different from the training distribution. In this paper, we explore this out-of-distribution (OOD) detection problem for image classification using clusters of semantically similar embeddings of the training data and exploit the differences in distance relationships to these clusters between in- and out-of-distribution data. We study the structure and separation of clusters in the embedding space and find that supervised contrastive learning leads to well-separated clusters while its self-supervised counterpart fails to do so. In our extensive analysis of different training methods, clustering strategies, distance metrics, and thresholding approaches, we observe that there is no clear winner. The optimal approach depends on the model architecture and selected datasets for in- and out-of-distribution. While we could reproduce the outstanding results for contrastive training on CIFAR-10 as in-distribution data, we find standard cross-entropy paired with cosine similarity outperforms all contrastive training methods when training on CIFAR-100 instead. Cross-entropy provides competitive results as compared to expensive contrastive training methods.


BACKGROUND
It is a challenge to give adequate help to patients who have problems controlling their aggression. Stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors and blockage of 5-HT2A receptors is known to have antiaggressive effects. Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug with a combined effect as a dopamine antagonist and a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Risperidone in dosages from 0.25 to 1 mg daily was administered to 11 patients with restlessness, concentration problems, tics and aggression that was hard to control. The patients were 11 to 47 years of age, most of them were also taking other medications, and all received other kinds of treatment, e.g. psychotherapy. There was no control group.

RESULTS
More than half of the patients gained far better control of their temper. Two of the patients were taken off risperidone treatment after a short period of time because of side effects and no effect on temper.

INTERPRETATION
The observed effect of risperidone on aggression is in concordance with other reports, but in lower dosages than reported elsewhere. Risperidone therefore seems promising as an adjuvant in treating patients with hard controllable aggression, even in very low dosages, though their is a need for systematic studies to assess the effect.


In an attempt to decrease pneumothorax after transthoracic needle lung biopsy we evaluated the effect of breathing 100% oxygen during the procedure. Fifty consecutive biopsies on 46 hospital patients were performed on subjects breathing either oxygen or compressed air. The selected gas, chosen randomly, was given for five minutes before the biopsy and continued for 30 minutes after. Twenty-six procedures were on air (group 1) and 24 on pure oxygen (group 2). Four subjects in group 2 were eliminated from analysis because they were unable to sustain the required oxygen breathing. Results showed fewer pneumothoraces with subjects breathing oxygen (four out of 20) than with those breathing air (11 out of 26). Three patients in group 1 required chest tube drainage for symptoms of dyspnoea, but none were required in group 2. The peak area of gas accumulation for each pneumothorax was smaller in group 2, with a mean surface area of 27·1 cm2 (range 9·6-63·8), than in group 1 mean of 68·1 cm2 (range 6·4-172·4). The rather surprising finding of fewer pneumothoraces in the oxygen group may be explained by rapid absorption of small leaks immediately after lung puncture. These results were statistically significant (p<0·05). We conclude that 100% oxygen breathing during transthoracic needle biopsy decreases the number and size of pneumothoraces and propose this simple technique to decrease the morbidity of transthoracic needle lung biopsy.