PURPOSE
To investigate the pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab in rabbits for three different routes of administrations: intravitreal injection, subconjunctival injection, and eye drops.

METHODS
Pigmented rabbits received bevacizumab in one eye by topical eye drops (1.25 mg/0.05 mL six times daily for the first 7 days), single subconjunctival injection (1.25 mg/0.05 mL), or single intravitreal injection (1.25 mg/0.05 mL). Bevacizumab concentrations in plasma and ocular tissues in the treated and fellow eyes were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks after administration.

RESULTS
After intravitreal injection in the treated eye, the mean maximum concentrations (C(max)) of bevacizumab in the iris/ciliary body and retina/choroid were 109,192.6, and 93,990.0 ng/g, respectively, whereas after subconjunctival injection, the C(max) was 1418.7 and 295.8 ng/g, respectively. In the fellow eyes, when the drug was administered by intravitreal injection, the C(max) was 753.6 ng/g in the iris/ciliary body and 224.2 ng/g in the retina/choroid and by subconjunctival injection was 1192.9 and 187.0 ng/g, respectively. With eye drops, only a small level of bevacizumab was detected in the iris/ciliary body and retina/choroid. Systemic exposure to bevacizumab was at the same level when administered by intravitreal or subconjunctival injection.

CONCLUSIONS
Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab was the most effective route of administration for intraocular tissue. Also, bevacizumab injected subconjunctivally was transported into the intraocular tissues of the treated eyes at an effective level. Both intravitreal and subconjunctival injections of bevacizumab resulted in high plasma concentrations. Bevacizumab was distributed into the intraocular tissues in fellow eyes via the systemic circulation. This treatment may be effective for blocking vascular endothelial growth factor activity.


The Philippines is a nation with a rich culture and heritage that reflects the indigenous diversity of the islands. Its present identity and unique features are not whimsical. They are mainly the result of a combination of events throughout its history. Its linguistic diversity and cultural uniqueness— e.g., being the only Asian Christian country—are clear evidence of several colonial influences (Hechanova, 2012; Miller, 2014). Using an ethnographic approach, this paper examines English, Taglish, and pragmatic aspects in a suburb and a metropolitan area of the Philippines. This study reveals that socioeconomic status, educational attainment and background go hand in hand with the level of exposure and usage of the English language. It also shows that the interactional and speech acts that nine participants demonstrated during the interviews, together with the artifacts found on the research sites, are reflections of their culture. The study also led to the conclusion that code-switching or Taglish is common among English-speaking Filipinos. Finally, more English proficiency was evidenced with people who had attended private schools more than those who attended public education.


This article is an attempt to document some of the filmmaking processes and highlight some of the specific factors that determined the final form of the film Cap Bocage . I see this as an opportunity to outline more personal reflections on process. This article will firstly give context to some of the filmmaking challenges by discussing the idea of the voice of a documentary (Nichols, 2010, p. 256) as it relates to subject matter. Here I will emphasise the idea of a personal approach to story that sometimes runs adjacent to the traditional techniques one may find in more expositional work or in a purely journalistic rendering of the narrative. This article also explores two other works that concern themselves with militant struggle in New Caledonia. One is the feature length drama Rebellion (Kassowitz, 2011) and the other a documentary: Tjibaou le pardon (Dagneau, 2006). While the approach to the history of militancy in the films is different, both works are good examples of the challenges filmmakers face while tracing stories involving conflict or societal trauma. Image: Florent Eurisouke in a still from Jim Marbrook's 2014 documentary Cap Bocage .


Nanostructuring of semiconductor films offers the potential means for producing photoelectrodes with improved minority charge carrier collection. Crucial to the effective operation of the photoelectrode is also the choice of a suitable electrolyte. The behaviour of the nanostructured WO(3) photoanodes in methane sulfonic acid solutions, which allow one to obtain large, perfectly stable visible-light driven water splitting photocurrents, is discussed. The important effect of the electrolyte concentration upon the current distribution and the related photocurrent losses within the nanoporous photoelectrodes is pointed out.


ABSTRACT Background The kidney has the highest level of selenium (Se) in the body, but the role of plasma Se in chronic kidney disease is uncertain. Objective We aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between baseline plasma Se and renal function decline in adults with hypertension and to explore possible effect modifiers. Methods This was a post hoc analysis of 935 men and women with hypertension aged 40 to 75 years from a folic-acid intervention trial (the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial) in China. The baseline plasma Se was analyzed both as a continuous variable and as tertiles. The primary outcome was a rapid decline in renal function, defined as a mean decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≥ 5 mL/(min × 1.73 m2) per year. Results The median follow-up duration from baseline to outcome was 4.4 years. After multivariate adjustment, there was an inverse association between plasma Se and a rapid decline in renal function (per 10-unit increment; OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.99). When the baseline plasma Se was assessed as tertiles, compared to the lowest tertile (<74.5 μg/L), a lower trend of the primary outcome was found in the second tertile (74.5 to < 89.4 μg/L; OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.34, 1.07) and the highest tertile (89.4 to <150 μg/L; OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.80; Ptrend = 0.006). Furthermore, the Se-renal association was more pronounced among participants with folic acid treatment or with a higher baseline folate concentration (both Pinteraction values < 0.05). Conclusions In this sample of Chinese adults with hypertension, baseline plasma Se concentrations were inversely associated with the risk of renal function decline. The China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00794885.


Kesterite (CZTSe) is a promising thin film photovoltaic absorber material due to its composition of more earth abundant materials compared to mature thin film photovoltaic technologies. Up to now, power conversion efficiencies are still lower and its main problem is the low open circuit voltage (Voc). Recently, a novel sintering approach using a nanometric Ge layer showed a large increase in device performance and especially in Voc. In this work, in-depth solar cell characterization as well as Raman and photoluminescence studies of devices employing different Ge doped CZTSe absorber layers is presented. The main focus is to reveal the beneficial effects of Ge doping and furthermore investigate the interaction of Ge and Na. For low Ge doping an increase in charge carrier concentration is observed, resulting in devices with a Voc of 460 mV, which corresponds to a Voc deficit (Eg/q − Voc) of 596 mV, a value comparable to current record devices. For high Ge amounts, admittance spectroscopy measurements identified the appearance of a deep defect which can explain the observed deterioration of solar cell performance. Additional Na provided during crystallization of high Ge doped devices can reduce the density of this deep defect and recover device performance. These results indicate that Na plays an important role in defect passivation and we propose a defect model based on the interaction of group IV elements and Na with Cu vacancies.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To provide insight into family caregiver perspectives on social relations within the 'caregiving triangle' between family caregiver, professional caregiver and elderly resident with dementia. Results were compared between traditional versus small-scale long-term care settings in the Netherlands and Belgium.

BACKGROUND
Residential dementia care is shifting towards a more holistic and person-centred approach. Until now, little is known about family caregiver perspectives.

DESIGN
A quasi-experimental longitudinal design.

METHODS
This study was part of a larger research project focusing on the quality of life of residents with dementia in traditional and small-scale settings (n = 179). This study focused on family caregivers related to these residents (n = 64). They filled in a questionnaire containing 25 items (baseline and after 12 months) related to their perspectives on the interaction within the 'caregiving triangle'. Analyses were performed using mixed models and logistic regression.

RESULTS
Compared to traditional settings, family caregivers of relatives with dementia living in small-scale settings had more contact with the professional caregivers, were more satisfied with this contact and felt that staff paid more attention to their feelings as family members. They also reported that staff showed better listening skills towards the residents. Furthermore, compared to those in Belgium, family caregivers in the Netherlands perceived staff to be less hurried and more accepting of help from family and felt that staff more often takes the resident seriously.

CONCLUSION
In the move towards more person-centred care for residents with dementia, this study finds preliminary evidence for the importance of integrating the family perspective.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Gaining more insight into the perspectives of family caregivers on the social relations within the 'caregiving triangle' may provide knowledge about the importance of the social system surrounding elderly residents with dementia and can provide pointers for future research.


The neuropathological findings in an autopsy case of thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) with serial sections of the brain are described here. This patient was a female infant, born at 33 weeks gestation, who died on day 1. Skeletal anomalies, consisting of short limbs, a small thorax, short ribs, thick cortical vertebral body substance and sternum substance, and hypoplastic lungs, were compatible with typical phenotypic features of TD. The brain weighed 370 g, showing a cloverleaf megalencephaly. A computerized 3‐D reconstruction technique visualized clearly abnormal deep sulci arranged perpendicular to the neuraxis on the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, and peculiar configurational changes of the lateral ventricle. In particular, the inferior horn showed an unusual complex form. Dysgenetic changes were largely located in the anterior temporal lobe as follows: cortical polymicrogyria; leptomeningeal heterotopia with discontinuity of the subpial basement membrane; serpentine arrangement of pyramidal cells of the cornu ammonis (CA)1 of the hippocampus; hypoplastic dentate gyrus; hyperplasia of the amygdaloid body; and heterotopic nodules of neuroblasts or glioblasts in the periventricular white matter. Apart from the temporal lobe, the cerebral pia mater showed unusual fusion of two facing sheets in a sulcus and ectopia of nerve cells, and the cerebellar vermis was small. The findings observed here indicate that overgrowth and lack of growth can coexist in the TD brain, suggesting that some interaction(s) between the mesenchyme and the nervous tissue may play a role in normal differentiation of these two cell lines.


Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder. Though the exact mechanism of MDD onset is unknown, serotonin dysregulation is a common feature of the disease. Today, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a common treatment option for those suffering from MDD. These drugs act by selectively inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin into presynaptic serotonergic terminals, thus prolonging the actions of serotonin in the synapse. However, there exists another serotonin transporter, organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) that is widely distributed throughout the brain and is presumably not a target of SSRIs. Consequently, efforts to inhibit the classical serotonin transporter using SSRIs may not be fully effective, as OCT3 remains active and would terminate the action of serotonin. OCT3 is a corticosteronesensitive, low affinity, high-capacity, sodium-independent transporter for organic cations, including serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). OCT3 may play an important role in clearance of 5-HT from serotonergic synapses within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), particularly when 5-HT is present in high concentrations. The DRN gives rise to the innervation of the majority of serotonergic innervation of the forebrain, and, therefore, OCT3 may play a role in myriad mechanisms. The specific aims of this project are to 1) elucidate the overall distribution of OCT3 within the rat DRN, 2) characterize the inhibition of serotonergic neuronal firing rates in the rat DRN as a result of autoinhibition of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A receptor when OCT3 is blocked using corticosterone, an OCT3 antagonist, and 3) determine the location of this transporter in the synapse. Data collected from this project will provide further evidence of the importance of OCT3 in determining the degree of autoinhibition of serotonergic neuronal firing rates. OCT3 control of serotonergic signaling will have important implications for diverse physiological and behavioral affects of many neurological diseases, including MDD.


By recruiting the lipid phosphatase SHIP1, Fc receptors mediate not only cis-inhibition but also trans-inhibition. Allergic inflammation gets "SHIP"ped out Fc receptors bind to the Fc portion of antibodies. Fcγ receptors (FcγR) bind to IgG, whereas Fcε receptors (FcεRI) bind to IgE antibodies. Antigen recognition by FcεRI-bound IgE on mast cells and basophils triggers receptor clustering and the release of inflammatory mediators responsible for allergic symptoms. Coclustering of FceRI with FcγRIIB inhibits activation signals (cis-inhibition) by recruiting SHIP1. Malbec et al. showed that FcγRIIB also inhibited signaling through receptors with which these receptors were not coclustered, indicating that FcγRIIB can also mediate trans-inhibition. FcγRIIB limited PIP3-dependent signaling by not only the receptors involved in allergic responses, but also growth factor receptors. FcγRIIB also reduced the oncogen-induced proliferation of mastocytoma cells. These data suggest that manipulating trans-inhibition may provide a general therapy to inhibit inflammatory signaling. Allergic and autoimmune inflammation are associated with the activation of mast cells and basophils by antibodies against allergens or auto-antigens, respectively. Both cell types express several receptors for the Fc portion of antibodies, the engagement of which by antigen-antibody complexes controls their responses. When aggregated on the plasma membrane, high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptors (FcεRI) and low-affinity IgG receptors (FcγRIIIA in mice, FcγRIIA in humans) induce these cells to release and secrete proinflammatory mediators, chemokines, and cytokines that account for clinical symptoms. When coaggregated with activating receptors on the same cells, other low-affinity IgG receptors (FcγRIIB in both species) inhibit mast cell and basophil activation. We found that FcγRIIB inhibited not only signals triggered by activating receptors with which they were coengaged (cis-inhibition), but also signals triggered by receptors engaged independently (trans-inhibition). Trans-inhibition acted upon the FcεRI-dependent activation of mouse mast cells, mouse basophils, and human basophils, and upon growth factor receptor (Kit)–dependent normal mouse mast cell proliferation, as well as the constitutive in vitro proliferation and the in vivo growth of oncogene (v-Abl)–transformed mastocytoma cells. Trans-inhibition was induced by receptors, whether inhibitory (FcγRIIB) or activating (FcεRI), which recruited the lipid phosphatase SHIP1. By hydrolyzing PI(3,4,5)P3, SHIP1 induced a global unresponsiveness that affected biological responses triggered by receptors that use phosphoinositide 3-kinase to signal. These data suggest that trans-inhibition controls numerous physiological and pathological processes, and that it may be used as a therapeutic tool in inflammation, especially but not exclusively, in allergy and autoimmunity.


Strong atmospheric turbulence (disturbance due to rain, fog, haze etc.) is a major problem in optical communication system. In this paper, the performance analysis of an optical communication system with Free Space Optics (FSO), Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) and Single Mode Fiber (SMF) in weak atmospheric turbulence has been analysed. Data stream is transmitted at 20Gbps using different channels under attenuation 1dB/km, 2dB/km and 3dB/km. Comparison is made in terms of Q factor, BER and received optical power. It is found that the signal can be transmitted with better Q factor, least BER and high received power with OWC system.


gauge needles for infiltration along a dermal edge -for example, before lacerations are suturedcould be more widely adopted. Obviously these needles are less rigid than the 21 gauge (green) and 23 gauge (orange) needles used at present, and 21 gauge needles must be used for procedures such as deep nerve blocks and intracapsular joint injections. For giving most other local anaesthetics, however, the 27 gauge and 30 gauge needles would be adequate, and, I am sure, preferable for the patient. I am a dental surgeon, and during my current undergraduate medical training I have witnessed many patients being given unnecessarily painful injections of local anaesthetic by doctors who have received only rudimentary training in techniques. Little or no thought is being given to methods of reducing the discomfort of injection. This is at its worst in accident departments, with paediatric units giving most consideration, mainly by using topical anaesthetic creams. Use of dental technology can facilitate Davidson and Boom's aim of providing warm sterile local anaesthetic for infiltration. Dental anaesthetics come in a variety of solutions and concentrations, with or without vasoconstrictors, and are supplied as sterilised, individually packed ampoules that fit directly into a standardised syringe, which are available in both aspirating and non-aspirating varieties. The ampoule is loaded into the syringe intact and the desired needle connected. This action punctures the ampoule so that there is no contact with the local anaesthetic before its infiltration. This system prevents the contamination of the local anaesthetic solution that is possible with repeated drawing from a stock bottle. Another bonus of using these ampoules is the ready availability of commercial thermostatic heaters, although a correctly adjusted baby's bottle warmer will do the same job at a much reduced cost. Their use also removes the need to overheat the solution to allow for cooling in the syringe, in turn reducing the dissociation of the local anaesthetic solution. If I should need a skin laceration sutured I will visit my dentist first to have the local anaesthetic administered before attending casualty.


Nutritional support of the critically ill patient includes daily provision of macronutrients and micronutrients including vitamins and trace minerals. Publications on nutrition support often emphasize macronutrient administration including proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Although micronutrient supplementation is common practice, guidelines for their provision during critical illness are completely empiric. Trace elements are essential not only as intermediaries in metabolism but also for their potential roles in wound healing, cellular immunity, and antioxidant activity. This review is aimed at highlighting the important role of trace elements in the metabolic support of patients and also as pharmaconutrients in intensive care units. Future research in ICU nutrition should emphasize on the pharmaconutrient aspect of trace elements so as to determine the appropriate route, dose and timing of the intervention.  doi:10.4021/jem24e


Abstract Introduction: Tooth impaction is defined as the absence of a tooth on the arch, after its normal eruption age. The main reason canines are impacted is the lack of space required for the tooth to erupt. Aim of study: The main objective of this study is to determine the types of malocclusions associated with canine impaction (Lindauer classification). A secondary objective is to establish the correlation between these parameters and identification of subjects with high risk of canine impaction based on pre-existing malocclusion. Material and methods: This study was performed on a sample of 20 patients, 9 men and 11 women. The dental casts were subject to Angle classification and various measurements such as arch perimeter, Pont's index, sum of the mesiodistal width of the incisor and arch length were performed. The Lindauer sectorial classification was determined based on the patients' panoramic radiography. Results: According to the data collected, the Class II /2 malocclusion is more frequent, and it is associated with the impacted canine (approximately 50%). According to the Lindauer classification higher frequency of the impacted canines was found in Sector IV. Conclusion: The diagnosis for impacted canines is often associated with Class II /2 malocclusion, and according to the Sector classification, it is often localised in Sector IV.


This study proposes the use of a split covariance intersection algorithm Split-CI for decentralized multirobot cooperative localization. In the proposed method, each robot maintains a local cubature Kalman filter to estimate its own pose in a predefined coordinate frame. When a robot receives pose information from neighbouring robots, it employs a Split-CI based approach to fuse this received measurement with its local belief. The computational and communicative complexities of the proposed algorithm increase linearly with the number of robots in the multirobot systems MRS. The proposed method does not require fully connected synchronous communication channels between robots; in fact, it is applicable for MRS with asynchronous and partially connected communication networks. The pose estimation error of the proposed method is bounded. As the proposed method is capable of handling independent and interdependent information of the estimations separately, it does not generate overconfidence state estimations. The performance of the proposed method is compared with several multirobot localization approaches. The simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the single-robot localization algorithms and achieves approximately the same estimation accuracy as the centralized cooperative localization approach, but with reduced computational and communicative cost.


To combat decades of anthropogenic degradation, restoration programs seek to improve ecological conditions through habitat enhancement. Rapid assessments of condition are needed to support adaptive management programs and improve the understanding of restoration effects at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Previous attempts to evaluate restoration practices on large river systems have been hampered by assessment tools that are irreproducible or metrics without clear connections to population responses. We modified a demonstration flow assessment approach to assess the realized changes in habitat quantity and quality attributable to restoration effects. We evaluated the technique's ability to predict anadromous salmonid habitat and survey reproducibility on the Trinity River in northern California. Fish preference clearly aligned with a priori designations of habitat quality: the odds of observing rearing Chinook or coho salmon within high‐quality habitats ranged between 10 and 16 times greater than low qualities, and in all cases the highest counts were associated with highest quality habitat. In addition, the technique proved to be reproducible with "substantial" to "almost perfect" agreement of results from independent crews, a considerable improvement over a previous demonstration flow assessment. These results support the use of the technique for assessing changes in habitat from restoration efforts and for informing adaptive management decisions.


HISTOLOGIC STUDIES cannot separate easily the sensory and autonomic nervous tissues that appear to be mixed or to be in close proximity in the dermal layers of human skin. Specific techniques for demonstration of sensory and autonomic nerves have been proposed, but, ultimately, it is the relationship and intimate morphology that decide in which system a given structure is classified. When any technique is used, sensory fibers are seen in the dermal plexus supplying the Merkel, Meissner, mucocutaneous, Vater-Pacini end-organs. With some techniques autonomic networks are observed with some surety about the eccrine glands, larger vessels, and arrectores pilorum muscles. However, discrepancies in the literature make it evident that the tiny fibers, either isolated or in bundles, which are observed in the middle and upper dermis, cannot be classified with certainty. The nature and distribution of the sensory and autonomic fibers in the dermis could be decided reliably if a


Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a special case of multicarrier transmission where a single DataStream is transmitted over a number of lower rate subcarriers. In July 1998, the IEEE standardization group decided to select OFDM as the basis for their new 5-GHz standard aiming a range of data stream from 6 up to 54 Mbps. This new standard is the first one to use OFDM in packet-based communications. In wireless communication, concept of parallel transmission of symbols is used to achieve high throughput and better transmission quality. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the techniques for parallel transmission. The idea of OFDM is to split the total transmission bandwidth into a number of orthogonal subcarriers in order to transmit the symbols using these subcarriers in parallel. In this paper we will discuss the basics of OFDM technique, role of OFDM in this era, its benefits and losses and also some of its application.


Wind changes are a critical factor in fire management, particularly on days of elevated fire danger, and have been shown to be a factor in many firefighter entrapments in Australia and the USA. While there have been numerous studies of frontal wind changes over southeastern Australia since the 1950s, a spatial climatology of wind change strength and frequency over Victoria has hitherto been limited by the relatively low number of observation sites that have both high temporal resolution observations and sufficient length of record. This study used a recently developed high spatial (4-km grid) and temporal (1 hour) resolution, 46-year, homogeneous gridded fire weather climatology data set to generate a climatology of wind change strength by season at each gridpoint across Victoria. The metric used to define a wind change is the vector difference between the wind speed and direction over each 1-hour interval, with the highest value occuring on each day being selected for spatial analysis of strength and frequency. The highest values of wind change strength are found along the crest of the Great Dividing Range (the Great Divide), with a peak in spring. Elsewhere, the highest values occur in summer, with the areas south of the Great Divide, west of Melbourne and in central Gippsland showing higher values than the remainder of the state. The strength of wind changes generally decreases north of the Great Divide, although it is stronger in the northwest of the state in spring rather than in autumn. Lowest summertime (and other seasons) values occur in the northeast of the state and in far-east Gippsland. Exploring the frequencies of days when the highest daily Forest Fire Danger Index and the highest daily wind change strength jointly exceed defined thresholds shows that the northwest of the state has the highest springtime frequencies, whereas the highest autumn frequencies occur west of Melbourne and south of the Great Divide. The highest numbers of joint events in summer (when the greatest frequencies also occur) extend from central Victoria west to the South Australian border, with a secondary maximum in central Gippsland. These analyses offer important information for fire weather forecasters and for fire practitioners when preparing for a fire season or managing a fire campaign (for example, for allocating resources or understanding risks).


Abstract Many plant species have floral morphologies that restrict access to floral resources, such as pollen or nectar, and only a subset of floral visitors can perform the handling behaviors required to extract restricted resources. Due to the time and energy required to extract resources from morphologically complex flowers, these plant species potentially compete for pollinators with co‐flowering plants that have more easily accessible resources. A widespread floral mechanism restricting access to pollen is the presence of tubular anthers that open through small pores or slits (poricidal anthers). Some bees have evolved the capacity to remove pollen from poricidal anthers using vibrations, giving rise to the phenomenon of buzz‐pollination. These bee vibrations that are produced for pollen extraction are presumably energetically costly, and to date, few studies have investigated whether buzz‐pollinated flowers may be at a disadvantage when competing for pollinators' attention with plant species that present unrestricted pollen resources. Here, we studied Cyanella hyacinthoides (Tecophilaeaceae), a geophyte with poricidal anthers in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, to assess how the composition and relative abundance of flowers with easily accessible pollen affect bee visitation to a buzz‐pollinated plant. We found that the number of pollinator species of C. hyacinthoides was not influenced by community composition. However, visitation rates to C. hyacinthoides were reduced when the relative abundances of flowers with more accessible resources were high. Visitation rates were strongly associated with petal color, showing that flower color is important in mediating these interactions. We conclude that buzz‐pollinated plants might be at a competitive disadvantage when many easily accessible pollen sources are available, particularly when competitor species share its floral signals.


Objective Catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is still challenging, no optimal extra-pulmonary vein lesion set is known. We previously reported the clinical feasibility of computational modeling-guided AF catheter ablation. Methods We randomly assigned 118 patients with persistent AF (77.8% men, age 60.8 ± 9.9 years) to the computational modeling-guided ablation group (53 patients) and the empirical ablation group (55 patients) based on the operators' experience. For virtual ablation, four virtual linear and one electrogram-guided lesion sets were tested on patient heart computed tomogram-based models, and the lesion set with the fastest termination time was reported to the operator in the modeling-guided ablation group. The primary outcome was freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmias lasting longer than 30 s after a single procedure. Results During 31.5 ± 9.4 months, virtual ablation procedures were available in 95.2% of the patients (108/118). Clinical recurrence rate was significantly lower after a modeling-guided ablation than after an empirical ablation (20.8 vs. 40.0%, log-rank p = 0.042). Modeling-guided ablation was independently associated with a better long-term rhythm outcome of persistent AF ablation (HR = 0.29 [0.12–0.69], p = 0.005). The rhythm outcome of the modeling-guided ablation showed better trends in males, non-obese patients with a less remodeled atrium (left atrial dimension < 50 mm), ejection fraction ≥ 50%, and those without hypertension or diabetes (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the groups for the total procedure time (p = 0.403), ablation time (p = 0.510), and major complication rate (p = 0.900). Conclusion Among patients with persistent AF, the computational modeling-guided ablation was superior to the empirical catheter ablation regarding the rhythm outcome. Clinical Trial Registration This study was registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02171364.


It has been argued that in Western societies there are tendencies to encourage us to believe that we can achieve personal fulfilment alongside the space for self-expression and personal growth. But as noted by Craib (1994), these beliefs require us to balance a paradox between our aspirations and the pragmatic realisation that we might not become the person we want to be or achieve the career or other successes we truly desire; that these ambitions might be distant goals which we might never achieve. However, as Craib states, occupying this position and potentially modifying these hopes - making a compromise with 'reality' - can be a painful one because of the cultural value attached to selffulfilment and self-expression. This is exacerbated by the uncertainties we experience in our wider environment: 'And it is as if, in response to this immense uncertainty, we have to believe in the certainties of our own desires. The tangles and confusions that we get ourselves into when trying to maintain these certainties come to seem preferable to the pain of disappointment and uncertainty.'(Craib, 1994: 6) What follows is an argument for the importance of disappointment and what Freud (cited in Craib, 1994: 39) termed 'normal human misery' through an investigation of the problematic investment we are encouraged to make in the body. As noted by Shilling: 'With the decline of formal religious frameworks in the West which constructed and sustained existential and ontological certainties residing outside the individual, and the massive rise of the body in consumer culture as a bearer of symbolic value, there is a tendency for people in high modernity to place ever more importance on the body as constitutive of the self.' (Shilling, 2003: 2 – emphasis in the original). This is heightened by a development within society where many no longer place faith in religious authority, grand political narratives or ideologies – or have a world view provided by these meaning structures, so '…at least the body initially appears to provide a firm foundation on which to reconstruct a reliable sense of self in the modern world' (Shilling, ibid – emphasis added). Offering an example from sport, allied to a psychodynamic approach, an illustration of the problematic – indeed illusory and inevitably transient nature of this investment - will be made by focusing on the increasingly complex relationships athletes and organizations have with the body. Using the case of English cricketer, Andy Flintoff, I will explore the matrix of forces at play upon the body of the elite sportsperson and the interplay this has with 'traditional' companies; outlining the heightened investment and symbolism made here – offering a Kleinian Klein, 1952) analysis to stakeholder responses to physical and 'hence' performative failure. Ultimately I will argue that experiencing and holding the anxiety at the heart of these processes is not necessarily comfortable, or necessarily encouraged – because of the suffering it involves; a suffering rooted in a return to infantile states. If we can hold that anxiety, following Kle in, there is the possibility for holding the paradox mentioned by Craib: a crucial one for athletes, organizations and those who are stakeholders in both.


The foregoing investigation demostrates that the religious edict (Macc. 1:46) supposedly issued by Antichous Epiphanes IV, is a fictional product of the religious and dynastic propaganda. 1 (2) Macc shows the succes of the Maccabean revolt and the transferring of the high priest's dignity to the Maccabean dynasty as a religios phenomenon which is in accordance with the Torah. The betrayal of some proselyte Jews had finally provoked the conflict with Antiochus IV. This action of the Maccabees against those betrayers is also in accordance with the Torah of YHWH. The merely political-diplomatic relations of the Maccabees with the rising world power, Rome, form the background for the anti-Seleucid polemics of the books of the Maccabees.


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease and the most common cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Despite progress in the treatment of the active relapsing disease, therapeutic options targeting irreversible progressive decline remain limited. Studies using skin fibroblasts derived from patients with neurodegenerative disorders demonstrate that cell stress pathways and bioenergetics are altered when compared to healthy individuals. However, findings in MS skin fibroblasts are limited. Here, we collected skin fibroblasts from 24 healthy control individuals, 30 patients with MS, and ten with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to investigate altered cell stress profiles. We observed endoplasmic reticulum swelling in MS skin fibroblasts, and increased gene expression of cell stress markers including BIP, ATF4, CHOP, GRP94, P53, and P21. When challenged against hydrogen peroxide, MS skin fibroblasts had reduced resiliency compared to ALS and controls. Mitochondrial and glycolytic functions were perturbed in MS skin fibroblasts while exhibiting a significant increase in lactate production over ALS and controls. Our results suggest that MS skin fibroblasts have an underlying stress phenotype, which may be disease specific. Interrogating MS skin fibroblasts may provide patient specific molecular insights and aid in prognosis, diagnosis, and therapeutic testing enhancing individualized medicine.


Introduction The recent years have witnessed a continuous increase in lifestyle related health challenges around the world. As a result, researchers and health practitioners have focused on promoting healthy behavior using various behavior change interventions. The designs of most of these interventions are informed by health behavior models and theories adapted from various disciplines. Several health behavior theories have been used to inform health intervention designs, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Transtheoretical Model, and the Health Belief Model (HBM). However, the Health Belief Model (HBM), developed in the 1950s to investigate why people fail to undertake preventive health measures, remains one of the most widely employed theories of health behavior. However, the effectiveness of this model is limited. The first limitation is the low predictive capacity (R2 < 0.21 on average) of existing HBM's variables coupled with the small effect size of individual variables. The second is lack of clear rules of combination and relationship between the individual variables. In this paper, we propose a solution that aims at addressing these limitations as follows: (1) we extended the Health Belief Model by introducing four new variables: Self-identity, Perceived Importance, Consideration of Future Consequences, and Concern for Appearance as possible determinants of healthy behavior. (2) We exhaustively explored the relationships/interactions between the HBM variables and their effect size. (3) We tested the validity of both our proposed extended model and the original HBM on healthy eating behavior. Finally, we compared the predictive capacity of the original HBM model and our extended model. Methods: To achieve the objective of this paper, we conducted a quantitative study of 576 participants' eating behavior. Data for this study were collected over a period of one year (from August 2011 to August 2012). The questionnaire consisted of validated scales assessing the HBM determinants – perceived benefit, barrier, susceptibility, severity, cue to action, and self-efficacy – using 7-point Likert scale. We also assessed other health determinants such as consideration of future consequences, self-identity, concern for appearance and perceived importance. To analyses our data, we employed factor analysis and Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) to exhaustively explore the interaction/relationship between the determinants and healthy eating behavior. We tested for the validity of both our proposed extended model and the original HBM on healthy eating behavior. Finally, we compared the predictive capacity of the original HBM model and our extended model and investigated possible mediating effects. Results: The results show that the three newly added determinants are better predictors of healthy behavior. Our extended HBM model lead to approximately 78% increase (from 40 to 71%) in predictive capacity compared to the old model. This shows the suitability of our extended HBM for use in predicting healthy behavior and in informing health intervention design. The results from examining possible relationships between the determinants in our model lead to an interesting discovery of some mediating relationships between the HBM's determinants, therefore, shedding light on some possible combinations of determinants that could be employed by intervention designers to increase the effectiveness of their design. Conclusion: Consideration of future consequences, self-identity, concern for appearance, perceived importance, self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility are significant determinants of healthy eating behavior that can be manipulated by healthy eating intervention design. Most importantly, the result from our model established the existence of some mediating relationships among the determinants. The knowledge of both the direct and indirect relationships sheds some light on the possible combination rules.


In the past two decades, the profession has expended valuable resources testing structural change in meat demand with mixed results. Overlooked to date is a fundamental methodological problem that transcends all of the methods of testing for structural change. In this study, a formal logic framework is utilized in which methodological problems associated with any hypothesis test can be analyzed. Within this framework, it is proven that there is no valid test of any single hypothesis, including structural change. Because of this result, additional criteria from the methodology literature are then used to evaluate the literature on structural change in meat demand.


Thymus function depends on the epithelial compartment of the thymic stroma. Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) regulate T cell lineage commitment and positive selection, while medullary (m) TECs impose central tolerance on the T cell repertoire. During thymus organogenesis, these functionally distinct sub-lineages are thought to arise from a common thymic epithelial progenitor cell (TEPC). The mechanisms controlling cTEC and mTEC production from the common TEPC are not however understood. Here, we show that emergence of the earliest mTEC lineage-restricted progenitors requires active NOTCH signaling in progenitor TEC and that, once specified, further mTEC development is NOTCH-independent. In addition, we demonstrate that persistent NOTCH activity favors maintenance of undifferentiated TEPC at the expense of cTEC differentiation. Finally, we uncover a cross-regulatory relationship between NOTCH and FOXN1, a master regulator of TEC differentiation. These data establish NOTCH as a potent regulator of TEPC and mTEC fate during fetal thymus development and are thus of high relevance to strategies aimed at generating/regenerating functional thymic tissue in vitro and in vivo.


This essay inquires into the political economy and system of governance that have made catastrophes more frequent and severe. The system of governance that is designed to mitigate risk and respond to catastrophes can be ineffective, or worse, increase the risk of harm through unintended consequences. Human influence must be considered a source of collateral risk, the kind that leads to a systemic crisis or exacerbates one. This essay concludes with some brief proposals, discussion topics more than completed ideas, which may facilitate further academic and political dialogue on effective governance and public risk management. They include a catastrophe tax, the elimination of subsidies for bad risks, reduction of coordination costs, and a clearer understanding of a public-private partnership.


This article explores novel situations in which investment protection treaties might provide relief to foreign investors with respect to their intellectual property rights. In particular, the article considers circumstances in which foreign investors might have answerable claims when their intellectual property rights are not recognized—through, for example, a refusal to register—or are interfered with by third parties in a manner that could or should have been prevented by the national authorities. The potential role and impact of political motivation in state action or inaction is considered. In exploring these issues, reference is made to the case of Anheuser-Busch Inc. v. Portugal brought before the European Court of Human Rights, as well as other hypothetical scenarios.


The world food situation has significantly improved over the latest decades. Fears of an impending global food crisis have largely vanished. Along the last 40 years world population grew by 98% but food supply increased by 155%. Per capita food availability grew at an annual rate of about 0.5% from 1960 to 1990, and at about 1.0% in the 1990s and early 2000s. Average dietary energy consumption increased from 2280 to 2795 kcal/person/day over the same period. Hunger, however, persists: FAO estimates nearly 800 million people eat insufficient food, below the minimum allowance to maintain good health, and their number has not gone down in recent years in spite of an international pledge to halve it by 2015. Persisting hunger is not a result of world food scarcity but unequal access. Encouragingly, low-income poverty, the chief determinant of access to food, has also declined. The overall prevalence of poverty (people with income below a certain poverty line) has also decreased. Measurements differ in the absolute level of poverty rates (due to different income estimates and different ways of setting the poverty line) but all agree on the declining trend. The developing-world rate of undernourishment (percent of people consuming less than the minimum amount of food compatible with good health) has correspondingly gone down, according to FAO estimates, from 35% in 1969-71 to 17% in 1999-2001. Some analysts dispute FAO figures on technical grounds, but nobody disputes the trend. The nutrition and health effect is also perceptible. Life expectancy is increasing, and preschool children's chronic malnutrition, measured by height growth retardation, has declined in the developing world (by World Health Organization estimates) from 47% in 1980 to 32.5% in 1995 and a projected 29% in 2005. Their number is also dwindling from 221 to 165 million over the same period. The developing world in general led the overall growth in food availability and consumption. But some regions improved more than others, and some (chiefly Sub-Saharan Africa) actually worsened or improved only slightly. Progress was largest in Asia, especially in China, but it is also evident in Latin America, the Middle East and other parts of the world. Some temporary downturns also existed, viz. in the former socialist countries during their often chaotic years of transition to a market economy in the early 1990s, and also in some developing regions like the Caribbean (mostly due to the dismal conditions in Haiti, and the difficulties faced by Cuba after the fall of the URSS). Progress in food security was also correlated with changing food consumption patterns, chiefly through an increased consumption of animal products, especially chicken and milk, and substitution of wheat and vegetable oil for some traditional foods like cassava, maize or lard. There is also, as a side effect of the same trends towards improved food consumption, a worrying increase of overweight and obesity rates in the developing world, mirroring the trend observed in developed countries. Remarkably, progress was faster during the 1990s, marked by market-oriented reforms, than the 1970s and especially the stagnant 1980s, often nicknamed the lost decade, when many developing countries were struggling with debt crises and the breakdown of import-substitution industrialization schemes, often leading to prolonged recession cum high inflation. Progress was also faster in countries that undertook profounder market-oriented reforms and carried them out thoroughly, than in countries failing to do so. During this process, internal inequality has increased in many countries, but world inequality has decreased due to rapid economic growth in many key developing areas.


The Framers' approbation of a unitary executive rested in important part on the belief that the unitary executive's actions were apt to be more "narrowly watched and readily suspected" by an informed public opinion than those of a plural executive. Yet the body of the Constitution provides no right to public information. What the Constitutional text omits, the last generation has embedded as a part of modern constitutional practice in the Freedom of Information Act. Some critics have deplored FOIA as a "romantic" effort at "self help oversight", superfluous in light of the checks and balances of divided government. Others voice complementary critiques: that FOIA is inefficient in producing important information, ineffective in checking abuses disclosed, and wasteful in squandering resources on rent-seekers instead of the task of effecting accountability.This article assesses these criticisms in the context of case studies from the "Global War on Terror" (GWOT). I argue that each group of critics misconceives important normative and practical issues. FOIA must be understood as functioning within a broader ecology of transparency beyond the checks and balances of divided government. That ecology includes the permanent infrastructure of federal civil servants, internal watchdogs, reasonably open opportunities to publish and share information and a set of civil society actors that can pursue prolonged campaigns for disclosure. The successes of FOIA in calling the GWOT to account have thus been predicated upon and facilitated by institutions beyond the statute itself in ways that have gone unexamined by prior critics.FOIA's role has been both to authenticate prior disclosures, easing their way into public discourse, and to potentiate subsequent disclosures in ways that the critical literature has failed to appreciate. FOIA disclosures have functioned to leverage the checking functions of other institutions, and the cumulative impact of disclosures over time has begun to catalyze effective resistance to abuse. The breadth of the FOIA regime gives it robustness, and its situation in a resilient ecology of transparency provides a failsafe mechanism adapted to the task of bringing the popular conscience to bear against tyranny and barbarism.


Eleven of 66 radio-collared white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southwest Florida were killed by bobcats (Felis rufus) and 4 by Florida panthers {Felis concolor coryi). Average doe home range size was 194 ha, and 2 bucks ranged from 454-1,560 ha. There were no differences (P = 0.336) in doe survival rates among seasons. The average annual survival rate for does was 0.813 (95% CI- 0.68, 0.94) and 64% of the annual mortality was attributable to predation. Average neonate mortality rate was 37.8% ±16.1 and appeared to increase with surface water levels. Human hunting activities had little impact on the number of radio-collared does, and the population was stable with a net reproductive rate (Ro) of 0.96.


About 1.52 million people worked full- or part-time in Florida's agriculture, natural resources and food industries in 2013— an 8.7 percent increase in jobs over 2012.
Recognizing the significant impact agriculture, natural resources, and related food industries have on the economy of Florida is essential to informed public policy. UF/IFAS researchers used the Implan regional economic modeling system to estimate economic multipliers for over 500 different industry sectors and evaluate their economic contributions in 2013. This 5-page executive summary was written by Alan W. Hodges, Mohammad Rahmani, and Thomas J. Stevens and published by the Department of Food and Resource Economics, September 2015. (UF/IFAS File photo)
Related Resources:Press release: https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2015/09/10/floridas-agriculture-related-employment-up-8-7-percentFull report: https://fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/FE969-FullReport.pdf


This paper uses a present value approach to show that price movements for equity indices in a sample of European stock markets can be traced to legal origin, institutional and corporate financial factors. The present value literature states that stock indices move due to changes either in discount rates, dividend growth or a combination of the two. Empirically, little is known about the mechanism through which legal, institutional and corporate financial factors influence these variables, especially in a European context. The current paper attempts to plug this gap in the literature. Using the state space approach, we show that while expected returns are highly persistent, expected dividend growth tends to vary across the sample. Movements in markets are mainly due to changes in the discount rate. However, there appears to be a difference in the proportion of movements attributable to discount rate and dividend growth components. Stock markets in civil law countries tend to have a stronger link with the dividend growth variables as well as market size and activity measures. Expected dividend growth is also driven by profitability factors in both types of country. By contrast, there is no strong evidence of corporate indicators influencing expected returns.


Many application scenarios, e.g., marketing analysis, sensor networks, and medical and biological applications, require or can significantly benefit from the identification and processing of similarities in the data. Even though some work has been done to extend the semantics of some operators, e.g., join and selection, to be aware of data similarities; there has not been much study on the role, interaction, and implementation of similarity-aware operations as first-class database operators. The focus of this thesis work is the proposal and study of several similarity-aware database operators and a systematic analysis of their role as query operators, interactions, optimizations, and implementation techniques. This work presents a detailed study of two core similarity-aware operators: Similarity Group-by and Similarity Join. We describe multiple optimization techniques for the introduced operators. Specifically, we present: (1) multiple non-trivial equivalence rules that enable similarity query transformations, (2) Eager and Lazy aggregation transformations for Similarity Group-by and Similarity Join to allow pre-aggregation before potentially expensive joins, and (3) techniques to use materialized views to answer similarity-based queries. We also present the main guidelines to implement the presented operators as integral components of a database system query engine and several key performance evaluation results of this implementation in an open source database system. We introduce a comprehensive conceptual evaluation model for similarity queries with multiple similarity-aware predicates, i.e., Similarity Selection, Similarity Join, Similarity Group-by. This model clearly defines the expected correct result of a query with multiple similarity-aware predicates. Furthermore, we present multiple transformation rules to transform the initial evaluation plan into more efficient equivalent plans.


Evaluating environmental literacy has been one of the mode by which the extend where the understanding between the nature of interdependence between the natural system and the human social system could be established. While there are many universities that have begun to evaluate their undergraduates, the environmental literacy of undergraduates in Malaysia, have yet to be assessed. The objective of this study is to determine the environmental literacy of the environmental undergraduates at public research universities in Selangor. In this study, a descriptive research method was used. The set of questionnaires were constructed in different sections, Environmental Attitude, Environmental Behaviour and Environmental Knowledge. Data was collected using a self administered questionnaire to identify the level of environmental literacy among 418 undergraduates enrolled in environmental programs at Universiti Putra Malaysia and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. All the respondents targeted responded to the study. The result of the study shows that the Environmental Literacy dispositions of the undergraduates were generally found to be at the moderate level, with a mean of 3.47 based on a five-point scale. When comparison was done using the contributive variable, undergraduates were found to be high in terms of their environmental behavior (Mean=3.81) and environmental attitude (Mean=3.68) and moderate level of environmental knowledge (Mean=2.93). The dispositions of the undergraduates are similar regardless of the different environmental program taken in public research universities in Selangor or in the nature of their gender. Undergraduates in Year 2 show increased level of environmental knowledge compared to Year 1. However, undergraduates from Year 3 and above do not show significant increase in this field compared with the undergraduates in Year 2. The results were similar to the previous researches, which was presented in the discussion section. It can be concluded that the environmental literacy of the undergraduates is in the moderate level, mainly contributed by moderate level of environmental knowledge, which needs improvement. The Environmental Literacy of the undergraduates is not influenced by the different environmental programs or by gender. Recommendations were discussed at the final chapter on enhancing in further study on research of environmental literacy.


Aquatic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to environmental change and many are, at present, severely degraded. The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing disease and improving quality of life. The physicochemical properties will also help in the identification of sources of pollution, for conducting further investigations on the ecobiological impacts and also for initiating necessary steps for remedial actions in case of polluted water bodies. Therefore, the nature and health of any aquatic community are an expression of quality of the water. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate physico-chemical parameters (pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, sulphate content, chloride content and phosphate content) in 5 water bodies in and around Ranchi – Patratu Dam, Kanke dam, Dhruwa dam, Ranchi Lake, Line-tank Lake.


Author(s): Hsieh, Yao-Tsung | Advisor(s): Yang, Yang | Abstract: It has been 64 years since Bell Laboratories built the first silicon solar cell in 1954. The harnessing of the almost unlimited energy from the sun for human civilization seems not an untouchable dream anymore. However, the rapid growth of the global population companied with the growing demand to enable a decent life quality causes the energy issue more challenging than ever. Nowadays silicon solar cells continue to take a leading position, not only offering potential solutions for energy demands but also stimulating the development of various photovoltaic technologies. Among them, solution processible thin film solar cells attract most attentions due to multiple advantages over traditional silicon solar cells. In this dissertation, I focus on two most promising types of them: 1) kesterite solar cells and 2) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells. Particularly I work on the grain growth mechanism and processing techniques via nanoscale interface engineering to improve materials thin film properties and device architecture design.In Chapter 3, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 was used as a model system to demonstrate the kinetic control of solid-gas reactions at nanoscale by manipulating the surface chemistry of both sol-gel nanoparticles and colloidal nanocrystals. It was identified that thiourea (commonly used as sulfur sources for metal sulfides) can transform to melamine during the film formation, and melamine would serve as surface ligands for as-formed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 nanoparticles. These surface ligands can affect the solid-gas reactions during the selenization, which enable us to control film morphologies and device performance by simply adjusting the amount of surface ligands.To further enhance Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 device performance, a systematic investigation on alkali metal doping effect was conducted. In Chapter 4, alkali metal-containing precursors were used to study influences on Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 film morphology, crystallinity and electronic properties. K-doped Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells showed the best device performance. Due to the surface electronic inversion effect, various thickness of CdS buffer layers were tested on K-passivated Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 surface for further improving device efficiency. Over 8% power conversion efficiency of K-doped Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cell with 35 nm CdS has been reached.Finally, in Chapter 5, the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells are introduced. We demonstrated a novel tandem device employing nanoscale interface engineering of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 surface alongside a heavy-doped poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] hole transporting layer between the two subcells that preserves open-circuit voltage, and enhanced both fill factor and short-circuit current. As a result, we have successfully doubled the previous efficiency record for a monolithic perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 tandem solar cell to 22.43% power conversion efficiency, which is the highest record among thin film monolithic tandem photovoltaic devices. The conclusion and future outlooks of my works on kesterite and perovskites solar cells are summarized in Chapter 6.


The phenomenon of phase separation into antiferromagnetic (AFM) and superconducting (SC) or normal-state regions has great implication for the origin of high-temperature (high-T c) superconductivity. However, the occurrence of an intrinsic antiferromagnetism above the T c of (Li,Fe)OHFeSe superconductor is questioned. Here we report a systematic study on a series of (Li,Fe)OHFeSe single crystal samples with T c up to ~41 K. We observe an evident drop in the static magnetization at T afm ~ 125 K, in some of the SC (T c 38 K, cell parameter c 9.27 A) and non-SC samples. We verify that this AFM signal is intrinsic to (Li,Fe)OHFeSe. Thus, our observations indicate mesoscopic-to-macroscopic coexistence of an AFM state with the normal (below T afm) or SC (below T c) state in (Li,Fe)OHFeSe. We explain such coexistence by electronic phase separation, similar to that in high-T c cuprates and iron arsenides. However, such an AFM signal can be absent in some other samples of (Li,Fe)OHFeSe, particularly it is never observed in the SC samples of T c 38 K, owing to a spatial scale of the phase separation too small for the macroscopic magnetic probe. For this case, we propose a microscopic electronic phase separation. The occurrence of two-dimensional AFM spin fluctuations below nearly the same temperature as T afm, reported previously for a (Li,Fe)OHFeSe (T c ~ 42 K) single crystal, suggests that the microscopic static phase separation reaches vanishing point in high-T c (Li,Fe)OHFeSe. A complete phase diagram is thus established. Our study provides key information of the underlying physics for high-T c superconductivity.


This paper examines issues around graduate professional engineers and their management skills, questioning whether they are adequate for the modern engineering workplace and goes on the consider the notion that for the majority of engineers, the development of managerial skills will be essential and cannot be 'picked up on the job'. Engineers increasingly need to understand the interactions between design, quality, sustainability, product planning, and organisation, management of people, team work and finance. This paper considers the need to develop managerial skills and will discuss the development of a survey to be carried out in an Australian context. The survey will cover a range of firms and governmental bodies which employ graduate engineers. The questions will cover a wide range of non-engineering skills which could be expected of engineers within the first five years from the commencement of their careers. The two disciplines, Engineering and Management have enjoyed a rather difficult relationship for some time. Each needs the other because complex engineering tasks cannot be carried out in an increasingly challenging business environment without an integrated management focus. Engineers are finding they need to take on more complex tasks which include very significant managerial issues. Most engineering faculties have attempted to teach managerial skills in their engineering curricula. However, management education has often been viewed as secondary to technical skills and hence does not encompass the integrated range of skills needed. This has not motivated students to become interested in and committed to the management aspects of their future profession with the result that management education for engineers remains an enigma. This paper considers some of the contemporary literature on teaching management to engineers. Some ideas are discussed outlining possible research which will be carried out and reported on by the authors, aimed at documenting current shortcomings with a view to developing a more effective future strategy for engineering management education. Correspondence to: Peter Childs, Sydney Business School, University of Wollongong, Australia 2522. Symposiumland. E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com


In 2004, Trondheim and Bodo Air Traffic Control Centres merged, as part of a strategic change program following the logic inherent in New Public Management. After a while, personnel conflicts led to a shortage of staff that cost Avinor in many different ways.Due to emotional outbursts in different forms when talking about the events on both sides even in 2010, I suspected that Avinor had not taken the opportunity to learn from the event. Thus, I found it important to find out what was causing this organizational infection.By gathering different individual stories through unstructured interviews, it became clear that the opinions regarding the source of the conflict level were so different that these differences became the main focus of analysis. As detailed information was available only from one side, it seemed impossible to find out what the truth was, so I stopped looking for it. Instead, I focused on the individual perceptions, and put them together in a "collective, subjective story" from both sides.I invited quite a few people to comment on the stories, and a fuller picture emerged. I put the information together, and created images of different situations from the interviews, the stories, and the additional information. What had happened became unreal to me, until the work of Stanley Milgram snapped into my head after reading a comment from an informant for the hundredth time.Looking at the events both in light of the human tendency to obey authorities and the human tendency to explore and excel in what we do provided insight enough to understand that this could be explained by theory on adult development – or constructivist-developmental theory. In light of this, the different perspectives and events became possible to understand.What emerged was the insight that the process has probably become what Richard Sennett calls salutary failure for one side of the merger. For the other side, the process seems to have become an abscess, one that is not to be touched. A part of the conclusion is that this should be done for their own sake, the other part is that Avinor has still much to learn from this.The implications from this project is that Avinor should work on the organization's shared understanding of safety, include a broad image of the ATCO as a craftsman in training, facilitate leadership development, and consider how to make the organization more resilient to the wrong people holding positions.


The objective of this paper is to construct and quantitatively assess an equilibrium search model with on-the-job search and general human capital accumulation. In the model workers enter the labour market with different abilities and firms differ in their productivities. Wages are dispersed because of search frictions and workers' productivity differentials. The model generates a simple (log) wage variance decomposition that is used to measure the importance of firm and worker productivity differentials, frictional wage dispersion and workers' sorting dynamics. I calibrate the model using a sample of young workers for the UK. I show that wage inequality among low skilled workers is mostly due to differences in their productivities. Among medium skilled workers frictional wage dispersion and sorting dynamics are, together, as important as workers' productivity differentials. Differences in firms' productivities are also an important source of wage inequality for both skill groups and account for a large share of frictional wage dispersion. Quantitatively the model is able to reproduce the observed cross-sectional wage distribution, the average wage-experience profile and the amount of frictional wage dispersion observed in the data as measured by the Mean-min ratio.


The volume variation of the expansive soils due to the change of water content causes socioeconomic and environmental damage to geotechnical engineering works. Two basic requirements are needed for a soil to exhibit expansiveness, one intrinsic and the other extrinsic. The first is related to the soil mineralogical composition, texture and structure and the second with the behavior of climate, the volume and the movement of groundwater, the vegetation and the anthropic occupation. The addition of lime to the expansive soil improves the geotechnical properties of the mixture. The lime has physical-chemical interactions with the expansive soil capable of stabilizing the volume variation. Several buildings under construction in the State of Pernambuco are located in areas of occurrence of expansive soils. The effect of lime treatment on the properties of Paulista expansive soil was investigated, comparing the behavior of natural soil and soil mixed with lime in the proportions of 3%, 5%, and 7% by weight. Physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization tests (by thermogravimetry (TG) and X-ray diffractometry), free expansion and expansion stress were carried out. The natural soil presented high expansiveness. The determination of the expansion voltage was influenced by the voltage trajectory followed during the test. The addition of lime to the soil caused an aggregation or flocculation of the particles and a reduction in the plasticity index. The addition of 5% of hydrated lime to the soil of Paulista stabilized in relation to the free expansion and the expansion tension.


Amongst the different elements constituting the universe, carbon has a preferential position. Indeed, this element is not only observed within the composition of all living species, but it has also a great importance for many industrial outlets. One of the most important applications, is the use of a particular structure of amorphous carbon (i.e. diamond-like carbon) as super-hard and wear resistant coating of various substrates (i.e. drill bits, hard-disk platters and hard-disk read heads, parts of motorcycles engines...). Last years, numerous studies were driven in order to develop new materials with superlative mechanical properties. In particular, the synthesis of the elusive beta-C3N4 phase has been extensively investigated since the prediction of its highly interesting physical properties by Liu and Cohen in 1989. Despites the numerous elaborate techniques attempted to date, mixed phase layers are quite often obtained and the fully crystallineBeta-C3N4 phase remains very difficult to achieve. However, even amorphous carbon nitride compounds may have suitable physical properties for the use in many tribological applications. In this work, we have studied the possibility of using the simultaneous implantation of carbon and nitrogen in copper in order to synthesise carbon nitride compounds. This method seemed to be a good solution for the following reasons: carbon and nitrogen have to form precipitates at high fluence due to their very low solubility inside copper; the interaction between carbon and nitrogen atoms during the implantation process was enhanced due to their simultaneous arrival inside copper; the high compressive stress applied by the host matrix on the precipitates favoured compact growing structures; and implantation at medium energies (typically 600 keV) allowed to deeply burry the atoms (typically 600 nm) in copper matrix in order to avoid the nitrogen migration and surface release processes. The influence of temperature on the carbon nitride structures formed during the implantation process was studied. For that purpose we performed several implantations at 25, 250, 350 or 450°C with a fluence fixed at 1 × 1E18 at/cm². The implanted samples were characterised by NRA, XPS, TEM and nano-indentation in order to study the carbon and nitrogen depth profiles, C−N type bonds, structure of carbon nitride compounds and mechanical properties, respectively. Experimental results are presented and discussed in this manuscript. Then we give some conclusions and perspectives about this work. Note that this thesis has been completed in a laboratory of nuclear reaction analysis. Special attention was consequently given to the development of a NRA method allowing to simultaneously depth profile all light elements contained in a sample. The experimental setup of acquisition and the method of data processing are described in this work.


Zakat institutions play an important role in managing zakat effectively and efficiently as described in Law no. 23 of year 2011. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of zakat institutions in Indonesia and determine the best ranking of the units observed. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach with the Super Efficiency Analysis technique Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The study objects are BAZNAS, Rumah Zakat, Dompet Dhuafa, and YBM PLN with the 2016-2018 observation period. Personnel costs, operational costs and socialization costs are input variables. While the output variables used are the amount of zakat collection and the amount of zakat distribution. The results of super-efficiency measurement show that the 3 best DMU rankings were achieved by YBM PLN 2016, BAZNAS 2018 and BAZNAS 2017. While the other 9 DMUs were inefficient. Inefficiency is due to the not optimal amount of zakat collected and distributed and the high use of socialization costs. The variable of the amount of zakat collected is the most sensitive variable to the value of efficiency. To achieve performance efficiency, technology can be utilized to improve input and output. This research can be used as an evaluation material for zakat institutions to optimize efficiency.


The yield and flux of nitrous oxide (N2O) emitted from continuous cereals (with and without urea), legumes/cereal in rotation and cereal/legume in rotation all with or without organic manure was monitored from January 2004 to February 2005. All treatments except continuous cereals had phosphate added. The cereal grown July–October in 2003 and 2004 was pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and the legume was a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The 10 m × 10 m plots were established in a semi‐arid climate in Mali. The addition of organic manure and both inorganic fertilizers increased yield and N2O emissions. Continuous cereals treated with both organic manure and urea emitted significantly less N2O (882 g N/ha per year) than plots receiving no organic manure(1535 g N/ha per year). Growing N‐fixing crops in rotation did not significantly increase N2O emissions. This study supports the new practice of growing cereal and legumes in rotation as an environmentally sustainable system in semi‐arid Mali.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the histological inflammatory activity that bioadhesives such as fibrin, cyanoacrylate, unsutured valved closure and suturing, generate when applied on scleral tissue.

METHODS
We used a total of 80 eyes of 80 white rabbits which we divided into 8 groups of ten eyes each and distributed according to the two periods of time (1 week and 30 days) and four technique used for closure: 10/0 nylon suture, sutureless self-sealing, cyanoacrylate glue (Histoacryl), and fibrin glue (Tissucol). ANOVA was used for the statistical study of histological inflammation. Descriptive statistical analysis was used for the study of the degree of healing.

RESULTS
After 7 days, the fibrin bioadhesive led to greater inflammatory response than did the other techniques (p<0.001). The cyanoacrylate adhesive caused less inflammatory activity than did suturing material (p<0.005). On day 30, the inflammatory reaction generated by the fibrin and cyanoacrylate adhesives was greater than of the suturing and self valved closure technique (p<0.005). After 7 days, the degree of healing with the suture, sutureless technique and cyanoacrylate adhesive was incomplete, while healing was moderate with the fibrin glue. After 30 days the degree of healing with cyanoacrylate glue was incomplete. At this time the degree of healing, with the suture, sutureless technique and fibrin adhesive was complete.

CONCLUSIONS
Fibrin causes greater inflammatory reaction than do the other techniques. The cyanoacrylate adhesive shows a biological tolerance identical to the suture technique. This shows that cyanoacrylate bioadhesives are a viable alternative to suturing in scleral surgery.


Introduction: Transplantation of organs from animals to humans (xenotransplantation) has been proposed to address the critical shortage of organs for transplantation. The use of genetically engineered organ xenografts, including knock-out (KO) of alpha 1-3 galactosyltransferase (GTKO) along with insertion of a human complement regulator genes (hCD46-human CD46, hDAF-human decay accelerating factor) and other cell surface carbohydrate KOs, has been helpful in circumventing acute and subacute rejection. However, thrombotic complications still remain. Xenografts with additional human transgenes, including human thrombomodulin (hTBM), have been generated to address this barrier. Here, we studied the importance of hTBM in preventing microvascular and intramural thrombosis and rejection by comparing two transplanted groups utilizing GE donors with or without hTBM. Methods: Specific pathogen-free baboons of either sex weighing 15-30 kg (2-3 years of age) were used as recipients. 6 to 8-week-old genetically modified pigs with hTBM (GTKO.hCD46.hTBM) or without hTBM (triple knock out-GTKO.B4KO.CMAHKO, with or without hCD46 and hDAF) were used as donors. Expression of transgenes were consistent and high level across all pigs. All animals were used in compliance with guidelines provided by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Results: GTKO.hCD46.hTBM donors (n=4) were found to have no intracardiac thrombus with survival up to 30 days post-transplant, but one with ongoing survival at the time of this abstract submission. However, non-hTBM donors (n=2) had an average survival of 7 days and were found to have a large intracardiac thrombus burden with propagation into major vascular structures such as the aorta, pulmonary artery and coronary sinus. Gross examination of thrombi indicated acute and subacute components, suggesting early formation of the thrombus postoperatively. Additionally, early clinical signs of thrombus formation included profound hypocalcemia requiring continuous calcium infusions in the first 48-72 hours postoperatively. These phenomena were not prevented by continuous heparin infusion. Histologic myocardial examination revealed microscopic and macroscopic thrombotic phenomena, likely related to accelerated antibody mediated rejection in nonhTBM containing grafts. Conclusion: Non-hTBM containing xenografts exhibited accelerated antibody mediated rejection. While immunologic rejection has been circumvented with novel immunosuppression regimens and GTKO, it is likely that hTBM or other transgenes involved in regulation of coagulation, may be needed for prevention of thrombotic complications and accelerated antibody mediated rejection. P-21.03


Marine Ecology
Gradual acidification of the world's oceans is driven by the uptake of carbon dioxide. This feature of contemporary climate change has potential consequences for marine life and the functioning of marine ecosystems. Ricart et al. show that acidification can be locally slowed or ameliorated by seagrass meadows, where uptake of carbon dioxide by the plants exceeds that produced by respiration. Along 1000 kilometers of Californian coastal waters and measured over 6 years, pH was elevated in most of the seagrass sites examined compared with adjacent sites. These findings add to the potentially beneficial suite of effects of the presence of seagrasses and macroalgae in coastal waters and indicate possible routes for the management of acidification in these systems.

Glob. Change Biol. 27 , 2580 (2021).


This document sets out the requirements for preparing and submitting manuscripts for publication in the conference proceedings. In order to obtain a technical publication with a consistent and professional appearance, it is essential that all manuscripts conform to these instructions. This "author friendly" document itself serves as an example of a correctly prepared manuscript. The 54 th Annual Conference of Metallurgists (COM 2015) held in conjunction with the America's Conference on Al Alloys (AMCAA), publishes the conference papers in English. The title page should appear on a separate page. The body of the abstract, not to exceed 200 words in length, in regular Times New Roman, fully justified, separated from the heading ABSTRACT by one (1) blank line and indented. The abstract is a single paragraph.


It is well known that the wind-driven circulation in a wide lake may be controlled by its topography. Wind stress acting on the smaller mass of the water column in the shallows results in downwind flow there and return flow in the deeper water. In lakes with large areas of shallow water this circulation may cause rapid mixing in weakly stratified conditions. In more strongly stratified conditions, topographically induced horizontal wind driven circulation may influence the vertical stratification of the lake. Lough Mask is about 10 km long and has a maximum width of about 8 km. The lake may be divided into shallow eastern and deeper western portions with mean depths of 10 and 35 m respectively. In late Autumn, water at depth in the deep part of the lake moves upwind at speeds of up to 50 cm s−1 in response to axial winds of up to 15 m s−1. At the same location a weaker upwind flow is observed in the near surface water. This return flow is topographically driven. Temperature differences between near surface and near bottom meters were small ( 20 m) surface mixed layer and a cooler layer at depth whose temperature fluctuates in response to wind stress along the axis of the lake. Modelling results, supported by drogue measurements, indicate that the return flow associated with axial winds in these summer conditions is confined to the surface mixed layer. If this layer is thin, shear between the surface layer and the underlying water can be sufficient to cause mixing and a thickening of the surface layer until the Richardson number is ∼1. Thus the vertical temperature structure of the deep part of the lake can be influenced by flows driven by the lake topography.

In the shallow part of the lake, there is evidence of thermally driven motion in periods of calm weather in summer.


This volume contains the Kurobane lecture and proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Tubular Structures - ISTS10, held in Madrid, Spain, 18-20 September 2003. The ISTS10 provides a platform for the presentation and discussion of seventy-three lectures covering themes including: bridges; roofs; design aspects and case studies; static joint behaviour; fatigue; members; beam-column connections; finite element methods; concrete filled tubes; trusses and frames; cast nodes; and behaviour of tubular structures under fire. This book provides a useful reference work for architects, civil and mechanical engineers, designers, manufacturers and contractors involved with tubular structures.


This issue brings together five articles that deal with particular concepts in
given historical discourses and are thus seemingly unrelated, but they are
brought together because of their focus on words carrying the suffix -ism.
The following issue will include two more articles that relate to the theme.
The articles were chosen based on an open call for papers that was circulated
widely. In parallel to this issue, a special issue on the political rhetoric of
isms is also being published in the Journal of Political Ideologies. The review
and publication processes have been conducted separately in the two journals,
but in the end the two issues are being published nearly simultaneously,
which will hopefully benefit both Contributions to the History of Concepts and
the Journal of Political Ideologies.


Methods of expressing the effects of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs on exercise heart rate have been evaluated using a standardised exercise test. In six normal subjects given atropine (0.04 mg/kg) on two separate occasions, the mean +/- s.e. mean exercise heart rate rose by 10.3 +/- 1.8 beats/min and by 11.0 +/- 1.6 beats/min respectively. This increase was designated the 'vagal effect and was not significantly different in the two studies. After atropinsation, propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) reduced mean +/- s.e. mean exercise heart rate by 45.3 +/- 2.6 beats/min and 0.4 mg/kg by 50.8 +/- 4.5 beats/min. This mean sympathetic blockade was not altered significantly by increasing the dose of propranolol but, in four of the six subjects, the larger dose produced an increased effect of 4, 6, 12 and 16 beats/min, suggesting that maximum sympathetic blockade may not have been produced by 0.2 mg/kg. Knowledge of the vagal effect in each subject with standardised exercise enabled prediction to be made of the exercise heart rate after propranolol (0.4 mg/kg) without previous atropinisation. Propranolol (0.4 mg/kg) was then given intravenously to each subject and the actual exercise heart rate measured. There was no significant difference between the predicted and observed exercise heart rates. Propranolol (0.6 mg/kg) without atropine was then given to the four subjects who had shown increased effect with (0.4 mg/kg) and the sympathetic blockade was measured. In one subject, a further increase in sympathetic blockade of 10 beats/min was found. The intrinsic heart rate at rest and on exercise was measured for propranolol (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) and, for propranolol (0.6 mg/kg), the intrinsic heart rate on exercise was calculated. At rest, although no significant difference was found between the two dose levels, three subjects did not appear to have maximum autonomic blockade at 0.2 mg/kg. Similarly, several subjects had lower intrinsic heart rates on exercise after 0.4 or 0.6 mg/kg than after 0.2 mg/kg. The intrinsic heart rate on exercise was significantly greater than that obtained at rest. Using the maximum sympathetic blockade obtained in each subject as the sympathetic component of exercise, the effects of increasing oral doses of practolol on exercise heart were measured as percentage blockade of sympathetic effect and this was compared with other conventional methods of measuring beta-adrenoceptor blockade. It was found that percentage blockade of sympathetic effect correlated most closely with both percentage and absolute reduction of exercise heart rate. Correlations with exercise heart rate after drug and percentage inhibition of tachycardia, whilst also significant, did not appear as good. When the effects of practolol were expressed in terms of the potential blockade, a plateau occurred between 70 and 80% of 'maximum' sympathetic blockade. The failure to achieve higher levels with practolol may be the result of its partial agonist or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.


This treatise explores the attempts of three prominent Yoruba video-filmmakers to deculturize the film genre by situating it within indigenous cultural milieu. It reviews the works of these 'videographers' reflecting how they have indigenized the conventional film codes as they thematize events that are significantly peculiar to their culture. The essay concludes that Yoruba video film genre is undergoing series of transformation that may occasion the evolution of a unique cultural idiom for the bourgeoning industry. Key words: Film genre; Transformation; Cultural idiom


Gravity method has been used for many years in the field of exploration like in oil exploration, geothermal exploration and in mineral exploration. It is one o f the cheapest methods for data acquisition compared to other methods. In this study, gravity method was applied in mapping the study area with the aim of delineating sub surface geological structures, which are associated with hydrocarbon traps, their depth and location within the study area. Magadi trough is situated in the southern part of the Kenyan tertiary rift about 110 km south of Nairobi, where it neighbours Tanzania to the south. It is occupied by broad half-graben depression highly filled with sediments and tilted blocks of late Miocene to early Pliocene. The complete Bougucr anomaly in mGal was obtained as secondary data from National Oil Corporation of Kenya (NOCK). The data was gridded and maps were obtained using Oasis Montaj from Geosoft Inc. These maps were used to interpret the subsurface anomalies. The techniques which were used in Oasis Montaj to develop various maps are the analytical signal, 3D Euler deconvolution, horizontal derivative, vertical derivative and upward continuation. From the interpretations, depocenters were mapped to the northern and southern part of Complete Bouguer Anomaly Map figure 5.1. Determination of depth to basement of the study area was done by use of 3D Euler deconvolution. The major structures mapped were faults and dyke. The fault is trending in NE-SW direction. The highest recorded value of depth to basement of the study area was about 8.1 km. The techniques applied revealed that the area accommodates depocenters along a fault to the north, to the south and at the central part, with an anticline to the west of the study area and a dyke to the south east. These revealed that area is structurally controlled and was affected tectonically. The fault was evident in the long stretch of the gravity low region which trends in the NE-SW. The sediment thickness in the study area was found to range from about 2km to 7 km. The presence of these structures shows that the area has a great potential of hydrocarbon traps.


Do legislators learn to use new communication technologies from each other? Using data from the official homepages of members of the U.S. House of Representatives, we test whether web-based communication technology diffuses through congressional state delegations. We use a natural experimental design that exploits ignorable state boundaries to distinguish between causal diffusion processes and spatial heterogeneity. Using nonlinear conditional autoregressive models for the statistical test, we find that web communication technology practices are weakly driven by communication within state delegations, and with the effect slightly more pronounced among Democrats than among Republicans.


This paper examines user requirements for a new audiology information system for use in audiology departments by audiology staff. There is a lack of literature on requirements for an audiology information system. This ethnographic study describes the current audiology service and the equipment used in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss. Eliciting user requirements from all the users of a clinical information system provides the best possible outcomes for all user groups: clinical, administration and hearing aid technicians. The study includes a review of audiology internal policies and a survey of all potential end users of a new audiology information system in the Health Service Executive (HSE) community service. The findings identify the six most important user requirements in a new audiology information system. These priority requirements include the storage of all Noah files, multiple patient search options, have all test results stored in the patient's electronic record, be capable of generating IT-based reports and store the audiogram in the patient's electronic record (EHR). Other findings include the desire for a paperless system and for the integration of all audiology equipment and existing IT databases, with up-to-date? information system involving automated processes.


We study exclusive quarkonium production in the dipole picture at next-to-leading order (NLO) accuracy, using the non-relativistic expansion for the quarkonium wavefunction. This process offers one of the best ways to obtain information about gluon distributions at small $x$, in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions and in deep inelastic scattering. The quarkonium light cone wave functions needed in the dipole picture have typically been available only at tree level, either in phenomenological models or in the nonrelativistic limit. In this paper, we discuss the compatibility of the dipole approach and the non-relativistic expansion and compute NLO relativistic corrections to the quarkonium light-cone wave function in light-cone gauge. Using these corrections we recover results for the NLO decay width of quarkonium to $e^{+}e^{-}$ and we check that the non-relativistic expansion is consistent with ERBL evolution and with B-JIMWLK evolution of the target. The results presented here will allow computing the exclusive quarkonium production rate at NLO once the one loop photon wave function with massive quarks, currently under investigation, is known.


With the rapid development of computer network, multimedia technology for e-education is widely applied in everywhere. With increasing availability of spatial data, there is an urgent need to develop way and means for providing easy accessibility and promote spatial data sharing. In this paper, we analyze the multimedia technology, discuss the multimedia technology in video and audio. Multimedia technology has promoted a large amount of research in the area of image and video processing. With the support of optical network, multimedia system can offer a lot of applications in e-learning.


Let k denote a perfect field of characteristic 5. We show that the versal deformation ring of an element of order 5 and Hasse conductor 2 as automorphism of a ring of formal power series k[[t]], computed by Bertin and Mézard, is in fact universal. This provides the first example of a non trivial universal deformation ring in higher conductor.


ICARUS T600 will be operated as far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab (U.S.A.), which foresees three liquid argon time projection chambers along the Booster Neutrino Beam line to search for a LSND-like sterile neutrino signal. The detector employs 360 photomultiplier tubes, Hamamatsu model R5912-MOD, suitable for cryogenic applications. A total of 400 PMTs were procured from Hamamatsu and tested at room temperature to evaluate the performance of the devices and their compliance to detect the liquid argon scintillation light in the T600 detector. Furthermore 60 units were also characterized at cryogenic temperature, in liquid argon bath, to evaluate any parameter variation which could affect the scintillation light detection. All the tested PMTs were found to comply with the requirements of ICARUS T600 and a subset of 360 specimens was selected for the final installation in the detector.


The solderability and reliability of SnAgCu and SnAgCuSbBiNi lead-free solders were assessed against SnPbAg solder on a range of PCB finishes. A novel solderability test has been developed to assess the solder system's ability to realign when a deliberately inaccurate solder stencil printing process was applied. This has shown to be an excellent way to compare PCB finishes and solders, as well as define process parameters. Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) finish proved to give the best solderability and the optimum process parameters were also found. SnPbAg solder has shown superior thermal cycling performance compared to SnAgCu.


Swarna (gold) has substantial therapeutic value, which has been indicated in different classics of Ayurveda as well as in contemporary science. To achieve these therapeutic indications, Swarna is converted in to suitable dosage form like Bhasma, Parpati, Kupipakwa, Pottali, Vasant Kalpa, Lauha Kalpa, Vati etc. There are approximately 150 Swarna Yogas in different dosage forms in classical literature of Ayurveda. The above mentioned dosage forms are prepared by unique pharmaceutical technology of Rasa Shastra. In this review, the authors are trying to compile Swarna Yoga along with dosage form and the percentage of Swarna in these, which may be beneficial to mankind and also may lead to new therapeutic research. Keywords: Swarna, Dosage Form, Ayurveda, Drug Cite this Article: Yadav KD, Gupta LN, Chaudhary AK. Pharmaceutical vistas of Swarna Kalpa: An overview. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Drug Design & Discovery . 2015; 2(1): 13–18p.