Biopsy specimens from 19 patients with transient regional osteoporosis were studied. All patients presented with pain. There were nine patients with transient osteoporosis of the hip. Six of these specimens were therapeutic core biopsies, and three were femoral heads removed during total hip replacement. The other patients with osteoporosis in different locations had biopsies to rule out infection or neoplasm. Five of these patients had transient osteoporosis of the knee. Three had ankle involvement and two had involvement of the tibial shaft. Plain radiographs were available for study in all cases, and either a bone scan or an MRI was studied in each case. Except for one patient who was lost to follow-up, all had resolution of symptoms and radiographic changes. The histologic changes in the biopsies were distinctive, although they were present in varying degrees. There was edema and reactive bone formation in the marrow spaces. In addition, osteoclastic bone resorption was active in 14 of the 19 cases. Although lipid cysts were sometimes found in the marrow spaces, there was no evidence of fat necrosis or bone necrosis. The high bone turnover and absence of fat necrosis suggests that this disorder is a vasomotor response rather than an early stage of osteonecrosis. Awareness of these characteristic histologic changes should enable the pathologist to make a specific diagnosis of transient regional osteoporosis when a biopsy is required.


Electron-electron correlation, excitation and quantum interference are generally important
in attosecond physics, especially for imaging of atoms and molecules. These are
the main topics addressed in this thesis, in the context of laser-induced nonsequential
double ionization (NSDI). Excitation is the most extensive topic of this work and is
addressed within a rigorous, semi-analytic study of the recollision-excitation with subsequent
tunneling ionization (RESI) mechanism in laser-induced nonsequential double
ionization (NSDI). This is the most comprehensive study of this mechanism performed
in the context of the strong-field approximation to the preset date. Subsequently, we
investigate potential imaging applications, by computing electron momentum distributions
of atoms and molecules. For atoms, we show that the RESI electron momentum
distributions depends very critically on the bound state wave function. For molecules,
we address the influence of the molecular orbital geometry and of the molecular alignment
with respect to the laser-field polarization, by computing the electron momentum
distributions of N2 and Li2. We show that the electron-momentum distributions exhibit
interference maxima and minima, either due to the electron emission at spatially separated
centers, or to the orbital geometry, such as nodes of the atomic wavefunction.
In this latter case, we do not restrict ourself only to RESI, and we also compute the
electron momentum distributions of N2 for electron-impact ionization, in which we also
observe two-center interference patterns when the molecule is aligned along the laserfield
polarization direction. The above-mentioned momentum constraints, together with
the strong dependence of the distributions on the bound states involved, the molecular
orbital geometry and the molecular alignment angle may be important for singling out
the RESI mechanism in actual physical situations and using NSDI in ultra-fast imaging.
In the final chapter, we present the first step taken by us in order to address the
above-stated issues using an approach beyond the strong field approximation.


Preventing and alleviating social isolation and loneliness among older people is an important area for policy and practice, but the effectiveness of many interventions has been questioned because of the lack of evidence. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effectiveness of health promotion interventions that target social isolation and loneliness among older people. Quantitative outcome studies between 1970 and 2002 in any language were included. Articles were identified by searching electronic databases, journals and abstracts, and contacting key informants. Information was extracted and synthesised using a standard form. Thirty studies were identified and categorised as 'group' (n=17); 'one-to-one' (n=10); 'service provision' (n=3); and 'community development' (n=1). Most were conducted in the USA and Canada, and their design, methods, quality and transferability varied considerably. Nine of the 10 effective interventions were group activities with an educational or support input. Six of the eight ineffective interventions provided one-to-one social support, advice and information, or health-needs assessment. The review suggests that educational and social activity group interventions that target specific groups can alleviate social isolation and loneliness among older people. The effectiveness of home visiting and befriending schemes remains unclear.


The author shows how a class of concurrent programming problems can be specified with formal grammars. These grammars, more powerful than path expressions, translate readily into Ada server tasks using the rendezvous and select-statement, though they may also be applied to other synchronization constructs. The grammars may be used to clarify informal specifications, to compare different specifications, and to analyze the behavior of implementations of such specifications. They may also be easily converted into Prolog programs that can be executed to generate the strings of events accepted by a grammar or by the Ada task being modeled. The automated translation from Ada to such grammars, and from grammatical specifications to Ada is discussed. The former facilitates the analysis of Ada programs; the latter yields Ada code of high quality. >


A novel Spatially Optimized Diffusion Alloy (SODA) material has been developed and applied to exhaust systems, which are an aggressive environment subject to high temperatures and loads, as well as excessive corrosion. Traditional stainless steels disperse chromium homogeneously throughout the material, with varying amounts ranging from 10% to 20% dependent upon its grade (e.g. 409, 436, 439, 441, and 304). SODA steels, however, offer layered concentrations of chromium, enabling an increased amount along the outer surface for much needed corrosion resistance and aesthetics. This outer layer, typically about 70μm thick, exceeds 20% of chromium concentration locally, but is less than 3% in bulk, offering selective placement of the chromium to minimize its overall usage. Since this layer is metallurgically bonded, it cannot delaminate or separate from its core, enabling durable protection throughout manufacturing processes and full useful life. The core material may be comprised of various grades, however, this study employs interstitial free steel (low carbon), which eases manufacturing operations, as it is more formable than stainless steel grades. The material and its manufacturing process are described, including characterization measurements comparing its forming and corrosion resistance response to baseline exhaust materials. Rolled mufflers are manufactured with high-volume manufacturing equipment and processes without incident, demonstrating the ease of material substitution versus aluminized 409 stainless steel (409AL). Each application is exposed to various test conditions, including fatigue, corrosion, and thermal cycling and compared against baseline materials. Results overall demonstrate favorable performance, even along exposed and welded edges, which may be  further protected locally with cold spray. SODA offers unique value in performance versus baseline materials, enabling a competitive alternative with much less chromium.


The paper aims to analyze the effects of social transformations on cinema between 1980-90, within the framework of the class differences that became evident during the period and the feminist movement that was visible in these years in Turkey, and the context of related theoretical background. The 1980s, when neoliberal policies influenced the whole world, was a period of striking changes in Turkey as well. A military coup in Turkey in 1980 created a powerful transformation and with the re-election in 1982, a period started in which the political climate completely changed. In this new situation, which was suppressed by the political environment, public life was interrupted and the gaze was turned towards the home space. The pleasure of watching, fueled by the return to the home space and the strong representations of lifestyle, has become an important component that feeds the popularity of period cinema. The films, which were mostly set in indoor spaces, were considered successful to the extent that they make daily life and private relations a spectacle. The structural similarity that can be established between watching a movie and spying on a house became convenient for making a social analysis when considered in the context of the 1980s. In this era, critical representations that questioned the ideological patterns in society emerged with the influence of the rising feminist discourse. Within the scope of the study, critical movies will be focused on. Analyzing the relationship between space and woman characters opens up a common field of inquiry on both the gender debate and the social class difference.


Series of briefings on violence prevention This briefing for advocates, programme designers and implementers and others is one of a seven-part series on the evidence for interventions to prevent interpersonal and self-directed violence. The other six briefings look at reducing access to lethal means; increasing safe, stable and nurturing relationships between children and their parents and caregivers; developing life skills in children and adolescents; promoting gender equality; changing cultural norms that support violence; and preventing violence by reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol.


This article presents a novel control strategy for a dual active bridge series resonant converter. The strategy seeks to ensure the stability of the converter over its entire dynamic range while enhances the transient response. Both properties allow the use of the converter in new applications, where fast dynamics are required, surpassing the performance of existing feedback loops. Starting from the generalized averaged model of the converter, we propose a nonlinear control strategy by means of Lyapunov's stability theory. After that, we derive a series of modifications in order to implement the strategy in a microcontroller or a DSP, including a sensorless method to tackle the lack of measurements of certain variables and an adaptive control law to deal with uncertain parameters in the model. The strategy is evaluated in simulations and experiments, employing a commercial converter, and comparing the results with other control policies.


The purpose of this study is to develop an accurate risk predictive model for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) after an early diagnosis of Breast Cancer (BC). Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) classification algorithm has been applied to the SEER breast cancer dataset for females diagnosed with BC from 2010 to 2016. A practical Swarm optimizer (PSO) was utilized to optimize the GBM algorithm's hyperparameters to find the SEER dataset's best attributes. Nine attributes were carefully selected to study the growth of CML after a lag time of 6 months following BC's diagnosis. The results revealed that the predictive model could classify patients with breast cancer only and patients with breast cancer with Leukemia by an achieved Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity rates of 98.5 %, 99 %, 97.85 %, respectively. To verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, the accuracy of the suggested GBM classifier model was compared with another state-of-the-art model classifiers KNN (k-Nearest Neighbor), SVM (Support Vector Machine), and RF (Random Forest), which are commonly applied algorithms in most of the existing literature. The results also proved the superior ability of the implemented GBM model Classifier in the classification of breast cancer disease and prediction of patients having Leukemia developed after having breast cancer. These results are promising as they show the integral role of the GBM classifier to classify and predict the tumor with high accuracy and efficiency, which will further help in better cancer diagnosis and treatment of the disease.


We present a direct comparison of nonisotropic, integrated water vapor measurements between a ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and a water vapor radiometer (WVR). These line‐of‐sight water vapor observations are made in the straight line path between a ground station and a GPS satellite. GPS double‐difference observations are processed, and the residual line‐of‐sight water vapor delays are extracted from the double‐difference residuals. These water vapor delays contain the nonisotropic component of the integrated water vapor signal. The isotropic component is represented by the zenith precipitable water vapor measurement and can be scaled to a specific elevation angle based on a mapping function. The GPS observations are corrected for station‐dependent errors using site‐specific multipath maps. The resulting measurements are validated using a WVR which pointed in the direction of the observed satellites. The double‐difference technique used to make these water vapor observations does not depend on accurate satellite clock estimates. Therefore it is especially well suited for near‐real‐time application in weather prediction and allows for sensing atmospheric structure that is below the noise level of current satellite and receiver clock errors. This paper describes the analysis technique and provides precision estimates for the GPS‐measured nonisotropic water vapor as a function of elevation angle for use with data assimilation systems.


ABSTRACT Recently, we have been witnessing the emergence of digital grassroots activism in social networking sites (e.g. Facebook) – affording discursive tools and spaces to engage in normative approaches to preserve Turkish(ness) and raise ideological oppositions against English medium instruction (EMI). By linking Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, N. 2013. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London, UK: Routledge.) with the principles of visual semiotics (Kress, G., and T. van Leeuwen. 2006. Reading Images. London: Routledge.), the current study explores the discursive acts of language policing (Blommaert, J., H. Kelly-Holmes, P. Lane, S. Leppanen, M. Moriarty, S. Pietikainen, and A. Piirainen Marsh. 2009. "Media, Multilingualism and Language Policing: An Introduction." Language Policy 8 (3): 203–207.) manifested by means of textual descriptions and visual artefacts in four Facebook groups which have been established around the idea(l)s of maintaining the linguistic order and Turkish(ness). It is found that these groups maintain linguistic order as guardians of monoglot ideology, and by recontextualizing the EMI debate within the broader discourses of nationalism and national identity with the help of symbols (e.g. flags), strategies (e.g. quotes) and actors (e.g. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) evident in the collective psyche of the Turkish nation. .


Photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an exceptionally informative diagnostic tool, but the signal registered by wearable devices usually is corrupted, because the probe is affected by the external force and moves with respect to the point of the measurement during the physical activities of the human. This problem is solved usually applying some techniques for the PPG extraction from the corrupted (noisy) signal. The authors of this paper are suggesting the solutions, which prevent corruption of PPG instead of noise filtering or other PPG extraction from corrupted signal techniques. One of such solutions is described in this paper, by proposing special photoplethysmographic signal probe (PPGP). This device emits the amplitude modulated light beam with special code sequence, which like Barker code, can be easily recognized using correlation method. The experimental evaluation of proposed method showed, that even in case of a very high noise level SNR=0dB correlation between reference PPG and photoplethysmogram got using proposed method is remarkable, reaching corr = 0.985, while standard deviation of error is small and equal std(err)=0.33. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.20.3.6681


a At the risk of developing an archaeological hagiography, we dwell in this our last editorial, at least in part, on the founder and first editor, whose decision to found the journal took place some 77 years ago (in 1925). Three editorial teams have followed those of GLYN DANIEL, CHRIS CHIPPINDALE and the current editors and in December we hand over to the fourth editorial team, that of MAFXIN CARVER. Within these editorial terms, Chris Chippindale engaged HENRY CLEERE for one year while he was on sabbatical, and the two current editors swapped roles after three years. In this issue, we make some considerable space to publish the papers delivered this year at the Society of Antiquaries, London and at the Society for American Archaeology in Denver, Colorado, with the aim of celebrating the 75 years of publication since 1927, which were completed last year. One can learn much of the founder from his autobiography (Crawford 1955). However, this is in many ways the official version, written and published by CRAWFORD during his lifetime. A complementary version of events can be gleaned from the Crawford papers in the Bodleian of Oxford. The editor selected 6 September of the year 2002 as a day of pilgrimage to visit these papers in the Bodleian Library of Oxford. He rose early to take the 6.30 bus so as to arrive in good time to follow the rite of passage of entry into the Library. Stagecoach, the unfortunately named bus company, which runs many routes in the United Kingdom, failed to deliver their timetable, and it was on the 7.35 that he eventually left Cambridge for a threeand-a-half-hour journey to the centre of Oxford. Once on the bus, the editor, an inexperienced bus traveller, made the mistake of turning the spacious back seat into his office. Any physicist could have told the editor that the centrifugal force produced by the roundabouts of Milton Keynes would have produced an uncomfortable journey. The editor arrived in Oxford after an appropriate period of suffering for any pilgrimage. Thereafter, matters greatly improved. The Admissions office of the Bodleian welcomed the pilgrim with good humour, and he discovered that he had some useful indulgences stored up from a previous visit to Oxford. As a visiting fellow to an Oxford college in the previous century, he had converted his Cambridge MA into an Oxford MA. The discovery of the proof of his Oxford MA in an extensive paper archive, and evidence that he had already sworn not to burn books, led to immediate issue of a photographic card, entry and welcome to the manuscripts room. After seven continuous hours of research without break, he was pleased to retire to an Italian restaurant to recover. The next day followed with a further indulgence, a fascinating conference on Orientalization, one driving force of political change in the Mediterranean, otherwise known as the Phoenicians, organized by Corinna Riva and Nicholas Vella. In various parts of this issue, we draw on these seven hours of research and would like to thank the Bodleian Library for allowing us to reproduce parts of the archive. Our research has allowed us to dwell on the formation processes of this archaeo-archival record. Like any archaeological deposit, the archive is one not immune from taphonomic effects. The archive is a record of correspondence received and retained, and we have to reconstruct by inference many of the letters that Crawford himself sent. Certain phases of Crawford's professional life were truncated or erased by war damage to the Ordnance Survey records in Southampton. Like many an archaeological deposit, the early formative phases were preserved in well-defined, distinct structured deposits, that were not obliterated by the sorting of later life; there are some ancestral archives; there is much evidence in the form of bundles of personal letters to friends and family; there are the schoolbooks of himself and his father from Marlborough. Of Marlborough, he sadly writes in his autobiography, 'it may have been partly my fault that they were years of misery' (Crawford 1955: 24-5). We did not have time to search the early letters for signs of the influ-


In this document, we describe our work applying natural language (NL) technologies to improve non-player character (NPC) dialog interactions in games, specifically role-playing games (RPGs). Our approach is to adapt the standard dialog menu interaction so that the menu items are dynamically-generated during game runtime rather than scripted during development time. In our system, menu items are constructed by manipulating abstract semantic representations stored in the NPC knowledgebase, converting them into NL text, and then ranking them so that the most relevant items are placed at the top of the menu. We demonstrate our approach in the context of a small RPG.


Passwords provide security mechanism for authentication and protection services against unwanted access to resources. One promising alternatives of textual passwords is a graphical based password. According to human psychology, human can easily remember pictures. In this paper, I have proposed a new hybrid graphical password based system. The system is a combination of recognition and pure recall based techniques and that offers many advantages over the existing systems and may be more convenient for the user. My approach is resistant to shoulder surfing attack and many other attacks on graphical passwords. This scheme is proposed for smart hand held devices (like smart phones i.e. PDAs, ipod, mobile phone etc) which are more handy and convenient to use than traditional desktop computer systems. Keywordsauthentication, graphical passwords, network security, smart phones.


We succeeded in controlling the wavelength range in which the photocurrent of porphyrin is enhanced by tuning as well as expanding the wavelength ranges in which the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) occurs. We fabricated photoelectric conversion systems consisting of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) and silver nanoprisms with small (SAgPRs) and large (LAgPRs) aspect ratios as plasmonic nano-antennae. Their photocurrents were much larger than those from TCPP-modified Ag planar electrodes at the specific wavelengths corresponding to their LSPR bands (SAgPRs: 460–610 nm; LAgPRs: 610–690 nm). The maximum enhancement factors (EFs) for the SAgPRs and the LAgPRs were 37 and 35, respectively. In order to enhance the photocurrents, we expanded the LSPR bands by the combined use of SAgPRs and LAgPRs. The system consisting of the mixture (MAgPRs) showed enhancement of the photocurrent over the entire Q-band region (480–690 nm). Finally, the total EFs of the photocurrents were evaluated by irradiation with AM1.5G sunlight through a long-pass filter of 480 nm and the results revealed that the EFs were in the order of MAgPRs > SAgPRs > LAgPRs. Furthermore, the system showed stability without loss of the enhancement property for at least 10 min under the solar irradiation.


The high voltage (4.7 V vs. Li+ /Li) spinel lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 , LNMO) is a promising candidate for the next-generation of lithium ion batteries due to its high energy density, low cost and environmental impact. However, poor cycling performance at high cutoff potentials limits its commercialization. Herein, hollow structured LNMO is synergistically paired with an ionic liquid electrolyte, 1M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Pyr1,3 FSI) to achieve stable cycling performance and improved rate capability. The optimized cathode-electrolyte system exhibits extended cycling performance (>85% capacity retention after 300 cycles) and high rate performance (106.2mAhg–1 at 5C) even at an elevated temperature of 65 ◦C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and spatially resolved x-ray fluorescence analyses confirm the formation of a robust, LiF-rich cathode electrolyte interphase. This study presents a comprehensive design strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of high-voltage cathode materials.


Climate variability, associated with farm-income variability, is recognized as one of the main drivers of livelihood diversification strategies in developing countries. Analysing determinants of livelihood diversification choices, to better understand household strategic behaviour in the event of climatic risks and other shocks, is important for the formulation of development policies in developing countries highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture, like Malawi. We use geo-referenced farm-household-level data collected in 2010-11 to investigate how climatic variability influences the pattern of diversification that farmers adopt, and the impacts of these choices on welfare. To do so we apply the "vulnerability to expected poverty" approach which measures the future level of poverty taking into consideration the role of risk and uncertainty. The analysis considers the effect of policies and institutions such as fertilizer subsidies, extension services, safety-net and credit on diversification choices. The results show that higher levels of climate risk generally increase the likelihood of diversification across labour, cropland and income, suggesting the importance of diversification as a response to constraints imposed by increased risk. In contrast, we find that in areas with favourable average rainfall conditions households are more likely to diversify income, suggesting diversification as a response to opportunities. In terms of welfare, the analysis performed on the components of vulnerability to poverty provides evidence that climatic variables are key determinants of both components of vulnerability (expected consumption and its variance). Fertilizer subsidies are found to be significant in diversification choices for all dimensions and also particularly effective in reducing vulnerability to poverty in high variability environments although the same does not hold for extension. Looking at differences across gender, we find that women labour diversification is less responsive than men's, resulting in a lower positive impact on expected consumption per capita.


The first course in Statistics typically covers inferential procedures which are valid only if a number of preconditions are satisfied by the data. This book, designed for a second course, contains a collection of statistical diagnostics and prescriptions necessary for the applied statistician so that he can deal with the realities of inference from data and not merely with the kind of classroom problems where all the data satisfy the assumptions associated with the technique being taught. The book begins with four chapters on data diagnostics, and then proceeds to discuss prescriptions for using the data, given its diagnosed characteristics. The book concludes with two chapters on techniques for making inferences from specialized data, mixing categorical and measured data, and cross-classified data.


In the article the author analyzes references to a basin filled with mercury ("Birkat az-Ziʾbaq") in the palace of the Tulunid Dynasty ruler Khumārawaīh in al-Qaṭāʾiʿ. This basin, which has been mentioned in several medieval Arabic sources (al-Maqrīzī, Ibn Duqmāq, Ibn Iyās, Isḥāqī) had been built in order to heal Khumārawaīh of insomnia. According to al-Maqrīzī, the basin has the dimensions of 50 × 50 cubits (ca. 25 × 25 m), however the depth of the basin has not been mentioned. The author critically analyzes the known references of the mercury basins in the palaces of Muslim rulers and advances several hypotheses explaining the construction of the basin in the palace of Khumārawaīh.


In 2011, Thailand witnessed its worst flooding catastrophe in half a century. In this study, we explored social media as a new and promising weapon to address the physical and morale challenges caused by the natural disaster. A case study was conducted in the context of crisis response, which investigated the use of social media to contribute to the collective cultural repertoire during the natural disaster. By investigating two paths toward the cultural repertoire construction considering different social groups, this study also identified the roles of social media as an information market and an information threshold in the crisis response.


The ability to simulate mixed lubrication problems has greatly improved, especially in concentrated lubricated contacts. A mixed lubrication simulation method was developed by utilizing the semi-system approach which has been proven to be highly useful for improving stability and robustness of mixed lubrication simulations. Then different variants of the model were developed by varying the discretization schemes used to treat the Couette flow terms in the Reynolds equation, varying the evaluation of density derivatives and varying the contribution of terms in the coefficient matrix. The resulting pressure distribution, film thickness distribution, lambda ratio, contact ratio, and the computation time were compared and found to be strongly influenced by the choice of solution scheme. This indicates that the output from mixed lubrication solvers can be readily used for qualitative and parametric studies, but care should be taken when making quantitative predictions.


Abstract Searches for gravitational waves with km-scale laser interferometers often involve the long-wavelength approximation to describe the detector response. The prevailing assumption is that the corrections to the detector response due to its finite size are small and the errors due to the long-wavelength approximation are negligible. Recently, however, Baskaran and Grishchuk (2004 Class. Quantum Grav. 21 4041) found that in a simple Michelson interferometer such errors can be as large as 10%. For more accurate analysis, these authors proposed to use a linear-frequency correction to the long-wavelength approximation. In this paper we revisit these calculations. We show that the linear-frequency correction is inadequate for certain locations in the sky and therefore accurate analysis requires taking into account the exact formula, commonly derived from the photon round-trip propagation time. Also, we extend the calculations to include the effect of Fabry–Perot resonators in the interferometer arms. Here we show that a simple approximation which combines the long-wavelength Michelson response with the single-pole approximation to the Fabry–Perot transfer function produces rather accurate results. In particular, the difference between the exact and the approximate formulae is at most 2–3% for those locations in the sky where the detector response is greater than half of its maximum value. We analyse the impact of such errors on detection sensitivity and parameter estimation in searches for periodic gravitational waves emitted by a known pulsar, and in searches for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background. At frequencies up to 1 kHz, the effect of such errors is at most 1–2%. For higher frequencies, or if more accuracy is required, one should use the exact formula for the detector response.


Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a severe form of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), characterised by severe stenoses and / or occlusion of the leg arteries, resulting in chronic ischemic rest pain and / or non-healing ischemic skin lesions. CLI is associated with high morbidity and reduced life expectancy. This thesis shows that CLI patients score extremely poor on every health dimension of commonly used quality of life (QoL) questionnaires. This poor QoL becomes particularly apparent when compared to the QoL of patients with milder forms of PAD or of patients with cardiovascular risk factors only. The QoL scores were calculated using a norm based scoring method, and may therefore serve as a reference for the increasing number of studies investigating new experimental therapies in CLI patients. The poor life expectancy of CLI patients is mainly due to high risks of cardiovascular events. To identify patients at the highest risk of such events, a prediction model that allows for a simple assessment of this risk is proposed. The prediction model may serve as a valuable tool in vascular secondary health care to select patients that could benefit from intensified treatment. With regard to limb salvage, treatment options for patients with CLI are limited: there is no effective pharmacological therapy available and approximately half of the patients is ineligible for traditional interventions aimed at revascularisation of the affected leg. Amputation often remains the only option to relieve symptoms, but is by itself associated with a poor prognosis. New treatment options are thus needed to ameliorate the burden of CLI. In the past decade, stimulating neovascularisation by means of stem / progenitor cell therapy has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy. Neovascularisation involves the mobilisation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from the bone marrow (BM) towards the circulation. These EPC subsequently contribute to the sprouting of new blood vessels by direct incorporation and proliferation into the endothelial layer of existing blood vessels and by paracrine effects on mature endothelial cells. This thesis explores stem cell therapy as a novel treatment for CLI and describes the rationale and design of the ongoing JUVENTAS study, a large randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial that investigates the clinical effects of stem cell therapy in CLI patients. Increasing evidence however suggests that EPC of CLI patients have impaired function, which may negatively affect the effectiveness of stem cell therapy. The JUVENTAS study therefore also encompasses fundamental research on cell characterisation and functional properties of progenitor cells of CLI patients. In this thesis we show that despite ischemic cues, circulating EPC levels do not increase in CLI patients. Together with the observed reduction in the levels of MMP-9 and soluble c-Kit in BM plasma, this is suggestive for a functional BM impairment, possibly due to reduced NO availability. Stem cell therapy is a promising novel treatment option in CLI, but its effectiveness remains to be confirmed by ongoing randomised clinical trials. Combined with treatments augmenting progenitor cell function, therapeutic neovascularisation may become a compelling new treatment option for no-option CLI patients.


Discerning the exact nature of the sub-mJy radio population has been historically difficult due to the low luminosity of these sources at most wavelengths. Using deep ground based optical follow-up and observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope we are able to disentangle the radio-selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) and star-forming galaxy (SFG) populations for the first time in a deep multifrequency VLA/MERLIN Survey of the 13^H XMM Newton/Chandra Deep Field. The discrimination diagnostics include radio morphology, radio spectral index,
radio/near-infrared (near-IR) and mid-IR/radio flux density ratios. We are nowable to calculate the extragalactic Euclidean normalized source counts separately for AGN and SFGs. We find that while SFGs dominate at the faintest flux densities and account for the majority of the upturn in the counts, AGN still make up around one quarter of the counts at ∼50 μJy (1.4 GHz). Using radio luminosity as an unobscured star formation rate (SFR) measure we are then able to examine the comoving SFR density of the Universe up to z = 3 which agrees well with measures at other wavelengths. We find a rough correlation of SFR with stellar mass for both the sample presented here and a sample of local radio-selected SFGs from the 6df-NVSS
survey. This work also confirms the existence of, and provides alternative evidence for, the evolution of distribution of star formation by galaxy mass: 'downsizing'. As both these samples are SFR-selected, this result suggests that there is a maximum SFR for a given galaxy that depends linearly on its stellar mass. The low 'characteristic times' (inverse specific SFR) of
the SFGs in our sample are similar to those of the 6dF-NVSS sample, implying that most of these sources are in a current phase of enhanced star formation.


The demand of eco-friendly or 'green' products and services has experienced considerable growth rates in recent years ranging from agricultural produce, clothing, and consumer electronics to real estate. Various studies for these products have identified that there is increasing willingness of customers to pay a price premium. This trend is supported by increased level of awareness regarding the environmental impact of production and consumption patterns. Real Estate sector consumes higher level of resources, during construction and thereafter hence, contributes in carbon dioxide emissions. Green building construction primarily involves the design, construction, and operation of buildings and other facilities in ways that preserve natural resources and protect the environment for generations to come. The real estate development industry's rapidly growing interest in green buildings in many parts of the world confirms that market forces are leading more developers to adopt sustainable building techniques. Green buildings not only produce substantial operating savings, but also contribute in creating market value, improve health of building occupants and increase productivity. However, the greatest challenge faced by developers and buyers is lack of awareness about the benefits and opportunities of green buildings. This research paper uses primary research analyses and reveals the awareness and preferences of real estate developers to adopt green building designs. It also investigates the issues and challenges they face regarding factors like premium pricing, lack of awareness, consumer interest, etc.


Comparative solid state structural studies of three lanthanide macrocyclic complexes derived from 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane with pendant arms bearing amide co-ordinating groups have been performed in order to evaluate the parameters influencing the co-ordination polyhedron and to assess the importance of the geometric factor in energy transfer processes. In all the investigated structures the co-ordination geometry is a mono-capped twisted square antiprism, a situation commonly observed for similar compounds. High resolution luminescence spectra of the europium complexes are consistent with a tetragonal site symmetry for the metal ion. An analysis of the presented crystal structures and of previously reported ones indicates that (i) the relative orientation of the O4 and N4 planes is not determined by the co-ordinated solvent molecule and (ii) the twist angle between them is mainly dictated by the flexibility of the pendant arms. Interpretation of the luminescence properties of the complexes of Sm(III), Eu(III) and Tb(III) can be made from the structural parameters found in the solid state and in solution (by NMR spectroscopy). Both the energy parameter (i.e. the gap between the ligand triplet state and the metal ion excited state) and the geometric parameter (i.e. the donor–acceptor distance and the orientation of the choromophore) have to be taken into account to explain the results obtained in terms of the efficiency of the L→Ln intra-molecular energy transfer. Furthermore, the correlative comparison between structural and luminescent properties shows how inter-molecular interactions in the solid state can be a prominent factor in the effectiveness of this transfer.


Author(s): Blue, Yolanda; Boyd, Angela; Colmenar, Gerardo "Gary"; McCracken, Elaine | Abstract: At the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), librarians teach Interdisciplinary 1 (INT 1): Fundamentals of Library Research. This credit-bearing class addresses concepts such as: catalog and database searching techniques, understanding citations and information structures, as well as locating credible print and online news sources. Instruction librarians emphasize the importance of thinking critically about information, introducing them to diverse range of information and perspectives. A significant component of INT1 entails collaboration with Special Collections to promote the unique and diverse resources. Technology is changing the nature of libraries and modifying the ways librarians teach information literacy. As stated in communication by IFLA President Sinikka Sipila , "…libraries and other intermediaries support good governance by providing the access to information and media and skills, needed to help make informed decisions." How can academic librarians address the challenges and opportunities that continue to emerge with new technologies?Materials in Special Collections have traditionally been documented in online catalogs and finding aids. In this regard, the California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives (CEMA) has a rich collection of materials related to the different ethnic groups of California. The UCSB Library has been working to make these materials more discoverable by utilizing new technology such as Archivists' Toolkit, ArchivesSpace, and Aeon, as well as the California Digital Library's (CDL) Online Archive of California (OAC) and Calisphere.Both Archivists' Toolkit and ArchivesSpace are open source data management systems that support archival processing and access to the materials. With the advent of increased digitization of finding aids to collections, the OAC provides free public access to detailed descriptions of primary resources. Calisphere, on the other hand, provides freely accessible digital surrogates of primary source materials, such as posters, photographs, letters, etc. curated across the University of California Special Collections libraries. Angela Boyd, Gary Colmenar, and Elaine McCracken presented the poster on August 14 a 15, 2014 at the IFLA Information Literacy Section Satellite Meeting in Limerick, Ireland.


Habitat use patterns of the Black Brant Branta bernicla nigricans (Anseriformes: Anatidae) in natural and artificial areas of Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The Black Brant is a common inhabitant of the Western Artic American tundra, which migrates to Southern Pacific coasts during the winter season. Approximately, 31 000 birds (31%) constitute the Mexican population of Brants at Guerrero Negro, Ojo de Liebre, and Exportadora de Sal lagoon complex; nevertheless, there is little information about the distribution patterns and zone usage. At Guerrero Negro Lagoon (GNL), Ojo de Liebre Lagoon (OLL, both natural sites), and at Exportadora de Sal (ESSA, artificial site) we determined by monthly censuses (from November 2006 to April 2007, 08:00-16:00h) and observed: (1) season and site effects on population structure (age groups), and (2) the tide level relationship with the abundance and proportion of feeding birds. Within a total of 150 observa- tion hours and 98 birds, our results showed a general 0.68 proportion of adults, that was higher in winter than in spring. The statistics analysis showed no effects by site on the proportion of feeding birds, but we observed a temporal decrease at ESSA and at GNL. In contrast the proportion of feeding birds at OLL was constant. We observed an increase in the juveniles between winter and spring. This increase is related with the differential migration, which mentions that the juveniles are the last to leave the wintering area. In winter the relations of the tide level with the abundance of Brant were: direct at ESSA, inverse at OLL and no relation found at GNL. In spring, no relation was observed in the sites. The proportion of Brants feeding at OLL (the site with the higher abundance) was independent of the tide level. This is related with two possible behaviors of the geese: (1) they can move through the lagoon and take advantage of the tidal lag, which is up to four hours; and (2) they can modify their feeding strategies, more on floating eelgrass (Zostera marina). Rev. Biol. Trop. 61 (2): 927-935. Epub 2013 June 01.


A strong nuclear kilomaser, W1, has been found in the nearby galaxy NGC 253, associated with a forming super star cluster. Kilomasers could arise from the accretion disc around supermassive stars (>103 M⊙), hypothetical objects that have been proposed as polluters responsible for the chemical peculiarities in globular clusters. The supermassive stars would form via runaway collisions, simultaneously with the cluster. Their discs are perturbed by stellar flybys, inspiralling and colliding stars. This raises the question if an accretion disc would at all be able to survive in such a dynamic environment and mase water lines. We investigated what the predicted maser spectrum of such a disc would look like using 2D hydrodynamic simulations and compared this to the W1 kilomaser. We derived model maser spectra from the simulations by using a general maser model for appropriate disc temperatures. All our model discs survived. The model maser spectra for the most destructive case for the simulations of M⋆ = 1000 M⊙ are a reasonable match with the W1 kilomaser spectrum in terms of scaling, flux values and some of the signal trends. Details in the spectrum suggest that a star of a few 1000 M⊙ might fit even better, with 10,000 M⊙ clearly giving too large velocities. Our investigations thus support the hypothesis that kilomasers could pinpoint supermassive stars.


1. In Gammarus pulex and G. duebeni sodium influx from sodium chloride solutions and sodium loss into de-ionized water were not affected in a consistent manner by the presence of calcium ions at concentrations up to about 2 mM/l. 2. Sodium influx in G. pulex was depressed by the addition of 2-10 mM/l. calcium. 3. Sodium influx in G. zaddachi was stimulated by the addition Of 2-4 mM/l. calcium chloride but depressed by the addition of 20-53 mM/l. calcium chloride.


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Innate behaviors consist of a succession of genetically-hardwired motor and physiological subprograms that can be coupled to drastic morphogenetic changes. How these integrative responses are orchestrated is not completely understood. Here, we provide insight into these mechanisms by studying pupariation, a multi-step innate behavior of fly larvae that is critical for survival during metamorphosis. We find that the steroid-hormone ecdysone triggers parallel pupariation neuromotor and morphogenetic subprograms, which include the induction of the relaxin-peptide hormone, Dilp8, in the epidermis. Dilp8 acts on six Lgr3-positive thoracic interneurons to couple both subprograms in time and to instruct neuromotor subprogram switching during behavior. Our work reveals that interorgan feedback gates progression between subunits of an innate behavior and points to an ancestral neuromodulatory function of relaxin signaling.


Huge consumption of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) results in two serious challenges for our society: fire hazards and environment pollution. To address these challenges, on the one hand, ultrathin β-Co(OH)2 nanosheets were devised and synthesized by a surfactant self-assembly technique and their application in TPU reduced the fire hazard; on the other hand, a green method was developed to sustainably recycle TPU nanocomposites into high value-added carbon materials. The structural characterizations demonstrate that the ultrathin β-Co(OH)2 nanosheets showed a typical two-dimensional lamellar morphology, possessing a lateral dimension of ca. 2 μm and a low thickness of ca. 2.6 nm, corresponding to the two layers of β-Co(OH)2. The incorporation of ultrathin β-Co(OH)2 nanosheets into the TPU matrix effectively reduced the heat release and restrained the toxicity of the volatiles, which was attributed to the ultrathin β-Co(OH)2 nanosheets in the TPU matrix offering an enhanced barrier effect and catalytic charring capability and Co3O4 decomposed from β-Co(OH)2 possessing superior catalytic oxidation of CO. Moreover, a green autocatalytic process in a sealed autoclave was developed to convert TPU/Co(OH)2 nanocomposites into high value-added Co/CNTs nanocomposites with more than 85% yield. This innovative idea may be expanded to other polymer systems and opens a new door to developing high performance polymer nanocomposites via green approaches and in particular, the sustainable recycling of the polymer-based materials.


This paper analyzes the heterogeneous effects of monetary policy on workers with different levels of labor force attachment. Exploiting variation in labor market tightness across metropolitan areas, we show that the employment of populations with lower labor force attachment--Blacks, high school dropouts, and women--is more responsive to expansionary monetary policy in tighter labor markets. We develop a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous workers that explains these results. The model shows that expansionary monetary shocks lead to larger and more persistent increases in the employment of low attachment populations when the central bank follows an average inflation targeting rule and when the Phillips curve is flatter. These findings suggest that the Federal Reserve's recent move from a strict to an average inflation targeting framework will especially benefit workers with lower labor force attachment.


The authors have operated 24 patients to repair total and subtotal defects of penile integuments due to oleogranuloma. They have performed a total of 13 transplantations of axial island cellolocutaneous inguinal flaps basing on the external pudendal, superficial epigastric or superficial circumflex iliac arteries; 3 transplantations of free axial inguinal grafts; 2 transplantations of free axial grafts from the forearm on the radial artery. Microvascular anastomoses with the recipient zone vessels were formed. 8 two-stage Reich operations were conducted. Postoperative dynamic monitoring (skin thermometry, oxygen polarography, Doppler ultrasound scanning of the vessels) of the graft has found more favourable vascular reactions in the axial flaps vs. scrotal ones. Effective contralateral grafting was performed in a patient with the transplant necrosis on the superficial epigastric artery.


The influence of multi-layered nanostructured graphene as reinforcement on thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy-based nanocomposites has been studied. The maximum improvement in mechanical properties was observed at 0.1 wt%. The Young's and flexural moduli increased from 610 MPa to 766 MPa (26% increase) and 598.3 MPa to 732.8 MPa (23% increase), respectively. The tensile and flexural strengths increased from 46 MPa to 65 MPa (43% increase) and 74 MPa to 111 MPa (49% increase), respectively. The mode-1 fracture toughness (K1C) and critical strain energy release rate (G1C) increased from 0.85 MPa.m1/2 to 1.2 MPa.m1/2 (41% increase) and from 631 J/m2 to 685 J/m2 (9% increase), respectively. The increase in fracture toughness is attributed to the obstruction of cracks by graphene layers. The reinforcing effect of nanostructured graphene was also manifested in dynamic mechanical properties. The storage modulus and alpha-relaxation temperature values significantly increased indicating the fine integration of NSG in epoxy chains. The thermal properties of nanocomposites were simulated which showed that graphene is very efficient in significantly increasing the scattering and dissipation of thermal flux.


The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the writings of Hayashi Ichizō, a Christian from southern Japan who on the 30th of May 1945 died while carrying out a kamikaze attack against Allied ships outside Okinawa. Hayashi's writings, most notably his diary and some of the letters he sent to his mother, have been published posthumously by his sister in a volume called Hi nari tate nari. In this thesis, I conduct an in-depth analysis of these writings in an attempt to understand for what Hayashi died.In the two parts of the thesis, divided by two major themes in Hayashi's writings – faith/family and nation/emperor, I discuss his thoughts around these issues. Using the idea of intertextuality as presented by Norman Fairclough, I have tried to see what lies behind Hayashi's own words. Hayashi's bounds to his mother were particularly strong, and through his Christian faith he found solace in the thought that he would one day reunite with her in Heaven. At the same time, he was worried about whether dying in action in the name of the emperor would prevent this from happening, yet in the end he seems to have put his faith in providence. While Hayashi's thoughts about the imperial system are ambivalent, a thorough reading of the material suggests that he remained critical of the cult surrounding the divine emperor. Though he does refer to himself as "the emperor's ugly shield", there seems to be more to his use of this term than state-promoted nationalism.Though it is difficult to say for what Hayashi died, we can reach a few conclusions about his fate. After he was conscripted in 1943, he chose to enter the Navy and he volunteered to be a pilot, yet it was never his choice to become a kamikaze pilot – death was given to him. While Hayashi never considered his death to be a suicide, contradicting his Christian belief, he was clearly worried about the prospect of his soul being enshrined in Yasukuni Shrine. To his death, his thoughts remained with his mother and with God, never with the emperor.


The critical balance between intended and adverse effects in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) depends on the fate of individual donor T-cells. To this end, we tracked αβT-cell clonotypes during stem cell mobilization treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in healthy donors and for six months during immune reconstitution after transfer to transplant recipients. More than 250 αβT-cell clonotypes were tracked from donor to recipient. These clonotypes consisted almost exclusively of CD8+ effector memory T cells (CD8TEM), which exhibited a different transcriptional signature with enhanced effector and cytotoxic functions compared to other CD8TEM. Importantly, these distinct and persisting clonotypes could already be delineated in the donor. We confirmed these phenotypes on the protein level and their potential for selection from the graft. Thus, we identified a transcriptional signature associated with persistence and expansion of donor T-cell clonotypes after alloHSCT that may be exploited for personalized graft manipulation strategies in future studies.


Macrophages are key regulators of inflammation and repair, but their heterogeneity and multiple roles in the liver are not fully understood. We aimed herein to map the intrahepatic macrophage populations and their function(s) during acute liver injury. We used flow cytometry, gene expression analysis, multiplex-immunofluorescence, 3D-reconstruction, and spatial image analysis to characterize the intrahepatic immune landscape in mice post-CCl4-induced acute liver injury during three distinct phases: necroinflammation, and early and late repair. We observed hepatocellular necrosis and a reduction in liver resident lymphocytes during necroinflammation accompanied by the infiltration of circulating myeloid cells and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. These parameters returned to baseline levels during the repair phase while pro-repair chemokines were upregulated. We identified resident CLEC4F+ Kupffer cells (KCs) and infiltrating IBA1+CLEC4F- monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs) as the main hepatic macrophage populations during this response to injury. While occupying most of the necrotic area, KCs and MoMFs exhibited distinctive kinetics, distribution and morphology at the site of injury. The necroinflammation phase was characterized by low levels of KCs and a remarkable invasion of MoMFs suggesting their potential role in phagoctosing necrotic hepatocytes, while opposite kinetics/distribution were observed during repair. During the early repair phase, yolksac - derived KCs were restored, whereas MoMFs diminished gradually then dissipated during late repair. MoMFs interacted with hepatic stellate cells during the necroinflammatory and early repair phases, potentially modulating their activation state and influencing their fibrogenic and pro-repair functions that are critical for wound healing. Altogether, our study reveals novel and distinct spatial and temporal distribution of KCs and MoMFs and provides insights into their complementary roles during acute liver injury.


Poly(methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) microspheres were prepared and the acid groups were activated by using either carbodiimide (CDI) or thionyl chloride (SOCl2). alpha-Amylase was covalently bound on these activated microspheres. The properties of the immobilized enzyme were investigated and compared with those of the free enzyme. The relative activities were found to be 80.4 and 67.5% for carbodiimide and thionyl chloride bound enzymes, respectively. Maximum activities were obtained at lower pHs and higher temperatures upon immobilization compared to free enzyme. No change in Vmax and approximately 12-fold increase in K(m) were observed for immobilized enzymes. The enzyme activities, after storage for 1 month, were found to be 24.5 and 52.5% of the initial activity values for CDI and SOCl2 activated matrices, respectively. On the other hand the free enzyme lost its activity completely in 20 days. Immobilization, storage stability and repeated use capability experiments carried out in the presence of Ca2+ ions demonstrated higher stability, such as SOCl2 immobilized enzyme retained 83.7% and CDI immobilized enzyme retained 90.3% of the original activity of the enzyme. The immobilized enzymes that were used 20 times in 3 days in repeated batch experiments demonstrated that, in the absence of Ca2+ ions about 75% and in the presence of Ca2+ ions greater than 90% of the original enzyme activity was retained.


With a high prevalence of non-medication compliance in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and a wide range of side effects from administered antipsychotics, it is imperative that the field of dance/movement therapy advocates for the implementation of dance/movement therapy in the treatment for this population. This literature review addressed the gap in dance/movement therapy research on the use of dance/movement therapy to reduce antipsychotic medication side effects and increase medication compliance. The multiple challenges faced by individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia were explored such as, stigmatization, the wide range of possible symptoms, poor insight, and movement dysfunctions. Side effects affecting cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning were also clarified. In addition, literature on the therapeutic relationship between dance/movement therapist and patient, body awareness, mind and body connection, physical activity, self-expression, and many other dance/movement therapy techniques were examined, followed by a review of dance/movement therapy literature with individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Dance/movement therapy has the potential to increase bodily awareness by providing the individual with insight into their medication side effects and reduce debilitating medication effects on cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning. Although limited research includes dance/movement therapy as a complementary form of treatment to increase medication compliance in individual diagnosed with schizophrenia, dance/movement therapy has shown to improve cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning in a variety of ways.


We present Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) far-ultraviolet (FUV) and near-ultraviolet (NUV) imaging of the nearby early-type galaxy NGC 2974, along with complementary ground-based optical imaging. In the ultraviolet, the galaxy reveals a central spheroid-like component and a newly discovered complete outer ring of radius 6.2 kpc, with suggestions of another partial ring at an even larger radius. Blue FUV-NUV and UV-optical colours are observed in the centre of the galaxy and from the outer ring outwards, suggesting young stellar populations (≤ 1Gyr) and recent star formation in both locations. This is supported by a simple stellar population model which assumes two bursts of star formation, allowing us to constrain the age, mass fraction and surface mass density of the young component pixel by pixel. Overall, the mass fraction of the young component appears to be just under 1 per cent (lower limit, uncorrected for dust extinction). The additional presence of a nuclear and an inner ring (radii 1.4 and 2.9 kpc, respectively), as traced by [0III] emission, suggests ring formation through resonances. All three rings are consistent with a single pattern speed of 78 ± 6 km s -1 kpc -1 , typical of SO galaxies and only marginally slower than expected for a fast bar if traced by a small observed surface brightness plateau. This thus suggests that star formation and morphological evolution in NGC 2974 at the present epoch are primarily driven by a rotating asymmetry (probably a large-scale bar), despite the standard classification of NGC 2974 as an E4 elliptical.


Throughout the literature epidermoid, or squamous cell, carcinoma of the anus has been described as a highly malignant tumor offering a poor prognosis regardless of the treatment employed. Such a conception may at present be justifiable in view of the high number of fatalities in all the groups of cases which have been reported. However, the disappointing results responsible for this attitude may be attributed partly to failure of most plans of treatment to take into account the known pathologic aspects of this disease and in a considerable measure to the lack of standardization of treatment. In short, it would seem that in many instances poor results may have been due to inadequate treatment rather than to an inherent incurability of the lesion. Textbooks and papers dealing with the colon, the rectum and the anus have neglected this anal tumor. In such publications epidermoid carcinoma of the anus is overshadowed


Information leakages — the unauthorized sharing of an organization's information with another organization — are a growing concern in today's supply chains, but remain relatively underexplored. Drawing on attribution theory and observational learning, our research investigates inter-organizational information leakages from a network perspective. We assess the spillover effects of opportunistic and inadvertent information leakages between an OFFENDER organization and a VICTIM organization on the relationship between the OFFENDER and a nonpartisan OBSERVER . We consider the roles of integrity-and ability-based trust, as well as operational similarity between the organizations. We conducted scenario-based experiments with 181 sales practitioners recruited via MTurk and supplemented those results with post hoc interviews. Our results show clear spillover effects: The OBSERVER 's will-ingness to share information with the OFFENDER decreases significantly after any type of information leakage between the OFFENDER and the VICTIM, but more so for opportunistic leakages. Integrity-based trust mediates the relationship between intentionality and information sharing willingness. We also find indications of an unexpected collateral damage effect in that to some extent, both trust dimensions decrease in both forms of information leakage. Further, for opportunistic information leakages, the OBSERVER 's willingness to share information with the OFFENDER decreases more when OBSERVER and VIC-TIM are operationally similar.


The Sun continuously expels a fraction of its own mass in the form of a steadily accelerating outflow of ionized gas called the "solar wind." The solar wind is the extension of the Sun's hot (million-degree Kelvin) outer atmosphere that is visible during solar eclipses as the bright and wispy corona. In 1958, Eugene Parker theorized that a hot corona could not exist for very long without beginning to accelerate some of its gas into interplanetary space. After more than half a century, Parker's idea of a gas-pressure-driven solar wind still is largely accepted, although many questions remain unanswered. Specifically, the physical processes that heat the corona have not yet been identified conclusively, and the importance of additional wind-acceleration mechanisms continue to be investigated. Variability in the solar wind also gives rise to a number of practical "space weather" effects on human life and technology, and there is still a need for more accurate forecasting. Fortunately, recent improvements in both observations (with telescopes and via direct sampling by space probes) and theory (with the help of ever more sophisticated computers) are leading to new generations of predictive and self-consistent simulations. Attempts to model the origin of the solar wind are also leading to new insights into long-standing mysteries about turbulent flows, magnetic reconnection, and kinetic wave-particle resonances.


The classical Load Balancing Problem (LBP) is to map tasks to processors so as to minimize the maximum load. Solving the LBP successfully would lead to better utilization of resources and better performance. The LBP has been proven to be NP-hard, thus generating the exact solutions in a tractable amount of time becomes infeasible when the problems become large.We present a new nature-inspired approximation algorithm based on the Particle Mechanics (PM) model to compute in parallel approximate efficient solutions for LBPs. Just like other Nature-inspired Algorithms (NAs) drawing from observations of physical processes that occur in nature, the PM algorithm is inspired by physical models of particle kinematics and dynamics. The PM algorithm maps the classical LBP to the movement of particles in a force field by a corresponding mathematical model in which all particles move according to certain defined rules until reaching a stable state. By anti-mapping the stable state, the solution to LBP can be obtained.


Upon encountering a leaf surface, emergent germ tubes from conidia of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea, form infection structures called appressoria that allow direct penetration of plant cells. The MPG1 gene encodes a fungal hydrophobin of M. grisea that is expressed during development of aerial hyphae, conidia, and appressoria. Deletion of MPG1 reduces the efficiency of appressorium formation. We found that yeast extract repressed MPG1 expression in vitro and inhibited appressorium development of the rice pathogen, strain Guy11. Appressorium formation of mpg1 mutants is rescued in trans by coinoculation with wild-type cells. MPG1 is required for efficient induction of appressoria in response to a host surface or highly hydrophobic artificial substrates. However, we identified several artificial substrates that can support efficient appressorium formation of mpg1 strains. This finding suggests that Mpg1p is not specifically required for appressorium formation, but is involved in the interaction with, and recognition of, the host surface. Additionally, a time window of competence to form appressoria was identified; the decision to form appressoria occurs approximately 6 to 8 h following conidial germination. After this critical time, cells are no longer able to form appressoria in response to inductive cues. These studies indicate that MPG1 hydrophobin is required for host recognition and that it acts as a morphogenetic signal for cellular differentiation.


Abstract. During the austral summer 2011/2012 atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) was investigated for the second time at the Concordia site (75°06' S, 123°33' E), located on the East Antarctic Plateau, by deploying a long-path absorption photometer (LOPAP). Hourly mixing ratios of HONO measured in December 2011/January 2012 (35 ± 5.0 pptv) were similar to those measured in December 2010/January 2011 (30.4 ± 3.5 pptv). The large value of the HONO mixing ratio at the remote Concordia site suggests a local source of HONO in addition to weak production from oxidation of NO by the OH radical. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that surface snow removed from Concordia can produce gas-phase HONO at mixing ratios half that of the NOx mixing ratio produced in the same experiment at typical temperatures encountered at Concordia in summer. Using these lab data and the emission flux of NOx from snow estimated from the vertical gradient of atmospheric concentrations measured during the campaign, a mean diurnal HONO snow emission ranging between 0.5 and 0.8 × 109 molecules cm−2 s−1 is calculated. Model calculations indicate that, in addition to around 1.2 pptv of HONO produced by the NO oxidation, these HONO snow emissions can only explain 6.5 to 10.5 pptv of HONO in the atmosphere at Concordia. To explain the difference between observed and simulated HONO mixing ratios, tests were done both in the field and at lab to explore the possibility that the presence of HNO4 had biased the measurements of HONO.


While he celebrated higher education as the engine of progress in every aspect of American life, George Keller also challenged academia's sacred cows and entrenched practices with provocative ideas designed to induce "creative discomfort." Completed shortly before his death in 2007, Higher Education and the New Society caps the career of one of higher education's exceptional minds. Refining and expanding ideas Keller developed over his fifty-year career, this book is a clarion call for change. In the face of a transformed American society marked by population shifts, technological upheavals, and a volatile economic landscape, Keller urges leaders in higher education to see and confront their own serious problems. With characteristic forthrightness and inimitable wit, Keller targets critical areas where bold thinking is especially important, taking on such explosive issues as the configuration of academic disciplines, the runaway problem of big-time sports, the decline of the liberal arts, and the urgent problems of finances and costs. Keller expected this book to ignite discussion and controversy within academic circles, and he hoped fervently that it would also lead to real thinking, real analysis, and urgently needed transformation.


Disagreements on the Raman gain response of different tellurite-based glasses, measured at different wavelengths, have been recently reported in the literature. In order to resolve this controversy, a multi-wavelength Raman cross-section experiment was conducted on two different TeO2-based glass samples. The estimated Raman gain response of the material shows good agreement with the directly-measured Raman gain data at 1064 nm, after correction for the dispersion and wavelength-dependence of the Raman gain process.


The feasibility of employing gamma irradiation for the control of postharvest Botrytis bunch rot of table grapes in cold storage was studied. Table grape cultivars from commercial vineyards in the Paarl and Hex River Valley areas were packed as for export in vented corrugated cartons. The cartons were irradiated at O; 1,5; 2,0 or 3,0 kGy. After irradiation, grapes were kept for 4 weeks at -0,5°C, followed by another week at 10°C. Less decay was observed when table grapes were irradiated soon after packing than after a storage period. Irradiation at 1,5; 2,0 and 3,0 kGy reduced the effect of Botrytis cinerea on Barlinka grapes stored without sulphur dioxide. Irradiation of Waltham Cross and Barlinka grapes at a dose of 2,0 kGy, combined with reduced S02 treatments, resulted in similar control as with the standard practice of enclosing an S02 generator. Browning of Waltham Cross berries and bacterial and yeast growth occurred on the surface of berries irradiated at a dose of 3,0 kGy. Irradiation had no adverse effect on other aspects of quality.


BACKGROUND
Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLwH) are commonly co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Most co-infected individuals can achieve a sustained HCV virologic response after treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAA). However, the effect of HCV co-infection and DAA treatment on mortality after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unknown for PLwH.

METHODS
We analyzed data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Participants included those who had prevalent HIV or seroconverted during follow-up; all were antiretroviral-naive and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-free prior to their first visit after 1 October 1994. The follow-up lasted 10 years or until 30 September 2015. We used parametric g-computation to estimate the effects of HCV infection and DAA treatment on mortality had participants initiated ART at study entry.

RESULTS
Of the 3056 eligible participants, 58% were female and 18% had HCV. The estimated 10-year all-cause mortality risk in the scenario in which no PLwH had HCV was 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0-18.0%). The 10-year mortality risk difference for HCV infection was 4.3% (95% CI 0.4-8.9%) and the risk ratio was 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-1.9). The risk difference for DAA treatment was -3.8% (95% CI -9.2-0.9%) and the risk ratio was 0.8 (95% CI 0.6-1.1).

CONCLUSIONS
HCV co-infection remains an important risk factor for mortality among PLwH after initiating ART according to modern guidelines, and DAAs are effective at reducing mortality in this population. HCV prevention and treatment interventions should be prioritized to reduce mortality among PLwH.


In methanol intoxication, increased levels of the metabolite formate are associated with metabolic acidosis and an increased risk for ocular and neurological dysfunction. A simple method for plasma formate measurement by adaptation of a manual enzymatic assay to a Cobas Mira S analyzer is presented. Six microliters of sample is incubated for 5 min with buffer containing nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. Fifteen microliters of a suspension of formate dehydrogenase is then added. Absorbance at 340 nm is measured every 25 s. The NADH produced when formate is oxidized is stoichiometric to the amount of formate. The method is sensitive, reproducible, and specific and has a broad measurement range. The frozen reagents are stable for at least six months, so the described method can be applied to irregular and semi-urgent requests. A recent case is reported.


This study aimed to determine the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels in feed-stuff samples. For this purpose, 90 animal feed samples including barley, wheat bran,wheat pulp, canolameal, safflowermeal, cottonseedmeal and sunflower meal were randomly obtained from retail stores in Mashhad-Iran and analyzed by both enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. Results showed presence of AFB1 in 33 (36.67%) and 10 (11.11%) samples analyzed by HPLC and ELISAtechniques, respectively. The average±SD concentration ofAFB1 in the sampleswas 2.21±2.25 and 10.76±0.86 µg/kg for HPLC and ELISAtechniques, respectively. The range of contamination reported 0.34- 5.81 and 9.5-12.6 µg/kg for the mentioned techniques respectively. ELISA showed reliability and a high correlation with HPLC of 0.93 indicating its potential for aflatoxin screening in animal feed samples. However, sensitivity and specificity of HPLC was higher than ELISA method.


The modeling methodology is investigated for steel reinforced high performance concrete (SRHPC) in this paper. According to the mechanical characteristics of the SRHPC members, the structural section can be divided into different zones, and the element suitable for each zone is determined. Some discussion is made for how to control finite element gridding as well as applied load. Hysteretic loops of the computation results and test results agree well with each other, indicating the accuracy and applicability of the methodology. This research may be helpful for the nonlinear finite analysis of the SRHPC frame structure.


Introduction: We aimed to describe utilization and indication(s) for long-term central venous catheters (CVCs) in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and identify potential strategies to decrease CVC utilization. Methods: We conducted a single-center prospective quality improvement initiative at a 30-bed PICU in a large, freestanding, academic children's hospital. We created an electronic report to identify patients with an indwelling CVC for 7 days and older (defined as long term). We discussed the ongoing need for each long-term CVC with PICU clinicians at weekly interdisciplinary structured "CVC stewardship rounds." We then made recommendations around expedited removal of CVCs. We conducted multiple Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles to categorize CVC indications, identify modifiable factors, and educate PICU clinicians. We hypothesized that CVC stewardship rounds would decrease long-term CVC utilization in our PICU. Results: From October 2016 to September 2017, 607 long-term CVCs were eligible for the stewardship intervention. Compared to the preintervention period, we recorded a significant increase in peripherally inserted central catheters and a decrease in nontunneled CVCs (P < 0.001). Most patients had single- or double-lumen CVCs in both the preintervention and intervention periods (86% and 91%, respectively). The utilization of overall long-term CVC devices, and those with modifiable indications, decreased during the intervention period. Conclusions: A single-center QI intervention focused on PICU CVC stewardship was associated with a decrease in CVC utilization.


The Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is an XML-based, end-to-end architecture for authoring, producing, and delivering technical information. This architecture consists of a set of design principles for creating "information-typed" modules at a topic level and for using that content in delivery modes such as online help and product support portals on the Web. This document is a roadmap for DITA: what it is and how it applies to technical documentation.


Engineer-To-Order (ETO) companies making complex products face the challenge of delivering highly customised products with high quality, affordable price and a short delivery time. To respond to these challenges, ETO companies strive to increase the commonality between different projects and to reuse product-related information. Therfore, ETO companies need to retrieve data about previously designed products and identify parts of the design that can be reused to improve the configuration process. This allows companies to reduce complexity in the product portfolio, decrease engineering hours and improve the accuracy of the product specifications. This article proposes a framework to identify and compare products' similarities. The framework (1) identifies the most important product variables available in the Product Configuration System (PCS), (2) retrieves data of previously designed products in an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, (3) identifies a method to compare products based on the main products variables and (4) sets up an IT system (database) with data of the previously designed products to integrate with the PCS. The proposed approach (the framework and the IT system) is tested in an ETO company to evaluate the application of the framework and the IT system. We retrieved the needed data from the ERP system at the case company and developed the IT system in Microsoft Excel, which is integrated with the PCS.


We address the sparse signal recovery problem in the context of multiple measurement vectors (MMV) when elements in each nonzero row of the solution matrix are temporally correlated. Existing algorithms do not consider such temporal correlation and thus their performance degrades significantly with the correlation. In this paper, we propose a block sparse Bayesian learning framework which models the temporal correlation. We derive two sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) algorithms, which have superior recovery performance compared to existing algorithms, especially in the presence of high temporal correlation. Furthermore, our algorithms are better at handling highly underdetermined problems and require less row-sparsity on the solution matrix. We also provide analysis of the global and local minima of their cost function, and show that the SBL cost function has the very desirable property that the global minimum is at the sparsest solution to the MMV problem. Extensive experiments also provide some interesting results that motivate future theoretical research on the MMV model.


This paper investigates the electric field and current density induced in a human body when exposed to low frequency electromagnetic fields. A numerical technique based on the Finite Element Method and electromagnetic quasistatic approximations is developed to compute both the fields generated by low frequency sources and the fields induced inside a human body due to direct or indirect exposure scenarios. A case study is conducted to investigate exposure situations pertaining to the safety of human beings in the vicinity of high intensity low frequency electromagnetic fields.


Seabird bycatch in commercial fisheries has been a growing conservation concern over the past 25 years. Large-scale fisheries employing gears known to incidentally catch seabirds operate off eastern Canada, however, regional bycatch information is limited.
Using data collected from 1998–2011 by observers onboard Canadian domestic and foreign vessels, fishery sectors and target fisheries taking seabirds were identified, as were the seabirds most frequently taken. In addition, maps of seabird bycatch rates were used to identify localized areas where catch rates were high.
Seabird bycatch was widespread. Despite generally low observer coverage, > 5000 bird deaths were recorded; most observed mortalities occurred in gillnet and longline sectors during summer and autumn. While the overall magnitude of seabird bycatch has likely decreased substantially since closure of the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar gillnet fisheries in 1992, localized areas with high bycatch rates persist.
For example, in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, bycatch rates of northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis were high in gillnet and longline fisheries targeting Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides near breeding colonies. In offshore areas of the Grand Bank, catch rates of migrant shearwaters (Puffinus and Calonectris spp.) were high in deep-set gillnet fisheries for Greenland halibut and monkfish Lophius americanus during summer. In inshore regions of eastern Newfoundland, gillnets set for Atlantic cod near breeding colonies resulted in high bycatch rates of murres Uria spp. and shearwaters during summer. High bycatch rates were also observed in pelagic longline fisheries along the Scotian Shelf.
While the observer data have highlighted several localized areas with high bycatch rates, information for inshore gillnet fisheries, which take seabirds but are poorly covered by the observer programme, and regional information on fishing effort must both be considered for comprehensive assessment of seabird risk areas and consequent management needs in eastern Canada.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this study, we investigated the effects of racial discrimination on the identity and subjectivity patterns of black women assisted through the SOS Racism Program in Porto Alegre/RS. The research was based on a discussion group whose objective was to listen to the women's narratives of racial discrimination and agency other identity references. The theoretical and methodological support used to analyze the information was the discursive practice. This practice refers to the way by which people produce meaning in social interactions, like experiences of racial violence. The interpretative repertoires used by the women in the group dialogues were about racial discrimination and racism and pointed to the construction of resistance strategies. We believe that this intervention produces political effects of reflection and change, in the way that the group worked out new meanings for the violence suffered, changing from a personal narrative to a public denounce.


Abstract. The implementation of historical information within BIM (Building Information Modelling) platforms has experienced great development processes during last years, generating excellent studies based on Historic Building Information Modelling (Murphy et al., 2009; 2013). The HBIM developing growth is certainly explained due to advantages concerning the documentation step as well as monitoring operations for Cultural Heritage assets. In this sense, information concerning historical architectures can be extracted directly from walls and masonries and it is related to stratigraphic information derived from archaeological analysis: this kind of analysis is fundamental in order to comprehend the evolution of the construction site through the identification of layers due to modifications and actions (Parenti R., 2000).The inclusion of stratigraphic analysis inside a HBIM workflow could be an innovative point as far as the management and monitoring is concerned. This kind of documentation, that was not designed to be included inside a common BIM platform, could be collected coupled with digital metric information derived from metric surveys even if it is still considered an ongoing research field, especially since Cultural Heritage assets have no BIM standard classification. For this reason, the main goal of this research is to adapt the possibilities of open source solutions concerning BIM methodologies to building archaeology documentation and analysis exploring unconventional strategies and also overcoming 3D modelling limitations of BIM software with free form modeler based on NURBS algorithm (Oreni et al., 2014), developing a particular scan-to-BIM process that, owing to the used opens source solutions and algorithm, can be renamed scan-to-openBIM via NURBS.


—The problem of predicting the performance of Time-Reversal Transmissions (TRT) in a time-varying complex medium is addressed in this paper. The loss of coherence in the propagation medium and its nominal energy contrast are proven sufficient to predict the average loss of quality in received signals. In particular, it is shown how a perturbation in the medium affects in a different way coherent focusing and background fluctuations. In the extreme case of a diffusive medium (e.g., Rayleigh channels), the fluctuations intensity is unaltered. The predictions of the proposed theoretical models are validated against experimental results measured in a reverberation chamber, where a mechanical paddle (stirrer) acts as the source of perturbation in the medium. It is confirmed that, depending on the medium statistics, perturbations can have a varying impact on TRT performance.


The development of metacognitive skills in the human mind has been and is still a great challenge in cognitive psychology. This book provides current research on the theories and performance of metacognition. Chapter One analyzes the nature of metacognition conceptually with respect to its relationship to cognition. Chapter Two studies metacognition and cognitive flexibility in the transfer of learning. Chapter Three focuses on metacognition, self-regulation and feedback for object-oriented programming problem-solving. Chapter Four discusses a learning integrated approach to developing metacognition in school. Chapter Five highlights strategies which can be used to develop metacognition in classical dance classes. Chapter Six investigates the effectiveness of reciprocal and self-check teaching style in promoting metacognition in physical education classes.


The current research applied a mid-level evolutionary theory that has been successfully employed across numerous animal species—life history theory—in an attempt to understand the Dark Triad personality trait cluster (narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism). In Study 1 (N=246), a measure of life history strategy was correlated with psychopathy, but unexpectedly with neither Machiavellianism nor narcissism. Study 2 (N=321) replicated this overall pattern of results using longer, traditional measures of the Dark Triad traits and alternative, future-discounting indicators of life history strategy (a smaller-sooner, larger-later monetary dilemma and self-reported risk-taking behaviors). Additional findings suggested two sources of shared variance across the Dark Triad traits: confidence in predicting future outcomes and openness to short-term mating.


This paper traces one hundred and twenty years journey of Indian physics and astronomy journals. Of the 122 journals that have been published since 1902, 36 journals have ceased publication. The oldest physics related article was published in 1788 in Asiatick Researches , the first Indian research periodical. The oldest Indian astronomy journal Publications of the Maharaja Takhtasingji Observatory came into being in 1902 from Pune and ceased in 1912. The oldest Indian physics journal Bhoutika Kalanidhi or The Treasury of the Physical Sciences started in the year 1911 from Madras (present-day Chennai) and ceased in 1919. In all, 53% of journals belong to broad science discipline but publish articles on physics and astronomy regularly along with other major science disciplines followed by 35% and 12% journals strictly belong to the subject areas, physics, and astronomy respectively. It is observed that nearly 50% of journals are indexed by the Indian Citation Index, while 20% of journals are indexed by the Indian Citation Index, Scopus, and Web of Science. Also, 30% of journals are not indexed by any citation database. In the 120 year period, the highest number of seven journals came into being in the year 2012.


Surface water and groundwater catchments rarely align with the boundaries of cities, states, or nations. More often, water runs through, over, and under man-made sociopolitical divisions, making the governance of transboundary waters a formidable task. Although much of the public conversation regarding the availability and management of shared waters may appear to be dire (e.g., reports of "water wars"), there are transboundary basin water management strategies across the globe which offer hope. These include the efforts of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint Stakeholders (ACFS) in the southeastern United States, which may serve as a useful template for future conversations around the water sharing table. The Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint Basin (ACF Basin) is a vital economic engine in the southeastern United States. The waters of the ACF are shared between three states—Alabama, Florida, and Georgia—and harbor some of the richest freshwater biodiversity in North America, including sturgeon, rock bass, madtom, sculpin, bass, darters, and the highest densities of freshwater mussels in the world. Many of these are species of concern or threatened or endangered species; therefore, water management strategies in multiple portions of the ACF must comply with habitat protection plans under the U.S. Environmental Protection Act of 1970 (https://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/en/environmental-protection-act). The ACFS was organized in 2009 in the hopes of overcoming a decades-long stalemate between Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, regarding the use of shared waters in the ACF Basin. Despite years of litigious relationships among these three states, the ACFS managed to bring a diverse and previously contentious set of water users to the table and build consensus on a shared water management plan for the entire ACF Basin. While the ACFS holds no regulatory power, they made more progress in breaking through existing distrust and deadlock than any previous efforts in this basin to date. In the end, they developed cooperation, respect, and a sustainable and adaptive water management plan which included input and buy-in from all identified water sectors in the ACF Basin. It is, therefore, a valuable exercise to examine the ACFS model and contemplate whether it contains exportable methodologies for other catchments challenged with managing transboundary waters.


Mixed messages regarding the need for firms to grow their audit client base, yet avoid overly risky opportunities, may result in a variety of different interpretations by partners involved in the client acceptance process. This field survey contributes to the scant literature regarding client acceptance judgments by examining differences between two partner groups in (1) the relative level of conservatism in their client acceptance judgments, (2) certain factors which are suspected to influence client acceptance judgments, and (3) the extent to which these same factors influence client acceptance judgments. Thus, we hope to provide preliminary answers to two questions: do risk review partners make more conservative client acceptance judgments than engagement partners, and if so, why do they make more conservative judgments? Results from 216 Big 6 audit partners suggest that risk review partners do indeed make more conservative client acceptance judgments than engagement partners. In explaining this judgmental difference, we note that risk review partners made more conservative assessments of client financial condition and had a higher level of general public accounting experience than their engagement partner peers. Both of these variables had strong effects on client acceptance judgments for both partner groups in a direction that suggests added conservatism for risk review partners. In addition, risk review partners? perceptions regarding the consequences of accepting overly risky clients were more severe than those of the engagement partner group, and this variable had a stronger effect on client acceptance judgments for the risk review partner group than for the engagement partner group. Assessments of management integrity were also found to significantly affect client acceptance judgments, but neither the assessments themselves nor the impact of the assessments on client acceptance judgments varied across the two partner groups.


"To let my imagination grab my pen"

Background: The study arose out of the interplay between the cuts to funding in education and the arts and their implications for arts-in-education policy over the last eight years.
Purpose/Focus of Study: The study sought to discover the nature of arts learning in the second-level classroom and whether arts learning can support learning in the high-stakes environment. It sought to identify students', teachers' and artist–writers' perceptions
of students' learning from participation in the Writers-in-Schools Scheme (WISS) which the researcher developed over 16 years in her capacity as education officer with Poetry Ireland. The research focuses on (1) the learning that students, teachers and artist–writers perceive takes place for students through their participation in the WISS; (2) whether these perceptions converge; (3) whether, and if so, what, distinctive modes of arts learning are associated with the WISS; and (4) whether these modes of arts learning and the affordances they offer can be integrated and embedded into the standard second-level curriculum.
Design: The study offers a conceptual framework that draws on educational and aesthetic theories of learning, combined with the results of four second-level case studies. Employing a grounded theory approach, this qualitative, three-phase study took place between January 2013 and May 2015. Participants included 91, mainly senior-cycle students, four teachers and four artist–writers.
Findings: (1) Students, teachers and artist–writers recognise that programmes delivered by well-prepared artist–writers, collaborating with teachers who scaffold the learning, contribute to the development of students' confidence, specifically "the confidence of the
imagination", as evidenced by their reported self-efficacy in developing writing strategies
and techniques. (2) All three groups perceived arts learning as contributing to students' selfefficacy,
with students, in particular, citing the significance of the collaborative structure found in the workshop/studio learning environment. (3) Students' also reported gains in art form learning and creation, collaboration, expression/performance/presentation were reported to be distinctive modes of learning through the arts. (4) The findings suggest that arts learning can offer unique and enriching modes of engagement and transferrable learning strategies and skills across the curriculum at second-level.
Conclusions: The study suggests that arts learning offers distinct modes of learning. These modes can enrich the curriculum, particularly where access to aesthetic and expressive modes of learning may otherwise be restricted. It also illustrates the necessity for continual professional development for teachers and artist–writers around arts literacy, arts learning and the curriculum, and the development of classroom-based artist/teacher partnerships.


This article uses unique data from the London Stock Exchange to examine how trader anonymity and market liquidity affect dealers' decisions about where to place interdealer trades. During our sample period, dealers could trade with each other in the direct, nonanonymous public market or use one of four anonymous brokered trading systems. Surprisingly, we find that adverse selection is less prevalent in the anonymous brokered markets. We show that this pattern can be explained by the way dealers "price" the adverse selection risk inherent in trading with other dealers. We also relate our findings to recent changes in dealer markets. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.